FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bakun, WH Capera, AG Stucchi, M AF Bakun, W. H. Capera, A. Gomez Stucchi, M. TI Epistemic Uncertainty in the Location and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy from Macroseismic Data SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SEISMOGENIC SOURCES; SEISMIC INTENSITY; FELT AREA; ATTENUATION; CALIFORNIA; FREQUENCY; REGION; SCALE AB Three independent techniques (Bakun and Wentworth, 1997; Boxer from Gasperini et al., 1999; and Macroseismic Estimation of Earthquake Parameters [MEEP; see Data and Resources section, deliverable D3] from R.M.W. Musson and M.J. Jimenez) have been proposed for estimating an earthquake location and magnitude from intensity data alone. The locations and magnitudes obtained for a given set of intensity data are almost always different, and no one technique is consistently best at matching instrumental locations and magnitudes of recent well-recorded earthquakes in Italy. Rather than attempting to select one of the three solutions as best, we use all three techniques to estimate the location and the magnitude and the epistemic uncertainties among them. The estimates are calculated using bootstrap resampled data sets with Monte Carlo sampling of a decision tree. The decision-tree branch weights are based on goodness-of-fit measures of location and magnitude for recent earthquakes. The location estimates are based on the spatial distribution of locations calculated from the bootstrap resampled data. The preferred source location is the locus of the maximum bootstrap location spatial density. The location uncertainty is obtained from contours of the bootstrap spatial density: 68% of the bootstrap locations are within the 68% confidence region, and so on. For large earthquakes, our preferred location is not associated with the epicenter but with a location on the extended rupture surface. For small earthquakes, the epicenters are generally consistent with the location uncertainties inferred from the intensity data if an epicenter inaccuracy of 2-3 km is allowed. The preferred magnitude is the median of the distribution of bootstrap magnitudes. As with location uncertainties, the uncertainties in magnitude are obtained from the distribution of bootstrap magnitudes: the bounds of the 68% uncertainty range enclose 68% of the bootstrap magnitudes, and so on. The instrumental magnitudes for large and small earthquakes are generally consistent with the confidence intervals inferred from the distribution of bootstrap resampled magnitudes. C1 [Bakun, W. H.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Capera, A. Gomez; Stucchi, M.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RP Bakun, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. FU Global Earthquake (GEM) Initiative FX This project was inspired by discussions at the NERIES workshop at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) Milan laboratory in December 2008 and nurtured by the encouragement of Tom Hanks and Norm Abrahamson. We gratefully acknowledge the generous help of our INGV Milan colleagues Mario Locati, Andrea Rovida, and Daniele Vigano, and our U.S. Geological Survey colleagues Stan Silverman, Bob Simpson, and Larry Baker. The Global Earthquake (GEM) Initiative provided funds for W. B. to present preliminary results at the August 2010 European Seismological Commission (ESC) annual meeting in Montpellier, France; post-ESC meeting work in Milan in September 2010 was critical in the development of this paper. We thank Tom Hanks, Uri ten Brink, Jim Dewey, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments and suggestions. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 101 IS 6 BP 2712 EP 2725 DI 10.1785/0120110118 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 862UE UT WOS:000298118800011 ER PT J AU DuRoss, CB Personius, SF Crone, AJ Olig, SS Lund, WR AF DuRoss, Christopher B. Personius, Stephen F. Crone, Anthony J. Olig, Susan S. Lund, William R. TI Integration of Paleoseismic Data from Multiple Sites to Develop an Objective Earthquake Chronology: Application to the Weber Segment of the Wasatch Fault Zone, Utah SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RADIOCARBON AGES; C-14 DATES; DISPLACEMENT; RECURRENCE; MAGNITUDE; RECORDS; AD AB We present a method to evaluate and integrate paleoseismic data from multiple sites into a single, objective measure of earthquake timing and recurrence on discrete segments of active faults. We apply this method to the Weber segment (WS) of the Wasatch fault zone using data from four fault-trench studies completed between 1981 and 2009. After systematically reevaluating the stratigraphic and chronologic data from each trench site, we constructed time-stratigraphic OxCal models that yield site probability density functions (PDFs) of the times of individual earthquakes. We next qualitatively correlated the site PDFs into a segment-wide earthquake chronology, which is supported by overlapping site PDFs, large per-event displacements, and prominent segment boundaries. For each segment-wide earthquake, we computed the product of the site PDF probabilities in common time bins, which emphasizes the overlap in the site earthquake times, and gives more weight to the narrowest, best-defined PDFs. The product method yields smaller earthquake-timing uncertainties compared to taking the mean of the site PDFs, but is best suited to earthquakes constrained by broad, overlapping site PDFs. We calculated segment-wide earthquake recurrence intervals and uncertainties using a Monte Carlo model. Five surface-faulting earthquakes occurred on the WS at about 5.9, 4.5, 3.1, 1.1, and 0.6 ka. With the exception of the 1.1-ka event, we used the product method to define the earthquake times. The revised WS chronology yields a mean recurrence interval of 1.3 kyr (0.7-1.9-kyr estimated two-sigma [2 sigma] range based on interevent recurrence). These data help clarify the paleoearthquake history of the WS, including the important question of the timing and rupture extent of the most recent earthquake, and are essential to the improvement of earthquake-probability assessments for the Wasatch Front region. C1 [DuRoss, Christopher B.; Lund, William R.] Utah Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. [Personius, Stephen F.; Crone, Anthony J.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Olig, Susan S.] URS Corp, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. RP DuRoss, CB (reprint author), Utah Geol Survey, 1594 West North Temple,POB 146100, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. EM christopherduross@utah.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey [07HQGR0093]; Utah Geological Survey FX The analyses described in this paper were motivated by our paleoseismic study at the Rice Creek site, supported by the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (award No. 07HQGR0093) and the Utah Geological Survey. We thank the members of the WGUEP for early discussions of this work and Glenn Biasi (University of Nevada, Reno) for help with random sampling of PDFs and for providing an informal review of our product-PDF methods. We also thank Christopher Bronk Ramsey (University of Oxford, United Kingdom) for helpful discussions regarding OxCal analyses. Constructive reviews by Ryan Gold (USGS), Michael Hylland (Utah Geological Survey), and two anonymous reviewers improved this manuscript. NR 53 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 101 IS 6 BP 2765 EP 2781 DI 10.1785/0120110102 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 862UE UT WOS:000298118800015 ER PT J AU Earle, PS Rost, S Shearer, PM Thomas, C AF Earle, Paul S. Rost, Sebastian Shearer, Peter M. Thomas, Christine TI Scattered P ' P ' Waves Observed at Short Distances SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; APERTURE SEISMIC ARRAY; SCALE HETEROGENEITY; PKKP PRECURSORS; INNER; EARTH; LASA AB We detect previously unreported 1 Hz scattered waves at epicentral distances between 30 and 50 and at times between 2300 and 2450 s after the earthquake origin. These waves likely result from off-azimuth scattering of PKPbc to PKPbc in the upper mantle and crust and provide a new tool for mapping variations in fine-scale (10 km) mantle heterogeneity. Array beams from the Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA) clearly image the scattered energy gradually emerging from the noise and reaching its peak amplitude about 80 s later, and returning to the noise level after 150 s. Stacks of transverse versus radial slowness (rho(t), rho(t)) show two peaks at about (2, -2) and (-2, -2)s/degrees, indicating the waves arrive along the major arc path (180 to 360) and significantly off azimuth. We propose a mantle and surface PKPbc to PKPbc scattering mechanism for these observations because (1) it agrees with the initiation time and distinctive slowness signature of the scattered waves and (2) it follows a scattering path analogous to previously observed deep-mantle PKPKP scattering (Chang and Cleary, 1981). The observed upper-mantle scattered waves and PK.KP waves fit into a broader set of scattered waves that we call P'.d.P', which can scatter from any depth, d, in the mantle. C1 [Earle, Paul S.] US Geol Survey, Dfc Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Rost, Sebastian] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Inst Geophys & Tecton, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Shearer, Peter M.] Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Thomas, Christine] Univ Munster, Inst Geophys, D-48149 Munster, Germany. [Thomas, Christine] Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Earle, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Dfc Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM pearle@usgs.gov; s.rost@leeds.ac.uk; pshearer@ucsd.edu RI Shearer, Peter/K-5247-2012 OI Shearer, Peter/0000-0002-2992-7630 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 101 IS 6 BP 2843 EP 2854 DI 10.1785/0120110157 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 862UE UT WOS:000298118800021 ER PT J AU Boore, DM Thompson, EM Cadet, H AF Boore, David M. Thompson, Eric M. Cadet, Heloise TI Regional Correlations of VS30 and Velocities Averaged Over Depths Less Than and Greater Than 30 Meters SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION; SHEAR-WAVE VELOCITY; SEISMIC SITE CONDITIONS; HORIZONTAL COMPONENT; RESPONSE SPECTRA; KIK-NET; AMPLIFICATION; PROXY; UNCERTAINTY; CALIFORNIA AB Using velocity profiles from sites in Japan, California, Turkey, and Europe, we find that the time-averaged shear-wave velocity to 30 m (V(S30)), used as a proxy for site amplification in recent ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) and building codes, is strongly correlated with average velocities to depths less than 30 m (V(Sz), with z being the averaging depth). The correlations for sites in Japan (corresponding to the KiK-net network) show that V(S30) is systematically larger for a given V(Sz) than for profiles from the other regions. The difference largely results from the placement of the KiK-net station locations on rock and rocklike sites, whereas stations in the other regions are generally placed in urban areas underlain by sediments. Using the KiK-net velocity profiles, we provide equations relating V(S30) to V(Sz) for z ranging from 5 to 29 m in 1-m increments. These equations (and those for California velocity profiles given in Boore, 2004b) can be used to estimate V(S30) from V(Sz) for sites in which velocity profiles do not extend to 30 m. The scatter of the residuals decreases with depth, but, even for an averaging depth of 5 m, a variation in log V(S30) of +/- 1 standard deviation maps into less than a 20% uncertainty in ground motions given by recent GMPEs at short periods. The sensitivity of the ground motions to V(S30) uncertainty is considerably larger at long periods (but is less than a factor of 1.2 for averaging depths greater than about 20 m). We also find that V(S30) is correlated with V(Sz) for z as great as 400 m for sites of the KiK-net network, providing some justification for using V(S30) as a site-response variable for predicting ground motions at periods for which the wavelengths far exceed 30 m. C1 [Boore, David M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Thompson, Eric M.] Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. [Cadet, Heloise] ISTerre Inst Sci Terre, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. RP Boore, DM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM boore@usgs.gov; eric.thompson@tufts.edu; hcadet@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr RI Thompson, Eric/E-6895-2010 OI Thompson, Eric/0000-0002-6943-4806 FU European SEAR (Site Effects Assessment for seismic Regulations by developing and validating physically based methods) [FP7-PEOPLE-2009-RG, PERG06-GA-2009-256590] FX We thank Walt Silva for bringing the need for this study to the first author's attention and for supplying the Geomatrix classes for some KiK-net stations (these classes were used in an early version of the paper). The first author (D. M. B.) also thanks Gail Atkinson and Hadi Ghofrani for alerting him to the paper by Cadet and Duval (2009), which led to the inclusion of the third author (H. C.) as a collaborator. Yoshi Fukushima provided important feedback on an early version of the paper, and he and Hiroshi Kawase clarified for us the depth extent of the last velocity in the KiK-net velocity profile data files. Sinan Akkar and Abdullah Sandikkaya provided the velocity profiles for the Turkey strong-motion sites. We also thank John Douglas, Tom Holzer, Jon Stewart, Rob Williams, and Alan Yong for their careful reviews. This work was made possible through the support of the European SEAR (Site Effects Assessment for seismic Regulations by developing and validating physically based methods) project (Call identifier: FP7-PEOPLE-2009-RG, contract reference: PERG06-GA-2009-256590). Finally, we are grateful to Natural Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) for establishing the KiK-net and K-NET networks and for making the data from these networks publicly available. NR 40 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 101 IS 6 BP 3046 EP 3059 DI 10.1785/0120110071 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 862UE UT WOS:000298118800036 ER PT J AU Bakun, WH Stickney, MC Rogers, GC AF Bakun, W. H. Stickney, M. C. Rogers, G. C. TI The 16 May 1909 Northern Great Plains Earthquake SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; SEISMIC ACTIVITY; MAGNITUDE; SASKATCHEWAN; CHARLESTON; AREA AB The largest historical earthquake in the northern Great Plains occurred on 16 May 1909. Our analysis of intensity assignments places the earthquake location (48.81 degrees N, 105.38 degrees W) close to the Montana-Saskatchewan border with an intensity magnitude M-I of 5.3-5.4. Observations from two seismic observatories in Europe give an average M-s value of 5.3. The 1909 earthquake is near an alignment of epicenters of small earthquakes in Montana and Saskatchewan and on strike with the mapped Hinsdale fault in Montana. Thus, the 1909 earthquake may have occurred on a 300-km-long seismically active fault, which could have seismic-hazard implications for the region, particularly for the hydraulically emplaced earth-filled Fort Peck Dam, constructed in the 1930s on the Missouri River in northeast Montana. C1 [Bakun, W. H.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Stickney, M. C.] Montana Bur Mines & Geol, Butte, MT USA. [Rogers, G. C.] Geol Survey Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada. RP Bakun, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0037-1106 EI 1943-3573 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 101 IS 6 BP 3065 EP 3071 DI 10.1785/0120110054 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 862UE UT WOS:000298118800038 ER PT J AU Chi, WC Lee, WHK Aston, JAD Lin, CJ Liu, CC AF Chi, Wu-Cheng Lee, W. H. K. Aston, J. A. D. Lin, C. J. Liu, C. C. TI Inversion of Ground-Motion Data from a Seismometer Array for Rotation Using a Modification of Jaeger's Method SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL RESPONSE; EARTHQUAKE; CALIFORNIA; DISPLACEMENTS; PARKFIELD; STRAINS; TAIWAN; SITE AB We develop a new way to invert 2D translational waveforms using Jaeger's (1969) formula to derive rotational ground motions about one axis and estimate the errors in them using techniques from statistical multivariate analysis. This procedure can be used to derive rotational ground motions and strains using arrayed translational data, thus providing an efficient way to calibrate the performance of rotational sensors. This approach does not require a priori information about the noise level of the translational data and elastic properties of the media. This new procedure also provides estimates of the standard deviations of the derived rotations and strains. In this study, we validated this code using synthetic translational waveforms from a seismic array. The results after the inversion of the synthetics for rotations were almost identical with the results derived using a well-tested inversion procedure by Spudich and Fletcher (2009). This new 2D procedure can be applied three times to obtain the full, three-component rotations. Additional modifications can be implemented to the code in the future to study different features of the rotational ground motions and strains induced by the passage of seismic waves. C1 [Chi, Wu-Cheng; Lin, C. J.; Liu, C. C.] Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 115, Taiwan. [Lee, W. H. K.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Aston, J. A. D.] Univ Warwick, Dept Stat, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. RP Chi, WC (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, POB 1-55,Nankang 216, Taipei 115, Taiwan. FU National Science Council [NSC98-2119-M-001-038, 99-2116-M-001-020] FX We wish to thank associate editor Samik Sil and three reviewers for their constructive comments. Particularly, some important suggestions made by the third reviewer made this manuscript easier to read. We thank Paul Spudich for further explanations of the Spudich and Fletcher (2009) software package, and for giving us many insightful comments that will help guide our next stage research. We appreciate Doug Dodge for showing us how to apply the Spudich and Fletcher computer program to our data. We thank Jim Savage for his suggestion of using the Jaeger's formula for inversion of our data. We are grateful to Mal Johnston and Jim Savage for their valuable comments and suggestions in an earlier draft of this study. This project is partially funded by National Science Council (NSC98-2119-M-001-038 and 99-2116-M-001-020). IES contribution number is IESAS1607. TEC contribution number is 00075. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 101 IS 6 BP 3105 EP 3109 DI 10.1785/0120100204 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 862UE UT WOS:000298118800043 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Nowak, RM Weisberg, S AF Mech, L. David Nowak, Ronald M. Weisberg, Sanford TI Use of cranial characters in taxonomy of the Minnesota wolf (Canis sp.) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES REGION; EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GRAY WOLF; BODY-MASS; WOLVES; POPULATIONS; ONTARIO; CANADA AB Minnesota wolves (Canis sp.) sometimes are reported to have affinity to a small, narrow-skulled eastern form (Canis lupus lycaon Schreber, 1775) and sometimes to a larger, broader western form (Canis lupus nubilus Say, 1823). We found that pre-1950 Minnesota wolf skulls were similar in size to those of wolves from southeastern Ontario and smaller than those of western wolves. However, Minnesota wolf skulls during 1970-1976 showed a shift to the larger, western form. Although Minnesota skull measurements after 1976 were unavailable, rostra] ratios from 1969 through 1999 were consistent with hybridization between the smaller eastern wolf and the western form. Our findings help resolve the different taxonomic interpretations of Minnesota skull morphology and are consistent with molecular evidence of recent hybridization or intergradation of the two forms of wolves in Minnesota. Together these data indicate that eastern- and western-type wolves historically mixed and hybridized in Minnesota and continue to do so. Our findings are relevant to a recent government proposal to delist wolves from the endangered species list in Minnesota and surrounding states. C1 [Mech, L. David] US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Discipline, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Weisberg, Sanford] Univ Minnesota, Sch Stat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor, 1920 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM david_mech@usgs.gov OI Weisberg, Sanford/0000-0002-1141-6699 FU Biological Resources Division of the US Geological Survey FX This study was supported by the Biological Resources Division of the US Geological Survey. We thank the National Museum of Natural History and the Bell Museum of Natural History for use of their skulls. We also appreciate the cooperation of Trent University students for measuring the rostra of Algonquin Park wolves. T. Wheeldon and J. Erb critiqued the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions for improvement, and G. Sargeant provided useful statistical consultation during the initial analyses. Anonymous reviewers also made valuable statistical suggestions. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 89 IS 12 BP 1188 EP 1194 DI 10.1139/Z11-097 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 867FX UT WOS:000298441400005 ER PT J AU Drew, L AF Drew, Larry TI 2004 John Cedric Griffiths Teaching Award to Jack Schuenemeyer SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. RP Drew, L (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 959 Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM ldrew@usgs.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1989 EP 1990 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.11.001 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 867MK UT WOS:000298458300009 ER PT J AU Levine, JM McEachern, AK Cowan, C AF Levine, Jonathan M. McEachern, A. Kathryn Cowan, Clark TI Seasonal timing of first rain storms affects rare plant population dynamics SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE annual plant; California Channel Islands; USA; climate events; germination; Gilia tenuiflora; life-history transitions; Malacothrix indecora; Phacelia insularis; persistence under climate change; precipitation ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SEED DORMANCY; ANNUAL GRASSLAND; CALIFORNIA; RESPONSES; EVENTS; PRECIPITATION; ANNUALS; PRODUCTIVITY; TEMPERATURE AB A major challenge in forecasting the ecological consequences of climate change is understanding the relative importance of changes to mean conditions vs. changes to discrete climatic events, such as storms, frosts, or droughts. Here we show that the first major storm of the growing season strongly influences the population dynamics of three rare and endangered annual plant species in a coastal California (USA) ecosystem. In a field experiment we used moisture barriers and water addition to manipulate the timing and temperature associated with first major rains of the season. The three focal species showed two-to fivefold variation in per capita population growth rates between the different storm treatments, comparable to variation found in a prior experiment imposing eightfold differences in season-long precipitation. Variation in germination was a major demographic driver of how two of three species responded to the first rains. For one of these species, the timing of the storm was the most critical determinant of its germination, while the other showed enhanced germination with colder storm temperatures. The role of temperature was further supported by laboratory trials showing enhanced germination in cooler treatments. Our work suggests that, because of species-specific cues for demographic transitions such as germination, changes to discrete climate events may be as, if not more, important than changes to season-long variables. C1 [Levine, Jonathan M.; Cowan, Clark] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [McEachern, A. Kathryn] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Channel Isl Field Stn, Ventura, CA 93001 USA. RP Levine, JM (reprint author), ETH, Inst Integrat Biol, Univ Str 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM jlevine@ethz.ch RI Levine, Jonathan/A-7167-2014 FU National Science Foundation [0353608] FX This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant 0353608. We are indebted to Channel Islands National Park for making our work on Santa Rosa Island possible, and to M. Senning, E. Smith, and D. Burgess for logistical support. We thank N. Vivrette for discussing with us the importance of temperature cues for germination in the Channel Islands annual flora. C. Balzer, O. Godoy del Olmo, E. Mordecai, D. Viola, and J. Williams provided comments on the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Our work was conducted under U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery Research Permit number TE-044846. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 59 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2011 VL 92 IS 12 BP 2236 EP 2247 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 874TP UT WOS:000298981300011 PM 22352163 ER PT J AU Sonnenholzner, JI Lafferty, KD Ladah, LB AF Sonnenholzner, Jorge I. Lafferty, Kevin D. Ladah, Lydia B. TI Food webs and fishing affect parasitism of the sea urchin Eucidaris galapagensis in the Galapagos SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common pencil sea urchin; Eucidaris galapagensis; eulimid snails; Galapagos Marine Reserve; Mithrax nodosus; parasitism; Pelseneeria spp.; predation; Sabinella shaskyi; trophic cascades ID ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; IMPACTS; LINKS; PREY; PARASITOLOGY; TREMATODES; DIVERSITY; FISHERIES; DISEASES; SPINES AB In the Galapagos Islands, two eulimid snails parasitize the common pencil sea urchin, Eucidaris galapagensis. Past work in the Galapagos suggests that fishing reduces lobster and fish densities and, due to this relaxation of predation pressure, indirectly increases urchin densities, creating the potential for complex indirect interactions between fishing and parasitic snails. To measure indirect effects of fishing on these parasitic snails, we investigated the spatial relationships among urchins, parasitic snails, commensal crabs, and large urchin predators (hogfish and lobsters). Parasitic snails had higher densities at sites where urchins were abundant, probably due to increased resource availability. Commensal crabs that shelter under urchin spines, particularly the endemic Mithrax nodosus, preyed on the parasitic snails in aquaria, and snails were less abundant at field sites where these crabs were common. In aquaria, hogfish and lobsters readily ate crabs, but crabs were protected from predation under urchin spines, leading to a facultative mutualism between commensal crabs and urchins. In the field, fishing appeared to indirectly increase the abundance of urchins and their commensal crabs by reducing predation pressure from fish and lobsters. Fished sites had fewer snails per urchin, probably due to increased predation from commensal crabs. However, because fished sites also tended to have more urchins, there was no significant net effect of fishing on the number of snails per square meter. These results suggest that fishing can have complex indirect effects on parasites by altering food webs. C1 [Lafferty, Kevin D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Sonnenholzner, Jorge I.; Ladah, Lydia B.] CICESE, Dept Biol Oceanog, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. RP Lafferty, KD (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM lafferty@lifesci.ucsb.edu RI Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 FU OEA/LASPAU; CONACYT; CICESE's Division of Oceanology; Department of Biological Oceanography; Inter American Development Bank through GNPS; NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Diseases [DEB-0224565]; U.S. Geological Survey FX We gratefully acknowledge the staff and scientists of the Charles Darwin Research Station for their assistance and the Galapagos National Park Service (GNPS) for granting the research permits and logistic support, in particular L. Molina and M. Wolff. J. I. Sonnenholzer was supported by OEA/LASPAU. Research was funded by CONACYT and CICESE's Division of Oceanology and Department of Biological Oceanography to L. B. Ladah, a loan from the Inter American Development Bank through GNPS, an NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program grant to K. D. Lafferty (DEB-0224565), and the U.S. Geological Survey. We thank J. Yee for statistical review, C. Wood and J. McLaughlin for useful comments on the manuscript, and A. Waren for identifying the eulimid snails. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 43 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 59 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 2011 VL 92 IS 12 BP 2276 EP 2284 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 874TP UT WOS:000298981300015 PM 22352167 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, DK AF Nordstrom, D. Kirk TI Mine Waters: Acidic to Circumneutral SO ELEMENTS LA English DT Article DE mine water; dissolved metals; water quality; water contaminants; pyrite oxidation ID IRON MOUNTAIN; CONTAMINANT LOAD; PYRITE OXIDATION; SURFACE WATERS; DRAINAGE; CALIFORNIA; ALUMINUM; METALS; SPAIN; TINTO AB Acid mine waters, often containing toxic concentrations of Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, and Cr, can be produced from the mining of coal and metallic deposits. Values of pH for acid mine waters can range from -3.5 to 5, but even circumneutral (pH approximate to 7) mine waters can have high concentrations of As, 513, Mo, U, and F. When mine waters are discharged into streams, lakes, and the oceans, serious degradation of water quality and injury to aquatic life can ensue, especially when tailings impoundments break suddenly. The main acid-producing process is the exposure of pyrite to air and water, which promotes oxidative dissolution, a reaction catalyzed by microbes. Current and future mining should plan for the prevention and remediation of these contaminant discharges by the application of hydrogeochemical principles and available technologies, which might include remining and recycling of waste materials. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM dkn@usgs.gov FU USGS FX Support from the National Research Program of the USGS is gratefully acknowledged, as well as from the numerous colleagues with whom I have had the pleasure of working. NR 35 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 4 U2 49 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 1811-5209 J9 ELEMENTS JI Elements PD DEC PY 2011 VL 7 IS 6 BP 393 EP 398 DI 10.2113/gselements.7.6.393 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 865WD UT WOS:000298340700005 ER PT J AU Plumlee, GS Morman, SA AF Plumlee, Geoffrey S. Morman, Suzette A. TI Mine Wastes and Human Health SO ELEMENTS LA English DT Article DE mine wastes; metal toxicants; mineral toxicants; environmental health; occupational health ID IN-VITRO; RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY; ARSENIC BIOACCESSIBILITY; LEAD; SOILS; MERCURY; EXTRACTION; TAILINGS; CHILDREN; BLOOD AB Historical mining and mineral processing have been linked definitively to health problems resulting from occupational and environmental L exposures to mine wastes. Modern mining and processing methods, when properly designed and implemented, prevent or greatly reduce potential environmental health impacts. However, particularly in developing countries, there are examples of health problems linked to recent mining. In other cases, recent mining has been blamed for health problems but no clear links have been found. The types and abundances of potential toxicants in mine wastes are predictably influenced by the geologic characteristics of the deposit being mined. Hence, Earth scientists can help understand, anticipate, and mitigate potential health issues associated with mining and mineral processing. C1 [Plumlee, Geoffrey S.; Morman, Suzette A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Plumlee, GS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr MS964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM gplumlee@usgs.gov; smorman@usgs.gov NR 29 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 44 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 1811-5209 J9 ELEMENTS JI Elements PD DEC PY 2011 VL 7 IS 6 BP 399 EP 404 DI 10.2113/gselements.7.6.399 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 865WD UT WOS:000298340700006 ER PT J AU Friedel, MJ AF Friedel, Michael J. TI A data-driven approach for modeling post-fire debris-flow volumes and their uncertainty SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE Wildfire; Debris-flow volume; Self-organizing map; Genetic programming; Multivariate; Prediction; Nonlinear models; Nonlinear uncertainty ID UNGAUGED COASTAL BASINS; SELF-ORGANIZING MAP; PREDICTION INTERVALS; VADOSE ZONE; EL-SALVADOR; WATER; SEDIMENT; SIMULATION; CONFIDENCE; CATCHMENT AB This study demonstrates the novel application of genetic programming to evolve nonlinear post-fire debris-flow volume equations from variables associated with a data-driven conceptual model of the western United States. The search space is constrained using a multi-component objective function that simultaneously minimizes root-mean squared and unit errors for the evolution of fittest equations. An optimization technique is then used to estimate the limits of nonlinear prediction uncertainty associated with the debris-flow equations. In contrast to a published multiple linear regression three-variable equation, linking basin area with slopes greater or equal to 30 percent, burn severity characterized as area burned moderate plus high, and total storm rainfall, the data-driven approach discovers many nonlinear and several dimensionally consistent equations that are unbiased and have less prediction uncertainty. Of the nonlinear equations, the best performance (lowest prediction uncertainty) is achieved when using three variables: average basin slope, total burned area, and total storm rainfall. Further reduction in uncertainty is possible for the nonlinear equations when dimensional consistency is not a priority and by subsequently applying a gradient solver to the fittest solutions. The data-driven modeling approach can be applied to nonlinear multivariate problems in all fields of study. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Crustal Imaging & Characterizat Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Friedel, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Crustal Imaging & Characterizat Team, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 964, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM mfriedel@usgs.gov RI Fraser, Stephen/A-8219-2008 OI Fraser, Stephen/0000-0002-0856-5300 NR 55 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 26 IS 12 BP 1583 EP 1598 DI 10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.014 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 864WD UT WOS:000298270300019 ER PT J AU Friedel, MJ AF Friedel, Michael J. TI Modeling hydrologic and geomorphic hazards across post-fire landscapes using a self-organizing map approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE Cluster analysis; Cross-validation; Debris flow; Forecast; Flood; Landslide; Runoff; Self-organizing map; Multivariate; Post-fire; Uncertainty ID COLORADO FRONT RANGE; DEBRIS FLOWS; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS; BURNED WATERSHEDS; NEURAL-NETWORKS; MISSING VALUES; UNITED-STATES; DATA SETS; FIRE; RUNOFF AB Few studies attempt to model the range of possible post-fire hydrologic and geomorphic hazards because of the sparseness of data and the coupled, nonlinear, spatial, and temporal relationships among landscape variables. In this study, a type of unsupervised artificial neural network, called a self-organized map (SOM), is trained using data from 540 burned basins in the western United States. The sparsely populated data set includes variables from independent numerical landscape categories (climate, land surface form, geologic texture, and post-fire condition), independent landscape classes (bedrock geology and state), and dependent initiation processes (runoff, landslide, and runoff and landslide combination) and responses (debris flows, floods, and no events). Pattern analysis of the SOM-based component planes is used to identify and interpret relations among the variables. Application of the Davies-Bouldin criteria following k-means clustering of the SOM neurons identified eight conceptual regional models for focusing future research and empirical model development. A split-sample validation on 60 independent basins (not included in the training) indicates that simultaneous predictions of initiation process and response types are at least 78% accurate. As climate shifts from wet to dry conditions, forecasts across the burned landscape reveal a decreasing trend in the total number of debris flow, flood, and runoff events with considerable variability among individual basins. These findings suggest the SOM may be useful in forecasting real-time post-fire hazards, and long-term post-recovery processes and effects of climate change scenarios. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Crystal Geophys & Geochem Sci Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Friedel, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Crystal Geophys & Geochem Sci Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 964, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM mfriedel@usgs.gov RI Fraser, Stephen/A-8219-2008 OI Fraser, Stephen/0000-0002-0856-5300 FU U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Colorado FX Financial support for this research was provided by the Assessment of Wildfire-Related Hazards on Human and Ecological Communities: A Demonstration Project in the Front Range of Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Colorado. NR 75 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 26 IS 12 BP 1660 EP 1674 DI 10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.001 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 864WD UT WOS:000298270300025 ER PT J AU Bradford, JB AF Bradford, John B. TI Potential Influence of Forest Management on Regional Carbon Stocks: An Assessment of Alternative Scenarios in the Northern Lake States, USA SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbon cycling; timber harvesting; net ecosystem carbon balance; carbon sequestration; climate change ID UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM CARBON; NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATE FORESTS; PINE FORESTS; LAND-USE; STORAGE; SEQUESTRATION; BIOMASS AB Forest management affects stand age. In consideration of the strong link between stand age and carbon cycling, altering harvesting regimes can influence regional carbon stocks and sequestration. Recent research has quantified ecosystem carbon stocks across stand age in upland conifer and aspen birch forests of the northern Lake States. This study applied those relationships to assess how forest management could influence carbon stocks in these two forest types. US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to estimate current regional age structure and management intensity and state Gap Analysis Program data were used to assess forest type abundance. Across the region, current carbon stocks in aspen birch and upland conifer forests are estimated to be 590 and 367 Tg C, respectively. Ceasing timber harvesting over the next century would increase the prevalence of older stands and increase ecosystem carbon stocks by 54% (31% in 50 years) and 30% (19% in 50 years) in aspen birch and upland conifer forests, respectively. Harvesting aspen birch stands would change ecosystem carbon stocks by +4% or -13% under annual harvesting of 1 or 2%, respectively. Harvesting upland conifer stands at a rate of 1 or 2% every year would decrease ecosystem carbon by 3 and 18%, respectively. Carbon from harvested material partly compensates for differences in total carbon stocks between no-harvest and harvest scenarios, suggesting a net positive carbon sequestration in all scenarios within 100 years. These results provide insight into the potential maximum impact of forest management on carbon stocks and sequestration in these two forest types. FOR. SCI. 57(6):479-488. C1 [Bradford, John B.] US Forest Serv, No Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Bradford, JB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Ctr, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jbradford@usgs.gov RI Bradford, John/E-5545-2011 FU US Forest Service Center for Research on Ecosystem Change; Chippewa National Forest; NASA [CARBON/04-0225-0191, CARBON/04-0120-0011] FX I am very grateful to Linda Heath, Anthony D' Amato, and Shawn Fraver for insightful comments on an early version of this manuscript, to Doug Kastendick for fieldwork establishing and measuring the chronosequence sites, and to Samantha Mann for GIS analysis. This research was supported by funding from the US Forest Service Center for Research on Ecosystem Change, the Chippewa National Forest, and NASA Carbon Cycle Science research grants CARBON/04-0225-0191 and CARBON/04-0120-0011. NR 56 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 21 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 57 IS 6 SI SI BP 479 EP 488 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 868GQ UT WOS:000298512100005 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Leon, CM Solari, L Sole, J Ducea, MN Lawton, TF Bernal, JP Becuar, EG Gray, F Martinez, ML Santacruz, RL AF Gonzalez-Leon, Carlos M. Solari, Luigi Sole, Jesus Ducea, Mihai N. Lawton, Timothy F. Pablo Bernal, Juan Gonzalez Becuar, Elizard Gray, Floyd Lopez Martinez, Margarita Lozano Santacruz, Rufino TI Stratigraphy, geochronology, and geochemistry of the Laramide magmatic arc in north-central Sonora, Mexico SO GEOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID U-PB ZIRCON; PORPHYRY COPPER-DEPOSITS; PENINSULAR RANGES BATHOLITH; EAST-CENTRAL SONORA; NORTHWESTERN MEXICO; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; GRANITIC-ROCKS; IGNEOUS ROCKS; K-AR; TERTIARY MAGMATISM AB The Laramide magmatic arc in the Arizpe-Mazocahui quadrangle of north-central Sonora, Mexico, is composed of volcanic rocks assigned to the Tarahumara Formation and several granitic plutons that intrude it. The arc was built over juxtaposed crustal basements of the Caborca and Mazatzal provinces. A basal conglomerate of the >4-km-thick Tarahumara Formation overlies deformed Proterozoic igneous rocks and Neoproterozoic to Early Cretaceous strata, thus constraining the age of a contractional tectonic event that occurred between Cenomanian and early Campanian time. The lower part of the Tarahumara Formation is composed of rhyolitic ignim-brite and ash-fall tuffs, andesite flows, and interbedded volcaniclastic strata, and its upper part consists of rhyolitic to dacitic ignimbrites, ash-fall tuffs, and volcani clastic rocks. The Tarahumara Formation shows marked lateral facies change within the study area, and further to the north it grades into the coeval fluvial and lacustrine Cabullona Group. The age of the Tarahumara Formation is between ca. 79 and 59 Ma; the monzonitic to granitic plutons have ages of ca. 71-50 Ma. The informally named El Babizo and Huepac granites, La Aurora and La Alamedita tonalities, and the Puerta del Sol granodiorite compose the El Jaralito batholith in the southern part of the area. Major and trace element composition of the Laramide igneous rocks shows calc-alkaline differentiation trends typical of continental magmatic arcs, and the isotope geochemistry indicates strong contribution from a mature continental crust. Initial (87)Sr/(86)Sr values range from 0.70589 to 0.71369, and epsilon(Nd) values range from -6.2 to -13.6, except for the El Gueriguito quartz monzonite value, -0.5. The Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic values of the studied Laramide rocks permit comparison with the previously defined Laramide isotopic provinces of Sonora and Arizona. The El Gueriguito pluton and Bella Esperanza granodiorite in the northeastern part of the study area along with plutons and mineralization of neighboring northern Sonora have isotopic values that correspond with those of the southeastern Arizona province formed over the Mazatzal basement (Lang and Titley, 1998; Bouse et al., 1999). Isotopic values of the other Laramide rocks throughout the study area are similar to values of provinces A and B of Sonora (Housh and McDowell, 2005) and to those of the Laramide Pb boundary zone of western Arizona, while the Rancho Vaquer a and La Cubana plutons in the northernmost part of the area have the isotopic composition of the Proterozoic Mojave province of the southwestern United States. These data permit us to infer that a covered crustal boundary, between the Caborca block with a basement of the Mojave or boundary zone and the Mazatzal province, crosses through the northeastern part of the area. The boundary may be placed between outcrops of the El Gueriguito and Rancho Vaquer a plutons, probably following a reactivated Cretaceous thrust fault located north of the hypothesized Mojave-Sonora megashear, proposed to cross through the central part of the area. C1 [Gonzalez-Leon, Carlos M.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Estn Reg Noroeste, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. [Solari, Luigi; Pablo Bernal, Juan] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Geociencias, Queretaro 76001, Qro, Mexico. [Sole, Jesus; Lozano Santacruz, Rufino] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. [Ducea, Mihai N.] Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Lawton, Timothy F.] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Gonzalez Becuar, Elizard] Univ Sonora, Dept Geol, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. [Gray, Floyd] US Geol Survey, Geol Ecosyst Anal, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Lopez Martinez, Margarita] CICESE, Dept Geol, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. RP Gonzalez-Leon, CM (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Estn Reg Noroeste, Apartado Postal 1039, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. RI Ducea, Mihai/I-3139-2012; Sole Vinas, Jesus/A-7688-2012; OI Ducea, Mihai/0000-0002-5322-0782; Solari, Luigi/0000-0002-9769-6846; Bernal, Juan Pablo/0000-0001-8363-572X; Gonzalez-Leon, Carlos M./0000-0002-4982-8015 FU Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Teconologia; National Science Foundation [EAR-0443387, EAR-0229565]; [24893] FX This contribution was funded by Project 24893, granted by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Teconologia. We thank George E. Gehrels for use of facilities of the Arizona LaserChron Center to perform U-Pb geochronologic analyses, and Victor Valencia for assistance with the geochronologic analyses. The Arizona LaserChron Center was supported by National Science Foundation grant EAR-0443387. We also thank Matt Heizler and Lisa Peters of the New Mexico Geochronology Research Laboratory, New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, for 40Ar/39Ar analysis of the Cocospera andesite, Elena Lounejeva for analytical support with analyses for trace elements, and Pablo Penaflor Escarcega in Estacion Regional del Noroeste (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, UNAM), who prepared samples for geochemical analyses and stained rock thin sections. We thank Carlos Ortega-Obregon and Ofelia Perez-Arvizu for laboratory assistance at Centro de Geociencias, UNAM. Lawton acknowledges partial support by National Science Foundation grant EAR-0229565. We greatly appreciate thoughtful reviews by Jonathan A. Nourse and Carl Jacobson that helped to improve the manuscript. NR 124 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1553-040X J9 GEOSPHERE JI Geosphere PD DEC PY 2011 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1392 EP 1418 DI 10.1130/GES00679.1 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 863QH UT WOS:000298180700011 ER PT J AU Reeves, AB Pearce, JM Ramey, AM Meixell, BW Runstadler, JA AF Reeves, Andrew B. Pearce, John M. Ramey, Andrew M. Meixell, Brandt W. Runstadler, Jonathan A. TI Interspecies transmission and limited persistence of low pathogenic avian influenza genomes among Alaska dabbling ducks SO INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Avian influenza; Persistence; Transmission; Waterfowl; Wild birds ID NORTHERN PINTAILS; WILD BIRDS; ANAS-ACUTA; VIRUS H5NI; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SYMPATRY; EXCHANGE; ASIA AB The reassortment and geographic distribution of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus genes are well documented, but little is known about the persistence of intact LPAI genomes among species and locations. To examine persistence of entire LPAI genome constellations in Alaska, we calculated the genetic identities among 161 full-genome LPAI viruses isolated across 4 years from five species of duck: northern pintail (Anas acuta), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), American green-winged teal (Anas crecca), northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) and American wigeon (Anas americana). Based on pairwise genetic distance, highly similar LPAI genomes (>99% identity) were observed within and between species and across a range of geographic distances (up to and >1000 km), but most often between isolates collected 0-10 km apart. Highly similar viruses were detected between years, suggesting inter-annual persistence, but these were rare in our data set with the majority occurring within 0-9 days of sampling. These results identify LPAI transmission pathways in the context of species, space and time, an initial perspective into the extent of regional virus distribution and persistence, and insight into why no completely Eurasian genomes have ever been detected in Alaska. Such information will be useful in forecasting the movement of foreign-origin avian influenza strains should they be introduced to North America. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Reeves, Andrew B.; Pearce, John M.; Ramey, Andrew M.; Meixell, Brandt W.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Runstadler, Jonathan A.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Meixell, Brandt W.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Reeves, AB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM areeves@usgs.gov OI Ramey, Andrew/0000-0002-3601-8400; Meixell, Brandt/0000-0002-6738-0349 FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-Centers of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance [HHSN266200700009C, HHSN266200700010C] FX We are grateful to L Allen, P. Bright, D. Derksen, T. DeGange, S. Talbot, S. Haseltine, R. Kearney (US Geological Survey; USGS), D. Rocque, and K. Trust (US Fish and Wildlife Service; USFVVS) for financial and administrative support. We thank past and current members of the Diagnostic Virology Laboratory at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC), including H. lp, T. Egstad, K. Griffin, M. Houfe, and R. Long. Y. Gillies, J. Wiley (USGS), M. St. Peters (USFVVS) received and processed samples prior to delivery to the NWHC. D. Goldberg and R. Zane (NWHC) coordinated distribution of sampling materials, receipt of samples, and data verification. M. Petrula (Alaska Department of Fish and Game) contributed greatly to sample collection. J. Runstadler and the work to derive the GenBank sequences were supported in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-funded Centers of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance (Grants HHSN266200700009C and HHSN266200700010C). We would like to thank D. Spiro (J. Craig Venter Institute) and G. Happ, F. Aldehoff, L Gildehaus, J. Black, and P. Gingrich and others at the University of Alaska Fairbanks for their work to generate the viral strains and sequence information from GenBank used in this study. A. Lang, D. Derksen, S. Sonsthagen and two anonymous reviewers provided comments on an earlier version of the paper and P. Flint offered statistical advice. None of the authors have any financial interests or conflict of interest with this article. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1567-1348 J9 INFECT GENET EVOL JI Infect. Genet. Evol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 11 IS 8 BP 2004 EP 2010 DI 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.011 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 871YV UT WOS:000298774500021 PM 21964597 ER PT J AU Bowman, DMJS Balch, J Artaxo, P Bond, WJ Cochrane, MA D'Antonio, CM DeFries, R Johnston, FH Keeley, JE Krawchuk, MA Kull, CA Mack, M Moritz, MA Pyne, S Roos, CI Scott, AC Sodhi, NS Swetnam, TW AF Bowman, David M. J. S. Balch, Jennifer Artaxo, Paulo Bond, William J. Cochrane, Mark A. D'Antonio, Carla M. DeFries, Ruth Johnston, Fay H. Keeley, Jon E. Krawchuk, Meg A. Kull, Christian A. Mack, Michelle Moritz, Max A. Pyne, Stephen Roos, Christopher I. Scott, Andrew C. Sodhi, Navjot S. Swetnam, Thomas W. TI The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE Fire and culture; fire management; fire regime; global environmental change; landscape fire; palaeoecology; prehistoric human impacts; pyrogeography ID WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; FOREST-FIRE; NEW-ZEALAND; AUSTRALIA; MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE; ANTHROPOCENE AB Humans and their ancestors are unique in being a fire-making species, but natural (i.e. independent of humans) fires have an ancient, geological history on Earth. Natural fires have influenced biological evolution and global biogeochemical cycles, making fire integral to the functioning of some biomes. Globally, debate rages about the impact on ecosystems of prehistoric human-set fires, with views ranging from catastrophic to negligible. Understanding of the diversity of human fire regimes on Earth in the past, present and future remains rudimentary. It remains uncertain how humans have caused a departure from natural background levels that vary with climate change. Available evidence shows that modern humans can increase or decrease background levels of natural fire activity by clearing forests, promoting grazing, dispersing plants, altering ignition patterns and actively suppressing fires, thereby causing substantial ecosystem changes and loss of biodiversity. Some of these contemporary fire regimes cause substantial economic disruptions owing to the destruction of infrastructure, degradation of ecosystem services, loss of life, and smoke-related health effects. These episodic disasters help frame negative public attitudes towards landscape fires, despite the need for burning to sustain some ecosystems. Greenhouse gas-induced warming and changes in the hydrological cycle may increase the occurrence of large, severe fires, with potentially significant feedbacks to the Earth system. Improved understanding of human fire regimes demands: (1) better data on past and current human influences on fire regimes to enable global comparative analyses, (2) a greater understanding of different cultural traditions of landscape burning and their positive and negative social, economic and ecological effects, and (3) more realistic representations of anthropogenic fire in global vegetation and climate change models. We provide an historical framework to promote understanding of the development and diversification of fire regimes, covering the pre-human period, human domestication of fire, and the subsequent transition from subsistence agriculture to industrial economies. All of these phases still occur on Earth, providing opportunities for comparative research. C1 [Bowman, David M. J. S.] Univ Tasmania, Sch Plant Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Balch, Jennifer] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, NCEAS, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Artaxo, Paulo] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Bond, William J.] Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. [Cochrane, Mark A.] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence GIScCE, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [D'Antonio, Carla M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Environm Studies Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [D'Antonio, Carla M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [DeFries, Ruth] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Johnston, Fay H.] Univ Tasmania, Menzies Res Inst, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Keeley, Jon E.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA USA. [Keeley, Jon E.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Krawchuk, Meg A.; Moritz, Max A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Kull, Christian A.] Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. [Mack, Michelle] Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL USA. [Pyne, Stephen] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ USA. [Roos, Christopher I.] So Methodist Univ, Dept Anthropol, Dallas, TX 75275 USA. [Scott, Andrew C.] Royal Holloway Univ London, Dept Earth Sci, Egham, Surrey, England. [Sodhi, Navjot S.] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Fac Sci, Singapore 117548, Singapore. [Swetnam, Thomas W.] Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Bowman, DMJS (reprint author), Univ Tasmania, Sch Plant Sci, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM david.bowman@utas.edu.au RI Roos, Christopher/F-3379-2011; Scott, Andrew/C-6661-2008; Bowman, David/A-2930-2011; Swetnam, Thomas/A-6052-2008; Kull, Christian/C-5806-2015; Artaxo, Paulo/E-8874-2010 OI Scott, Andrew/0000-0002-1998-3508; Bowman, David/0000-0001-8075-124X; Swetnam, Thomas/0000-0001-7268-2184; Artaxo, Paulo/0000-0001-7754-3036 FU National Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-0553768] FX We thank G. Sanders for assistance with preparing the figures, and Sam Wood and William D. Gosling for commenting on an earlier draft. This work was conducted as part of the remit of the Pyrogeography Working Group at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) grant DEB-0553768, at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the State of California, with additional support for J. Balch, a postdoctoral associate at NCEAS. NR 116 TC 183 Z9 186 U1 21 U2 265 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0305-0270 EI 1365-2699 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 38 IS 12 BP 2223 EP 2236 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 859BY UT WOS:000297850500001 ER PT J AU Minsley, BJ Burton, BL Ikard, S Powers, MH AF Minsley, Burke J. Burton, Bethany L. Ikard, Scott Powers, Michael H. TI Hydrogeophysical Investigations at Hidden Dam, Raymond, California SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; EMBANKMENT DAMS; POROUS-MEDIA; TOMOGRAPHY; PATHWAYS; SYSTEMS; LEAKAGE; AREAS AB Self-potential and direct current resistivity surveys are carried out at the Hidden Darn site in Raymond, California to assess present-day seepage patterns and better understand the hydrogeologic mechanisms that likely influence seepage. Numerical modeling is utilized in conjunction with the geophysical measurements to predict variably-saturated flow through typical two-dimensional dam cross-sections as a function of reservoir elevation. Several different flow scenarios are investigated based on the known hydrogeology, as well as information about typical subsurface structures gained from the resistivity survey. The flow models are also used to simulate the bulk electrical resistivity in the subsurface under varying saturation conditions, as well as the self-potential response using petrophysical relationships and electrokinetic coupling equations. The self-potential survey consists of 512 measurements on the downstream area of the dam, and corroborates known seepage areas on the northwest side of the darn. Two direct-current resistivity profiles, each approximately 2,500 ft (762 m) long, indicate a broad sediment channel under the northwest side of the dam, which may be a significant seepage pathway through the foundation. A focusing of seepage in low-topography areas downstream of the dam is confirmed from the numerical flow simulations, which is also consistent with past observations. Little evidence of seepage is identified from the self-potential data on the southeast side of the dam, also consistent with historical records, though one possible area of focused seepage is identified near the outlet works. Integration of the geophysical surveys, numerical modeling, and observation well data provides a framework for better understanding seepage at the site through a combined hydrogeophysical approach. C1 [Minsley, Burke J.; Burton, Bethany L.; Powers, Michael H.] US Geol Survey, Crustal Geophys & Geochem Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Ikard, Scott] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Minsley, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Crustal Geophys & Geochem Sci Ctr, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM bminsley@usgs.gov OI Minsley, Burke/0000-0003-1689-1306 FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; NSF [DGE-0801692] FX This work was carried out with the support of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, under the supervision of Lewis Hunter. We are grateful for field assistance provided by Jonah Sullivan and Katie Jeffcoat. Significant logistical support and on-site information was provided by the Hidden Dam staff, particularly Phil Smith and Dale Dawson. We thank Andre Revil, Kevin Hazleton, Andrey Kazak, Victor Kalinin, and John Deceuster for their reviews of this manuscript. A portion of author S. Ikard's time was covered by the NSF-funded SmartGeo Educational Program (Project IGERT: Intelligent Geosystems; DGE-0801692). NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI DENVER PA 1720 SOUTH BELLAIRE, STE 110, DENVER, CO 80222-433 USA SN 1083-1363 J9 J ENVIRON ENG GEOPH JI J. Environ. Eng. Geophys. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 16 IS 4 BP 145 EP 164 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Geological SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering GA 863WB UT WOS:000298197900001 ER PT J AU Shrestha, MS Artan, GA Bajracharya, SR Gautam, DK Tokar, SA AF Shrestha, M. S. Artan, G. A. Bajracharya, S. R. Gautam, D. K. Tokar, S. A. TI Bias-adjusted satellite-based rainfall estimates for predicting floods: Narayani Basin SO JOURNAL OF FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bias adjustment; flood prediction; Nepal; satellite rainfall estimates ID GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; HYDROLOGIC-MODELS; PRODUCTS; OPTIMIZATION; VALIDATION; RADAR AB In Nepal, as the spatial distribution of rain gauges is not sufficient to provide detailed perspective on the highly varied spatial nature of rainfall, satellite-based rainfall estimates provides the opportunity for timely estimation. This paper presents the flood prediction of Narayani Basin at the Devghat hydrometric station (32?000?km2) using bias-adjusted satellite rainfall estimates and the Geospatial Stream Flow Model (GeoSFM), a spatially distributed, physically based hydrologic model. The GeoSFM with gridded gauge observed rainfall inputs using kriging interpolation from 2003 was used for calibration and 2004 for validation to simulate stream flow with both having a Nash Sutcliff Efficiency of above 0.7. With the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Centre's rainfall estimates (CPC_RFE2.0), using the same calibrated parameters, for 2003 the model performance deteriorated but improved after recalibration with CPC_RFE2.0 indicating the need to recalibrate the model with satellite-based rainfall estimates. Adjusting the CPC_RFE2.0 by a seasonal, monthly and 7-day moving average ratio, improvement in model performance was achieved. Furthermore, a new gauge-satellite merged rainfall estimates obtained from ingestion of local rain gauge data resulted in significant improvement in flood predictability. The results indicate the applicability of satellite-based rainfall estimates in flood prediction with appropriate bias correction. C1 [Shrestha, M. S.; Bajracharya, S. R.] Int Ctr Integrated Mt Dev ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. [Artan, G. A.] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Gautam, D. K.] Dept Hydrol & Meteorol DHM, Kathmandu, Nepal. [Tokar, S. A.] US Agcy Int Dev, Off US Foreign Disaster Assistance USAID OFDA, Washington, DC 20523 USA. RP Shrestha, MS (reprint author), ICIMOD, POB 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal. EM mshrestha@icimod.org OI Gautam, Dilip Kumar/0000-0002-6255-6405 FU Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance, US Agency for International Development Assistance; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) FX This study is part of the regional project on 'Application of Satellite Rainfall Estimates in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region'. Funding for this activity was made possible through support provided by the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance, US Agency for International Development Assistance. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of US Agency for International Development. The authors thank the DHM for providing the discharge and rainfall data and NOAA/USGS for the technical support. The authors would also like to express their thanks to Xie Pingping for his review and comments on the paper and to ICIMOD where the research was conducted. Most of the paper was prepared when the first author was a researcher at the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University and would like to thank Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for the financial support. The authors would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to significantly improve the paper. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1753-318X J9 J FLOOD RISK MANAG JI J. Flood Risk Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 4 IS 4 BP 360 EP 373 DI 10.1111/j.1753-318X.2011.01121.x PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 860LJ UT WOS:000297949500011 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, DP Hanshaw, MN Schmidt, KM Laber, JL Staley, DM Kean, JW Restrepo, PJ AF Jorgensen, David P. Hanshaw, Maiana N. Schmidt, Kevin M. Laber, Jayme L. Staley, Dennis M. Kean, Jason W. Restrepo, Pedro J. TI Value of a Dual-Polarized Gap-Filling Radar in Support of Southern California Post-Fire Debris-Flow Warnings SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL RATE ESTIMATION; BAND POLARIMETRIC RADAR; RECENTLY BURNED AREAS; C-BAND; DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY; ATTENUATION; PRECIPITATION; ALGORITHM; WSR-88D; PROTOTYPE AB A portable truck-mounted C-band Doppler weather radar was deployed to observe rainfall over the Station Fire burn area near Los Angeles, California, during the winter of 2009/10 to assist with debris-flow warning decisions. The deployments were a component of a joint NOAA-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research effort to improve definition of the rainfall conditions that trigger debris flows from steep topography within recent wildfire burn areas. A procedure was implemented to blend various dual-polarized estimators of precipitation (for radar observations taken below the freezing level) using threshold values for differential reflectivity and specific differential phase shift that improves the accuracy of the rainfall estimates over a specific burn area sited with terrestrial tipping-bucket rain gauges. The portable radar outperformed local Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) National Weather Service network radars in detecting rainfall capable of initiating post-fire runoff-generated debris flows. The network radars underestimated hourly precipitation totals by about 50%. Consistent with intensity duration threshold curves determined from past debris-flow events in burned areas in Southern California, the portable radar-derived rainfall rates exceeded the empirical thresholds over a wider range of storm durations with a higher spatial resolution than local National Weather Service operational radars. Moreover, the truck-mounted C-band radar dual-polarimetric-derived estimates of rainfall intensity provided a better guide to the expected severity of debris-flow events, based on criteria derived from previous events using rain gauge data, than traditional radar-derived rainfall approaches using reflectivity rainfall relationships for either the portable or operational network WSR-88D radars. Part of the reason for the improvement was due to siting the radar closer to the burn zone than the WSR-88Ds, but use of the dual-polarimetric variables improved the rainfall estimation by similar to 12% over the use of traditional Z-R relationships. C1 [Jorgensen, David P.] NOAA, NSSL, WRDD, Norman, OK 73072 USA. [Hanshaw, Maiana N.; Schmidt, Kevin M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Laber, Jayme L.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Oxnard, CA USA. [Staley, Dennis M.; Kean, Jason W.] US Geol Survey, Cent Reg Geol Hazards Team, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Restrepo, Pedro J.] NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Jorgensen, DP (reprint author), NOAA, NSSL, WRDD, 120 David L Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73072 USA. EM david.p.jorgensen@noaa.gov OI Kean, Jason/0000-0003-3089-0369 FU Office of Hydrologic Development of the NWS FX We thank Mr. Denis Carvill, Director of Contracts & Properties for the Burbank airport (Bob Hope International), for his assistance in sighting the CPOL radar at the airport and Ms. Dessa Emch of the NWS Oxnard Forecast Office with assistance in getting FAA approval for CPOL operations on the airport property. CPOL deployment was funded by the Office of Hydrologic Development of the NWS. We also thank Mr. Gordon Carrie of the University of Oklahoma/CIMMS for his assistance in providing real-time transmission of the radar data and the creation of displays of the CPOL data web, which were used by the NWS forecast office in Oxnard, California, for debris-flow warning decisions. Ms. Carrie Langston constructed the hybrid scan tables. We are grateful to Dr. Terri Hogue (UCLA) and Dr. Peter Wohlgemuth (USFS) for deploying additional rain gauges and providing their data for this study. Finally, we thank Dr. Rob Cifelli, Dr. J.J. Gourley, and Steve Vasiloff for constructive comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 12 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1595 DI 10.1175/JHM-D-11-05.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 864CU UT WOS:000298215400025 ER PT J AU Gillam, EH O'Shea, TJ Brigham, RM AF Gillam, E. H. O'Shea, T. J. Brigham, R. M. TI Nonrandom patterns of roost emergence in big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE bats; behavior; emergence; Eptesicus fuscus ID PREDATION RISK; PIPISTRELLUS-PIPISTRELLUS; ASSOCIATION PATTERNS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MYOTIS-LUCIFUGUS; SURVIVAL; COLORADO; VESPERTILIONIDAE; PROBABILITIES; CHIROPTERA AB In most colonial species of bats individuals emerge en masse from day roosts each evening to begin foraging. Although some aspects of emergence behavior are understood, one previously unexplored area is the specific order in which individuals emerge. The goal of our research was to determine if big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, fitted with passive integrated transponder tags emerge from roosts in buildings each evening in a nonrandom order. We assessed relative and absolute order of emergence to determine if order is concordant across nights and whether individuals consistently emerge in close association with specific roost mates. We found significant concordance in rank order among nights at all roosts. At 5 roosts concordance decreased as time between dates increased. Association rates between individuals were low, and temporal analyses revealed that associations rapidly degraded over time, indicating that bats do not emerge each evening consistently with the same group of roost mates. We discuss how social structure, information transfer, and/or individual energetic needs could be responsible for the observed nonrandom patterns of emergence. Our results suggest that emergence order represents behavioral information that traditionally has been overlooked and that might be useful for characterizing aspects of the ecology and social behavior of bats and other species with cryptic behavior. C1 [Gillam, E. H.] N Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Fargo, ND 58108 USA. [O'Shea, T. J.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Brigham, R. M.] Univ Regina, Dept Biol, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. RP Gillam, EH (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Fargo, ND 58108 USA. EM Erin.Gillam@ndsu.edu RI Brigham, R Mark/E-6825-2010 OI Brigham, R Mark/0000-0001-6765-4250 FU National Science Foundation [0094959] FX Field portions of the study were funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program (#0094959) to Colorado State University (CSU). We thank M. Neubaum, D. Neubaum, R. Pearce, and the CSU "bat crew" for help with capture and marking bats and installing and downloading tag readers. We also thank R. Bowen for developing the master database, H. Whitehead and G. Chaverri for advice on analyses, and P. Cryan and H. Broders for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States government. NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 6 U2 30 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1253 EP 1260 DI 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-393.1 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 867YN UT WOS:000298490800009 ER PT J AU Williamson, R Clark, JD AF Williamson, Ryan Clark, Joseph D. TI Evaluating interactions between river otters and muskrats at bridge crossings in Kentucky SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Green River; interaction; interspecific competition; Lontra canadensis; occupancy estimation; Ondatra zibethicus; range expansion ID SIZE-SELECTIVE PREDATION; UNIONID CLAMS; RATES; OCCUPANCY; SPREAD; SITE AB Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) prey on freshwater mussels, many species of which are threatened or endangered. Muskrat populations have been reduced in some streams where North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) were reintroduced, and it has been hypothesized that otter reintroduction could be used as a tool for conservation of mussels. We used occupancy estimation methods to evaluate the ecological relationship between muskrats and otters by collecting presence-absence data based on field sign found at bridge crossings in eastern and central Kentucky. Mean detection probabilities (ps) and occupancy probabilities (psi s) for muskrats were 0.692 (SE = 0.045) and 0.723 (SE = 0.071) and for otters were 0.623 (SE = 0.036) and 0.662 (SE = 0.069), respectively. Otter occupancy was related negatively to distance from release sites, which suggests that the otter population is still expanding its range. A 2-species interaction model indicated that the occupancy by muskrats and river otters was independent, and we conclude that river otter reintroduction would not be an effective strategy for conserving mussels. C1 [Williamson, Ryan] Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Clark, Joseph D.] Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, Leetaon Sci Ctr, So Appalachian Res Branch, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Clark, JD (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, 274 Ellington Plant Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM jclark1@utk.edu FU United States Geological Survey; National Park Service; University of Tennessee, Knoxville FX Funding for this project was provided by the United States Geological Survey, the National Park Service, and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. We thank the dedicated staff at Mammoth Cave National Park, especially S. Thomas but also M. Depoy, L. Johnson, B. Leech, J. Meiman, J. Pedigo, L. Scoggins, and B. Ward. K. Asmus Hersey came before us and pioneered many of the field techniques we used and offered ideas for further research. We also acknowledge field technicians R. Gingerich and W. Giugou. We thank J. Murrow and B. Lellis for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We also deeply appreciate the comments of editors and peer reviewers, which greatly improved this work. Any use of trade, product, or firm names are for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 48 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 22 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1314 EP 1320 DI 10.1644/11-MAMM-A-088.1 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 867YN UT WOS:000298490800015 ER PT J AU Dixon, MD AF Dixon, Michael D. TI Population genetic structure and natal philopatry in the widespread North American bat Myotis lucifugus SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE dispersal; philopatry; roost ecology; white-nose syndrome ID SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL; BIG BROWN BATS; LONG-EARED BAT; LANDSCAPE GENETICS; EPTESICUS-FUSCUS; BECHSTEINS BAT; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; PLECOTUS-AURITUS; SWARMING SITES; FLOW AB Molecular genetics tools have been used recently to investigate aspects of bat biology, including the degree of male- and female-driven gene flow among populations. However, none of this work has focused on the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), one of the most common bats in North America. Previous work using mark-recapture suggests that like many mammals, including other temperate vespertilionid bats, gene flow in this species is largely driven by males, whereas females return to the roosts in which they were born to rear pups. To determine if this species displays a pattern of population genetic structure that is consistent with this hypothesis I sampled 182 female M. lucifugus at 12 maternity colonies throughout Minnesota. Using a portion of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and 10 polymorphic nuclear microsatellites, I found significant structure among colonies, and population differentiation was slightly higher for the mitochondrial locus. This supports the hypothesis that female M. lucifugus display some degree of natal philopatry, but the inferred female dispersal rate was high. The pattern of structure was complex and demonstrates that unequal gene flow among maternity colonies is occurring and that the co-occurrence of breeding populations within maternity colonies and/or inbreeding could be confounding estimates of population genetic structure among these colonies. The patterns of population genetic structure and natal philopatry imply that both seasonal migration and dispersal by females should be considered as possible factors in the spread of emerging infectious diseases such as white-nose syndrome. C1 [Dixon, Michael D.] Univ Minnesota Twin Cities, Conservat Biol Grad Program, Bell Museum Nat Hist, St Paul, MN 55113 USA. RP Dixon, MD (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Refuge Planning, Reg 6,134 Union Blvd, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. EM michael-d-dixon@fws.gov FU Bell Museum of Natural History; American Museum of Natural History; University of Minnesota Graduate School FX This manuscript is the product of a portion of my dissertation research in the Conservation Biology Graduate Program of the University of Minnesota. I thank S. Jansa for advice and comments on this manuscript and particularly for her support of lab work during my unanticipated absence due to a military service obligation. F. K. Barker and K. Kozak provided substantial insight into data analysis and interpretation. A. Nosal and J. Fernandez patiently and tirelessly contributed lab time to this project as a portion of the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program Grants they received. J. Diaz, T. Giarla, and A. Blake assisted with fieldwork. I am grateful to the National Park Service (Voyageurs National Park), Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Dakota County Parks (Minnesota), the Oberholtzer Foundation, and a handful of private citizens for allowing access to colonies on their properties. Research funding was provided by Dayton Research Fellowships from the Bell Museum of Natural History, a Theodore Roosevelt Fund Grant from the American Museum of Natural History, and an Alexander & Lydia Anderson Fellowship from the University of Minnesota Graduate School. NR 57 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 7 U2 52 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1343 EP 1351 DI 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-426.1 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 867YN UT WOS:000298490800018 ER PT J AU Danielson, TJ Loftin, CS Tsomides, L DiFranco, JL Connors, B AF Danielson, Thomas J. Loftin, Cynthia S. Tsomides, Leonidas DiFranco, Jeanne L. Connors, Beth TI Algal bioassessment metrics for wadeable streams and rivers of Maine, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE algae; diatoms; metrics; biological assessments; streams; tolerance values; optima; Biological Condition Gradient; reference conditions ID MONITOR EUTROPHICATION; ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS; BIOLOGICAL CONDITION; RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; INFERENCE MODELS; BENTHIC DIATOM; INDICATORS; INDEXES; QUALITY AB Many state water-quality agencies use biological assessment methods based on lotic fish and macroinvertebrate communities, but relatively few states have incorporated algal multimetric indices into monitoring programs. Algae are good indicators for monitoring water quality because they are sensitive to many environmental stressors. We evaluated benthic algal community attributes along a landuse gradient affecting wadeable streams and rivers in Maine, USA, to identify potential bioassessment metrics. We collected epilithic algal samples from 193 locations across the state. We computed weighted-average optima for common taxa for total P, total N, specific conductance, % impervious cover, and % developed watershed, which included all land use that is no longer forest or wetland. We assigned Maine stream tolerance values and categories (sensitive, intermediate, tolerant) to taxa based on their optima and responses to watershed disturbance. We evaluated performance of algal community metrics used in multimetric indices from other regions and novel metrics based on Maine data. Metrics specific to Maine data, such as the relative richness of species characterized as being sensitive in Maine, were more correlated with % developed watershed than most metrics used in other regions. Few community-structure attributes (e.g., species richness) were useful metrics in Maine. Performance of algal bioassessment models would be improved if metrics were evaluated with attributes of local data before inclusion in multimetric indices or statistical models. C1 [Danielson, Thomas J.; Tsomides, Leonidas] Maine Dept Environm Protect, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. [Loftin, Cynthia S.] Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [DiFranco, Jeanne L.; Connors, Beth] Maine Dept Environm Protect, Portland, ME 04103 USA. RP Danielson, TJ (reprint author), Maine Dept Environm Protect, 17 State House Stn, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. EM thomas.j.danielson@maine.gov; cynthia.loftin@maine.edu; leon.tsomides@maine.gov; jeanne.1.difranco@maine.gov; beth.connors@maine.gov FU Geological Survey; Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; University of Mainefor; US Environmental Protection Agency FX We thank the dedicated staff of the Maine Department of Environmental Protection and the US Geological Survey, Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and the University of Mainefor support during the project. We thank Susan Brawley, Dave Courtemanch, Francis Drummond, and R. Jan Stevenson for guidance and recommendations that greatly improved the project. We thank Christian Halsted, Karla Hyde, Susanne Meidel, Mike Smith, and Doug Suitor for assistance with Arc Map and database management. For their insight into the BCG, we thank Susan Davies and Susan Jackson. Review comments provided by Susan Davies, Mary Becker, Martyn Kelly, Steven Francoeur, Pamela Silver, and an anonymous referee were greatly appreciated. This study was partly funded by grants from the US Environmental Protection Agency and administered by Jennie Bridge and Al Basile. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the US government or the State of Maine. NR 63 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 34 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1033 EP 1048 DI 10.1899/10-162.1 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 864EA UT WOS:000298218600013 ER PT J AU Craddock, W Kirby, E Zhang, HP AF Craddock, William Kirby, Eric Zhang, Huiping TI Late Miocene-Pliocene range growth in the interior of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau SO LITHOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID ALTYN-TAGH FAULT; RESOLUTION MAGNETO STRATIGRAPHY; CENOZOIC TECTONIC EVOLUTION; APATITE FISSION-TRACK; NORTH QILIAN SHAN; QAIDAM BASIN; QINGHAI PROVINCE; HEXI CORRIDOR; TOPOGRAPHIC GROWTH; GANSU PROVINCE AB The time-space patterns of deformation throughout the Indo-Asian collision zone can place constraints on the processes responsible for the development of high topography. Although most agree that high topography associated with the Tibetan Plateau expanded throughout the Cenozoic, it is increasingly being recognized that portions of the present-day plateau experienced a protracted history of deformation starting before or shortly after collision. Deciphering the history of deformation in these regions is central to understanding the dynamics of plateau formation. Here, we report new constraints on the timing of shortening along the southern margin of the Gonghe Basin complex, a broad Tertiary-Quaternary depocenter within the interior region of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Deformation of basin strata, lithostratigraphic patterns, and changes in paleocurrents record the growth of structures along the southern margin of the basin. A novel combination of magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic burial ages from fluvial deposits provides a chronology that suggests that sediment accumulation initiated at ca. 20 Ma and that indicates the basin-bounding structures became active during the late Miocene, between ca. 10 and 7 Ma. The probable onset of basin development in the early Miocene is similar to other regions of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and it appears to herald the onset of widespread contractional deformation in the region. Moreover, late Miocene activity on thrusts bounding the southern margin of Gonghe Basin was broadly synchronous with the rise of mountain ranges elsewhere along the periphery of the plateau, suggesting a coordinated pulse of growth of high topography during this time. C1 [Craddock, William; Kirby, Eric] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Zhang, Huiping] China Earthquake Adm, Inst Geol, State Key Lab Earthquake Dynam, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. RP Craddock, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RI Zhang, Huiping/B-1124-2012 OI Zhang, Huiping/0000-0002-3042-4301 FU U.S. National Science Foundation [EAR-0506622]; National Science Foundation of China [40234040]; State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics (China) [LED2008A01]; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation FX This research was supported by the Continental Dynamics program at the U.S. National Science Foundation (EAR-0506622), the National Science Foundation of China (40234040), and the State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics (China) (LED2008A01). Our thinking was refined by discussions with Doug Burbank, Marin Clark, Alison Duvall, Carmie Garzione, Brian Hough, and Peter Molnar. We thank Richard Lease, Tim Raub, and Isaac Hilburn for assistance with paleomagnetic work, Nate Harkins, Greg Chmiel, and Tom Clifton for assistance with cosmogenic laboratory work, and Xuhua Shi, Ali Sacks, and Jianhui Liu for assistance in the field. Weitao Wang provided assistance translating some references from the Chinese. Kirby gratefully acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation during construction of this manuscript. Thoughtful reviews by J. Saylor and an anonymous reviewer improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 100 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 25 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1941-8264 J9 LITHOSPHERE-US JI Lithosphere PD DEC PY 2011 VL 3 IS 6 BP 420 EP 438 DI 10.1130/L159.1 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA 863BT UT WOS:000298138500006 ER PT J AU Fairen, AG Dohm, JM Baker, VR Thompson, SD Mahaney, WC Herkenhoff, KE Rodriguez, JAP Davila, AF Schulze-Makuch, D El Maarry, MR Uceda, ER Amils, R Miyamoto, H Kim, KJ Anderson, RC McKay, CP AF Fairen, Alberto G. Dohm, James M. Baker, Victor R. Thompson, Shane D. Mahaney, William C. Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. Rodriguez, J. Alexis P. Davila, Alfonso F. Schulze-Makuch, Dirk El Maarry, M. Ramy Uceda, Esther R. Amils, Ricardo Miyamoto, Hirdy Kim, Kyeong J. Anderson, Robert C. McKay, Christopher P. TI Meteorites at Meridiani Planum provide evidence for significant amounts of surface and near-surface water on early Mars SO METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL AGES; TERRA-MERIDIANI; BURNS FORMATION; CHONDRITE; DEPOSITS; STRATIGRAPHY; ANTARCTICA; CRATERS; ARABIA; ORIGIN AB Six large iron meteorites have been discovered in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in a nearly 25 km-long traverse. Herein, we review and synthesize the available data to propose that the discovery and characteristics of the six meteorites could be explained as the result of their impact into a soft and wet surface, sometime during the Noachian or the Hesperian, subsequently to be exposed at the Martian surface through differential erosion. As recorded by its sediments and chemical deposits, Meridiani has been interpreted to have undergone a watery past, including a shallow sea, a playa, an environment of fluctuating ground water, and/or an icy landscape. Meteorites could have been encased upon impact and/or subsequently buried, and kept underground for a long time, shielded from the atmosphere. The meteorites apparently underwent significant chemical weathering due to aqueous alteration, as indicated by cavernous features that suggest differential acidic corrosion removing less resistant material and softer inclusions. During the Amazonian, the almost complete disappearance of surface water and desiccation of the landscape, followed by induration of the sediments and subsequent differential erosion and degradation of Meridiani sediments, including at least 1080 m of deflation in the last 33.5 Gy, would have exposed the buried meteorites. We conclude that the iron meteorites support the hypothesis that Mars once had a denser atmosphere and considerable amounts of water and/or water ice at and/or near the surface. C1 [Fairen, Alberto G.; Davila, Alfonso F.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Fairen, Alberto G.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Uceda, Esther R.; McKay, Christopher P.] NASA, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Dohm, James M.; Baker, Victor R.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Thompson, Shane D.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Mahaney, William C.] Quaternary Surveys, Thornhill, ON L4J 1J4, Canada. [Herkenhoff, Kenneth E.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Schulze-Makuch, Dirk] Washington State Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. [El Maarry, M. Ramy] Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Amils, Ricardo] Ctr Astrobiol INTA CSIC, Madrid 28850, Spain. [Miyamoto, Hirdy] Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. [Kim, Kyeong J.] Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources, Taejon, South Korea. [Anderson, Robert C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fairen, AG (reprint author), SETI Inst, 189 N Bernardo Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. EM alberto.g.fairen@nasa.gov RI Miyamoto, Hideaki/E-3381-2012; Davila, Alfonso/A-2198-2013; Dohm, James/A-3831-2014; OI Davila, Alfonso/0000-0002-0977-9909; EL-MAARRY, MOHAMED RAMY/0000-0002-8262-0320; Kim, Kyeong J/0000-0001-6220-8411; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk/0000-0002-1923-9746 NR 52 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1086-9379 J9 METEORIT PLANET SCI JI Meteorit. Planet. Sci. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 46 IS 12 BP 1832 EP 1841 DI 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2011.01297.x PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 862MD UT WOS:000298094600004 ER PT J AU Geffen, E Kam, M Hefner, R Hersteinsson, P Angerbjorn, A Dalen, L Fuglei, E Noren, K Adams, JR Vucetich, J Meier, TJ Mech, LD Vonholdt, BM Stahler, DR Wayne, RK AF Geffen, Eli Kam, Michael Hefner, Reuven Hersteinsson, Pall Angerbjorn, Anders Dalen, Love Fuglei, Eva Noren, Karin Adams, Jennifer R. Vucetich, John Meier, Thomas J. Mech, L. D. vonHoldt, Bridgett M. Stahler, Daniel R. Wayne, Robert K. TI Kin encounter rate and inbreeding avoidance in canids SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; dispersal; kin recognition; sexual selection; Vulpes lagopus ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION; ARCTIC FOX POPULATION; ISLE-ROYALE; WOLF PACKS; CONSERVATION GENETICS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; ALOPEX-LAGOPUS; NO EVIDENCE; GRAY WOLF; LUPUS AB Mating with close kin can lead to inbreeding depression through the expression of recessive deleterious alleles and loss of heterozygosity. Mate selection may be affected by kin encounter rate, and inbreeding avoidance may not be uniform but associated with age and social system. Specifically, selection for kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance may be more developed in species that live in family groups or breed cooperatively. To test this hypothesis, we compared kin encounter rate and the proportion of related breeding pairs in noninbred and highly inbred canid populations. The chance of randomly encountering a full sib ranged between 18% and 2022% in noninbred and inbred canid populations, respectively. We show that regardless of encounter rate, outside natal groups mates were selected independent of relatedness. Within natal groups, there was a significant avoidance of mating with a relative. Lack of discrimination against mating with close relatives outside packs suggests that the rate of inbreeding in canids is related to the proximity of close relatives, which could explain the high degree of inbreeding depression observed in some populations. The idea that kin encounter rate and social organization can explain the lack of inbreeding avoidance in some species is intriguing and may have implications for the management of populations at risk. C1 [Geffen, Eli] Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Kam, Michael] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, Wyler Dept Dryland Agr, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. [Hefner, Reuven] Nat & Pk Author, Elat, Israel. [Hersteinsson, Pall] Univ Iceland, Inst Biol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Angerbjorn, Anders; Noren, Karin] Stockholm Univ, Dept Zool, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Dalen, Love] Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mol Systemat, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. [Fuglei, Eva] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, FRAM Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway. [Adams, Jennifer R.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Vucetich, John] Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Meier, Thomas J.] Natl Pk Serv, Denali Natl Pk, AK 99755 USA. [Mech, L. D.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [vonHoldt, Bridgett M.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Stahler, Daniel R.] Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Ctr Resources, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. [Wayne, Robert K.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Geffen, E (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. EM geffene@post.tau.ac.il RI Dalen, Love/A-6686-2008; Angerbjorn, Anders/A-5982-2013; Research, NRM-BIG/F-2603-2013; OI Dalen, Love/0000-0001-8270-7613; Angerbjorn, Anders/0000-0001-5535-9086; Kam, Michael/0000-0002-1062-7654 FU EU/Life; WWF; USA-Israel Binational Science Foundation [2000071]; Tel Aviv University; Norwegian Polar Institute; Westfjords Natural History Institute; National Science Foundation (US); Yellowstone Park Foundation; Holloman Price Foundation FX We wish to thank Jon Slate, Richard Fredrickson, Brent Patterson and Naomi Paz for their constructive comments and discussion. We are grateful to Thorleifur Eiriksson and the staff at the Westfjords Natural History Institute for the hospitality and the assistance while collecting data in Iceland. We wish to thank the EU/Life and WWF for supporting the SEFALO project, and the USA-Israel Binational Science Foundation (2000071), Tel Aviv University Special Fund, the Norwegian Polar Institute and the Westfjords Natural History Institute for logistic and financial support of the Arctic fox study in Iceland. The genotyping of gray wolves has been supported by the National Science Foundation (US), the Yellowstone Park Foundation and the Holloman Price Foundation. NR 58 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 11 U2 92 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 EI 1365-294X J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 20 IS 24 BP 5348 EP 5358 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05358.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 862KJ UT WOS:000298089300020 PM 22077191 ER PT J AU Humphries, AT La Peyre, MK Decossas, GA AF Humphries, Austin T. La Peyre, Megan K. Decossas, Gary A. TI The Effect of Structural Complexity, Prey Density, and "Predator-Free Space" on Prey Survivorship at Created Oyster Reef Mesocosms SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; HABITAT COMPLEXITY; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; FORAGING SUCCESS; GALVESTON BAY; FISH; BEHAVIOR; SIZE; FOOD; FRAGMENTATION AB Interactions between predators and their prey are influenced by the habitat they occupy. Using created oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reef mesocosms, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments that created structure and manipulated complexity as well as prey density and "predator-free space" to examine the relationship between structural complexity and prey survivorship. Specifically, volume and spatial arrangement of oysters as well as prey density were manipulated, and the survivorship of prey (grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio) in the presence of a predator (wild red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus) was quantified. We found that the presence of structure increased prey survivorship, and that increasing complexity of this structure further increased survivorship, but only to a point. This agrees with the theory that structural complexity may influence predator-prey dynamics, but that a threshold exists with diminishing returns. These results held true even when prey density was scaled to structural complexity, or the amount of "predator-free space" was manipulated within our created reef mesocosms. The presence of structure and its complexity (oyster shell volume) were more important in facilitating prey survivorship than perceived refugia or density-dependent prey effects. A more accurate indicator of refugia might require "predator-free space" measures that also account for the available area within the structure itself (i.e., volume) and not just on the surface of a structure. Creating experiments that better mimic natural conditions and test a wider range of "predator-free space" are suggested to better understand the role of structural complexity in oyster reefs and other complex habitats. C1 [Humphries, Austin T.; La Peyre, Megan K.] Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Sch Renewable Nat Resources,AgCtr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Humphries, Austin T.] Rhodes Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. RP Humphries, AT (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Louisiana Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Sch Renewable Nat Resources,AgCtr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM austin.humphries@gmail.com FU Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; Louisiana Sea Grant FX The authors thank the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov) for financial support, and Louisiana Sea Grant for funding through a grant to GD under the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (http://www.laseagrant.org/urop/index.htm). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 56 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 26 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD DEC 1 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 12 AR e28339 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0028339 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 863MQ UT WOS:000298168900020 PM 22145037 ER PT J AU Duda, JJ Coe, HJ Morley, SA Kloehn, KK AF Duda, J. J. Coe, H. J. Morley, S. A. Kloehn, K. K. TI Establishing spatial trends in water chemistry and stable isotopes (d15N and d13C) in the Elwha River prior to dam removal and salmon recolonization SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; salmon; dam removal; marine-derived nutrients; food webs ID COASTAL BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; FRESH-WATER; ONCORHYNCHUS SPP.; COHO SALMON; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY; STREAM PRODUCTIVITY AB Two high-head dams on the Elwha River in Washington State (USA) have changed the migratory patterns of resident and anadromous fish, limiting Pacific salmon to the lower 7.9km of a river that historically supported large Pacific salmon runs. To document the effects of the dams prior to their removal, we measured carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of primary producers, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish, and water chemistry above, between and below the dams. We found that d15N was significantly higher in fish, stoneflies, black flies, periphyton and macroalgae where salmon still have access. Fish and chloroperlid stoneflies were enriched in d13C, but the values were more variable than in d15N. For some taxa, there were also differences between the two river sections that lack salmon, suggesting that factors other than marine-derived nutrients are structuring longitudinal isotopic profiles. Consistent with trophic theory, macroalgae had the lowest d15N, followed by periphyton, macroinvertebrates and fish, with a range of 6.9, 6.2 and 7.7 parts per thousand below, between, and above the dams, respectively. Water chemistry analyses confirmed earlier reports that the river is oligotrophic. Phosphorous levels in the Elwha were lower than those found in other regional rivers, with significant differences among regulated, unregulated and reference sections. The removal of these dams, among the largest of such projects ever attempted, is expected to facilitate the return of salmon and their marine-derived nutrients (MDN) throughout the watershed, possibly altering the food web structure, nutrient levels and stable isotope values that we documented. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Duda, J. J.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Coe, H. J.; Morley, S. A.; Kloehn, K. K.] NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Duda, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jduda@usgs.gov RI Duda, Jeffrey/A-7132-2009 OI Duda, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7431-8634 FU NOAA Fisheries Restoration Center; Elwha Klallam Tribe; USGS/NPS; NPS Water Resources Center FX The authors thank G. Pess, B. Sanderson, M. McHenry, P. Crain, S. Brenkman and J. Freilich for their assistance with study design and field logistics. Olympic National Park, The Elwha Klallam Tribe, Green Crow Timber, the Elwha Place Homeowners' Association and J. Pederson graciously allowed them access to their lands. This work is the result of hard work from A. Freilich, D. and V. Van Calcar (ONP); C. Chambers, D. Chase, C. Galitsky, A. Green, M. Groce, A. Newman and J. Steinbacher (USGS); T. Beechie, B. Burke, J. Chamberlin, C. Greene, K. Frick, M. Liermann, J. Michael and V. Pelekis (NOAA); R. Moses and S. Sampson (Elwha); B. Eaton, J. Harbrod, S. Aurora and A. Cox (Peninsula College), and L. and S. Baysinger (Sol Duc Valley Packers). The authors also thanks to N. Haubenstock and W. Reichert for assistance with stable isotope analyses and to M. Liermann for statistical assistance. This paper benefited from comments by B. Sanderson and M. Scheuerell and anonymous peer review comments. Funding was provided by grants from the NOAA Fisheries Restoration Center, the Elwha Klallam Tribe, the USGS/NPS Park Oriented Biological Support Program and the NPS Water Resources Center. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the convenience of the reader and does not constitute endorsement by the U. S. government. NR 100 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1535-1459 EI 1535-1467 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 27 IS 10 BP 1169 EP 1181 DI 10.1002/rra.1413 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 864IZ UT WOS:000298234800001 ER PT J AU Pierce, AR King, SL AF Pierce, Aaron R. King, Sammy L. TI A comparison of avian communities and habitat characteristics in floodplain forests associated with valley plugs and unchannelized streams SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE avian communities; channelization; floodplain forests; habitat modelling; wetland management ID MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL VALLEY; COASTAL-PLAIN; RIVER; WETLAND; BIRD; SEDIMENTATION; VEGETATION; CHANNELIZATION; USA; RESTORATION AB Channelization of streams associated with floodplain forested wetlands has occurred extensively throughout the world and specifically in the southeastern United States. Channelization of fluvial systems alters the hydrologic and sedimentation processes that sustain these systems. In western Tennessee, channelization and past land-use practices have caused drastic geomorphic and hydrologic changes, resulting in altered habitat conditions that may affect avian communities. The objective of this study was to determine if there were differences in avian communities utilizing floodplain forests along unchannelized streams compared to channelized streams with valley plugs, areas where sediment has completely filled the channel. During point count surveys, 58 bird species were observed at unchannelized sites and 60 species were observed at valley plug sites. Species associated with baldcypress-tupelo (Taxodium-Nyssa) swamps (e.g. Great Egret (Ardea albus) and Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)) and mature hardwood forests with open midstories (e.g. Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens), Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons), Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) and Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)) were either only found at unchannelized sites or were more abundant at unchannelized sites. Conversely, species associated with open and early successional habitats (e.g. Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) and Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea)) were either only found at valley plug sites or were more abundant at valley plug sites. Results of habitat modelling suggest that the habitat characteristics of floodplain forests at unchannelized sites are more suitable for Neotropical migrant bird species of conservation concern in the region than at valley plug sites. This study, in combination with previous research, demonstrates the ecological impacts of valley plugs span across abiotic and biotic processes and tropic levels. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Pierce, Aaron R.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [King, Sammy L.] LSU AgCtr, USGS Louisiana Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Pierce, AR (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM aaron.pierce@nicholls.edu FU U. S. D. A.-CSREES Initiative for Future Agricultural and Food Systems; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Nature Conservancy - Hatchie River Project FX Funding for this project was provided by the U. S. D. A.-CSREES Initiative for Future Agricultural and Food Systems, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Nature Conservancy - Hatchie River Project. We would like to thank A. Wyss, G. Gallien, C. Wirwa and D. Orr for their logistic support and N. Winstead, R. DeMay and B. Thatcher for reviewing this manuscript. The use of trade, product, industry or firm names or products is for informative purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U. S. Government or the U. S. Geological Survey. NR 51 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 30 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 27 IS 10 BP 1315 EP 1324 DI 10.1002/rra.1429 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 864IZ UT WOS:000298234800012 ER PT J AU Pinkney, AE Harshbarger, JC Karouna-Renier, NK Jenko, K Balk, L Skarpheoinsdottir, H Liewenborg, B Rutter, MA AF Pinkney, Alfred E. Harshbarger, John C. Karouna-Renier, Natalie K. Jenko, Kathryn Balk, Lennart Skarpheoinsdottir, Halldora Liewenborg, Birgitta Rutter, Michael A. TI Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of genotoxicity in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) in Chesapeake Bay tributaries SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Biomarker; Brown bullhead; DNA adduct; PAH; Tumor; Alkylating agent ID PERCH PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; PIKE ESOX-LUCIUS; BENEFICIAL USE IMPAIRMENT; DNA ADDUCT FORMATION; ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS; HEPATIC-LESIONS; GREAT-LAKES; OROCUTANEOUS PAPILLOMAS; PLEURONECTES-VETULUS AB We surveyed four Chesapeake Bay tributaries for skin and liver tumors in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). We focused on the South River, where the highest skin tumor prevalence (53%) in the Bay watershed had been reported. The objectives were to 1) compare tumor prevalence with nearby rivers (Severn and Rhode) and a more remote river (Choptank); 2) investigate associations between tumor prevalence and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylating agents; and 3) statistically analyze Chesapeake Bay bullhead tumor data from 1992 through 2008. All four South River collections exhibited high skin tumor prevalence (19% to 58%), whereas skin tumor prevalence was 2%, 10%, and 52% in the three Severn collections; 0% and 2% in the Choptank collections; and 5.6% in the Rhode collection. Liver tumor prevalence was 0% to 6% in all but one South River collection (20%) and 0% to 6% in the three other rivers. In a subset of samples. PAR-like biliary metabolites and (32)P-DNA adducts were used as biomarkers of exposure and response to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Adducts from alkylating agents were detected as O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (O6Me-dG) and O6-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (06Et-dG) modified DNA. Bullheads from the contaminated Anacostia River were used as a positive control for DNA adducts. (32)P-DNA adduct concentrations were significantly higher in Anacostia bullhead livers compared with the other rivers. We identified alkyl DNA adducts in bullhead livers from the South and Anacostia, but not the Choptank. Neither the PAH-like bile metabolite data, sediment PAR data, nor the DNA adduct data suggest an association between liver or skin tumor prevalence and exposure to PACs or alkylating agents in the South, Choptank, Severn, or Rhode rivers. Logistic regression analysis of the Chesapeake Bay database revealed that sex and length were significant covariates for liver tumors and length was a significant covariate for skin tumors. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Pinkney, Alfred E.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. [Harshbarger, John C.] George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Washington, DC 20037 USA. [Karouna-Renier, Natalie K.; Jenko, Kathryn] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Skarpheoinsdottir, Halldora; Liewenborg, Birgitta] Stockholm Univ, Dept Appl Environm Sci ITM, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Rutter, Michael A.] Behrend Coll, Dept Math, Erie, PA 16563 USA. RP Pinkney, AE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chesapeake Bay Field Off, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. EM Fred_Pinkney@fws.gov; jcharshbarger@verizon.net; nkarouna@usgs.gov; lennart.balk@itm.su.se; mar36@psu.edu OI Karouna-Renier, Natalie/0000-0001-7127-033X FU USFWS Maryland Fisheries Resource Office; USFWS Division of Environmental Contaminants; South River Federation FX We appreciate the assistance of Mike Mangold, Ian Park, John Gill, and Steve Minkkinen (USFWS) in the field and Susan Frey (USFWS) in the CBFO laboratory. Kyle Hartman (West Virginia University) aged the spines. Leslie Gerlich (USFWS) produced the graphics and Ebony Davis (USFWS) assisted on the word processing. The comments of Luke Iwanowicz (U.S. Geological Survey) are appreciated. Funding for the surveys was provided by the USFWS Maryland Fisheries Resource Office, USFWS Division of Environmental Contaminants, and the South River Federation. NR 70 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD DEC 1 PY 2011 VL 410 BP 248 EP 257 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.035 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 863YG UT WOS:000298203600032 PM 21995877 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Cumming, GS Garmestani, AS Taylor, PD Walker, BH AF Allen, Craig R. Cumming, Graeme S. Garmestani, Ahjond S. Taylor, Phillip D. Walker, Brian H. TI Managing for resilience SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; complex systems; ecosystem management; maximum sustained yield; resilience; scale; social-ecological systems; sustainability; wildlife management ID SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT; COMPLEX-SYSTEMS; FIRE ANTS; BIODIVERSITY; SCALE; POPULATIONS; DISCONTINUITIES AB Early efforts in wildlife management focused on reducing population variability and maximizing yields of selected species. Later, Aldo Leopold proposed the concept of habitat management as superior to population management, and more recently, ecosystem management, whereby ecological processes are conserved or mimicked, has come into favour. Managing for resilience builds upon these roots, and focuses on maintaining key processes and relationships in social-ecological systems so that they are robust to a great variety of external or internal perturbations at a range of ecological and social scales. Managing for resilience focuses on system-level characteristics and processes, and the endurance of system properties in the face of social or ecological surprise. Managing for resilience consists of actively maintaining a diversity of functions and homeostatic feedbacks, steering systems away from thresholds of potential concern, increasing the ability of the system to maintain structuring processes and feedbacks under a wide range of conditions, and increasing the capacity of a system to cope with change through learning and adaptation. The critical aspect of managing for resilience, and therefore ecosystem management, is undertaking adaptive management to reduce uncertainty and actively managing to avoid thresholds in situations where maintaining resilience is desired. Managing adaptively for resilience is the approach best suited for coping with external shocks and surprises given the non-linear complex dynamics arising from linked social-ecological systems. C1 [Allen, Craig R.] Univ Nebraska, US Geol Survey, Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Cumming, Graeme S.] Univ Cape Town, DST NRF Ctr Excellence, Percy Fitzpatrick Inst, ZA-7701 Cape Town, South Africa. [Garmestani, Ahjond S.] US EPA, NRM RL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. [Taylor, Phillip D.] Acadia Univ, Dept Biol, Wolfville, NS B0P 1X0, Canada. [Walker, Brian H.] CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, US Geol Survey, Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. EM allencr@unl.edu; graeme.cumming@uct.ac.za; garmestani.ahjond@epa.gov; ptaylor@resalliance.org; brian.walker@csiro.au RI Cumming, Graeme/B-6551-2008; Allen, Craig/J-4464-2012 OI Cumming, Graeme/0000-0002-3678-1326; FU United States Geological Survey; Nebraska Game and Parks Commission; University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Wildlife Management Institute FX an earlier version of this manuscript was improved by comments from S. Zellmer. The Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by a cooperative agreement between the United States Geological Survey, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 91 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 7 U2 51 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 17 IS 4 BP 337 EP 349 DI 10.2981/10-084 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 876XE UT WOS:000299140300001 ER PT J AU Storm, DJ Samuel, MD Van Deelen, TR Malcolm, KD Rolley, RE Frost, NA Bates, DP Richards, BJ AF Storm, Daniel J. Samuel, Michael D. Van Deelen, Timothy R. Malcolm, Karl D. Rolley, Robert E. Frost, Nancy A. Bates, Donald P. Richards, Bryan J. TI Comparison of visual-based helicopter and fixed-wing forward-looking infrared surveys for counting white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE FLIR; forward-looking infrared; helicopters; Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer; wildlife surveys ID CERVUS-ELAPHUS POPULATIONS; AERIAL SURVEY; SIGHTABILITY MODEL; VISIBILITY BIAS; ELK; HERBIVORES; ABUNDANCE; ACCURACY; DENSITY; INDEXES AB Aerial surveys using direct counts of animals are commonly used to estimate deer abundance. Forward-looking infrared (FUR) technology is increasingly replacing traditional methods such as visual observation from helicopters. Our goals were to compare fixed-wing FUR and visual, helicopter-based counts in terms of relative bias, influence of snow cover and cost. We surveyed five plots: four 41.4 km(2) plots with free-ranging white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus populations in Wisconsin and a 5.3 km(2) plot with a white-tailed deer population contained by a high fence in Michigan. We surveyed plots using both fixed-wing FLIR and helicopters, both with snow cover and without snow. None of the methods counted more deer than the other when snow was present. Helicopter counts were lower in the absence of snow, but lack of snow cover did not apparently affect FUR. Group sizes of observed deer were similar regardless of survey method or season. We found that FLIR counts were generally precise (CV = 0.089) when two or three replicate surveys were conducted within a few hours. However, at the plot level, FLIR counts differed greatly between seasons, suggesting that detection rates vary over larger time scales. Fixed-wing FLIR was more costly than visual observers in helicopters and was more restrictive in terms of acceptable survey conditions. Further research is needed to understand what factors influence the detection of deer during FLIR surveys. C1 [Storm, Daniel J.; Samuel, Michael D.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Rolley, Robert E.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Sci Serv, Madison, WI 53716 USA. [Frost, Nancy A.; Bates, Donald P.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Dodgeville, WI 53533 USA. [Richards, Bryan J.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Storm, DJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM djstorm@wisc.edu; mdsamuel@wisc.edu; trvandeelen@wisc.edu; malcolm@wisc.edu; robert.rolley@wisconsin.gov; nancy.frost@wisconsin.gov; don.bates@wisconsin.gov; brichards@usgs.gov FU Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center; Edwin S. George Reserve, through the University of Michigan FX the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center and the Edwin S. George Reserve, through the University of Michigan, provided funding and support. D. Voland piloted the helicopter for the WI surveys and M. Ziegler, T. Marien, T. Anderson and T. Duerst were observers. P. Muelle, of the Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority, conducted helicopter surveys of the ESGR. M. Grund, L. Hanson, M. Turner, V. Radeloff, D. Drake and A. Crossley provided helpful reviews of the manuscript. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 20 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 17 IS 4 BP 431 EP 440 DI 10.2981/10-062 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 876XE UT WOS:000299140300009 ER PT J AU McElhone, PM Wood, PB Dawson, DK AF McElhone, Patrick M. Wood, Petra Bohall Dawson, Deanna K. TI EFFECTS OF STOP-LEVEL HABITAT CHANGE ON CERULEAN WARBLER DETECTIONS ALONG BREEDING BIRD SURVEY ROUTES IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENDROICA-CERULEA; UNITED-STATES; LANDSCAPE; SUCCESS; FOREST AB We examined the effects of habitat change on Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) populations at stops along Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes in the central Appalachians. We used aerial photographs to compare early (1967/1971), middle (1982/1985), and late (2000/2003) periods and compared 1992 and 2001 National Land Cover Data (NLCD). Mean Cerulean Warbler detections per stop decreased at 68 BBS stops between the early (0.05) and middle (0.01) time periods and their distribution became more restricted (15 vs. 3% of stops), but the amount of deciduous/mixed forest increased. Mean detections at 240 stops decreased from the middle (0.09) to the late (0.06) time periods. but the deciduous/mixed forest land cover and fragmentation metrics did not change. The amounts of deciduous/mixed forest, core forest area. and edge density in the NLCD analysis decreased from 1992 to 2001, whereas the amount of non-forest land cover increased. The number of Cerulean Warbler detections did not change (1992 = 0.08. 2001 = 0.10: P = 0.11). The lack of concordance between Cerulean Warbler detections and broad habitat features suggests that smaller, microhabitat features may be most important in affecting Cerulean Warbler breeding habitat suitability. Received 10 October 2009. Accepted 31 March 2011. C1 [McElhone, Patrick M.; Wood, Petra Bohall] W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, US Geol Survey, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Dawson, Deanna K.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP McElhone, PM (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Div Forestry & Nat Resources, US Geol Survey, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM pmcelhone25@gmail.com FU U.S Fish and Wildlife Service; West Virginia Division of Natural Resources; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; National Council for Air and Stream Improvement FX We thank the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement for financial support. We especially thank Keith Pardieck and Dave Ziolkowski, national coordinators of the Breeding Bird Survey, for access to and assistance with BBS data. We thank the many BBS observers whose participation was instrumental to the success of our study. Matthew Shumar, Molly McDermottt, Jackie Strager, Brandon Miller, and Sandy Taylor helped with data collection and organization. Fekedulegn Desta provided statistical support and Michael Strager provided logistical and technical support. The West Virginia Division of Natural Resources and Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources provided off-road point-count data. Michael Strager, Keith Pardieck, and Dan McAuley provided valuable comments on this manuscript. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 123 IS 4 BP 699 EP 708 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 865MH UT WOS:000298314500003 ER PT J AU Stambaugh, T Houdek, BJ Lombardo, MP Thorpe, PA Hahn, DC AF Stambaugh, Tammy Houdek, Bradley J. Lombardo, Michael P. Thorpe, Patrick A. Hahn, D. Caldwell TI INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE DEVELOPMENT IN NESTLING TREE SWALLOWS SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPARROWS PASSER-DOMESTICUS; EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY; WEST-NILE-VIRUS; TRADE-OFFS; ECOLOGICAL IMMUNOLOGY; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; TROPICAL BIRDS; LIFE-HISTORY; BLOOD; DEFENSE AB We tracked the development of innate immunity in nestling Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and compared it to that of adults using blood drawn from nestlings during days 6, 12, and 18 of the similar to 20-day nestling period and from adults. Innate immunity was characterized using an in vitro assay of the ability of whole blood to kill Escherichia coli. The ability of whole blood to kill E. coli increased as nestlings matured. Neither this component of innate immunity nor right wing chord length on day 18 were as developed as in adults indicating that development of the innate immune system and growth both continued after fledging. Narrow sense heritability analyses suggest that females with strong immune responses produced nestlings with strong immune responses. These data suggest nestling Tree Swallows allocated sufficient energy to support rapid growth to enable fledging by day 18, but that further development of innate immunity occurred post-fledging. Received 22 December 2010. Accepted 21 May 2011. C1 [Stambaugh, Tammy; Houdek, Bradley J.; Lombardo, Michael P.; Thorpe, Patrick A.] Grand Valley State Univ, Dept Biol, Allendale, MI 49401 USA. [Hahn, D. Caldwell] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Lombardo, MP (reprint author), Grand Valley State Univ, Dept Biol, Allendale, MI 49401 USA. EM lombardm@gvsu.edu FU McNair Scholars Program; NSF/S-STEMS; GVSU; GVSU Department of Biology FX Dan Ardia, Jan-Ake Nilsson, and Maria Palacios provided helpful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. We thank Marci Baiz, Lisa Bol, Heather Danhof, Angel Hayden, Liberty Hightower, and Matthew Romeyn for assistance in the field and laboratory. Hahn and Lombardo conceived the project. Stambaugh, Houdek, and Lombardo collected samples in the field. Stambaugh, Houdek, and Thorpe conducted microbiocidal assays. All contributed to writing the manuscript. Funding was provided by the McNair Scholars Program and NSF/S-STEMS Program to the senior author, a GVSU Summer Student Scholars Program award to B. J. Houdek, and the GVSU Department of Biology. The GVSU IACUC approved this study. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 68 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 33 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 123 IS 4 BP 779 EP 787 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 865MH UT WOS:000298314500014 ER PT J AU Fesenmyer, KA Knick, ST AF Fesenmyer, Kurt A. Knick, Steven T. TI Seasonal Movements and Environmental Triggers to Fall Migration of Sage Sparrows SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PATTERNS; SONGBIRD; HABITAT; BIRDS; SITE AB Post-breeding ecology of shrubland passerines prior to onset of migration is unknown relative to dynamics of breeding areas. We radiomarked and monitored 38 Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli ssp. nevadensis) at one site in Oregon and two in Nevada from September to mid-November 2007 to track local movements, estimate seasonal range sizes, and characterize weather patterns triggering onset of migration. Median area used by Sage Sparrows monitored between 3 and 18 days during or prior to migration was 14 ha; maximum daily movement was 15 km. Radio-marked Sage Sparrows at each location departed individually, rather than en masse, corresponding with passage of cold front weather systems. Conventional telemetry techniques limited our ability to monitor Sage Sparrows beyond pre-migratory periods and precluded detecting and tracking actual movements during migration. Received 13 December 2010. Accepted 20 May 2011. C1 [Fesenmyer, Kurt A.; Knick, Steven T.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Knick, ST (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Snake River Field Stn, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. EM steve_knick@usgs.gov FU USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center FX We thank Matthias Lea for guidance during the course of our project; Caroline Kim. M. C. McCarthy, and K. J. van Gunst for field assistance; Bruce Schoeberl for instruction on harness construction and fitting; Gifford Gillette and Idaho Fish and Game for telemetry advice; and USGS Fort Collins Science Center and Boise State University's Raptor Research Center for use of telemetry equipment. Reviews by J. a Carlisle, D. S. Dobkin, K. L. Paxton. and an anonymous reviewer improved this paper. Our study was funded by the USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center. Any use of trade. product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States government. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 EI 1938-5447 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 123 IS 4 BP 803 EP 807 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 865MH UT WOS:000298314500017 ER PT J AU Hooten, MB Leeds, WB Fiechter, J Wikle, CK AF Hooten, Mevin B. Leeds, William B. Fiechter, Jerome Wikle, Christopher K. TI Assessing First-Order Emulator Inference for Physical Parameters in Nonlinear Mechanistic Models SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian; Hierarchical model; Nonparametric statistics; Spatio-temporal statistics ID BAYESIAN CALIBRATION; COMPUTER-MODELS; NORTHERN GULF; OCEANOGRAPHY; OPTIMIZATION; VALIDATION; SYSTEMS; ALASKA; OUTPUT AB We present an approach for estimating physical parameters in nonlinear models that relies on an approximation to the mechanistic model itself for computational efficiency. The proposed methodology is validated and applied in two different modeling scenarios: (a) Simulation and (b) lower trophic level ocean ecosystem model. The approach we develop relies on the ability to predict right singular vectors (resulting from a decomposition of computer model experimental output) based on the computer model input and an experimental set of parameters. Critically, we model the right singular vectors in terms of the model parameters via a nonlinear statistical model. Specifically, we focus our attention on first-order models of these right singular vectors rather than the second-order (covariance) structure. C1 [Hooten, Mevin B.] US Geol Survey, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Leeds, William B.; Wikle, Christopher K.] Univ Missouri, Dept Stat, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Fiechter, Jerome] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Hooten, MB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM mevin.hooten@colostate.edu; wbl8t7@mail.mizzou.edu; fiechter@ucsc.edu; wiklec@missouri.edu FU NSF [OCE-0814934, OCE-0815030]; ONR [N00014-10-1-0518] FX The authors thank Ralph Milliff, Jeremiah Brown, Mark Berliner, Andrew Moore, and Adele Cutler for providing data, preliminary analyses, and helpful suggestions pertaining to this project. Funding for this project was provided through NSF OCE-0814934, NSF OCE-0815030, and ONR N00014-10-1-0518. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1085-7117 EI 1537-2693 J9 J AGR BIOL ENVIR ST JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 16 IS 4 SI SI BP 475 EP 494 DI 10.1007/s13253-011-0073-7 PG 20 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 864IE UT WOS:000298231500003 ER PT J AU Konrad, CP Olden, JD Lytle, DA Melis, TS Schmidt, JC Bray, EN Freeman, MC Gido, KB Hemphill, NP Kennard, MJ McMullen, LE Mims, MC Pyron, M Robinson, CT Williams, JG AF Konrad, Christopher P. Olden, Julian D. Lytle, David A. Melis, Theodore S. Schmidt, John C. Bray, Erin N. Freeman, Mary C. Gido, Keith B. Hemphill, Nina P. Kennard, Mark J. McMullen, Laura E. Mims, Meryl C. Pyron, Mark Robinson, Christopher T. Williams, John G. TI Large-scale Flow Experiments for Managing River Systems SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rivers; flow experiments; dams; ecosystem management ID YELLOWFISH BARBUS-CAPENSIS; MODIFYING DAM OPERATIONS; FRESH-WATER RELEASE; REGULATED RIVER; ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS; RIPARIAN RESTORATION; ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES; ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; EXPERIMENTAL FLOODS; FISH ASSEMBLAGE AB Experimental manipulations of streamflow have been used globally in recent decades to mitigate the impacts of dam operations on river systems. Rivers are challenging subjects for experimentation, because they are open systems that cannot be isolated from their social context. We identify principles to address the challenges of conducting effective large-scale flow experiments. Flow experiments have both scientific and social value when they help to resolve specific questions about the ecological action of flow with a clear nexus to water policies and decisions. Water managers must integrate new information into operating policies for large-scale experiments to be effective. Modeling and monitoring can be integrated with experiments to analyze long-term ecological responses. Experimental design should include spatially extensive observations and well-defined, repeated treatments. Large-scale flow manipulations are only a part of dam operations that affect river systems. Scientists can ensure that experimental manipulations continue to be a valuable approach for the scientifically based management of river systems. C1 [Konrad, Christopher P.] US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA USA. [Konrad, Christopher P.] Nature Conservancy, Tacoma, WA USA. [Olden, Julian D.; Mims, Meryl C.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Lytle, David A.; McMullen, Laura E.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Melis, Theodore S.] US Geol Survey, Grand Canyon Monitoring & Res Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Schmidt, John C.] Utah State Univ, Dept Watershed Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Bray, Erin N.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Freeman, Mary C.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. [Gido, Keith B.] Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. [Hemphill, Nina P.] US Bur Reclamat, Trinity River Restorat Program, Weaverville, CA USA. [Kennard, Mark J.] Griffith Univ, Australian Rivers Inst, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia. [Pyron, Mark] Ball State Univ, Dept Biol, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. [Robinson, Christopher T.] Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, Dept Aquat Ecol, Dubendorf, Switzerland. [Williams, John G.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Konrad, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA USA. EM cpkonrad@usgs.gov RI Kennard, Mark/C-3425-2008; Gido, Keith/B-5151-2013; Pyron, Mark/D-4572-2011; Bray, Erin/P-3712-2016; OI Kennard, Mark/0000-0003-4383-4999; Pyron, Mark/0000-0003-0451-7827; Bray, Erin/0000-0001-7259-3210; Olden, Julian/0000-0003-2143-1187; Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X; Mims, Meryl/0000-0003-0570-988X FU National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) [12374]; US Environmental Protection Agency [833834] FX This contribution is based on the international workshop Evaluating Responses of Freshwater Ecosystems to Experimental Water Management, funded by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS Project 12374). The manuscript was improved by comments from Jonathan Higgins, Anne Brasher, and three anonymous reviewers. JDO was funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency Science to Achieve Results program (Grant No. 833834). NR 58 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 63 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD DEC PY 2011 VL 61 IS 12 BP 948 EP 959 DI 10.1525/bio.2011.61.12.5 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 860QC UT WOS:000297961800005 ER PT J AU Riley, SC Rinchard, J Ebener, MP Tillitt, DE Munkittrick, KR Parrott, JL Allen, JD AF Riley, Stephen C. Rinchard, Jacques Ebener, Mark P. Tillitt, Donald E. Munkittrick, Kelly R. Parrott, Joanne L. Allen, Jeffrey D. TI Thiamine concentrations in lake whitefish eggs from the upper Great Lakes are related to maternal diet SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Thiamine; TDC; Lake whitefish ID EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS; LONG-TERM TRENDS; BALTIC SALMON; COREGONUS-CLUPEAFORMIS; FOOD-WEB; ATLANTIC SALMON; FRY MORTALITY; M74 SYNDROME AB Thiamine deficiency is responsible for reproductive impairment in several species of salmonines in the Great lakes, and is thought to be caused by the consumption of prey containing thiaminase, a thiamine-degrading enzyme. Because thiaminase levels are extremely high in dreissenid mussels, fish that prey on them may be susceptible to thiamine deficiency. We determined thiamine concentrations in lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis eggs from the upper Laurentian Great Lakes to assess the potential for thiamine deficiency and to determine if thiamine concentrations in lake whitefish eggs were related to maternal diet. Mean thiamine concentrations in lake whitefish eggs were highest in Lake Huron, intermediate in Lake Superior, and lowest in Lake Michigan. Some fish had thiamine concentrations below putative thresholds for lethal and sublethal effects in salmonines, suggesting that some larval lake whitefish may currently be at risk of at least sublethal effects of low thiamine concentrations, although thiamine thresholds are unknown for lake whitefish. Egg thiamine concentrations in lake whitefish eggs were statistically significantly related to isotopic carbon signatures, suggesting that egg thiamine levels were related to maternal diet, but low egg thiamine concentrations did not appear to be associated with a diet of dreissenids. Egg thiamine concentrations were not statistically significantly related to multifunction oxidase induction, suggesting that lower egg thiamine concentrations in lake whitefish were not related to contaminant exposure. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. C1 [Riley, Stephen C.; Allen, Jeffrey D.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Rinchard, Jacques] SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Environm Sci & Biol, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. [Ebener, Mark P.] Chippewa Ottawa Resource Author, Sault Ste Marie, MI 49783 USA. [Tillitt, Donald E.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Munkittrick, Kelly R.] Univ New Brunswick, Canada Res Chair Ecosyst Hlth Assessment, Dept Biol, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. [Parrott, Joanne L.] Environm Canada, Aquat Ecosyst Protect Res Branch, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. RP Riley, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM sriley@usgs.gov; jrinchar@brockport.edu; mebener@lighthouse.net; dtillitt@usgs.gov; krm@unbsj.ca; Joanne.Parrott@ec.gc.ca; jallen@usgs.gov RI Mensinger, Allen/B-7349-2013; Munkittrick, Kelly/B-1462-2014 FU Great Lakes Fishery Commission FX We thank Blake Snyder, Robert Geroux and Linda Begnoche for assistance in logistics and thiamine analysis. Dale Honeyfield and Lloyd Mohr provided helpful comments on an earlier draft. This work was supported by funding from the Fishery Research Program of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. This is contribution 1659 of the USGS Great Lakes Science Center. NR 54 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 37 IS 4 BP 732 EP 737 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2011.09.004 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 860TG UT WOS:000297970000016 ER PT J AU Winter, SL Fuhlendorf, SD Goad, CL Davis, CA Hickman, KR Leslie, DM AF Winter, Stephen L. Fuhlendorf, Samuel D. Goad, Carla L. Davis, Craig A. Hickman, Karen R. Leslie, David M., Jr. TI Fire tolerance of a resprouting Artemisia (Asteraceae) shrub SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Density; Disturbance ecology; Ecosystem maintenance; Fire-dependent; Fire-influenced; Prescribed fire; Vegetation structure; Woody plant ID SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; SAGE-GROUSE HABITAT; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; PRESCRIBED FIRE; SAND SAGEBRUSH; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; AFRICAN SAVANNA; MESIC GRASSLAND; STOCKING RATE; ECOSYSTEMS AB In North America, most Artemisia (Asteraceae) shrub species lack the ability to resprout after disturbances that remove aboveground biomass. We studied the response of one of the few resprouting Artemisia shrubs, Artemisia filifolia (sand sagebrush), to the effects of prescribed fires. We collected data on A. filifolia density and structural characteristics (height, canopy area, and canopy volume) in an A. filifolia shrubland in the southern Great Plains of North America. Our study sites included areas that had not been treated with prescribed fire, areas that had been treated with only one prescribed fire within the previous 5 years, and areas that had been treated with two prescribed fires within the previous 10 years. Our data were collected at time periods ranging from A1/2 to 5 years after the prescribed fires. Density of A. filifolia was not affected by one or two fires. Structural characteristics, although initially altered by prescribed fire, recovered to levels characteristic of unburned areas in 3-4 years after those fires. In contrast to most non-sprouting North American Artemisia shrub species, our research suggested that the resprouting A. filifolia is highly tolerant to the effects of fire. C1 [Winter, Stephen L.; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Davis, Craig A.; Hickman, Karen R.] Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. [Goad, Carla L.] Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. [Leslie, David M., Jr.] Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Winter, SL (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM stephen.winter@okstate.edu RI Fuhlendorf, Samuel/A-2931-2011; Winter, Stephen/F-7049-2012 OI Fuhlendorf, Samuel/0000-0002-8726-9402; FU Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation [T-30-P]; Oklahoma State University; National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service [2003-35101-12928] FX This research was funded by State Wildlife Grant T-30-P of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation and Oklahoma State University and administered through the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma State University, United States Geological Survey, United States Fish and Wildlife Service and Wildlife Management Institute cooperating) and the National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, Grant number 2003-35101-12928. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. S. Robertson, A. Ainsworth, M. Zendah, E. Doxon, J. Bryant, J. Burton, M. Cunningham, J. Richards, K. Spears, and C. Waldin provided assistance in the field, and the USDA Southern Plains Research Range provided housing and logistical support during all field seasons. M. Fishbein reviewed an earlier version of this manuscript and provided helpful comments. NR 74 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 212 IS 12 SI SI BP 2085 EP 2094 DI 10.1007/s11258-011-9975-2 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 859YU UT WOS:000297912600014 ER PT J AU Folkes, CB Wright, HM Cas, RAF de Silva, SL Lesti, C Viramonte, JG AF Folkes, Chris B. Wright, Heather M. Cas, Raymond A. F. de Silva, Shanaka L. Lesti, Chiara Viramonte, Jose G. TI A re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and volcanology of the Cerro Galan volcanic system, NW Argentina SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cerro Galan; Ar-40/Ar-39; Ignimbrite volumes; Caldera collapse; Trapdoor ID SILICIC MAGMA CHAMBERS; ASH-FLOW CALDERAS; CENTRAL ANDES; NORTHERN CHILE; LARGE IGNIMBRITES; PUNA PLATEAU; ERUPTIONS; FALL; GEOCHRONOLOGY; BATHOLITHS AB From detailed fieldwork and biotite Ar-40/Ar-39 dating correlated with paleomagnetic analyses of lithic clasts, we present a revision of the stratigraphy, areal extent and volume estimates of ignimbrites in the Cerro Galan volcanic complex. We find evidence for nine distinct outflow ignimbrites, including two newly identified ignimbrites in the Toconquis Group (the Pitas and Vega Ignimbrites). Toconquis Group Ignimbrites (similar to 5.60-4.51 Ma biotite ages) have been discovered to the southwest and north of the caldera, increasing their spatial extents from previous estimates. Previously thought to be contemporaneous, we distinguish the Real Grande Ignimbrite (4.68 +/- 0.07 Ma biotite age) from the Cueva Negra Ignimbrite (3.77 +/- 0.08 Ma biotite age). The form and collapse processes of the Cerro Galan caldera are also reassessed. Based on re-interpretation of the margins of the caldera, we find evidence for a fault-bounded trapdoor collapse hinged along a regional N-S fault on the eastern side of the caldera and accommodated on a N-S fault on the western caldera margin. The collapsed area defines a roughly isosceles trapezoid shape elongated E-W and with maximum dimensions 27 Au 16 km. The Cerro Galan Ignimbrite (CGI; 2.08 +/- 0.02 Ma sanidine age) outflow sheet extends to 40 km in all directions from the inferred structural margins, with a maximum runout distance of similar to 80 km to the north of the caldera. New deposit volume estimates confirm an increase in eruptive volume through time, wherein the Toconquis Group Ignimbrites increase in volume from the similar to 10 km(3) Lower Merihuaca Ignimbrite to a maximum of similar to 390 km(3) (Dense Rock Equivalent; DRE) with the Real Grande Ignimbrite. The climactic CGI has a revised volume of similar to 630 km(3) (DRE), approximately two thirds of the commonly quoted value. C1 [Folkes, Chris B.] Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Folkes, Chris B.; Wright, Heather M.; Cas, Raymond A. F.] Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Wright, Heather M.] US Geol Survey MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [de Silva, Shanaka L.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Lesti, Chiara] Univ Roma Tre, I-00146 Rome, Italy. [Viramonte, Jose G.] Univ Nacl Salta, Inst GEONORTE, RA-4400 Salta, Argentina. Univ Nacl Salta, CONICET, RA-4400 Salta, Argentina. RP Folkes, CB (reprint author), Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Bldg 28, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. EM chris.folkes@monash.edu RI Wright, Heather/K-4500-2012; de Silva, Shanaka/A-4630-2011 OI Wright, Heather/0000-0001-9013-507X; de Silva, Shanaka/0000-0002-0310-5516 FU Australian Research Council [DP0663560]; Agencia de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, MINCyT, Argentina [PICT BID-1728 OC/AR 38131] FX This research was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Program Grant DP0663560 to the research team led by R. Cas. We thank Monash University, Oregon State University, Universita di Roma Tre and Salta University for access to the various facilities required to undertake this research. J.G. Viramonte wishes to thank Agencia de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, MINCyT, Argentina, Grant PICT BID-1728 OC/AR 38131. Journal reviews from Steve Sparks, Michael Ort and William McIntosh and suggestions from the editors for this special issue helped to improve this manuscript. NR 63 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 EI 1432-0819 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 73 IS 10 BP 1427 EP 1454 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0459-y PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857HH UT WOS:000297708400002 ER PT J AU Wright, HMN Folkes, CB Cas, RAF Cashman, KV AF Wright, Heather M. N. Folkes, Chris B. Cas, Raymond A. F. Cashman, Katharine V. TI Heterogeneous pumice populations in the 2.08-Ma Cerro Galan Ignimbrite: implications for magma recharge and ascent preceding a large-volume silicic eruption SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caldera; Pumice textures; Shear; Phenocryst fragments; Magma ascent; Silicic recharge ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; FE-TI OXIDES; RHYOLITIC GLASSES; EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS; PLINIAN ERUPTION; MELT INCLUSIONS; VOLCANIC FIELD; MONO CRATERS; AD ERUPTION; BISHOP TUFF AB Triggering mechanisms of large silicic eruptions remain a critical unsolved problem. We address this question for the similar to 2.08-Ma caldera-forming eruption of Cerro Galan volcano, Argentina, which produced distinct pumice populations of two colors: grey (5%) and white (95%) that we believe may hold clues to the onset of eruptive activity. We demonstrate that the color variations correspond to both textural and compositional variations between the clast types. Both pumice types have bulk compositions of high-K, high-silica dacite to low-silica rhyolite, but there are sufficient compositional differences (e.g., similar to 150 ppm lower Ba at equivalent SiO2 content and 0.03 wt.% higher TiO2 in white pumice than grey) to suggest that the two pumice populations are not related by simple fractionation. Trace element concentrations in crystals mimic bulk variations between clast types, with grey pumice containing elevated Ba, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in both bulk samples (average Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations are 27, 35, and 82 in grey pumice vs. 11, 19, and 60 in white pumice) and biotite phenocrysts and white pumice showing elevated Li concentrations in biotite and plagioclase phenocrysts. White and grey clasts are also texturally distinct: White pumice clasts contain abundant phenocrysts (44-57%), lack microlites, and have highly evolved groundmass glass compositions (76.4-79.6 wt.% SiO2), whereas grey pumice clasts contain a lower percentage of phenocrysts/microphenocrysts (35-49%), have abundant microlites, and have less evolved groundmass glass compositions (69.4-73.8 wt.% SiO2). There is also evidence for crystal transfer between magma producing white and grey pumice. Thin highly evolved melt rims surround some fragmental crystals in grey pumice clasts and appear to have come from magma that produced white pumice. Furthermore, based on crystal compositions, white bands within banded pumice contain crystals originating in grey magma. Finally, only grey pumice clasts form breadcrusted surface textures. We interpret these compositional and textural variations to indicate distinct magma batches, where grey pumice originated from an originally deeper, more volatile-rich dacite recharge magma that ascended through and mingled with the volumetrically dominant, more highly crystalline chamber that produced white pumice. Shortly before eruption, the grey pumice magma stalled within shallow fractures, forming a vanguard magma phase whose ascent may have provided a trigger for eruption of the highly crystalline rhyodacite magma. We suggest that in the case of the Cerro Galan eruption, grey pumice provides evidence not only for cryptic silicic recharge in a large caldera system but also a probable trigger for the eruption. C1 [Wright, Heather M. N.; Folkes, Chris B.; Cas, Raymond A. F.] Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Cashman, Katharine V.] Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Wright, HMN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hwright@usgs.gov RI Wright, Heather/K-4500-2012 OI Wright, Heather/0000-0001-9013-507X FU ARC [DP0663560] FX This work was funded by ARC grant DP0663560 to Cas. The authors would like to thank Jake Lowenstern, editor John Stix, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful suggestions to improve the manuscript. NR 79 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 EI 1432-0819 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 73 IS 10 BP 1513 EP 1533 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0525-5 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857HH UT WOS:000297708400005 ER PT J AU Wright, HMN Lesti, C Cas, RAF Porreca, M Viramonte, JG Folkes, CB Giordano, G AF Wright, Heather M. N. Lesti, Chiara Cas, Raymond A. F. Porreca, Massimiliano Viramonte, Jose G. Folkes, Chris B. Giordano, Guido TI Columnar jointing in vapor-phase-altered, non-welded Cerro Galan Ignimbrite, Paycuqui, Argentina SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pyroclastic flow; Columnar joint; Devitrification; Vapor phase; Welding; Ignimbrite ID ASH-FLOW TUFFS; BISHOP-TUFF; GLASS-TRANSITION; PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS; VOLCANIC PROCESSES; WATER SPECIATION; SHEAR VISCOSITY; NEW-ZEALAND; LAVA FLOWS; FLUID-FLOW AB Columnar jointing is thought to occur primarily in lavas and welded pyroclastic flow deposits. However, the non-welded Cerro Galan Ignimbrite at Paycuqui, Argentina, contains well-developed columnar joints that are instead due to high-temperature vapor-phase alteration of the deposit, where devitrification and vapor-phase crystallization have increased the density and cohesion of the upper half of the section. Thermal remanent magnetization analyses of entrained lithic clasts indicate high emplacement temperatures, above 630A degrees C, but the lack of welding textures indicates temperatures below the glass transition temperature. In order to remain below the glass transition at 630A degrees C, the minimum cooling rate prior to deposition was 3.0 Au 10(-3)-8.5 Au 10(-2)A degrees C/min (depending on the experimental data used for comparison). Alternatively, if the deposit was emplaced above the glass transition temperature, conductive cooling alone was insufficient to prevent welding. Crack patterns (average, 4.5 sides to each polygon) and column diameters (average, 75 cm) are consistent with relatively rapid cooling, where advective heat loss due to vapor fluxing increases cooling over simple conductive heat transfer. The presence of regularly spaced, complex radiating joint patterns is consistent with fumarolic gas rise, where volatiles originated in the valley-confined drainage system below. Joint spacing is a proxy for cooling rates and is controlled by depositional thickness/valley width. We suggest that the formation of joints in high-temperature, non-welded deposits is aided by the presence of underlying external water, where vapor transfer causes crystallization in pore spaces, densifies the deposit, and helps prevent welding. C1 [Wright, Heather M. N.; Cas, Raymond A. F.; Folkes, Chris B.] Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Lesti, Chiara; Porreca, Massimiliano; Giordano, Guido] Univ Roma Tre, Dipartimento Sci Geol, Rome, Italy. [Viramonte, Jose G.] Univ Nacl Salta, Inst GEONORTE & CONICET, RA-4400 Salta, Argentina. RP Wright, HMN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hwright@usgs.gov RI Wright, Heather/K-4500-2012 OI Wright, Heather/0000-0001-9013-507X FU ARC [DP0663560, PICT 07-38131 ANPCyT] FX The authors wish to acknowledge Shan de Silva for thoughtful discussions that helped to clarify the manuscript. This work was funded by ARC grant DP0663560 to Cas and PICT 07-38131 ANPCyT to Viramonte. Reviews by J.L. LePennec and G. Keating and earlier reviews by K. Wohletz and C. Wilson provided helpful suggestions for revision. NR 67 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 73 IS 10 BP 1567 EP 1582 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0524-6 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857HH UT WOS:000297708400007 ER PT J AU Crall, AW Newman, GJ Stohlgren, TJ Holfelder, KA Graham, J Waller, DM AF Crall, Alycia W. Newman, Gregory J. Stohlgren, Thomas J. Holfelder, Kirstin A. Graham, Jim Waller, Donald M. TI Assessing citizen science data quality: an invasive species case study SO CONSERVATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Citizen science; data quality; invasive species; non-native species; vegetation monitoring; volunteer monitoring protocols ID SELF-EFFICACY; VOLUNTEERS; TOOL; MACROINVERTEBRATES; KNOWLEDGE AB An increase in the number of citizen science programs has prompted an examination of their ability to provide data of sufficient quality. We tested the ability of volunteers relative to professionals in identifying invasive plant species, mapping their distributions, and estimating their abundance within plots. We generally found that volunteers perform almost as well as professionals in some areas, but that we should be cautious about data quality in both groups. We analyzed predictors of volunteer success (age, education, experience, science literacy, attitudes) in training-related skills, but these proved to be poor predictors of performance and could not be used as effective eligibility criteria. However, volunteer success with species identification increased with their self-identified comfort level. Based on our case study results, we offer lessons learned and their application to other programs and provide recommendations for future research in this area. C1 [Crall, Alycia W.; Newman, Gregory J.; Holfelder, Kirstin A.; Graham, Jim] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Stohlgren, Thomas J.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Waller, Donald M.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Crall, AW (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Campus Delivery 1499, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM Alycia.Crall@colostate.edu FU National Science Foundation [OCI-0636213]; U.S. Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative [2008-35320-18680] FX This work was funded by the National Science Foundation under grant number OCI-0636213. DMW was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative (CREES Weedy and Invasive Species program, grant no. 2008-35320-18680). Logistical support was provided by the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University, the USGS Fort Collins Science Center, the University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum, and the Colorado State University Environmental Learning Center. Marian Farrior, Brad Herrick, and Brendon Panke helped coordinate the event at the Arboretum. Catherine Jarnevich, Alan Knox, Pete Nowak, Mark Renz, Jake Vander Zanden, and two anonymous reviewers provided edits to earlier drafts of this manuscript. We would like to especially thank all the volunteers and professionals who participated in our training events in Wisconsin and Colorado. NR 37 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 12 U2 111 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1755-263X J9 CONSERV LETT JI Conserv. Lett. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 4 IS 6 BP 433 EP 442 DI 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00196.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 856IO UT WOS:000297633100004 ER PT J AU D'Amato, AW Fraver, S Palik, BJ Bradford, JB Patty, L AF D'Amato, Anthony W. Fraver, Shawn Palik, Brian J. Bradford, John B. Patty, Laura TI Singular and interactive effects of blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire in sub-boreal pine systems SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Biological legacies; Compound disturbances; Pinus banksiana; Salvage logging; Wild fire; Wind disturbance ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; FIRE SEVERITY; NATURAL DISTURBANCE; POSTFIRE SALVAGE; ALPINE FORESTS; VEGETATION; REGENERATION; QUEBEC; MINNESOTA; DYNAMICS AB The role of disturbance in structuring vegetation is widely recognized; however, we are only beginning to understand the effects of multiple interacting disturbances on ecosystem recovery and development. Of particular interest is the impact of post-disturbance management interventions, particularly in light of the global controversy surrounding the effects of salvage logging on forest ecosystem recovery. Studies of salvage logging impacts have focused on the effects of post-disturbance salvage logging within the context of a single natural disturbance event. There have been no formal evaluations of how these effects may differ when followed in short sequence by a second, high severity natural disturbance. To evaluate the impact of this management practice within the context of multiple disturbances, we examined the structural and woody plant community responses of sub-boreal Pinus banksiana systems to a rapid sequence of disturbances. Specifically, we compared responses to Blowdown (B), Fire (F), Blowdown-Fire, and Blowdown-Salvage-Fire (BSF) and compared these to undisturbed control (C) stands. Comparisons between BF and BSF indicated that the primary effect of salvage logging was a decrease in the abundance of structural legacies, such as downed woody debris and snags. Both of these compound disturbance sequences (BF and BSF), resulted in similar woody plant communities, largely dominated by Populus tremuloides; however, there was greater homogeneity in community composition in salvage logged areas. Areas experiencing solely fire (F stands) were dominated by P. banksiana regeneration, and blowdown areas (B stands) were largely characterized by regeneration from shade tolerant conifer species. Our results suggest that salvage logging impacts on woody plant communities are diminished when followed by a second high severity disturbance; however, impacts on structural legacies persist. Provisions for the retention of snags, downed logs, and surviving trees as part of salvage logging operations will minimize these structural impacts and may allow for greater ecosystem recovery following these disturbance combinations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [D'Amato, Anthony W.; Patty, Laura] Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Fraver, Shawn; Palik, Brian J.] US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. [Bradford, John B.] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP D'Amato, AW (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, 115 Green Hall,1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM damato@umn.edu; sfraver@fs.fed.us; bpalik@fs.fed.us; jbbradford@usgs.gov; dunn0224@umn.edu RI Bradford, John/E-5545-2011 FU Joint Fire Science Program [08-1-5-04]; Northern Research Station, US Forest Service FX We thank Dan Gilmore and John Zasada for establishing the initial study plots and Sonya Erlandson, Samantha Jones, Doug Kastendick, Josh Kragthorpe, Amy Milo, Zachary Patty, and Jeff Smith for assistance with field measurements. Funding was provided by the Joint Fire Science Program (Project 08-1-5-04) and the Northern Research Station, US Forest Service. NR 63 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 1 PY 2011 VL 262 IS 11 BP 2070 EP 2078 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.003 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 855YM UT WOS:000297602200013 ER PT J AU Muths, E Scherer, RD AF Muths, Erin Scherer, Rick D. TI PORTRAIT OF A SMALL POPULATION OF BOREAL TOADS (ANAXYRUS BOREAS) SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Decline; Demographics; Recruitment; Rocky Mountain National Park; Survival ID TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; BATRACHOCHYTRIUM-DENDROBATIDIS; AMPHIBIAN DECLINE; CHYTRID FUNGUS; CAPTURE; DISEASE; RECAPTURE; SURVIVAL; EXTINCTION AB Much attention has been given to the conservation of small populations, those that are small because of decline, and those that are naturally small. Small populations are of particular interest because ecological theory suggests that they are vulnerable to the deleterious effects of environmental, demographic, and genetic stochasticity as well as natural and human-induced catastrophes. However, testing theory and developing applicable conservation measures for small populations is hampered by sparse data. This lack of information is frequently driven by computational issues with small data sets that can be confounded by the impacts of stressors. We present estimates of demographic parameters from a small population of Boreal Toads (Anaxyrus boreas) that has been surveyed since 2001 by using capture-recapture methods. Estimates of annual adult survival probability are high relative to other Boreal Toad populations, whereas estimates of recruitment rate are low. Despite using simple models, clear patterns emerged from the analyses, suggesting that population size is constrained by low recruitment of adults and is declining slowly. These patterns provide insights that are useful in developing management directions for this small population, and this study serves as an example of the potential for small populations to yield robust and useful information despite sample size constraints. C1 [Muths, Erin] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Scherer, Rick D.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Muths, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM muthse@usgs.gov NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 18 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 EI 1938-5099 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD DEC PY 2011 VL 67 IS 4 BP 369 EP 377 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 854NT UT WOS:000297502200002 ER PT J AU Phillips, RB Winchell, CS AF Phillips, Reese Brand Winchell, Clark S. TI Reducing nontarget recaptures of an endangered predator using conditioned aversion and reward removal SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aversive conditioning; behavioural modification; feral cat; island fox; live-trapping; nontarget recaptures; predator management; reward removal; San Clemente Island; Urocyon littoralis ID PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES; TASTE-AVERSION; SPRUNG TRAPS; RED FOXES; ERADICATION; CONFLICT; RODENTS; ISLANDS; STRESS AB 1. Live-trapping is a fundamental tool in the study of wildlife species and populations. Capture of nontarget species is an inherent side-effect of trapping animals that is inefficient and potentially detrimental to individuals and populations. Reducing recapture of nontarget species will increase the efficiency of long-term studies and projects, and minimize unwanted impacts. 2. During the initial stages of a 3-year feral cat Felis catus control programme on San Clemente Island, California, USA, we experienced high recapture rates of nontarget endangered San Clemente Island foxes Urocyon littoralis clementae, impacting project efficiency and potentially foxes. 3. We investigated whether we could modify our baiting strategy to reduce fox recaptures using behavioural modification techniques, while simultaneously maintaining the ability to capture feral cats. We tested two strategies, aversive conditioning and reward removal, to reduce fox recapture rates. 4. Using lithium chloride (LC) as an aversive agent, we reduced fox recapture rates more than 10 times compared with rates using control bait. Using the reward removal technique, we reduced fox recapture rates almost 20 times compared with control baits. Neither behavioural modification technique deterred cats from entering traps, and our results suggest that by reducing fox recaptures, we improved our ability to capture cats. 5. Synthesis and applications. These novel baiting strategies have wide applicability in wildlife research and management. The efficiency of long-term monitoring or control programmes may be enhanced by discouraging recapture of 'trap happy' animals. Potential impacts to threatened species confined in traps could be minimized by reducing recaptures. Sampling of rare species in biodiversity studies could be improved by reducing recapture of competitively superior or numerically dominant species. C1 [Phillips, Reese Brand] Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Phillips, Reese Brand] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Winchell, Clark S.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad Fish & Wildlife Off, Carlsbad, CA 92011 USA. RP Phillips, RB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM brandphillips@gmail.com FU Utah State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee [574] FX We thank Melissa Booker, Charlotte Coulter, Steve Fairbairn, Laura Felicetti, Frans Joula, Timothy Leifer, Chris Lee, Phil Moggridge, Bruce Rodrigues, Adam Rosenberg, Craig Thompson, Adam Walker and Christine Wilder for assistance in the field. The U.S. Navy, North Island Naval Air Station, Natural Resources Office staff provided logistical support. We thank Richard J. Burns, Michael R. Conover and Carl R. Gustavson for their input on aversive conditioning theory and techniques and Robert H. Schmidt for project advice. Susan Durham provided assistance with statistical analysis. Two reviewers, Al Glen and Gary Roemer, provided helpful comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. This research was approved and conducted under the Utah State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee application # 574. The findings and conclusions in the article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8901 EI 1365-2664 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1501 EP 1507 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02044.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 853HH UT WOS:000297416300020 ER PT J AU Hershberger, PK Gregg, JL Grady, CA Hart, LM Roon, SR Winton, JR AF Hershberger, P. K. Gregg, J. L. Grady, C. A. Hart, L. M. Roon, S. R. Winton, J. R. TI Factors controlling the early stages of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia epizootics: low exposure levels, virus amplification and fish-to-fish transmission SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE herring; infectivity; Pacific herring; transmission; VHS; viral haemorrhagic septicaemia ID NORTH-AMERICAN STRAIN; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; EPC CELL-LINE; EGTVED VIRUS; INFECTIONS; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; DISEASE; ALASKA; TROUT AB Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Genogroup IVa (VHSV), was highly infectious to Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes), even at exposure doses occurring below the threshold of sensitivity for a standard viral plaque assay; however, further progression of the disease to a population-level epizootic required viral amplification and effective fish-to-fish transmission. Among groups of herring injected with VHSV, the prevalence of infection was dose-dependent, ranging from 100%, 75% and 38% after exposure to 19, 0.7 and 0.07 plaque-forming units (PFU)/fish, respectively. Among Pacific herring exposed to waterborne VHSV (140 PFU mL(-1)), the prevalence of infection, geometric mean viral tissue titre and cumulative mortality were greater among cohabitated herring than among cohorts that were held in individual aquaria, where fish-to-fish transmission was prevented. Fish-to-fish transmission among cohabitated herring probably occurred via exposure to shed virus which peaked at 680 PFU mL) 1; shed virus was not detected in the tank water from any isolated individuals. The results provide insights into mechanisms that initiate epizootic cascades in populations of wild herring and have implications for the design of VHSV surveys in wild fish populations. C1 [Hershberger, P. K.; Gregg, J. L.; Grady, C. A.; Hart, L. M.; Roon, S. R.] US Geol Survey, WFRC, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, Nordland, WA USA. [Winton, J. R.] US Geol Survey, WFRC, Seattle, WA USA. RP Hershberger, PK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, WFRC, Marrowstone Marine Field Stn, 616 Marrowstone Point Rd, Nordland, WA USA. EM phershberger@usgs.gov FU Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council [070819]; US Geological Survey FX Funding was provided by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Project # 070819 and the US Geological Survey. All work involving experimental animals was conducted under protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Western Fisheries Research Center. Technical assistance was provided by L. Taylor and R. Wade (US Geological Survey - Marrowstone Marine Field Station). The use of trade, firm or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the US Department of Interior or the US Geological Survey of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 34 IS 12 BP 893 EP 899 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01305.x PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 854PD UT WOS:000297505800001 PM 21995680 ER PT J AU Seo, G DeAngelis, DL AF Seo, Gunog DeAngelis, Donald L. TI A Predator-Prey Model with a Holling Type I Functional Response Including a Predator Mutual Interference SO JOURNAL OF NONLINEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Predator-prey model; Non-smooth system; Homoclinic saddle connection bifurcation; Global bifurcation; Multiple crossing bifurcation ID DYNAMICS; SYSTEM AB The most widely used functional response in describing predator-prey relationships is the Holling type II functional response, where per capita predation is a smooth, increasing, and saturating function of prey density. Beddington and DeAngelis modified the Holling type II response to include interference of predators that increases with predator density. Here we introduce a predator-interference term into a Holling type I functional response. We explain the ecological rationale for the response and note that the phase plane configuration of the predator and prey isoclines differs greatly from that of the Beddington-DeAngelis response; for example, in having three possible interior equilibria rather than one. In fact, this new functional response seems to be quite unique. We used analytical and numerical methods to show that the resulting system shows a much richer dynamical behavior than the Beddington-DeAngelis response, or other typically used functional responses. For example, cyclic-fold, saddle-fold, homoclinic saddle connection, and multiple crossing bifurcations can all occur. We then use a smooth approximation to the Holling type I functional response with predator mutual interference to show that these dynamical properties do not result from the lack of smoothness, but rather from subtle differences in the functional responses. C1 [Seo, Gunog] McMaster Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. [DeAngelis, Donald L.] Univ Miami, US Geol Survey, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Seo, G (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Math & Stat, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. EM gseo@math.mcmaster.ca; don_deangelis@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0938-8974 J9 J NONLINEAR SCI JI J. Nonlinear Sci. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 21 IS 6 BP 811 EP 833 DI 10.1007/s00332-011-9101-6 PG 23 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mechanics; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA 852PC UT WOS:000297368900001 ER PT J AU Meco, J Muhs, DR Fontugne, M Ramos, AJG Lomoschitz, A Patterson, D AF Meco, Joaquin Muhs, Daniel R. Fontugne, Michel Ramos, Antonio J. G. Lomoschitz, Alejandro Patterson, DeAnna TI Late Pliocene and Quaternary Eurasian locust infestations in the Canary Archipelago SO LETHAIA LA English DT Article DE Locust plagues; Canary Islands; Late Pliocene; Pleistocene; Holocene; palaeoclimatology ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; K-AR AGES; LITTORAL DEPOSITS; ICE CORE; ISLANDS; CLIMATE; FUERTEVENTURA; LANZAROTE; SPAIN; SCALE AB The Canary Archipelago has long been a sensitive location to record climate changes of the past. Interbedded with its basalt lavas are marine deposits from the principal Pleistocene interglacials, as well as aeolian sands with intercalated palaeosols. The palaeosols contain African dust and innumerable relict egg pods of a temperate-region locust (cf. Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunberg 1815). New ecological and stratigraphical information reveals the geological history of locust plagues (or infestations) and their palaeoclimatic significance. Here, we show that the first arrival of the plagues to the Canary Islands from Africa took place near the end of the Pliocene, ca. 3 Ma, and reappeared with immense strength during the middle Late Pleistocene preceding MIS (marine isotope stage) 11 (ca. 420 ka), MIS 5.5 (ca. 125 ka) and probably during other warm interglacials of the late Middle Pleistocene and the Late Pleistocene. During the Early Holocene, locust plagues may have coincided with a brief cool period in the current interglacial. Climatically, locust plagues on the Canaries are a link in the chain of full-glacial arid-cold climate (calcareous dunes), early interglacial arid-sub-humid climate (African dust inputs and locust plagues), peak interglacial warm-humid climate (marine deposits with Senegalese fauna), transitional arid-temperate climate (pedogenic calcretes), and again full-glacial arid-cold climate (calcareous dunes) oscillations. During the principal interglacials of the Pleistocene, the Canary Islands recorded the migrations of warm Senegalese marine faunas to the north, crossing latitudes in the Euro-African Atlantic. However, this northward marine faunal migration was preceded in the terrestrial realm by interglacial infestations of locusts. C1 [Meco, Joaquin] ULPGC, Dept Biol, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Islands, Spain. [Muhs, Daniel R.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Fontugne, Michel] CNRS, LSCE, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Ramos, Antonio J. G.] ULPGC, Estn Espacial SEAS Canarias, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Islands, Spain. [Lomoschitz, Alejandro] ULPGC, Dept Ingn Civil, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Islands, Spain. [Patterson, DeAnna] ATA Serv Inc, Denver, CO 80228 USA. RP Meco, J (reprint author), ULPGC, Dept Biol, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Islands, Spain. EM jmeco@dbio.ulpgc.es; dmuhs@usgs.gov; Michel.Fontugne@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr; aramos@pesca.gi.ulpgc.es; alomoschitz@dic.ulpgc.es; dpatterson@usgs.gov FU Spanish Ministry of the Environment; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria [CN-62/03-02139]; US Geological Survey Office of Global Change FX We thank A. Cilleros, J.F. Betancort, J. Coca, A. Redondo, J. G. Soler and J. Freeman for technical assistance, Z.M. Rowland for field assistance, J. F. Rovira for unpublished information about the presence of identical fossil egg pods in the Sahara Desert near the Canaries, G. Mas for similar rests from Baleares Islands, M. Baez for entomological information about modern locusts in the Canaries and A. V. Latchininsky and T. Ager for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was sponsored by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment and the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (CN-62/03-02139) and the US Geological Survey Office of Global Change. NR 55 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0024-1164 EI 1502-3931 J9 LETHAIA JI Lethaia PD DEC PY 2011 VL 44 IS 4 BP 440 EP 454 DI 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00255.x PG 15 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 855HF UT WOS:000297553800009 ER PT J AU Becken, M Ritter, O Bedrosian, PA Weckmann, U AF Becken, Michael Ritter, Oliver Bedrosian, Paul A. Weckmann, Ute TI Correlation between deep fluids, tremor and creep along the central San Andreas fault SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA; ELECTRICAL-RESISTIVITY; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; NEW-ZEALAND; CALIFORNIA; BENEATH; PARKFIELD; CRUST; PERMEABILITY; SERPENTINITE AB The seismicity pattern along the San Andreas fault near Parkfield and Cholame, California, varies distinctly over a length of only fifty kilometres. Within the brittle crust, the presence of frictionally weak minerals, fault-weakening high fluid pressures and chemical weakening are considered possible causes of an anomalously weak fault northwest of Parkfield(1-4). Non-volcanic tremor from lower-crustal and upper-mantle depths(5-7) is most pronounced about thirty kilometres southeast of Parkfield and is thought to be associated with high pore-fluid pressures at depth(8). Here we present geophysical evidence of fluids migrating into the creeping section of the San Andreas fault that seem to originate in the region of the uppermost mantle that also stimulates tremor, and evidence that along-strike variations in tremor activity and amplitude are related to strength variations in the lower crust and upper mantle. Interconnected fluids can explain a deep zone of anomalously low electrical resistivity that has been imaged by magnetotelluric data southwest of the Parkfield-Cholame segment. Near Cholame, where fluids seem to be trapped below a high-resistivity cap, tremor concentrates adjacent to the inferred fluids within a mechanically strong zone of high resistivity. By contrast, sub-vertical zones of low resistivity breach the entire crust near the drill hole of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, northwest of Parkfield, and imply pathways for deep fluids into the eastern fault block, coincident with a mechanically weak crust and the lower tremor amplitudes in the lower crust. Fluid influx to the fault system is consistent with hypotheses of fault-weakening high fluid pressures in the brittle crust. C1 [Becken, Michael; Weckmann, Ute] Univ Potsdam, Inst Geosci, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany. [Bedrosian, Paul A.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Becken, Michael; Ritter, Oliver; Weckmann, Ute] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Becken, M (reprint author), Univ Munster, Inst Geophys, D-48149 Munster, Germany. EM michael.becken@uni-muenster.de FU German Science Foundation (DFG); Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences FX This research was supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG) and the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Instruments were provided by the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam and the instrument facility for Electromagnetic Studies of the Continents. Seismicity data are taken from the catalogue provided by the Northern California Earthquake Data Center, Northern California Seismic Network, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park (http://www.ncedc.org). Fault zone locations are from the California Geological Survey, Geologic Data Map Series No. 6. H. Zhang and D. Shelly provided their tremor source location estimates. This work would not have been possible without field support and the cooperation of numerous landowners. NR 44 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 48 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 1 PY 2011 VL 480 IS 7375 BP 87 EP U248 DI 10.1038/nature10609 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 861PO UT WOS:000298031900039 PM 22129729 ER PT J AU Silva, LCR Giorgis, MA Anand, M Enrico, L Perez-Harguindeguy, N Falczuk, V Tieszen, LL Cabido, M AF Silva, Lucas C. R. Giorgis, Melisa A. Anand, Madhur Enrico, Lucas Perez-Harguindeguy, Natalia Falczuk, Valeria Tieszen, Larry L. Cabido, Marcelo TI Evidence of shift in C-4 species range in central Argentina during the late Holocene SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE C-3/C-4; Carbon isotopes; Climate change; Vegetation dynamics; SOM; Subtropics ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; CENTRAL BRAZILIAN SAVANNAS; LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; SOUTHERN BRAZIL; CLIMATE DYNAMICS; ARAUCARIA FOREST; PRECIPITATION GRADIENT; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS; GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS AB Millennial-scale biogeographic changes are well understood in many parts of the world, but little is known about long-term vegetation dynamics in subtropical regions. Here we investigate shifts in C-3/C-4 plant abundance occurred in central Argentina during the past few millennia We determined present day soil organic matter delta C-13 signatures of grasslands, shrublands and woodlands, containing different mixtures of C-3 and C-4 plants. We measured past changes in the relative cover of C-3/C-4 plants by comparing delta C-13 values in soil profiles with present day delta C-13 signatures. We analyzed C-14 activity in soil depths that showed major changes in vegetation. Present day relative cover of C-3/C-4 plants determines whole ecosystem delta C-13 signatures integrated as litter and superficial soil organic matter (R-2 = 0.78; p < 0.01). Deeper soils show a consistent shift in delta C-13, indicating a continuous replacement of C-4 by C-3 plants since 3,870 (+/- 210) YBP. During this period, the relative abundance of C-3 plants increased 32% (average across sites) with significant changes being observed in all studied ecosystems. Our results show that C-4 species were more abundant in the past, but C-3 species became dominant during the late Holocene. We identified increases in the relative C-3/C-4 cover in grasslands, shrublands and woodlands, suggesting a physiological basis for changes in vegetation. The replacement of C-4 by C-3 plants coincided with changes in climate towards colder and wetter conditions and could represent a climatically driven shift in the C-4 species optimum range. C1 [Silva, Lucas C. R.; Anand, Madhur] Univ Guelph, Sch Environm Sci, Global Ecol Change Lab, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Giorgis, Melisa A.; Enrico, Lucas; Perez-Harguindeguy, Natalia; Falczuk, Valeria; Cabido, Marcelo] Univ Nacl Cordoba, Inst Multidisciplinario Biol Vegetal, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. [Tieszen, Larry L.] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Silva, LCR (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM lucascrsilva@gmail.com RI Silva, Lucas/E-1202-2016 OI Silva, Lucas/0000-0002-4838-327X FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Canadian Foundation for Innovation; SECyT; Universidad Nacional de Cordoba; Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN II) [2005] FX This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada, Canada Research Chairs, Canadian Foundation for Innovation grants to M. A., SECyT, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba and Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN II No. 2005) grants to M. A. and M. C. We are thankful to Diego Gurvich from the Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (FCEFyN, UNC-CONICET), Argentina, Leandro Duarte and Mark Leithead, from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for valuable comments and to the organizers of the IAI (2009) collaborative meeting in Cordoba, Argentina, where this collaboration began. NR 72 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X EI 1573-5036 J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD DEC PY 2011 VL 349 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 261 EP 279 DI 10.1007/s11104-011-0868-x PG 19 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 857SE UT WOS:000297738400019 ER PT J AU Miller, RL AF Miller, Robin L. TI Carbon Gas Fluxes in Re-Established Wetlands on Organic Soils Differ Relative to Plant Community and Hydrology SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Carbon dioxide; Freshwater wetlands; Greenhouse gases; Methane; Peat; Subsidence ID FRESH-WATER MARSHES; SAN-JOAQUIN DELTA; TYPHA-LATIFOLIA L; METHANE EMISSIONS; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; DIEL VARIATION; MINNESOTA PEATLANDS; SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS; VASCULAR PLANTS; NITROUS-OXIDE AB We measured CO(2) and CH(4) fluxes for 6 years following permanent flooding of an agriculturally managed organic soil at two water depths (similar to 25 and similar to 55 cm standing water) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, as part of research studying C dynamics in re-established wetlands. Flooding rapidly reduced gaseous C losses, and radiocarbon data showed that this, in part, was due to reduced oxidation of "old" C preserved in the organic soils. Both CO(2) and CH(4) emissions from the water surface increased during the first few growing seasons, concomitant with emergent marsh establishment, and thereafter appeared to stabilize according to plant communities. Areas of emergent marsh vegetation in the shallower wetland had greater net CO(2) influx (-485 mg C m(-1) h(-1)), and lower CH(4) emissions (11.5 mg C m(-2) h(-1)), than in the deeper wetland (-381 and 14.1 mg C m(-2) h(-1), respectively). Areas with submerged and floating vegetation in the deeper wetland had CH(4) emissions similar to emergent vegetation (11.9 and 12.6 mg C m(-2) h(-1), respectively), despite lower net CO(2) influx (-102 g C m(-2) h(-1)). Measurements of plant moderated net CO(2) influx and CH(4) efflux indicated greatest potential reduction of greenhouse gases in the more shallowly flooded wetland. C1 US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Miller, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM romiller@usgs.gov FU California Department of Water Resources FX We owe great thanks to the California Department of Water Resources for funding this long-term study, and special thanks to Lauren Hastings for her hard work and dedication getting the site established and leading the study in the first years of the project. We also thank Susan Trumbore, Stanley Tyler, and Andrew McMillan for their help with C isotope sampling and analyses. Finally, we thank all the reviewers of this paper, who made some welcome and helpful suggestions. NR 62 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2011 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1055 EP 1066 DI 10.1007/s13157-011-0215-2 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 859GM UT WOS:000297864900006 ER PT J AU Johnson, WP Rice, MB Haukos, DA Thorpe, PP AF Johnson, William P. Rice, Mindy B. Haukos, David A. Thorpe, Philip P. TI Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Inundated Playa Wetlands During Winter on the Texas High Plains SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Hydrology; Midwinter waterfowl survey; Spatial model; Texas high plains ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; MIDWINTER WATERFOWL INVENTORY; MOIST-SOIL MANAGEMENT; NORTHERN PINTAILS; BODY CONDITION; LAKES REGION; POLYGONUM-PENSYLVANICUM; ATLANTIC FLYWAY; NEW-MEXICO; LAND-USE AB Frequency and duration of playa inundation (i.e., hydroperiod) are major influences on the spatial and temporal distribution of flora and fauna in the western Great Plains. We used a 10-year data set of 221 playa wetlands to develop models of factors influencing the probability of a playa being flooded during January. We evaluated the relative influence of landscape and precipitation variables on the probability of a playa being inundated during January. Of the surveyed playas, 67% were inundated in >= 1 year and 33% never contained water in January. Our selected model indicated that the proportion of grassland in the watershed, mean annual rainfall, the previous year's total rainfall, and playa size as variables in the top ranked models for the probability of a playa being inundated during January. Proportion of grassland in the watershed had the largest positive effect. The probability of a playa being inundated during January increased from west to east across the THP and on average, we would expect individual playas to be inundated approximately once every 11 years, with similar to 30% of the playas inundated at a frequency greater than 1 year out of 10. Playas with cropland watersheds had diminished hydrologic function. C1 [Johnson, William P.] Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Canyon, TX 79015 USA. [Rice, Mindy B.] Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Haukos, David A.] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Thorpe, Philip P.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Johnson, WP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Biol Serv, POB 179, Umbarger, TX 79091 USA. EM bill_johnson@fws.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; Colorado Division of Wildlife FX Funding and support for this project was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, and Colorado Division of Wildlife. K. Kraai assisted with aerial observations of inundated playas. L. Johnson provided comments on the manuscript. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2011 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1287 EP 1296 DI 10.1007/s13157-011-0243-y PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 859GM UT WOS:000297864900025 ER PT J AU Meinertz, JR Schreier, TM Bernardy, JA AF Meinertz, Jeffery R. Schreier, Theresa M. Bernardy, Jeffry A. TI Chronic Toxicity of Erythromycin Thiocyanate to Daphnia magna in a Flow-Through, Continuous Exposure Test System SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxicity of erythromycin thiocyanate to Daphnia; Assessing the environmental impact of an aquaculture drug ID ANTIBIOTICS AB Approval of a new animal drug application for AQUAMYCIN 100(A (R)) (erythromycin thiocyanate; ET) to treat freshwater salmonid species with bacterial kidney disease is being pursued in the US. As part of the approval process, ET's impact on an aquatic environment had to be described in an environmental assessment. The environmental assessment was lacking data to characterize the effect ET would have on a chronically exposed aquatic invertebrate organism. A major step to fulfilling the environmental assessment was completed after conducting a comprehensive study continuously exposing Daphnia magna to ET for 21 days. Results indicated that the no observable effect concentration for ET was 179 mu g/L. C1 [Meinertz, Jeffery R.; Schreier, Theresa M.; Bernardy, Jeffry A.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Meinertz, JR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM jmeinertz@usgs.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 87 IS 6 BP 621 EP 625 DI 10.1007/s00128-011-0415-8 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 852MM UT WOS:000297362100005 PM 21984684 ER PT J AU Chang, RY Fu, BJ Liu, GH Liu, SG AF Chang, Ruiying Fu, Bojie Liu, Guohua Liu, Shuguang TI Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential for "Grain for Green" Project in Loess Plateau, China SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE SOC; Restoration age; General linear model; Grassland; Shrub; Forest ID LAND-USE CHANGE; ORGANIC-CARBON; HILLY AREA; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; AFFORESTATION; FOREST; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE; NUTRIENTS AB Conversion of cropland into perennial vegetation land can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation, which might be an important mitigation measure to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The "Grain for Green" project, one of the most ambitious ecological programmes launched in modern China, aims at transforming the low-yield slope cropland into grassland and woodland. The Loess Plateau in China is the most important target of this project due to its serious soil erosion. The objectives of this study are to answer three questions: (1) what is the rate of the SOC accumulation for this "Grain for Green" project in Loess Plateau? (2) Is there a difference in SOC sequestration among different restoration types, including grassland, shrub and forest? (3) Is the effect of restoration types on SOC accumulation different among northern, middle and southern regions of the Loess Plateau? Based on analysis of the data collected from the literature conducted in the Loess Plateau, we found that SOC increased at a rate of 0.712 TgC/year in the top 20 cm soil layer for 60 years under this project across the entire Loess Plateau. This was a relatively reliable estimation based on current data, although there were some uncertainties. Compared to grassland, forest had a significantly greater effect on SOC accumulation in middle and southern Loess Plateau but had a weaker effect in the northern Loess Plateau. There were no differences found in SOC sequestration between shrub and grassland across the entire Loess Plateau. Grassland had a stronger effect on SOC sequestration in the northern Loess Plateau than in the middle and southern regions. In contrast, forest could increase more SOC in the middle and southern Loess Plateau than in the northern Loess Plateau, whereas shrub had a similar effect on SOC sequestration across the Loess Plateau. Our results suggest that the "Grain for Green" project can significantly increase the SOC storage in Loess Plateau, and it is recommended to expand grassland and shrub areas in the northern Loess Plateau and forest in the middle and southern Loess Plateau to enhance the SOC sequestration in this area. C1 [Chang, Ruiying; Fu, Bojie; Liu, Guohua] Chinese Acad Sci, Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, State Key Lab Urban & Reg Ecol, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. [Liu, Shuguang] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Fu, BJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, State Key Lab Urban & Reg Ecol, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. EM bfu@rcees.ac.cn RI Fu, Bojie/B-1493-2009 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [40971065]; State Forestry Administration [201004058]; CAS/SAFEA FX This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40971065), State Forestry Administration (No. 201004058) and the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams of "Ecosystem Processes and Services". NR 97 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 5 U2 97 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X EI 1432-1009 J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 48 IS 6 SI SI BP 1158 EP 1172 DI 10.1007/s00267-011-9682-8 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 852OI UT WOS:000297366900010 PM 21553107 ER PT J AU Brewer, SK AF Brewer, S. K. TI Patterns in young-of-year smallmouth bass microhabitat use in multiple stream segments with contrasting land uses SO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE habitat; forest; pasture; stream fish; juvenile ID JUVENILE LARGEMOUTH BASS; HABITAT USE; ABUNDANCE; FISHES; RIVER AB Young-of-the-year (YOY) smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, were evaluated in streams from eight catchments with two contrasting land uses to determine their use of microhabitats under a variety of stream conditions. Step-wise discriminant function analyses revealed patterns of habitat use by discriminating used from available microhabitat conditions. Velocity was significant in 88% of streams sampled, whereas depth was significant in only the smallest stream in the forest-dominated catchments and 75% of stream segments located in pasture-dominated catchments. Mean velocities used by YOY bass were lower than available velocities, and mean depths used were greater than mean availability in all cases. Substrata varied significantly with availability in different stream segments. Error rates associated with classification ranged from 5 to 39%. Results indicate that YOY smallmouth bass are somewhat opportunistic, but use low-velocity habitats in most cases and deeper water when streams are impacted by pasture land use and associated physical changes. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Brewer, SK (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 404 Life Sci W, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM shannon.brewer@okstate.edu FU Missouri Department of Conservation FX This research is a contribution of the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma State University and Wildlife Management Institute cooperating), with substantial support from the Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Funding was provided by the Missouri Department of Conservation. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Field assistance was provided by Matt Mullins, Greg Wallace and Scott Stephens. Scott Sowa and Gust Annis assisted with study design and GIS. The manuscript was improved by comments from Mary Culler, Lori Smith and two anonymous reviewers. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0969-997X J9 FISHERIES MANAG ECOL JI Fisheries Manag. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 18 IS 6 BP 506 EP 512 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00806.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 850PO UT WOS:000297208100007 ER PT J AU Williams, CT Sheriff, MJ Schmutz, JA Kohl, F Toien, O Buck, CL Barnes, BM AF Williams, Cory T. Sheriff, Michael J. Schmutz, Joel A. Kohl, Franziska Toien, Oivind Buck, C. Loren Barnes, Brian M. TI Data logging of body temperatures provides precise information on phenology of reproductive events in a free-living arctic hibernator SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arctic ground squirrels; Biological rhythms; Emergence; Heterothermy; Hibernation; Life-history stage; Parturition; Phenological changes ID MANTLED GROUND-SQUIRREL; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPERMOPHILUS-LATERALIS; RECTAL TEMPERATURE; METABOLIC-RATE; ANNUAL CYCLE; GROWTH; TORPOR; PARTURITION; POPULATION AB Precise measures of phenology are critical to understanding how animals organize their annual cycles and how individuals and populations respond to climate-induced changes in physical and ecological stressors. We show that patterns of core body temperature (T (b)) can be used to precisely determine the timing of key seasonal events including hibernation, mating and parturition, and immergence and emergence from the hibernacula in free-living arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). Using temperature loggers that recorded T (b) every 20 min for up to 18 months, we monitored core T (b) from three females that subsequently gave birth in captivity and from 66 female and 57 male ground squirrels free-living in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range Alaska. In addition, dates of emergence from hibernation were visually confirmed for four free-living male squirrels. Average T (b) in captive females decreased by 0.5-1.0A degrees C during gestation and abruptly increased by 1-1.5A degrees C on the day of parturition. In free-living females, similar shifts in T (b) were observed in 78% (n = 9) of yearlings and 94% (n = 31) of adults; females without the shift are assumed not to have given birth. Three of four ground squirrels for which dates of emergence from hibernation were visually confirmed did not exhibit obvious diurnal rhythms in T (b) until they first emerged onto the surface when T (b) patterns became diurnal. In free-living males undergoing reproductive maturation, this pre-emergence euthermic interval averaged 20.4 days (n = 56). T (b)-loggers represent a cost-effective and logistically feasible method to precisely investigate the phenology of reproduction and hibernation in ground squirrels. C1 [Williams, Cory T.; Sheriff, Michael J.; Kohl, Franziska; Toien, Oivind; Barnes, Brian M.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Williams, Cory T.; Buck, C. Loren] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Schmutz, Joel A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Williams, CT (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, 902 N Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM afctw@uaa.alaska.edu; bmbarnes@alaska.edu FU National Science foundation [EF-0732763]; CLB [OPP-0732763]; US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command [05178001] FX We thank G. L. Florant, M. Richter, and four anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank those who have assisted with the collection of field data including M. Richter, T. Lee, R. Fridinger, S. Karpovich, J. Jenkins, T. Martin, A. Fenn, and A. Wright. This study was supported by funding from the National Science foundation to BMB (EF-0732763) and CLB (OPP-0732763) and awards from the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (#05178001) to BMB. All procedures were approved by the University of Alaska Fairbanks Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and work was conducted under appropriate state permits. NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 20 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0174-1578 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL B JI J. Comp. Physiol. B-Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 181 IS 8 BP 1101 EP 1109 DI 10.1007/s00360-011-0593-z PG 9 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 851EG UT WOS:000297250600010 PM 21691770 ER PT J AU Cleveland, CC Townsend, AR Taylor, P Alvarez-Clare, S Bustamante, MMC Chuyong, G Dobrowski, SZ Grierson, P Harms, KE Houlton, BZ Marklein, A Parton, W Porder, S Reed, SC Sierra, CA Silver, WL Tanner, EVJ Wieder, WR AF Cleveland, Cory C. Townsend, Alan R. Taylor, Philip Alvarez-Clare, Silvia Bustamante, Mercedes M. C. Chuyong, George Dobrowski, Solomon Z. Grierson, Pauline Harms, Kyle E. Houlton, Benjamin Z. Marklein, Alison Parton, William Porder, Stephen Reed, Sasha C. Sierra, Carlos A. Silver, Whendee L. Tanner, Edmund V. J. Wieder, William R. TI Relationships among net primary productivity, nutrients and climate in tropical rain forest: a pan-tropical analysis (vol 14, pg 939, 2011) SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Correction ID MULU-NATIONAL-PARK; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONATION; LUQUILLO-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; LEAF-LITTER DECOMPOSITION; LOWLAND AMAZONIAN FOREST; HAWAIIAN MONTANE FOREST; BARRO-COLORADO ISLAND; INDIAN WESTERN GHATS; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; PRECIPITATION GRADIENT C1 [Cleveland, Cory C.] Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Townsend, Alan R.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Environm Studies Program, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Townsend, Alan R.; Taylor, Philip; Wieder, William R.] Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Alvarez-Clare, Silvia] Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Alvarez-Clare, Silvia] Univ Florida, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Bustamante, Mercedes M. C.] Univ Brasilia, Dept Ecol, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. [Chuyong, George] Univ Buea, Dept Plant & Anim Sci, Buea, Cameroon. [Dobrowski, Solomon Z.] Univ Montana, Dept Forest Management, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Grierson, Pauline] Univ Western Australia, Sch Plant Biol M090, Crawley, WA 6016, Australia. [Harms, Kyle E.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Harms, Kyle E.] Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Panama City, Panama. [Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Marklein, Alison] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Parton, William] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Porder, Stephen] Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Reed, Sasha C.] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. [Sierra, Carlos A.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Dept Biol Proc, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Silver, Whendee L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Tanner, Edmund V. J.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England. RP Cleveland, CC (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM cory.cleveland@umontana.edu RI Grierson, Pauline/A-9240-2008; Silver, Whendee/H-1118-2012; Marklein, Alison/I-3255-2016; Bustamante, Mercedes/H-7597-2015 OI Grierson, Pauline/0000-0003-2135-0272; Marklein, Alison/0000-0002-0865-5816; Bustamante, Mercedes/0000-0003-1008-452X NR 157 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 65 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1313 EP 1317 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01711.x PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 849TG UT WOS:000297147500014 ER PT J AU Li, SF Xu, JW Yang, QL Wang, CH Chapman, DC Lu, GQ AF Li, Si-Fa Xu, Jia-Wei Yang, Qi-Ling Wang, Cheng-Hui Chapman, Duane C. Lu, Guoqing TI Significant genetic differentiation between native and introduced silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) inferred from mtDNA analysis SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Silver carp; Native and introduced populations; Genetic diversity; Divergence; itochondrial DNA ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BIGHEAD CARP; DIVERSITY; RIVER; POPULATIONS; SEQUENCES; YANGTZE AB Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cyprinidae) is native to China and has been introduced to over 80 countries. The extent of genetic diversity in introduced silver carp and the genetic divergence between introduced and native populations remain largely unknown. In this study, 241 silver carp sampled from three major native rivers and two non-native rivers (Mississippi River and Danube River) were analyzed using nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial COI gene and D-loop region. A total of 73 haplotypes were observed, with no haplotype found common to all the five populations and eight haplotypes shared by two to four populations. As compared with introduced populations, all native populations possess both higher haplotype diversity and higher nucleotide diversity, presumably a result of the founder effect. Significant genetic differentiation was revealed between native and introduced populations as well as among five sampled populations, suggesting strong selection pressures might have occurred in introduced populations. Collectively, this study not only provides baseline information for sustainable use of silver carp in their native country (i.e., China), but also offers first-hand genetic data for the control of silver carp in countries (e.g., the United States) where they are considered invasive. C1 [Li, Si-Fa; Xu, Jia-Wei; Yang, Qi-Ling; Wang, Cheng-Hui] Shanghai Ocean Univ, Minist Agr, Key Lab Aquat Genet Resources & Utilizat, Shanghai 201306, Peoples R China. [Chapman, Duane C.] US Geol Survey, Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Lu, Guoqing] Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. RP Li, SF (reprint author), Shanghai Ocean Univ, Minist Agr, Key Lab Aquat Genet Resources & Utilizat, Shanghai 201306, Peoples R China. EM sfli@shou.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [30630051]; Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project [Y1101]; US NSF [DEB-0732969] FX The authors would like to thank Minghu Tang and Lixia Fu (Hangjiang Chinese Farmed Fish Farm, China), Kevin Irons (Illinois Natural History Survey, USA), Mark Pegg (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA), Kirk Steffensen (Nebraska Game and Parks Commission), James T Lamer (Western Illinois University, USA) and Jeney Zsigmond (Research Institute for Fisheries Aquaculture and Irrigation, Hungary) for the assistance with sample collection. We also acknowledge Mary Christman (University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA) for proof-reading the final draft of this paper. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30630051) and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No. Y1101). G. Lu acknowledges support from US NSF Grant DEB-0732969. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 26 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 EI 1573-5133 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD DEC PY 2011 VL 92 IS 4 BP 503 EP 511 DI 10.1007/s10641-011-9870-7 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 843AM UT WOS:000296644300008 ER PT J AU Deng, YM Wang, YX Ma, T Yang, H He, J AF Deng, Yamin Wang, Yanxin Ma, Teng Yang, Hui He, Jun TI Arsenic associations in sediments from shallow aquifers of northwestern Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia SO ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Arsenic; Sediment; Geochemistry; Mobilization; Hetao Basin ID OXIDE MINERALS; HUHHOT BASIN; GROUNDWATER; CHINA; AREA; GEOCHEMISTRY; PLAIN; IRON; CONTAMINATION; MOBILIZATION AB Understanding the mechanism of arsenic mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Hetao Basin in Inner Mongolia, northern China. Aquifer geochemistry was characterized at three field sites (SH, HF, TYS) in Hangjinhouqi County of northwestern Hetao Basin. The results of bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples indicated that total As concentrations have a range of 6.8-58.5 mg/kg, with a median of 14.4 mg/kg. The highest As concentrations were found at 15-25 m depth. In the meanwhile, the range of As concentration in the sediments from background borehole is 3-21.8 mg/kg, with a median value of 9 mg/kg. The As sediments concentrations with depth from the SH borehole were correlated with the contents of Fe, Sb, B, V, total C and total S. Generally, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments. Distinct lithology profile and different geochemical characteristics of aquifer sediments indicate the sediments are associated with different sources and diverse sedimentary environments. Up to one third of arsenic in the sediments could be extracted by ammonium oxalate, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. Sequential extraction results indicate that arsenic occurs as strongly adsorbed on and/or co-precipitated with amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides in sediments accounting for 35 and 20%, respectively, of the total contents of arsenic. The release of As into groundwater may occur by desorption from the mineral surface driven by reductive dissolution of the Fe oxide minerals. Furthermore, small proportions of As associated with iron sulfides occur in the reductive sediments. C1 [Deng, Yamin; Wang, Yanxin; Ma, Teng; Yang, Hui; He, Jun] China Univ Geosci, Minist Educ, Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Deng, Yamin] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Deng, Yamin] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Yang, Hui] Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Karst Geol, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, Peoples R China. [He, Jun] China Geol Survey, Wuhan Ctr Geol Survey, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, Peoples R China. RP Wang, YX (reprint author), China Univ Geosci, Minist Educ, Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM yx.wang@cug.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [40830748, 40872157]; Ministry of Education of China; NSFC-RFBR [40711120189] FX The research work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40830748 and No. 40872157), the Ministry of Education of China (111 project), the China-Russia International Cooperation and Exchange Project of NSFC-RFBR (Grant No. 40711120189). We appreciate the suggestions and comments of Dr. D. Kirk Nordstrom of USGS and Prof. Shemin Ge of University of Colorado, which have improved the manuscript. Constructive comments by anonymous reviewers are also gratefully acknowledged. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 35 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1866-6280 J9 ENVIRON EARTH SCI JI Environ. Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 64 IS 8 BP 2001 EP 2011 DI 10.1007/s12665-011-1020-1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 850AD UT WOS:000297165900001 ER PT J AU Bultman, MW Gray, F AF Bultman, Mark W. Gray, Floyd TI Transient electromagnetic study of basin fill sediments in the Upper San Pedro Basin, Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Transient electromagnetic data; San Pedro Basin; Basin fill sediments; Hydrogeology; Bedrock high AB The Upper San Pedro River Basin in Mexico and the United States is an important riparian corridor that is coming under increasing pressure from growing populations and the associated increase in groundwater withdrawal. Several studies have produced three-dimensional maps of the basin fill sediments in the US portion of the basin but little work has been done in the Mexican portion of the basin. Here, the results of a ground-based transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey in the Upper San Pedro Basin, Mexico are presented. These basin fill sediments are characterized by a 10-40 m deep unsaturated surficial zone which is composed primarily of sands and gravels. In the central portion of the basin this unsaturated zone is usually underlain by a shallow clay layer 20-50 m thick. Beneath this may be more clay, as is usually the case near the San Pedro River, or interbedded sand, silt, and clay to a depth of 200-250 m. As you move away from the river, the upper clay layer disappears and the amount of sand in the sediments increases. At 1-2 km away from the river, sands can occupy up to 50% of the upper 200-250 m of the sediment fill. Below this, clays are always present except where bedrock highs are observed. This lower clay layer begins at a depth of about 200 m in the central portion of the basin (250 m or more at distances greater than 1-2 km from the river) and extends to the bottom of most profiles to depths of 400 m. While the depth of the top of this lower clay layer is probably accurate, its thickness observed in the models may be overestimated due to the relatively low magnetic moment of the TEM system used in this study. The inversion routine used for interpretation is based on a one-dimensional geologic model. This is a layer based model that is isotropic in both the x and y directions. Several survey soundings did not meet this requirement which invalidates the inversion process and the resulting interpretation at these locations. The results from these locations were rejected. C1 [Bultman, Mark W.; Gray, Floyd] US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Bultman, MW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 355, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM mbultman@usgs.gov NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1866-6280 J9 ENVIRON EARTH SCI JI Environ. Earth Sci. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 64 IS 8 BP 2091 EP 2106 DI 10.1007/s12665-011-1031-y PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 850AD UT WOS:000297165900009 ER PT J AU Nicholson, KL Krausman, PR Munguia-Vega, A Culver, M AF Nicholson, Kerry L. Krausman, Paul R. Munguia-Vega, Adrian Culver, Melanie TI Spatial and temporal interactions of sympatric mountain lions in Arizona SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HOME-RANGE OVERLAP; PUMA PUMA-CONCOLOR; BLACK BEARS; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; COMPUTER SOFTWARE; GENETIC-MARKERS; SOUTHERN UTAH; AMERICAN PUMA; PATTERNS AB Spatial and temporal interactions among individual members of populations can have direct applications to habitat management of mountain lions (Puma concolor). Our objectives were to evaluate home range overlap and spatial/temporal use of overlap zones (OZ) of mountain lions in Arizona. We incorporated spatial data with genetic analyses to assess relatedness between mountain lions with overlapping home ranges. We recorded the space use patterns of 29 radio-collared mountain lions in Arizona from August 2005 to August 2008. We genotyped 28 mountain lions and estimated the degree of relatedness among individuals. For 26 pairs of temporally overlapping mountain lions, 18 overlapped spatially and temporally and eight had corresponding genetic information. Home range overlap ranged from 1.18% to 46.38% ((x) over bar, SE = 2.96). Male-male pairs were located within 1 km of each other on average, 0.04% of the time, whereas male-female pairs on average were 3.0%. Two male-male pairs exhibited symmetrical spatial avoidance and two symmetrical spatial attractions to the OZ. We observed simultaneous temporal attraction in three male-male pairs and four male-female pairs. Individuals from Tucson were slightly related to one another within the population (n = 13, mean R = 0.0373 +/- 0.0151) whereas lions from Payson (n = 6, mean R = -0.0079 +/- 0.0356) and Prescott (n = 9, mean R = -0.0242 +/- 0.0452) were not as related. Overall, males were less related to other males (n = 20, mean R = -0.0495 +/- 0.0161) than females were related to other females (n = 8, mean R = 0.0015 +/- 0.0839). Genetic distance was positively correlated with geographic distance (r (2) = 0.22, P = 0.001). Spatial requirements and interactions influence social behavior and can play a role in determining population density. C1 [Nicholson, Kerry L.] Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, CNR, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. [Nicholson, Kerry L.] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Krausman, Paul R.] Univ Montana, Boone & Crockett Program Wildlife Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Culver, Melanie] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit USGS, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Nicholson, KL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, CNR, Rm 105, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM kernicholson@yahoo.com RI Nicholson, Kerry/F-2077-2013 OI Nicholson, Kerry/0000-0001-9951-9897 FU Arizona Game and Fish Department; University of Arizona FX We thank the hounds men, trappers, and volunteers that helped track mountain lions including R. Thompson, T. and A. Salazar, B. Buckley, N. Smith, T. and A. Anderson, R. Murphy, T. McNealy, B. Jansen, L. Haynes, C. Dolan, and B. Kluver. We thank Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) personnel T. Smith, B. Waddell, and all of the aerial surveyors and pilots. We thank J. deVos and C. O'Brien with AGFD and C. Yde for administration of the contract. We thank M. Borgstrom for statistical consulting and S. Minta for instructions and long discussions of his technique. We thank T. Edwards, A. Naidu, and K. Munroe for genetic analysis and consultation. We thank the reviewers, S. Datta and K. Banerjee, for edits of the paper. We thank the Advanced Resource Technologies lab at the University of Arizona, especially R. Gimblett, C. Wissler, P. Guertin, and A. Honaman. We thank S. Nicholson for some data analysis and programming. Funding was provided by Arizona Game and Fish Department and the University of Arizona. Capture and handling procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Arizona (protocol #05-184). NR 74 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 31 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1612-4642 EI 1439-0574 J9 EUR J WILDLIFE RES JI Eur. J. Wildl. Res. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 57 IS 6 BP 1151 EP 1163 DI 10.1007/s10344-011-0528-8 PG 13 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 849LZ UT WOS:000297128300004 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP AF Madenjian, Charles P. TI Sex effect on polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in fish: a synthesis SO FISH AND FISHERIES LA English DT Article DE Bioenergetics modelling; energy expenditure; habitat use; release of eggs; resting metabolic rate; swimming activity ID NET TROPHIC TRANSFER; PIKE ESOX-LUCIUS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; PCB CONCENTRATIONS; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; SALMO-SALAR; TROUT; DIFFERENCE; POPULATION AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate in fish primarily via food intake, and therefore, PCBs serve as a chemical tracer for food consumption. Sex differences in PCB concentrations of fish have been attributed to the following three mechanisms: (i) females losing a substantial portion of their PCB body burden during spawning and consequently their PCB concentration is considerably reduced immediately after spawning; (ii) sex differences in habitat utilization leading to sex differences in the PCB concentrations of the prey; and (iii) sex differences in gross growth efficiency, which is defined as growth divided by the amount of food consumption needed to achieve that growth. Based on my analyses and synthesis, mechanisms (i) and (ii) operate in relatively few fish populations, but can lead to mature males having PCB concentrations two to three times higher than mature female PCB concentrations. In contrast, mechanism (iii) operates in all fish populations, but typically, mechanism (iii) results in relatively modest sex differences, with mature males only between 15 and 35% higher in PCB concentration than mature females. In summary, the study of sex differences in PCB concentrations of fish has led to insights into fish behaviour and fish physiology. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM cmadenjian@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1467-2960 EI 1467-2979 J9 FISH FISH JI Fish. Fish. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 12 IS 4 BP 451 EP 460 DI 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00414.x PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 849VW UT WOS:000297154400006 ER PT J AU Pollitz, F AF Pollitz, Fred TI High-frequency Born synthetic seismograms based on coupled normal modes SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Earthquake source observations; Wave propagation ID PERIOD SEISMIC-WAVES; SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; SURFACE-WAVES; LATERAL HETEROGENEITY; SCATTERING; ATTENUATION; PARKFIELD; CODA; APPROXIMATION; PERTURBATIONS AB High-frequency and full waveform synthetic seismograms on a 3-D laterally heterogeneous earth model are simulated using the theory of coupled normal modes. The set of coupled integral equations that describe the 3-D response are simplified into a set of uncoupled integral equations by using the Born approximation to calculate scattered wavefields and the pure-path approximation to modulate the phase of incident and scattered wavefields. This depends upon a decomposition of the aspherical structure into smooth and rough components. The uncoupled integral equations are discretized and solved in the frequency domain, and time domain results are obtained by inverse Fourier transform. Examples show the utility of the normal mode approach to synthesize the seismic wavefields resulting from interaction with a combination of rough and smooth structural heterogeneities. This approach is applied to an similar to 4 Hz shallow crustal wave propagation around the site of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, F (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov FU National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AI52-09NA29328] FX I thank Bill Ellsworth, Justin Rubinstein and Yehuda Ben Zion for discussions, and Bill Ellsworth and Cliff Thurber for providing data from the 2006 November Sonde and 2003 PASO DOS deployments, respectively. This paper benefitted from the constructive comments of Associate Editor Jeannot Trampert and two anonymous reviewers. This work has been partially supported by Award No. DE-AI52-09NA29328 of the National Nuclear Security Administration. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 187 IS 3 BP 1420 EP 1442 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05188.x PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 849GT UT WOS:000297114400025 ER PT J AU Voss, CI AF Voss, Clifford I. TI Editor's message: Groundwater modeling fantasies-part 2, down to earth SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Voss, CI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cvoss@usgs.gov NR 3 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 19 IS 8 BP 1455 EP 1458 DI 10.1007/s10040-011-0790-6 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 850MB UT WOS:000297197600001 ER PT J AU Galloway, DL Burbey, TJ AF Galloway, Devin L. Burbey, Thomas J. TI Review: Regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE Review; Subsidence; Aquifer-system compaction; Numerical modeling; InSAR ID AQUIFER-SYSTEM COMPACTION; SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; DIFFERENTIAL SAR INTERFEROMETRY; ONE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; SANTA-CLARA-VALLEY; LAS-VEGAS VALLEY; 3-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; MEXICO-CITY; PERMANENT SCATTERERS AB The extraction of groundwater can generate land subsidence by causing the compaction of susceptible aquifer systems, typically unconsolidated alluvial or basin-fill aquifer systems comprising aquifers and aquitards. Various ground-based and remotely sensed methods are used to measure and map subsidence. Many areas of subsidence caused by groundwater pumping have been identified and monitored, and corrective measures to slow or halt subsidence have been devised. Two principal means are used to mitigate subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal-reduction of groundwater withdrawal, and artificial recharge. Analysis and simulation of aquifer-system compaction follow from the basic relations between head, stress, compressibility, and groundwater flow and are addressed primarily using two approaches-one based on conventional groundwater flow theory and one based on linear poroelasticity theory. Research and development to improve the assessment and analysis of aquifer-system compaction, the accompanying subsidence and potential ground ruptures are needed in the topic areas of the hydromechanical behavior of aquitards, the role of horizontal deformation, the application of differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry, and the regional-scale simulation of coupled groundwater flow and aquifer-system deformation to support resource management and hazard mitigation measures. C1 [Galloway, Devin L.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Burbey, Thomas J.] Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Galloway, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3020 State Univ Dr E, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM dlgallow@usgs.gov; tjburbey@vt.edu OI Galloway, Devin/0000-0003-0904-5355 FU USGS; National (US) Science Foundation FX This work was encouraged by Shemin Ge (Editor, Hydrogeology Journal) and supported by the USGS Cooperative Water and Groundwater Resources Programs, and the National (US) Science Foundation. The UNESCO Working Group on Land Subsidence and the American Society of Civil Engineers' Managed Aquifer Recharge Committee, Subcommitte on Land Subsidence provided early reviews of portions of the manuscript. Peer reviews by Stanley A. Leake, Zhong Lu, Chris E. Neuzil (all USGS), two anonymous reviewers and David F. Boutt (Associate Editor, Hydrogeology Journal) greatly improved the manuscript. This review inevitably omits many significant contributions to subsidence research. Errors of omission and commission are the sole responsibility of the authors. NR 218 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 16 U2 129 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 EI 1435-0157 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 19 IS 8 BP 1459 EP 1486 DI 10.1007/s10040-011-0775-5 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 850MB UT WOS:000297197600002 ER PT J AU Schmidt, PM McCleery, RA Lopez, RR Silvy, NJ Schmidt, JA Perry, ND AF Schmidt, Paige M. McCleery, Robert A. Lopez, Roel R. Silvy, Nova J. Schmidt, Jason A. Perry, Neil D. TI Influence of patch, habitat, and landscape characteristics on patterns of Lower Keys marsh rabbit occurrence following Hurricane Wilma SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hurricane Wilma; Lower Keys marsh rabbit; Patch abandonment; Sylvilagus palustris hefneri ID FLORIDA-KEYS; ENDANGERED LAGOMORPH; COASTAL WETLANDS; RECENT INCREASE; BEACH MICE; SEA-LEVEL; SURVIVAL; ATLANTIC; PERSISTENCE; MANAGEMENT AB Degradation of coastal systems has led to increased impacts from hurricanes and storm surges and is of concern for coastal endemics species. Understanding the influence of disturbance on coastal populations like the endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is important to understanding long-term dynamics and for recovery planning. We evaluated the effect of disturbance on the rabbits by determining which patch, habitat, and landscape characteristics influenced habitat use following Hurricane Wilma. We determined patch-level occurrence 6-9 months prior to Hurricane Wilma, within 6 months following the hurricane, and 2 years after the storm to quantify rates of patch abandonment and recurrence. We observed high patch abandonment (37.5% of used patches) 6 months after Hurricane Wilma and low rates of recurrence (38.1% of abandoned patches) 2 years after the storm, an indication that this storm further threatened marsh rabbit viability. We found the proportion of salt-tolerant (e.g., mangroves and scrub mangroves) and salt-intolerant (e.g., freshwater wetlands) vegetation within LKMR patches were negatively and positively correlated with probability of patch abandonment, respectively. We found patch size and the number of used patches surrounding abandoned patches were positively correlated with probability of recurrence. We suggest habitat use following this hurricane was driven by the differential response of non-primary habitats to saline overwash and habitat loss from past development that reduced the size and number of local populations. Our findings demonstrate habitat use studies should be conducted following disturbance and should incorporate on-going effects of development and climate change. C1 [Schmidt, Paige M.; Lopez, Roel R.; Silvy, Nova J.; Schmidt, Jason A.; Perry, Neil D.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. [McCleery, Robert A.] Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Schmidt, PM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 9014 E 21st St, Tulsa, OK 74129 USA. EM paige_schmidt@fws.gov OI McCleery, Robert/0000-0001-7018-005X FU US Department of Defense; US Fish and Wildlife Service FX We received financial support from the US Department of Defense and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. P. Schmidt received support from Texas A&M University, the Alfred P. Sloan Minority PhD. Program, and the Student Career Experience Program of the US Fish and Wildlife Service during data collection and analysis, USDA-APHIS NWRC Ohio Field Station and US Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Biological Services provided support during manuscript preparation. We would like to thank C. Backlund, E. Barham, and G. Kenny at the Naval Air Station Key West Environmental Office for providing access and logistical support and the US Fish and Wildlife Service for access to the Lower Florida Keys Refuges. We are grateful to A. Dedrickson, R. Loughridge, H. Murray, and D. Schmidt for field support, B. Collier for analytical assistance, A. K. Evans and J. Hill, and T. DeVault, B. Blackwell, and 3 anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on this manuscript. NR 56 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1419 EP 1431 DI 10.1007/s10980-011-9654-7 PG 13 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 849PF UT WOS:000297136900010 ER PT J AU Pau, S Wolkovich, EM Cook, BI Davies, TJ Kraft, NJB Bolmgren, K Betancourt, JL Cleland, EE AF Pau, Stephanie Wolkovich, Elizabeth M. Cook, Benjamin I. Davies, T. Jonathan Kraft, Nathan J. B. Bolmgren, Kjell Betancourt, Julio L. Cleland, Elsa E. TI Predicting phenology by integrating ecology, evolution and climate science SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE environmental filtering; growing-degree day models; niche conservatism; photoperiod; temperature sensitivity; temporal niche ID TREE SPECIES RANGE; PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL; FLOWERING PHENOLOGY; COMMUNITY ECOLOGY; NICHE CONSERVATISM; FUNCTIONAL TRAITS; SPRING PHENOLOGY; TROPICAL FORESTS; PLANT PHENOLOGY; LIFE-HISTORY AB Forecasting how species and ecosystems will respond to climate change has been a major aim of ecology in recent years. Much of this research has focused on phenology - the timing of life-history events. Phenology has well-demonstrated links to climate, from genetic to landscape scales; yet our ability to explain and predict variation in phenology across species, habitats and time remains poor. Here, we outline how merging approaches from ecology, climate science and evolutionary biology can advance research on phenological responses to climate variability. Using insight into seasonal and interannual climate variability combined with niche theory and community phylogenetics, we develop a predictive approach for species' reponses to changing climate. Our approach predicts that species occupying higher latitudes or the early growing season should be most sensitive to climate and have the most phylogenetically conserved phenologies. We further predict that temperate species will respond to climate change by shifting in time, while tropical species will respond by shifting space, or by evolving. Although we focus here on plant phenology, our approach is broadly applicable to ecological research of plant responses to climate variability. C1 [Pau, Stephanie] Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. [Wolkovich, Elizabeth M.; Cleland, Elsa E.] Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, La Jolla, CA 92130 USA. [Cook, Benjamin I.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Davies, T. Jonathan] McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. [Kraft, Nathan J. B.] Univ British Columbia, Biodivers Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. [Bolmgren, Kjell] Lund Univ, Dept Biol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. [Betancourt, Julio L.] US Geol Survey, Natl Res Program, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Pau, S (reprint author), Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, 735 State St, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. EM pau@nceas.ucsb.edu RI Kraft, Nathan/A-2817-2012; Cook, Benjamin/H-2265-2012; Bolmgren, Kjell/E-1459-2016 OI Kraft, Nathan/0000-0001-8867-7806; Bolmgren, Kjell/0000-0001-9552-9684 FU National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS); NSF [EF-0553768]; University of California, Santa Barbara; State of California; USA National Phenology Network [IOS-0639794]; NSERC FX This work was conducted as part of the Forecasting Phenology working group supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), a Center funded by NSF (Grant #EF-0553768), the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the State of California, and was supported by the USA National Phenology Network and its NSF RCN grant (IOS-0639794) and conducted while EMW was an NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Biology (DBI-0905806), SP was an NCEAS postdoctoral associate and while NJBK was supported by the NSERC CREATE training program in biodiversity research. Please see Appendix S3 for author contributions. We thank A. Rogstad and J. Weltzin for assistance in reviewing cues across fields, H. Kharouba, S. Mazer, C. Parmesan, K. Gerst, and J. Morisette for comments on an earlier draft, and thank all members of the working group for discussion and perspectives across fields. NR 78 TC 112 Z9 116 U1 36 U2 277 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1354-1013 EI 1365-2486 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 17 IS 12 BP 3633 EP 3643 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02515.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 843XN UT WOS:000296710600010 ER PT J AU Zhou, GY Wei, XH Wu, YP Liu, SG Huang, YH Yan, JH Zhang, DQ Zhang, QM Liu, JX Meng, Z Wang, CL Chu, GW Liu, SZ Tang, XL Liu, XD AF Zhou, Guoyi Wei, Xiaohua Wu, Yiping Liu, Shuguang Huang, Yuhui Yan, Junhua Zhang, Deqiang Zhang, Qianmei Liu, Juxiu Meng, Ze Wang, Chunlin Chu, Guowei Liu, Shizhong Tang, Xuli Liu, Xiaodong TI Quantifying the hydrological responses to climate change in an intact forested small watershed in Southern China SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate change; floods and droughts; intact watershed; long-term study; precipitation pattern; soil moisture ID SOIL-MOISTURE; RIVER-BASIN; GROUNDWATER RECHARGE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; CO2 CONCENTRATION; PRECIPITATION; TRENDS; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE AB Responses of hydrological processes to climate change are key components in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) assessment. Understanding these responses is critical for developing appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies for sustainable water resources management and protection of public safety. However, these responses are not well understood and little long-term evidence exists. Herein, we show how climate change, specifically increased air temperature and storm intensity, can affect soil moisture dynamics and hydrological variables based on both long-term observation and model simulations using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in an intact forested watershed (the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve) in Southern China. Our results show that, although total annual precipitation changed little from 1950 to 2009, soil moisture decreased significantly. A significant decline was also found in the monthly 7-day low flow from 2000 to 2009. However, the maximum daily streamflow in the wet season and unconfined groundwater tables have significantly increased during the same 10-year period. The significant decreasing trends on soil moisture and low flow variables suggest that the study watershed is moving towards drought-like condition. Our analysis indicates that the intensification of rainfall storms and the increasing number of annual no-rain days were responsible for the increasing chance of both droughts and floods. We conclude that climate change has indeed induced more extreme hydrological events (e. g. droughts and floods) in this watershed and perhaps other areas of Southern China. This study also demonstrated usefulness of our research methodology and its possible applications on quantifying the impacts of climate change on hydrology in any other watersheds where long-term data are available and human disturbance is negligible. C1 [Zhou, Guoyi; Huang, Yuhui; Yan, Junhua; Zhang, Deqiang; Zhang, Qianmei; Liu, Juxiu; Meng, Ze; Chu, Guowei; Liu, Shizhong; Tang, Xuli; Liu, Xiaodong] Chinese Acad Sci, S China Bot Garden, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Wei, Xiaohua] Univ British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada. [Wu, Yiping] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS, Arct Slope Reg Corp ASRC, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Liu, Shuguang] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Wang, Chunlin] China Meteorol Adm, Climate & Agrometeorol Ctr Guangdong Prov, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, Peoples R China. RP Zhou, GY (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, S China Bot Garden, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, Peoples R China. EM gyzhou@scib.ac.cn RI Liu, Juxiu/B-3400-2009; Wu, Yiping/D-2276-2012 OI Wu, Yiping/0000-0002-5163-0884 FU NSFC [30725006, 2009CB421101, NSFC40730102, NSFG8351065005000001] FX The study is supported by NSFC 30725006, 2009CB421101, NSFC40730102 and NSFG8351065005000001 and belongs to a part of CERN (Chinese Ecosystem Research Network). NR 54 TC 45 Z9 55 U1 8 U2 104 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 17 IS 12 BP 3736 EP 3746 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02499.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 843XN UT WOS:000296710600018 ER PT J AU Sammis, CG Lockner, DA Reches, Z AF Sammis, Charles G. Lockner, David A. Reches, Ze'ev TI The Role of Adsorbed Water on the Friction of a Layer of Submicron Particles SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FAULT; RATES AB Anomalously low values of friction observed in layers of submicron particles deformed in simple shear at high slip velocities are explained as the consequence of a one nanometer thick layer of water adsorbed on the particles. The observed transition from normal friction with an apparent coefficient near mu = 0.6 at low slip speeds to a coefficient near mu = 0.3 at higher slip speeds is attributed to competition between the time required to extrude the water layer from between neighboring particles in a force chain and the average lifetime of the chain. At low slip speeds the time required for extrusion is less than the average lifetime of a chain so the particles make contact and lock. As slip speed increases, the average lifetime of a chain decreases until it is less than the extrusion time and the particles in a force chain never come into direct contact. If the adsorbed water layer enables the otherwise rough particles to rotate, the coefficient of friction will drop to mu = 0.3, appropriate for rotating spheres. At the highest slip speeds particle temperatures rise above 100A degrees C, the water layer vaporizes, the particles contact and lock, and the coefficient of friction rises to mu = 0.6. The observed onset of weakening at slip speeds near 0.001 m/s is consistent with the measured viscosity of a 1 nm thick layer of adsorbed water, with a minimum particle radius of approximately 20 nm, and with reasonable assumptions about the distribution of force chains guided by experimental observation. The reduction of friction and the range of velocities over which it occurs decrease with increasing normal stress, as predicted by the model. Moreover, the analysis predicts that this high-speed weakening mechanism should operate only for particles with radii smaller than approximately 1 mu m. For larger particles the slip speed required for weakening is so large that frictional heating will evaporate the adsorbed water and weakening will not occur. C1 [Sammis, Charles G.] Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Lockner, David A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Reches, Ze'ev] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Sammis, CG (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM sammis@usc.edu NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 168 IS 12 BP 2325 EP 2334 DI 10.1007/s00024-011-0324-0 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 846HO UT WOS:000296888000012 ER PT J AU Heesakkers, V Murphy, S Lockner, DA Reches, Z AF Heesakkers, V. Murphy, S. Lockner, D. A. Reches, Z. TI Earthquake Rupture at Focal Depth, Part II: Mechanics of the 2004 M2.2 Earthquake Along the Pretorius Fault, TauTona Mine, South Africa SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU STRESS; GOLD MINE; STRENGTH; TREMORS; STATE; DEFORMATION; CONSTRAINTS; MAGNITUDE; PRESSURE; GRANITE AB We analyze here the rupture mechanics of the 2004, M2.2 earthquake based on our observations and measurements at focal depth (Part I). This event ruptured the Archean Pretorius fault that has been inactive for at least 2 Ga, and was reactivated due to mining operations down to a depth of 3.6 km depth. Thus, it was expected that the Pretorius fault zone will fail similarly to an intact rock body independently of its ancient healed structure. Our analysis reveals a few puzzling features of the M2.2 rupture-zone: (1) the earthquake ruptured four, non-parallel, cataclasite bearing segments of the ancient Pretorius fault-zone; (2) slip occurred almost exclusively along the cataclasite-host rock contacts of the slipping segments; (3) the local in-situ stress field is not favorable to slip along any of these four segments; and (4) the Archean cataclasite is pervasively sintered and cemented to become brittle and strong. To resolve these observations, we conducted rock mechanics experiments on the fault-rocks and host-rocks and found a strong mechanical contrast between the quartzitic cataclasite zones, with elastic-brittle rheology, and the host quartzites, with damage, elastic-plastic rheology. The finite-element modeling of a heterogeneous fault-zone with the measured mechanical contrast indicates that the slip is likely to reactivate the ancient cataclasite-bearing segments, as observed, due to the strong mechanical contrast between the cataclasite and the host quartzitic rock. C1 [Heesakkers, V.; Reches, Z.] Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Murphy, S.] AngloGold Ashanti, Carletonville, South Africa. [Lockner, D. A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Heesakkers, V (reprint author), Chevron ETC, 1500 Louisiana St, Houston, TX 77002 USA. EM reches@ou.edu FU National Science Foundation [0409605]; ICDP; US Geological survey; AngloGoldAshanti; ISS International; National Research Foundation (NRF) FX We are in debt to many people and organizations. Foremost to Gerrie van Aswegen of ISS International who guided and advised us throughout this entire study. This work was not possible without the invaluable help and support by Hannes Moller, Pieter van Zyl, Rob Burnet, and many other workers in TauTona mine and ISSI. We greatly appreciate the help in underground work by Tom Dewers, Amir Allam, Kate Moore, and Matthew Zechmeister of University of Oklahoma, Reginald Domoney, Selwyn Adams, and Curnell Campher, of the University of Western Cape, South Africa, Amie Lucier of Stanford University, and Malcolm Johnston, US Geological Survey. This work could not be completed without the important advice, suggestions and encouragement by the NELSAM team of Tom Jordan, Malcolm Johnston, Mark Zoback, TC Onstott, as well as Hiroshi Ogasawara, Ritsumeikan University, Japan, and Uli Harms, GFZ, Germany. Many thanks to AngloGoldAshanti for the permission to work in the TauTona mine and the generous logistic support. The thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers significantly improved the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant no. 0409605 (NELSAM project), and the drilling grant by ICDP (DAFSAM project). Other sponsors of this work include US Geological survey, AngloGoldAshanti, ISS International, and National Research Foundation (NRF). NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 168 IS 12 BP 2427 EP 2449 DI 10.1007/s00024-011-0355-6 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 846HO UT WOS:000296888000017 ER PT J AU Ford, WM Britzke, ER Dobony, CA Rodrigue, JL Johnson, JB AF Ford, W. Mark Britzke, Eric R. Dobony, Christopher A. Rodrigue, Jane L. Johnson, Joshua B. TI Patterns of Acoustical Activity of Bats Prior to and Following White-Nose Syndrome Occurrence SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE acoustical activity; bats; monitoring; Myotis; white-nose syndrome ID ECHOLOCATION CALLS; HABITAT PREFERENCE; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; FOREST LANDSCAPE; MYOTIS-LUCIFUGUS; SOUTH-CAROLINA; NORTH-AMERICA; COASTAL-PLAIN; UNITED-STATES; BROWN BATS AB White-nose Syndrome (WNS), a wildlife health concern that has decimated cave-hibernating bat populations in eastern North America since 2006, began affecting source-caves for summer bat populations at Fort Drum, a U. S. Army installation in New York in the winter of 2007-2008. As regional die-offs of bats became evident, and Fort Drum's known populations began showing declines, we examined whether WNS-induced change in abundance patterns and seasonal timing of bat activity could be quantified using acoustical surveys, 2003-2010, at structurally uncluttered riparian-water habitats (i.e., streams, ponds, and wet meadows). As predicted, we observed significant declines in overall summer activity between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for little brown bats Myotis lucifugus, northern bats M. septentrionalis, and Indiana bats M. sodalis. We did not observe any significant change in activity patterns between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus, eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis, or the small number of tri-colored bats Perimyotis subflavus. Activity of silver-haired bats Lasionycteris noctivagans increased from pre-WNS to post-WNS years. Activity levels of hoary bats Lasiurus cinereus significantly declined between pre- and post-WNS years. As a nonhibernating, migratory species, hoary bat declines might be correlated with wind-energy development impacts occurring in the same time frame rather than WNS. Intraseason activity patterns also were affected by WNS, though the results were highly variable among species. Little brown bats showed an overall increase in activity from early to late summer pre-WNS, presumably due to detections of newly volant young added to the local population. However, the opposite occurred post-WNS, indicating that reproduction among surviving little brown bats may be declining. Our data suggest that acoustical monitoring during the summer season can provide insights into species' relative abundance on the landscape as affected by the occurrence of WNS. C1 [Ford, W. Mark] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Britzke, Eric R.] USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Environm Lab, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. [Dobony, Christopher A.] USA, Installat Command, Ft Drum, NY 13602 USA. [Rodrigue, Jane L.] US Forest Serv, No Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. [Johnson, Joshua B.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. RP Ford, WM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Geol Survey, Virginia Fish & Wildlife Cooperat Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM wmford@vt.edu FU Department of the Army, Fort Drum; U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station; U.S. Army Engineer and Research Development Center FX We thank R. Rainbolt for assistance throughout this project. Comments from the Subject Editor and three anonymous reviewers greatly improved this manuscript. This work was funded by financial and in-kind contributions of the Department of the Army, Fort Drum, the U.S. Army Engineer and Research Development Center, and the U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station. NR 54 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 73 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 125 EP 134 DI 10.3996/042011-JFWM-027 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500002 ER PT J AU Krementz, DG Asante, K Naylor, LW AF Krementz, David G. Asante, Kwasi Naylor, Luke W. TI Spring Migration of Mallards from Arkansas as Determined by Satellite Telemetry SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Anas platyrhynchos; mallard; migration; movements; satellite telemetry ID HOME-RANGE; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; REPRODUCTION; POPULATION; SIZE; RECRUITMENT; PINTAILS; HARVEST; ROUTES; WINTER AB We used satellite telemetry to document spring migration phenology, routes, stopover regions, and nesting sites of mallards Anas platyrhynchos marked in Arkansas during the winters of 2004-2007. Of the 143 marked mallards that migrated from Arkansas, they did so, on average, by mid-March. Mallards flew over the Missouri Ozarks and 42% made an initial stopover in Missouri, where they used areas that had larger rivers (Mississippi River, Missouri River) embedded in an agricultural landscape. From this stopover region they either migrated directly to the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) or they migrated north to Minnesota where they either moved next to the PPR or to the north and east of the PPR. For those mallards (83%) that stopped for >1 d before entering the PPR, the average length at each stop was 12 d (SE = 0.90 d, range = 2-54 d). Mallards made more stopovers, made shorter migration movements, and took longer to move to the PPR in wetter than drier years. Mallards arrived in the PPR earlier in 2006 ((x) over bar = 30 March, SE = 2.18 d) than in 2005 ((x) over bar = 7 April, SE = 2.30 d). Females nested across nine Bird Conservation Regions. Nesting occurred most frequently in South Dakota (n = 9). The average date when females nested was 19 April (SE = 2.44 d, range = 12 March-26 May). Because many mallards headed for the large river corridors in Missouri for their first stopover, this region is an important spring migration stopover of continental importance to mallards and might be considered a focal area for conservation. C1 [Krementz, David G.] 1 Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Asante, Kwasi] 1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Geosci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Naylor, Luke W.] Arkansas Game & Fish Commiss, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Krementz, DG (reprint author), 1 Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM krementz@uark.edu FU Arkansas Game & Fish Commission; U.S. Geological Survey Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX Funding was provided by the Arkansas Game & Fish Commission and the U.S. Geological Survey Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. NR 49 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 16 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 156 EP 168 DI 10.3996/042011-JFWM-026 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500005 ER PT J AU Cade, BS Johnson, PR AF Cade, Brian S. Johnson, Pamela R. TI Quantile Equivalence to Evaluate Compliance With Habitat Management Objectives SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE equivalence testing; habitat; quantiles; refuges; Comprehensive Conservation Plans ID SIGNIFICANCE TESTS; DISTRIBUTIONS; CONFIDENCE; REGRESSION AB Equivalence estimated with linear quantile regression was used to evaluate compliance with habitat management objectives at Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge based on monitoring data collected in upland (5,781 ha; n = 511 transects) and riparian and meadow (2,856 ha, n = 389 transects) habitats from 2005 to 2008. Quantiles were used because the management objectives specified proportions of the habitat area that needed to comply with vegetation criteria. The linear model was used to obtain estimates that were averaged across 4 y. The equivalence testing framework allowed us to interpret confidence intervals for estimated proportions with respect to intervals of vegetative criteria (equivalence regions) in either a liberal, benefit-of-doubt or conservative, fail-safe approach associated with minimizing alternative risks. Simple Boolean conditional arguments were used to combine the quantile equivalence results for individual vegetation components into a joint statement for the multivariable management objectives. For example, management objective 2A required at least 809 ha of upland habitat with a shrub composition >= 0.70 sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), 20-30% canopy cover of sagebrush >= 25 cm in height, >= 20% canopy cover of grasses, and >= 10% canopy cover of forbs on average over 4 y. Shrub composition and canopy cover of grass each were readily met on >3,000 ha under either conservative or liberal interpretations of sampling variability. However, there were only 809-1,214 ha (conservative to liberal) with >= 10% forb canopy cover and 405-1,098 ha with 20-30% canopy cover of sagebrush >= 25 cm in height. Only 91-180 ha of uplands simultaneously met criteria for all four components, primarily because canopy cover of sagebrush and forbs was inversely related when considered at the spatial scale (30 m) of a sample transect. We demonstrate how the quantile equivalence analyses also can help refine the numerical specification of habitat objectives and explore specification of spatial scales for objectives with respect to sampling scales used to evaluate those objectives. C1 [Cade, Brian S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Johnson, Pamela R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arapaho Natl Wildlife Refuge, Walden, CO 80480 USA. RP Cade, BS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM cadeb@usgs.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 169 EP 182 DI 10.3996/052011-JFWM-032 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500006 ER PT J AU Guy, CS McMahon, TE Fredenberg, WA Smith, CJ Garfield, DW Cox, BS AF Guy, Christopher S. McMahon, Thomas E. Fredenberg, Wade A. Smith, Clinton J. Garfield, David W. Cox, Benjamin S. TI Diet Overlap of Top-Level Predators in Recent Sympatry: Bull Trout and Nonnative Lake Trout SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bull trout; diet overlap; kokanee; lake trout; mysis; nonnative; predators ID CUTTHROAT TROUT; DISPLACEMENT; POPULATION; DYNAMICS AB The establishment of nonnative lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in lakes containing lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout Salvelinus confluentus often results in a precipitous decline in bull trout abundance. The exact mechanism for the decline is unknown, but one hypothesis is related to competitive exclusion for prey resources. We had the rare opportunity to study the diets of bull trout and nonnative lake trout in Swan Lake, Montana during a concomitant study. The presence of nonnative lake trout in Swan Lake is relatively recent and the population is experiencing rapid population growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diets of bull trout and lake trout during the early expansion of this nonnative predator. Diets were sampled from 142 bull trout and 327 lake trout during the autumn in 2007 and 2008. Bull trout and lake trout had similar diets, both consumed Mysis diluviana as the primary invertebrate, especially at juvenile stages, and kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka as the primary vertebrate prey, as adults. A diet shift from primarily M. diluviana to fish occurred at similar lengths for both species, 506 mm (476-545 mm, 95% CI) for bull trout and 495 mm (470-518 mm CI) for lake trout. These data indicate high diet overlap between these two morphologically similar top-level predators. Competitive exclusion may be a possible mechanism if the observed overlap remains similar at varying prey densities and availability. C1 [Guy, Christopher S.] Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Dept Ecol,Fish & Wildlife Management Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [McMahon, Thomas E.; Smith, Clinton J.; Cox, Benjamin S.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Fish & Wildlife Management Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Fredenberg, Wade A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Creston Fish & Wildlife Ctr, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. RP Guy, CS (reprint author), Montana State Univ, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Dept Ecol,Fish & Wildlife Management Program, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM cguy@montana.edu NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 27 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.3996/012011-JFWM-004 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500007 ER PT J AU Lynch, RL Brandt, LA Chen, HJ Ogurcak, D Fujisaki, I Mazzotti, FJ AF Lynch, Ryan L. Brandt, Laura A. Chen, Hongjun Ogurcak, Danielle Fujisaki, Ikuko Mazzotti, Frank J. TI Recruitment and Growth of Old World Climbing Fern in Hurricane-Caused Canopy Gaps SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Old World climbing fern; hurricane damage; Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge; invasive plants, Lygodium microphyllum ID LYGODIUM-MICROPHYLLUM; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; HARDWOOD HAMMOCKS; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; TROPICAL FOREST; SOUTH FLORIDA; TREE ISLANDS; PUERTO-RICO; REGENERATION; DISTURBANCE AB Following 2 y of severe hurricanes in 2004 and 2005, we examined the role of canopy gaps in promoting recruitment and growth of the exotic fern, Old World climbing fern Lygodium microphyllum (hereafter Lygodium), on tree islands of the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. We selected 12 sample tree islands, on which we placed three 1-m(2) plots in a hurricane-caused canopy gap and three plots in an adjacent closed canopy area. Spore traps were placed in canopy gaps and closed canopy areas to quantify the number of spores reaching the forest floor on each island. In addition, in each plot occurrence and growth of Lygodium was measured across four height classes (recruitment class, understory, midstory, and canopy). We predicted that recruitment and growth of Lygodium would be higher in canopy gaps than in closed canopy areas. After 3 y of biannual monitoring, a significantly greater number of spores were found in canopy gaps (4,804 spores.m(2).d) than in closed canopy areas (4,288 spores.m(2).d). Furthermore, we observed significantly greater recruitment and growth in canopy gaps compared with closed canopy areas in the recruitment class only. Presence of recruitment-class Lygodium in canopy gaps increased from four to five treatment areas and decreased from 1 to 0 treatment areas in closed canopy areas. These results suggest differences in recruitment and growth of Lygodium between canopy gaps and closed canopy areas on tree islands after severe hurricanes. However, despite the large number of spores in both canopy gaps and closed canopy areas, recruitment and growth were much lower than expected, with only two treatment areas having an average percent cover greater than 10% in any height class. If conducted within several years after a hurricane, focused monitoring efforts on hurricane-impacted tree islands may allow managers to detect and treat new infestations before they are able to overrun tree islands. C1 [Lynch, Ryan L.; Chen, Hongjun; Ogurcak, Danielle; Fujisaki, Ikuko; Mazzotti, Frank J.] Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Davie, FL 33314 USA. [Brandt, Laura A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Davie, FL 33314 USA. RP Lynch, RL (reprint author), S Florida Water Management Dist, 3301 Gun Club Rd, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. EM ryan.l.lynch@gmail.com FU Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (South Florida and Caribbean); U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge; University of Florida FX This research was funded through a Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (South Florida and Caribbean) agreement between U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, and University of Florida. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 17 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.3996/062011-JFWM-040 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500010 ER PT J AU Stetz, JB Kendall, KC Vojta, CD AF Stetz, Jeff B. Kendall, Katherine C. Vojta, Christina D. CA Genetic Monitoring GeM Working Grp TI Genetic Monitoring for Managers: A New Online Resource SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE conservation; DNA; genetic monitoring; genetic sampling; molecular ecology AB Monitoring our natural resources will increasingly rely on genetic tools in order to understand and respond to invasive species, habitat degradation, fragmentation, disease, or climate-related changes. In recent years, the rapidly evolving field of genetic monitoring has seen explosive growth in sampling methods, genetic markers, and analytical approaches designed to estimate a wide range of parameters from connectivity to population growth rates. Some of these methods have taken root and now dominate particular aspects of population assessment and monitoring, whereas others have seen less success in real-world applications. To aid managers and researchers with limited genetics experience, we developed a web-based resource to help them identify which, if any, molecular genetic methods would be appropriate for population assessments or monitoring. The site was developed in cooperation with a team of experts in fields such as evolutionary biology, demographic parameter estimation, and exotic species detection to provide a broad, dynamic, and easily understood resource with limited jargon. The site also provides distilled examples from the recent literature, along with contact information for experts in various techniques. The website, Genetic Monitoring for Managers, is now available at http://alaska.fws.gov/gem/mainPage_1.htm. C1 [Stetz, Jeff B.] Univ Montana, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Kendall, Katherine C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, W Glacier, MT 59936 USA. [Vojta, Christina D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Stetz, JB (reprint author), Univ Montana, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM jeff.stetz@gmail.com FU National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NSF) [EF-0423641]; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis [EF-0423641]; National Science Foundation (NSF) [EF-0553768] FX This work was conducted as part of the Genetic Monitoring Working Group, jointly supported by the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NSF #EF-0423641) and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a center funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF #EF-0553768), the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the State of California. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 12 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 216 EP 219 DI 10.3996/082011-JFWM-048 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500012 ER PT J AU Runge, MC AF Runge, Michael C. TI An Introduction to Adaptive Management for Threatened and Endangered Species SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; decision analysis; endangered species; structured decision making; value of information ID STRUCTURED DECISION-MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL-MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; GRAND-CANYON; UNCERTAINTY; RECOVERY; RISK; POPULATIONS; EVERGLADES; RESOURCES AB Management of threatened and endangered species would seem to be a perfect context for adaptive management. Many of the decisions are recurrent and plagued by uncertainty, exactly the conditions that warrant an adaptive approach. But although the potential of adaptive management in these settings has been extolled, there are limited applications in practice. The impediments to practical implementation are manifold and include semantic confusion, institutional inertia, misperceptions about the suitability and utility, and a lack of guiding examples. In this special section of the Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, we hope to reinvigorate the appropriate application of adaptive management for threatened and endangered species by framing such management in a decision-analytical context, clarifying misperceptions, classifying the types of decisions that might be amenable to an adaptive approach, and providing three fully developed case studies. In this overview paper, I define terms, review the past application of adaptive management, challenge perceived hurdles, and set the stage for the case studies which follow. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 21228 USA. RP Runge, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 21228 USA. EM mrunge@usgs.gov RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X FU National Conservation Training Center; U.S. Geological Survey FX This work grew out of interest by participants in the Adaptive Management Conference Series to take a formal decision-analytical approach to applied problems of importance to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The project was supported by the National Conservation Training Center and the U.S. Geological Survey, as well as several U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service field offices. Donna Brewer and Monica Tomosy were instrumental in initiating, coordinating, and supporting this project. I am grateful to Sarah Converse, Jennifer Szymanski, Drew Tyre, Clint Moore, Fred Johnson, two anonymous reviewers, and the Subject Editor for suggestions that have improved this paper. NR 81 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 14 U2 73 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 220 EP 233 DI 10.3996/082011-JFWM-045 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500013 ER PT J AU Johnson, FA Breininger, DR Duncan, BW Nichols, JD Runge, MC Williams, BK AF Johnson, Fred A. Breininger, David R. Duncan, Brean W. Nichols, James D. Runge, Michael C. Williams, B. Ken TI A Markov Decision Process for Managing Habitat for Florida Scrub-Jays SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Florida scrub-jay; prescribed burning; decision analysis; adaptive management; transition probability; dynamic programming; Markov decision process ID OPTIMAL FIRE MANAGEMENT; EAST-CENTRAL FLORIDA; SOURCE-SINK DYNAMICS; ADAPTIVE-MANAGEMENT; DEMOGRAPHIC SUCCESS; UNCERTAINTY; OPTIMIZATION; POPULATIONS; COMMUNITY; HARVESTS AB Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act due to loss and degradation of scrub habitat. This study concerned the development of an optimal strategy for the restoration and management of scrub habitat at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, which contains one of the few remaining large populations of scrub-jays in Florida. There are documented differences in the reproductive and survival rates of scrub-jays among discrete classes of scrub height (<120 cm or "short"; 120-170 cm or "optimal"; >170 cm or "tall"; and a combination of tall and optimal or "mixed"), and our objective was to calculate a state-dependent management strategy that would maximize the long-term growth rate of the resident scrub-jay population. We used aerial imagery with multistate Markov models to estimate annual transition probabilities among the four scrub-height classes under three possible management actions: scrub restoration (mechanical cutting followed by burning), a prescribed burn, or no intervention. A strategy prescribing the optimal management action for management units exhibiting different proportions of scrub-height classes was derived using dynamic programming. Scrub restoration was the optimal management action only in units dominated by mixed and tall scrub, and burning tended to be the optimal action for intermediate levels of short scrub. The optimal action was to do nothing when the amount of short scrub was greater than 30%, because short scrub mostly transitions to optimal height scrub (i.e., that state with the highest demographic success of scrub-jays) in the absence of intervention. Monte Carlo simulation of the optimal policy suggested that some form of management would be required every year. We note, however, that estimates of scrub-height transition probabilities were subject to several sources of uncertainty, and so we explored the management implications of alternative sets of transition probabilities. Generally, our analysis demonstrated the difficulty of managing for a species that requires midsuccessional habitat, and suggests that innovative management tools may be needed to help ensure the persistence of scrub-jays at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. The development of a tailored monitoring program as a component of adaptive management could help reduce uncertainty about controlled and uncontrolled variation in transition probabilities of scrub-height and thus lead to improved decision making. C1 [Johnson, Fred A.] US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. [Breininger, David R.; Duncan, Brean W.] Innovat Hlth Applicat, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Nichols, James D.; Runge, Michael C.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Williams, B. Ken] US Geol Survey, Cooperat Wildlife Res Units, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Johnson, FA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, POB 110485, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. EM fjohnson@usgs.gov RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We are grateful to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff, especially M. Epstein, R. Hight, C. Hunter, and M. Legare, who encouraged us to explore the potential use of adaptive management to help ensure the persistence of Florida scrub-jays at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. This study was funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this article is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 35 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 234 EP 246 DI 10.3996/012011-JFWM-003 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500014 ER PT J AU Moore, CT Fonnesbeck, CJ Shea, K Lah, KJ McKenzie, PM Ball, LC Runge, MC Alexander, HM AF Moore, Clinton T. Fonnesbeck, Christopher J. Shea, Katriona Lah, Kristopher J. McKenzie, Paul M. Ball, Lianne C. Runge, Michael C. Alexander, Helen M. TI An Adaptive Decision Framework for the Conservation of a Threatened Plant SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; Asclepias meadii; Mead's milkweed; population dynamics; population viability; threatened and endangered species; uncertainty ID MARK-RECAPTURE MODELS; ASCLEPIAS-MEADII; LIFE-HISTORY; MILKWEED; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS; RESTORATION; UNCERTAINTY; VIABILITY AB Mead's milkweed Asclepias meadii, a long-lived perennial herb of tallgrass prairie and glade communities of the central United States, is a species designated as threatened under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. Challenges to its successful management include the facts that much about its life history is unknown, its age at reproductive maturity is very advanced, certain life stages are practically unobservable, its productivity is responsive to unpredictable environmental events, and most of the known populations occur on private lands unprotected by any legal conservation instrument. One critical source of biological uncertainty is the degree to which fire promotes growth and reproductive response in the plant. To aid in its management, we developed a prototype population-level state-dependent decision-making framework that explicitly accounts for this uncertainty and for uncertainties related to stochastic environmental effects and vital rates. To parameterize the decision model, we used estimates found in the literature, and we analyzed data from a long-term monitoring program where fates of individual plants were observed through time. We demonstrate that different optimal courses of action are followed according to how one believes that fire influences reproductive response, and we show that the action taken for certain population states is informative for resolving uncertainty about competing beliefs regarding the effect of fire. We advocate the use of a model-predictive approach for the management of rare populations, particularly when management uncertainty is profound. Over time, an adaptive management approach should reduce uncertainty and improve management performance as predictions of management outcome generated under competing models are continually informed and updated by monitoring data. C1 [Moore, Clinton T.] Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Fonnesbeck, Christopher J.] Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biostat, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. [Shea, Katriona] Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Shea, Katriona] Penn State Univ, IGDP Ecol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Lah, Kristopher J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chicago Illinois Field Off, Barrington, IL 60010 USA. [McKenzie, Paul M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia Missouri Field Off, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. [Ball, Lianne C.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Ecosyst Mission Area, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Runge, Michael C.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Alexander, Helen M.] Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Moore, CT (reprint author), Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, 180 E Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM cmoore@warnell.uga.edu RI Shea, Katriona/B-7954-2008; Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Shea, Katriona/0000-0002-7607-8248; Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 28 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 247 EP 261 DI 10.3996/012011-JFWM-007 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500015 ER PT J AU Tyre, AJ Peterson, JT Converse, SJ Bogich, T Miller, D van der Burg, MP Thomas, C Thompson, R Wood, J Brewer, DC Runge, MC AF Tyre, Andrew J. Peterson, James T. Converse, Sarah J. Bogich, Tiffany Miller, Damien van der Burg, Max Post Thomas, Carmen Thompson, Ralph Wood, Jeri Brewer, Donna C. Runge, Michael C. TI Adaptive Management of Bull Trout Populations in the Lemhi Basin SO JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE migratory; occupancy; patch network model; Salvelinus confluentus; Salvelinus fontinalis; stochastic dynamic programming ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; SALVELINUS-CONFLUENTUS; HABITAT USE; CONSERVATION GENETICS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; LIFE-HISTORY; METAPOPULATION; MONTANA; STREAMS; RIVER AB The bull trout Salvelinus confluentus, a stream-living salmonid distributed in drainages of the northwestern United States, is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act because of rangewide declines. One proposed recovery action is the reconnection of tributaries in the Lemhi Basin. Past water use policies in this core area disconnected headwater spawning sites from downstream habitat and have led to the loss of migratory life history forms. We developed an adaptive management framework to analyze which types of streams should be prioritized for reconnection under a proposed Habitat Conservation Plan. We developed a Stochastic Dynamic Program that identified optimal policies over time under four different assumptions about the nature of the migratory behavior and the effects of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis on subpopulations of bull trout. In general, given the current state of the system and the uncertainties about the dynamics, the optimal policy would be to connect streams that are currently occupied by bull trout. We also estimated the value of information as the difference between absolute certainty about which of our four assumptions were correct, and a model averaged optimization assuming no knowledge. Overall there is little to be gained by learning about the dynamics of the system in its current state, although in other parts of the state space reducing uncertainties about the system would be very valuable. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis; the optimal decision at the current state does not change even when parameter values are changed up to 75% of the baseline values. Overall, the exercise demonstrates that it is possible to apply adaptive management principles to threatened and endangered species, but logistical and data availability constraints make detailed analyses difficult. C1 [Tyre, Andrew J.; van der Burg, Max Post] Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68510 USA. [Peterson, James T.] Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Converse, Sarah J.; Runge, Michael C.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Bogich, Tiffany] Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Conservat Sci Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England. [Miller, Damien] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Chubbuck, ID 83202 USA. [Thomas, Carmen; Wood, Jeri] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Boise, ID 83709 USA. [Thompson, Ralph] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. [Brewer, Donna C.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Conservat Training Ctr, Shepherdstown, VA 25443 USA. RP Tyre, AJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE 68510 USA. EM atyre2@unlnotes.unl.edu RI Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011; OI Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X; Bogich, Tiffany/0000-0002-8143-5289; Post van der Burg, Max/0000-0002-3943-4194; Converse, Sarah J/0000-0002-3719-5441 FU U.S. Geological Survey; Nebraska Game and Parks Commission [T-47]; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Georgia Department of Natural Resources, University of Georgia; Wildlife Management Institute; U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center FX AJT was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, State Wildlife Grant T-47 from the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. JP was supported by the Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, which is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, the University of Georgia, and the Wildlife Management Institute. SJC and MCR were supported by U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 29 PU U S FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE PI SHEPHERDSTOWN PA NATL CONSERVATION TRAINING CENTER, CONSERVATION LIBRARY, 698 CONSERVATION WAY, SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV 25443 USA SN 1944-687X J9 J FISH WILDL MANAG JI J. Fish Wildl. Manag. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 2 IS 2 BP 262 EP 281 DI 10.3996/022011-JFWM-012 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 044NC UT WOS:000311625500016 ER PT J AU Painter, R Byl, T Sharpe, L Kheder, A Harris, J AF Painter, Roger Byl, Tom Sharpe, Lonnie Kheder, Ahmad Harris, Justin TI The Role of Attached and Free-Living Bacteria in Biodegradation in Karst Aquifers SO WATER LA English DT Article DE karst; biodegradation; attached; free-living; bacteria ID CONTAMINATION; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Natural attenuation of groundwater contamination occurs at some level for all aquifers impacted with organic contaminants. The issues regarding natural attenuation are whether it takes place at a sufficient rate to be protective of human health and the environment. Implementation of a Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) remedial alternative for groundwater requires parties responsible for the contamination to demonstrate to regulators and the public that MNA is protective at a given site. Analysis of MNA for remediation of karst aquifers is hampered by a lack of understanding of biodegradation in karst environments. The lack of studies examining biodegradation in karst aquifers may in large part be due to the widespread perception that contaminants are rapidly flushed out of karst aquifers resulting in insufficient residence times for contaminants to biodegrade. In highly developed and well-connected conduit systems, the rate of contaminant migration is perceived to be much faster than the rate of biodegradation. This perception of contaminant transport is largely incorrect. Tracer studies for karst aquifers often indicate that these aquifers are characterized by diverse flow regimes and storage capabilities. Additionally, it is also believed that if bioremediation in bedrock aquifers is dependent upon contact between surface-attached bacteria and contaminants, then bioremediation would be limited by the low surface-area-to-volume ratio (SA/V) of karst aquifers. A quantitative basis, however, for accepting or rejecting the assumption that attached bacteria dominate the biodegradation process in karst conduits has not been shown. The objective of this research was to determine if free-living karst bacteria from contributed as much to toluene biodegradation as attached bacteria. This is an important area of research. Research indicates bacteria are both attached and free-living in karst aquifers and it is unrealistic to think that only the attached bacteria facilitate biodegradation. The groundwater use in all tests was taken from a karst aquifer know to be impacted by BTEX. The resulting first-order rate constants were computed to be 0.014 per hour for the open system and 0.0155 per hour for the packed reactor system. Biodegradation of toluene in flow-through laboratory karst systems of varying SA/V indicated that the observed biodegradation of toluene was attributable to free-living karst bacteria and not limited by low SA/V in karst. This was evidenced by the fact that the systems with five-fold variation in SA/V were shown to have observed pseudo first order reaction rate constants that differed by only 7.0%. If attached bacteria were primarily responsible for biodegradation and limiting, a proportional difference in the observed rates relative to the difference in surface area would be expected. C1 [Painter, Roger; Byl, Tom; Sharpe, Lonnie; Kheder, Ahmad; Harris, Justin] Tennessee State Univ, Nashville, TN 37209 USA. [Byl, Tom] US Geol Survey, Nashville, TN 37211 USA. RP Painter, R (reprint author), Tennessee State Univ, Nashville, TN 37209 USA. EM rpainter@tnstate.edu; tdbyl@yahoo.com; lsharpe@tnstate.edu; ahmadk19@gmail.com; justinvaughnharris@gmail.com NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU MDPI AG PI BASEL PA POSTFACH, CH-4005 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2073-4441 J9 WATER-SUI JI Water PD DEC PY 2011 VL 3 IS 4 BP 1139 EP 1148 DI 10.3390/w3041139 PG 10 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 053EZ UT WOS:000312255100011 ER PT J AU Ransom, JI Roelle, JE Cade, BS Coates-Markle, L Kane, AJ AF Ransom, Jason I. Roelle, James E. Cade, Brian S. Coates-Markle, Linda Kane, Albert J. TI Foaling Rates in Feral Horses Treated With the Immunocontraceptive Porcine Zona Pellucida SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Equus caballus; feral horse; fertility control; immunocontraception; PZP; western United States; wildlife contraception AB Locally abundant feral horses (Equus caballus) can rapidly deplete available resources. Fertility control agents present promising nonlethal tools for reducing their population growth rates. We tested the effect of 2 forms of the immunocontraceptive porcine zona pellucida (PZP) on foaling rates in 3 populations of feral horses in the western United States. A liquid form requiring annual boosters was administered at Little Book Cliffs Wild Horse Range, Mesa County (CO), and Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range, Bighorn County (WY) and Carbon County (MT), and a time-release pellet form designed to produce 2 yr of infertility was administered at McCullough Peaks Herd Management Area, Park County (WY). Average foaling rates (foals born/mare-yr) from direct observation of untreated and treated female horses (mares), 2004-2008, were 60.1% (n = 153 mare-yr) versus 6.6% (n = 91 mare-yr) at Little Book Cliffs, and 62.8% (n = 129 mare-yr) versus 17.7% (n = 79 mare-yr) at Pryor Mountain, respectively. At McCullough Peaks, mean annual foaling rates from 2006 to 2008 were 75.0% (n = 48 mare-yr) for untreated mares and 31.7% (n = 101 mare-yr) for treated mares. Controlling for age of mares and pretreatment differences in fertility, PZP reduced foaling rates in all 3 herds. The pellets used at McCullough Peaks (produced by cold evaporation) were less effective than pellets used in a previous trial and produced by heat extrusion. Immunocontraception with PZP may be a useful tool in reducing fertility rates in some western United States feral horse herds, but population growth reduction will depend on timely access to mares for inoculation and the proportion of mares that can be successfully treated. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. C1 [Ransom, Jason I.; Roelle, James E.; Cade, Brian S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Coates-Markle, Linda] US Bur Land Management, Wheat Ridge, CO 80215 USA. [Kane, Albert J.] USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Ransom, JI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM ransomj@usgs.gov FU USGS Wildlife Program; U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, NPS; Colorado State University FX We thank the many field technicians who spent long hours searching for, darting, and monitoring horses under difficult conditions: H. Abouelezz, L. Caldwell, M. Esser, M. Felix, K. Grams, P. Grigsby, S. Hahn, B. Hutchings, G. Manus, J. Nibler, C. Petrandis, P. Preator, J. Severude, and G. Thygerson. Logistical support was provided by the BLM's Grand Junction, Cody, and Billings Field Offices as well as the National Park Service (NPS) Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area. In particular, we thank D. Bolstad, J. Dollerschell, A. Shepherd, and T. Hatle from the BLM, and R. Lasko and C. Bromley from NPS, for coordination and technical support. The late F. J. Singer coauthored the Wild Horse and Burro Strategic Research Plan and resulting Fertility Control Field Trial Plan from which this work originated. K. Frank, J. Kirkpatrick, and R. Lyda at ZooMontana provided vaccine and technical support, as did J. Turner, Jr., at the University of Toledo. This research was funded by the USGS Wildlife Program and conducted through a cooperative effort between the USGS Fort Collins Science Center, the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, NPS, and Colorado State University. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 35 IS 4 BP 343 EP 352 DI 10.1002/wsb.66 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GW UT WOS:000209332900003 ER PT J AU Grant, TA Shaffer, TL Madden, EM Berkey, GB AF Grant, Todd A. Shaffer, Terry L. Madden, Elizabeth M. Berkey, Gordon B. TI Ducks and Passerines Nesting in Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie Treated With Fire SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE duck; fire effects; grassland bird; mixed-grass prairie; nest density; nesting; North Dakota; prescribed fire AB Prescribed fire is an important, ecology-driven tool for restoration of grassland systems. However, prescribed fire remains controversial for some grassland managers because of reported reductions in bird use of recently burned grasslands. Few studies have evaluated effects of fire on grassland bird populations in the northern mixed-grass prairie region. Fewer studies yet have examined the influence of fire on nest density or survival. In our review, we found no studies that simultaneously examined effects of fire on duck and passerine nesting. During 1998-2003, we examined effects of prescribed fire on the density of upland-nesting ducks and passerines nesting in north-central North Dakota, USA. Apparent nest densities of gadwall (Anas strepera), mallard (A. platyrhynchos), and all duck species combined, were influenced by fire history of study units, although the degree of influence was not compelling. Fire history was not related to nest densities of blue-winged teal (A. discors), northern shoveler (A. clypeata), or northern pintail (A. acuta); however, apparent nest densities in relation to the number of postfire growing seasons exhibited a strikingly similar pattern among all duck species. When compared to ducks, fire history strongly influenced apparent nest densities of clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), and bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). For most species examined, apparent nest densities were lowest in recently burned units, increased during the second postfire growing season, and stabilized or, in some cases, decreased thereafter. Prescribed fire is critical for restoring the ecology of northernmixed-grass prairies and our findings indicate that reductions in nest densities are limited mostly to the first growing season after fire. Our results support the premise that upland-nesting ducks and several grassland passerine species are adapted to periodic fires occurring at a frequency similar to that of pre-Euro-American settlement of the region. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Grant, Todd A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Upham, ND 58789 USA. [Shaffer, Terry L.] US Geol Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Madden, Elizabeth M.; Berkey, Gordon B.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, J Clark Salyer Natl Wildlife Refuge, Upham, ND 58789 USA. RP Grant, TA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Souris River Basin Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Upham, ND 58789 USA. EM todd_grant@fws.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6 Divisions of Refuges and Wildlife and Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; Joint Fire Science Program FX Funding was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6 Divisions of Refuges and Wildlife and Migratory Bird Management; by the U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; and by the Joint Fire Science Program. We especially thank S. L. Jones for support of the project with advice and funding. We are grateful to S. K. Davis for sharing his experience and methods for locating and monitoring nests of grassland passerines. C. M. Aucoin, B. Bedard, K. J. Berg, B. Cofell, K. M. Baus-Christopherson, M. J. Friel, J. Gault, K. M. Hansen, S. L. Kempema, S. Kuzyk, R. A. Laubhan, S. A. Marshall, R. T. McManus, M. P. Nenneman, and J. J. Thury assisted with data collection. We thank T. W. Arnold, K. K. Bakker, L. D. Igl, M. P. Nenneman, S. K. Davis, J. Walker, and an anonymous reviewer for comments that improved the manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this article is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 5 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 35 IS 4 BP 368 EP 376 DI 10.1002/wsb.65 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GW UT WOS:000209332900006 ER PT J AU Halstead, BJ Miller, MR Casazza, ML Coates, PS Farinha, MA Gustafson, KB Yee, JL Fleskes, JP AF Halstead, Brian J. Miller, Michael R. Casazza, Michael L. Coates, Peter S. Farinha, Melissa A. Gustafson, K. Benjamin Yee, Julie L. Fleskes, Joseph P. TI Rapid Assessment of Rice Seed Availability for Wildlife in Harvested Fields SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE California; harvested rice; rice seeds; Sacramento Valley; seed availability; seed density; waterfowl food; wintering waterfowl AB Rice seed remaining in commercial fields after harvest (waste rice) is a critical food resource for wintering waterfowl in rice-growing regions of North America. Accurate and precise estimates of the seed mass density of waste rice are essential for planning waterfowl wintering habitat extents and management. In the Sacramento Valley of California, USA, the existing method for obtaining estimates of availability of waste rice in harvested fields produces relatively precise estimates, but the labor-, time-, and machinery-intensive process is not practical for routine assessments needed to examine long-term trends in waste rice availability. We tested several experimental methods designed to rapidly derive estimates that would not be burdened with disadvantages of the existing method. We first conducted a simulation study of the efficiency of each method and then conducted field tests. For each approach, methods did not vary in root mean squared error, although some methods did exhibit bias for both simulations and field tests. Methods also varied substantially in the time to conduct each sample and in the number of samples required to detect a standard trend. Overall, modified line-intercept methods performed well for estimating the density of rice seeds. Waste rice in the straw, although not measured directly, can be accounted for by a positive relationship with density of rice on the ground. Rapid assessment of food availability is a useful tool to help waterfowl managers establish and implement wetland restoration and agricultural habitat-enhancement goals for wintering waterfowl. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Halstead, Brian J.; Miller, Michael R.; Casazza, Michael L.; Coates, Peter S.; Farinha, Melissa A.; Gustafson, K. Benjamin; Fleskes, Joseph P.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. [Yee, Julie L.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Halstead, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM bhalstead@usgs.gov OI casazza, Mike/0000-0002-5636-735X NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 35 IS 4 BP 377 EP 393 DI 10.1002/wsb.72 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GW UT WOS:000209332900007 ER PT J AU Rosenberry, CS Norton, AS Diefenbach, DR Fleegle, JT Wallingford, BD AF Rosenberry, Christopher S. Norton, Andrew S. Diefenbach, Duane R. Fleegle, Jeannine T. Wallingford, Bret D. TI White-Tailed Deer Age Ratios as Herd Management and Predator Impact Measures in Pennsylvania SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE age ratios; antlerless; black bears; coyotes; harvest; Odocoileus virginianus; Pennsylvania; predators; sex-age-kill model; white-tailed deer AB A review of the Pennsylvania Game Commission's (PGC) deer management program and public concern about predator impacts on deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations compelled the PGC to investigate the role of age ratios in developing management recommendations. Age ratios, such as proportion of juveniles in the antlerless harvest, may provide an index to population productivity and predator impacts. We estimated proportion of juveniles in the antlerless harvest from hunter-killed deer, population trends using the Pennsylvania (USA) sex-age-kill model, and reproduction from road-killed females. Using these estimates and a simulation model, we concluded that no single age-ratio value would serve as a reliable measure of population status. Wildlife Management Unit-specific trends in proportion of juveniles in the antlerless harvest and population trends provided the most relevant management information. We also provide an example decision chart to guide management actions in response to declining age ratios in the harvest. Although predator management activities and juvenile survival studies are often desired by the public, our decision-chart example indicated a number of deer management options exist before investing resources in predator management activities and juvenile survival studies. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. C1 [Rosenberry, Christopher S.; Fleegle, Jeannine T.; Wallingford, Bret D.] Bur Wildlife Management, Penn Game Commiss, Harrisburg, PA 17110 USA. [Norton, Andrew S.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Diefenbach, Duane R.] Penn State Univ, United States Geol Survey, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rosenberry, CS (reprint author), Bur Wildlife Management, Penn Game Commiss, 2001 Elmerton Ave, Harrisburg, PA 17110 USA. EM chrosenber@state.pa.us FU Audubon Pennsylvania; Lehigh Valley Chapter of Safari Club International; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Pennsylvania Deer Association; Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources; Quality Deer Management Association FX We thank the PGC personnel who collected harvest age data. We thank the following organizations who provided financial assistance to field research that supported development and refinements to the PASAK model: Audubon Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley Chapter of Safari Club International, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Pennsylvania Deer Association, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Quality Deer Management Association and numerous local branches. We thank J. Dunn, B. Eyler, W. Tzilkowski, S. Williamson, and anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that improved this manuscript. Use of trade names does not imply endorsement by the federal government. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 35 IS 4 BP 461 EP 468 DI 10.1002/wsb.81 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GW UT WOS:000209332900017 ER PT J AU Ausband, DE Skrivseth, J Mitchell, MS AF Ausband, David E. Skrivseth, Jesse Mitchell, Michael S. TI An Automated Device for Provoking and Capturing Wildlife Calls SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE acoustic; automated; call; Canis lupus; gray wolf; howling; monitoring; northern Rocky Mountains; response; survey AB Some animals exhibit call-and-response behaviors that can be exploited to facilitate detection. Traditionally, acoustic surveys that use call-and-respond techniques have required an observer's presence to perform the broadcast, record the response, or both events. This can be labor-intensive and may influence animal behavior and, thus, survey results. We developed an automated acoustic survey device using commercially available hardware (e.g., laptop computer, speaker, microphone) and an author-created (JS) software program ("HOOT'') that can be used to survey for any animal that calls. We tested this device to determine 1) deployment longevity, 2) effective sampling area, and 3) ability to detect known packs of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Idaho, USA. Our device was able to broadcast and record twice daily for 6-7 days using the internal computer battery and surveyed an area of 3.3-17.5 km 2 in relatively open habitat depending on the hardware components used. We surveyed for wolves at 2 active rendezvous sites used by closely monitored, radiocollared wolf packs and obtained 4 responses across both packs over 3 days of sampling. We confirmed reproduction in these 2 packs by detecting pup howls aurally from the resulting device recordings. Our device can broadcast and record animal calls and the computer software is freely downloadable. This automated survey device can be used to collect reliable data while reducing the labor costs traditionally associated with acoustic surveys. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Ausband, David E.] Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Skrivseth, Jesse] Univ Montana, Dept Comp Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Mitchell, Michael S.] Univ Montana, US Geol Survey, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Ausband, DE (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, 205 Nat Sci Bldg, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM david.ausband@mso.umt.edu FU Tribal Wildlife Grant through the Nez Perce Tribe; Idaho Department of Fish and Game; Regina Bauer Frankenberg Foundation for Animal Welfare; Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Foundation; EPSCoR at The University of Montana; Five Valleys Audubon; Phillip L. Wright Memorial Research Award; Irene Evers' Competitive Undergraduate Research Scholarship; Bernice Barbour Foundation; Alberta Sustainable Resources Development; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Defenders of Wildlife; Mountaineers Foundation; Oregon Zoo Future for Wildlife Grants; Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks; Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation; Wilburforce Foundation; Wolf Recovery Foundation; Montana Integrative Learning Experience for Students scholarship fund FX Development of this device was possible with funding from a Tribal Wildlife Grant through the Nez Perce Tribe, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Regina Bauer Frankenberg Foundation for Animal Welfare, Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Foundation, EPSCoR at The University of Montana, Five Valleys Audubon, Phillip L. Wright Memorial Research Award, Irene Evers' Competitive Undergraduate Research Scholarship, Bernice Barbour Foundation, Alberta Sustainable Resources Development, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Defenders of Wildlife, The Mountaineers Foundation, Oregon Zoo Future for Wildlife Grants, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Wilburforce Foundation, The Wolf Recovery Foundation, and the Montana Integrative Learning Experience for Students scholarship fund. We thank T. Loya and family for work on early prototypes of this device. We would also like to thank S. Bassing, L. Bradley, J. Demianew, B. Fannin, A. Greenleaf, Q. Harrison, C. Henderson, J. Henry, C. Jacobs, C. Mack, C. Sime, R. Wilbur, P. Zager, and students of CS 442 at the University of Montana for their assistance and support. We thank H. Cooley and J. Holyan for excellent early manuscript reviews. Further, this manuscript benefited greatly from anonymous peer-reviews and we appreciate their time, insights, and suggestions. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 35 IS 4 BP 498 EP 503 DI 10.1002/wsb.80 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GW UT WOS:000209332900023 ER PT J AU Holbrook, JD DeYoung, RW Tewes, ME Young, JH Mays, JL Meyers, E AF Holbrook, Joseph D. DeYoung, Randy W. Tewes, Michael E. Young, John H. Mays, Jody L. Meyers, Ed TI Natural Dispersal or Illegal Pets? Limitations on Assigning Origin to Road-Killed Ocelots in the Southwestern United States SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE endangered species; Leopardus pardalis; mitochondrial DNA; ocelot; phylogenetics; United States AB The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a spotted felid that is critically endangered in the United States (U.S.). During spring 2010, 2 ocelots were road-killed in the southwestern U.S. far from known populations; an adult male near Palo Pinto, Texas, and a subadult male near Globe, Arizona. Necropsy results indicated that the Palo Pinto ocelot was likely a captive, whereas the Arizona ocelot was consistent with a wild individual. We used genetic data to determine the geographic origin of the ocelot lineages. A South American assignment would suggest human-mediated transfer of ocelots, whereas an assignment to northern Mexico may indicate natural movements. We acquired reference-sequence data and performed a phylogenetic analysis. Our results suggested that the Palo Pinto ocelot's lineage was from northern Mexico or southern Texas. The Arizona ocelot's lineage grouped with Mexico and Guatemala; however, sampling constraints prevented any explicit geographic assignments. Collecting additional genetic samples throughout Mexico is essential for future assignment analyses, and to determine whether illegal pet trafficking is occurring. These efforts would also provide necessary data to assist ocelot recovery in the U.S. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Holbrook, Joseph D.; DeYoung, Randy W.; Tewes, Michael E.] Texas A&M Univ, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Res Inst, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. [Young, John H.] Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Austin, TX 78744 USA. [Mays, Jody L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Laguna Atascosa Natl Wildlife Refuge, Los Fresnos, TX 78566 USA. [Meyers, Ed] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nogales, AZ 85621 USA. RP Holbrook, JD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Res Inst, MSC 218,700 Univ Blvd, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. EM randall.deyoung@tamuk.edu NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 35 IS 4 BP 504 EP 507 DI 10.1002/wsb.63 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GW UT WOS:000209332900024 ER PT J AU LeDee, OE Karasov, WH Martin, KJ Meyer, MW Ribic, CA Van Deelen, TR AF LeDee, Olivia E. Karasov, William H. Martin, Karl J. Meyer, Michael W. Ribic, Christine A. Van Deelen, Timothy R. TI Envisioning the Future of Wildlife in a Changing Climate: Collaborative Learning for Adaptation Planning SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material DE adaptation; Bayesian network; climate change; collaborative management; social learning; vulnerability assessment AB Natural resource managers are tasked with assessing the impacts of climate change on conservation targets and developing adaptation strategies to meet agency goals. The complex, transboundary nature of climate change demands the collaboration of scientists, managers, and stakeholders in this effort. To share, integrate, and apply knowledge from these diverse perspectives, we must engage in social learning. In 2009, we initiated a process to engage university researchers and agency scientists and managers in collaborative learning to assess the impacts of climate change on terrestrial fauna in the state of Wisconsin, USA. We constructed conceptual Bayesian networks to depict the influence of climate change, key biotic and abiotic factors, and existing stressors on the distribution and abundance of 3 species: greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), and Karner blue butterfly (Plebejus melissa samuelis). For each species, we completed a 2-stage expert review that elicited dialogue on information gaps, management opportunities, and research priorities. From our experience, collaborative network modeling proved to be a powerful tool to develop a common vision of the potential impacts of climate change on conservation targets. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [LeDee, Olivia E.; Karasov, William H.; Van Deelen, Timothy R.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Martin, Karl J.; Meyer, Michael W.] Bur Sci Serv, Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53716 USA. [Ribic, Christine A.] Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol,Russell Labs 226, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP LeDee, OE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 226, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM ledee@wisc.edu NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 35 IS 4 BP 508 EP 513 DI 10.1002/wsb.62 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA V38GW UT WOS:000209332900025 ER PT J AU Thomson, JLS Parrish, DL Parker-Stetter, SL Rudstam, LG Sullivan, PJ AF Thomson, Jennifer L. Stritzel Parrish, Donna L. Parker-Stetter, Sandra L. Rudstam, Lars G. Sullivan, Patrick J. TI Growth rates of rainbow smelt in Lake Champlain: effects of density and diet SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE growth rates; rainbow smelt; Lake Champlain; density dependence; zooplanktivore ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MYSIS-RELICTA; YELLOW PERCH; CANNIBALISM; RECRUITMENT; COMPETITION; MORTALITY; PREDATION; FISH; MECHANISMS AB We estimated the densities of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) using hydroacoustics and obtained specimens for diet analysis and groundtruthed acoustics data from mid-water trawl sampling in four areas of Lake Champlain, USA-Canada. Densities of rainbow smelt cohorts alternated during the 2-year study; age-0 rainbow smelt were very abundant in 2001 (up to 6 fish per m(2)) and age-1 and older were abundant (up to 1.2 fish per m(2)) in 2002. Growth rates and densities varied among areas and years. We used model selection on eight area-year-specific variables to investigate biologically plausible predictors of rainbow smelt growth rates. The best supported model of growth rates of age-0 smelt indicated a negative relationship with age-0 density, likely associated with intraspecific competition for zooplankton. The next best-fit model had age-1 density as a predictor of age-0 growth. The best supported models (N = 4) of growth rates of age-1 fish indicated a positive relationship with availability of age-0 smelt and resulting levels of cannibalism. Other plausible models were contained variants of these parameters. Cannibalistic rainbow smelt consumed younger conspecifics that were up to 53% of their length. Prediction of population dynamics for rainbow smelt requires an understanding of the relationship between density and growth as age-0 fish outgrow their main predators (adult smelt) by autumn in years with fast growth rates, but not in years with slow growth rates. C1 [Parrish, Donna L.] Univ Vermont, US Geol Survey, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Parker-Stetter, Sandra L.; Rudstam, Lars G.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Biol Field Stn, Bridgeport, NY USA. [Sullivan, Patrick J.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Parrish, DL (reprint author), Univ Vermont, US Geol Survey, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM Dparrish@uvm.edu FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce [NA16RG2206]; U.S. Geological Survey, Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife; University of Vermont; Wildlife Management Institute FX We thank the crews of the University of Vermont R/V Melosira and Vermont Fish andWildlife's Dore and many others: Kristian Omland, Marc Eisenhower, Gary Nelson, Heidi Keller, Peter Hyde, Pete Meier, Jesse Wheeler, Eric Symmes, Irene Chan, Steve Midway, Isaiah Gratton, Richard Balouskus, Martha Mather, and Alexander Zale. This work was sponsored in part by a grant from the National Sea Grant College Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, to Lake Champlain Sea Grant under grant number NA16RG2206. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. Mention of brand names does not constitute product endorsement by the U. S. federal government. This is publication number LCSG-10-1 and number 278 from the Cornell Biological Field Station. The Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, the University of Vermont and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0906-6691 EI 1600-0633 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD DEC PY 2011 VL 20 IS 4 BP 503 EP 512 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.2010.00472.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 840NW UT WOS:000296448500002 ER PT J AU Jackson, AK Evers, DC Folsom, SB Condon, AM Diener, J Goodrick, LF McGann, AJ Schmerfeld, J Cristol, DA AF Jackson, Allyson K. Evers, David C. Folsom, Sarah B. Condon, Anne M. Diener, John Goodrick, Lizzie F. McGann, Andrew J. Schmerfeld, John Cristol, Daniel A. TI Mercury exposure in terrestrial birds far downstream of an historical point source SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Mercury; Songbirds; Contamination; Floodplain; Downstream ID NORTHEASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; LIVING TREE SWALLOWS; ENVIRONMENTAL MERCURY; CONTAMINATED RIVER; ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; COMMON LOONS; METHYLMERCURY; BLOOD; FISH AB Mercury (Hg) is a persistent environmental contaminant found in many freshwater and marine ecosystems. Historical Hg contamination in rivers can impact the surrounding terrestrial ecosystem, but there is little known about how far downstream this contamination persists. In 2009, we sampled terrestrial forest songbirds at five floodplain sites up to 137 km downstream of an historical source of Hg along the South and South Fork Shenandoah Rivers (Virginia, USA). We found that blood total Hg concentrations remained elevated over the entire sampling area and there was little evidence of decline with distance. While it is well known that Hg is a pervasive and long-lasting aquatic contaminant, it has only been recently recognized that it also biomagnifies effectively in floodplain forest food webs. This study extends the area of concern for terrestrial habitats near contaminated rivers for more than 100 km downstream from a waterborne Hg point source. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Jackson, Allyson K.; Evers, David C.; Folsom, Sarah B.; Diener, John; Goodrick, Lizzie F.] Biodivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. [Jackson, Allyson K.; McGann, Andrew J.; Cristol, Daniel A.] Coll William & Mary, Dept Biol, Inst Integrat Bird Behav Studies, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. [Condon, Anne M.; Schmerfeld, John] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Gloucester, VA 23061 USA. RP Jackson, AK (reprint author), Biodivers Res Inst, 19 Flaggy Meadow Rd, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. EM allyson.jackson@briloon.org FU E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company FX The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Research was completed with oversight from the South River Science Team, which is a collaboration of state and federal agencies, academic institutions, and environmental interests. Funding was provided by E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company. We thank D. Buck, C. Osborne, C. Eagles-Smith and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments to this manuscript. NR 49 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 159 IS 12 BP 3302 EP 3308 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.046 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 839VJ UT WOS:000296397300004 PM 21903311 ER PT J AU Clow, DW Peavler, RS Roche, J Panorska, AK Thomas, JM Smith, S AF Clow, David W. Peavler, Rachael S. Roche, Jim Panorska, Anna K. Thomas, James M. Smith, Steve TI Assessing possible visitor-use impacts on water quality in Yosemite National Park, California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Standards; Visitors; User-capacity; Nutrients; E. coli; Yosemite ID NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS; UNITED-STATES; MERCED RIVER; STREAMS AB There is concern that visitor-use associated activities, such as bathing, dish washing, wastewater production, and stock animal use near lakes and streams, could cause degradation of water quality in Yosemite National Park. A study was conducted during 2004-2007 to assess patterns in nutrient and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations in the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers and characterize natural background concentrations of nutrients in the park. Results indicated that nutrient and E. coli concentrations were low, even compared to other undeveloped sites in the United States. A multiple linear regression approach was used to model natural background concentrations of nutrients, with basin characteristics as explanatory variables. Modeled nitrogen concentrations increased with elevation, and modeled phosphorus concentrations increased with basin size. Observed concentrations (+/- uncertainty) were compared to modeled concentrations (+/- uncertainty) to identify sites that might be impacted by point sources of nutrients, as indicated by large model residuals. Statistically significant differences in observed and modeled concentrations were observed at only a few locations, indicating that most sites were representative of natural background conditions. The empirical modeling approach used in this study can be used to estimate natural background conditions at any point along a study reach in areas minimally impacted by development, and may be useful for setting water-quality standards in many national parks. C1 [Clow, David W.] Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Clow, David W.] US Geol Survey, Colorado Water Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Peavler, Rachael S.] GSI Water Solut Inc, Portland, OR USA. [Roche, Jim] Yosemite Natl Pk, Natl Pk Serv, Yosemite, CA USA. [Panorska, Anna K.] Univ Nevada, Dept Math, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Thomas, James M.] Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. [Smith, Steve] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Clow, DW (reprint author), Fed Ctr, MS 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dwclow@usgs.gov OI Clow, David/0000-0001-6183-4824 FU U.S. Geological Survey/National Park Service FX This work was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey/National Park Service Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring Program. The authors wish to thank David K. Mueller, Barbara Ruddy, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful reviews of the manuscript. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 183 IS 1-4 BP 197 EP 215 DI 10.1007/s10661-011-1915-z PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 835UW UT WOS:000296062700014 PM 21336482 ER PT J AU Sankey, JB Eitel, JUH Glenn, NF Germino, MJ Vierling, LA AF Sankey, Joel B. Eitel, Jan U. H. Glenn, Nancy F. Germino, Matthew J. Vierling, Lee A. TI Quantifying relationships of burning, roughness, and potential dust emission with laser altimetry of soil surfaces at submeter scales SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aeolian transport; LiDAR; Potential dust emission; Wildfire; Shrub steppe; Microsite ID SOUTHWEST KALAHARI DESERT; HERBACEOUS VEGETATION HETEROGENEITY; AEOLIAN SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; WIND EROSION; SAGEBRUSH-STEPPE; SEMIARID RANGELANDS; TEMPORAL INFLUENCE; CHEMICAL-PATTERNS; SCANNING LIDAR; CANOPY COVER AB Decrease in surface roughness by the reduction of vegetation is one mechanism by which fire can promote aeolian transport in a variety of landscapes. The extent to which fire might alter the roughness of the soil surface at fine spatial scales and the effect of this alteration on post-fire aeolian response is not well known. We examined relationships in the field between dust emissions and subcentimeter-level soil surface roughness at submeter spatial scales with a terrestrial laser scanner and portable wind tunnel analog. Based on aeolian theory, we hypothesized that observed relationships would differ from those determined in previous studies with laser altimetry at landscape scales (meter-kilometer length scales). We examined four semiarid shrub-lands in southern Idaho/USA containing a distinct pattern of undershrub and interspace microsites, including recently burned and unburned conditions. Mixed models were used to determine effects of burning on surface roughness and the response of dust emissions to changes in surface roughness. Results indicated that burned soil surfaces were rougher than unburned soil surfaces. Dust emissions were enhanced by increases in roughness on burned soil surfaces and in the absence of nonerodible roughness elements (i.e., plants). This finding is expectedly in contrast to previous work that demonstrated an inverse relationship between soil erosion and surface roughness determined with LiDAR (light detection and ranging) at landscape scales (vegetated and unvegetated surfaces). Relationships of LiDAR-derived roughness and aeolian emissions are scale dependent and vary with environmental factors of fire and vegetation. These findings are integral for future research that attempts to parameterize model-based predictions of aeolian emissions with LiDAR-derived roughness. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Sankey, Joel B.; Glenn, Nancy F.] Idaho State Univ, Dept Geosci, Boise, ID 83702 USA. [Eitel, Jan U. H.; Vierling, Lee A.] Univ Idaho, Geospatial Lab Environm Dynam, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Germino, Matthew J.] Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Sankey, JB (reprint author), USGS Western Geog Sci Ctr, 520 N Pk Ave,Room 111, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM jsankey@usgs.gov; jeitel@vandals.uidaho.edu; glennanc@isu.edu; mgermino@usgs.gov; leev@uidaho.edu RI Germino, Matthew/F-6080-2013; Glenn, Nancy/B-4491-2014; Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010 OI Glenn, Nancy/0000-0003-2124-7654; Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983 FU U.S. Army Research Laboratory; U.S. Army Research Office [W911NF-07-1-0481]; Bureau of Land Management [L08AC14585]; University of Idaho; Idaho NSF EPSCoR; National Science Foundation [EPS-0814387] FX This material is based on work supported in part by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army Research Office under grant number W911NF-07-1-0481 and by the Bureau of Land Management under grant number L08AC14585. Funding to acquire the TLS was provided by the University of Idaho, Idaho NSF EPSCoR, and by the National Science Foundation under award number EPS-0814387. We thank Michelle Wiest for her assistance with statistical analysis. We thank Joanna Nield, Robert Washington-Allen, and one anonymous reviewer for their comments on previous versions of the manuscript. NR 80 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X EI 1872-695X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD DEC 1 PY 2011 VL 135 IS 1-2 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.08.016 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 837FG UT WOS:000296175900015 ER PT J AU Hirmas, DR Graham, RC Kendrick, KJ AF Hirmas, Daniel R. Graham, Robert C. Kendrick, Katherine J. TI Soil-geomorphic significance of land surface characteristics in an arid mountain range, Mojave Desert, USA SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE Desert geomorphology; Eolian processes; Fry Mountains; Discriminant analysis ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CIMA VOLCANIC FIELD; ROCK FRAGMENTS; ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT; SOUTHERN NEVADA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; WALNUT-GULCH; CALIFORNIA; DUST; HILLSLOPES AB Mountains comprise an extensive and visually prominent portion of the landscape in the Mojave Desert, California. Landform surface properties influence the role these mountains have in geomorphic processes such as dust flux and surface hydrology across the region. The primary goal of this study was to describe and quantify land surface properties of arid-mountain landforms as a step toward unraveling the role these properties have in soil-geomorphic processes. As part of a larger soil-geomorphic study, four major landform types were identified within the southern Fry Mountains in the southwestern Mojave Desert on the basis of topography and landscape position: mountaintop, mountainflank, mountainflat (intra-range low-relief surface), and mountainbase. A suite of rock, vegetation, and morphometric land surface characteristic variables was measured at each of 65 locations across the study area, which included an associated piedmont and playa. Our findings show that despite the variation within types, landforms have distinct land surface properties that likely control soil-geomorphic processes. We hypothesize that surface expression influences a feedback process at this site where water transports sediment to low lying areas on the landscape and wind carries dust and soluble salts to the mountains where they are washed between rocks, incorporated into the soil, and retained as relatively long-term storage. Recent land-based video and satellite photographs of the dust cloud emanating from the Sierra Cucapa Mountains in response to the 7.2-magnitude earthquake near Mexicali, Mexico, support the hypothesis that these landforms are massive repositories of dust. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Hirmas, Daniel R.] Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Graham, Robert C.] Univ Calif Riverside, Soil & Water Sci Program, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Kendrick, Katherine J.] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Hirmas, DR (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Geog, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. EM hirmas@ku.edu RI Hirmas, Daniel/B-2679-2013 FU University of California; UC Kearney Foundation of Soil Science FX This research was supported in part by an Academic Senate Travel Grant from the University of California and by a graduate fellowship from the UC Kearney Foundation of Soil Science. Special thanks are given to Brad Hewitt, Josh Barraza, Megan Harlow, Judy Turk, Hector Estrada-Medina, Jorge Hirmas, Dr. Brian P. Black, J.P. Hirmas, Christopher Friesen, Wendell Icenogle, Dr. Rodrigo Vargas, Kimberly Hirmas, Robert Herrmann, and Nathan Corey for assistance in the field. We thank Carrie-Ann Houdeshell of the Natural Resource Conservation Service for providing invaluable insight in choosing the study area, Andrew Sanders of the University of California, Riverside Herbarium for assistance with plant identification, Dr. David Mechem for assistance with the GOES satellite imagery, and the Bureau of Land Management for approval to conduct research on land they administer. Comments from Dr. Wayne Hudnall and an anonymous reviewer helped strengthen the manuscript. NR 64 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD DEC PY 2011 VL 87 IS 3 BP 408 EP 420 DI 10.1016/j.catena.2011.07.011 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 831ZH UT WOS:000295769100014 ER PT J AU Kumar, N Voulgaris, G Warner, JC AF Kumar, N. Voulgaris, G. Warner, J. C. TI Implementation and modification of a three-dimensional radiation stress formulation for surf zone and rip-current applications SO COASTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Wave-current interaction; Rip currents; ROMS; Radiation stress; SWAN; Nearshore circulation ID WAVE-INDUCED MACROVORTICES; NEARSHORE CIRCULATION; SEDIMENT-TRANSPORT; MODELING-SYSTEM; OCEAN MODEL; EQUATIONS; BREAKING; TURBULENCE; DYNAMICS; BEACH AB Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS v 3.0), a three-dimensional numerical ocean model, was previously enhanced for shallow water applications by including wave-induced radiation stress forcing provided through coupling to wave propagation models (SWAN, REF/DIF). This enhancement made it suitable for surf zone applications as demonstrated using examples of obliquely incident waves on a planar beach and rip current formation in longshore bar trough morphology (Haas and Warner, 2009). In this contribution, we present an update to the coupled model which implements a wave roller model and also a modified method of the radiation stress term based on Mellor (2008, 2011a,b,in press) that includes a vertical distribution which better simulates non-conservative (i.e., wave breaking) processes and appears to be more appropriate for sigma coordinates in very shallow waters where wave breaking conditions dominate. The improvements of the modified model are shown through simulations of several cases that include: (a) obliquely incident spectral waves on a planar beach; (b) obliquely incident spectral waves on a natural barred beach (DUCK'94 experiment); (c) alongshore variable offshore wave forcing on a planar beach; (d) alongshore varying bathymetry with constant offshore wave forcing; and (e) nearshore barred morphology with rip-channels. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons to previous analytical, numerical, laboratory studies and field measurements show that the modified model replicates surf zone recirculation patterns (onshore drift at the surface and undertow at the bottom) more accurately than previous formulations based on radiation stress (Haas and Warner, 2009). The results of the model and test cases are further explored for identifying the forces operating in rip current development and the potential implication for sediment transport and rip channel development. Also, model analysis showed that rip current strength is higher when waves approach at angles of 5 degrees to 10 degrees in comparison to normally incident waves. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kumar, N.; Voulgaris, G.] Univ S Carolina, Marine Sci Program, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Warner, J. C.] US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Kumar, N (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Marine Sci Program, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM nkumar@geol.sc.edu; gvoulgaris@geol.sc.edu; jcwarner@usgs.gov RI Voulgaris, George/A-7593-2014 OI Voulgaris, George/0000-0002-0667-8870 FU NOAA/IOOS; U.S. Geological Survey; University of South Carolina; National Science Foundation [OCE-0451989, OCE-0535893] FX Funding for this study has been obtained from a number of sources. The first two authors were supported by a NOAA/IOOS Grant (Integration of Coastal Observations and Assets in the Carolinas in Support of Regional Coastal Ocean Observation System Development in the Southeast Atlantic) and a cooperative agreement between U.S. Geological Survey and University of South Carolina as part of the Carolinas Coastal Change Processes Project. Also G. Voulgaris was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (Awards: OCE-0451989 and OCE-0535893). The authors thank the two reviewers for their comments and suggestions on the manuscript. We acknowledge the Center for Computational Research and CyberInfrastructure Support and Research Computing Center at University of South Carolina for providing the computational resources. Finally, we would also like to thank the ROMS and SWAN code developers for their hard work in developing this open source code, and the staff and personnel involved in collecting and maintaining the DUCK'94 experiment dataset. NR 83 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3839 J9 COAST ENG JI Coast. Eng. PD DEC PY 2011 VL 58 IS 12 BP 1097 EP 1117 DI 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.06.009 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 820DR UT WOS:000294886200002 ER PT J AU Konrad, C Berge, H Fuerstenberg, R Steff, K Olsen, T Guyenet, J AF Konrad, Christopher Berge, Hans Fuerstenberg, Robert Steff, Kate Olsen, Theresa Guyenet, Julie TI Channel Dynamics in the Middle Green River, Washington, from 1936 to 2002 SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FLOODPLAIN DYNAMICS; RIPARIAN; SYSTEMS; DAMS AB Alluvial rivers are dynamic elements of the landscape in the Pacific Northwest. They expand, contract, and migrate across the bottom of valleys in response to changing flow and vegetation. Channel dynamics fundamentally structure river and floodplain ecosystems. Human activities that affect channel migration-including river regulation, channel revetments, and land use-have the potential for impacting river ecosystems. Active channel width and lateral movement of the active channel centerline was analyzed in 17 km valley segment of the middle Green River in western Washington from aerial photographs for 26 years of unregulated flows (1936-1961) and 41 years of flood regulation by Howard Hansen Dam. Area-based measures proved more robust for characterizing channel dynamics than cross-sectional measurements, though cross-sectional measurements are useful for resolving local processes. Prior to regulation from 1936 to 1961, the active channel width varied from 82 in to 120 in (median 94 in) and the channel migrated laterally a total of 68 m. After flood regulation from 1961 to 2002, the active channel width was generally smaller, varying from 84 m to 52 m (median 69 in) and the channel migrated 48 in. Streamflow greater than about 250 m(3)/s are most effective for forcing migration and have been reduced since dam construction. The river has re-occupied areas with increasing frequency since dam construction. High flows are essential to create new channel and floodplain habitats in the middle Green River, but land cover/use and revetments in the river corridor are also influential factors for maintaining channel dynamics. C1 [Konrad, Christopher; Olsen, Theresa; Guyenet, Julie] US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. [Konrad, Christopher] Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. [Berge, Hans; Fuerstenberg, Robert] King Cty Dept Nat Resources, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. [Steff, Kate] US Army Corps Engineers, Seattle, WA 98134 USA. RP Konrad, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 934 Broadway, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM cpkonrad@usgs.gov OI Konrad, Christopher/0000-0002-7354-547X FU King County Department of Natural Resources; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District; U.S. Geological Survey Washington Water Science Center; Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife FX This investigation was conceived and supported through a collaborative effort of King County Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District, U.S. Geological Survey Washington Water Science Center, and Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. Al Wald, David St. John, Marian Valentine, Lorin Reinelt, Curtis Degaspri, and Ken Rauscher contributed to the planning and implementation of this investigation. Reviews by Tim Abbe, Tim Beechie, Amy Draught, and Jim O'Connor substantively improved this manuscript. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 12 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2011 VL 85 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.3955/046.085.0101 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 734CN UT WOS:000288310900001 ER PT J AU Rosenberger, AE Dunham, JB Buffington, JM Wipfli, MS AF Rosenberger, Amanda E. Dunham, Jason B. Buffington, John M. Wipfli, Mark S. TI Persistent Effects of Wildfire and Debris Flows on the Invertebrate Prey Base of Rainbow Trout in Idaho Streams SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FOOD WEBS; TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES; NORTH-AMERICA; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; INSECT COMMUNITIES; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; NATIONAL-PARK; WESTERN USA; FIRE AB Wildfire and debris flows are important physical and ecological drivers in headwater streams of western North America. Past research has primarily examined short-term effects of these disturbances; less is known about longer-term impacts. We investigated wildfire effects on the invertebrate prey base for drift-feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) in Idaho headwater streams a decade after wildfire. Three stream types with different disturbance histories were examined: 1) unburned, 2) burned, and 3) burned followed by debris flows that reset channel morphology and riparian vegetation. The quantity of macroinvertebrate drift (biomass density) was more variable within than among disturbance categories. Average body weight and taxonomic richness of drift were significantly related to water temperature and influenced by disturbance history. During the autumn sampling period, the amount of terrestrial insects in rainbow trout diets varied with disturbance history and the amount of overhead canopy along the stream banks. Results indicate that there are detectable changes to macroinvertebrate drift and trout diet a decade after wildfire, and that these responses are better correlated with specific characteristics of the stream (water temperature, canopy cover) than with broad disturbance classes. C1 [Rosenberger, Amanda E.; Buffington, John M.] Univ Idaho, Ctr Ecohydraul Res, Dept Civil Engn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. [Dunham, Jason B.] USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis Res Grp, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. [Wipfli, Mark S.] USFS Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Rosenberger, AE (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Div Fisheries, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM aerosenberger@alaska.edu FU National Fire Plan; U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station; Boise National Forest FX Funding for this work was provided by the National Fire Plan and the U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in cooperation with the Boise National Forest. Use of trade names is for reader information only and does not imply endorsement of any product or service by the U.S. Government. Thanks to M. Kellett, D. Horan, J. Benjamin, B. Nelson, D. Bolin, C. Cusack, T. Jongeward, T. Arrington, K. Bott, A. Golart, K. Bednarczyk, M. Beatty, and G. Tessmer for assistance in the field. Special thanks to R. Wisseman for his extraordinary efforts in carefully processing drift and diet samples and D. Nagel for offering his GIS expertise to provide canopy cover data for analysis. B. Gutierrez and B. Rieman provided helpful advice and comments on our study throughout its progress. Thanks to D. Turner for advice on, data analysis and interpretation. L. Orgill, W. Minshall, K. Polivka, and several anonymous reviewers provided helpful advice on earlier versions of this manuscript. NR 56 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 7 U2 47 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD WIN PY 2011 VL 85 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 DI 10.3955/046.085.0105 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 734CN UT WOS:000288310900005 ER PT J AU Harte, PT Flanagan, SM AF Harte, Philip T. Flanagan, Sarah M. TI Application of a New Vertical Profiling Tool (ESASS) for Sampling Groundwater Quality During Hollow-Stem Auger Drilling SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB A new tool called ESASS (Enhanced Screen Auger Sampling System) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The use of ESASS, because of its unique U.S. patent design (U.S. patent no. 7,631,705 B1), allows for the collection of representative, depth-specific groundwater samples (vertical profiling) in a quick and efficient manner using a 0.305-m long screen auger during hollow-stem auger drilling. With ESASS, the water column in the flights above the screen auger is separated from the water in the screen auger by a specially designed removable plug and collar. The tool fits inside an auger of standard inner diameter (82.55 mm). The novel design of the system constituted by the plug, collar, and A-rod allows the plug to be retrieved using conventional drilling A-rods. After retrieval, standard-diameter (50.8 mm) observation wells can be installed within the hollow-stem augers. Testing of ESASS was conducted at one waste-disposal site with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contamination and at two reference sites with no known waste-disposal history. All three sites have similar geology and are underlain by glacial, stratified-drift deposits. For the applications tested, ESASS proved to be a useful tool in vertical profiling of groundwater quality. At the waste site, PCE concentrations measured with ESASS profiling at several depths were comparable (relative percent difference < 25%) to PCE concentrations sampled from wells. Vertical profiling with ESASS at the reference sites illustrated the vertical resolution achievable in the profile system; shallow groundwater quality varied by a factor of five in concentration of some constituents (nitrate and nitrite) over short (0.61 m) distances. C1 [Harte, Philip T.; Flanagan, Sarah M.] USGS NH VT Water Sci Ctr, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. RP Harte, PT (reprint author), USGS NH VT Water Sci Ctr, 331 Commerce Way,Suite 2, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. EM ptharte@usgs.gov; sflanaga@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 2011 VL 31 IS 1 BP 86 EP 98 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01326.x PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 723DR UT WOS:000287487000008 ER PT J AU Fletcher, RJ Acevedo, MA Reichert, BE Pias, KE Kitchens, WM AF Fletcher, Robert J., Jr. Acevedo, Miguel A. Reichert, Brian E. Pias, Kyle E. Kitchens, Wiley M. TI Social network models predict movement and connectivity in ecological landscapes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE dispersal; graph theory; habitat fragmentation; latent space models; landscape ecology ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; SNAIL KITE; GRAPH-THEORY; CONSERVATION; DISPERSAL; HABITAT; FLORIDA; THRESHOLDS; PATTERNS; LINKS AB Network analysis is on the rise across scientific disciplines because of its ability to reveal complex, and often emergent, patterns and dynamics. Nonetheless, a growing concern in network analysis is the use of limited data for constructing networks. This concern is strikingly relevant to ecology and conservation biology, where network analysis is used to infer connectivity across landscapes. In this context, movement among patches is the crucial parameter for interpreting connectivity but because of the difficulty of collecting reliable movement data, most network analysis proceeds with only indirect information on movement across landscapes rather than using observed movement to construct networks. Statistical models developed for social networks provide promising alternatives for landscape network construction because they can leverage limited movement information to predict linkages. Using two mark-recapture datasets on individual movement and connectivity across landscapes, we test whether commonly used network constructions for interpreting connectivity can predict actual linkages and network structure, and we contrast these approaches to social network models. We find that currently applied network constructions for assessing connectivity consistently, and substantially, overpredict actual connectivity, resulting in considerable overestimation of metapopulation lifetime. Furthermore, social network models provide accurate predictions of network structure, and can do so with remarkably limited data on movement. Social network models offer a flexible and powerful way for not only understanding the factors influencing connectivity but also for providing more reliable estimates of connectivity and metapopulation persistence in the face of limited data. C1 [Fletcher, Robert J., Jr.; Acevedo, Miguel A.; Reichert, Brian E.; Pias, Kyle E.] Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Acevedo, Miguel A.] Univ Florida, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Kitchens, Wiley M.] Univ Florida, US Geol Survey, Florida Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Fletcher, RJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM robert.fletcher@ufl.edu OI Fletcher, Robert/0000-0003-1717-5707 FU US Army Corps of Engineers; US Fish and Wildlife Service; US Geological Survey; National Science Foundation (NSF) Quantitative Spatial Ecology, Evolution, and Environment (QSE3) at the University of Florida [0801544]; NSF FX We thank D. Tuss for line drawings of the species. We thank E. M. Bruna, D. J. Levey, J. Martin, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, which greatly improved and clarified the ideas presented here. This work was supported by the US Army Corps of Engineers, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the US Geological Survey. M.A.A. was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Quantitative Spatial Ecology, Evolution, and Environment (QSE3) Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program Grant 0801544 at the University of Florida and an NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant. NR 41 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 5 U2 63 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 29 PY 2011 VL 108 IS 48 BP 19282 EP 19287 DI 10.1073/pnas.1107549108 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 853ZB UT WOS:000297463100041 PM 22084081 ER PT J AU Keszthelyi, LP AF Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. TI PLANETARY SCIENCE Europa awakening SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ICE SHELL C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Keszthelyi, LP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM laz@usgs.gov NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 24 PY 2011 VL 479 IS 7374 BP 485 EP 485 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 851QI UT WOS:000297285600040 PM 22089137 ER PT J AU McCabe, GJ Wolock, DM AF McCabe, Gregory J. Wolock, David M. TI Independent effects of temperature and precipitation on modeled runoff in the conterminous United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL WATER-BALANCE; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RIVER-BASIN; SNOWMELT RUNOFF; NEW-ENGLAND; TRENDS; STREAMFLOW; 20TH-CENTURY; EVAPORATION AB A water-balance model is used to simulate time series of water-year runoff for 4 km x 4 km grid cells for the conterminous United States during the 1900-2008 period. Model outputs are used to examine the separate effects of precipitation and temperature on runoff variability. Overall, water-year runoff has increased in the conterminous United States and precipitation has accounted for almost all of the variability in water-year runoff during the past century. In contrast, temperature effects on runoff have been small for most locations in the United States even during periods when temperatures for most of the United States increased significantly. C1 [McCabe, Gregory J.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Wolock, David M.] US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP McCabe, GJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM gmccabe@usgs.gov NR 60 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 22 PY 2011 VL 47 AR W11522 DI 10.1029/2011WR010630 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 853IM UT WOS:000297419400001 ER PT J AU Tsai, VC McNamara, DE AF Tsai, Victor C. McNamara, Daniel E. TI Quantifying the influence of sea ice on ocean microseism using observations from the Bering Sea, Alaska SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL UNITED-STATES; NOISE AB Microseism is potentially affected by all processes that alter ocean wave heights. Because strong sea ice prevents large ocean waves from forming, sea ice can therefore significantly affect microseism amplitudes. Here we show that this link between sea ice and microseism is not only a robust one but can be quantified. In particular, we show that 75-90% of the variability in microseism power in the Bering Sea can be predicted using a fairly crude model of microseism damping by sea ice. The success of this simple parameterization suggests that an even stronger link can be established between the mechanical strength of sea ice and microseism power, and that microseism can eventually be used to monitor the strength of sea ice, a quantity that is not as easily observed through other means. Citation: Tsai, V. C., and D. E. McNamara (2011), Quantifying the influence of sea ice on ocean microseism using observations from the Bering Sea, Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L22502, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049791. C1 [Tsai, Victor C.] CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Tsai, Victor C.; McNamara, Daniel E.] US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Sci Ctr, Golden, CO 80403 USA. RP Tsai, VC (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM tsai@caltech.edu; mcnamara@usgs.gov RI Tsai, Victor/J-8405-2012 OI Tsai, Victor/0000-0003-1809-6672 FU United States Geological Survey FX The authors thank A. T. Ringler, S. O'Neel, F. Walter, P. D. Bromirski, V. Schlindwein, and S. Kedar for helpful comments. We also thank the Alaska Earthquake Information Center and the National Ice Center for providing the data used. This research was supported by the Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship program of the United States Geological Survey. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L22502 DI 10.1029/2011GL049791 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 851HI UT WOS:000297258600006 ER PT J AU Ferraccioli, F Finn, CA Jordan, TA Bell, RE Anderson, LM Damaske, D AF Ferraccioli, Fausto Finn, Carol A. Jordan, Tom A. Bell, Robin E. Anderson, Lester M. Damaske, Detlef TI East Antarctic rifting triggers uplift of the Gamburtsev Mountains SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS; SUBGLACIAL MOUNTAINS; CRUSTAL; STRENGTH; SOUTHERN; REGION; DELAMINATION; DEFORMATION; LITHOSPHERE; INTRAPLATE AB The Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains are the least understood tectonic feature on Earth, because they are completely hidden beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Their high elevation and youthful Alpine topography, combined with their location on the East Antarctic craton, creates a paradox that has puzzled researchers since the mountains were discovered in 1958(1). The preservation of Alpine topography in the Gamburtsevs(2) may reflect extremely low long-term erosion rates beneath the ice sheet(3), but the mountains' origin remains problematic. Here we present the first comprehensive view of the crustal architecture and uplift mechanisms for the Gamburtsevs, derived from radar, gravity and magnetic data. The geophysical data define a 2,500-km-long rift system in East Antarctica surrounding the Gamburtsevs, and a thick crustal root(4) beneath the range. We propose that the root formed during the Proterozoic assembly of interior East Antarctica (possibly about 1 Gyr ago), was preserved as in some old orogens(5,6) and was rejuvenated during much later Permian (roughly 250 Myr ago) and Cretaceous (roughly 100 Myr ago) rifting. Much like East Africa(7), the interior of East Antarctica is a mosaic of Precambrian provinces affected by rifting processes. Our models show that the combination of rift-flank uplift, root buoyancy and the isostatic response to fluvial and glacial erosion explains the high elevation and relief of the Gamburtsevs. The evolution of the Gamburtsevs demonstrates that rifting and preserved orogenic roots can produce broad regions of high topography in continental interiors without significantly modifying the underlying Precambrian lithosphere. C1 [Ferraccioli, Fausto; Jordan, Tom A.; Anderson, Lester M.] British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Finn, Carol A.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Bell, Robin E.] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. [Damaske, Detlef] Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. RP Ferraccioli, F (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. EM ffe@bas.ac.uk OI Jordan, Tom/0000-0003-2780-1986 FU AGAP International Polar Year; Federal Institute for Geosciences and Resources; Australian Antarctic Division FX We acknowledge the seven nations involved in the AGAP International Polar Year effort for their major logistical, financial and intellectual support. The US Antarctic Program of the National Science Foundation provided support for the logistics, the development of the instrumentation and data analysis. The Natural Environment Research Council/British Antarctic Survey provided support for deep-field operations, data collection and analysis. The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Resources provided financial support. The Australian Antarctic Division provided support at the AGAP North field camp; the Chinese Antarctic programme and the Alfred Wegner Institute also assisted. We thank all the AGAP project members involved, and in particular M. Studinger, N. Frearson and C. Robinson. C. Ebinger provided an early review and P. Molnar provided discussions. S. Golynsky provided geophysical data over adjacent regions and related discussions. We thank C. Braitenberg for assistance with Lithoflex and R. Buck for providing 2D flexural modelling code. J. J. Veevers provided a review. NR 56 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 28 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 17 PY 2011 VL 479 IS 7373 BP 388 EP U139 DI 10.1038/nature10566 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 848OA UT WOS:000297059700043 PM 22094700 ER PT J AU Cappelle, J Gaidet, N Iverson, SA Takekawa, JY Newman, SH Fofana, B Gilbert, M AF Cappelle, Julien Gaidet, Nicolas Iverson, Samuel A. Takekawa, John Y. Newman, Scott H. Fofana, Bouba Gilbert, Marius TI Characterizing the interface between wild ducks and poultry to evaluate the potential of transmission of avian pathogens SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GEOGRAPHICS LA English DT Article DE Distribution modelling; Satellite Telemetry; Contact rate; Remote sensing; MODIS; GPS; Maxent ID INFLUENZA-VIRUSES; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; RECURRENT EPIDEMICS; CONTACT RATES; DYNAMICS; POPULATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; VARIABILITY; TELEMETRY; BEHAVIOR AB Background: Characterizing the interface between wild and domestic animal populations is increasingly recognized as essential in the context of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) that are transmitted by wildlife. More specifically, the spatial and temporal distribution of contact rates between wild and domestic hosts is a key parameter for modeling EIDs transmission dynamics. We integrated satellite telemetry, remote sensing and ground-based surveys to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of indirect contacts between wild and domestic birds to estimate the risk that avian pathogens such as avian influenza and Newcastle viruses will be transmitted between wildlife to poultry. We monitored comb ducks (Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos) with satellite transmitters for seven months in an extensive Afro-tropical wetland (the Inner Niger Delta) in Mali and characterise the spatial distribution of backyard poultry in villages. We modelled the spatial distribution of wild ducks using 250-meter spatial resolution and 8-days temporal resolution remotely-sensed environmental indicators based on a Maxent niche modelling method. Results: Our results show a strong seasonal variation in potential contact rate between wild ducks and poultry. We found that the exposure of poultry to wild birds was greatest at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, when comb ducks disperse from natural water bodies to irrigated areas near villages. Conclusions: Our study provides at a local scale a quantitative evidence of the seasonal variability of contact rate between wild and domestic bird populations. It illustrates a GIS-based methodology for estimating epidemiological contact rates at the wildlife and livestock interface integrating high-resolution satellite telemetry and remote sensing data. C1 [Cappelle, Julien; Gaidet, Nicolas] CIRAD ES, UR Anim & Gest Integree Risques, Montpellier, France. [Iverson, Samuel A.; Takekawa, John Y.] USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, Vallejo, CA USA. [Newman, Scott H.] Food & Agr Org, EMPRES Wildlife Unit, Infect Dis Grp, Anim Hlth Serv,Anim Prod & Hlth Div, Rome, Italy. [Fofana, Bouba] Wetlands Int, NL-6700 AL Wageningen, Netherlands. [Fofana, Bouba] Direct Natl Eaux & Forets Mali, Bamako, Mali. [Gilbert, Marius] Univ Libre Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. [Gilbert, Marius] Fonds Natl Rech Sci, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. RP Cappelle, J (reprint author), CIRAD ES, UR Anim & Gest Integree Risques, Montpellier, France. EM julien.cappelle@cirad.fr RI Gaidet, Niccolas/H-8122-2013; OI Gilbert, Marius/0000-0003-3708-3359 NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 32 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1476-072X J9 INT J HEALTH GEOGR JI Int. J. Health Geogr. PD NOV 15 PY 2011 VL 10 AR 60 DI 10.1186/1476-072X-10-60 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 894SF UT WOS:000300446300001 PM 22085837 ER PT J AU Scott, J Rosen, MR Saito, L Decker, DL AF Scott, Julian Rosen, Michael R. Saito, Laurel Decker, David L. TI The influence of irrigation water on the hydrology and lake water budgets of two small arid-climate lakes in Khorezm, Uzbekistan SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Central Asia; Isotopes; Water budget; Shallow lakes; Evaporation; Stable isotopes ID SURFACE; SYSTEM AB Little is known regarding the origins and hydrology of hundreds of small lakes located in the western Uzbekistan province of Khorezm, Central Asia. Situated in the Aral Sea Basin, Khorezm is a productive agricultural region, growing mainly cotton, wheat, and rice. Irrigation is provided by an extensive canal network that conveys water from the Amu Darya River (AD) throughout the province. The region receives on average 10 cm/year of precipitation, yet potential evapotranspiration exceeds this amount by about 15 times. It was hypothesized that the perennial existence of the lakes of interest depends on periodic input of excess irrigation water. This hypothesis was investigated by studying two small lakes in the region, Tuyrek and Khodjababa. In June and July 2008, surface water and shallow groundwater samples were collected at these lake systems and surrounding communities and analyzed for delta H-2, delta O-18, and major ion hydrochemistry to determine water sources. Water table and lake surface elevations were monitored, and the local aquifer characteristics were determined through aquifer tests. These data and climate data from a Class A evaporation pan and meteorological stations were used to estimate water budgets for both lakes. Lake evaporation was found to be about 0.7 cm/day during the study period. Results confirm that the waters sampled at both lake systems and throughout central Khorezm were evaporated from AD water to varying degrees. Together, the water budgets and stable isotope and major ion hydrochemistry data suggest that without surface water input from some source (i.e. excess irrigation water), these and other Khorezm lakes with similar hydrology may decrease in volume dramatically, potentially to the point of complete desiccation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Scott, Julian; Saito, Laurel; Decker, David L.] Univ Nevada, Grad Program Hydrol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Rosen, Michael R.] US Geol Survey, Nevada Water Sci Ctr, Carson City, NV 89701 USA. [Decker, David L.] Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Scott, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM julianscotta@gmail.com RI Saito, Laurel/E-3096-2010; Rosen, Michael/D-6091-2015 OI Saito, Laurel/0000-0003-3617-3133; FU North Atlantic Treaty Organization [982159] FX Funding for this work was provided by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Science for Peace Project 982159. This work would not have been possible without support and contributions from John Lamers and Zentrum fur Entwicklungforschung (ZEF), Dilorom Fayzieva, Bakhriddin Nishonov, Marhabo Bekchonova, Diana Shermetova, Nodirbek Mullaboev, and Hayot Ibrakhimov. The authors are grateful to Justin Huntington, Kip Allander, and Keith Halford for their helpful comments that improved the paper. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 EI 1879-2707 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 15 PY 2011 VL 410 IS 1-2 BP 114 EP 125 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.09.028 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 860SM UT WOS:000297968000011 ER PT J AU Glotch, TD Hagerty, JJ Lucey, PG Hawke, BR Giguere, TA Arnold, JA Williams, JP Jolliff, BL Paige, DA AF Glotch, Timothy D. Hagerty, Justin J. Lucey, Paul G. Hawke, B. Ray Giguere, Thomas A. Arnold, Jessica A. Williams, Jean-Pierre Jolliff, Bradley L. Paige, David A. TI The Mairan domes: Silicic volcanic constructs on the Moon SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HANSTEEN-ALPHA; LUNAR; GRUITHUISEN; SEPARATION AB The Mairan domes are four features located in northern Oceanus Procellarum at similar to 312.3E, 41.4N on the Moon. High resolution visible imagery, visible-to-mid-IR spectra, and Lunar Prospector Th abundance data all indicate that these four domes have a composition that is consistent with derivation from a Si-rich, highly evolved magma. Citation: Glotch, T. D., J. J. Hagerty, P. G. Lucey, B. R. Hawke, T. A. Giguere, J. A. Arnold, J.-P. Williams, B. L. Jolliff, and D. A. Paige (2011), The Mairan domes: Silicic volcanic constructs on the Moon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21204, doi:10.1029/2011GL049548. C1 [Glotch, Timothy D.; Arnold, Jessica A.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geol Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Lucey, Paul G.; Hawke, B. Ray; Giguere, Thomas A.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Hagerty, Justin J.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Jolliff, Bradley L.] Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Williams, Jean-Pierre; Paige, David A.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Glotch, TD (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geol Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM tglotch@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Williams, Jean-Pierre/C-3531-2009 OI Williams, Jean-Pierre/0000-0003-4163-2760 FU Lunar Reconnaissance Obiter Participating Scientist Program [NNX08AM78G]; NASA [NNH09AL42I]; U.S. Department of the Interior FX This work was supported by Lunar Reconnaissance Obiter Participating Scientist Program grant # NNX08AM78G made to TDG. Portions of this work conducted by J.J. Hagerty were supported by NASA through Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program grant NNH09AL42I (JJH, PI) and were conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Department of the Interior. We thank Jeff Taylor, Katie Robinson, and Sam Lawrence, who provided valuable comments on an early version of the manuscript, and Noah Petro and Peter Isaacson, who provided detailed formal reviews that improved the content and clarity of the paper. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L21204 DI 10.1029/2011GL049548 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 851GZ UT WOS:000297257700001 ER PT J AU Higgins, MB Wolfe-Simon, F Robinson, RS Qin, YL Saito, MA Pearson, A AF Higgins, Meytal B. Wolfe-Simon, Felisa Robinson, Rebecca S. Qin, Yelun Saito, Mak A. Pearson, Ann TI Paleoenvironmental implications of taxonomic variation among delta N-15 values of chloropigments SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; AMINO-ACIDS; FRESH-WATER; DIAZOTROPHIC CYANOBACTERIA; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; OPEN-OCEAN; FRACTIONATION; CARBON; NITRATE AB Natural variations in the ratios of nitrogen isotopes in biomass reflect variations in nutrient sources utilized for growth. In order to use delta N-15 values of chloropigments of photosynthetic organisms to determine the corresponding delta N-15 values of biomass - and by extension, surface waters - the isotopic offset between chlorophyll and biomass must be constrained. Here we examine this offset in various geologically-relevant taxa, grown using nutrient sources that may approximate ocean conditions at different times in Earth's history. Phytoplankton in this study include cyanobacteria (diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic), eukaryotic algae (red and green), and anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (Proteobacteria), as well as environmental samples from sulfidic lake water. Cultures were grown using N-2, NO3-, and NH4+ as nitrogen sources, and were examined under different light regimes and growth conditions. We find surprisingly high variability in the isotopic difference (delta N-15(biomass) - delta N-15(chloropigment)) for prokaryotes, with average values for species ranging from -12.2 parts per thousand to + 11.7 parts per thousand. We define this difference as epsilon(por), a term that encompasses diagenetic porphyrins and chlorins, as well as chlorophyll. Negative values of epsilon(por) reflect chloropigments that are N-15-enriched relative to biomass. Notably, this enrichment appears to occur only in cyanobacteria. The average value of epsilon(por) for freshwater cyanobacterial species is -9.8 +/- 1.8 parts per thousand, while for marine cyanobacteria it is -0.9 +/- 1.3 parts per thousand. These isotopic effects group environmentally but not phylogenetically, e. g., epsilon(por) values for freshwater Chroococcales resemble those of freshwater Nostocales but differ from those of marine Chroococcales. Our measured values of epsilon(por) for eukaryotic algae (range = 4.7-8.7 parts per thousand) are similar to previous reports for pure cultures. For all taxa studied, values of epsilon(por) do not depend on the type of nitrogen substrate used for growth. The observed environmental control of epsilon(por) suggests that values of epsilon(por) could be useful for determining the fractional burial of eukaryotic vs. cyanobacterial organic matter in the sedimentary record. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Higgins, Meytal B.; Pearson, Ann] Princeton Univ, Lewis Sigler Inst Integrat Genom, Carl Icahn Lab 21, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Higgins, Meytal B.; Wolfe-Simon, Felisa; Qin, Yelun; Pearson, Ann] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Wolfe-Simon, Felisa] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Robinson, Rebecca S.] Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. [Saito, Mak A.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Higgins, MB (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Lewis Sigler Inst Integrat Genom, Carl Icahn Lab 21, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM meytal@post.harvard.edu; pearson@eps.harvard.edu FU NSF [OCE-0825269]; David and Lucille Packard Foundation FX We would like to thank Susan Carter, Julie Fliegler, Matt Horn, Jill Brockmann, Allison Coe and Greg Eischeid for assistance with sample preparation and analysis. We wish to thank Whitney Wells and Madison Andres for their technical assistance, and their high school teacher Paul McGuinness and support from the City Mayor's Program, for making their contribution possible. We are grateful to Sallie Chisolm and Tanja Bosak for microbial samples. We thank Jay Brandes for editorial assistance, and Yuichiro Kashiyama and two anonymous reviewers for their very insightful comments. This work was supported by NSF grant OCE-0825269 (to A.P. and R.S.R.), and by the David and Lucille Packard Foundation (to A.P.). NR 59 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD NOV 15 PY 2011 VL 75 IS 22 BP 7351 EP 7363 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2011.04.024 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 842FQ UT WOS:000296579600036 ER PT J AU Mirus, BB Loague, K Cristea, NC Burges, SJ Kampf, SK AF Mirus, Benjamin B. Loague, Keith Cristea, Nicoleta C. Burges, Stephen J. Kampf, Stephanie K. TI A synthetic hydrologic-response dataset SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article ID STOCHASTIC-CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS; GENERATING SURFACE RUNOFF; UNCHANNELED CATCHMENT; SUBSURFACE FLOW; R-5 CATCHMENT; COOS-BAY; SIMULATIONS; RAINFALL; MODEL; ASSIMILATION AB Synthetic data have long been employed in hydrology for model development and testing. The objective of this study was to generate a synthetic dataset of hydrologic response with higher spatial and temporal resolution than could presently be obtained in the field, spanning a longer period than the typical duration of monitoring campaigns in experimental catchments. The synthetic dataset was generated for a rangeland catchment with the Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM), and is presented for future use by the community. The InHM boundary-value problem is based upon the previously reported hypothetical reality of Tarrawarra-like hydrologic response. Whereas the emphasis in developing the hypothetical reality was on parameterising InHM to reproduce observations from the Tarrawarra catchment, the emphasis in generating the synthetic dataset is on developing an internally valid hydrologic-response dataset that extends well beyond the period of observations at Tarrawarra. The synthetic dataset spans 11 years of continuous forcing and response data (e. g. integrated response, distributed fluxes, state variable dynamics). The dataset should be useful for a wide range of problems including evaluation of simple rainfall runoff modelling techniques, design of measurement networks, development of data-assimilation algorithms, and studies on information theory. The dataset is available at: ftp://pangea.stanford.edu/pub/loague/. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Mirus, Benjamin B.; Loague, Keith] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Cristea, Nicoleta C.; Burges, Stephen J.] Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Kampf, Stephanie K.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resources Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Mirus, BB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 420, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bmirus@stanford.edu RI Kampf, Stephanie/F-4608-2011; OI Kampf, Stephanie/0000-0001-8991-2679; Mirus, Benjamin/0000-0001-5550-014X; Cristea, Nicoleta/0000-0002-9091-0280 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0537410] FX This work was supported, in part, by National Science Foundation Grant No. EAR-0537410. Andrew Western provided additional meteorological data; Greg Williams compiled the data used in calculating potential evapotranspiration. Thanks, also, to the School of Earth Sciences at Stanford University for facilitating the distribution of the SR-1 dataset. Comments from two anonymous reviewers helped improve the manuscript. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD NOV 15 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 23 BP 3688 EP 3692 DI 10.1002/hyp.8185 PG 5 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 838HK UT WOS:000296278100014 ER PT J AU Davies, AG Keszthelyi, L McEwen, AS AF Davies, Ashley Gerard Keszthelyi, Laszlo McEwen, Alfred S. TI Estimating eruption temperature from thermal emission spectra of lava fountain activity in the Erta'Ale (Ethiopia) volcano lava lake: Implications for observing Io's volcanoes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SIGNATURE; INTERIOR; PELE AB We have analysed high-spatial-resolution and high-temporal-resolution temperature measurements of the active lava lake at Erta'Ale volcano, Ethiopia, to derive requirements for measuring eruption temperatures at Io's volcanoes. Lava lakes are particularly attractive targets because they are persistent in activity and large, often with ongoing lava fountain activity that exposes lava at near-eruption temperature. Using infrared thermography, we find that extracting useful temperature estimates from remote-sensing data requires (a) high spatial resolution to isolate lava fountains from adjacent cooler lava and (b) rapid acquisition of multi-color data. Because existing spacecraft data of Io's volcanoes do not meet these criteria, it is particularly important to design future instruments so that they will be able to collect such data. Near-simultaneous data at more than two relatively short wavelengths (shorter than 1 mu m) are needed to constrain eruption temperatures. Resolving parts of the lava lake or fountains that are near the eruption temperature is also essential, and we provide a rough estimate of the required image scale. Citation: Davies, A. G., L. Keszthelyi, and A. S. McEwen (2011), Estimating eruption temperature from thermal emission spectra of lava fountain activity in the Erta'Ale (Ethiopia) volcano lava lake: Implications for observing Io's volcanoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21308, doi:10.1029/2011GL049418. C1 [Davies, Ashley Gerard] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Keszthelyi, Laszlo] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [McEwen, Alfred S.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Davies, AG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ashley.davies@jpl.nasa.gov; laz@usgs.gov; mcewen@lpl.arizona.edu FU NASA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology FX This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology, under contract to NASA. AGD gratefully acknowledges the support of the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program and logistical support from the BBC. ASM and LPK acknowledge the support of the NASA Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program. We thank David Williams and Jani Radebaugh for their reviews. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 11 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L21308 DI 10.1029/2011GL049418 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 848BL UT WOS:000297021700002 ER PT J AU Love, JJ Mursula, K Tsai, VC Perkins, DM AF Love, Jeffrey J. Mursula, Kalevi Tsai, Victor C. Perkins, David M. TI Are secular correlations between sunspots, geomagnetic activity, and global temperature significant? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; EARTHS MAGNETIC-FIELD; LONG-TERM VARIATIONS; SOLAR VARIABILITY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TIME-SERIES; CYCLE; CONNECTIONS; IRRADIANCE; INDEXES AB Recent studies have led to speculation that solar-terrestrial interaction, measured by sunspot number and geomagnetic activity, has played an important role in global temperature change over the past century or so. We treat this possibility as an hypothesis for testing. We examine the statistical significance of cross-correlations between sunspot number, geomagnetic activity, and global surface temperature for the years 1868-2008, solar cycles 11-23. The data contain substantial autocorrelation and nonstationarity, properties that are incompatible with standard measures of cross-correlational significance, but which can be largely removed by averaging over solar cycles and first-difference detrending. Treated data show an expected statistically-significant correlation between sunspot number and geomagnetic activity, Pearson p < 10(-4), but correlations between global temperature and sunspot number (geomagnetic activity) are not significant, p = 0.9954, (p = 0.8171). In other words, straightforward analysis does not support widely-cited suggestions that these data record a prominent role for solar-terrestrial interaction in global climate change. With respect to the sunspot-number, geomagnetic-activity, and global-temperature data, three alternative hypotheses remain difficult to reject: (1) the role of solar-terrestrial interaction in recent climate change is contained wholly in long-term trends and not in any shorter-term secular variation, or, (2) an anthropogenic signal is hiding correlation between solar-terrestrial variables and global temperature, or, (3) the null hypothesis, recent climate change has not been influenced by solar-terrestrial interaction. Citation: Love, J. J., K. Mursula, V. C. Tsai, and D. M. Perkins (2011), Are secular correlations between sunspots, geomagnetic activity, and global temperature significant?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21703, doi:10.1029/2011GL049380. C1 [Love, Jeffrey J.] US Geol Survey, Geomagnetism Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Mursula, Kalevi] Univ Oulu, Dept Phys, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland. [Perkins, David M.] US Geol Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Tsai, Victor C.] CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Love, JJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Geomagnetism Program, Box 25046,MS 966 DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jlove@usgs.gov RI Tsai, Victor/J-8405-2012; Love, Jeffrey/N-7593-2013; Mursula, Kalevi/L-8952-2014 OI Tsai, Victor/0000-0003-1809-6672; Love, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3324-0348; Mursula, Kalevi/0000-0003-4892-5056 FU Academy of Finland [128189, 131350] FX We thank E. W. Cliver, V. Courtillot, C. A. Finn, J. L. Gannon, J. W. Godt, E. J. Rigler, and an anonymous reviewer for reviewing a draft manuscript. K. Mursula acknowledges financial support from the Academy of Finland, projects 128189 and 131350. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 11 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L21703 DI 10.1029/2011GL049380 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 848BL UT WOS:000297021700001 ER PT J AU Rodo, X Ballester, J Cayan, D Melish, ME Nakamura, Y Uehara, R Burns, JC AF Rodo, Xavier Ballester, Joan Cayan, Dan Melish, Marian E. Nakamura, Yoshikazu Uehara, Ritei Burns, Jane C. TI Association of Kawasaki disease with tropospheric wind patterns SO SCIENTIFIC REPORTS LA English DT Article ID NATIONWIDE SURVEY; RHEUMATIC-FEVER; JAPAN; DUST; EPIDEMIOLOGY; REANALYSIS; INFLUENZA; HEALTH; IMPACT; VIRUS AB The causal agent of Kawasaki disease (KD) remains unknown after more than 40 years of intensive research. The number of cases continues to rise in many parts of the world and KD is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in developed countries. Analyses of the three major KD epidemics in Japan, major non-epidemic interannual fluctuations of KD cases in Japan and San Diego, and the seasonal variation of KD in Japan, Hawaii, and San Diego, reveals a consistent pattern wherein KD cases are often linked to large-scale wind currents originating in central Asia and traversing the north Pacific. Results suggest that the environmental trigger for KD could be wind-borne. Efforts to isolate the causative agent of KD should focus on the microbiology of aerosols. C1 [Rodo, Xavier; Ballester, Joan] Inst Catala Ciencies Clima IC3, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. [Rodo, Xavier] ICREA, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. [Cayan, Dan] UCSD, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. [Cayan, Dan] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, La Jolla, CA USA. [Melish, Marian E.] Univ Hawaii, John A Burns Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Kapiolani Med Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Nakamura, Yoshikazu; Uehara, Ritei] Jichi Med Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. [Burns, Jane C.] Rady Childrens Hosp San Diego, Dept Pediat, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Rodo, X (reprint author), Inst Catala Ciencies Clima IC3, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. EM xavier.rodo@ic3.cat RI Burns, Jane/J-6167-2015; Ballester, Joan/E-6627-2017; OI Ballester Claramunt, Joan/0000-0003-0009-437X; Rodo, Xavier/0000-0003-4843-6180 FU La Marato de TV3 [081910]; Catalan Ministry of Innovation and Science; National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute [HL69413]; NOAA FX We are grateful for suggestions from Alexander Gershunov, Mike Dettinger, and especially Josep-Anton Morgui. Emelia Bainto and Jennifer Paolini were instrumental in preparing the manuscript. We thank several data providers, including Claudia Steiner and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) that kindly provided the data for Hawaii. This study was funded by project 081910 "Kawasaki Disease: Disentangling the role of Climate in the outbreaks" from 'La Marato de TV3 (2008): malalties cardiovasculars' through a grant awarded to Xavier Rodo. Joan Ballester was supported in part by a fellowship from the Catalan Ministry of Innovation and Science. This work was also supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute (HL69413) awarded to Jane C. Burns, and by the NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments through the California Applications program awarded to Dan Cayan. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 13 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 2045-2322 J9 SCI REP-UK JI Sci Rep PD NOV 10 PY 2011 VL 1 AR 152 DI 10.1038/srep00152 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 896HK UT WOS:000300556100001 PM 22355668 ER PT J AU Mewafy, FM Atekwana, EA Werkema, DD Slater, LD Ntarlagiannis, D Revil, A Skold, M Delin, GN AF Mewafy, Farag M. Atekwana, Estella A. Werkema, D. Dale, Jr. Slater, Lee D. Ntarlagiannis, Dimitrios Revil, Andre Skold, Magnus Delin, Geoffrey N. TI Magnetic susceptibility as a proxy for investigating microbially mediated iron reduction SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRUDE-OIL; METHANE OXIDATION; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; GROUNDWATER; SEDIMENT AB We investigated magnetic susceptibility (MS) variations in hydrocarbon contaminated sediments. Our objective was to determine if MS can be used as an intrinsic bioremediation indicator due to the activity of iron-reducing bacteria. A contaminated and an uncontaminated core were retrieved from a site contaminated with crude oil near Bemidji, Minnesota and subsampled for MS measurements. The contaminated core revealed enriched MS zones within the hydrocarbon smear zone, which is related to iron-reduction coupled to oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds and the vadose zone, which is coincident with a zone of methane depletion suggesting aerobic or anaerobic oxidation of methane is coupled to iron-reduction. The latter has significant implications for methane cycling. We conclude that MS can serve as a proxy for intrinsic bioremediation due to the activity of iron-reducing bacteria iron-reducing bacteria and for the application of geophysics to iron cycling studies. Citation: Mewafy, F. M., E. A. Atekwana, D. D. Werkema Jr., L. D. Slater, D. Ntarlagiannis, A. Revil, M. Skold, and G. N. Delin (2011), Magnetic susceptibility as a proxy for investigating microbially mediated iron reduction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21402, doi:10.1029/2011GL049271. C1 [Mewafy, Farag M.; Atekwana, Estella A.] Oklahoma State Univ, Boone Pickens Sch Geol, Noble Res Ctr 105, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. [Werkema, D. Dale, Jr.] US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. [Slater, Lee D.; Ntarlagiannis, Dimitrios] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Revil, Andre; Skold, Magnus] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Delin, Geoffrey N.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Mewafy, FM (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Boone Pickens Sch Geol, Noble Res Ctr 105, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM atekwana@okstate.edu FU Enbridge Energy (Ltd.); Minnesota Pollution Control Agency; U.S.G.S.; U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development [EP-10-D-000488] FX This material is partially based on work supported by Enbridge Energy (Ltd.), the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the U. S. G. S. Toxic Waste Substances Program. We thank W. Herkalrath, F. Day-Lewis, J. Lane, M. Erickson, and J. Trost (U. S. G. S.), J. Heenan and C. Zhang (Rutgers-Newark) for valuable field support. B. Bekins and I. Cozzarelli (U. S. G. S) reviewed an earlier version of the manuscript. The U. S. EPA Office of Research and Development funded and collaborated in the research described here under EP-10-D-000488. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 9 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L21402 DI 10.1029/2011GL049271 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 848BO UT WOS:000297022100001 ER PT J AU Liu, SG Bond-Lamberty, B Hicke, JA Vargas, R Zhao, SQ Chen, J Edburg, SL Hu, YM Liu, JX McGuire, AD Xiao, JF Keane, R Yuan, WP Tang, JW Luo, YQ Potter, C Oeding, J AF Liu, Shuguang Bond-Lamberty, Ben Hicke, Jeffrey A. Vargas, Rodrigo Zhao, Shuqing Chen, Jing Edburg, Steven L. Hu, Yueming Liu, Jinxun McGuire, A. David Xiao, Jingfeng Keane, Robert Yuan, Wenping Tang, Jianwu Luo, Yiqi Potter, Christopher Oeding, Jennifer TI Simulating the impacts of disturbances on forest carbon cycling in North America: Processes, data, models, and challenges SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; CANADIAN BOREAL FOREST; MOUNTAIN PINE-BEETLE; BIOME-BGC MODEL; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE MODEL; GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; LAND-USE HISTORY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES AB Forest disturbances greatly alter the carbon cycle at various spatial and temporal scales. It is critical to understand disturbance regimes and their impacts to better quantify regional and global carbon dynamics. This review of the status and major challenges in representing the impacts of disturbances in modeling the carbon dynamics across North America revealed some major advances and challenges. First, significant advances have been made in representation, scaling, and characterization of disturbances that should be included in regional modeling efforts. Second, there is a need to develop effective and comprehensive process-based procedures and algorithms to quantify the immediate and long-term impacts of disturbances on ecosystem succession, soils, microclimate, and cycles of carbon, water, and nutrients. Third, our capability to simulate the occurrences and severity of disturbances is very limited. Fourth, scaling issues have rarely been addressed in continental scale model applications. It is not fully understood which finer scale processes and properties need to be scaled to coarser spatial and temporal scales. Fifth, there are inadequate databases on disturbances at the continental scale to support the quantification of their effects on the carbon balance in North America. Finally, procedures are needed to quantify the uncertainty of model inputs, model parameters, and model structures, and thus to estimate their impacts on overall model uncertainty. Working together, the scientific community interested in disturbance and its impacts can identify the most uncertain issues surrounding the role of disturbance in the North American carbon budget and develop working hypotheses to reduce the uncertainty. C1 [Liu, Shuguang] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Bond-Lamberty, Ben] Joint Global Change Res Inst, DOE Pacific NW Natl Lab, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Hicke, Jeffrey A.; Edburg, Steven L.] Univ Idaho, Dept Geog, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Vargas, Rodrigo] Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Enseneda, Dept Biol Conservac, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico. [Zhao, Shuqing] Peking Univ, Coll Urban & Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. [Chen, Jing] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. [Hu, Yueming] S China Agr Univ, Coll Informat, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Liu, Jinxun; Oeding, Jennifer] Stinger Ghaffarian Technol, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [McGuire, A. David] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Xiao, Jingfeng] Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Keane, Robert] Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59808 USA. [Yuan, Wenping] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Tang, Jianwu] Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Luo, Yiqi] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Potter, Christopher] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Liu, SG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM sliu@usgs.gov RI Bond-Lamberty, Ben/C-6058-2008; Hicke, Jeff/M-9677-2013; Tang, Jianwu/K-6798-2014; Vargas, Rodrigo/C-4720-2008 OI Bond-Lamberty, Ben/0000-0001-9525-4633; Tang, Jianwu/0000-0003-2498-9012; Vargas, Rodrigo/0000-0001-6829-5333 FU U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Reston FX The inception of this synthesis paper was from the North American Carbon Program Disturbance Impacts Workshop orchestrated by Eric Kasischke and sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Reston, 2009. Liu's work is supported by USGS Geographic Analysis and Monitoring Program, Climate Change R&D Program, and Climate Effects Network Program. Any use of trade, firm, or product name is for descriptive purpose only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 246 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 86 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-8953 EI 2169-8961 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD NOV 8 PY 2011 VL 116 AR G00K08 DI 10.1029/2010JG001585 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 848SA UT WOS:000297073200001 ER PT J AU Coble, MA Grove, M Calvert, AT AF Coble, Matthew A. Grove, Marty Calvert, Andrew T. TI Calibration of Nu-Instruments Noblesse multicollector mass spectrometers for argon isotopic measurements using a newly developed reference gas SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Multicollection; Detector calibration; Noble gas; (40)Ar/(39)Ar geochronology; Nu Instruments Noblesse; Detector linearity ID K-FELDSPAR; ICP-MS; AGES; SYSTEM; RATIOS AB The greatest challenge limiting (40)Ar/(39)Ar multicollection measurements is the availability of appropriate standard gasses to intercalibrate detectors. In particular, use of zoom lens ion-optics to steer and focus ion beams into a fixed detector array (i.e. Nu Instruments Noblesse) makes intercalibration of multiple detectors challenging because different ion-optic tuning conditions are required for optimal peak shape and sensitivity at different mass stations. We have found that detector efficiency and mass discrimination are affected by changes in ion-optic tuning parameters. Reliance upon an atmospheric Ar standard to calibrate the Noblesse is problematic because there is no straightforward way to relate atmospheric (40)Ar and (36)Ar to measurements of (40)Ar and (39)Ar if they are measured on separate detectors. After exploring alternative calibration approaches, we have concluded that calibration of the Noblesse is best performed using exactly the same source, detector, and ion-optic tuning settings as those used in routine (49)Ar/(39)Ar analysis. To accomplish this, we have developed synthetic reference gasses containing (40)Ar, (39)Ar and (38)Ar produced by mixing gasses derived from neutron-irradiated sanidine with an enriched (38)Ar spike. We present a new method for calibrating the Noblesse based on use of both atmospheric Ar and the synthetic reference gasses. By combining atmospheric Ar and synthetic reference gas in different ways, we can directly measure (46)Ar/(39)Ar, (38)Ar/(39)Ar, and (36)Ar/(39)Ar correction factors over ratios that vary from 0.5 to 460. These correction factors are reproducible to better than +/- 0.5 parts per thousand (2 sigma standard error) over intervals spanning similar to 24 h but can vary systematically by similar to 4% over 2 weeks of continuous use when electron multiplier settings are held constant. Monitoring this variation requires daily calibration of the instrument Application of the calibration method to (40)Ar/(39)Ar multicollection measurements of widely used sanidine reference materials ACs-2, FCs-2, and TCs-2 demonstrate that calculated (40)Ar*/(39)Ar(K) can be accurately corrected to yield model (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages consistent with those reported by Earthtime (40)Ar/(39)Ar laboratories. Replicate analyses of 8-12 single-crystal sanidine ages are reproduced to within 1-2 parts per thousand (2 sigma standard error) under optimal analytical conditions. This calibration technique is applicable over a wide range of isotopic ratios and signal sizes. Finally, the reference gas has the added advantage of facilitating straightforward characterization of electron multiplier dead time over a wide dynamic range. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Coble, Matthew A.; Grove, Marty] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Calvert, Andrew T.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Coble, MA (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, 450 Serra Mall,118 Braun Hall,Bldg 320, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM coblem@stanford.edu OI Coble, Matthew/0000-0002-7536-0559 FU Gail Mahood; Stanford GES department FX We thank Paul Renne and Matt Heizler for providing multi-gram aliquots of ACs-2 and FC5-2 for this study. Thanks to Gail Mahood and Stanford GES department for financial support. Heizler also provided summaries of Earthtime flux-monitor interlaboratory data compilation. James Suburomaru constructed glass manifolds for gas handling and played the major role in producing the reference gas using gas extraction and purification equipment in the USGS Menlo Park K-Ar laboratory. Julie Fosdick helped build the Stanford extraction line and pipette system and helped to calibrate line volumes. Vito Prasad helped prepare the atmospheric Ar gas standard used in this study. Brad Ito provided technical support while Caroline Harris provided valuable insight regarding phenomenology of Nu multicollection. We also thank Robert Fleck, Mike Cosca, Klaudia Kuiper, and an anonymous reviewer, as well as John Saxton at Nu Instruments, for their reviews and insightful comments. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD NOV 7 PY 2011 VL 290 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 87 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.09.003 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 850IT UT WOS:000297189000007 ER PT J AU Kean, JW Staley, DM Cannon, SH AF Kean, Jason W. Staley, Dennis M. Cannon, Susan H. TI In situ measurements of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Comparisons of the timing and magnitude of 24 debris-flow events with rainfall and soil moisture conditions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article ID FLUIDIZED GRANULAR MASSES; SHALLOW LANDSLIDES; MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHEDS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; DURATION CONTROL; BURNED AREAS; ITALIAN ALPS; WILDFIRE; INTENSITY; USA AB Debris flows often occur in burned steeplands of southern California, sometimes causing property damage and loss of life. In an effort to better understand the hydrologic controls on post-fire debris-flow initiation, timing and magnitude, we measured the flow stage, rainfall, channel bed pore fluid pressure and hillslope soil-moisture accompanying 24 debris flows recorded in five different watersheds burned in the 2009 Station and Jesusita Fires (San Gabriel and Santa Ynez Mountains). The measurements show substantial differences in debris-flow dynamics between sites and between sequential events at the same site. Despite these differences, the timing and magnitude of all events were consistently associated with local peaks in short duration (< = 30 min) rainfall intensity. Overall, debris-flow stage was best cross-correlated with time series of 5-min rainfall intensity, and lagged the rainfall by an average of just 5 min. An index of debris-flow volume was also best correlated with short-duration rainfall intensity, but found to be poorly correlated with storm cumulative rainfall and hillslope soil water content. Post-event observations of erosion and slope stability modeling suggest that the debris flows initiated primarily by processes related to surface water runoff, rather than shallow landslides. By identifying the storm characteristics most closely associated with post-fire debris flows, these measurements provide valuable guidance for warning operations and important constraints for developing and testing models of post-fire debris flows. C1 [Kean, Jason W.; Staley, Dennis M.; Cannon, Susan H.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Kean, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jwkean@usgs.gov OI Kean, Jason/0000-0003-3089-0369 NR 73 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 5 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD NOV 5 PY 2011 VL 116 AR F04019 DI 10.1029/2011JF002005 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 843DM UT WOS:000296652500001 ER PT J AU Reimann, T Geyer, T Shoemaker, WB Liedl, R Sauter, M AF Reimann, Thomas Geyer, Tobias Shoemaker, W. Barclay Liedl, Rudolf Sauter, Martin TI Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MODEL; MODFLOW-2005; SYSTEMS AB Well-developed karst aquifers consist of highly conductive conduits and a relatively low permeability fractured and/or porous rock matrix and therefore behave as a dual-hydraulic system. Groundwater flow within highly permeable strata is rapid and transient and depends on local flow conditions, i.e., pressurized or nonpressurized flow. The characterization of karst aquifers is a necessary and challenging task because information about hydraulic and spatial conduit properties is poorly defined or unknown. To investigate karst aquifers, hydraulic stresses such as large recharge events can be simulated with hybrid (coupled discrete continuum) models. Since existing hybrid models are simplifications of the system dynamics, a new karst model (ModBraC) is presented that accounts for unsteady and nonuniform discrete flow in variably saturated conduits employing the Saint-Venant equations. Model performance tests indicate that ModBraC is able to simulate (1) unsteady and nonuniform flow in variably filled conduits, (2) draining and refilling of conduits with stable transition between free-surface and pressurized flow and correct storage representation, (3) water exchange between matrix and variably filled conduits, and (4) discharge routing through branched and intermeshed conduit networks. Subsequently, ModBraC is applied to an idealized catchment to investigate the significance of free-surface flow representation. A parameter study is conducted with two different initial conditions: (1) pressurized flow and (2) free-surface flow. If free-surface flow prevails, the systems is characterized by (1) a time lag for signal transmission, (2) a typical spring discharge pattern representing the transition from pressurized to free-surface flow, and (3) a reduced conduit-matrix interaction during free-surface flow. C1 [Geyer, Tobias; Sauter, Martin] Univ Gottingen, Geosci Ctr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. [Reimann, Thomas; Liedl, Rudolf] Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Groundwater Management, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. [Shoemaker, W. Barclay] US Geol Survey, Davie, FL 33314 USA. RP Reimann, T (reprint author), Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Groundwater Management, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. EM thomas.reimann@tu-dresden.de; tgeyer@gwdg.de; bshoemak@usgs.gov; rudolf.liedl@mailbox.tu-dresden.de; martin.sauter@geo.uni-goettingen.de RI Reimann, Thomas/C-5718-2011; OI Reimann, Thomas/0000-0002-4259-0139; Shoemaker, W. Barclay/0000-0002-7680-377X FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [LI 727/11-1, SA 501/24-1] FX The authors would like to thank David Lerner, University Sheffield (United Kingdom), and Janet Riley (ESI Ltd. Shrewsbury, United Kingdom) for providing the first adapted version of MODBRANCH. The authors express their appreciation to Jeffrey N. King, Eric D. Swain, and Robert A. Renken of the USGS for their excellent internal review prior to submission to the journal. Further, we thank Steffen Birk from the University Graz (Austria) and Nathalie Dorfliger and Jean Christoph Marechal from the French geological survey (BRGM) for fruitful discussions. This work was partly funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grants LI 727/11-1 and SA 501/24-1. NR 43 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV 4 PY 2011 VL 47 AR W11503 DI 10.1029/2011WR010446 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 842TD UT WOS:000296622300002 ER PT J AU Reid, SB Boguski, DA Goodman, DH Docker, MF AF Reid, Stewart B. Boguski, David A. Goodman, Damon H. Docker, Margaret F. TI Validity of Lampetra pacifica (Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae), a brook lamprey described from the lower Columbia River Basin SO ZOOTAXA LA English DT Article DE Pacific Brook Lamprey; Western Brook Lamprey; myomeres ID MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME-B; WESTERN NORTH AMERICA; VERTEBRATES; CALIFORNIA; PHYLOGENY; OREGON; GENE AB The Pacific Brook Lamprey, Lampetra pacifica Vladykov, 1973 was described from the lower Columbia River Basin near Portland, Oregon. Subsequently, L. pacifica has generally been treated as a junior synonym of the Western Brook Lamprey, L. richardsoni Vladykov and Follett, 1965, a species described from the Fraser River Drainage east of Vancouver, British Columbia. We reexamine the available morphological data used by previous authors (trunk myomere counts), report on recent collections from the Columbia Basin, and reinterpret the trunk myomere data in the context of recent genetic sampling from the same populations. Populations of L. pacifica are distinguished from those of L. richardsoni by trunk myomere counts of 53-60 (means <58) versus 57-67 (means >59), respectively, and by genetic sequence divergence (cyt b) of 2.85 to 3.20%. We find no support for placing L. pacifica in the synonymy of L. richardsoni and recognize L. pacifica as a valid species. However, we recognize that there is considerable unresolved diversity in the western North American lampreys and recommend restriction of L. pacifica to the Columbia Basin, suggesting that unresolved populations of Lampetra brook (non-parasitic) lampreys outside the basin with mean trunk myomere counts below 59 be referred to as L. cf. pacifica, until further systematic information is available. C1 [Reid, Stewart B.] Western Fishes, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. [Boguski, David A.; Docker, Margaret F.] Univ Manitoba, Dept Biol Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. [Goodman, Damon H.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Reid, SB (reprint author), Western Fishes, 2045 E Main St, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. EM WesternFishes@opendoor.com; damon_goodman@fws.gov; dockerm@cc.umanitoba.ca FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Manitoba FX We would like to acknowledge Justin Huff for trunk myomere counts from OS material, Doug Markle for assistance with Bond and Kan's manuscript, and Brian Sidlauskas for his hospitality at the Oregon State University Fish Collection. Patricia Woodruff and Eric Taylor (University of British Columbia), Christina Luzier (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vancouver, Washington) and Aaron Jackson (Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation) provided specimens. Funding for the genetic analysis was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the University of Manitoba University Research Grant Program. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 7 PU MAGNOLIA PRESS PI AUCKLAND PA PO BOX 41383, AUCKLAND, ST LUKES 1030, NEW ZEALAND SN 1175-5326 EI 1175-5334 J9 ZOOTAXA JI Zootaxa PD NOV 4 PY 2011 IS 3091 BP 42 EP 50 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 846EJ UT WOS:000296879700003 ER PT J AU Luttrell, KM Tong, XP Sandwell, DT Brooks, BA Bevis, MG AF Luttrell, Karen M. Tong, Xiaopeng Sandwell, David T. Brooks, Benjamin A. Bevis, Michael G. TI Estimates of stress drop and crustal tectonic stress from the 27 February 2010 Maule, Chile, earthquake: Implications for fault strength SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID SUBDUCTION ZONES; TENSILE FAULTS; SAN-ANDREAS; HALF-SPACE; DEFORMATION; TOPOGRAPHY; MODEL; ANDES; SHEAR; SLIP AB The great 27 February 2010 M-w 8.8 earthquake off the coast of southern Chile ruptured a similar to 600 km length of subduction zone. In this paper, we make two independent estimates of shear stress in the crust in the region of the Chile earthquake. First, we use a coseismic slip model constrained by geodetic observations from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS to derive a spatially variable estimate of the change in static shear stress along the ruptured fault. Second, we use a static force balance model to constrain the crustal shear stress required to simultaneously support observed fore-arc topography and the stress orientation indicated by the earthquake focal mechanism. This includes the derivation of a semianalytic solution for the stress field exerted by surface and Moho topography loading the crust. We find that the deviatoric stress exerted by topography is minimized in the limit when the crust is considered an incompressible elastic solid, with a Poisson ratio of 0.5, and is independent of Young's modulus. This places a strict lower bound on the critical stress state maintained by the crust supporting plastically deformed accretionary wedge topography. We estimate the coseismic shear stress change from the Maule event ranged from -6 MPa (stress increase) to 17 MPa (stress drop), with a maximum depth-averaged crustal shear-stress drop of 4 MPa. We separately estimate that the plate-driving forces acting in the region, regardless of their exact mechanism, must contribute at least 27 MPa trench-perpendicular compression and 15 MPa trench-parallel compression. This corresponds to a depth-averaged shear stress of at least 7 MPa. The comparable magnitude of these two independent shear stress estimates is consistent with the interpretation that the section of the megathrust fault ruptured in the Maule earthquake is weak, with the seismic cycle relieving much of the total sustained shear stress in the crust. C1 [Bevis, Michael G.] Ohio State Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Brooks, Benjamin A.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Luttrell, Karen M.; Tong, Xiaopeng; Sandwell, David T.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Luttrell, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM kluttrell@usgs.gov; xitong@ucsd.edu; dsandwell@ucsd.edu; bbrooks@hawaii.edu; mbevis@osu.edu RI Tong, Xiaopeng/D-7381-2012; Luttrell, Karen/D-6772-2015; OI Sandwell, David/0000-0001-5657-8707 FU NASA Geodetic Imaging [NNX09AD12G]; NASA; NSF [EAR0811772] FX We thank Martin Mai for providing his code to validate our stress drop calculations. We thank the associate editor and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on this paper. This research was supported by NASA Geodetic Imaging NNX09AD12G, the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program, and NSF EAR0811772. NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 3 PY 2011 VL 116 AR B11401 DI 10.1029/2011JB008509 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 843BY UT WOS:000296648500002 ER PT J AU Michael, AJ AF Michael, Andrew J. TI Random variability explains apparent global clustering of large earthquakes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GREAT EARTHQUAKES; MAGNITUDE; AFTERSHOCKS; CALIFORNIA; SEQUENCE; RELEASE; CATALOG; MODELS; TIME; ZONE AB The occurrence of 5 Mw >= 8.5 earthquakes since 2004 has created a debate over whether or not we are in a global cluster of large earthquakes, temporarily raising risks above long-term levels. I use three classes of statistical tests to determine if the record of M >= 7 earthquakes since 1900 can reject a null hypothesis of independent random events with a constant rate plus localized aftershock sequences. The data cannot reject this null hypothesis. Thus, the temporal distribution of large global earthquakes is well-described by a random process, plus localized aftershocks, and apparent clustering is due to random variability. Therefore the risk of future events has not increased, except within ongoing aftershock sequences, and should be estimated from the longest possible record of events. Citation: Michael, A. J. (2011), Random variability explains apparent global clustering of large earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21301, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049443. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Michael, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM michael@usgs.gov RI Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010 OI Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 2 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L21301 DI 10.1029/2011GL049443 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 842RZ UT WOS:000296619000003 ER PT J AU Goetz, F Sitar, S Rosauer, D Swanson, P Bronte, CR Dickey, J Simchick, C AF Goetz, Frederick Sitar, Shawn Rosauer, Daniel Swanson, Penny Bronte, Charles R. Dickey, Jon Simchick, Crystal TI The Reproductive Biology of Siscowet and Lean Lake Trout in Southern Lake Superior SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHARR SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN; GONADOTROPINS GTH-I; COD GADUS-MORHUA; ARCTIC CHARR; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; GROWTH-HORMONE; BROOK TROUT; SYMPATRIC MORPHOTYPES AB Lean and siscowet morphotypes of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior are thought to be genetically separate, but the reproductive isolating mechanism is unknown. The testicular and ovarian cycles and reproductive hormone levels of these morphotypes were determined from May to October in populations east and west of the Keweenaw Peninsula in southern Lake Superior. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased from August to October for lean and siscowet males and females east of the Keweenaw Peninsula and for siscowets west of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Circulating estradiol-17 beta (E2) levels and ovarian GSIs increased simultaneously in females of both morphotypes. However, circulating 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels in lean and siscowet males were not significantly elevated until October even though testicular GSIs increased by August. Transcripts of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit (an indirect measure of FSH activity) increased in lean and siscowet males and females during August and September, when GSIs were increasing for both morphotypes. The seasonal changes in GSIs and hormone levels indicate that both lean and siscowet individuals in southern Lake Superior populations undergo reproductive maturation at the same time in the fall; therefore, reproductive timing does not appear to genetically isolate the morphotypes in these populations. A proportion of the sampled females (lean lake trout: 54%; siscowets: 42%) exhibited no increase in GSI from August to October, strongly suggesting that in any given year some proportion of the population does not reproduce. This was also observed in males but at a lower percentage (19-20%). Fish that did not have maturing gonads from August to October also had lower E2 and 11-KT levels than maturing fish. Fecundity measured for lean and siscowet lake trout was not statistically different and was similar to historical values. C1 [Goetz, Frederick; Rosauer, Daniel; Simchick, Crystal] Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Sch Freshwater Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Sitar, Shawn] Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette Fisheries Res Stn, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. [Swanson, Penny] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Bronte, Charles R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, New Franken, WI 54229 USA. [Dickey, Jon] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Goetz, F (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Sch Freshwater Sci, 600 E Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. EM rick@uwm.edu FU Great Lakes Fishery Commission; Michigan Department of Natural Resources [F-81-R] FX The crews of the R/V Judy and R/V Lake Char, including Brandon Bastar, Dawn Dupras, Greg Kleaver, Helen Morales, Kevin Rathbun, Dan Traynor, and Tim Wille, worked extremely hard in the field collection of fish for this study. Henry Quinlan and Mark Brouder (Ashland Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) and Bill Mattes (Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission) provided additional and essential field support for collections. This study was supported by a grant from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission (to F. G., S. S., and C. B.) and by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Project F-81-R). The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 78 TC 13 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 140 IS 6 BP 1472 EP 1491 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.630276 PG 20 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 903WU UT WOS:000301153700005 ER PT J AU Ahrenstorff, TD Hrabik, TR Stockwell, JD Yule, DL Sass, GG AF Ahrenstorff, Tyler D. Hrabik, Thomas R. Stockwell, Jason D. Yule, Daniel L. Sass, Greg G. TI Seasonally Dynamic Diel Vertical Migrations of Mysis diluviana, Coregonine Fishes, and Siscowet Lake Trout in the Pelagia of Western Lake Superior SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL PLANKTON COUNTER; PREDATION RISK; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SOCKEYE SALMON; RELICTA LOVEN; FORAGE FISH; ZOOPLANKTON; LIGHT AB Diel vertical migrations are common among many aquatic species and are often associated with changing light levels. The underlying mechanisms are generally attributed to optimizing foraging efficiency or growth rates and avoiding predation risk (mu). The objectives of this study were to (1) assess seasonal and interannual changes in vertical migration patterns of three trophic levels in the Lake Superior pelagic food web and (2) examine the mechanisms underlying the observed variability by using models of foraging, growth, and mu. Our results suggest that the opossum shrimp Mysis diluviana, kiyi Coregonus kiyi, and siscowet lake trout Salvelinus namaycush migrate concurrently during each season, but spring migrations are less extensive than summer and fall migrations. In comparison with M. diluviana, kiyis, and siscowets, the migrations by ciscoes C. artedi were not as deep in the water column during the day, regardless of season. Foraging potential and mu probably drive the movement patterns of M. diluviana, while our modeling results indicate that movements by kiyis and ciscoes are related to foraging opportunity and growth potential and receive a lesser influence from mu. The siscowet is an abundant apex predator in the pelagia of Lake Superior and probably undertakes vertical migrations in the water column to optimize foraging efficiency and growth. The concurrent vertical movement patterns of most species are likely to facilitate nutrient transport in this exceedingly oligotrophic ecosystem, and they demonstrate strong linkages between predators and prey. Fishery management strategies should use an ecosystem approach and should consider how altering the densities of long-lived top predators produces cascading effects on the nutrient cycling and energy flow in lower trophic levels. C1 [Ahrenstorff, Tyler D.; Hrabik, Thomas R.] Univ Minnesota Duluth, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Stockwell, Jason D.] Gulf Maine Res Inst, Portland, ME 04101 USA. [Yule, Daniel L.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. [Sass, Greg G.] Univ Illinois, Inst Nat Resource Sustainabil, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Illinois River Biol Stn, Havana, IL 62644 USA. RP Ahrenstorff, TD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota Duluth, Dept Biol, 207 Swenson Sci Bldg,1035 Kirby Dr, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. EM ahre0051@d.umn.edu FU Minnesota Sea Grant College Program; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant (U.S. Department of Commerce) [NA07OAR4170009] FX Donn Branstrator, Kang James, and several anonymous reviewers deserve thanks for providing comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We thank Matt Balge, Josh Dumke, Allison Gamble, Beth Holbrook, Rod Houdek, E.J. Isaac, Jacob Olson, Tom Pevan, and the captains and crews of the RV Blue Heron and RV Kiyi for field assistance. In addition, we thank Lori Evrard and Laura Graf for their editorial comments. This work is the result of research sponsored by the Minnesota Sea Grant College Program, which is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant (U.S. Department of Commerce) under Grant Number NA07OAR4170009. The article is journal reprint Number JR570 of the Minnesota Sea Grant College Program and Contribution Number 1636 of the U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center. NR 86 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 38 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 140 IS 6 BP 1504 EP 1520 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.637004 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 903WU UT WOS:000301153700007 ER PT J AU Kocovsky, PM Stapanian, MA AF Kocovsky, Patrick M. Stapanian, Martin A. TI Influence of Dreissenid Mussels on Catchability of Benthic Fishes in Bottom Trawls SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL LAKE-ERIE; ZEBRA MUSSEL; GREAT-LAKES; TEMPORAL TRENDS; YELLOW PERCH; POLYMORPHA; ESTABLISHMENT; RIVER; INVASION; IMPACTS AB Inferring trends in true abundance of fish populations from catch per unit effort data requires either the knowledge of capture probability or the assumption that it is constant, both of which are unlikely contingencies. We developed and validated an index of catchability (a proxy measure for capture probability) from a long-term data set describing nearshore waters of western Lake Erie, and we used the index to test the hypothesis that catchability of four abundant benthic species captured in bottom trawls changed after the invasion of dreissenid mussels. We estimated daytime and nighttime catchability for 1972-1990 (predreissenid period) and 1991-2009 (dreissenid period); we then tested for differences between nighttime and daytime catchability in the predreissenid and dreissenid periods and the nighttime-daytime differential in catchability during the dreissenid period. We also tested relationships between Secchi depth and the catchability index via linear regression. Catchability indices for white perch Morone americana, yellow perch Perca flavescens, and trout-perch Percopsis omiscomaycus did not differ between daytime and nighttime during the predreissenid period. After establishment of dreissenids, all three of these species had lower daytime catchability than nighttime catchability and had positive nighttime-daytime differentials, indicating a shift toward higher nighttime catchability relative to daytime catchability. Changes in catchability indices for freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens were opposite the changes observed for the other three species, possibly because the freshwater drum is the only species that actively feeds on dreissenids. Catchability indices were negatively related to water clarity (Secchi depth) for three of the species. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that catchability of the four most common benthic fish species captured in bottom trawls within nearshore waters of western Lake Erie changed after the dreissenid invasion because of increased water clarity and increased visibility, which led to greater daytime trawl avoidance. C1 [Kocovsky, Patrick M.; Stapanian, Martin A.] US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Erie Biol Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Kocovsky, PM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Erie Biol Stn, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. EM pkocovsky@usgs.gov OI Stapanian, Martin/0000-0001-8173-4273 NR 37 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 140 IS 6 BP 1565 EP 1573 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.639271 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 903WU UT WOS:000301153700012 ER PT J AU Cade, BS Terrell, JW Neely, BC AF Cade, Brian S. Terrell, James W. Neely, Ben C. TI Estimating Geographic Variation in Allometric Growth and Body Condition of Blue Suckers with Quantile Regression SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STANDARD-WEIGHT EQUATIONS; W-R INDEX; RELATIVE WEIGHT; LENGTH RELATIONSHIPS; MISSOURI RIVER; FISHES; HISTORY; WALLEYE; BIASES; TROUT AB Increasing our understanding of how environmental factors affect fish body condition and improving its utility as a metric of aquatic system health require reliable estimates of spatial variation in condition (weight at length). We used three statistical approaches that varied in how they accounted for heterogeneity in allometric growth to estimate differences in body condition of blue suckers Cycleptus elongatus across 19 large-river locations in the central USA. Quantile regression of an expanded allometric growth model provided the most comprehensive estimates, including variation in exponents within and among locations (range = 2.88-4.24). Blue suckers from more-southerly locations had the largest exponents. Mixed-effects mean regression of a similar expanded allometric growth model allowed exponents to vary among locations (range = 3.03-3.60). Mean relative weights compared across selected intervals of total length (TL = 510-594 and 594-692 mm) in a multiplicative model involved the implicit assumption that allometric exponents within and among locations were similar to the exponent (3.46) for the standard weight equation. Proportionate differences in the quantiles of weight at length for adult blue suckers (TL = 510, 594, 644, and 692 mm) compared with their average across locations ranged from 1.08 to 1.30 for southern locations (Texas, Mississippi) and from 0.84 to 1.00 for northern locations (Montana, North Dakota); proportionate differences for mean weight ranged from 1.13 to 1.17 and from 0.87 to 0.95, respectively, and those for mean relative weight ranged from 1.10 to 1.18 and from 0.86 to 0.98, respectively. Weights for fish at longer lengths varied by 600-700 g within a location and by as much as 2,000 g among southern and northern locations. Estimates for the Wabash River, Indiana (0.96-1.07 times the average; greatest increases for lower weights at shorter TLs), and for the Missouri River from Blair, Nebraska, to Sioux City, Iowa (0.90-1.00 times the average; greatest decreases for lower weights at longer TLs), were examined in detail to explain the additional information provided by quantile estimates. C1 [Cade, Brian S.; Terrell, James W.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Neely, Ben C.] Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Abilene, TX 79603 USA. RP Cade, BS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM cadeb@usgs.gov NR 41 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 140 IS 6 BP 1657 EP 1669 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.641885 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 903WU UT WOS:000301153700019 ER PT J AU Bowman, JR Moser, DE Valley, JW Wooden, JL Kita, NT Mazdab, FK AF Bowman, John R. Moser, Desmond E. Valley, John W. Wooden, Joseph L. Kita, Noriko T. Mazdab, Frank K. TI ZIRCON U-Pb ISOTOPE, delta O-18 AND TRACE ELEMENT RESPONSE TO 80 m.y. OF HIGH TEMPERATURE METAMORPHISM IN THE LOWER CRUST: SLUGGISH DIFFUSION AND NEW RECORDS OF ARCHEAN CRATON FORMATION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE zircon; oxygen isotopes; oxygen diffusion; ion microprobe; Kapuskasing; U-Pb; Archean or Archean craton; granulite facies ID KAPUSKASING STRUCTURAL ZONE; TI-IN-ZIRCON; GRANULITE-FACIES METAMORPHISM; HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM; MICROPROBE SHRIMP-RG; SUPERIOR PROVINCE; HIGH-PRECISION; METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS; ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS; OXYGEN DIFFUSION AB Coordinated cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and ion microprobe (SHRIMP and CANIECA 1280) analysis document micron-scale U-Pb-O isotope and trace element zoning in zircons from deep crust exposed to 80 m.y. of high temperature and pressure metamorphism. Three, along-strike paragneiss samples across the amphibolite to granulite facies transition in the Kapuskasing Uplift crustal cross-section in the Archean Superior province yield detrital, originally igneous zircon cores overgrown by progressively larger volumes of metamorphic zircon with increasing grade. The cores generally retain primary age (2.85 +/- 0.03 to 2.67 +/- 0.02 Ga), oxygen isotope (5.1 to 7.0 parts per thousand) and trace element compositions similar to those reported for magmatic arc sources. Dark CL, metamorphic zircon rims record nearly continuous overgrowth events for similar to 80 m.y. from 2.66 +/- 0.01 to 2.58 +/- 0.01 Ga during uppermost amphibolite to granulite facies regional metamorphism. These rims have significantly higher delta O-18 values (8.4 to 10.4 parts per thousand) and trace element compositions quite distinct from those of the cores; these differences indicate that their delta O-18 and trace element compositions were not inherited from the igneous cores, consistent with extensive textural evidence for rim formation as metamorphic overgrowths. Multi-spot traverses record steep oxygen isotope discontinuities (4 parts per thousand over < 10 mu m) at core-rim boundaries, confirming the extremely sluggish rates of volume diffusion of O in non-metamict zircon during extended (similar to 80 m.y.) granulite-grade metamorphism (peak T750-800 degrees C) at substantial f(H2O) but water-undersaturated (fluid-absent) conditions. Likewise no evidence of significant diffusive exchange of 8180 could be detected along deformation microstructures such as annealed fractures in cores infilled with high delta O-18 zircon. Application of simple diffusion models to detailed delta O-18 profiles in a large number of zircon grains constrain maximum values of the diffusivity of oxygen in zircon (logD(ox)(Zrc)) to the range -27.5 to -26.4 m(2)/s. For the estimated 80 m.y. and 700 to 800 degrees C time-T window of rim formation, these maximum values are similar to or slower than values reported by Page and others (2007, 2010) and the experimentally-determined "dry" diffusivity of oxygen in zircon (Watson and Cherniak, 1997), but are markedly slower than the experimentally-determined "wet" diffusivity of oxygen in zircon (Watson and Cherniak, 1997). Fast diffusion of oxygen in zircon predicted by hydrothermal experiments may, in nature, require the presence of a hydrous fluid rather than a threshold value of f(H2O). Our test demonstrates that unrecrystallized metamorphosed igneous zircons and metamorphic zircons will retain the geochemical (U-Pb age, trace element and delta O-18) record of their origin and evolution despite prolonged, high-grade metamorphism at significant f(H2O) but water under-saturated (fluid-absent) conditions. Such zircons, particularly those that exhibit delta O-18 zoning, are micron-scale records for the T-time-fluid interaction history of deep crustal rocks. Such records will not be preserved in less refractory phases and promise new insights into the processes of continent formation and evolution. C1 [Bowman, John R.] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Moser, Desmond E.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Earth Sci, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. [Valley, John W.; Kita, Noriko T.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, WiscSIMS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Wooden, Joseph L.] USGS Stanford Ion Microprobe Facil, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Mazdab, Frank K.] Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Bowman, JR (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Frederick A Sutton Bldg,115 South 1460 East,Room, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM john.bowman@utah.edu; desmond.moser@uwo.ca; valley@geology.misc.edu; jwooden@stanford.edu; noriko@geology.wisc.edu; fmazdab@email.arizona.edu RI Kita, Noriko/H-8035-2016; Valley, John/B-3466-2011 OI Kita, Noriko/0000-0002-0204-0765; Valley, John/0000-0003-3530-2722 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0510280]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC); NSF [EAR-0516725, EAR-0509639]; University of Wisconsin Department of Geoscience FX National Science Foundation grant EAR-0510280 to Moser and Bowman is gratefully acknowledged, as is a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) grant to Moser. The WiscSIMS lab (Wisconsin Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer Laboratory) was supported by NSF grants EAR-0516725 and EAR-0509639, and the University of Wisconsin Department of Geoscience Weeks Fund during this study. John Fournelle (University of Wisconsin) and Brad Ito (USGS-Stanford Ion Microprobe Facility) provided significant assistance with SEM imaging and Mike Spicuzza (University of Wisconsin) assisted in laser fluorination analysis. We thank Daniele Cherniak, John Percival and Zachaty Sharp for thoughtful and constructive reviews. NR 101 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER JOURNAL SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 311 IS 9 BP 719 EP 772 DI 10.2475/09.2011.01 PG 54 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 899HQ UT WOS:000300807400001 ER PT J AU Wu, ZT Koch, GW Dijkstra, P Bowker, MA Hungate, BA AF Wu, Zhuoting Koch, George W. Dijkstra, Paul Bowker, Matthew A. Hungate, Bruce A. TI Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Climate Change Treatments Along an Elevation Gradient SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE warming; precipitation; gross ecosystem photosynthesis; ecosystem respiration; net ecosystem exchange; structural equation model ID SOUTHWESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; SOIL CO2 EFFLUX; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; DIOXIDE FLUXES; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; DOUBLED PRECIPITATION AB Global temperature increases and precipitation changes are both expected to alter ecosystem carbon (C) cycling. We tested responses of ecosystem C cycling to simulated climate change using field manipulations of temperature and precipitation across a range of grass-dominated ecosystems along an elevation gradient in northern Arizona. In 2002, we transplanted intact plant-soil mesocosms to simulate warming and used passive interceptors and collectors to manipulate precipitation. We measured daytime ecosystem respiration (ER) and net ecosystem C exchange throughout the growing season in 2008 and 2009. Warming generally stimulated ER and photosynthesis, but had variable effects on daytime net C exchange. Increased precipitation stimulated ecosystem C cycling only in the driest ecosystem at the lowest elevation, whereas decreased precipitation showed no effects on ecosystem C cycling across all ecosystems. No significant interaction between temperature and precipitation treatments was observed. Structural equation modeling revealed that in the wetter-than-average year of 2008, changes in ecosystem C cycling were more strongly affected by warming-induced reduction in soil moisture than by altered precipitation. In contrast, during the drier year of 2009, warming induced increase in soil temperature rather than changes in soil moisture determined ecosystem C cycling. Our findings suggest that warming exerted the strongest influence on ecosystem C cycling in both years, by modulating soil moisture in the wet year and soil temperature in the dry year. C1 [Wu, Zhuoting; Koch, George W.; Dijkstra, Paul; Hungate, Bruce A.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Wu, Zhuoting; Koch, George W.; Dijkstra, Paul; Hungate, Bruce A.] No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Environm Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Bowker, Matthew A.] No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Wu, ZT (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM zw27@nau.edu RI Hungate, Bruce/F-8991-2011 OI Hungate, Bruce/0000-0002-7337-1887 FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0092642, DEB-0949460]; Science Foundation Arizona [GRF 0001-07] FX Thanks to Dylan Ross, Nicolas Umstattd, and Neil Cobb for their assistance in the field. Thanks to Tom Kolb for providing the soil moisture probe. We thank Seth Munson and Jim Grace for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0092642 and DEB-0949460), and Science Foundation Arizona (GRF 0001-07). The use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 86 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 84 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV PY 2011 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1066 EP 1080 DI 10.1007/s10021-011-9464-4 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 890KS UT WOS:000300144100003 ER PT J AU Romme, WH Boyce, MS Gresswell, R Merrill, EH Minshall, GW Whitlock, C Turner, MG AF Romme, William H. Boyce, Mark S. Gresswell, Robert Merrill, Evelyn H. Minshall, G. Wayne Whitlock, Cathy Turner, Monica G. TI Twenty Years After the 1988 Yellowstone Fires: Lessons About Disturbance and Ecosystems SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; Cervus elaphus; climate; disturbance; elk; fire; landscape; lodgepole pine; paleoecology; Pinus contorta; stream invertebrates; succession; coarse wood ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; NATIONAL-PARK USA; POSTFIRE LODGEPOLE PINE; MIXED-EVERGREEN FOREST; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; STAND-REPLACING FIRE; NORTHERN YELLOWSTONE; POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; COARSE WOOD; LEAF-AREA AB The 1988 Yellowstone fires were among the first in what has proven to be an upsurge in large severe fires in the western USA during the past 20 years. At the time of the fires, little was known about the impacts of such a large severe disturbance because scientists had had few previous opportunities to study such an event. Ecologists predicted short-and long-term effects of the 1988 fires on vegetation, biogeochemistry, primary productivity, wildlife, and aquatic ecosystems based on scientific understanding of the time. Twenty-plus years of subsequent study allow these early predictions to be evaluated. Most of the original predictions were at least partially supported, but some predictions were refuted, others nuanced, and a few postfire phenomena were entirely unexpected. Post-1988 Yellowstone studies catalyzed advances in ecology focused on the importance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, contingent influences, and multiple interacting drivers. Post-1988 research in Yellowstone also has changed public perceptions of fire as an ecological process and attitudes towards fire management. Looking ahead to projected climate change and more frequent large fires, the well-documented ecological responses to the 1988 Yellowstone fires provide a foundation for detecting and evaluating potential changes in fire regimes of temperate mountainous regions. C1 [Romme, William H.] Colorado State Univ, Warner Coll Nat Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Boyce, Mark S.; Merrill, Evelyn H.] Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. [Gresswell, Robert] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. [Minshall, G. Wayne] Idaho State Univ, Stream Ecol Ctr, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. [Whitlock, Cathy] Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Turner, Monica G.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Romme, WH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Warner Coll Nat Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM romme@warnercnr.colostate.edu RI Turner, Monica/B-2099-2010; Boyce, Mark/A-2620-2014; Merrill, Evelyn/N-5801-2015; Romme, William/C-7317-2016; OI Boyce, Mark/0000-0001-5811-325X; Merrill, Evelyn/0000-0001-7737-958X; Gresswell, Robert/0000-0003-0063-855X FU National Park Service; National Science Foundation; National Geographic Society; US Department of Agriculture; US Department of Energy; University of Wyoming-National Park Service Research Center; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Yellowstone Foundation; Yellowstone Ecosystem Research Center FX The idea for this review came from the joint conference of the International Association of Wildland Fire and Yellowstone National Park's 9th Biennial Scientific Conference held in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, in 2008. We thank Jessica Clement for valuable insights into the social dimensions of wildland fire management, and Brian Harvey for preparing the dNBR map of the 1988 Yellowstone fires (Figure 1). We also appreciate constructive comments on earlier versions of the manuscript from Steve Jackson, Dan Donato, and two anonymous reviewers. Research support for the information herein has been provided by numerous funding sources, including the National Park Service, National Science Foundation, National Geographic Society, US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Energy, University of Wyoming-National Park Service Research Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Yellowstone Foundation, and Yellowstone Ecosystem Research Center. NR 149 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 6 U2 114 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV PY 2011 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1196 EP 1215 DI 10.1007/s10021-011-9470-6 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 890KS UT WOS:000300144100012 ER PT J AU Mattson, DJ Clark, SG AF Mattson, David J. Clark, Susan G. TI Human dignity in concept and practice SO POLICY SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Human dignity; Human rights; Commonwealth; Policy; Values; Lasswell ID HUMAN-RIGHTS; USELESS CONCEPT; VALUES; POLITICS; VIOLENCE AB Dignity seems to be something that virtually all people want. It is a seminal expression of the human experience that gains authority through the convergent demands of people worldwide. Even so, the human dignity concept is in unhelpful disarray. Dignity is variously viewed as an antecedent, a consequence, a value, a principle, and an experience, from philosophical, legal, pragmatic, psychological, behavioral, and cultural perspectives. We ask which if any of these human dignity concepts will likely serve our global common interests best, as both common ground and policy diagnostic? We examine four broad themes: dignity as (1) a metaphysical justification for human rights and duties, (2) virtuous comportment or behavior, (3) a perspective of "other," and (4) a subjective experience of the individual, contingent on a broad and equitable sharing of values. We recommend viewing dignity as a commonwealth of individually assessed well-being, shaped by relationships with others, affected by the physical world, and framed in terms of values. Viewed this way, the idea of dignity accommodates the priorities of both individualistic and communitarian cultures. Conceiving of human dignity as a commonwealth of subjectively experienced value production and enjoyment has many practical policy implications. C1 [Mattson, David J.] No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Clark, Susan G.] Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Clark, Susan G.] Yale Univ, Inst Social & Policy Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RP Mattson, DJ (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Colorado Plateau Res Stn, POB 5614, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM David.Mattson@nau.edu; susan.g.clark@yale.edu NR 84 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-2687 J9 POLICY SCI JI Policy Sci. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 44 IS 4 BP 303 EP 319 DI 10.1007/s11077-010-9124-0 PG 17 WC Planning & Development; Public Administration; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Public Administration; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 889VE UT WOS:000300102000001 ER PT J AU Kaklamanos, J Baise, LG Boore, DM AF Kaklamanos, James Baise, Laurie G. Boore, David M. TI Estimating Unknown Input Parameters when Implementing the NGA Ground-Motion Prediction Equations in Engineering Practice SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article ID AVERAGE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT; SEISMIC-HAZARD ANALYSIS; RESPONSE SPECTRA; MODELS; APPLICABILITY; CALIFORNIA; FRICTION; PERIODS; PGV AB The ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) developed as part of the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (NGA-West) project in 2008 are becoming widely used in seismic hazard analyses. However, these new models are considerably more complicated than previous GMPEs, and they require several more input parameters. When employing the NGA models, users routinely face situations in which some of the required input parameters are unknown. In this paper, we present a framework for estimating the unknown source, path, and site parameters when implementing the NGA models in engineering practice, and we derive geometrically-based equations relating the three distance measures found in the NGA models. Our intent is for the content of this paper not only to make the NGA models more accessible, but also to help with the implementation of other present or future GMPEs. [DOI: 10.1193/1.3650372] C1 [Kaklamanos, James; Baise, Laurie G.] Tufts Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Medford, MA 02155 USA. [Boore, David M.] US Geol Survey, Earthquake Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kaklamanos, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 113 Anderson Hall, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RI Baise, Laurie/D-1648-2010 NR 36 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1219 EP 1235 DI 10.1193/1.3650372 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 860GW UT WOS:000297937800013 ER PT J AU Isanhart, JP Wu, HM Pandher, K MacRae, RK Cox, SB Hooper, MJ AF Isanhart, John P. Wu, Hongmei Pandher, Karamjeet MacRae, Russell K. Cox, Stephen B. Hooper, Michael J. TI Behavioral, Clinical, and Pathological Characterization of Acid Metalliferous Water Toxicity in Mallards SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DALENE RIVER-BASIN; CARSON RIVER; MERCURY CONTAMINATION; DRINKING-WATER; CANADA GEESE; BIRDS; NEVADA; EXPOSURE; COPPER; USA AB From September to November 2000, United States Fish and Wildlife Service biologists investigated incidents involving 221 bird deaths at 3 mine sites located in New Mexico and Arizona. These bird deaths primarily involved passerine and waterfowl species and were assumed to be linked to consumption of acid metalliferous water (AMW). Because all of the carcasses were found in or near pregnant leach solution ponds, tailings ponds, and associated lakes or storm water retention basins, an acute-toxicity study was undertaken using a synthetic AMW (SAMW) formulation based on the contaminant profile of a representative pond believed to be responsible for avian mortalities. An acute oral-toxicity trial was performed with a mixed-sex group of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). After a 24-h pretreatment food and water fast, gorge drinking was evident in both SAMW treatment and control groups, with water consumption rates greatest during the initial drinking periods. Seven of nine treated mallards were killed in extremis within 12 h after the initiation of dose. Total lethal doses of SAMW ranged from 69.8 to 270.1 mL/kg (mean +/- SE 127.9 +/- 27.1). Lethal doses of SAMW were consumed in as few as 20 to 40 min after first exposure. Clinical signs of SAMW toxicity included increased serum uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, potassium, and P levels. PCV values of SAMW-treated birds were also increased compared with control mallards. Histopathological lesions were observed in the esophagus, proventriculus, ventriculus, and duodenum of SAMW-treated mallards, with the most distinctive being erosion and ulceration of the kaolin of the ventriculus, ventricular hemorrhage and/or congestion, and duodenal hemorrhage. Clinical, pathological, and tissue-residue results from this study are consistent with literature documenting acute metal toxicosis, especially copper (Cu), in avian species and provide useful diagnostic profiles for AMW toxicity or mortality events. Blood and kidney Cu concentrations were 23- and 6-fold greater, respectively, in SAMW mortalities compared with controls, whereas Cu concentrations in liver were not nearly as increased, suggesting that blood and kidney concentrations may be more useful than liver concentrations for diagnosing Cu toxicosis in wild birds. Based on these findings and other reports of AMW toxicity events in wild birds, we conclude that AMW bodies pose a significant hazard to wildlife that come in contact with them. C1 [Isanhart, John P.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. [Wu, Hongmei] Wenzhou Med Coll, Sch Publ Hlth, Wenzhou 325035, Peoples R China. [Pandher, Karamjeet] Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340 USA. [MacRae, Russell K.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Spokane Valley, WA 99206 USA. [Cox, Stephen B.] Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Hooper, Michael J.] US Geol Survey, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Isanhart, JP (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. EM john_isanhart@fws.gov OI Hooper, Michael/0000-0002-4161-8961 FU Department of Interior Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration; U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental Research Center; Institute of Environmental and Human Health at Texas Tech University FX We thank Melanie Barnes, Gopal Coimbatore, the Colorado State University Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, and the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory for performing analytical and diagnostic procedures. George Cobb, Ann Maest, Michael Fry, Mike Hart, Amber Matthews, Toby McBride, and animal care assistants also contributed substantially to this research. We thank Kevin Reynolds, Karen Cathey, Susan Finger, Barnett Rattner, and Nelson Beyer whose reviews improved earlier versions of this manuscript. This work was funded by the Department of Interior Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program with additional support from the U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental Research Center and The Institute of Environmental and Human Health at Texas Tech University. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 66 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 61 IS 4 BP 653 EP 667 DI 10.1007/s00244-011-9657-z PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 868CG UT WOS:000298500700012 PM 21424223 ER PT J AU Brewer, SK Rabeni, CF AF Brewer, Shannon K. Rabeni, Charles F. TI Interactions between natural-occurring landscape conditions and land use influencing the abundance of riverine smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HISTORICAL CHANGES; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; WATER-QUALITY; STREAM FISHES; HABITAT USE; SIZE; DISTRIBUTIONS; SCALES AB This study examined how interactions between natural landscape features and land use influenced the abundance of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, in Missouri, USA, streams. Stream segments were placed into one of four groups based on natural-occurring watershed characteristics (soil texture and soil permeability) predicted to relate to smallmouth bass abundance. Within each group, stream segments were assigned forest (n = 3), pasture (n = 3), or urban (n = 3) designations based on the percentages of land use within each watershed. Analyses of variance indicated smallmouth bass densities differed between land use and natural conditions. Decision tree models indicated abundance was highest in forested stream segments and lowest in urban stream segments, regardless of group designation. Land use explained the most variation in decision tree models, but in-channel features of temperature, flow, and sediment also contributed significantly. These results are unique and indicate the importance of natural-occurring watershed conditions in defining the potential of populations and how finer-scale filters interact with land use to further alter population potential. Smallmouth bass has differing vulnerabilities to land-use attributes, and the better the natural watershed conditions are for population success, the more resilient these populations will be when land conversion occurs. C1 [Brewer, Shannon K.] Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. [Rabeni, Charles F.] Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Brewer, SK (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, 404 Life Sci W, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM shannon.brewer@okstate.edu FU Missouri Department of Conservation FX This research is a contribution of the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (US Geological Survey, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma State University, and Wildlife Management Institute cooperating) and Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (US Geological Survey, Missouri Department of Conservation, University of Missouri, and Wildlife Management Institute cooperating). Funding was provided by the Missouri Department of Conservation. Any use of trade, product, or firm name is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. Assistance was provided by Scott Sowa and Gust Annis of the Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership and Kathy Doisy and Mark Ellersieck of the University of Missouri. Special thanks go to Greg Wallace, Matt Mullins, Danny Moncheski, Allison McCluskey, and Brook Kruse for valuable field and data assistance. The manuscript was improved by comments from David Galat, Mike Roell, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 52 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 21 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 68 IS 11 BP 1922 EP 1933 DI 10.1139/F2011-110 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 867FY UT WOS:000298441500005 ER PT J AU DeHaan, PW Bernall, SR DosSantos, JM Lockard, LL Ardren, WR AF DeHaan, Patrick W. Bernall, Shana R. DosSantos, Joseph M. Lockard, Lawrence L. Ardren, William R. TI Use of genetic markers to aid in re-establishing migratory connectivity in a fragmented metapopulation of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT; FORK RIVER SYSTEM; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; TRANSPORT UPSTREAM; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TEMPORAL-CHANGES; MILLTOWN DAM AB Dams and other barriers fragment important migratory corridors for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) across the species range. Three dams constructed without fish passage facilities prevented migratory bull trout in the Lake Pend Oreille and Clark Fork River system in Idaho and Montana, USA, from returning to their natal spawning tributaries for nearly 100 years. We genotyped bull trout from 39 spawning tributaries to assemble a baseline data set that we used to develop a real-time genotyping and analysis protocol to assist with upstream fish transport decisions. Self-assignment tests and analysis of blind samples indicated that unknown individuals could be assigned to their region of origin with a high degree of confidence. From 2004 to 2010, genetic assignments were conducted for 259 adult bull trout collected below mainstem dams. Based on genetic assignments, 203 fish were transported upstream above one or more dams. This protocol has helped re-establish connectivity in a fragmented system, providing increased numbers of spawning adults for numerically depressed populations above the dams. We discuss the utility of genetic data for assisting with upstream passage decisions. C1 [DeHaan, Patrick W.; Ardren, William R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. [Bernall, Shana R.; DosSantos, Joseph M.] Avista Corp, Noxon, MT 59853 USA. [Lockard, Lawrence L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Creston Fish & Wildlife Off, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. RP DeHaan, PW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. EM patrick_dehaan@fws.gov FU Avista Corporation FX Funding for this project was provided by Avista Corporation. We thank the numerous biologists and technicians from Avista Corporation; Idaho Department of Fish and Game; Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks; the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes; and the Kalispel Tribe for helping to collect the baseline samples used in this project, as well as Lara Amata, Dan Dennis, Matt Diggs, Lindsay Godfrey, Brice Adams, Andrew Matala, and Jason Baumsteiger for providing laboratory assistance. We also thank Don Campton and Aaron Maxwell for assistance with the initial design and implementation of this study, Paul Spruell for sharing genetic samples, Wade Fredenberg for assisting with the analysis of the blind samples, and Sharon Hooley for calculating fluvial distances among tributaries. Chris Downs, Maureen Small, Denise Hawkins, Patty Crandell, Eric Taylor, and multiple anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 65 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 6 U2 28 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 68 IS 11 BP 1952 EP 1969 DI 10.1139/F2011-098 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 867FY UT WOS:000298441500007 ER PT J AU Choi, M Furlong, ET Moon, HB Yu, J Choi, HG AF Choi, Minkyu Furlong, Edward T. Moon, Hyo-Bang Yu, Jun Choi, Hee-Gu TI Contamination of nonylphenolic compounds in creek water, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and sediments from Lake Shihwa and vicinity, Korea: Comparison with fecal pollution SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE Nonylphenol; Coprostanol; Wastewater indicator; Wastewater treatment plant; Mass discharge ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; INDICATOR BACTERIA; SURFACE SEDIMENTS; COASTAL WATERS; URBAN ESTUARY; MEKONG DELTA; STEROLS; SEWAGE; RIVER AB Nonylphenolic compounds (NPs), coprostanol (COP), and cholestanol, major contaminants in industrial and domestic wastewaters, were analyzed in creek water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and sediment samples from artificial Lake Shihwa and its vicinity, one of the most industrialized regions in Korea. We also determined mass discharge of NPs and COP, a fecal sterol, into the lake, to understand the linkage between discharge and sediment contamination. Total NP (the sum of nonylphenol, and nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates) were 0.32-875 mu g L(-1) in creeks, 0.61-87.0 mu g L(-1) in WWTP effluents, and 29.3-230 mu g g(-1) TOC in sediments. Concentrations of COP were 0.09-19.0 mu g L(-1) in creeks, 0.11-44.0 mu g L(-1) in WWTP effluents, and 2.51-438 mu g g(-1) TOC in sediments. The spatial distributions of NPs in creeks and sediments from the inshore region were different from those of COP, suggesting that Lake Shihwa contamination patterns from industrial effluents differ from those from domestic effluents. The mass discharge from the combined outfall of the WWTPs, located in the offshore region, was 2.27 kg d(-1) for NPs and 1.00 kg d(-1) for COP, accounting for 91% and 95% of the total discharge into lake Shihwa, respectively. The highest concentrations of NPs and COP in sediments were found in samples at sites near the submarine outfall of the WWTPs, indicating that the submarine outfall is an important point source of wastewater pollution in Lake Shihwa. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Choi, Minkyu; Choi, Hee-Gu] Natl Fisheries Res & Dev Inst NFRDI, Marine Environm Res Div, Pusan 619705, South Korea. [Furlong, Edward T.] US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Moon, Hyo-Bang] Hanyang Univ, Dept Environm Marine Sci, Coll Sci & Technol, Ansan 426791, South Korea. [Yu, Jun] NFRDI, Marine Environm Impact Assessment Ctr, Pusan 619705, South Korea. RP Choi, M (reprint author), 152-1 Haeanro, Pusan 619705, South Korea. EM mkchoi@nfrdi.go.kr FU National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Korea [RP-2011-ME-5] FX We thank Dr. James L. Gray of the USGS and Dr. Anthony T. Pait of NOAA for critical reading of the manuscript. We also thank our colleagues, Sang-Jin Seo, Gyo-Hyeok Byeon, and Jin-Hyeok Yun, for assistance for sampling, and the staffs of the wastewater treatment plants for the generous help of providing effluent samples. This work was funded by a Grant from the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI, RP-2011-ME-5), Korea. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2011 VL 85 IS 8 BP 1406 EP 1413 DI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.016 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 873HS UT WOS:000298872300028 PM 21890169 ER PT J AU Shorey, RI Scribner, KT Kanefsky, J Samuel, MD Libants, SV AF Shorey, Rainy I. Scribner, Kim T. Kanefsky, Jeannette Samuel, Michael D. Libants, Scot V. TI INTERCONTINENTAL GENE FLOW AMONG WESTERN ARCTIC POPULATIONS OF LESSER SNOW GEESE SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Lesser Snow Goose; Chen caerulescens caerulescens; mtDNA; microsatellites; gene flow; philopatry; spatial genetic structure ID CHEN-CAERULESCENS-CAERULESCENS; INTRASPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM; ANSER-CAERULESCENS; WRANGEL ISLAND; AVIAN CHOLERA; CANADA GEESE; MIGRATION; WATERFOWL; GOOSE; DIFFERENTIATION AB Quantifying the spatial genetic structure of highly vagile species of birds is important in predicting their degree of population demographic and genetic independence during changing environmental conditions, and in assessing their abundance and distribution. In the western Arctic, Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) provide an example useful for evaluating spatial population genetic structure and the relative contribution of male and female philopatry to breeding and wintering locales. We analyzed biparentally inherited microsatellite loci and maternally inherited mtDNA sequences from geese breeding at Wrangel Island (Russia) and Banks Island (Canada) to estimate gene flow among populations whose geographic overlap during breeding and winter differ. Significant differences in the frequencies of mtDNA haplotypes contrast with the homogeneity of allele frequencies for microsatellite loci. Coalescence simulations revealed high variability and asymmetry between males and females in rates and direction of gene flow between populations. Our results highlight the importance of wintering areas to demographic independence and spatial genetic structure of these populations. Male-mediated gene flow among the populations on northern Wrangel Island, southern Wrangel Island, and Banks Island has been substantial. A high rate of female-mediated gene flow from southern Wrangel Island to Banks Island suggests that population exchange can be achieved when populations winter in a common area. Conversely, when birds from different breeding populations do not share a common wintering area, the probability of population exchange is likely to be dramatically reduced. C1 [Shorey, Rainy I.; Scribner, Kim T.; Kanefsky, Jeannette; Libants, Scot V.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Shorey, Rainy I.] Caterpillar Inc, Global Environm Hlth & Safety, Mossville, IL 61552 USA. [Samuel, Michael D.] Univ Wisconsin, US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Russell Labs 204, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Shorey, RI (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM rainyshorey@gmail.com FU U.S. Geological Survey, Environment Canada; Michigan State University; Arctic Goose Joint Venture FX For assistance with field sampling we thank V. V. Baranyuk, D. R. Goldberg, B. Ganter, J. Takekawa, E. G. Cooch. A special thanks to L. Main for extensive laboratory assistance. Financial support was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, Environment Canada, Michigan State University, and the Arctic Goose Joint Venture. S. L. Talbot and B. Sloss provided a review of the paper. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply an endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 73 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 19 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2011 VL 113 IS 4 BP 735 EP 746 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.100009 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 862YJ UT WOS:000298129700005 ER PT J AU Booms, TL Talbot, SL Sage, GK McCaffery, BJ McCracken, KG Schempf, PF AF Booms, Travis L. Talbot, Sandra L. Sage, George K. McCaffery, Brian J. McCracken, Kevin G. Schempf, Philip F. TI NEST-SITE FIDELITY AND DISPERSAL OF GYRFALCONS ESTIMATED BY NONINVASIVE GENETIC SAMPLING SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Arctic; Falco rusticolus; falcon; genetic tagging; movements; raptor ID MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS; MERLINS FALCO-COLUMBARIUS; INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION; BREEDING DISPERSAL; NORTHERN GOSHAWKS; POPULATION-SIZE; NATAL DISPERSAL; PRAIRIE FALCONS; AQUILA-HELIACA; MATE AB We used feathers from adult Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) molted in breeding territories and blood samples from nestlings to document nest-site fidelity and dispersal of breeding adults and juveniles at three areas 100 350 km apart in Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 2003-2007. We used genotypes from seven polymorphic microsatellite loci that provided a mean probability of identity of 0.91 x 10(-5). Breeding Gyrfalcons were highly faithful to study area and territory; we documented no dispersals of breeding birds among study areas and only one dispersal between territories. But their fidelity to nest sites was low; 22% of birds returned to the same nest site the following year. Distance among alternate nests within a territory averaged 750 m and was similar for both sexes. Mean tenure in a territory was 2.8 years, similar for both sexes, and distributed bimodally with peaks at 1 and 4 years. Mean annual turnover rate at the Ingakslugwat Hills (Volcanoes) study area was 20%. We detected three young that established breeding territories at distances ranging from 0 to 254 km from their natal territory, representing 2.5% apparent recruitment. Gyrfalcons in the Askinuk Mountains study area were slightly but statistically significantly differentiated genetically from those in the Volcanoes and Kilbuck Mountain study areas. These data are the first published on the nest-site fidelity, breeding dispersal, and natal dispersal of the Gyrfalcon in North America and demonstrate the utility of noninvasive genetic sampling to greatly improve our understanding of avian dispersal and its underlying mechanisms. C1 [Booms, Travis L.; McCracken, Kevin G.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Booms, Travis L.; McCracken, Kevin G.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Talbot, Sandra L.; Sage, George K.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [McCaffery, Brian J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bethel, AK 99559 USA. [Schempf, Philip F.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Booms, TL (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Wildlife Divers Program, 1300 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. EM travis.booms@alaska.gov FU U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge; USFWS Office of Migratory Birds Raptor Management Office; U. S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, USFWS; Angus Gavin Migratory Bird Research Grant; David Burnett Dunn Memorial Research Grant; National Science Foundation; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science FX This work was funded by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, USFWS Office of Migratory Birds Raptor Management Office, U. S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, USFWS's Surveillance Program for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, an Angus Gavin Migratory Bird Research Grant, and an David Burnett Dunn Memorial Research Grant. TLB was supported by a National Science Foundation Research Fellowship, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science to Achieve Results Graduate Fellowship, a University of Alaska Thesis Completion Fellowship, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Diversity Program during various portions of this work. The EPA has not officially endorsed this publication and the views expressed in it may not reflect the views of the EPA. We thank the staff of the Yukon Delta NWR for providing essential support. M. Fuller, T. Swem, F. Broerman, and T. Doolittle provided essential collaboration. R. Blaedow, N. Dodge, B. Massey, J. Spice, M. Swaim, and B. Torrison provided invaluable assistance collecting field samples. J. Gust, C. R. Dial, and S. Sonsthagen provided curatorial, laboratory, and analytical assistance. We thank R. Rosenfield, K. Blejwas, and M. Patten for helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Although PFS and BJM are employees of the USFWS, the findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the USFWS. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. NR 76 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 28 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2011 VL 113 IS 4 BP 768 EP 778 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.100178 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 862YJ UT WOS:000298129700008 ER PT J AU Taylor, AR Lanctot, RB Powell, AN Kendall, SJ Nigro, DA AF Taylor, Audrey R. Lanctot, Richard B. Powell, Abby N. Kendall, Steven J. Nigro, Debora A. TI RESIDENCE TIME AND MOVEMENTS OF POSTBREEDING SHOREBIRDS ON THE NORTHERN COAST OF ALASKA SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Arctic; migration; spatial connectivity; staging; stopover; telemetry; waders ID SANDPIPERS CALIDRIS-MAURI; WESTERN SANDPIPERS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; PACIFIC COAST; MIGRATION; MOLT; STOPOVER; BIRDS; STRATEGIES; PATTERNS AB Relatively little is known about shorebird movements across the coast of northern Alaska, yet post-breeding shorebirds use this coastline extensively prior to fall migration. We deployed 346 radio transmitters on 153 breeding and 193 postbreeding shorebirds of five species from 2005 to 2007. We examined two hypotheses regarding postbreeding shorebirds' movements: (1) whether such movements reflect ultimate routes of southbound migration and (2) whether migration strategy (length of flights) or timing of molt in relation to migration (molt occurring in breeding or winter range) are more influential in determining postbreeding shorebirds' behavior. Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) moved east, consistent with the direction of their ultimate migration, but patterns of other species' movements did not reflect ultimate migration direction. Timing of postnuptial molt appeared to have more influence over residence time and movements than did migration strategy. Postcapture residence time for the Semipalmated Sandpiper was less than for the Western Sandpiper (C. mauri) and significantly less than for Dunlin (C. alpina), and the Semipalmated Sandpiper's movements between were quicker and more frequent than those of the Dunlin. We expected to see the opposite patterns if migration strategy were more influential. Our data shed light on how different shorebird species use the northern Alaska coast after breeding: most species are likely to be stopping over at postbreeding areas, whereas the Dunlin and some Western Sandpipers may be staging. We suggest the coast of northern Alaska be viewed as an interconnected network of postbreeding sites that serve multiple populations of breeding shorebirds. C1 [Taylor, Audrey R.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Lanctot, Richard B.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Powell, Abby N.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Kendall, Steven J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Nigro, Debora A.] Arctic Field Off, Bur Land Management, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. RP Taylor, AR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Sch Forest Resources, Cascadia Field Stn,US Geol Survey, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM ataylor@usgs.gov OI Powell, Abby/0000-0002-9783-134X FU Coastal Marine Institute/Minerals Management Service; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Region 7 Migratory Bird Management and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge); U.S. Geological Survey; Bureau of Land Management (Fairbanks District Office); ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc.; BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc.; Angus Gavin Migratory Bird Research Fund, Sigma Xi; Arctic Audubon Society FX We thank the following for funding: Coastal Marine Institute/Minerals Management Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Region 7 Migratory Bird Management and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge), U.S. Geological Survey (Quick Response Program), Bureau of Land Management (Fairbanks District Office), ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc., BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., the Angus Gavin Migratory Bird Research Fund, Sigma Xi, and the Arctic Audubon Society. Brad Andres, Caleb Ash ling, Kelly and Josh Boadway, Stephen Brown, Ryan Burner, Benjamin Flemer, Dan Fontaine, Scott Freeman, Kern i Frangioso, Laura Ganis, Cory Gregory, Robin Hunnewell, Ayme Johnson, Jim Johnson, Terry Kowalczyk, Meg Laws, Fabricele Bouard, Trevor Lloyd-Evans, Taylor McKinnon, Liliana Naves, Greg Norwood, Kevin Pietrzak, Slade Sapora, Jen Selvidge, Blake Trask, Aaron Wells, Alexis Will, and Cashell Villa all provided invaluable field assistance. Many thanks are also due to the staff of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the Bureau of Land Management's Northern Field Office, and the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium for logistical support. Karen Brenneman (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Migratory Bird Management), Mary Mae Aschoff and Brent Velt-camp (ConocoPhillips-Alpine), and Wilson Cullor (BP) assisted with the logistics and equipment necessary for field work in arctic Alaska. Pilots Larry Larrivec of Pollux Aviation and Sandy Hamilton, Chris Zimmer, and Robert Wing of Arctic Air Alaska braved the often foggy northern Alaska weather while flying telemetry flights. Brian McCaffery, Robert Gill, and Chris Dau kindly volunteered their time and funds to listen for radio-equipped Dunlin from northern Alaska arriving on the YKD. The Kaktovik Inupiat Corporation, the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation, and the North Slope Borough kindly permitted us to conduct this research on their lands. Robert Gill and Peter Sanzenbacher provided constructive criticisms of the manuscript that improved it greatly. The findings and conclusions in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. All unpublished reports cited are available through the Alaska Resources Library and Information Service, located in Anchorage, Alaska (www.arlis.org). NR 58 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 20 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2011 VL 113 IS 4 BP 779 EP 794 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.100083 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 862YJ UT WOS:000298129700009 ER PT J AU Streby, HM Peterson, SM McAllister, TL Andersen, DE AF Streby, Henry M. Peterson, Sean M. McAllister, Tara L. Andersen, David E. TI USE OF EARLY-SUCCESSIONAL MANAGED NORTHERN FOREST BY MATURE-FOREST SPECIES DURING THE POST-FLEDGING PERIOD SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE clearcut; forest management; habitat use; Minnesota; mist net; songbirds ID HABITAT USE; REGENERATING CLEARCUTS; NESTING SUCCESS; BREEDING BIRDS; WOOD THRUSHES; LANDSCAPES; SONGBIRDS; SURVIVAL; EDGE; SIZE AB In eastern North America, after the young fledge, both adult and juvenile mature-forest birds may use regenerating clearcuts, although which species frequent early-successional forest and during which life stages is not well documented. To assess whether birds nesting in mature forest in north-central Minnesota use regenerating clearcuts 2-10 years old, we netted after birds fledged (2006-2009) and during the breeding season (2009). In addition, we monitored Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) nests and banded nestlings in adjacent mature forest and estimated the age at which juveniles used regenerating clearcuts. While banding, we also recorded nests of any species encountered opportunistically in regenerating clearcuts as evidence of breeding in this cover type. During July and August, we captured 4556 birds of 62 species, of which 1746 (38%) were of 28 mature-forest species. As reported elsewhere, most (76%) mature-forest birds we captured were of only a few species: Ovenbird, American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), and Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta mho). In 2009,21% of captures during the nesting period were of mature-forest birds. Comparing dates of fledging from monitored nests to dates of capture in clearcuts implies that nearly all (95%) hatch-year Ovenbirds using clearcuts were independent of adult care. Capture dates of juveniles of other mature-forest species were similar. Although we captured 340 hatch-year Ovenbirds in regenerating clearcuts, we captured only one of 424 Ovenbirds we had banded as nestlings in adjacent mature forest. Within the clearcuts, we encountered nests of five species that typically nest in mature forest. C1 [Streby, Henry M.; Peterson, Sean M.; McAllister, Tara L.] Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Andersen, David E.] US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Streby, HM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, 200 Hodson Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM streb006@umn.edu FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; U.S. Forest Service FX This project was funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey through Research Work Order 73 at the Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, with in-kind support from the U.S. Forest Service. We captured, handled, and banded birds following protocol 0806A35761 approved by the University of Minnesota's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. We extend our gratitude to D. Johnson, J. Manolis, F. Cuthbert, and J. Refsnider for comments on the manuscript, J. Refsnider, A. Monroe, E. Michel, D. Dessecker, A. Edmond, J. Hammers, K. Icknayan, S. Tevesie, K. Colvin, and J. Gerchak for assistance recording data in the field, and A. Williamson and G. Alle for logistical support. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 7 U2 17 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2011 VL 113 IS 4 BP 817 EP 824 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.110012 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 862YJ UT WOS:000298129700012 ER PT J AU Fontaine, JJ Arriero, E Schwabl, H Martin, TE AF Fontaine, Joseph J. Arriero, Elena Schwabl, Hubert Martin, Thomas E. TI NEST PREDATION AND CIRCULATING CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS WITHIN AND AMONG SPECIES SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE calendar effect; corticosterone; life history; nest predation; parental care ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; STRESS-RESPONSE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSES; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; CLUTCH SIZE; TRADE-OFFS; BIRDS; RISK; FOOD AB Variation in the risk of predation to offspring can influence the expression of reproductive strategies both within and among species. Appropriate expression of reproductive strategies in environments that differ in predation risk can have clear advantages for fitness. Although adult-predation risk appears to influence glucocorticosteroid levels, leading to changes in behavioral and life-history strategies, the influence of offspring-predation risk on adult glucocorticosteroid levels remains unclear. We compared total baseline corticosteronc concentrations in Gray-headed Juncos (Junco hyemalis dorsalis) nesting on plots with and without experimentally reduced risk of nest predation. Despite differences in risk between treatments, we failed to find differences in total baseline corticosterone concentrations. When we examined corticosterone concentrations across a suite of sympatric species, however, higher risk of nest predation correlated with higher total baseline corticosterone levels. As found previously, total baseline corticosterone was negatively correlated with body condition and positively correlated with date of sampling. However, we also found that corticosterone levels increased seasonally, independent of stage of breeding. Nest predation can alter the expression of birds' reproductive strategies, but our findings suggest that total baseline corticosterone is not the physiological mechanism regulating these responses. C1 [Martin, Thomas E.] Univ Montana, Montana Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Fontaine, Joseph J.; Arriero, Elena] Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Schwabl, Hubert] Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Fontaine, JJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, US Geol Survey, Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM jfontaine2@unl.edu RI Fontaine, Joseph/F-6557-2010; Evolution and Conservation Biology, UCM Group /K-9382-2014; Martin, Thomas/F-6016-2011; Arriero, Elena/J-8224-2016 OI Fontaine, Joseph/0000-0002-7639-9156; Martin, Thomas/0000-0002-4028-4867; Arriero, Elena/0000-0003-4230-6537 FU U.S. Geological Survey; Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks; University of Montana; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Wildlife Management Institute; National Science Foundation [DEB-9527318, DEB-9707598, DEB-9981527, DEB-0543178]; American Ornithologists' Union and Sigma Xi; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science FX We thank K. Decker, B. Heidinger, A. Chalfoun, D. Emlen, R. Fletcher, J. Maron, D. Reznick, and a multitude of anonymous reviewers for comments and support, and M. Martel, R. Laws, and numerous field assistants for their hard work. We also thank C. Taylor and the Coconino National Forest staff for their support, as well as G. Witmer and the National Wildlife Research Center for the use of their equipment. The Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by a cooperative agreement of the U.S. Geological Survey; Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks; the University of Montana; the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and the Wildlife Management Institute. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. This work was supported by funding to TEM from the U.S. Geological Survey's Climate Change Research Program and the National Science Foundation (DEB-9527318, DEB-9707598, DEB-9981527 and DEB-0543178), funding to JJF from the American Ornithologists' Union and Sigma Xi, and funding to EA from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. NR 66 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 31 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2011 VL 113 IS 4 BP 825 EP 833 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.110027 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 862YJ UT WOS:000298129700013 ER PT J AU Houdek, BJ Lombardo, MP Thorpe, PA Hahn, DC AF Houdek, Bradley J. Lombardo, Michael P. Thorpe, Patrick A. Hahn, D. Caldwell TI INNATE IMMUNITY IS NOT RELATED TO THE SEX OF ADULT TREE SWALLOWS DURING THE NESTLING PERIOD SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE ecoimmunology; immune function; microbicidal assay; Tree Swallow ID SPARROWS PASSER-DOMESTICUS; CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; IN-HOUSE SPARROWS; LIFE-HISTORY; CLUTCH SIZE; TRADE-OFFS; TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; TROPICAL BIRDS; BARN SWALLOW; DIMORPHISM AB Evolutionary theory predicts that exposure to more diverse pathogens will result in the evolution of a more robust immune response. We predicted that during the breeding season the innate immune function of female Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) should be more effective than that of males because (1) the transmission of sexually transmitted microbes during copulation puts females at greater risk because ejaculates move from males to females, (2) females copulate with multiple males, exposing them to the potentially pathogenic microbes in semen, and (3) females spend more time in the nest than do males so may be more exposed to nest microbes and ectoparasites that can be vectors of bacterial and viral pathogens. In addition, elevated testosterone in males may suppress immune function. We tested our prediction during the 2009 breeding season with microbicidal assays in vitro to assess the ability of the innate immune system to kill Escherichia coli. The sexes did not differ in the ability of their whole blood to kill E. coli. We also found no significant relationships between the ability of whole blood to kill E. coli and the reproductive performance or the physical condition of males or females. These results indicate that during the nestling period there are no sexual differences in this component of the innate immune system. In addition, they suggest that there is little association between this component of innate immunity and the reproductive performance and physical condition during the nestling period of adult Tree Swallows. C1 [Houdek, Bradley J.; Lombardo, Michael P.; Thorpe, Patrick A.] Grand Valley State Univ, Dept Biol, Allendale, MI 49401 USA. [Hahn, D. Caldwell] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Houdek, BJ (reprint author), Grand Valley State Univ, Dept Biol, Allendale, MI 49401 USA. EM lombardm@gvsu.edu FU Grand Valley State University's Department of Biology FX We thank M. Baiz, L. Bol, H. Danhof, A. Hayden, L. Hightower, M. Romeyn, and T. Stambaugh for their assistance in the field and laboratory. Comments from A. Forsman, K. Lee, S. Millet, and anonymous reviewers helped us to improve earlier versions of the manuscript. S. Otieno of Grand Valley State University's Statistical Consulting Center provided very useful statistical advice. Hahn, Lombardo, and Thorpe conceived the project. Houdek and Lombardo collected samples in the field. Houdek and Thorpe conducted microbicidal assays. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. Grand Valley State University's Department of Biology and its Summer Student Scholars Program award to B. Houdek provided funding. The use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U. S. government. NR 69 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 16 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 2011 VL 113 IS 4 BP 853 EP 859 DI 10.1525/cond.2011.100220 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 862YJ UT WOS:000298129700016 ER PT J AU Stephenson, NL van Mantgem, PJ Bunn, AG Bruner, H Harmon, ME O'Connell, KB Urban, DL Franklin, JF AF Stephenson, Nathan L. van Mantgem, Phillip J. Bunn, Andrew G. Bruner, Howard Harmon, Mark E. O'Connell, Kari B. Urban, Dean L. Franklin, Jerry F. TI Causes and implications of the correlation between forest productivity and tree mortality rates SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE competition; consumer controls; forest dynamics; functional traits; life-history trade-offs; net primary productivity; permanent sample plots; plant enemies; temperate forest; tree growth; tree mortality; tropical forest ID LIFE-HISTORY STRATEGIES; BARRO-COLORADO ISLAND; MOIST TROPICAL FOREST; LOWLAND DIPTEROCARP FOREST; WOOD DECOMPOSITION RATES; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; FUNCTIONAL TRAITS; OLD-GROWTH; AMAZONIAN FORESTS; INTERSPECIFIC VARIATION AB At global and regional scales, tree mortality rates are positively correlated with forest net primary productivity (NPP). Yet causes of the correlation are unknown, in spite of potentially profound implications for our understanding of environmental controls of forest structure and dynamics and, more generally, our understanding of broad-scale environmental controls of population dynamics and ecosystem processes. Here we seek to shed light on the causes of geographic patterns in tree mortality rates, and we consider some implications of the positive correlation between mortality rates and NPP. To reach these ends, we present seven hypotheses potentially explaining the correlation, develop an approach to help distinguish among the hypotheses, and apply the approach in a case study comparing a tropical and temperate forest. Based on our case study and literature synthesis, we conclude that no single mechanism controls geographic patterns of tree mortality rates. At least four different mechanisms may be at play, with the dominant mechanisms depending on whether the underlying productivity gradients are caused by climate or soil fertility. Two of the mechanisms are consequences of environmental selection for certain combinations of life-history traits, reflecting trade-offs between growth and defense (along edaphic productivity gradients) and between reproduction and persistence (as manifested in the adult tree stature continuum along climatic and edaphic gradients). The remaining two mechanisms are consequences of environmental influences on the nature and strength of ecological interactions: competition (along edaphic gradients) and pressure from plant enemies (along climatic gradients). For only one of these four mechanisms, competition, can high mortality rates be considered to be a relatively direct consequence of high NPP. The remaining mechanisms force us to adopt a different view of causality, in which tree growth rates and probability of mortality can vary with at least a degree of independence along productivity gradients. In many cases, rather than being a direct cause of high mortality rates, NPP may remain high in spite of high mortality rates. The independent influence of plant enemies and other factors helps explain why forest biomass can show little correlation, or even negative correlation, with forest NPP. C1 [Stephenson, Nathan L.; van Mantgem, Phillip J.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. [Bunn, Andrew G.] Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Bruner, Howard; Harmon, Mark E.; O'Connell, Kari B.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Urban, Dean L.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Franklin, Jerry F.] Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Stephenson, NL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Sequoia Kings Canyon Field Stn, 47050 Gen Highway Unit 4, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM nstephenson@usgs.gov FU NSF [DEB-0218088]; Wind River Canopy Crane Program [PNW 08-DG-11261952-488]; USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S. National Park Service; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); U.S. National Science Foundation; Center for Tropical Forest Science; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; Mellon Foundation; Celera Foundation FX We thank Jerome Chave, David Clark, Phyllis Coley, Richard Condit, Adrian Das, Monica Geber, Jon Keeley, Andrew Larson, Egbert Leigh, Jr., David Peterson, Catherine Pfister, Douglas Sheil, Mark Swanson, Steven Voelker, and several anonymous reviewers for helpful discussions or comments on manuscript drafts. Rick Condit kindly supplied information to facilitate analysis of the BCI data. Special thanks are due to Julie Yee for insightful statistical advice, Gody Spycher for substantial contributions to data management and quality control, and Adrian Das for conducting some analyses. We especially offer deep thanks to the hundreds of people who have established and maintained the forest plots and their associated databases. Data from Oregon and Washington were funded through NSF's Long-term Studies Program (DEB-0218088), the Wind River Canopy Crane Program through cooperative agreement PNW 08-DG-11261952-488 with the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, various awards through the USDA Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station, and the McIntire-Stennis Cooperative Forestry Program. Data from California were funded through a number of awards from the U.S. National Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The Forest Dynamics Plot at Barro Colorado Island (BCI) has been made possible through 15 U.S. National Science Foundation grants to Stephen P. Hubbell, and generous support from the Center for Tropical Forest Science, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, the Celera Foundation, and numerous private individuals. The BCI plot is part of the Center for Tropical Forest Science, a global network of large-scale forest plots. This paper is a contribution from the Western Mountain Initiative, a USGS global change research project, and CORFOR, the Cordillera Forest Dynamics Network. NR 237 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 10 U2 88 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 81 IS 4 BP 527 EP 555 DI 10.1890/10-1077.1 PG 29 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 867XP UT WOS:000298488400001 ER PT J AU Sierra, CA Harmon, ME Perakis, SS AF Sierra, Carlos A. Harmon, Mark E. Perakis, Steven S. TI Decomposition of heterogeneous organic matter and its long-term stabilization in soils SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE continuous quality theory; coupled carbon and nitrogen cycling; ecological heterogeneity; organic matter decomposition; representation error; substrate decomposability ID NITROGEN; CARBON; RESPIRATION; MECHANISMS; DYNAMICS; LITTER; DECAY; MODEL AB Soil organic matter is a complex mixture of material with heterogeneous biological, physical, and chemical properties. Decomposition models represent this heterogeneity either as a set of discrete pools with different residence times or as a continuum of qualities. It is unclear though, whether these two different approaches yield comparable predictions of organic matter dynamics. Here, we compare predictions from these two different approaches and propose an intermediate approach to study organic matter decomposition based on concepts from continuous models implemented numerically. We found that the disagreement between discrete and continuous approaches can be considerable depending on the degree of nonlinearity of the model and simulation time. The two approaches can diverge substantially for predicting long-term processes in soils. Based on our alternative approach, which is a modification of the continuous quality theory, we explored the temporal patterns that emerge by treating substrate heterogeneity explicitly. The analysis suggests that the pattern of carbon mineralization over time is highly dependent on the degree and form of nonlinearity in the model, mostly expressed as differences in microbial growth and efficiency for different substrates. Moreover, short-term stabilization and destabilization mechanisms operating simultaneously result in long-term accumulation of carbon characterized by low decomposition rates, independent of the characteristics of the incoming litter. We show that representation of heterogeneity in the decomposition process can lead to substantial improvements in our understanding of carbon mineralization and its long-term stability in soils. C1 [Sierra, Carlos A.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Sierra, Carlos A.; Harmon, Mark E.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Perakis, Steven S.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sierra, CA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany. EM csierra@bgc-jena.mpg.de RI Sierra, Carlos/A-5694-2009 OI Sierra, Carlos/0000-0003-0009-4169 FU Kay and Ward Richardson Endowment; Max Planck Gesellschaft FX We thank Claire Phillips and Thomas Wutzler for important comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Similarly, Goran Agren and Troy Baisden provided invaluable comments in their review. Financial support was provided by the Kay and Ward Richardson Endowment and the Max Planck Gesellschaft. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 30 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 81 IS 4 BP 619 EP 634 DI 10.1890/11-0811.1 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 867XP UT WOS:000298488400005 ER PT J AU Kelley, KD Eppinger, RG Lang, J Smith, SM Fey, DL AF Kelley, K. D. Eppinger, R. G. Lang, J. Smith, S. M. Fey, D. L. TI Porphyry Cu indicator minerals in till as an exploration tool: example from the giant Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Alaska, USA SO GEOCHEMISTRY-EXPLORATION ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE porphyry Cu; indicator minerals; gold grains; dispersal train; drift prospecting ID COPPER-DEPOSITS; GEOCHEMISTRY AB Porphyry Cu indicator minerals are mineral species in clastic sediments that indicate the presence of mineralization and hydrothermal alteration associated with porphyry Cu and associated skarn deposits. Porphyry Cu indicator minerals recovered from shallow till samples near the giant Pebble Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit in SW Alaska, USA, include apatite, andradite garnet, Mn-epidote, visible gold, jarosite, pyrite, and cinnabar. Sulphide minerals other than pyrite are absent from till, most likely due to the oxidation of the till. The distribution of till samples with abundant apatite and cinnabar suggest sources other than the Pebble deposit. With three exceptions, all till samples up-ice of the Pebble deposit contain <10 grains/10kg of garnet (0.25-0.5 mm). Samples in the immediate vicinity of the Pebble deposit contain 10-20 grains, whereas samples with the most grains (>40grains/10kg) are in close proximity to smaller porphyry and skarn occurrences in the region. The distribution of Mn-epidote closely mimics the distribution of garnet in the till samples and further supports the interpretation that these minerals most likely reflect skarns associated with the porphyry deposits. All but two till samples, including those up-ice from the deposit, contain some gold grains. However, tills immediately west and down-ice of Pebble contain more abundant gold grains, and the overall number of grains decreases in the down-ice direction. Furthermore, all samples in the immediate vicinity of Pebble contain more than 65 % pristine and modified grains compared to mostly re-shaped grains in distal samples. The pristine gold in till reflects short transport distances and/or liberation of gold during in-situ weathering of transported chalcopyrite grains. Jarosite is also abundant (1-2 500 grains/10kg) in samples adjacent to and up to 7 km down-ice from the deposit. Most jarosite grains are rounded and preliminary Ar/Ar dates suggest the jarosite formed prior to glaciation and it implies that a supergene cap existed over Pebble West. Assuming this interpretation is accurate, it suggests a shallow level of erosion of the Pebble deposit by glacial processes. Overall the results of this study indicate that porphyry Cu indicator minerals in till samples may be useful in the exploration for porphyry deposits in SW Alaska. C1 [Kelley, K. D.; Eppinger, R. G.; Smith, S. M.; Fey, D. L.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Lang, J.] Lang Geosci Inc, Edmonton, AB T6R 2Y2, Canada. RP Kelley, KD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Box 25046,MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM kdkelley@usgs.gov NR 48 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBL HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CENTRE, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 1467-7873 EI 2041-4943 J9 GEOCHEM-EXPLOR ENV A JI Geochem.-Explor. Environ. Anal. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 11 IS 4 BP 321 EP 334 DI 10.1144/1467-7873/10-IM-041 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 865YP UT WOS:000298347100007 ER PT J AU Aguirre-Macedo, ML Vidal-Martinez, VM Lafferty, KD AF Aguirre-Macedo, Maria Leopoldina Vidal-Martinez, Victor M. Lafferty, Kevin D. TI Trematode communities in snails can indicate impact and recovery from hurricanes in a tropical coastal lagoon SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Impact assessment; Community recovery; Hurricane; Trematode infection; Snail population; Cerithidea pliculosa; Celestun; Mexico ID YUCATAN PENINSULA; LARVAL TREMATODES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; PARASITE COMMUNITIES; INTERMEDIATE HOSTS; MEXICO; DISTURBANCE; RICHNESS; RECRUITMENT AB In September 2002, Hurricane Isidore devastated the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. To understand its effects on the parasites of aquatic organisms, we analyzed long-term monthly population data of the horn snail Cerithidea pliculosa and its trematode communities in Celestun, Yucatan, Mexico before and after the hurricane (February 2001 to December 2009). Five trematode species occurred in the snail population: Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Euhaplorchis californiensis, two species of the genus Renicola and one Heterophyidae gen. sp. Because these parasites use snails as first intermediate hosts, fishes as second intermediate hosts and birds as final hosts, their presence in snails depends on food webs. No snails were present at the sampled sites for 6 months after the hurricane. After snails recolonised the site, no trematodes were found in snails until 14 months after the hurricane. It took several years for snail and trematode populations to recover. Our results suggest that the increase in the occurrence of hurricanes predicted due to climate change can impact upon parasites with complex life cycles. However, both the snail populations and their parasite communities eventually reached numbers of individuals and species similar to those before the hurricane. Thus, the trematode parasites of snails can be useful indicators of coastal lagoon ecosystem degradation and recovery. (C) 2011 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Aguirre-Macedo, Maria Leopoldina; Vidal-Martinez, Victor M.] IPN Unidad Merida, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Dept Recursos Mar, Merida 97310, Yucatan, Mexico. [Aguirre-Macedo, Maria Leopoldina; Vidal-Martinez, Victor M.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Lafferty, Kevin D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Aguirre-Macedo, ML (reprint author), IPN Unidad Merida, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Dept Recursos Mar, Carretera Antigua Progreso Km 6, Merida 97310, Yucatan, Mexico. EM leo@mda.cinvestav.mx RI Vidal-Martinez, Victor/B-5607-2009; Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009; Aguirre-Macedo, Ma Leopoldina/A-2511-2008 OI Vidal-Martinez, Victor/0000-0001-5514-2127; Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593; Aguirre-Macedo, Ma Leopoldina/0000-0002-3910-8305 FU SEP-PROMEP "Propuesta sobre Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climatic de la Red Academica de Instituciones SEP-PROMEP del Sureste: area Sensibilidad Marina"; FOMIX [108929]; CONACyT [44590]; British Council; UC-Mexus-CONACyT FX The authors are indebted to Raul Sima, Clara Vivas, Reyna Rodriguez, Trinidad Sosa, Nadia Herrera, Francisco de A. Puc, Maria A. Canche, Geny N. Ail Catzim and Gregory Arjona from CINVE-STAV-IPN, Unidad Merida, Mexico who helped at different times the last 9 years with field and laboratory work. Ana M. Santana and Daniel Aguirre helped with software and data management. Julio Lorda from University of California Santa Barbara, USA made comments on an early version of this manuscript. This study was financially supported by the grant SEP-PROMEP "Propuesta sobre Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climatic de la Red Academica de Instituciones SEP-PROMEP del Sureste: area Sensibilidad Marina", FOMIX Yucatan Grant 108929 "Sensibilidad y vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas costeros del sureste de Mexico ante el cambio Climatic Global", CONACyT Grant 44590 "Invertebrados como hospederos intermediarios de Lutjanus griseus en dos lagunas costeras de Yucatan". This document is an output from the British Council Mexico Research Amerlinks Program funded by the British Council for the benefit of the Mexican Higher Education Sector and the UK Higher Education Sector. The UC-Mexus-CONACyT program provided funds for a sabbatical research fellowship to MLA-M and VMV-M at UCSB during the academic year 2009-2010. Any use of trade, product or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 41 IS 13-14 BP 1403 EP 1408 DI 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.10.002 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 868JP UT WOS:000298519900010 PM 22079832 ER PT J AU Friedman, JM Roelle, JE Cade, BS AF Friedman, Jonathan M. Roelle, James E. Cade, Brian S. TI Genetic and environmental influences on leaf phenology and cold hardiness of native and introduced riparian trees SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Phenology - Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation CY JUN, 2010 CL Trinity Coll, Dublin, IRELAND HO Trinity Coll DE Cold hardiness; Latitude; Phenology; Rapid evolution; Populus deltoides; Tamarix ID ASPEN POPULUS-TREMULA; FREEZING RESISTANCE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION; LATITUDINAL VARIATION; GROWTH CESSATION; RAPID EVOLUTION; NORTH-AMERICA; PLANT; COTTONWOOD AB To explore the roles of plasticity and genetic variation in the response to spatial and temporal climate variation, we established a common garden consisting of paired collections of native and introduced riparian trees sampled along a latitudinal gradient. The garden in Fort Collins, Colorado (latitude 40.6 degrees N), included 681 native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) and introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis and hybrids) collected from 15 sites at 29.2-47.6 degrees N in the central United States. In the common garden both species showed latitudinal variation in fall, but not spring, leaf phenology, suggesting that the latitudinal gradient in fall phenology observed in the field results at least in part from inherited variation in the critical photoperiod, while the latitudinal gradient in spring phenology observed in the field is largely a plastic response to the temperature gradient. Populations from higher latitudes exhibited earlier bud set and leaf senescence. Cold hardiness varied latitudinally in both fall and spring for both species. For cottonwood, cold hardiness began earlier and ended later in northern than in southern populations. For saltcedar northern populations were hardier throughout the cold season than southern populations. Although cottonwood was hardier than saltcedar in midwinter, the reverse was true in late fall and early spring. The latitudinal variation in fall phenology and cold hardiness of saltcedar appears to have developed as a result of multiple introductions of genetically distinct populations, hybridization and natural selection in the 150 years since introduction. C1 [Friedman, Jonathan M.; Roelle, James E.; Cade, Brian S.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Friedman, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM friedmanj@usgs.gov OI Friedman, Jonathan/0000-0002-1329-0663 NR 59 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 40 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0020-7128 J9 INT J BIOMETEOROL JI Int. J. Biometeorol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 55 IS 6 BP 775 EP 787 DI 10.1007/s00484-011-0494-6 PG 13 WC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology SC Biophysics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physiology GA 866RF UT WOS:000298398700004 PM 21927930 ER PT J AU Talbot, SL Palmer, AG Sage, GK Sonsthagen, SA Swem, T Brimm, DJ White, CM AF Talbot, Sandra L. Palmer, Angela G. Sage, George K. Sonsthagen, Sarah A. Swem, Ted Brimm, Daniel J. White, Clayton M. TI Lack of genetic polymorphism among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus of Fiji SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INBREEDING DEPRESSION; POPULATION BOTTLENECKS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; DIFFERENTIATION MEASURE; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; CONTROL REGION; CONSEQUENCES; SELECTION; RELATEDNESS AB We compared levels of genetic diversity and isolation among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus from two South Pacific island complexes (Fiji and Vanuatu: F. p. nesiotes), relative to other island and mainland populations. Fragment data from 12 microsatellite loci and sequence information from the control region of the mitochondrial DNA indicated levels of genetic variation in the South Pacific populations were lower than other island and mainland populations. Indeed, diversity varied from extremely low (Vanuatu) to completely absent (Fiji). We find little support for a hypothesis that populations on Fiji or Vanuatu were colonized via Australia. The complete lack of polymorphism in peregrine falcons of Fiji is remarkable, and to our knowledge has not been observed in a natural avian population. This lack of polymorphism, and the inability to test for decrease in polymorphism using museum samples, precludes testing whether the lack of genetic diversity in the population on Fiji is due to a recent bottleneck, or sustained isolation over evolutionary time. Increased fertility in eggs of Fiji peregrines upon outbreeding with males from other areas is consistent with inbreeding depression within a population typified by heterozygote deficiency. C1 [Talbot, Sandra L.; Sage, George K.; Sonsthagen, Sarah A.] Alaska Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Swem, Ted] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv Field Off, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [White, Clayton M.] Brigham Young Univ, Dept Plant & Widlife Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. [White, Clayton M.] Brigham Young Univ, Monte L Bean Life Sci Museum, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Talbot, SL (reprint author), Alaska Sci Ctr, US Geol Survey, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM stalbot@usgs.gov FU Brigham Young Univ., U. S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX This paper would not have been possible without the help from many individuals who provided field, logistic and laboratory assistance. We especially thank Lisa Jerez, Judy and Philip Felstead and Ramesh Chand for help in Fiji and Marcus and Judy Thompson on Vanuatu. Nick Ragg and Garrett Cloete flew helicopters for us. Nick Mooney and Victor Hurley collected some blood samples in Australia; Phil Schempf provided some samples from southeast Alaska. We are grateful to a host of people who helped in captive breeding and artificial insemination of captive falcons, and the governments of Fiji and Vanuatu for granting permits associated with this work. C. Roman Dial and Jolene Rearick rendered laboratory assistance. Judy Gust curated the samples. We thank Tristan Nelson for creating maps, and Brittney Young and Meg Fowler for additional graphics assistance. Lee Tibbitts and Colleen Handel provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Funding was provided by Dan Brimm, Brigham Young Univ., U. S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dan Brimm. NR 110 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0908-8857 EI 1600-048X J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 42 IS 5 BP 415 EP 428 DI 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05280.x PG 14 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 854PE UT WOS:000297505900005 ER PT J AU Cutting, KA Hobson, KA Rotella, JJ Warren, JM Wainwright-de la Cruz, SE Takekawa, JY AF Cutting, Kyle A. Hobson, Keith A. Rotella, Jay J. Warren, Jeffrey M. Wainwright-de la Cruz, Susan E. Takekawa, John Y. TI Endogenous contributions to egg protein formation in lesser scaup Aythya affinis SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUTRIENT-RESERVE DYNAMICS; GREATER SNOW GEESE; STABLE-ISOTOPES; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; CLUTCH FORMATION; DELTA-D; FEMALE; CARBON; NITROGEN; DIET AB Lesser scaup Aythya affinis populations have declined throughout the North American continent for the last three decades. It has been hypothesized that the loss and degradation of staging habitats has resulted in reduced female body condition on the breeding grounds and a concomitant decline in productivity. We explored the importance of body (endogenous) reserves obtained prior to arrival on the breeding ground in egg protein formation in southwestern Montana during 20062008 using stable-carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N) isotope analyses of scaup egg components, female tissue, and local prey items. From arrival on the breeding grounds through the egg-laying period, d15N values of scaup red blood cells decreased while d13C values became less variable; a pattern consistent with endogenous tissues equilibrating with local (freshwater) dietary sources. In 2006 and 2008, isotopic values for egg albumen and yolk protein indicated that most (>90%) protein used to produce these components was obtained on the breeding grounds. However, in 2007, a year with an exceptionally warm and dry spring, endogenous reserves contributed on average 41% of yolk and 29% of albumen. Results from this study suggest that female scaup can meet the protein needs of egg production largely from local dietary food sources. This highlights the importance of providing high-quality breeding habitats for scaup. Whether this pattern holds in areas with similar breeding season lengths but longer migration routes, such as those found in the western boreal forest, should be investigated. C1 [Cutting, Kyle A.; Rotella, Jay J.] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Hobson, Keith A.] Environm Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. [Warren, Jeffrey M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lima, MT 59739 USA. [Wainwright-de la Cruz, Susan E.; Takekawa, John Y.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. RP Cutting, KA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM rotella@montana.edu FU Delta Waterfowl,; Waterfowl Research Foundation; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey FX We thank M. Parker and the staff at Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge for logistical support. We thank K. Larson, S. Creel and R. Garrott for constructive comments on the manuscript. J. Ferguson provided statistical advice and W. Cross allowed us access to his lab. We thank our field assistants, including S. Bard, A. Lawson, W. Goldenberg, K. C. Cutting, A. Phillips, and Y. Karagitcheva, for their excellent field efforts. Finally, we thank A. Tyrrell for the artwork. Funding for this study was provided by Delta Waterfowl, Waterfowl Research Foundation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Geological Survey. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey. NR 51 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 42 IS 6 BP 505 EP 513 DI 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05406.x PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 871IL UT WOS:000298731400006 ER PT J AU Baedecker, MJ Eganhouse, RP Bekins, BA Delin, GN AF Baedecker, Mary Jo Eganhouse, Robert P. Bekins, Barbara A. Delin, Geoffrey N. TI Loss of volatile hydrocarbons from an LNAPL oil source SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oil spills; LNAPL; BTEX; n-Alkanes; Naphthalene ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; NATURAL ATTENUATION PROCESSES; CRUDE-OIL; SPILL SITE; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION AB The light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) oil pool in an aquifer that resulted from a pipeline spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, was analyzed for volatile hydrocarbons (VHCs) to determine if the composition of the oil remains constant over time. Oil samples were obtained from wells at five locations in the oil pool in an anaerobic part of the glacial outwash aquifer. Samples covering a 21-year period were analyzed for 25 VHCs. Compared to the composition of oil from the pipeline source, VHCs identified in oil from wells sampled in 2008 were 13 to 64% depleted. The magnitude of loss for the VHCs analyzed was toluene >> o-xylene, benzene, C(6) and C(10-12) n-alkanes>C(7)-C(9) n-alkanes>m-xylene. cyclohexane, and 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene>1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and ethylbenzene. Other VHCs including p-xylene, 13,5- and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzenes, the tetramethylbenzenes, methyl- and ethyl-cyclohexane, and naphthalene were not depleted during the time of the study. Water-oil and air-water batch equilibration simulations indicate that volatilization and biodegradation is most important for the C(6)-C(9) n-alkanes and cyclohexanes; dissolution and biodegradation is important for most of the other hydrocarbons. Depletion of the hydrocarbons in the oil pool is controlled by: the lack of oxygen and nutrients, differing rates of recharge, and the spatial distribution of oil in the aquifer. The mass loss of these VHCs in the 5 wells is between 1.6 and 7.4% in 29 years or an average annual loss of 0.06-0.26%/year. The present study shows that the composition of LNAPL changes over time and that these changes are spatially variable. This highlights the importance of characterizing the temporal and spatial variabilities of the source term in solute-transport models. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Baedecker, Mary Jo; Eganhouse, Robert P.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Bekins, Barbara A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Delin, Geoffrey N.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Baedecker, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, MS 430,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM mjbaedec@usgs.gov; eganhous@usgs.gov; babekins@usgs.gov; delin@usgs.gov FU USGS FX The authors thank Hedeff Essaid and Bill Orem, USGS, for internal reviews and 5 anonymous reviews. We thank the USGS MN Water Science Center for logistical support, Isabelle Cozzarelli for consultation, Jim Pontolillo for analytical support. The work was supported by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. NR 67 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD NOV 1 PY 2011 VL 126 IS 3-4 BP 140 EP 152 DI 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.06.006 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 867OG UT WOS:000298463100003 PM 22115081 ER PT J AU Rasa, E Chapman, SW Bekins, BA Fogg, GE Scow, KM Mackay, DM AF Rasa, Ehsan Chapman, Steven W. Bekins, Barbara A. Fogg, Graham E. Scow, Kate M. Mackay, Douglas M. TI Role of back diffusion and biodegradation reactions in sustaining an MTBE/TBA plume in alluvial media SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Biodegradation; Biotransformation; Diffusion; MTBE; TBA; Reactive transport modeling ID TERT-BUTYL ETHER; HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION-LAWS; SULFATE-REDUCING AQUIFER; HIGH-RESOLUTION SCHEMES; NATURAL ATTENUATION; POROUS-MEDIA; ETHANOL; DEGRADATION; PERSISTENCE; MIGRATION AB A methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) / tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) plume originating from a gasoline spill in late 1994 at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) persisted for over 15 years within 200 feet of the original spill source. The plume persisted until 2010 despite excavation of the tanks and piping within months after the spill and excavations of additional contaminated sediments from the source area in 2007 and 2008. The probable history of MTBE concentrations along the plume centerline at its source was estimated using a wide variety of available information, including published details about the original spill, excavations and monitoring by VAFB consultants, and our own research data. Two-dimensional reactive transport simulations of MTBE along the plume centerline were conducted for a 20-year period following the spill. These analyses suggest that MTBE diffused from the thin anaerobic aquifer into the adjacent anaerobic silts and transformed to TBA in both aquifer and silt layers. The model reproduces the observation that after 2004 TBA was the dominant solute, diffusing back out of the silts into the aquifer and sustaining plume concentrations much longer than would have been the case in the absence of such diffusive exchange. Simulations also suggest that aerobic degradation of MTBE or TBA at the water table in the overlying silt layer significantly affected concentrations of MTBE and TBA by limiting the chemical mass available for back diffusion to the aquifer. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Rasa, Ehsan] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Chapman, Steven W.] Univ Guelph, Sch Engn, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [Bekins, Barbara A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Fogg, Graham E.; Scow, Kate M.; Mackay, Douglas M.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Rasa, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM erasa@ucdavis.edu; schapman@uoguelph.ca; babekins@usgs.gov; gefogg@ucdavis.edu; kmscow@ucdavis.edu; dmmackay@ucdavis.edu FU American Petroleum Institute (API) [2010-104864]; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [P42ES004699] FX The project described was supported by American Petroleum Institute (API) grant number 2010-104864 and Award Number P42ES004699 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences or the National Institutes of Health. NR 55 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD NOV 1 PY 2011 VL 126 IS 3-4 BP 235 EP 247 DI 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.08.006 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 867OG UT WOS:000298463100011 PM 22115089 ER PT J AU Selbig, WR Bannerman, RT AF Selbig, William R. Bannerman, Roger T. TI Ratios of Total Suspended Solids to Suspended Sediment Concentrations by Particle Size SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE Storm-water management; Suspended sediment; Suspended solids; Particle-size distribution; Organic matter ID RUNOFF AB Wet-sieving sand-sized particles from a whole storm-water sample before splitting the sample into laboratory-prepared containers can reduce bias and improve the precision of suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC). Wet-sieving, however, may alter concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) because the analytical method used to determine TSS may not have included the sediment retained on the sieves. Measuring TSS is still commonly used by environmental managers as a regulatory metric for solids in storm water. For this reason, a new method of correlating concentrations of TSS and SSC by particle size was used to develop a series of correction factors for SSC as a means to estimate TSS. In general, differences between TSS and SSC increased with greater particle size and higher sand content. Median correction factors to SSC ranged from 0.29 for particles larger than 500 mu m to 0.85 for particles measuring from 32 to 63 mu m. Great variability was observed in each fraction-a result of varying amounts of organic matter in the samples. Wide variability in organic content could reduce the transferability of the correction factors. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000414. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers. C1 [Selbig, William R.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Bannerman, Roger T.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53707 USA. RP Selbig, WR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM wrselbig@usgs.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2011 VL 137 IS 11 BP 1075 EP 1081 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000414 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 864NU UT WOS:000298247700011 ER PT J AU Martinez, FJ Iriondo, A Dietsch, C Aleinikoff, JN Peucat, JJ Cires, J Reche, J Capdevila, R AF Martinez, F. J. Iriondo, A. Dietsch, C. Aleinikoff, J. N. Peucat, J. J. Cires, J. Reche, J. Capdevila, R. TI U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon ages and Nd signature of lower Paleozoic rifting-related magmatism in the Variscan basement of the Eastern Pyrenees SO LITHOS LA English DT Article DE Eastern Pyrenees; U-Pb SHRIMP; Zircon; epsilon(Nd); Variscan; Panafrican ID EARLY-ORDOVICIAN MAGMATISM; GEOCHRONOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS; CAMBRO-ORDOVICIAN; MONTAGNE NOIRE; CANIGOU ORTHOGNEISSES; PRECAMBRIAN BASEMENT; NORTHERN GONDWANA; CADOMIAN OROGEN; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; CENTRAL IBERIA AB The ages of orthogneisses exposed in massifs of the Variscan chain can determine whether they are part of a pre-Neoproterozoic basement, a Neoproterozoic, Panafrican arc, or are, in fact, lower Paleozoic, and their isotopic compositions can be used to probe the nature of their source rocks, adding to the understanding of the types, distribution, and tectonic evolution of peri-Gondwanan crystalline basement. Using SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology and Nd isotopic analysis, pre-Variscan metaigneous rocks from the Nuria massif in the Eastern Pyrenean axial zone and the Guilleries massif, 70 km to the south, have been dated and their Nd signatures characterized.. All dated orthogneisses from the Nuria massif have the same age within error, similar to 457 Ma, including the Ribes granophyre, interpreted as a subvolcanic unit within Caradocian sediments contemporaneous with granitic magmas intruded into Cambro-Ordovician sediments at deeper levels. Orthogneisses in the Guilleries massif record essentially continuous magmatic activity during the Ordovician, beginning at the Cambro-Ordovician boundary (488 +/- 3 Ma) and reaching a peak in the volume of magma in the early Late Ordovician (similar to 460 Ma). Metavolcanic rocks in the Guilleries massif were extruded at 452 +/- 4 Ma and appear to have their intrusive equivalent in thin, deformed veins of granitic gneiss (451 +/- 7 Ma) within metasedimentary rocks. In orthogneisses from both massifs, the cores of some zircons yield Neoproterozoic ages between similar to 520 and 900 Ma. The age of deposition of a pre-Late Ordovician metapelite in the Guilleries massif is bracketed by the weighted average age of the youngest detrital zircon population, 582 11 Ma, and the age of cross-cutting granitic veins, 451 +/- 7 Ma. Older detrital zircons populations in this metapelite include Neoproterozoic (749-610 Ma; n = 10), Neo- to Mesoproterozoic (1.04-0.86 Ga; n = 7), Paleoproterozoic (2.02-1.59 Ga; n = 5), and Neoarchean (2.74-2.58 Ga; n = 3). Nd isotopic analyses of the Nuria and Guilleries orthogneisses yielded negative epsilon(Nd) values ranging between -2.1 and -5.2 at 450 Ma, the same as Ediacaran sediments from northwestern Iberia. We interpret these slightly negative epsilon(Nd) values as a signature of Panafrican arc rocks, mixed with an older crustal component as indicated by the inherited and detrital zircon ages we analyzed. The crustal level in which Ordovician melting occurred has not been recognized and the absence of pre-Neoproterozoic basement is a striking feature of the southern part of the Variscan Chain. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Martinez, F. J.; Reche, J.] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Geol, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. [Iriondo, A.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Geociencias, Juriquilla 76230, Queretaro, Mexico. [Dietsch, C.] Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. [Aleinikoff, J. N.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Peucat, J. J.] Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6118, Rennes, France. [Cires, J.] Inst Geol Catalunya, Barcelona 08006, Spain. RP Martinez, FJ (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Geol, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. EM francisco.martinez@uab.es RI Reche, Joan/K-8013-2014 OI Reche, Joan/0000-0002-2753-5385 FU Spanish MCI [CLG2006-09509]; Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati FX Our research has been supported by funding provided by grant CLG2006-09509 from the Spanish MCI to F. Martinez, who is grateful for their support. A. Iriondo is grateful to Joe Wooden, Frank Mazdab, Bettina Wiegand, Ariel Strickland, and Brad Ito from the U.S. Geological Survey at Stanford University for their close supervision with zircon mount preparations and imaging (CL), and with the SHRIMP-RG U-Pb zircon analyses and instrument tuning. Pedro Castineiras, a former postdoctoral fellow at the University of Colorado, is thanked for his help preparing and running some of the zircon mounts. C. Dietsch acknowledges and is grateful for financial support for travel provided by the Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati,and also thanks Joe Wooden for his assistance with the SHRIMP-RG probe in analyzing samples GU-07-1 and GU-07-2. Thorough reviews by Jane Scarrow and an anonymous reviewer significantly improved an earlier version of our manuscript. NR 76 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0024-4937 J9 LITHOS JI Lithos PD NOV PY 2011 VL 127 IS 1-2 BP 10 EP 23 DI 10.1016/j.lithos.2011.08.004 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 862DS UT WOS:000298070600002 ER PT J AU Storlazzi, CD Fregoso, TA Golden, NE Finlayson, DP AF Storlazzi, Curt D. Fregoso, Theresa A. Golden, Nadine E. Finlayson, David P. TI Sediment dynamics and the burial and exhumation of bedrock reefs along an emergent coastline as elucidated by repetitive sonar surveys: Northern Monterey Bay, CA SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bedrock; sediment; reef; burial; exhumation; inner shelf ID 3RD-GENERATION WAVE MODEL; INNER CONTINENTAL-SHELF; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; COASTAL REGIONS; EL-NINO; CORAL AB Two high-resolution bathymetric and acoustic backscatter sonar surveys were conducted along the energetic emergent inner shelf of northern Monterey Bay, CA, USA, in the fall of 2005 and the spring of 2006 to determine the impact of winter storm waves, beach erosion, and river floods on biologically-important siliclastic bedrock reef habitats. The surveys extended from water depths of 4 m to 22 m and covered an area of 3.14 km(2), 45.8% of which was bedrock, gravel, and coarse-grained sand and 54.2% was fine-grained sand. Our analyses of the bathymetric and acoustic backscatter data demonstrates that during the 6 months between surveys, 11.4% of the study area was buried by fine-grained sand while erosion resulted in the exposure of bedrock or coarse-grained sand over 26.5% of the study area. The probability of burial decreased with increasing water depth and rugosity: the probability of exhumation increased with increasing wave-induced near-bed shear stress, seabed slope and rugosity. Much of the detected change was at the boundary between bedrock and unconsolidated sediment due to sedimentation and erosion burying or exhuming bedrock, respectively. In a number of cases, however, the change in seabed character was apparently due to changes in sediment grain size when scour exposed what appeared to be an underlying coarser-grained lag or the burial of coarser-grained sand and gravel by fine-grained sand. These findings suggest that, in some places, (a) burial and exhumation of nearshore bedrock reefs along rocky, energetic inner shelves occurs over seasonal timescales and appears related to intrinsic factors such as seabed morphology and extrinsic factors such as wave forces, and (b) single acoustic surveys typically employed for geologic characterization and/or habitat mapping may not adequately characterize the geomorphologic and sedimentologic nature of these types of environments that typify most of the Pacific Ocean and up to 50% of the world's coastlines. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Storlazzi, Curt D.; Fregoso, Theresa A.; Golden, Nadine E.; Finlayson, David P.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Storlazzi, CD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 400 Nat Bridges Dr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM cstorlazzi@usgs.gov; tfregoso@usgs.gov; ngolden@usgs.gov; dfinlayson@usgs.gov OI Storlazzi, Curt/0000-0001-8057-4490; Fregoso, Theresa/0000-0001-7802-5812 FU US Geological Survey; Santa Cruz County Redevelopment Agency; Santa Cruz County Department of Public Works; California Department of Boating and Waterways FX This work was funded by the US Geological Survey's Coastal and Marine Geology Program, the Santa Cruz County Redevelopment Agency, the Santa Cruz County Department of Public Works, and the California Department of Boating and Waterways. The USGS funds were allotted as part of an effort by the Benthic Habitats (Pacific) Project to better understand the affects of geologic and oceanographic processes on nearshore ecosystems. Gerry Hatcher (USGS) and Mike Boyle (USGS) ran the sonar acquisition systems while Jared Figurski, Randolf Skovan, and Jamie Grover (University of California at Santa Cruz) captained the vessel R/V Paragon. Joshua Logan (USGS) helped with the scuba dive surveys. Sam Johnson (USGS), Andy Ritchie (USGS), Gary Greene (MLML), and Rikk Kvitek (CSUMB) contributed numerous excellent suggestions and a timely review of our work. Use of trademark names does not imply USGS endorsement of products. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV 1 PY 2011 VL 289 IS 1-4 BP 46 EP 59 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.09.010 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 868OY UT WOS:000298533800005 ER PT J AU Guedes, RMC Calliari, LJ Holland, KT Plant, NG Pereira, PS Alves, FNA AF Guedes, Rafael M. C. Calliari, Lauro J. Holland, K. Todd Plant, Nathaniel G. Pereira, Pedro S. Alves, Fernando N. A. TI Short-term sandbar variability based on video imagery: Comparison between Time-Average and Time-Variance techniques SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nearshore sandbar; video imagery; Time-exposure image; Variance image; wave energy dissipation ID WAVE DISSIPATION; BAR MORPHOLOGY; CASSINO BEACH; NATURAL BEACH; MODEL; FIELD; VERIFICATION; PREDICTIONS; CALIBRATION; BATHYMETRY AB Time-exposure intensity (averaged) images are commonly used to locate the nearshore sandbar position (x(b)), based on the cross-shore locations of maximum pixel intensity (x(i)) of the bright bands in the images. It is not known, however, how the breaking patterns seen in Variance images (i.e. those created through standard deviation of pixel intensity over time) are related to the sandbar locations. We investigated the suitability of both Time-exposure and Variance images for sandbar detection within a multiple bar system on the southern coast of Brazil, and verified the relation between wave breaking patterns, observed as bands of high intensity in these images and cross-shore profiles of modeled wave energy dissipation (x(D)). Not only is Time-exposure maximum pixel intensity location (x(i-Ti)) well related to x(b), but also to the maximum pixel intensity location of Variance images (x(i-Va)), although the latter was typically located 15 m offshore of the former. In addition. x(i-Va) was observed to be better associated with x(D) even though x(i-Ti), is commonly assumed as maximum wave energy dissipation. Significant wave height (Hs) and water level (eta) were observed to affect the two types of images in a similar way, with an increase in both Hs and eta resulting in x(i) shifting offshore. This eta-induced x(i) variability has an opposite behavior to what is described in the literature, and is likely an indirect effect of higher waves breaking farther offshore during periods of storm surges. Multiple regression models performed on x(i), Hs and eta allowed the reduction of the residual errors between x(b) and x(i), yielding accurate estimates with most residuals less than 10 m. Additionally, it was found that the sandbar position was best estimated using x(i-Ti) (x(i-Va)) when x(b) was located shoreward (seaward) of its mean position, for both the first and the second bar. Although it is unknown whether this is an indirect hydrodynamic effect or is indeed related to the morphology, we found that this behavior can be explored to optimize sandbar estimation using video imagery, even in the absence of hydrodynamic data. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Guedes, Rafael M. C.; Calliari, Lauro J.; Pereira, Pedro S.; Alves, Fernando N. A.] Fed Univ Rio Grande, Inst Oceanog, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. [Holland, K. Todd] USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Plant, Nathaniel G.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Guedes, RMC (reprint author), Univ Waikato, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand. EM rmcg1@waikato.ac.nz; lcalliari@log.furg.br; todd.holland@nrlssc.navy.mil; nplant@usgs.gov; psppraias@gmail.com; fernandonaa@gmail.com RI Holland, K. Todd/A-7673-2011; Pereira, Pedro/A-6656-2013; OI Holland, K. Todd/0000-0002-4601-6097; Plant, Nathaniel/0000-0002-5703-5672; Guedes, Rafael/0000-0002-1726-1739 FU Office of Naval Research (ONR-USA) [N00014-06-1-0977]; Naval Research Laboratory [0601153N]; CAPES ("Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior"); (New Zealand) Foundation for Research, Science and Technology FX This work has been developed as part of the project "Wave Attenuation On Muddy Bottoms", with funding provided by the Office of Naval Research (ONR-USA), under the contract N00014-06-1-0977 and under base funding of the Naval Research Laboratory (PE #0601153N). We would like to thank to Ed Thornton, Mark Orzech and Jamie MacMahan (NPS-USA), and Carlos Schettini (UFC-Brazil) for providing pressure sensor wave data, to the NRL-SSC group (USA) for setting up the Cassino ("Cassy") Argus station, and to Jose Fontoura (FURG-Brazil) for designing the tower where the cameras are installed. Comments by Gerben Ruessink, Giovanni Coco and two anonymous reviewers greatly contributed to improving this manuscript. RMCG and PSP were supported by CAPES ("Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior"). RMCG also acknowledges the support of the (New Zealand) Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD NOV 1 PY 2011 VL 289 IS 1-4 BP 122 EP 134 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.09.015 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 868OY UT WOS:000298533800011 ER PT J AU McDougall, KL Khuroo, AA Loope, LL Parks, CG Pauchard, A Reshi, ZA Rushworth, I Kueffer, C AF McDougall, Keith L. Khuroo, Anzar A. Loope, Lloyd L. Parks, Catherine G. Pauchard, Anibal Reshi, Zafar A. Rushworth, Ian Kueffer, Christoph TI Plant Invasions in Mountains: Global Lessons for Better Management SO MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Biosecurity; climate change; cross-scale learning; invasive alien plants; prevention ID SOUTH-AFRICA; KASHMIR HIMALAYA; WATER-RESOURCES; ALIEN FLORA; LAND-USE; PATTERNS; VEGETATION; GRADIENTS; ELEVATION; BENEFITS AB Mountains are one of few ecosystems little affected by plant invasions. However, the threat of invasion is likely to increase because of climate change, greater anthropogenic land use, and continuing novel introductions. Preventive management, therefore, will be crucial but can be difficult to promote when more pressing problems are unresolved and predictions are uncertain. In this essay, we use management case studies from 7 mountain regions to identify common lessons for effective preventive action. The degree of plant invasion in mountains was variable in the 7 regions as was the response to invasion, which ranged from lack of awareness by land managers of the potential impact in Chile and Kashmir to well-organized programs of prevention and containment in the United States (Hawaii and the Pacific Northwest), including prevention at low altitude. In Australia, awareness of the threat grew only after disruptive invasions. In South Africa, the economic benefits of removing alien plants are well recognized and funded in the form of employment programs. In the European Alps, there is little need for active management because no invasive species pose an immediate threat. From these case studies, we identify lessons for management of plant invasions in mountain ecosystems: (i) prevention is especially important in mountains because of their rugged terrain, where invasions can quickly become unmanageable; (ii) networks at local to global levels can assist with awareness raising and better prioritization of management actions; (iii) the economic importance of management should be identified and articulated; (iv) public acceptance of management programs will make them more effective; and (v) climate change needs to be considered. We suggest that comparisons of local case studies, such as those we have presented, have a pivotal place in the proactive solution of global change issues. C1 [McDougall, Keith L.] Off Environm & Heritage, Queanbeyan, NSW 2620, Australia. [Khuroo, Anzar A.; Reshi, Zafar A.] Univ Kashmir, Dept Bot, Ctr Biodivers & Taxon, Srinagar 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India. [Loope, Lloyd L.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Makawao, HI USA. [Parks, Catherine G.] US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. [Pauchard, Anibal] Univ Concepcion, Fac Ciencias Forestales, Concepcion, Chile. [Pauchard, Anibal] Inst Ecol & Biodivers, Santiago, Chile. [Rushworth, Ian] Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, ZA-3202 Cascades, South Africa. [Kueffer, Christoph] ETH Zentrum, Inst Integrat Biol Plant Ecol, CHN, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP McDougall, KL (reprint author), Off Environm & Heritage, POB 733, Queanbeyan, NSW 2620, Australia. EM keith.mcdougall@environment.nsw.gov.au RI Kueffer, Christoph/H-6091-2013; Pauchard, Anibal/B-5034-2008; Khuroo, Anzar/D-1216-2015 OI Kueffer, Christoph/0000-0001-6701-0703; Pauchard, Anibal/0000-0003-1284-3163; Khuroo, Anzar/0000-0002-0251-2793 FU Programa de Fondos Basales; CONICYT; Initiciativa Cientifica Milenio, ICM [P05-002]; [PFB-23] FX The article builds on ideas from and discussion among members of the Mountain Invasion Research Network Consortium (http://www.miren.ethz.ch/people/index.html). Karsten Rohweder (ETHZ) kindly produced Figure 1. Anibal Pauchard received funding from Programa de Fondos Basales, CONICYT, PFB-23, and Initiciativa Cientifica Milenio, ICM P05-002. NR 40 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 57 PU MOUNTAIN RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PI LAWRENCE PA BUSINESS OFFICE, 810 E 10TH ST, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044-8897 USA SN 0276-4741 J9 MT RES DEV JI Mt. Res. Dev. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 31 IS 4 BP 380 EP 387 DI 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00082.1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 865ZR UT WOS:000298349900014 ER PT J AU Lane, OP O'Brien, KM Evers, DC Hodgman, TP Major, A Pau, N Ducey, MJ Taylor, R Perry, D AF Lane, Oksana P. O'Brien, Kathleen M. Evers, David C. Hodgman, Thomas P. Major, Andrew Pau, Nancy Ducey, Mark J. Taylor, Robert Perry, Deborah TI Mercury in breeding saltmarsh sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus) SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Saltmarsh sparrow; Tree swallow; Methylmercury; New England; Long Island ID SWALLOWS TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; TREE SWALLOWS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; RECEPTOR-BINDING; NORTH-AMERICA; COMMON LOONS; EXPOSURE; METHYLMERCURY; RIVER AB Environmental mercury exposure of birds through atmospheric deposition and watershed point-source contamination is an issue of increasing concern globally. The saltmarsh sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus) is of high conservation concern throughout its range and the potential threat of mercury exposure adds to other anthropogenic stressors, including sea level rise. To assess methylmercury exposure we sampled blood of the northern nominal subspecies of saltmarsh sparrows (A. c. caudacutus) nesting in 21 tidal marshes throughout most of the species' breeding range. Blood of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) was sampled concurrently at three of these sites to provide a comparison with a well-studied songbird that is a model species in ecotoxicology. Arithmetic means (+/- 1 SD) ranged from 0.24 +/- 0.06 mu g g(-1) wet weight (ww) in Connecticut to 1.80 +/- 0.14 mu g g(-1) ww in Massachusetts, differing significantly among sites. Comparison to tree swallows indicates that mercury exposure is significantly higher in saltmarsh sparrows, making them a more appropriate bioindicator for assessing risk to methylmercury toxicity in tidal marsh ecosystems. C1 [Lane, Oksana P.; Evers, David C.] BioDivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. [O'Brien, Kathleen M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Rachel Carson NWR, Wells, ME 04090 USA. [Hodgman, Thomas P.] Maine Dept Inland Fisheries & Wildlife, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. [Major, Andrew] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. [Pau, Nancy] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Parker River NWR, Newburyport, MA 01950 USA. [Ducey, Mark J.] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources & Environm, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Taylor, Robert; Perry, Deborah] Trace Element Res Lab, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Lane, OP (reprint author), BioDivers Res Inst, 19 Flaggy Meadow Rd, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. EM Oksana.lane@briloon.org RI Ducey, Mark/K-1101-2016 FU US Fish and Wildlife Service, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and Maine Department of Environmental Protection; Biodiversity Research Institute FX Funding for this project was provided by US Fish and Wildlife Service, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and Maine Department of Environmental Protection. We are grateful to the staff of Rachel Carson and Parker River NWRs for their logistical support and help in the field. We thank Greg Shriver for his expert technical advice. Thanks to Steve Mierzykowski for help in the field and with the project. We thank the following individuals for their help and support: Sam Edmonds from Biodiversity Research Institute, Jen Walsh at the University of New Hampshire for field assistance; Sara Williams at Stewart B. McKinney NWR and Suzanne Paton at Ninigret NWR; the staff of Wertheim NWR, Mike Farina and the staff of the Marine Nature Study Area in Hempstead, Long Island and numerous interns from all the refuges for their enthusiastic assistance in the field, Carina Gjerdrum and Chris Elphick from University of CT for providing sparrow blood from Hammock River site in CT; and all the volunteers who came out to help catch birds, especially Frank Dehler for his many hours of assistance and valuable help. NR 53 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD NOV PY 2011 VL 20 IS 8 BP 1984 EP 1991 DI 10.1007/s10646-011-0740-z PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 869FM UT WOS:000298582500023 PM 21792662 ER PT J AU Johnson, KD Harden, J McGuire, AD Bliss, NB Bockheim, JG Clark, M Nettleton-Hollingsworth, T Jorgenson, MT Kane, ES Mack, M O'Donnell, J Ping, CL Schuur, EAG Turetsky, MR Valentine, DW AF Johnson, Kristofer D. Harden, Jennifer McGuire, A. David Bliss, Norman B. Bockheim, James G. Clark, Mark Nettleton-Hollingsworth, Teresa Jorgenson, M. Torre Kane, Evan S. Mack, Michelle O'Donnell, Jonathan Ping, Chien-Lu Schuur, Edward A. G. Turetsky, Merritt R. Valentine, David W. TI Soil carbon distribution in Alaska in relation to soil-forming factors SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE Soil carbon; Soil forming factors; Arctic; Boreal; Permafrost; Alaska ID PERMAFROST-AFFECTED SOILS; INTERIOR ALASKA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ORGANIC-CARBON; BLACK SPRUCE; BOREAL FORESTS; ARCTIC ALASKA; UNITED-STATES; TUNDRA SOILS; WHITE SPRUCE AB The direction and magnitude of soil organic carbon (SOC) changes in response to climate change remain unclear and depend on the spatial distribution of SOC: across landscapes. Uncertainties regarding the fate of SOC are greater in high-latitude systems where data are sparse and the soils are affected by sub-zero temperatures. To address these issues in Alaska, a first-order assessment of data gaps and spatial distributions of SOC was conducted from a recently compiled soil carbon database. Temperature and landform type were the dominant controls on SOC distribution for selected ecoregions. Mean SOC pools (to a depth of 1-m) varied by three, seven and ten-fold across ecoregion, landform, and ecosystem types, respectively. Climate interactions with landform type and SOC were greatest in the uplands. For upland SOC there was a six-fold non-linear increase in SOC with latitude (i.e., temperature) where SOC was lowest in the Intermontane Boreal compared to the Arctic Tundra and Coastal Rainforest. Additionally, in upland systems mineral SOC pools decreased as climate became more continental, suggesting that the lower productivity, higher decomposition rates and fire activity, common in continental climates, interacted to reduce mineral SOC. For lowland systems, in contrast, these interactions and their impacts on SOC were muted or absent making SOC in these environments more comparable across latitudes. Thus, the magnitudes of SOC change across temperature gradients were non-uniform and depended on landform type. Additional factors that appeared to be related to SOC distribution within ecoregions included stand age, aspect, and permafrost presence or absence in black spruce stands. Overall, these results indicate the influence of major interactions between temperature-controlled decomposition and topography on SOC in high-latitude systems. However, there remains a need for more SOC data from wetlands and boreal-region permafrost soils, especially at depths > 1 m in order to fully understand the effects of climate on soil carbon in Alaska. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Johnson, Kristofer D.; McGuire, A. David] Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Harden, Jennifer] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Bliss, Norman B.] US Geol Survey, ARTS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Bockheim, James G.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Clark, Mark] Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. [Nettleton-Hollingsworth, Teresa] US Forest Serv, Boreal Ecol Cooperat Res Unit, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Jorgenson, M. Torre] Alaska Ecosci, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. [Kane, Evan S.] Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [Mack, Michelle; Schuur, Edward A. G.] Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [O'Donnell, Jonathan] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Ping, Chien-Lu] Univ Alaska, Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Turetsky, Merritt R.] Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1G2, Canada. [Valentine, David W.] Univ Alaska, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Johnson, KD (reprint author), 11 Campus Blvd,Ste 200, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. EM kristoferdjohnson@fs.fed.us RI Clark, Mark /E-3509-2010; Turetsky, Merritt/B-1255-2013 FU U.S. Geological Survey FX This assessment, and the workshop which led to the creation of the soil carbon database used in the assessment, was sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey funded research on "Assessing the Role of Deep Soil Organic Carbon in Interior Alaska: Data, Models, and Spatial/Temporal Dynamics". The help of Deb Agarwal and Catharine Van Ingen from Lawrence Berkeley National Labs and Microsoft Research were essential for the creation and logistical support of the soil carbon database. We also acknowledge the very helpful reviews given by Bronwen Wang, Shuguang Liu, Ingeborg Callesen and one anonymous reviewer. NR 85 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 7 U2 66 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 2011 VL 167-68 BP 71 EP 84 DI 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.10.006 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 861OL UT WOS:000298029000009 ER PT J AU Nordstrom, DK AF Nordstrom, D. Kirk TI Hydrogeochemical processes governing the origin, transport and fate of major and trace elements from mine wastes and mineralized rock to surface waters SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID REACTIVE SOLUTE-TRANSPORT; POCOS-DE-CALDAS; SANTA-CLARA COUNTY; COBBLE-BED STREAM; OSAMU UTSUMI MINE; MOUNTAIN STREAM; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; TRANSIENT STORAGE; REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES; GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS AB The formation of acid mine drainage from metals extraction or natural acid rock drainage and its mixing with surface waters is a complex process that depends on petrology and mineralogy, structural geology, geomorphology, surface-water hydrology, hydrogeology, climatology, microbiology, chemistry, and mining and mineral processing history. The concentrations of metals, metalloids, acidity, alkalinity, Cl, F and SO42- found in receiving streams, rivers, and lakes are affected by all of these factors and their interactions. Remediation of mine sites is an engineering concern but to design a remediation plan without understanding the hydrogeochemical processes of contaminant mobilization can lead to ineffective and excessively costly remediation. Furthermore, remediation needs a goal commensurate with natural background conditions rather than water-quality standards that might bear little relation to conditions of a highly mineralized terrain. This paper reviews hydrogeochemical generalizations, primarily from US Geological Survey research, that enhance our understanding of the origin, transport, and fate of contaminants released from mined and mineralized areas. Mobility of potential or actual contaminants from mining and mineral processing activities depends on (1) occurrence: is the mineral source of the contaminant actually present? (2) abundance: is the mineral present in sufficient quantity to make a difference? (3) reactivity: what are the energetics, rates, and mechanisms of sorption and mineral dissolution and precipitation relative to the flow rate of the water? and (4) hydrology: what are the main flow paths for contaminated water? Estimates of relative proportions of minerals dissolved and precipitated can be made with mass-balance calculations if minerals and water compositions along a flow path are known. Combined with discharge, these mass-balance estimates quantify the actual weathering rate of pyrite mineralization in the environment and compare reasonably well with laboratory rates of pyrite oxidation except when large quantities of soluble salts and evaporated mine waters have accumulated underground. Quantitative mineralogy with trace-element compositions can substantially improve the identification of source minerals for specific trace elements through mass balances. Post-dissolution sorption and precipitation (attenuation) reactions depend on the chemical behavior of each element, solution composition and pH, aqueous speciation, temperature, and contact-time with mineral surfaces. For example, little metal attenuation occurs in waters of low pH (<3.5) and metals tend to maintain element ratios indicative of the main mineral or group of minerals from which they dissolved, except Fe, SiO2, and redox-sensitive oxyanions (As, Sb, Se, Mo, Cr, V). Once dissolved, metal and metalloid concentrations are strongly affected by redox conditions and pH. Iron is the most reactive because it is rapidly oxidized by bacteria and archaea and Fe(III) hydrolyzes and precipitates at low pH (1-3) which is related directly to its first hydrolysis constant, pK(1) = 2.2. Several insoluble sulfate minerals precipitate at low pH including anglesite, barite, jarosite, alunite and basaluminite. Aluminum hydrolyzes near pH 5 (pK(1) = 5.0) and provides buffering and removal of Al by mineral precipitation from pH 4-5.5. Dissolved sulfate behaves conservatively because the amount removed from solution by precipitation is usually too small relative to the high concentrations in the water column and relative to the flow rate of the water. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nordstrom, DK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM dkn@usgs.gov FU USGS; USEPA FX I thank Blaine McCleskey for assisting with preparation of the diagrams, Jim Ball and Blaine for assistance with collection, analysis, and compilation of data, and the National Research Program of the USGS and the USEPA for support of this research over many years. Rob Runkel and Bryant Kimball were most helpful in providing careful reviews. NR 146 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 22 U2 210 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 26 IS 11 BP 1777 EP 1791 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.06.002 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 859ZG UT WOS:000297913900002 ER PT J AU Al-Ameri, TK Pitman, J Naser, ME Zumberge, J Al-Haydari, HA AF Al-Ameri, Thamer Khazal Pitman, Janet Naser, Madhat E. Zumberge, John Al-Haydari, Hiba Adil TI Programed oil generation of the Zubair Formation, Southern Iraq oil fields: results from Petromod software modeling and geochemical analysis SO ARABIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE PetroMod software; Zubair Formation; South Iraq; Oil generation; Accumulation; Biomarkers ID DEPOSITIONAL-ENVIRONMENTS; PALYNOFACIES INDICATIONS; HYDROCARBONS; KINETICS; NORTH AB 1D petroleum system modeling was performed on wells in each of four oil fields in South Iraq, Zubair (well Zb-47), Nahr Umr (well NR-9), West Qurna (well WQ-15 and 23), and Majnoon (well Mj-8). In each of these fields, deposition of the Zubair Formation was followed by continuous burial, reaching maximum temperatures of 100A degrees C (equivalent to 0.70%Ro) at depths of 3,344-3,750 m of well Zb-47 and 3,081.5-3,420 m of well WQ-15, 120A degrees C (equivalent to 0.78%Ro) at depths of 3,353-3,645 m of well NR-9, and 3,391-3,691.5 m of well Mj-8. Generation of petroleum in the Zubair Formation began in the late Tertiary, 10 million years ago. At present day, modeled transformation ratios (TR) indicate that 65% TR of its generation potential has been reached in well Zb-47, 75% TR in well NR-9 and 55-85% TR in West Qurna oil field (wells WQ-15 and WQ-23) and up to 95% TR in well Mj-8, In contrast, younger source rocks are immature to early mature (< 20% TR), whereas older source rocks are mature to overmature (100% TR). Comparison of these basin modeling results, in Basrah region, are performed with Kifle oil field in Hilla region of western Euphrates River whereas the Zubair Formation is immature within temperature range of 65-70A degrees C (0.50%Ro equivalent) with up to 12% (TR = 12%) hydrocarbon generation efficiency and hence poor generation could be assessed in this last location. The Zubair Formation was deposited in a deltaic environment and consists of interbedded shales and porous and permeable sandstones. In Basrah region, the shales have total organic carbon of 0.5-7.0 wt%, Tmax 430-470A degrees C and hydrogen indices of up to 466 with S2 = 0.4-9.4 of kerogen type II & III and petroleum potential of 0.4-9.98 of good hydrocarbon generation, which is consistent with 55-95% hydrocarbon efficiency. These generated hydrocarbons had charged (in part) the Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs, especially the Zubair Formation itself, in the traps formed by Alpine collision that closed the Tethys Ocean between Arabian and Euracian Plates and developed folds in Mesopotamian Basin 15-10 million years ago. These traps are mainly stratigraphic facies of sandstones with the shale that formed during the deposition of the Zubair Formation in transgression and regression phases within the main structural folds of the Zubair, Nahr Umr, West Qurna and Majnoon Oil fields. Oil biomarkers of the Zubair Formation Reservoirs are showing source affinity with mixed oil from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata, including Zubair Formation organic matters, based on presentation of GC and GC-MS results on diagrams of global petroleum systems. C1 [Al-Ameri, Thamer Khazal; Naser, Madhat E.; Al-Haydari, Hiba Adil] Univ Baghdad, Dept Geol, Jadiriyah, Iraq. [Pitman, Janet] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80218 USA. [Zumberge, John] Geomark Res Ltd, Houston, TX 77095 USA. RP Al-Ameri, TK (reprint author), Univ Baghdad, Dept Geol, Jadiriyah, Iraq. EM thamer_alameri@yahoo.com NR 37 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1866-7511 J9 ARAB J GEOSCI JI Arab. J. Geosci. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 4 IS 7-8 BP 1239 EP 1259 DI 10.1007/s12517-010-0160-z PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 852FS UT WOS:000297341700016 ER PT J AU Zydlewski, GB Kinnison, MT Dionne, PE Zydlewski, J Wippelhauser, GS AF Zydlewski, G. B. Kinnison, M. T. Dionne, P. E. Zydlewski, J. Wippelhauser, G. S. TI Shortnose sturgeon use small coastal rivers: the importance of habitat connectivity SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Conference on Sturgeons of the North American Chapter of the World-Sturgeon-Conservation-Society CY AUG 31-SEP 02, 2010 CL World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC), Bozeman, MT HO World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC) ID POPULATIONS AB Contrary to conventional wisdom for shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum), we document shortnose sturgeon use of habitats beyond large rivers. Telemetry data from 2008 to 2010 in the Gulf of Maine demonstrates that adult shortnose sturgeon (up to 70%) frequently move between Maines two largest rivers, the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers. Even more interesting, small rivers located between these watersheds were used by 52% of the coastal migrants. Small river use was not trivial, 80% of observed movements extended more than 10 km upstream. However, visits were short in duration. This pattern indicates one of several possibilities: directed use of resources, searching behaviors related to reproduction (i.e. straying) or undirected wandering. Data suggest a relationship between residence time in small rivers and distance to the lowermost barrier. Restoring connectivity to upstream habitats in these rivers could allow opportunities for metapopulation expansion. Regional management of shortnose sturgeon in the Gulf of Maine should incorporate a habitat framework that considers small coastal rivers. C1 [Zydlewski, G. B.; Dionne, P. E.] Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Kinnison, M. T.] Univ Maine, Sch Biol & Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Zydlewski, J.] US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME USA. [Wippelhauser, G. S.] Maine Dept Marine Resources, State House Stn, Augusta, ME USA. RP Zydlewski, GB (reprint author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, 5741 Libby Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM gayle.zydlewski@maine.edu RI Wei, Qiwei/B-6928-2014 OI Wei, Qiwei/0000-0002-6366-1020 NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 SU 2 SI SI BP 41 EP 44 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01826.x PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 859BE UT WOS:000297848300006 ER PT J AU Boase, JC Diana, JS Thomas, MV Chiotti, JA AF Boase, J. C. Diana, J. S. Thomas, M. V. Chiotti, J. A. TI Movements and distribution of adult Lake Sturgeon from their spawning site in the St. Clair River, Michigan SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Conference on Sturgeons of the North American Chapter of the World-Sturgeon-Conservation-Society CY AUG 31-SEP 02, 2010 CL World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC), Bozeman, MT HO World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC) ID ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; HABITAT; SYSTEM; SUPERIOR; DETROIT AB Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens were studied to determine spawning migrations, seasonal movement patterns and habitat use in the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair. Ultrasonic transmitters were successfully implanted in 15 sexually mature adult fish during spawning periods in 19971999. Telemetry data, along with GIS software, were used to determine where Lake Sturgeon resided in Lake St. Clair following implantation. Movement information collected from tagged Lake Sturgeon from May 1997October 2000 revealed three patterns. Following implantation, 73% of the fish (four females and seven males) moved downstream from the St. Clair River to Lake St. Clair, 13% of the fish (one female and one male) were presumed to have moved upriver to Lake Huron, and 20% of the fish (one female and two males) remained in or returned to the St. Clair River for at least 1 year. The fish that moved into Lake St. Clair were found most often in an area near the St. Clair River Delta, at depths of 46 m (>98% of observations). Fish that remained in the St. Clair River were commonly found (>84%) at depths between 9 and 18 m. Four females and three males returned to the spawning site in the St. Clair River in subsequent spawning seasons. Females returned at intervals of 13 years and males at 12 years. For all invertebrates tested, only Ephemeroptera density was a significant predictor of Lake Sturgeon presence/absence in Lake St. Clair. C1 [Boase, J. C.; Chiotti, J. A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alpena Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off Waterford Su, Waterford, MI 48327 USA. [Diana, J. S.] Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Thomas, M. V.] Michigan Dept Nat Resources & Environm, Lake St Clair Fisheries Res Stn, Mt Clemens, MI USA. RP Boase, JC (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Alpena Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off Waterford Su, 7806 Gale Rd, Waterford, MI 48327 USA. EM james_boase@fws.gov RI Wei, Qiwei/B-6928-2014 OI Wei, Qiwei/0000-0002-6366-1020 NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 SU 2 SI SI BP 58 EP 65 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01827.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 859BE UT WOS:000297848300009 ER PT J AU Kynard, B Pugh, D Parker, T AF Kynard, B. Pugh, D. Parker, T. TI Passage and behaviour of cultured Lake Sturgeon in a prototype side-baffle fish ladder: I. Ladder hydraulics and fish ascent SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Conference on Sturgeons of the North American Chapter of the World-Sturgeon-Conservation-Society CY AUG 31-SEP 02, 2010 CL World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC), Bozeman, MT HO World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC) ID ADULT WHITE STURGEON; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; PALLID STURGEON; RIVER; SHORTNOSE; DESIGN AB Research and development of a fish ladder for sturgeons requires understanding ladder hydraulics and sturgeon behaviour in the ladder to insure the ladder is safe and provides effective passage. After years of research and development, we designed and constructed a full-scale prototype side-baffle ladder inside a spiral flume (38.3 m long x 1 m wide x 1 m high) on a 6% (1 : 16.5) slope with a 1.92-m rise in elevation (bottom to top) to test use by sturgeons. Twenty-eight triangular side baffles, each extending part way across the flume, alternated from inside wall to outside wall down the ladder creating two major flow habitats: a continuous, sinusoidal flow down the ladder through the vertical openings of side-baffles and an eddy below each side baffle. Ascent and behaviour was observed on 22 cultured Lake Sturgeon = LS (Acipenser fulvescens) repeatedly tested in groups as juveniles (as small as 105.1 cm TL, mean) or as adults (mean TL, 118 cm) during four periods (fall 2002 and 2003; spring 2003 and 2007). Percent of juveniles entering the ladder that ascended to the top was greater in spring (72.7%) than in fall (40.945.5%) and 90.9% of 11 adults, which ascended as juveniles, ascended to the top. Six LS (27.3%) never swam to the top and seven (31.8%) swam to the top in all tests, indicating great variability among individuals for ascent drive. Some LS swam directly to the top in <1 min, but most rested in an eddy during ascent. Juveniles swimming through outside wall baffle slots (mean velocity, 1.2 m s(-1)) swam at 1.82.2 body lengths s(-1) and 3.23.3 tail beats s(-1), either at or approaching prolonged swimming speed. The side-baffle ladder was stream-like and provided key factors for a sturgeon ladder: a continuous flow and no full cross-channel walls, abundant eddies for resting, an acceptable water depth, and a water velocity fish could ascend swimming 2 bl s(-1). A side-baffle ladder passes LS and other moderate-swimming fishes. C1 [Kynard, B.] BK Riverfish LLC, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. [Kynard, B.] USGS, Leetown Sci Ctr, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. [Kynard, B.; Pugh, D.; Parker, T.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Environm Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Kynard, B (reprint author), BK Riverfish LLC, 28 Echo Hill Rd, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. EM drboyd@eco.umass.edu RI Wei, Qiwei/B-6928-2014 OI Wei, Qiwei/0000-0002-6366-1020 NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 23 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 SU 2 SI SI BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01831.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 859BE UT WOS:000297848300011 ER PT J AU Roseman, EF Boase, J Kennedy, G Craig, J Soper, K AF Roseman, E. F. Boase, J. Kennedy, G. Craig, J. Soper, K. TI Adaption of egg and larvae sampling techniques for lake sturgeon and broadcast spawning fishes in a deep river SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual Conference on Sturgeons of the North American Chapter of the World-Sturgeon-Conservation-Society CY AUG 31-SEP 02, 2010 CL World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC), Bozeman, MT HO World Sturgeon Conservat Soc (WSCS), N Amer Chapter (NAC) ID ACIPENSER-FULVESCENS; DETROIT RIVER; MICHIGAN; DRIFT AB In this report we describe how we adapted two techniques for sampling lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and other fish early life history stages to meet our research needs in the Detroit River, a deep, flowing Great Lakes connecting channel. First, we developed a buoy-less method for sampling fish eggs and spawning activity using egg mats deployed on the river bottom. The buoy-less method allowed us to fish gear in areas frequented by boaters and recreational anglers, thus eliminating surface obstructions that interfered with recreational and boating activities. The buoy-less method also reduced gear loss due to drift when masses of floating aquatic vegetation would accumulate on buoys and lines, increasing the drag on the gear and pulling it downstream. Second, we adapted a D-frame drift net system formerly employed in shallow streams to assess larval lake sturgeon dispersal for use in the deeper (>8 m) Detroit River using an anchor and buoy system. C1 [Roseman, E. F.; Kennedy, G.; Craig, J.] USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. [Boase, J.] USFWS Alpena Natl Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, Waterford, MI USA. [Soper, K.] Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Lake Erie Management Unit, Wheatley, ON, Canada. RP Roseman, EF (reprint author), USGS Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM eroseman@usgs.gov RI Wei, Qiwei/B-6928-2014; OI Wei, Qiwei/0000-0002-6366-1020; Roseman, Edward/0000-0002-5315-9838 NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 SU 2 SI SI BP 89 EP 92 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01828.x PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 859BE UT WOS:000297848300012 ER PT J AU Martin, MR Tipping, PW Reddy, KR Madeira, PT Fitzgerald, D AF Martin, Melissa R. Tipping, Philip W. Reddy, K. R. Madeira, Paul T. Fitzgerald, Danyelle TI An evaluation of the impact of Melaleuca quinquenervia invasion and management on plant community structure after fire SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Fire; Invasion; Management; Melaleuca quinquenervia; Richness ID BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; UNITED-STATES; RESTORATION; DISTURBANCE; TREE; COMPONENTS; DIVERSITY; REMOVAL; GRASSES; REGIMES AB Two questions were asked in this study: after a fire, does the choice of invasive plant management strategy, namely herbicidal or biological, alter (1) plant community assemblages and (2) the re-invasion potential of the Australian tree Melaleuca quinquenervia? Plant species richness was highest in the non-invaded and herbicide sites compared to the biological site with 10.5, 10.8, and 8.25 species m(-2) found in each site, respectively. Although the total count of live and dead seedlings was highest in the biologically controlled site at 22.8 and 13.6 plants m(-2), respectively, M. quinquenervia seedlings were recruited in all sites. While the ultimate goal of management programs is to restore ecosystem integrity, this work provides evidence that passive restoration may not be enough to restore plant community structure in this system. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Martin, Melissa R.; Reddy, K. R.] Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Tipping, Philip W.; Madeira, Paul T.; Fitzgerald, Danyelle] ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Martin, MR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, ARM Loxahatchee Natl Wildlife Refuge, 10218 Lee Rd, Boynton Beach, FL 33473 USA. EM melissa_martin@fws.gov; Philip.Tipping@ars.usda.gov; krr@ufl.edu; Paul.Madeira@ars.usda.gov; Danyelle.Fitzgerald@ars.usda.gov FU National Science Foundation [0504422]; Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council; University of Florida; Everglades Foundation FX We are especially appreciative of the invaluable insights and long hours of field support of the staff of the USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, including Eileen Pokorny, Kayla Nimmo, Susan Keusch, Elizabeth Mattison, and Elizabeth Bolton. We also thank Gavin Wilson, Yu Wang, and Vivana Nadal for laboratory and technical support. This work was partially funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. (0504422), the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, the Sam Polston Memorial Fellowship at the University of Florida, and the Everglades Foundation Graduate Fellowship Program. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 95 IS 4 BP 287 EP 291 DI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2011.08.004 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 859MA UT WOS:000297879300007 ER PT J AU Naftz, DL Millero, FJ Jones, BF Green, WR AF Naftz, David L. Millero, Frank J. Jones, Blair F. Green, W. Reed TI An Equation of State for Hypersaline Water in Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Density; Conductivity; Great Salt Lake; Salinity; Terminal lake ID DENSITY; BRINES AB Great Salt Lake (GSL) is one of the largest and most saline lakes in the world. In order to accurately model limnological processes in GSL, hydrodynamic calculations require the precise estimation of water density (rho) under a variety of environmental conditions. An equation of state was developed with water samples collected from GSL to estimate density as a function of salinity and water temperature. The rho of water samples from the south arm of GSL was measured as a function of temperature ranging from 278 to 323 degrees Kelvin ((degrees)K) and conductivity salinities ranging from 23 to 182 g L(-1) using an Anton Paar density meter. These results have been used to develop the following equation of state for GSL (sigma = +/- 0.32 kg m(-3)): rho - rho(0) = 184.01062 + 1.04708 * S - 1.21061 * T + 3.14721E - 4 * S(2) + 0.00199T(2) - 0.00112 * S * T, where rho(0) is the density of pure water in kg m(-3), S is conductivity salinity g L(-1), and T is water temperature in degrees Kelvin. C1 [Naftz, David L.] US Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. [Millero, Frank J.] Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33149 USA. [Jones, Blair F.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Green, W. Reed] US Geol Survey, Little Rock, AR 72211 USA. RP Naftz, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2329 W Orton Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. EM dlnaftz@usgs.gov; fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu; bfjones@usgs.gov; wrgreen@usgs.gov FU Utah Department of Natural Resources/Division of Wildlife Resources; U.S. Geological Survey FX Use of brand names in this article is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the USGS or University of Miami. Funding for this work was provided by the Utah Department of Natural Resources/Division of Wildlife Resources and U.S. Geological Survey. The manuscript was improved significantly from technical reviews by Larry Spangler and Lisa Stillings (USGS) and two anonymous reviewers. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1380-6165 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 17 IS 6 BP 809 EP 820 DI 10.1007/s10498-011-9138-z PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 857SK UT WOS:000297739200002 ER PT J AU Reed, SC Vitousek, PM Cleveland, CC AF Reed, Sasha C. Vitousek, Peter M. Cleveland, Cory C. TI Are patterns in nutrient limitation belowground consistent with those aboveground: results from a 4 million year chronosequence SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Carbon cycle; Hawai'i; Heterotrophic soil respiration; Fertilization; LSAG; Nitrogen; Nutrient limitation; Phosphorus; Soil development ID SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS; PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION; NITROGEN ADDITIONS; TROPICAL FORESTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; EXPERIMENTAL MESOCOSMS; EXTRACTION METHOD; CARBON BALANCE; LABILE CARBON AB Accurately predicting the effects of global change on net carbon (C) exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere requires a more complete understanding of how nutrient availability regulates both plant growth and heterotrophic soil respiration. Models of soil development suggest that the nature of nutrient limitation changes over the course of ecosystem development, transitioning from nitrogen (N) limitation in 'young' sites to phosphorus (P) limitation in 'old' sites. However, previous research has focused primarily on plant responses to added nutrients, and the applicability of nutrient limitation-soil development models to belowground processes has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we assessed the effects of nutrients on soil C cycling in three different forests that occupy a 4 million year substrate age chronosequence where tree growth is N limited at the youngest site, co-limited by N and P at the intermediate-aged site, and P limited at the oldest site. Our goal was to use short-term laboratory soil C manipulations (using (14)C-labeled substrates) and longer-term intact soil core incubations to compare belowground responses to fertilization with aboveground patterns. When nutrients were applied with labile C (sucrose), patterns of microbial nutrient limitation were similar to plant patterns: microbial activity was limited more by N than by P in the young site, and P was more limiting than N in the old site. However, in the absence of C additions, increased respiration of native soil organic matter only occurred with simultaneous additions of N and P. Taken together, these data suggest that altered nutrient inputs into ecosystems could have dissimilar effects on C cycling above- and belowground, that nutrients may differentially affect of the fate of different soil C pools, and that future changes to the net C balance of terrestrial ecosystems will be partially regulated by soil nutrient status. C1 [Reed, Sasha C.] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. [Vitousek, Peter M.] Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Cleveland, Cory C.] Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Reed, SC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM screed@usgs.gov FU Andrew W. Mellon Foundation FX We are indebted to Heraldo Farrington for his advice and assistance in the field, to Jonathan Leff for excellent help with laboratory analyses, and to Tim Crews, Margaret Torn, David Lipson, and Alan Townsend for their willingness to share unpublished data and offer advice. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved a previous draft of this manuscript. We are grateful to Walt Hill, Stephen Lodmell, and Jean-Marc Lanchy for access to and help with their liquid scintillation counter. We thank the Division of Forestry and Wildlife of the State of Hawai'i and Koke'e State Park for their logistical assistance and for allowing us access to the sites. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This research was funded by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation grants to C.C. and P.V. NR 62 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 84 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD NOV PY 2011 VL 106 IS 3 BP 323 EP 336 DI 10.1007/s10533-010-9522-6 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 852LU UT WOS:000297360300003 ER PT J AU Patrick, M Wilson, D Fee, D Orr, T Swanson, D AF Patrick, Matthew Wilson, David Fee, David Orr, Tim Swanson, Don TI Shallow degassing events as a trigger for very-long-period seismicity at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Very-long-period seismicity; Lava lake; Kilauea volcano; Halema 'uma'u; Gas-pistoning ID MOUNT EREBUS VOLCANO; STROMBOLI VOLCANO; ROSS ISLAND; EXPLOSIONS; SIGNALS; ANTARCTICA; CONDUIT; ARRAY AB The first eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano's summit in 25 years began in March 2008 with the opening of a 35-m-wide vent in Halema'uma'u crater. The new activity has produced prominent very-long-period (VLP) signals corresponding with two new behaviors: episodic tremor bursts and small explosive events, both of which represent degassing events from the top of the lava column. Previous work has shown that VLP seismicity has long been present at Kilauea's summit, and is sourced approximately 1 km below Halema'uma'u. By integrating video observations, infrasound and seismic data, we show that the onset of the large VLP signals occurs within several seconds of the onset of the degassing events. This timing indicates that the VLP is caused by forces-sourced at or very near the lava free surface due to degassing-transmitted down the magma column and coupling to the surrounding rock at 1 km depth. C1 [Patrick, Matthew; Wilson, David; Orr, Tim; Swanson, Don] US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. [Fee, David] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Infrasound Lab, Kailua, HI 96740 USA. RP Patrick, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, POB 51, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. EM mpatrick@usgs.gov FU Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff; U.S. Geological Survey's Volcano Science Center FX We thank Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff for support and discussion. Phil Dawson and Bernard Chouet are greatly thanked for discussion and clarification. Reviews by David Shelly, Wendy McCausland and Emanuele Marchetti and an anonymous reviewer are greatly appreciated. This work was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey's Volcano Science Center. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1179 EP 1186 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0475-y PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857RT UT WOS:000297737100007 ER PT J AU Fedele, L Insinga, DD Calvert, AT Morra, V Perrotta, A Scarpati, C AF Fedele, L. Insinga, D. D. Calvert, A. T. Morra, V. Perrotta, A. Scarpati, C. TI Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of tuff vents in the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy): toward a new chronostratigraphic reconstruction of the Holocene volcanic activity SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ar-40/Ar-39 dating; Chronostratigraphy; Campi Flegrei caldera; Tuff vents ID NEAPOLITAN-YELLOW-TUFF; ROME C-14 DATES; CAMPANIAN IGNIMBRITE ERUPTION; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; MAGMATIC SYSTEM; UNIVERSITY; EVOLUTION; RESTLESS; HISTORY; BP AB The Campi Flegrei hosts numerous monogenetic vents inferred to be younger than the 15 ka Neapolitan Yellow Tuff. Sanidine crystals from the three young Campi Flegrei vents of Fondi di Baia, Bacoli and Nisida were dated using Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology. These vents, together with several other young edifices, occur roughly along the inner border of the Campi Flegrei caldera, suggesting that the volcanic conduits are controlled by caldera-bounding faults. Plateau ages of similar to 9.6 ka (Fondi di Baia), similar to 8.6 ka (Bacoli) and similar to 3.9 ka (Nisida) indicate eruptive activity during intervals previously interpreted as quiescent. A critical revision, involving calendar age correction of literature C-14 data and available Ar-40/Ar-39 age data, is presented. A new reference chronostratigraphic framework for Holocene Phlegrean activity, which significantly differs from the previously adopted ones, is proposed. This has important implications for understanding the Campi Flegrei eruptive history and, ultimately, for the evaluation of related volcanic risk and hazard, for which the inferred history of its recent activity is generally taken into account. C1 [Fedele, L.; Morra, V.; Perrotta, A.; Scarpati, C.] Univ Naples Federico 2, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-80134 Naples, Italy. [Insinga, D. D.] CNR, IAMC, I-80133 Naples, Italy. [Calvert, A. T.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94925 USA. RP Fedele, L (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico 2, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Naples, Italy. EM lofedele@unina.it RI Morra, Vincenzo/H-6125-2011; Scarpati, Claudio/D-5576-2011; OI Morra, Vincenzo/0000-0002-3310-8603; Scarpati, Claudio/0000-0003-4483-1706; Insinga, Donatella Domenica/0000-0002-2147-0146 NR 57 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1323 EP 1336 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0478-8 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857RT UT WOS:000297737100016 ER PT J AU Hon, K Orr, T AF Hon, Ken Orr, Tim TI Hydrothermal hexahydrite spherules erupted during the 2008-2010 summit eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrothermal hexahydrite spherules; Summit eruption; Hawai'i; Sulfate; Halemaumau; Kilauea; Basalt ID ANHYDRITE-BEARING PUMICES; MOUNT-PINATUBO; DRILL-HOLE; SULFATE; MARS; INCRUSTATIONS; SYSTEM; WATER AB Small (1-3 mm), hollow spherules of hexahydrite have been collected falling out of the magmatic gas plume downwind of Kilauea's summit vent. The spherules were observed on eight separate occasions during 2009- 2010 when a lake of actively spattering lava was present similar to 150200 m below the rim of the vent. The shells of the spherules have a fine bubbly foam structure less than 0.1 mm thick, composed almost entirely of hexahydrite [MgSO(4)center dot 6H(2)O] Small microspherules of lava (< 5 mu m across) along with mineral and rock fragments from the magmatic plume adhered to the outside of the hexahydrite spherules. Phase relationships and the particulate matter in the magmatic plume indicate that the spherules originated as a bubbly solution injected into and mixed with the magmatic plume. The most likely mechanism for production of hexahydrite spherules is boiling of MgSO(4)-saturated meteoric water in the walls of the conduit above the surface of the lava lake. Solfataric sulfates may thus be recycled and reinjected into the plume, creating particulates of sulfate minerals that can be distributed far from their original source. C1 [Hon, Ken] Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. [Orr, Tim] US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Hon, K (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol, 200 W Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. EM kenhon@hawaii.edu NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1369 EP 1375 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0484-x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857RT UT WOS:000297737100019 ER PT J AU Rybin, A Chibisova, M Webley, P Steensen, T Izbekov, P Neal, C Realmuto, V AF Rybin, Alexander Chibisova, Marina Webley, Peter Steensen, Torge Izbekov, Pavel Neal, Christina Realmuto, Vince TI Satellite and ground observations of the June 2009 eruption of Sarychev Peak volcano, Matua Island, Central Kuriles SO BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarychev Peak; Kurile Islands; Remote sensing; Petrology; SVERT; Volcanic ash; Sulfur dioxide ID RESOLUTION-IMAGING-SPECTRORADIOMETER; SULFUR-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; KILAUEA VOLCANO; ASH CLOUDS; TRANSPORT; ALASKA; SO2; RETRIEVAL; FAILURES; HAWAII AB After 33 years of repose, one of the most active volcanoes of the Kurile island arc-Sarychev Peak on Matua Island in the Central Kuriles-erupted violently on June 11, 2009. The eruption lasted 9 days and stands among the largest of recent historical eruptions in the Kurile Island chain. Satellite monitoring of the eruption, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Meteorological Agency Multifunctional Transport Satellite, and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data, indicated at least 23 separate explosions between 11 and 16 June 2009. Eruptive clouds reached altitudes of generally 8-16 km above sea level (ASL) and in some cases up to 21 km asl. Clouds of volcanic ash and gas stretched to the north and northwest up to 1,500 km and to the southeast for more than 3,000 km. For the first time in recorded history, ash fall occurred on Sakhalin Island and in the northeast sector of the Khabarovsky Region, Russia. Based on satellite image analysis and reconnaissance field studies in the summer of 2009, the eruption produced explosive tephra deposits with an estimated bulk volume of 0.4 km(3). The eruption is considered to have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4. Because the volcano is remote, there was minimal risk to people or infrastructure on the ground. Aviation transport, however, was significantly disrupted because of the proximity of air routes to the volcano. C1 [Webley, Peter; Steensen, Torge; Izbekov, Pavel] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Rybin, Alexander; Chibisova, Marina] Sakhalin Volcan Erupt Response Team, Inst Marine Geol & Geophys, Yuzhno Sakhalinsk 693022, Russia. [Neal, Christina] US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Realmuto, Vince] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Webley, P (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Alaska Volcano Observ, 903 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM pwebley@gi.alaska.edu RI Izbekov, Pavel/B-5110-2010; Webley, Peter/F-8238-2015 OI Webley, Peter/0000-0001-5327-8151 NR 59 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-8900 J9 B VOLCANOL JI Bull. Volcanol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1377 EP 1392 DI 10.1007/s00445-011-0481-0 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 857RT UT WOS:000297737100020 ER PT J AU Parsekian, AD Jones, BM Jones, M Grosse, G Anthony, KMW Slater, L AF Parsekian, Andrew D. Jones, Benjamin M. Jones, Miriam Grosse, Guido Anthony, Katey M. Walter Slater, Lee TI Expansion rate and geometry of floating vegetation mats on the margins of thermokarst lakes, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE permafrost; ground penetrating radar; fen; floating peat; thermokarst; lake expansion ID GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR; THAW LAKES; WATER-CONTENT; PEAT MAT; CARBON; PEATLANDS; BASINS; CANADA; SOIL; STRATIGRAPHY AB Investigations on the northern Seward Peninsula in Alaska identified zones of recent (<50years) permafrost collapse that led to the formation of floating vegetation mats along thermokarst lake margins. The occurrence of floating vegetation mat features indicates rapid degradation of near-surface permafrost and lake expansion. This paper reports on the recent expansion of these collapse features and their geometry is determined using geophysical and remote sensing measurements. The vegetation mats were observed to have an average thickness of 0.57 m and petrophysical modeling indicated that gas content of 1.5-5% enabled floatation above the lake surface. Furthermore, geophysical investigation provides evidence that the mats form by thaw and subsidence of the underlying permafrost rather than terrestrialization. The temperature of the water below a vegetation mat was observed to remain above freezing late in the winter. Analysis of satellite and aerial imagery indicates that these features have expanded at maximum rates of 1-2myr(-1) over a 56 year period. Including the spatial coverage of floating 'thermokarst mats' increases estimates of lake area by as much as 4% in some lakes. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Parsekian, Andrew D.; Slater, Lee] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Jones, Benjamin M.; Grosse, Guido] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Permafrost Lab, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Jones, Benjamin M.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. [Jones, Miriam; Anthony, Katey M. Walter] Univ Alaska, INE IARC, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Parsekian, AD (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. EM parsekia@pegasus.rutgers.edu RI Grosse, Guido/F-5018-2011; OI Grosse, Guido/0000-0001-5895-2141; Parsekian, Andrew/0000-0001-5072-9818 FU NASA [NNX08AJ37G]; NSF under OPP IPY [0732735] FX We would like to thank M. Smith for assistance with field collection of geophysical data. We also thank D. Swanson (National Park Service) and two anonymous reviewers for suggestions that greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. We thank the National Park Service for permitting this research in Bering Land Bridge National Preserve. This research was funded through generous support of NASA under Carbon Cycle Sciences grant NNX08AJ37G and by NSF under OPP IPY grant #0732735. NR 56 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 36 IS 14 BP 1889 EP 1897 DI 10.1002/esp.2210 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 857PF UT WOS:000297730300004 ER PT J AU Nelson, JM Logan, BL Kinzel, PJ Shimizu, Y Giri, S Shreve, RL McLean, SR AF Nelson, J. M. Logan, B. L. Kinzel, P. J. Shimizu, Y. Giri, S. Shreve, R. L. McLean, S. R. TI Bedform response to flow variability SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article ID BED FORMS; TURBULENT-FLOW; WAVY BOUNDARY; MODEL; DUNE AB Laboratory observations and computational results for the response of bedform fields to rapid variations in discharge are compared and discussed. The simple case considered here begins with a relatively low discharge over a flat bed on which bedforms are initiated, followed by a short high-flow period with double the original discharge, during which the morphology of the bedforms adjusts, followed in turn by a relatively long period of the original low discharge. For the grain size and hydraulic conditions selected, the Froude number remains subcritical during the experiment, and sediment moves predominantly as bedload. Observations show rapid development of quasi-two-dimensional bedforms during the initial period of low flow with increasing wavelength and height over the initial low-flow period. When the flow increases, the bedforms rapidly increase in wavelength and height, as expected from other empirical results. When the flow decreases back to the original discharge, the height of the bedforms quickly decreases in response, but the wavelength decreases much more slowly. Computational results using an unsteady two-dimensional flow model coupled to a disequilibrium bedload transport model for the same conditions simulate the formation and initial growth of the bedforms fairly accurately and also predict an increase in dimensions during the high-flow period. However, the computational model predicts a much slower rate of wavelength increase, and also performs less accurately during the final low-flow period, where the wavelength remains essentially constant, rather than decreasing. In addition, the numerical results show less variability in bedform wavelength and height than the measured values; the bedform shape is also somewhat different. Based on observations, these discrepancies may result from the simplified model for sediment particle step lengths used in the computational approach. Experiments show that the particle step length varies spatially and temporally over the bedforms during the evolution process. Assuming a constant value for the step length neglects the role of flow alterations in the bedload sediment-transport process, which appears to result in predicted bedform wavelength changes smaller than those observed. However, observations also suggest that three-dimensional effects play at least some role in the decrease of bedform wavelength, so incorporating better models for particle hop lengths alone may not be sufficient to improve model predictions. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. C1 [Nelson, J. M.; Logan, B. L.; Kinzel, P. J.] US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. [Shimizu, Y.] Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. [Giri, S.] Deltares, Delft, Netherlands. [Shreve, R. L.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [McLean, S. R.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Nelson, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. EM jmn@usgs.gov RI Shimizu, Yasuyuki/D-6361-2012; OI Kinzel, Paul/0000-0002-6076-9730 FU US Geological Survey; NSF [CTS-0120135, EAR-0125525]; Japan Society of Promotion of Science [17-05093] FX Research work reported in this paper was supported by the US Geological Survey National Research Program, NSF grant CTS-0120135 to S.R. McLean and J.M. Nelson, and NSF grant EAR-0125525 to R.L. Shreve and J. M. Nelson, and the Japan Society of Promotion of Science Fellowship 17-05093. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 36 IS 14 BP 1938 EP 1947 DI 10.1002/esp.2212 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 857PF UT WOS:000297730300008 ER PT J AU Hayward, RK AF Hayward, Rosalyn K. TI Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD(3)): north polar region (MC-1) distribution, applications, and volume estimates SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE Mars; dune; aeolian; Olympia Undae; database ID SAND DUNES; BARCHANS; DEPOSITS; HEIGHT AB The Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD(3)) now extends from 90 degrees N to 65 degrees S. The recently released north polar portion (MC-1) of MGD(3) adds similar to 844 000 km(2) of moderate-to large-size dark dunes to the previously released equatorial portion (MC-2 to MC-29) of the database. The database, available in GIS- and tabular-format in USGS Open-File Reports, makes it possible to examine global dune distribution patterns and to compare dunes with other global data sets (e.g. atmospheric models). MGD(3) can also be used by researchers to identify areas suitable for more focused studies. The utility of MGD(3) is demonstrated through three example applications. First, the uneven geographic distribution of the dunes is discussed and described. Second, dune-derived wind direction and its role as ground truth for atmospheric models is reviewed. Comparisons between dune-derived winds and global and mesoscale atmospheric models suggest that local topography may have an important influence on dune-forming winds. Third, the methods used here to estimate north polar dune volume are presented and these methods and estimates (1130 km(3) to 3250 km(3)) are compared with those of previous researchers (1158 km(3) to 15 000 km(3)). In the near future, MGD3 will be extended to include the south polar region. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. C1 US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Hayward, RK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM rhayward@usgs.gov FU NASA [08-PGG08-0019] FX I would like to thank Tim Titus and Jim Skinner for their insightful comments. This work resulted from NASA funded projects: 08-PGG08-0019. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0197-9337 EI 1096-9837 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 36 IS 14 BP 1967 EP 1972 DI 10.1002/esp.2219 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 857PF UT WOS:000297730300010 ER PT J AU Palandzhyan, SA Layer, PW Patton, WW Khanchuk, AI AF Palandzhyan, S. A. Layer, P. W. Patton, W. W. Khanchuk, A. I. TI Geodynamic interpretation of the Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of ophiolitic and arc-related mafics and metamafics of the northern part of the Anadyr-Koryak region SO GEOTECTONICS LA English DT Article ID UPLAND; RIDGE AB Isotope datings of amphibole-bearing mafics and metamafics in the northern part of the Anadyr-Koryak region allow clarification of the time of magmatic and metamorphic processes, which are synchronous with certain stages of the geodynamic development of the northwest segment of the Pacific mobile belt in the Phanerozoic. To define the Ar-40/Ar-39 age of amphiboles, eight samples of amphibole gabbroids and metamafics were selected during field work from five massifs representing ophiolites and mafic plutons of the island arc. Rocks from terranes of three foldbelts: 1) Pekulnei (Chukotka region), 2) Ust-Belaya (West Koryak region), and 3) the Tamvatnei and El'gevayam subterranes of the Mainits terrane (Koryak-Kamchatka region), were studied. The isotope investigations enabled us to divide the studied amphiboles into two groups varying in rock petrographic features. The first was represented by gabbroids of the Svetlorechensk massif of the Pekulnei Range and by ophiolites of the Tamvatnei Mts.; their magmatic amphiboles show the distribution of argon isotopes in the form of clearly distinguished plateau with an age ranging within 120-129 Ma. The second group includes metamorphic amphiboles of metagabbroids and apogabbro amphibolites of the Ust-Belaya Mts., Pekulnei and Kenkeren ranges (El'gevayam subterranes). Their age spectra show loss of argon and do not provide well defined plateaus the datings obtained for them are interpreted as minimum ages. Dates of amphiboles from the metagabbro of the upper tectonic plate of the Ust-Belaya allochthon points to metamorphism in the suprasubduction environment in the fragment of Late Neoproterozoic oceanic lithosphere in Middle-Late Devonian time, long before the Uda-Murgal island arc system was formed. The amphibolite metamorphism in the dunite-clinopyroxenite-metagabbro Pekulnei sequence was dated to occur at the Permian-Triassic boundary. The age of amphiboles from gabbrodiorites of the Kenkeren Range was dated to be Early Jurassic that confirmed their assignment to the El'gevayam volcanic-plutonic assemblage. These data are consistent with geological concepts and make more precise the available age dates. Neocomian-Aptian Ar-40/Ar-39 age of amphibolites from the Pekulnei and Tamvatnei gabbroids make evident that mafics of these terranes (varying in geodynamic formation settings and in petrogenesis) were generated in later stages of the development of the West Pekulnei and Mainits-Algan Middle-Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous island arc systems, presumably due to breakup of island arcs in the Neocomian. C1 [Palandzhyan, S. A.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Moscow 119017, Russia. [Layer, P. W.] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Layer, P. W.] Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Patton, W. W.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Khanchuk, A. I.] Russian Acad Sci, Far Eastern Branch, Inst Geol, Vladivostok 690950, Russia. RP Palandzhyan, SA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Pyzhevskii Per 7, Moscow 119017, Russia. FU RFBR [09-05-00438] FX The authors thank V.A. Popeko for providing metagabbroid samples from the Ust-Belaya massif for analysis. Critic comments by B.A. Bazylev, G.V. Led-neva, G.E. Nekrasov, S.V. Ruzhentsev, and N.I. Filatova contributed to the improvement of the text of the article. The work was partly supported by the RFBR grant (project 09-05-00438). NR 49 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0016-8521 J9 GEOTECTONICS+ JI Geotectonics PD NOV PY 2011 VL 45 IS 6 BP 481 EP 495 DI 10.1134/S0016852111060069 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 854VA UT WOS:000297521500005 ER PT J AU Morton, RA Barras, JA AF Morton, Robert A. Barras, John A. TI Hurricane Impacts on Coastal Wetlands: A Half-Century Record of Storm-Generated Features from Southern Louisiana SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Wind stress; storm surge; landscape evolution; impact duration ID SEDIMENT DEPOSITION; MAJOR STORM; MARSH; MISSISSIPPI; LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; OVERWASH; STRIKES; KATRINA; SEASON AB MORTON, R.A. and BARRAS, J.A., 2011. Hurricane impacts on coastal wetlands: a half-century record of storm-generated features from southern Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research, 27(6A), 27-43. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Temporally and spatially repeated patterns of wetland erosion, deformation, and deposition are observed on remotely sensed images and in the field after hurricanes cross the coast of Louisiana. The diagnostic morphological wetland features are products of the coupling of high-velocity wind and storm-surge water and their interaction with the underlying, variably resistant, wetland vegetation and soils. Erosional signatures include construction of orthogonal-elongate ponds and amorphous ponds, pond expansion, plucked marsh, marsh denudation, and shoreline erosion. Post-storm gravity reflux of floodwater draining from the wetlands forms dendritic incisions around the pond margins and locally integrates drainage pathways forming braided channels. Depositional signatures include emplacement of broad zones of organic wrack on topographic highs and inorganic deposits of variable thicknesses and lateral extents in the form of shore-parallel sandy washover terraces and interior-marsh mud blankets. Deformational signatures primarily involve laterally compressed marsh and displaced marsh mats and balls. Prolonged water impoundment and marsh salinization also are common impacts associated with wetland flooding by extreme storms. Many of the wetland features become legacies that record prior storm impacts and locally influence subsequent storm-induced morphological changes. Wetland losses caused by hurricane impacts depend directly on impact duration, which is controlled by the diameter of hurricane-force winds, forward speed of the storm, and wetland distance over which the storm passes. Distinguishing between wetland losses caused by storm impacts and losses associated with long-term delta-plain processes is critical for accurate modeling and prediction of future conversion of land to open water. C1 [Morton, Robert A.] US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78758 USA. [Barras, John A.] US Geol Survey, Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA. RP Morton, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Austin, TX 78758 USA. EM rmorton@usgs.gov NR 71 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 8 U2 51 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 IS 6A SU S BP 27 EP 43 DI 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00185.1 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 851NT UT WOS:000297278500003 ER PT J AU Su, HC Ying, GG Tao, R Zhang, RQ Fogarty, LR Kolpin, DW AF Su, Hao-Chang Ying, Guang-Guo Tao, Ran Zhang, Rui-Quan Fogarty, Lisa Reynolds Kolpin, Dana W. TI Occurrence of antibiotic resistance and characterization of resistance genes and integrons in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from integrated fish farms in south China SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI STRAINS; CHILEAN SALMON FARMS; RAINBOW-TROUT FARMS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; RIVER-BASIN; SULFONAMIDE RESISTANCE; TETRACYCLINE; BACTERIA; SPP.; PCR AB Antibiotics are still widely applied in animal husbandry to prevent diseases and used as feed additives to promote animal growth. This could result in antibiotic resistance to bacteria and antibiotic residues in animals. In this paper, Enterobacteriaceae isolated from four integrated fish farms in Zhongshan, South China were tested for antibiotic resistance, tetracycline resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, and class I integrons. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were carried out to test antibiotic susceptibility and resistance genes, respectively. Relatively high antibiotic resistance frequencies were found, especially for ampicillin (80%), tetracycline (52%), and trimethoprim (50%). Out of 203 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 98.5% were resistant to one or more antibiotics tested. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was found highest in animal manures with a MAR index of 0.56. Tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(C)) and sulfonamide resistance genes (sul2) were detected in more than 50% of the isolates. The intII gene was found in 170 isolates (83.7%). Both classic and non-classic class 1 integrons were found. Four genes, aadA5,aadA22,dfr2, and dfrA17, were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report for molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from integrated fish farms in China and the first time that gene cassette array dfrA17-aadA5 has been detected in such fish farms. Results of this study indicated that fish farms may be a reservoir of highly diverse and abundant antibiotic resistant genes and gene cassettes. Integrons may play a key role in multiple antibiotic resistances posing potential health risks to the general public and aquaculture. C1 [Su, Hao-Chang; Ying, Guang-Guo; Tao, Ran; Zhang, Rui-Quan] Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Organ Geochem, Guangzhou Inst Geochem, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Fogarty, Lisa Reynolds] US Geol Survey, Lansing, MI USA. [Kolpin, Dana W.] US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Ying, GG (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Organ Geochem, Guangzhou Inst Geochem, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, Peoples R China. EM guangguo.ying@gmail.com RI Tao, Ran/H-8122-2012; Ying, Guang-Guo/A-2670-2008 OI Ying, Guang-Guo/0000-0002-3387-1078 FU CAS [KZCX2-EW-108]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC 40688001, 40821003, 40771180]; Guangdong Provincial Science Foundation [8251064004000001] FX The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the CAS Key Project (KZCX2-EW-108) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 40688001, 40821003 and 40771180) and Guangdong Provincial Science Foundation (8251064004000001). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the authors. This is a contribution No. 1391 from GIG CAS. NR 53 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 9 U2 65 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 13 IS 11 BP 3229 EP 3236 DI 10.1039/c1em10634a PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 854XJ UT WOS:000297527800029 PM 21975604 ER PT J AU Futch, JC Griffin, DW Banks, K Lipp, EK AF Futch, J. Carrie Griffin, Dale W. Banks, Kenneth Lipp, Erin K. TI Evaluation of sewage source and fate on southeast Florida coastal reefs SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Sewage; Coral reefs; Norovirus; Southeast Florida; Sponge; Inlets; Ocean outfalls ID REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; WATER-QUALITY; ENTERIC VIRUSES; CORAL-REEFS; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; FECAL CONTAMINATION; HUMAN ADENOVIRUSES; SURFACE WATERS; WASTE-WATER; KEYS AB Water, sponge and coral samples were collected from stations impacted by a variety of pollution sources and screened for human enteric viruses as conservative markers for human sewage. While human enteroviruses and adenoviruses were not detected, noroviruses (NoV; human genogroups I and II) were detected in 31% of samples (especially in sponge tissue). Stations near inlets were the only ones to show multiple sample types positive for NoV. Fecal indicator bacteria and enteric viruses were further evaluated at multiple inlet stations on an outgoing tide. Greatest indicator concentrations and highest prevalence of viruses were found at the mouth of the inlet and offshore in the inlet plume. Results suggest that inlets moving large volumes of water into the coastal zone with tides may be an important source of fecal contaminants. Efforts to reduce run-off or unintended release of water into the Intracoastal Waterway may lower contaminants entering sensitive coastal areas. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Futch, J. Carrie; Lipp, Erin K.] Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Griffin, Dale W.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. [Banks, Kenneth] Broward Cty, Nat Resources Planning & Management Div, Plantation, FL 33324 USA. RP Lipp, EK (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, 206 Environm Hlth Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM elipp@uga.edu FU USEPA [X7964657060] FX This work was supported by a Grant to EKL and DWG from the USEPA # X7964657060. Field support was kindly provided by the Broward County Natural Resources Planning and Management Division. NR 53 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 62 IS 11 BP 2308 EP 2316 DI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.046 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 852YQ UT WOS:000297393800018 PM 21962922 ER PT J AU Symstad, AJ Jonas, JL AF Symstad, Amy J. Jonas, Jayne L. TI Incorporating Biodiversity Into Rangeland Health: Plant Species Richness and Diversity in Great Plains Grasslands SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE climate; fire; grazing; indicator; nitrogen fertilization; prairie dogs ID BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE; NATIVE TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; MIXED PRAIRIE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; NORTH-AMERICA; CYNOMYS-LUDOVICIANUS; VEGETATION CHANGES; CLIMATIC VARIATION; GRAZING INTENSITY AB Indicators of rangeland health generally do not include a measure of biodiversity. Increasing attention to maintaining biodiversity in rangelands suggests that this omission should be reconsidered, and plant species richness and diversity are two metrics that may be useful and appropriate. Ideally, their response to a variety of anthropogenic and natural drivers in the ecosystem of interest would be clearly understood, thereby providing a means to diagnose the cause of decline in an ecosystem. Conceptual ecological models based on ecological principles and hypotheses provide a framework for this understanding, but these models must be supported by empirical evidence if they are to be used for decision making. To that end, we synthesize results from published studies regarding the responses of plant species richness and diversity to drivers that are of management concern in Great Plains grasslands, one of North America's most imperiled ecosystems. In the published literature, moderate grazing generally has a positive effect on these metrics in tallgrass prairie and a neutral to negative effect in shortgrass prairie. The largest published effects on richness and diversity were caused by moderate grazing in tallgrass prairies and nitrogen fertilization in shortgrass prairies. Although weather is often cited as the reason for considerable annual fluctuations in richness and diversity, little information about the responses of these metrics to weather is available. Responses of the two metrics often diverged, reflecting differences in their sensitivity to different types of changes in the plant community. Although sufficient information has not yet been published for these metrics to meet all the criteria of a good indicator in Great Plains Grasslands, augmenting current methods of evaluating rangeland health with a measure of plant species richness would reduce these shortcomings and provide information critical to managing for biodiversity. C1 [Symstad, Amy J.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Hot Springs, SD 57747 USA. [Jonas, Jayne L.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Forestry Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Jonas, Jayne L.] IAP World Serv Inc, Brighton, CO 80601 USA. RP Symstad, AJ (reprint author), Wind Cave Natl Pk,26611 US Highway 385, Hot Springs, SD 57747 USA. EM asymstad@usgs.gov FU US Geological Survey FX Research was funded by the US Geological Survey, National Parks Monitoring Project. NR 160 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 9 U2 48 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 64 IS 6 BP 555 EP 572 DI 10.2111/REM-D-10-00136.1 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 856IW UT WOS:000297634400001 ER PT J AU O'Shea, TJ Neubaum, DJ Neubaum, MA Cryan, PM Ellison, LE Stanley, TR Rupprecht, CE Pape, WJ Bowen, RA AF O'Shea, Thomas J. Neubaum, Daniel J. Neubaum, Melissa A. Cryan, Paul M. Ellison, Laura E. Stanley, Thomas R. Rupprecht, Charles E. Pape, W. John Bowen, Richard A. TI Bat ecology and public health surveillance for rabies in an urbanizing region of Colorado SO URBAN ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID BIG BROWN BATS; WEST-NILE-VIRUS; EPTESICUS-FUSCUS CHIROPTERA; ROOST SELECTION; UNITED-STATES; ROCK CREVICES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FRONT RANGE; URBANIZATION; SURVIVAL AB We describe use of Fort Collins, Colorado, and nearby areas by bats in 2001-2005, and link patterns in bat ecology with concurrent public health surveillance for rabies. Our analyses are based on evaluation of summary statistics, and information-theoretic support for results of simple logistic regression. Based on captures in mist nets, the city bat fauna differed from that of the adjacent mountains, and was dominated by big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Species, age, and sex composition of bats submitted for rabies testing locally and along the urbanizing Front Range Corridor were similar to those of the mist-net captures and reflected the annual cycle of reproduction and activity of big brown bats. Few submissions occurred November- March, when these bats hibernated elsewhere. In summer females roosted in buildings in colonies and dominated health samples; fledging of young corresponded to a summer peak in health submissions with no increase in rabies prevalence. Roosting ecology of big brown bats in buildings was similar to that reported for natural sites, including colony size, roost-switching behavior, fidelity to roosts in a small area, and attributes important for roost selection. Attrition in roosts occurred from structural modifications of buildings to exclude colonies by citizens, but without major effects on long-term bat reproduction or survival. Bats foraged in areas set aside for nature conservation. A pattern of lower diversity in urban bat communities with dominance by big brown bats may occur widely in the USA, and is consistent with national public health records for rabies surveillance. RP O'Shea, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM osheat@usgs.gov OI Cryan, Paul/0000-0002-2915-8894 FU US Geological Survey; National Science Foundation [0094959] FX We thank R. Nightwalker and S. Alexander of Larimer County Humane Society for access to bat nuisance records, G. Waidman of CDPHE for rabies diagnostics, and L. Ansell for administrative support. Field and laboratory assistance was given by S. Almon, J. Ammon, T. Barnes, J. Boland, L. Bonewell, M. Carson, K. Castle, S. Cooper, T. Dawes, D. Emptage, L. Galvin, D. Grossblat, M. Hayes, B. Iannone, E. Kennedy, R. Kerscher, J. LaPlante, H. Lookingbill, G. Nance, S. Neils, C. Newby, R. Pearce, V. Price, C. Reynolds, S. Smith, L. Taraba, J. Tharp, T. Torcoletti, and M. Vrabely. Planning suggestions were provided by D. Anderson, R. Reich, and J. Wimsatt. We thank D. George and E. Valdez for manuscript review and P. Stevens for encouragement. Support was provided by the US Geological Survey and a National Science Foundation Ecology of Infectious Diseases grant (0094959) to Colorado State University. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USA Government. NR 96 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 39 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1083-8155 J9 URBAN ECOSYST JI Urban Ecosyst. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 14 IS 4 BP 665 EP 697 DI 10.1007/s11252-011-0182-7 PG 33 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Urban Studies SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Urban Studies GA 856VA UT WOS:000297670700009 ER PT J AU Priest, GR Schulz, WH Ellis, WL Allan, JA Niem, AR Niem, WA AF Priest, George R. Schulz, William H. Ellis, William L. Allan, Jonathan A. Niem, Alan R. Niem, Wendy A. TI Landslide Stability: Role of Rainfall-Induced, Laterally Propagating, Pore-Pressure Waves SO ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Translational Landslide; Hydrogeology; Rainfall; Pore Pressure; Johnson Creek; Oregon ID PIEZOMETERS; BOREHOLES AB The Johnson Creek Landslide is a translational slide in seaward-dipping Miocene siltstone and sandstone (Astoria Formation) and an overlying Quaternary marine terrace deposit. The basal slide plane slopes sub-parallel to the dip of the Miocene rocks, except beneath the back-tilted toe block, where it slopes inland. Rainfall events raise pore-water pressure in the basal shear zone in the form of pulses of water pressure traveling laterally from the headwall graben down the axis of the slide at rates of 1-6 m/hr. Infiltration of meteoric water and vertical pressure transmission through the unsaturated zone has been measured at similar to 50 mm/hr. Infiltration and vertical pressure transmission were too slow to directly raise head at the basal shear zone prior to landslide movement. Only at the headwall graben was the saturated zone shallow enough for rainfall events to trigger lateral pulses of water pressure through the saturated zone. When pressure levels in the basal shear zone exceeded thresholds defined in this paper, the slide began slow, creeping movement as an intact block. As pressures exceeded thresholds for movement in more of the slide mass, movement accelerated, and differential displacement between internal slide blocks became more pronounced. Rainfall-induced pore-pressure waves are probably a common landslide trigger wherever effective hydraulic conductivity is high and the saturated zone is located near the surface in some part of a slide. An ancillary finding is apparently greater accuracy of grouted piezometers relative to those in sand packs for measurement of pore pressures at the installed depth. C1 [Priest, George R.; Allan, Jonathan A.] Oregon Dept Geol & Mineral Ind, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Schulz, William H.; Ellis, William L.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Niem, Alan R.; Niem, Wendy A.] Pacific Geol NW LLC, Otter Rock, OR 97369 USA. RP Priest, GR (reprint author), Oregon Dept Geol & Mineral Ind, POB 1033, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM george.priest@dogami.state.or.us FU Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) [356]; Federal Highway Administration FX Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) supervised the project with support by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) Miscellaneous Contract and Agreement, Project Name: "Detailed Geotechnical Analysis of Large Translational Landslides in Seaward-Dipping Sedimentary Rocks, State Planning and Research Project #356." Funding for the project was provided to ODOT by the Federal Highway Administration. In 2005-2006, essential labor and material support was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landslide Hazards Program. Marshall Gannet, Jeff Coe, Rex Baum, and Dennis Staley of the USGS provided invaluable review and advice at various stages in the project. A technical advisory committee guided the project; members were Michael T. Long, Steve Narkiewicz, Bernie Kleutsch, and Matthew Mabey of ODOT, and Yumei Wang and William Burns of DOGAMI. Ian Madin of DOGAMI also provided helpful review. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 18 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1078-7275 J9 ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI JI Environ. Eng. Geosci. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 17 IS 4 BP 315 EP 335 DI 10.2113/gseegeosci.17.4.315 PG 21 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 851ZU UT WOS:000297312200001 ER PT J AU Giri, C Long, J Tieszen, L AF Giri, Chandra Long, Jordan Tieszen, Larry TI Mapping and Monitoring Louisiana's Mangroves in the Aftermath of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Louisiana mangrove; oil spill; decision-tree classification ID SALT-MARSH COMMUNITY; TIME-SERIES; LAND-COVER; AVICENNIA-GERMINANS; FOREST DISTURBANCE; DETECTING TRENDS; CLASSIFICATION; CALIBRATION AB Information regarding the present condition, historical status, and dynamics of mangrove forests is needed to study the impacts of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and other stressors affecting mangrove ecosystems. Such information is unavailable for Louisiana at sufficient spatial and thematic detail. We prepared mangrove forest distribution maps of Louisiana (prior to the oil spill) at 1 m and 30 m spatial resolution using aerial photographs and Landsat satellite data, respectively. Image classification was performed using a decision-tree classification approach. We also prepared land-cover change pairs for 1983, 1984, and every 2 y from 1984 to 2010 depicting "ecosystem shifts" (e.g., expansion, retraction, and disappearance). This new spatiotemporal information could be used to assess short-term and long-term impacts of the oil spill on mangroves. Finally, we propose an operational methodology based on remote sensing (Landsat, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer [ASTER], hyperspectral, light detection and ranging [LIDAR], aerial photographs, and field inventory data) to monitor the existing and emerging mangrove areas and their disturbance and regrowth patterns. Several parameters such as spatial distribution, ecosystem shifts, species composition, and tree height/biomass could be measured to assess the impact of the oil spill and mangrove recovery and restoration. Future research priorities will be to quantify the impacts and recovery of mangroves considering multiple stressors and perturbations, including oil spill, winter freeze, sea-level rise, land subsidence, and land-use/land-cover change for the entire Gulf Coast. C1 [Giri, Chandra] US Geol Survey, ARSC Res & Technol Solut, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Giri, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, ARSC Res & Technol Solut, Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM cgiri@usgs.gov FU USGS Geographic Analysis and Monitoring; NASA FX This work was supported by USGS Geographic Analysis and Monitoring and NASA Land Cover and Land Use Program. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. Thanks are due to Ken W. Krauss, Thomas Michot, and Christopher J. Wells of USGS National Wetlands Research Center, who provided valuable input to the manuscript. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 6 U2 83 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1059 EP 1064 DI 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-11-00028.1 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 851NR UT WOS:000297278300005 ER PT J AU Shellenbarger, GG Schoellhamer, DH AF Shellenbarger, Gregory G. Schoellhamer, David H. TI Continuous Salinity and Temperature Data from San Francisco Estuary, 1982-2002: Trends and the Salinity-Freshwater Inflow Relationship SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Physical forcing; estuarine variability; management; USA; California ID BAY; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; POSITION; FLOW AB The U.S. Geological Survey and other federal and state agencies have been collecting continuous temperature and salinity data, two critical estuarine habitat variables, throughout San Francisco estuary for over two decades. Although this dynamic, highly variable system has been well studied, many questions remain relating to the effects of freshwater inflow and other physical and biological linkages. This study examines up to 20 years of publically available, continuous temperature and salinity data from 10 different San Francisco Bay stations to identify trends in temperature and salinity and quantify the salinity-freshwater inflow relationship. Several trends in the salinity and temperature records were identified, although the high degree of daily and interannual variability confounds the analysis. In addition, freshwater inflow to the estuary has a range of effects on salinity from -0.0020 to -0.0096 (m(3) s(-1)) (-1) discharge, depending on location in the estuary and the timescale of analyzed data. Finally, we documented that changes in freshwater inflow to the estuary that are within the range of typical management actions can affect bay-wide salinities by 0.6-1.4. This study reinforces the idea that multidecadal records are needed to identify trends from decadal changes in water management and climate and, therefore, are extremely valuable. C1 [Shellenbarger, Gregory G.; Schoellhamer, David H.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. RP Shellenbarger, GG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Placer Hall,6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM gshellen@usgs.gov FU California Department of Water Resources; USGS FX Greg Brewster, Paul Buchanan, Tom Hankins, Rick Oltmann, Larry Schemel, Rob Sheipline, and Brad Sullivan were primarily responsible for collection of most of these data. Paul Buchanan assisted with the compilation of data, and Kathleen Swanson assisted with the statistical analysis. Megan Lion-berger contributed significantly to earlier versions of the manuscript. We would like to thank Noah Knowles and Wim Kimmerer for thoughtful reviews of this manuscript. Three anonymous reviewers provided comments that improved the manuscript. Funding for this analysis came from California Department of Water Resources-Interagency Ecological Program and USGS Federal/State Cooperative Programs. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1191 EP 1201 DI 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00113.1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 851NR UT WOS:000297278300018 ER PT J AU Zuberi, A Gima, M Gima, A Hutson, A Chaimongkol, A Li, MH Umali-Maceina, G Dunham, R AF Zuberi, Amina Gima, Megan Gima, Andrew Hutson, Alison Chaimongkol, Atra Li, Menghe Umali-Maceina, Gloria Dunham, Rex TI Diet fed to brood stock effects the growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus L) fry SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; brood stock; eggs; Ictalurus punctatus; fry; APP ID ASCORBIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; SURVIVAL; EMBRYOS C1 [Zuberi, Amina; Gima, Megan; Gima, Andrew; Hutson, Alison; Chaimongkol, Atra; Umali-Maceina, Gloria; Dunham, Rex] Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Gima, Megan] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Gima, Andrew] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lacey, WA USA. [Li, Menghe] Mississippi State Univ, Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS USA. RP Dunham, R (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM dunhara@auburn.edu FU SRAC; Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station FX This research was partially supported by the SRAC project 'Improving reproductive efficiency to produce channel x blue hybrid catfish fry' and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. The experimental diets were donated by Melick Aquafeeds, Catawissa, PA, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 42 IS 12 BP 1899 EP 1904 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02780.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 847ZA UT WOS:000297013700019 ER PT J AU Schmitt, CJ Stricker, CA Brumbaugh, WG AF Schmitt, Christopher J. Stricker, Craig A. Brumbaugh, William G. TI Mercury bioaccumulation and biomagnification in Ozark stream ecosystems SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Mercury; Biomagnification; Stable isotopes; Crayfish; Corbicula; Suckers; Smallmouth bass ID FRESH-WATER FISH; CRAYFISH ASTACUS-ASTACUS; STABLE-ISOTOPES; SMALLMOUTH BASS; TROPHIC POSITION; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ORCONECTES VIRILIS; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; FOOD-CHAINS; HABITAT USE AB Crayfish (Orconectes spp.), Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), northern hog sucker (hog sucker; Hypentelium nigricans), and smallmouth bass (smallmouth; Micropterus dolomieu) from streams in southeastern Missouri (USA) were analyzed for total mercury (HgT) and for stable isotopes of carbon (delta C-13), nitrogen (delta N-15), and sulfur (8345) to discern Hg transfer pathways. HgT concentrations were generally lowest in crayfish (0.005-0.112 mu g/g dw) and highest in smallmouth (0.093-4.041 mu g/g dw), as was delta N-15. HgT was also lower and delta N-15 was higher in all biota from a stream draining a more heavily populated historical lead-zinc mining area than from similar sites with mostly undeveloped forested watersheds. delta C-13 in biota was lowest at spring-influenced sites, reflecting CO2 inputs and temperature influences, and delta S-34 increased from south to north in all taxa. However, HgT was not strongly correlated with either delta C-13 or delta S-34 in biota. Trophic position (TP) computed from crayfish delta N-15 was lower in hog suckers (mean=2.8) than in smallmouth (mean=3.2), but not at all sites. HgT, delta C-13, delta S-34, and TP in hog suckers increased with total length (length) at some sites, indicating site-specific ontogenetic diet shifts. Changes with length were less evident in small mouth. Length-adjusted HgT site means in both species were strongly correlated with HgT in crayfish (r(2)=0.97, P<0.01), but not with HgT in Corbicula (r(2)=0.02, P>0.05). ANCOVA and regression models incorporating only TP and, for hog suckers, length, accurately and precisely predicted HgT concentrations in both fish species from all locations. Although low compared to many areas of the USA, HgT (and therefore methylmercury) concentrations in smallmouth and hog suckers are sufficiently high to represent a threat to human health and wildlife. Our data indicate that in Ozark streams, Fig concentrations in crayfish are at least partly determined by their diet, with concentrations in hog suckers, smallmouth, and possibly other higher-level consumers largely determined by concentrations in crayfish and other primary and secondary consumers, fish growth rates, and TP. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Schmitt, Christopher J.; Brumbaugh, William G.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Stricker, Craig A.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Schmitt, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM cjschmitt@usgs.gov FU US Geological Survey (USGS); NPS FX This research was jointly supported by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and NPS. Many individuals from USGS, NPS, and MDC provided field assistance. V. Melton (USGS) assisted with Hg analyses and C. Gulbransen (USGS) performed isotopic analyses. M. Struckhoff (USGS) prepared the map. B. Scudder (USGS) and J. Davis (San Francisco Estuary Institute) provided useful comments on an earlier version of our paper, as did several anonymous reviewers. M. Ellersieck (University of Missouri-Columbia) provided statistical advice. Use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes and does not constitute endorsement. NR 105 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 45 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 EI 1090-2414 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 74 IS 8 BP 2215 EP 2224 DI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.08.008 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 846YS UT WOS:000296939700010 PM 21868094 ER PT J AU Ryder, I Burgmann, R Pollitz, F AF Ryder, Isabelle Buergmann, Roland Pollitz, Fred TI Lower crustal relaxation beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Qaidam Basin following the 2001 Kokoxili earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Satellite geodesy; Seismic cycle; Radar interferometry; Transient deformation; Continental neotectonics; Crustal structure ID POWER-LAW FLOW; UPPER-MANTLE; POSTSEISMIC DEFORMATION; TRANSIENT RHEOLOGY; ACTIVE DEFORMATION; INSAR OBSERVATIONS; NORTHERN TIBET; MOJAVE-DESERT; KUNLUN FAULT; SLIP RATES AB In 2001 November a magnitude 7.8 earthquake ruptured a 400 km long portion of the Kunlun fault, northeastern Tibet. In this study, we analyse over five years of post-seismic geodetic data and interpret the observed surface deformation in terms of stress relaxation in the thick Tibetan lower crust. We model GPS time-series (first year) and InSAR line of sight measurements (years two to five) and infer that the most likely mechanism of post-seismic stress relaxation is time-dependent distributed creep of viscoelastic material in the lower crust. Since a single relaxation time is not sufficient to model the observed deformation, viscous flow is modelled by a lower crustal Burgers rheology, which has two material relaxation times. The optimum model has a transient viscosity 9 x 10(17) Pa s, steady-state viscosity 1 x 10(19) Pa s and a ratio of long term to Maxwell shear modulus of 2:3. This model gives a good fit to GPS stations south of the Kunlun Fault, while displacements at stations north of the fault are over-predicted. We attribute this asymmetry in the GPS residual to lateral heterogeneity in rheological structure across the southern margin of the Qaidam Basin, with thinner crust/higher viscosities beneath the basin than beneath the Tibetan Plateau. Deep afterslip localized in a shear zone beneath the fault rupture gives a reasonable match to the observed InSAR data, but the slip model does not fit the earlier GPS data well. We conclude that while some localized afterslip likely occurred during the early post-seismic phase, the bulk of the observed deformation signal is due to viscous flow in the lower crust. To investigate regional variability in rheological structure, we also analyse post-seismic displacements following the 1997 Manyi earthquake that occurred 250 km west of the Kokoxili rupture. We find that viscoelastic properties are the same as for the Kokoxili area except for the transient viscosity, which is 5 x 10(17) Pa s. The viscosities estimated for the Manyi and Kokoxili areas are consistent with constraints obtained from other earthquakes in the northwest and south central parts of the Tibetan Plateau. C1 [Ryder, Isabelle] Univ Liverpool, Sch Environm Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. [Buergmann, Roland] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Pollitz, Fred] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Ryder, I (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Sch Environm Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. EM i.ryder@liv.ac.uk FU NSF [EAR 073829] FX This work is supported by NSF grant EAR 073829. All Envisat data were obtained from the European Space Agency. NR 62 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 187 IS 2 BP 613 EP 630 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05179.x PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 849HI UT WOS:000297116200006 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, S Le Mouelic, S Rannou, P Sotin, C Brown, RH Barnes, JW Griffith, CA Burgalat, J Baines, KH Buratti, BJ Clark, RN Nicholson, PD AF Rodriguez, S. Le Mouelic, S. Rannou, P. Sotin, C. Brown, R. H. Barnes, J. W. Griffith, C. A. Burgalat, J. Baines, K. H. Buratti, B. J. Clark, R. N. Nicholson, P. D. TI Titan's cloud seasonal activity from winter to spring with Cassini/VIMS SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Satellites, Atmospheres; Titan; Meteorology ID HUYGENS LANDING SITE; KECK ADAPTIVE OPTICS; SATURNS MOON TITAN; TROPOSPHERIC CLOUDS; MIDLATITUDE CLOUDS; METHANE CYCLE; SOUTH-POLE; SURFACE; ATMOSPHERE; WINDS AB Since Saturn orbital insertion in July 2004, the Cassini orbiter has been observing Titan throughout most of the northern winter season (October 2002 August 2009) and the beginning of spring, allowing a detailed monitoring of Titan's cloud coverage at high spatial resolution with close flybys on a monthly basis. This study reports on the analysis of all the near-infrared images of Titan's clouds acquired by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) during 67 targeted flybys of Titan between July 2004 and April 2010. The VIMS observations show numerous sporadic clouds at southern high and mid-latitudes, rare clouds in the equatorial region, and reveal a long-lived cloud cap above the north pole, ubiquitous poleward of 60 degrees N. These observations allow us to follow the evolution of the cloud coverage during almost a 6-year period including the equinox, and greatly help to further constrain global circulation models (GCMs). After 4 years of regular outbursts observed by Cassini between 2004 and 2008, southern polar cloud activity started declining, and completely ceased 1 year before spring equinox. The extensive cloud system over the north pole, stable between 2004 and 2008, progressively fractionated and vanished as Titan entered into northern spring. At southern mid-latitudes, clouds were continuously observed throughout the VIMS observing period, even after equinox, in a latitude band between 30 S and 60 S. During the whole period of observation, only a dozen clouds were observed closer to the equator, though they were slightly more frequent as equinox approached. We also investigated the distribution of clouds with longitude. We found that southern polar clouds, before disappearing in mid-2008, were systematically concentrated in the leading hemisphere of Titan, in particular above and to the east of Ontario Lacus, the largest reservoir of hydrocarbons in the area. Clouds are also non-homogeneously distributed with longitude at southern mid-latitudes. The n = 2-mode wave pattern of the distribution, observed since 2003 by Earth-based telescopes and confirmed by our Cassini observations, may be attributed to Saturn's tides. Although the latitudinal distribution of clouds is now relatively well reproduced and understood by the GCMs, the non-homogeneous longitudinal distributions and the evolution of the cloud coverage with seasons still need investigation. If the observation of a few single clouds at the tropics and at northern mid-latitudes late in winter and at the start of spring cannot be further interpreted for the moment, the obvious shutdown of the cloud activity at Titan's poles provides clear signs of the onset of the general circulation turnover that is expected to accompany the beginning of Titan's northern spring. According to our GCM, the persistence of clouds at certain latitudes rather suggests a 'sudden' shift in near future of the meteorology into the more illuminated hemisphere. Finally, the observed seasonal change in cloud activity occurred with a significant time lag that is not predicted by our model. This may be due to an overall methane humidity at Titan's surface higher than previously expected. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Rodriguez, S.] Univ Paris 07, Lab AIM, CNRS CEA Saclay, DSM IRFU SAp,Ctr Orme Merisiers, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Le Mouelic, S.; Sotin, C.] Univ Nantes, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, UMR CNRS 6112, F-44322 Nantes 3, France. [Rannou, P.; Burgalat, J.] Univ Reims, Grp Spect Mol & Atmospher, UFR Sci Exactes & Nat, UMR CNRS 6089, F-51687 Reims 2, France. [Sotin, C.; Buratti, B. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Brown, R. H.; Griffith, C. A.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Brown, R. H.; Griffith, C. A.] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Barnes, J. W.] Univ Idaho, Dept Phys, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Baines, K. H.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Clark, R. N.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Nicholson, P. D.] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Rodriguez, S (reprint author), Univ Paris 07, Lab AIM, CNRS CEA Saclay, DSM IRFU SAp,Ctr Orme Merisiers, Bat 709, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM sebastien.rodriguez@cea.fr RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; RANNOU, Pascal/I-9059-2012; Rodriguez, Sebastien/H-5902-2016 OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Rodriguez, Sebastien/0000-0003-1219-0641 FU Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers; French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); ANR FX This work benefited from financial support from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, from the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and from the ANR (project Exoclimat). Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We gratefully acknowledge the long years of work done by the entire Cassini and VIMS teams that allowed (and still allow) the acquisition of these outstanding sets of data. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for very insightful comments and suggestions that helped the manuscript. NR 76 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2011 VL 216 IS 1 BP 89 EP 110 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.07.031 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 843FQ UT WOS:000296658100009 ER PT J AU Barnes, JW Bow, J Schwartz, J Brown, RH Soderblom, JM Hayes, AG Vixie, G Le Mouelic, S Rodriguez, S Sotin, C Jaumann, R Stephan, K Soderblom, LA Clark, RN Buratti, BJ Baines, KH Nicholson, PD AF Barnes, Jason W. Bow, Jacob Schwartz, Jacob Brown, Robert H. Soderblom, Jason M. Hayes, Alexander G. Vixie, Graham Le Mouelic, Stephane Rodriguez, Sebastien Sotin, Christophe Jaumann, Ralf Stephan, Katrin Soderblom, Laurence A. Clark, Roger N. Buratti, Bonnie J. Baines, Kevin H. Nicholson, Philip D. TI Organic sedimentary deposits in Titan's dry lakebeds: Probable evaporite SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Titan ID SURFACE; LAKES; CASSINI/VIMS; DIVERSITY; HAZE; MARS AB We report the discovery of organic sedimentary deposits at the bottom of dry lakebeds near Titan's north pole in observations from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). We show evidence that the deposits are evaporitic, making Titan just the third known planetary body with evaporitic processes after Earth and Mars, and is the first that uses a solvent other than water. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Barnes, Jason W.; Bow, Jacob; Schwartz, Jacob; Vixie, Graham] Univ Idaho, Dept Phys, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Schwartz, Jacob] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Brown, Robert H.; Soderblom, Jason M.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Soderblom, Jason M.; Nicholson, Philip D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Hayes, Alexander G.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Le Mouelic, Stephane] Univ Nantes, CNRS, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, UMR6112, F-44035 Nantes, France. [Rodriguez, Sebastien] Ctr Orme Merisiers, DAPNIA Sap, Ctr Tude Saclay E, Lab AIM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Sotin, Christophe; Buratti, Bonnie J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Jaumann, Ralf; Stephan, Katrin] Inst Planetary Res, DLR, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. [Soderblom, Laurence A.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Div, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Clark, Roger N.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Baines, Kevin H.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Barnes, JW (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Phys, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM jwbarnes@uidaho.edu RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; Hayes, Alexander/P-2024-2014; Schwartz, Jacob/L-5744-2015; Rodriguez, Sebastien/H-5902-2016; OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Hayes, Alexander/0000-0001-6397-2630; Schwartz, Jacob/0000-0001-9636-8181; Rodriguez, Sebastien/0000-0003-1219-0641; Soderblom, Jason/0000-0003-3715-6407 FU Cassini Project FX The authors acknowledge support from the Cassini Project and helpful discussions with Ralph D. Lorenz and Christopher P. McKay. NR 35 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD NOV PY 2011 VL 216 IS 1 BP 136 EP 140 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.022 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 843FQ UT WOS:000296658100013 ER PT J AU Engle, MA Radke, LF Heffern, EL O'Keefe, JMK Smeltzer, CD Hower, JC Hower, JM Prakash, A Kolker, A Eatwell, RJ ter Schure, A Queen, G Aggen, KL Stracher, GB Henke, KR Olea, RA Roman-Colon, Y AF Engle, Mark A. Radke, Lawrence F. Heffern, Edward L. O'Keefe, Jennifer M. K. Smeltzer, Charles D. Hower, James C. Hower, Judith M. Prakash, Anupma Kolker, Allan Eatwell, Robert J. ter Schure, Arnout Queen, Gerald Aggen, Kerry L. Stracher, Glenn B. Henke, Kevin R. Olea, Ricardo A. Roman-Colon, Yomayra TI Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from coal fires using airborne and ground-based methods SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coal fires; Thermal infrared imaging; Greenhouse gases; Powder River Basin ID POWDER-RIVER-BASIN; USA; CO2 AB Coal fires occur in all coal-bearing regions of the world and number, conservatively, in the thousands. These fires emit a variety of compounds including greenhouse gases. However, the magnitude of the contribution of combustion gases from coal fires to the environment is highly uncertain, because adequate data and methods for assessing emissions are lacking. This study demonstrates the ability to estimate CO(2) and CH(4) emissions for the Welch Ranch coal fire, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA, using two independent methods: (a) heat flux calculated from aerial thermal infrared imaging (3.7-4.4 t d(-1) of CO(2) equivalent emissions) and (b) direct, ground-based measurements (7.3-9.5 t d(-1) of CO(2) equivalent emissions). Both approaches offer the potential for conducting inventories of coal fires to assess their gas emissions and to evaluate and prioritize fires for mitigation. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Engle, Mark A.] Univ Texas El Paso, US Geol Survey, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. [Radke, Lawrence F.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Radke, Lawrence F.; Eatwell, Robert J.] Airborne Res Consultants, Saunderstown, RI 02875 USA. [Heffern, Edward L.] US Bur Land Management, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. [O'Keefe, Jennifer M. K.] Morehead State Univ, Morehead, KY 40351 USA. [Smeltzer, Charles D.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Hower, James C.; Henke, Kevin R.] Univ Kentucky, Ctr Appl Energy Res, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. [Hower, Judith M.] Geomed Associates, Lexington, KY 40503 USA. [Prakash, Anupma] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Kolker, Allan; Olea, Ricardo A.; Roman-Colon, Yomayra] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [ter Schure, Arnout] Elect Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Queen, Gerald; Aggen, Kerry L.] US Bur Land Management, Buffalo, WY 82834 USA. [Stracher, Glenn B.] E Georgia Coll, Swainsboro, GA 30401 USA. RP Engle, MA (reprint author), Univ Texas El Paso, US Geol Survey, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. EM engle@usgs.gov RI Smeltzer, Charles/B-2404-2013; OI Engle, Mark/0000-0001-5258-7374 FU Electric Power Research Institute; U.S. Geological Survey FX This project was supported by grants from the Electric Power Research Institute (to L.R. and A.t.S.) and the U.S. Geological Survey Geology Venture Capital Fund (to A.K. and M.A.E.). Additional support was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program. Chris Swezey, Robert Burruss, and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the quality of this paper. We thank the U.S. Bureau of Land Management for access to the Welch Ranch property and for field support. We also thank Alex Dunn, our pilot. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-5162 J9 INT J COAL GEOL JI Int. J. Coal Geol. PD NOV 1 PY 2011 VL 88 IS 2-3 BP 147 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.coal.2011.09.003 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Energy & Fuels; Geology GA 850JF UT WOS:000297190200006 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW From, AS Doyle, TW Doyle, TJ Barry, MJ AF Krauss, Ken W. From, Andrew S. Doyle, Thomas W. Doyle, Terry J. Barry, Michael J. TI Sea-level rise and landscape change influence mangrove encroachment onto marsh in the Ten Thousand Islands region of Florida, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Coastal habitat; Hydrological change; Salinity; Wetlands ID SALT-MARSH; SURFACE ELEVATION; VEGETATION CHANGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AUSTRALIA; ENVIRONMENTS; WETLANDS; HAWAII; MEXICO AB The Ten Thousand Islands region of southwestern Florida, USA is a major feeding and resting destination for breeding, migrating, and wintering birds. Many species of waterbirds rely specifically on marshes as foraging habitat, making mangrove encroachment a concern for wildlife managers. With the alteration of freshwater flow and sea-level rise trends for the region, mangroves have migrated upstream into traditionally salt and brackish marshes, mirroring similar descriptions around the world. Aside from localized freezes in some years, very little seems to be preventing mangrove encroachment. We mapped changes in mangrove stand boundaries from the Gulf of Mexico inland to the northern boundary of Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge (TTINWR) from 1927 to 2005, and determined the area of mangroves to be approximately 7,281 hectares in 2005, representing an 1,878 hectare increase since 1927. Overall change represents an approximately 35% increase in mangrove coverage on TTINWR over 78 years. Sea-level rise is likely the primary driver of this change; however, the construction of new waterways facilitates the dispersal of mangrove propagules into new areas by extending tidal influence, exacerbating encroachment. Reduced volume of freshwater delivery to TTINWR via overland flow and localized rainfall may influence the balance between marsh and mangrove as well, potentially offering some options to managers interested in conserving marsh over mangrove. C1 [Krauss, Ken W.; Doyle, Thomas W.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [From, Andrew S.] IAP World Serv Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Doyle, Terry J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Naples, FL 34144 USA. [Barry, Michael J.] Inst Reg Conservat, Miami, FL 33170 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM kkrauss@usgs.gov OI From, Andrew/0000-0002-6543-2627 FU USGS; National Park Service's Critical Ecosystems Initiative FX We gratefully acknowledge Layne Hamilton, Joyce Palmer, Matthew Martin, Larry Richardson, and Ben Nottingham for assistance with many items over the past decade while working on the refuge; Thomas J. Smith III and Anne M. Foster for providing much of the imagery; Rebecca J. Howard and Richard H. Day for assistance with field and project planning, and Pat O'Donnell (and the staff of the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve) for assistance with accommodations and data mining. Thomas J. Smith III, Rebecca J. Howard, and Hongqing Wang provided helpful reviews of earlier drafts, and Christopher J. Wells helped us assess the accuracy of the mapping. We thank Laura Brandt and G. Ronnie Best for funding to support this work through the USGS Priority Ecosystems Research Program and the National Park Service's Critical Ecosystems Initiative. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Furthermore, any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 48 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 78 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1400-0350 J9 J COAST CONSERV JI J. Coast. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 15 IS 4 BP 629 EP 638 DI 10.1007/s11852-011-0153-4 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 834DS UT WOS:000295940200018 ER PT J AU Lewis, TL Flint, PL Derksen, DV Schmutz, JA Taylor, EJ Bollinger, KS AF Lewis, Tyler L. Flint, Paul L. Derksen, Dirk V. Schmutz, Joel A. Taylor, Eric J. Bollinger, Karen S. TI Using body mass dynamics to examine long-term habitat shifts of arctic-molting geese: evidence for ecological change SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Body mass dynamics; Brant geese; Habitat change; InterspeciWc competition; Molt; Teshekpuk Lake ID BRANTA-BERNICLA-NIGRICANS; IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION; WING MOLT; BLACK BRANT; TESHEKPUK LAKE; BARNACLE GEESE; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; SITE SELECTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; COASTAL-PLAIN AB From 1976 onward, molting brant geese (Branta bernicla) within the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area, Alaska, shifted from inland, freshwater lakes toward coastal wetlands. Two hypotheses explained this redistribution: (1) ecological change: redistribution of molting brant reflects improvements in coastal foraging habitats, which have undergone a succession toward salt-tolerant plants due to increased coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion as induced by climate change or (2) interspecific competition: greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) populations increased 12-fold at inland lakes, limiting food availability and forcing brant into coastal habitats. Both hypotheses presume that brant redistributions were driven by food availability; thus, body mass dynamics may provide insight into the relevance of these hypotheses. We compared body mass dynamics of molting brant across decades (1978, 1987-1992, 2005-2007) and, during 2005-2007, across habitats (coastal vs. inland). Brant lost body mass during molt in all three decades. At inland habitats, rates of mass loss progressively decreased by decade despite the increased number of greater white-fronted geese. These results do not support an interspecific competition hypothesis, instead suggesting that ecological change enhanced foraging habitats for brant. During 2005-2007, rates of mass loss did not vary by habitat. Thus, while habitats have improved from earlier decades, our results cannot distinguish between ecological changes at inland versus coastal habitats. However, we speculate that coastal forage quality has improved beyond that of inland habitats and that the body mass benefits of these higher quality foods are offset by the disproportionate number of brant now molting coastally. C1 [Lewis, Tyler L.; Flint, Paul L.; Derksen, Dirk V.; Schmutz, Joel A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Taylor, Eric J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Bollinger, Karen S.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Lewis, TL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Inst Arctic Biol, 211 Irving 1 Bldg, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM tllewis@alaska.edu OI Flint, Paul/0000-0002-8758-6993 FU Bureau of Land Management; US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center FX The Bureau of Land Management and US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, provided funding and logistic support. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7, Division of Migratory Bird Management, provided aerial support and assisted with brant captures. J.S. Sedinger, S.J. Portugal, and an anonymous reviewer thoroughly examined and improved the manuscript. Use of trade, product, or company names is solely for descriptive purposes and does not imply endorsement or criticism by the U. S. government. All procedures were approved by Alaska Science Center's Animal Care and Use Committee, U. S. Geological Survey, under protocol 06-SUP-02, and were authorized by U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Land Management under permit number BLM AK FF094979. NR 52 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1751 EP 1762 DI 10.1007/s00300-011-1025-y PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 850NV UT WOS:000297202900012 ER PT J AU Katz, B Najjar, RG Cronin, T Rayburn, J Mann, ME AF Katz, Brandon Najjar, Raymond G. Cronin, Thomas Rayburn, John Mann, Michael E. TI Constraints on Lake Agassiz discharge through the late-glacial Champlain Sea (St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada) using salinity proxies and an estuarine circulation model SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE Champlain sea; Proglacial lakes; Paleosalinity ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE; YOUNGER DRYAS; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; LAST DEGLACIATION; NEW-YORK; CHESAPEAKE BAY; UNITED-STATES; LEVEL RISE; WATER AB During the last deglaciation, abrupt freshwater discharge events from proglacial lakes in North America, such as glacial Lake Agassiz, are believed to have drained into the North Atlantic Ocean. causing large shifts in climate by weakening the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and decreasing ocean heat transport to high northern latitudes. These discharges were caused by changes in lake drainage outlets, but the duration, magnitude and routing of discharge events, factors which govern the climatic response to freshwater forcing, are poorly known. Abrupt discharges, called floods, are typically assumed to last months to a year, whereas more gradual discharges, called routing events, occur over centuries. Here we use estuarine modeling to evaluate freshwater discharge from Lake Agassiz and other North American proglacial lakes into the North Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence estuary around 11.5 ka BP, the onset of the Preboreal oscillation (PBO). Faunal and isotopic proxy data from the Champlain Sea, a semi-isolated, marine-brackish water body that occupied the St. Lawrence and Champlain Valleys from 13 to 9 ka, indicate salinity fell about 7-8 (range of 4-11) around 11.5 ka. Model results suggest that minimum (1600 km(3)) and maximum (9500 km(3)) estimates of plausible flood volumes determined from Lake Agassiz paleoshorelines would produce the proxy-reconstructed salinity decrease if the floods lasted <1 day to 5 months and 1 month to 2 years, respectively. In addition, Champlain Sea salinity responds very quickly to the initiation (within days) and cessation (within weeks) of flooding events. These results support the hypothesis that a glacial lake flood, rather than a sustained routing event, discharged through the St. Lawrence Estuary during the PRO. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Katz, Brandon; Najjar, Raymond G.; Mann, Michael E.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Cronin, Thomas] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 926A, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Rayburn, John] SUNY Coll New Platz, Dept Geol Sci, New Paltz, NY 12561 USA. RP Najjar, RG (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM najjar@meteo.psu.edu RI Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017; OI Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X; Rayburn, John/0000-0002-1721-5345 FU United States Geological Survey [07ERAG0002] FX This research was supported by Cooperative Agreement 07ERAG0002 from the United States Geological Survey Global Change Program. We thank Parker MacCready for making his numerical model available and we are grateful for the comments of two anonymous reviewers. NR 61 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 30 IS 23-24 BP 3248 EP 3257 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.006 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 850II UT WOS:000297187900003 ER PT J AU Kleppe, JA Brothers, DS Kent, GM Biondi, F Jensen, S Driscoll, NW AF Kleppe, J. A. Brothers, D. S. Kent, G. M. Biondi, F. Jensen, S. Driscoll, N. W. TI Duration and severity of Medieval drought in the Lake Tahoe Basin SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE Medieval climatic anomaly; Sidescan sonar; Holocene; Dendrochronology; Drought; Fallen Leaf Lake ID NORTHERN SIERRA-NEVADA; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; MONO LAKE; CALIFORNIA; USA; RECORD; CLIMATE; FIRE; FLUCTUATIONS; CALIBRATION AB Droughts in the western U.S. in the past 200 years are small compared to several megadroughts that occurred during Medieval times. We reconstruct duration and magnitude of extreme droughts in the northern Sierra Nevada from hydroclimatic conditions in Fallen Leaf Lake, California. Stands of submerged trees rooted in situ below the lake surface were imaged with sidescan sonar and radiocarbon analysis yields an age estimate of similar to 1250 AD. Tree-ring records and submerged paleoshoreline geomorphology suggest a Medieval low-stand of Fallen Leaf Lake lasted more than 220 years. Over eighty more trees were found lying on the lake floor at various elevations above the paleoshoreline. Water-balance calculations suggest annual precipitation was less than 60% normal from late 10th century to early 13th century AD. Hence, the lake's shoreline dropped 40-60 m below its modern elevation. Stands of pre-Medieval trees in this lake and in Lake Tahoe suggest the region experienced severe drought at least every 650-1150 years during the mid- and late-Holocene. These observations quantify paleo-precipitation and recurrence of prolonged drought in the northern Sierra Nevada. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Brothers, D. S.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Kleppe, J. A.] Univ Nevada, Coll Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Kent, G. M.] Univ Nevada, Seismol Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Biondi, F.] Univ Nevada, DendroLab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Jensen, S.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Driscoll, N. W.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Brothers, DS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM dbrothers@usgs.gov RI Biondi, Franco/G-2536-2010 OI Biondi, Franco/0000-0003-0651-104X FU US Geological Survey/Desert Research Institute [2003NV39B]; Geological Society of America; IRIS; NSF [EPS-0814372]; CA DWR FX Support for this work was provided by US Geological Survey/Desert Research Institute under Project ID# 2003NV39B, a Geological Society of America graduate research grant and the IRIS undergraduate internship program. F. Biondi was supported, in part by NSF Cooperative Agreement EPS-0814372 to the Nevada System of Higher Education. N. Driscoll was supported in part by a grant from CA DWR. We thank: Glenn Adams, Grant Adams, Bill Craven, John Rich, and Scotty Strachan for their generous help with data acquisition; John Knezovich of Lawrence Livermore National Lab for assistance with the radiocarbon analysis; James Trask and Ivo Bergsohn for helpful discussions regarding the Fallen Leaf Lake water budget; and Scott Cassell and the crew of the Underwater Voyager Project for access to their submersible. Larry Benson, Chris Moy, Phil Caterino, and Susan Lindstrom generously reviewed and helped improve the manuscript. NR 46 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 30 IS 23-24 BP 3269 EP 3279 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.015 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 850II UT WOS:000297187900005 ER PT J AU Ruff, CP Schindler, DE Armstrong, JB Bentley, KT Brooks, GT Holtgrieve, GW McGlauflin, MT Torgersen, CE Seeb, JE AF Ruff, Casey P. Schindler, Daniel E. Armstrong, Jonathan B. Bentley, Kale T. Brooks, Gabriel T. Holtgrieve, Gordon W. McGlauflin, Molly T. Torgersen, Christian E. Seeb, James E. TI Temperature-associated population diversity in salmon confers benefits to mobile consumers SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska, USA; behavioral adaptation; biocomplexity; habitat heterogeneity; habitat portfolio; life history variation; Pacific salmon; population diversity; rainbow trout; water temperature ID SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; GENETIC-DIVERGENCE; SOUTHWEST ALASKA; LARGE HERBIVORES; HETEROGENEITY; LANDSCAPE; EVOLUTION; COMMUNITY AB Habitat heterogeneity can generate intraspecific diversity through local adaptation of populations. While it is becoming increasingly clear that population diversity can increase stability in species abundance, less is known about how population diversity can benefit consumers that can integrate across population diversity in their prey. Here we demonstrate cascading effects of thermal heterogeneity on trout-salmon interactions in streams where rainbow trout rely heavily on the seasonal availability of anadromous salmon eggs. Water temperature in an Alaskan stream varied spatially from 5 degrees C to 17.5 degrees C, and spawning sockeye salmon showed population differentiation associated with this thermal heterogeneity. Individuals that spawned early in cool regions of the 5 km long stream were genetically differentiated from those spawning in warmer regions later in the season. Sockeye salmon spawning generates a pulsed resource subsidy that supports the majority of seasonal growth in stream-dwelling rainbow trout. The spatial and temporal structuring of sockeye salmon spawn timing in our focal stream extended the duration of the pulsed subsidy compared to a thermally homogeneous stream with a single population of salmon. Further, rainbow trout adopted movement strategies that exploited the multiple pulses of egg subsidies in the thermally heterogeneous stream. Fish that moved to track the resource pulse grew at rates about 2.5 times higher than those that remained stationary or trout in the reference stream with a single seasonal pulse of eggs. Our results demonstrate that habitat heterogeneity can have important effects on the population diversity of dominant species, and in turn, influence their value to species that prey upon them. Therefore, habitat homogenization may have farther-reaching ecological effects than previously considered. C1 [Ruff, Casey P.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Armstrong, Jonathan B.; Bentley, Kale T.; Holtgrieve, Gordon W.; McGlauflin, Molly T.; Seeb, James E.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Brooks, Gabriel T.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fish Ecol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Torgersen, Christian E.] Univ Washington, Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr,Cascadia Field, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ruff, CP (reprint author), AMEC 11810 N Creek Pkwy N, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. EM casruff@uw.edu RI Holtgrieve, Gordon/C-5371-2009 OI Holtgrieve, Gordon/0000-0002-4451-3567 FU Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Alaska salmon processors; National Science Foundation; Claire L. and Evelyn S. Egtvedt Fellowship FX This work is a contribution from the Alaska Salmon Program and the University of Washington (UW) supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Alaska salmon processors, and the National Science Foundation. C. P. Ruff was generously supported by the Claire L. and Evelyn S. Egtvedt Fellowship to the UW School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Numerous people assisted with field work and data collection, including Peter Lisi, Brandon Chasco, Jackie Carter, Sam Kroiz, Juliette Mudra, Laura Payne, Matt Baker, Lauren Rogers, Morgan Schneidler, Thomas Reed, Michael Webster, Anne Hilborn, Erich Ruff, Peter Ruff, and Dodie Ruff. Additionally, Philip Roni, Peggy Wilzback, George Pess, Christopher Caudill, and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful comments for improvement of the manuscript. We thank the staff of the Wood-Tikchik State Park (Bill Burkham and Johnny Evans) for assistance coordinating our field work. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 43 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 46 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2011 VL 92 IS 11 BP 2073 EP 2084 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 840GB UT WOS:000296426000009 PM 22164832 ER PT J AU Berg, SJ Hsieh, PA Illman, WA AF Berg, Steven J. Hsieh, Paul A. Illman, Walter A. TI Estimating Hydraulic Parameters When Poroelastic Effects Are Significant SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID AQUIFER SYSTEMS; 3-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; RESERVOIR AB For almost 80 years, deformation-induced head changes caused by poroelastic effects have been observed during pumping tests in multilayered aquifer-aquitard systems. As water in the aquifer is released from compressive storage during pumping, the aquifer is deformed both in the horizontal and vertical directions. This deformation in the pumped aquifer causes deformation in the adjacent layers, resulting in changes in pore pressure that may produce drawdown curves that differ significantly from those predicted by traditional groundwater theory. Although these deformation-induced head changes have been analyzed in several studies by poroelasticity theory, there are at present no practical guidelines for the interpretation of pumping test data influenced by these effects. To investigate the impact that poroelastic effects during pumping tests have on the estimation of hydraulic parameters, we generate synthetic data for three different aquifer-aquitard settings using a poroelasticity model, and then analyze the synthetic data using type curves and parameter estimation techniques, both of which are based on traditional groundwater theory and do not account for poroelastic effects. Results show that even when poroelastic effects result in significant deformation-induced head changes, it is possible to obtain reasonable estimates of hydraulic parameters using methods based on traditional groundwater theory, as long as pumping is sufficiently long so that deformation-induced effects have largely dissipated. C1 [Berg, Steven J.; Illman, Walter A.] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Inst Groundwater Res, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Hsieh, Paul A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Berg, SJ (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Inst Groundwater Res, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. EM sjberg@uwaterloo.ca FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC); Ontario Graduate Scholarship FX We greatly appreciate the support from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery grant to Walter A. Illman. The Ontario Graduate Scholarship awarded to Steven Berg provided additional support. Finally, constructive comments by Chris Neuzil and two anonymous reviewers significantly improved the manuscript. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 49 IS 6 BP 815 EP 829 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00781.x PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 848RE UT WOS:000297070200009 PM 21204832 ER PT J AU Mulligan, AE Langevin, C Post, VEA AF Mulligan, Ann E. Langevin, Christian Post, Vincent E. A. TI Tidal Boundary Conditions in SEAWAT SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID GROUND-WATER DISCHARGE; SEEPAGE; FLOW; DRIVEN; MARSH; OCEAN; BAY AB SEAWAT, a U.S. Geological Survey groundwater flow and transport code, is increasingly used to model the effects of tidal motion on coastal aquifers. Different options are available to simulate tidal boundaries but no guidelines exist nor have comparisons been made to identify the most effective approach. We test seven methods to simulate a sloping beach and a tidal flat. The ocean is represented in one of the three ways: directly using a high hydraulic conductivity (high-K) zone and indirect simulation via specified head boundaries using either the General Head Boundary (GHB) or the new Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC) package. All beach models simulate similar water fluxes across the upland boundary and across the sediment-water interface although the ratio of intertidal to subtidal flow is different at low tide. Simulating a seepage face results in larger intertidal fluxes and influences near-shore heads and salinity. Major differences in flow occur in the tidal flat simulations. Because SEAWAT does not simulate unsaturated flow the water table only rises via flow through the saturated zone. This results in delayed propagation of the rising tidal signal inland. Inundation of the tidal flat is delayed as is flow into the aquifer across the flat. This is severe in the high-K and PBC models but mild in the GHB models. Results indicate that any of the tidal boundary options are fine if the ocean-aquifer interface is steep. However, as the slope of that interface decreases, the high-K and PBC approaches perform poorly and the GHB boundary is preferable. C1 [Mulligan, Ann E.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Langevin, Christian] US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Natl Ctr 411, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Post, Vincent E. A.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Hydrol & Geo Environm Sci, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Mulligan, AE (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, MS 41, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM amulligan@whoi.edu; langevin@usgs.gov; vincent.post@falw.vu.nl RI Post, Vincent/E-6054-2011 OI Post, Vincent/0000-0002-9463-3081 NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 49 IS 6 BP 866 EP 879 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00788.x PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 848RE UT WOS:000297070200013 PM 21275984 ER PT J AU Kneeshaw, TA McGuire, JT Cozzarelli, IM Smith, EW AF Kneeshaw, Tara A. McGuire, Jennifer T. Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. Smith, Erik W. TI In Situ Rates of Sulfate Reduction in Response to Geochemical Perturbations SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID LANDFILL-LEACHATE PLUME; PUSH-PULL TESTS; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; REDUCING BACTERIA; ORGANIC-CARBON; GROUND WATER; BIODEGRADATION; PETROLEUM; OXIDATION AB Rates of in situ microbial sulfate reduction in response to geochemical perturbations were determined using Native Organism Geochemical Experimentation Enclosures (NOGEEs), a new in situ technique developed to facilitate evaluation of controls on microbial reaction rates. NOGEEs function by first trapping a native microbial community in situ and then subjecting it to geochemical perturbations through the introduction of various test solutions. On three occasions, NOGEEs were used at the Norman Landfill research site in Norman, Oklahoma, to evaluate sulfate-reduction rates in wetland sediments impacted by landfill leachate. The initial experiment, in May 2007, consisted of five introductions of a sulfate test solution over 11 d. Each test stimulated sulfate reduction with rates increasing until an apparent maximum was achieved. Two subsequent experiments, conducted in October 2007 and February 2008, evaluated the effects of concentration on sulfate-reduction rates. Results from these experiments showed that faster sulfate-reduction rates were associated with increased sulfate concentrations. Understanding variability in sulfate-reduction rates in response to perturbations may be an important factor in predicting rates of natural attenuation and bioremediation of contaminants in systems not at biogeochemical equilibrium. C1 [Kneeshaw, Tara A.] Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Geol Sci, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. [McGuire, Jennifer T.; Smith, Erik W.] Univ St Thomas, Dept Geol, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. [Cozzarelli, Isabelle M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Kneeshaw, TA (reprint author), Calif State Univ Fullerton, Dept Geol Sci, 800 Nutwood Ave, Fullerton, CA 92834 USA. EM tkneeshaw@fullerton.edu OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0418488]; USGS FX This project was funded by the National Science Foundation, Biocomplexity in the Environment grant EAR-0418488, and supported by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. We wish to thank Mary Voytek (U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia) for input into the design of the in situ chambers and valuable discussions of the experimental approach. The authors also acknowledge the following for assistance in the field and laboratory: Jason Masoner (U. S. Geological Survey Oklahoma Water Science Center); Julie Kirshtein and Jeanne Jaeschke (U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia); and Andrea Howson and Susan Baez-Cazull (Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas). This manuscript benefited from the helpful review comments of Ethan Grossman, Anne Raymond, and Terry Gentry (Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas); Barbara Bekins (U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California); Steven Harris (U. S. Geological Survey, Boulder, Colorado); Grant Ferguson (St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada); and anonymous reviewers. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 54 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 49 IS 6 BP 903 EP 913 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00782.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 848RE UT WOS:000297070200016 PM 21204833 ER PT J AU Day-Lewis, FD Johnson, CD Paillet, FL Halford, KJ AF Day-Lewis, Frederick D. Johnson, Carole D. Paillet, Frederick L. Halford, Keith J. TI A Computer Program for Flow-Log Analysis of Single Holes (FLASH) SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; TESTS AB A new computer program, FLASH (Flow-Log Analysis of Single Holes), is presented for the analysis of borehole vertical flow logs. The code is based on an analytical solution for steady-state multilayer radial flow to a borehole. The code includes options for (1) discrete fractures and (2) multilayer aquifers. Given vertical flow profiles collected under both ambient and stressed (pumping or injection) conditions, the user can estimate fracture (or layer) transmissivities and far-field hydraulic heads. FLASH is coded in Microsoft Excel(5) with Visual Basic for Applications routines. The code supports manual and automated model calibration. C1 [Day-Lewis, Frederick D.; Johnson, Carole D.] US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Branch Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Paillet, Frederick L.] US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Branch Geophys Emeritus, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Halford, Keith J.] US Geol Survey, Nevada Water Sci Ctr, Carson City, NV 89703 USA. RP Day-Lewis, FD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Branch Geophys, 11 Sherman Pl,Unit 5015, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. EM daylewis@usgs.gov OI Day-Lewis, Frederick/0000-0003-3526-886X FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1; U.S. Geological Survey; Toxic Substances Hydrology Program FX This work was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program and Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. The authors are grateful for review comments from Tom Reilly, Allen Shapiro, Tom Burbey, John Williams, Roger Morin, Landis West, and Mary Anderson. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 49 IS 6 BP 926 EP 931 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00798.x PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 848RE UT WOS:000297070200019 PM 21306362 ER PT J AU Voss, CI AF Voss, Clifford I. TI Editor's message: Groundwater modeling fantasies -part 1, adrift in the details SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Voss, CI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cvoss@usgs.gov NR 4 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1281 EP 1284 DI 10.1007/s10040-011-0789-z PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 850LY UT WOS:000297197300001 ER PT J AU La Licata, I Langevin, CD Dausman, AM Alberti, L AF La Licata, Ivana Langevin, Christian D. Dausman, Alyssa M. Alberti, Luca TI Effect of tidal fluctuations on transient dispersion of simulated contaminant concentrations in coastal aquifers SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tidal variation; Solute transport; SEAWAT; Coastal aquifers; Transient dispersion ID WATER FLOW; TRANSPORT; DISCHARGE; ESTUARY; PLUMES; MEDIA; SEA AB Variable-density groundwater models require extensive computational resources, particularly for simulations representing short-term hydrologic variability such as tidal fluctuations. Saltwater-intrusion models usually neglect tidal fluctuations and this may introduce errors in simulated concentrations. The effects of tides on simulated concentrations in a coastal aquifer were assessed. Three analyses are reported: in the first, simulations with and without tides were compared for three different dispersivity values. Tides do not significantly affect the transfer of a hypothetical contaminant into the ocean; however, the concentration difference between tidal and non-tidal simulations could be as much as 15%. In the second analysis, the dispersivity value for the model without tides was increased in a zone near the ocean boundary. By slightly increasing dispersivity in this zone, the maximum concentration difference between the simulations with and without tides was reduced to as low as 7%. In the last analysis, an apparent dispersivity value was calculated for each model cell using the simulated velocity variations from the model with tides. Use of apparent dispersivity values in models with a constant ocean boundary seems to provide a reasonable approach for approximating tidal effects in simulations where explicit representation of tidal fluctuations is not feasible. C1 [La Licata, Ivana; Alberti, Luca] Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Ingn Idraul, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Langevin, Christian D.] US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Arlington, VA 20192 USA. [Dausman, Alyssa M.] US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. RP La Licata, I (reprint author), Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Ingn Idraul, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy. EM ivana.lalicata@polimi.it FU Politecnico di Milano (DIIAR.), Italy; US Geological Survey FX The authors are grateful to Politecnico di Milano (DIIAR.), Italy, for supporting collaboration with the US Geological Survey. The authors also thank colleagues at the US Geological Survey for thoughtful reviews of an earlier manuscript. Support for Christian Langevin was provided by US Geological Survey through the Groundwater Resources Program. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1313 EP 1322 DI 10.1007/s10040-011-0763-9 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 850LY UT WOS:000297197300004 ER PT J AU Alisauskas, RT Zimmerman, GS AF Alisauskas, Ray T. Zimmerman, Guthrie S. TI An Experimental Assessment of Shotgun Discharge on Aluminum Legband Retention SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE arctic geese; band recovery; band retention; harvest; waterfowl ID NORTH-AMERICAN GEESE; ANNUAL SURVIVAL AB Although metal legbands have been an important scientific tool, their use for estimation of harvest and survival relies on samples of dead birds harvested by hunters using shotguns. We hypothesized that the force of steel pellets discharged from a shotgun, within the range of conditions normally experienced by goose hunters, was sufficient to reduce probability of band retention. We conducted 8 experimental trials to estimate retention per round fired at aluminum bands normally applied to arctic-nesting geese in relation to effects of 1) target range (20 m vs. 40 m), 2) steel pellet size (4.57 mm [BB] vs. 3.81 mm [number 2]), 3) cartridge size (76.2 mm [3 in.] vs. 69.9 mm [2.75 in.]), and 4) number of rounds fired (up to 25). There was nearly complete band retention (0.999/round) at 40 m regardless of shot size or shell size used. Retention per round fired at 20 m declined to between 0.984 and 0.987 for number 2 shot and between 0.968 and 0.974 for BB shot. Our conclusions apply to unworn bands, so we recommend further simulations to assess how retention may change with age of bands as they erode or corrode on free-ranging geese. Bias in estimates associated with loss of older bands from shotgun discharge could be adjusted if bias is estimated as done in this article. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Alisauskas, Ray T.] Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. [Zimmerman, Guthrie S.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Alisauskas, RT (reprint author), Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. EM ray.alisauskas@ec.gc.ca NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1710 EP 1715 DI 10.1002/jwmg.211 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840FQ UT WOS:000296424900005 ER PT J AU Pearse, AT Alisauskas, RT Krapu, GL Cox, RR AF Pearse, Aaron T. Alisauskas, Ray T. Krapu, Gary L. Cox, Robert R., Jr. TI Changes in Nutrient Dynamics of Midcontinent Greater White-Fronted Geese During Spring Migration SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE agriculture; Anser albifrons; lipids; nutrient storage; protein; Rainwater Basin; Saskatchewan ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; BARNACLE GEESE; CANADA GEESE; RESERVES; CONSEQUENCES; VALLEY; AGE; STRATEGIES; DICHOTOMY; LANDSCAPE AB Waterfowl and other migratory birds commonly store nutrients at traditional staging areas during spring for later use during migration and reproduction. We investigated nutrient-storage dynamics in themidcontinent population of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons; hereafter white-fronted geese) at spring staging sites in the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska during February-April and in southern Saskatchewan during April-May, 1998 and 1999. In Nebraska, lipid content of white-fronted geese did not increase, and protein content changed little over time for most age and sex categories. In Saskatchewan, lipids increased 11.4 g/day (SE = 1.7) and protein content increased 1.6 g/day (SE = 0.6) in the sample of adult geese collected over a 3-week period. A study conducted during 1979-1980 in the Rainwater Basin reported that white-fronted geese gained 8.8-17.7 g of lipids per day during spring, differing greatly from our results 2 decades later. In addition, lipid levels were less in the 1990s compared to spring 1980 for adult geese nearing departure from staging sites in Saskatchewan. This shift in where geese acquired nutrient stores from Nebraska to more northern staging sites coincided with a decrease in availability of waste corn in Nebraska, their primary food source while staging at that stopover site, and an increase in cultivation of high-energy pulse crops in Saskatchewan. White-fronted geese exhibited flexibility in nutrient dynamics during spring migration, likely in response to landscape-level variation in food availability caused by changes in agricultural trends and practices. Maintaining a wide distribution of wetlands in the Great Plains may allow spring-staging waterfowl to disperse across the region and facilitate access to high-energy foods over a larger cropland base. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Pearse, Aaron T.; Krapu, Gary L.; Cox, Robert R., Jr.] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. [Alisauskas, Ray T.] Environm Canada, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. RP Pearse, AT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, 8711 37th St SE, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. EM apearse@usgs.gov OI Pearse, Aaron/0000-0002-6137-1556 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey; Nebraska Game and Parks Commission; Rainwater Basin Joint Venture; Rainwater Basin Wetland Management District FX We thank the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Rainwater Basin Joint Venture, Rainwater Basin Wetland Management District, Region 6 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Geological Survey-Platte River Priority Ecosystems Study for funding and in-kind assistance. D. A. Brandt, R. Griebel, G. Knutsen, F. Sargeant, and R. Woodward provided assistance during fieldwork. D. K. Kellett, F. Moore, J. Charlwood, N. Wiebe, and A. Lusignan assisted with laboratory work in Saskatchewan. C. R. Ely, J. L. Vest, J. Sedinger, M. Eichholz, and an anonymous reviewer provided comments to earlier versions of this manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1716 EP 1723 DI 10.1002/jwmg.223 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840FQ UT WOS:000296424900006 ER PT J AU Kindall, JL Muller, LI Clark, JD Lupardus, JL Murrow, JL AF Kindall, Jason L. Muller, Lisa I. Clark, Joseph D. Lupardus, Jason L. Murrow, Jennifer L. TI Population Viability Analysis to Identify Management Priorities for Reintroduced Elk in the Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Cervus elaphus manitobensis; elk; population growth; population viability; reintroduction; Tennessee ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; MENINGEAL WORM; TEMPORAL VARIATION; NATIONAL-PARK; SURVIVAL; TRANSLOCATION; KENTUCKY; MICHIGAN; BIOLOGY; GROWTH AB We used an individual-based population model to perform a viability analysis to simulate population growth (lambda) of 167 elk (Cervus elaphus manitobensis; 71 male and 96 female) released in the Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee, to estimate sustainability (i.e., lambda > 1.0) and identify the most appropriate options for managing elk restoration. We transported elk from Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada, and from Land Between the Lakes, Kentucky, and reintroduced them beginning in December 2000 and ending in February 2003. We estimated annual survival rates for 156 radio-collared elk from December 2000 until November 2004. We used data from a nearby elk herd in Great Smoky Mountains National Park to simulate pessimistic and optimistic recruitment and performed population viability analyses to evaluate sustainability over a 25-year period. Annual survival averaged 0.799 (Total SE = 0.023). The primary identifiable sources of mortality were poaching, disease from meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis), and accidents (environmental causes and unintentional harvest). Population growth given pessimistic recruitment rates averaged 0.895 over 25 years (0.955 in year 1 to 0.880 in year 25); population growth was not sustainable in 100% of the runs. With the most optimistic estimates of recruitment, mean lambda increased to 0.967 (1.038 in year 1 to 0.956 in year 25) with 99.6% of the runs failing to be sustainable. We suggest that further translocation efforts to increase herd size will be ineffective unless survival rates are increased in the Cumberland Mountains. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Kindall, Jason L.; Muller, Lisa I.; Lupardus, Jason L.; Murrow, Jennifer L.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Clark, Joseph D.] Univ Tennessee, US Geol Survey, So Appalachian Res Branch, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Kindall, JL (reprint author), Ozark Nat Sci Ctr, 1905 Madison 1305, Huntsville, AR 72740 USA. EM lmuller@utk.edu OI Muller, Lisa/0000-0001-7833-2273 FU Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation (RMEF), TWRA; University of Tennessee Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries; McIntire-Stennis Program FX The elk restoration project was funded by the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation (RMEF), TWRA, The University of Tennessee Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, and McIntire-Stennis Program and included cooperation with several partner groups: RMEF, Tennessee Conservation League, Campbell Outdoor Recreation Association, Elk Island National Park, The University of Tennessee, and U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area. We thank E. Ramsay for veterinary support and R. Donnell and L. Craig for elk necropsies, interpretation of results, and review of a previous draft. We thank S. Bennett and S. Stansbury for logistical support and pilots B. Roten, C. Proffitt, and B. Hughett for their assistance in aerial telemetry. We thank G. Hickling and M. Mitchell for reviews of previous drafts of the manuscript. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 51 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 10 U2 50 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1745 EP 1752 DI 10.1002/jwmg.226 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840FQ UT WOS:000296424900009 ER PT J AU Wagner, T Diefenbach, DR Christensen, SA Norton, AS AF Wagner, Tyler Diefenbach, Duane R. Christensen, Sonja A. Norton, Andrew S. TI Using Multilevel Models to Quantify Heterogeneity in Resource Selection SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Cervus nippon; heirarchical models; logistic regression; multilevel modeling; Odocoileus virginianus; resource selection function ID WINTER HABITAT SELECTION; MULE DEER; SCALES AB Models of resource selection are being used increasingly to predict or model the effects of management actions rather than simply quantifying habitat selection. Multilevel, or hierarchical, models are an increasingly popular method to analyze animal resource selection because they impose a relatively weak stochastic constraint to model heterogeneity in habitat use and also account for unequal sample sizes among individuals. However, few studies have used multilevel models to model coefficients as a function of predictors that may influence habitat use at different scales or quantify differences in resource selection among groups. We used an example with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to illustrate how to model resource use as a function of distance to road that varies among deer by road density at the home range scale. We found that deer avoidance of roads decreased as road density increased. Also, we used multilevel models with sika deer (Cervus nippon) and white-tailed deer to examine whether resource selection differed between species. We failed to detect differences in resource use between these two species and showed how information-theoretic and graphical measures can be used to assess how resource use may have differed. Multilevel models can improve our understanding of how resource selection varies among individuals and provides an objective, quantifiable approach to assess differences or changes in resource selection. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Wagner, Tyler; Diefenbach, Duane R.] Penn State Univ, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Wagner, T (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Penn Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 404 Forest Resources Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM ddiefenbach@psu.edu FU Pennsylvania Game Commission; National Park Service FX We obtained the white-tailed deer data from Pennsylvania through research supported by the Pennsylvania Game Commission, and we obtained data from Assateague Island through research supported by the National Park Service. We thank and acknowledge B. Griffith and J. Millspaugh for helpful comments on an earlier draft and the helpful reviews by L. McDonald and an anonymous referee. Use of trade names does not imply endorsement by the federal government. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1788 EP 1796 DI 10.1002/jwmg.212 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840FQ UT WOS:000296424900013 ER PT J AU Butler, MJ Collier, BA Holt, RD Ballard, WB Peterson, MJ Silvy, NJ Wallace, MC AF Butler, Matthew J. Collier, Bret A. Holt, R. Douglas Ballard, Warren B. Peterson, Markus J. Silvy, Nova J. Wallace, Mark C. TI Retention of Butt-End Aluminum Leg Bands by Wild Turkeys SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aluminum; banding; butt-end band; Kansas; leg band; Meleagris gallopavo; retention; ringing; Texas; wild turkey ID TEXAS ROLLING PLAINS; ROAD-BASED SURVEYS; TAG LOSS; SURVIVAL; RATES; PARAMETERS; SELECTION; PARKLAND; GEESE AB We examined retention of butt-end aluminum leg bands on Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) captured in Texas and Kansas, USA, 2000-2009. We examined 187 recaptured or harvested radiotagged wild turkeys to determine band retention and modeled band retention with Program MARK. We did not detect differences in band retention among age and gender classes or that band retention probability was time dependent. We estimated monthly probability of band retention was 0.990 (SE = 0.002). Band retention probability was 0.971 (SE = 0.006) at 3 months post-banding and 0.864 (SE = 0.028) at 15 months post-banding. Butt-end aluminum leg band retention was not 100% for wild turkeys marked during our work; however, our band retention rates were 3.7-5.7 times greater than described previously. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Butler, Matthew J.; Holt, R. Douglas; Ballard, Warren B.; Wallace, Mark C.] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Nat Resources Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Collier, Bret A.] Texas A&M Univ, Inst Renewable Nat Resources, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Peterson, Markus J.; Silvy, Nova J.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Butler, MJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, POB 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103 USA. EM wildlife.butler@gmail.com RI Peterson, Markus/C-3303-2008 OI Peterson, Markus/0000-0001-6145-0134 FU Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; Texas Tech University; National Wild Turkey Federation; Texas State Chapter of the National Wild Turkey Federation; Dr. Donald and Sammie Bricker Foundation FX This study was funded by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Tech University, National Wild Turkey Federation, Texas State Chapter of the National Wild Turkey Federation, and Dr. Donald and Sammie Bricker Foundation. We thank researchers from Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University for allowing use of their data for these analyses. We offer many thanks to the numerous graduate students, technicians, volunteers, and wildlife professionals who helped with trapping wild turkeys over the years. We thank A. J. Escobar and J. D. Guthrie for querying our databases for this analysis. This is Texas Tech University, College of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources technical publication T-9-1215. NR 48 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1807 EP 1811 DI 10.1002/jwmg.231 PG 5 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840FQ UT WOS:000296424900015 ER PT J AU Miller, MP Haig, SM Ledig, DB Vander Heyden, MF Bennett, G AF Miller, Mark P. Haig, Susan M. Ledig, David B. Vander Heyden, Madeleine F. Bennett, Gregory TI Will an "Island" Population of Voles Be Recolonized if Eradicated? Insights From Molecular Genetic Analyses SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE eradication; genetic analyses; island; Microtus longicaudus; Oceanodroma leucorhoa; Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge; pest species; Saddle Rock ID MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE DATA; PREDATION; INFERENCE; MARKERS; DIFFERENTIATION; EVOLUTION; PROGRAM; NUMBER; PESTS; AFLP AB We performed genetic analyses of Microtus longicaudus populations within the Crook Point Unit of the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge. A M. longicaudus population at Saddle Rock (located approx. 65 moff-shore from the Crook Point mainland) is suspected to be partially responsible for declines of a Leach's storm-petrel colony at this important nesting site. Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers and mitochondrial DNA, we illustrate that Saddle Rock and Crook Point function as separate island and mainland populations despite their close proximity. In addition to genetic structure, we also observed reduced genetic diversity at Saddle Rock, suggesting that little individual movement occurs between populations. If local resource managers decide to perform an eradication at Saddle Rock, we conclude that immediate recolonization of the island by M. longicaudus would be unlikely. Because M. longicaudus is native to Oregon, we also consider the degree with which the differentiation of Saddle Rock signifies the presence of a unique entity that warrants conservation rather than eradication. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Miller, Mark P.; Haig, Susan M.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Vander Heyden, Madeleine F.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. [Bennett, Gregory] Siskiyou Res Grp, Cave Junction, OR 97523 USA. RP Miller, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mpmiller@usgs.gov RI Miller, Mark/A-5488-2011 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Ecological Services Coastal Programs and Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge Complex) provided project funding. E. Forsman and S. Cross provided definitive species identifications of our specimens. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1812 EP 1818 DI 10.1002/jwmg.203 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840FQ UT WOS:000296424900016 ER PT J AU Wilson, RT Giroux, J Kasicky, KR Fatupaito, BH Wood, EC Crichlow, R Rhodes, NAS Tingueley, J Walling, A Langwell, K Cobb, N AF Wilson, Robin Taylor Giroux, Jennifer Kasicky, Kathryn Rita Fatupaito, Bethany Hemlock Wood, Eric C. Crichlow, Renee Rhodes, Neil A. Sun Tingueley, Jennifer Walling, Andrea Langwell, Kathryn Cobb, Nathaniel TI Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Patterns Among American Indian Women at IHS Clinics in Montana and Wyoming SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; ALASKA-NATIVE WOMEN; UNITED-STATES; PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS; NORTHERN PLAINS; MAMMOGRAPHY; RISK; RECOMMENDATIONS; ADHERENCE; PHYSICIAN AB Objectives. We investigated factors associated with primary and secondary breast and cervical cancer screening among American Indian (Al) women receiving care from the Indian Health Service (IHS) in Montana and Wyoming. Methods. Rates of primary screening (i.e., screening without evidence of a prior abnormal) and secondary screening during a three-year period (2004 2006) were determined in an age- and clinic-stratified random sample of 1,094 women at six IHS units through medical record review. Results. Three-year mammography prevalence rates among Al women aged >= 45 years were 37.7% (95% confidence interval [Cl] 34.1, 41.3) for primary and 58.7% (95% Cl 43.9, 73.5) for secondary screening. Among women aged >= 18 years, three-year Pap test prevalence rates were 37.8% (95% CI 34.9, 40.6) for primary and 53.2% (95% Cl 46.0, 60.4) for secondary screening. Primary mammography screening was positively associated with number of visits and receiving care at an IHS hospital (both p<0.001). Primary Pap test screening was inversely associated with age and positively associated with the number of patient visits (both p<0.001). Secondary mammography screening was inversely associated with driving distance to an IHS facility (p=0.035). Conclusion. Our results are consistent with other surveys among Al women, which report that Healthy People 2010 goals for breast (90%) and cervical (70%) cancer screening have not been met. Improvements in breast and cervical cancer screening among Al women attending IHS facilities are needed. C1 [Wilson, Robin Taylor] Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Div Epidemiol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. [Wilson, Robin Taylor] Penn State Hershey Canc Inst, Hershey, PA USA. [Giroux, Jennifer] Indian Hlth Serv, Div Epidemiol & Dis Prevent, Aberdeen Area IHS, Rapid City, SD USA. [Giroux, Jennifer] Great Plains Tribal Chairmens Hlth Board, Rapid City, SD USA. [Kasicky, Kathryn Rita] Wake Forest Sch Med, Winston Salem, NC USA. [Fatupaito, Bethany Hemlock] Montana Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council, Billings, MT USA. [Wood, Eric C.] US Geol Survey, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Crichlow, Renee] Univ Minnesota, Dept Family & Community Med, Minneapolis, MN USA. [Rhodes, Neil A. Sun] Browning Community Hosp, Indian Hlth Serv, Browning, MT USA. [Tingueley, Jennifer] Ctr Family Med, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Walling, Andrea] Univ Washington, Family Med Residency Program, Billings, MT USA. [Langwell, Kathryn] Sundance Res Inst, Sundance, WY USA. [Cobb, Nathaniel] Indian Hlth Serv, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Wilson, RT (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Div Epidemiol, 500 Univ Dr,Mail Code CH69, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. EM rwilson@psu.edu FU Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [02 R24HS014034-04] FX This work was supported by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Grant #02 R24HS014034-04 awarded to the Montana Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of IHS. NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 126 IS 6 BP 806 EP 815 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 848EN UT WOS:000297033200006 PM 22043096 ER PT J AU Kalkan, E AF Kalkan, Erol TI Preface to the Focused Issue on the 22 February 2011 Magnitude 6.2 Christchurch Earthquake SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kalkan, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM ekalkan@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 82 IS 6 BP 765 EP 766 DI 10.1785/gssrl.82.6.765 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 841VX UT WOS:000296544400001 ER PT J AU Zhan, ZW Jin, BK Wei, SJ Graves, RW AF Zhan, Zhongwen Jin, Bikai Wei, Shengji Graves, Robert W. TI Coulomb Stress Change Sensitivity due to Variability in Mainshock Source Models and Receiving Fault Parameters: A Case Study of the 2010-2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, Earthquakes SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 1999 HECTOR-MINE; BAND REGIONAL SEISMOGRAMS; M-W; CALIFORNIA; SLIP; DEFORMATION; AFTERSHOCKS; TURKEY C1 [Zhan, Zhongwen; Wei, Shengji] CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Zhan, Zhongwen] Univ Sci & Technol China, Sch Earth & Space Sci, Mengcheng Natl Geophys Observ, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China. [Jin, Bikai] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geodesy & Geophys, Key Lab Dynam Geodesy, Wuhan 430077, Peoples R China. [Graves, Robert W.] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. RP Zhan, ZW (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM zwzhan@gmail.com RI Graves, Robert/B-2401-2013; Wei, Shengji/M-2137-2015 OI Wei, Shengji/0000-0002-0319-0714 FU China Earthquake Administration [200808078]; NSFC [40821160549, 41074032] FX Constructive reviews provided by Jeanne Hardebeck, Morgan Page, and an anonymous reviewer were very helpful in revising the paper and making it acceptable for publication. This work is supported by China Earthquake Administration fund 200808078, and NSFC fund 40821160549, 41074032. NR 51 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 11 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 82 IS 6 BP 800 EP 814 DI 10.1785/gssrl.82.6.800 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 841VX UT WOS:000296544400005 ER PT J AU Segou, M Kalkan, E AF Segou, Margaret Kalkan, Erol TI Ground Motion Attenuation during M 7.1 Darfield and M 6.2 Christchurch, New Zealand, Earthquakes and Performance of Global Predictive Models SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AVERAGE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT; RESPONSE SPECTRA; PERIODS; PGV C1 [Segou, Margaret] US Geol Survey, Earthquake Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Segou, M (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Sci Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM msegkou@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 82 IS 6 BP 866 EP 874 DI 10.1785/gssrl.82.6.866 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 841VX UT WOS:000296544400012 ER PT J AU Wheeler, RL AF Wheeler, Russell L. TI Reassessment of Stable Continental Regions of Southeast Asia SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEISMIC MOMENT ASSESSMENT; NORTH CHINA CRATON; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; LU FAULT ZONE; SOUTHWESTERN OKLAHOMA; LIQUEFACTION EVIDENCE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TIBETAN PLATEAU; YANGTZE CRATON; LONGMEN SHAN AB Probabilistic seismic-hazard assessments of the central and eastern United States (CEUS) require estimates of the size of the largest possible earthquake (Mmax). In most of the CEUS, sparse historical seismicity does not provide a record of moderate and large earthquakes that is sufficient to constrain Mmax. One remedy for the insufficient catalog is to combine the catalog of moderate to large CEUS earthquakes with catalogs from other regions worldwide that are tectonically analogous to the CEUS (stable continental regions, or SCRs). After the North America SCR, the largest contribution of earthquakes to this global SCR catalog comes from a Southeast Asian SCR that extends from Indochina to southeasternmost Russia. Integration and interpretation of recently published geological and geophysical results show that most of these Southeast Asian earthquakes occurred in areas exposing abundant alkaline igneous rocks and extensional faults, both of Neogene age (last 23 million years). The implied Neogene extension precludes classification of the areas as SCR crust. The extension also reduces the number of moderate and large Southeast Asian historical earthquakes that are available to constrain CEUS Mmax by 86 percent, from 43 to six. C1 US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Wheeler, RL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 966,Box 25046, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM wheeler@usgs.gov NR 97 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ALBANY PA 400 EVELYN AVE, SUITE 201, ALBANY, CA 94706-1375 USA SN 0895-0695 EI 1938-2057 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 82 IS 6 BP 971 EP 983 DI 10.1785/gssrl.82.6.971 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 841VX UT WOS:000296544400021 ER PT J AU Sedinger, JS Schamber, JL Ward, DH Nicolai, CA Conant, B AF Sedinger, James S. Schamber, Jason L. Ward, David H. Nicolai, Christopher A. Conant, Bruce TI Carryover Effects Associated with Winter Location Affect Fitness, Social Status, and Population Dynamics in a Long-Distance Migrant SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Baja California; brant; Branta bernicla nigricans; carryover effect; El Nino; fitness; migration; multistratum robust design; reproduction; winter ID GEESE BRANTA-BERNICLA; EELGRASS ZOSTERA-MARINA; YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA; BELLIED BRENT GEESE; LESSER SNOW GEESE; BLACK BRANT; MIGRATORY BIRD; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; CAPTURE-RECAPTURE; HABITAT QUALITY AB We used observations of individually marked female black brant geese (Branta bernicla nigricans; brant) at three wintering lagoons on the Pacific coast of Baja California-Laguna San Ignacio (LSI), Laguna Ojo de Liebre (LOL), and Bahia San Quintin (BSQ)- and the Tutakoke River breeding colony in Alaska to assess hypotheses about carryover effects on breeding and distribution of individuals among wintering areas. We estimated transition probabilities from wintering locations to breeding and nonbreeding by using multistratum robust-design capture-mark-recapture models. We also examined the effect of breeding on migration to wintering areas to assess the hypothesis that individuals in family groups occupied higher-quality wintering locations. We used 4,538 unique female brant in our analysis of the relationship between winter location and breeding probability. All competitive models of breeding probability contained additive effects of wintering location and the 1997-1998 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event on probability of breeding. Probability of breeding in non-ENSO years was 0.98 +/- 0.02, 0.68 +/- 0.04, and 0.91 +/- 0.11 for females wintering at BSQ, LOL, and LSI, respectively. After the 1997-1998 ENSO event, breeding probability was between 2% (BSQ) and 38% (LOL) lower than in other years. Individuals that bred had the highest probability of migrating the next fall to the wintering area producing the highest probability of breeding. C1 [Sedinger, James S.; Nicolai, Christopher A.] Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Schamber, Jason L.; Ward, David H.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Nicolai, Christopher A.] Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Conant, Bruce] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Sedinger, JS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM jsedinger@cabnr.unr.edu FU Alaska Science Center, U. S. Geological Survey; Migratory Bird Management, Region 7, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; University of Alaska Foundation; Ducks Unlimited; Ducks Unlimited de Mexico; National Science Foundation [OPP 9214970, DEB 9815383, OPP 9985931, OPP 0196406, DEB 0743152]; Morro Bay Brant Group; Phil Jebbia; Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station FX This research was supported by the Alaska Science Center, U. S. Geological Survey; Migratory Bird Management, Region 7, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; the University of Alaska Foundation; Ducks Unlimited; Ducks Unlimited de Mexico; the National Science Foundation (grants OPP 9214970, DEB 9815383, OPP 9985931, OPP 0196406, DEB 0743152); the Morro Bay Brant Group; Phil Jebbia; and the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station. Logistic support was provided by the Yukon Delta and San Diego National Wildlife Refuges, the Hill family, residents of Chevak, D. and R. Wheeler, La Compania de Exportadora de Sal S. A., Kuyima, and Ducks Unlimited de Mexico. Dozens of individuals assisted with field work. M. Herzog and J. Schmutz provided especially helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 85 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 35 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 178 IS 5 BP E110 EP E123 DI 10.1086/662165 PG 14 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 843ZB UT WOS:000296715600002 PM 22030737 ER PT J AU Piazza, TM Blehert, DS Dunning, FM Berlowski-Zier, BM Zeytin, FN Samuel, MD Tucker, WC AF Piazza, Timothy M. Blehert, David S. Dunning, F. Mark Berlowski-Zier, Brenda M. Zeytin, Fuesun N. Samuel, Michael D. Tucker, Ward C. TI In Vitro Detection and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Activity in Avian Blood SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; SEROTYPE-E; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GREAT-LAKES; TOXIN; OUTBREAK; FISH; DIFFERENTIATION; RECOGNITION; DIAGNOSTICS AB Botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E) outbreaks in the Great Lakes region cause large annual avian mortality events, with an estimated 17,000 bird deaths reported in 2007 alone. During an outbreak investigation, blood collected from bird carcasses is tested for the presence of BoNT/E using the mouse lethality assay. While sensitive, this method is labor-intensive and low throughput and can take up to 7 days to complete. We developed a rapid and sensitive in vitro assay, the BoTest Matrix E assay, that combines immunoprecipitation with high-affinity endopeptidase activity detection by Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to rapidly quantify BoNT/E activity in avian blood with detection limits comparable to those of the mouse lethality assay. On the basis of the analysis of archived blood samples (n = 87) collected from bird carcasses during avian mortality investigations, BoTest Matrix E detected picomolar quantities of BoNT/E following a 2-h incubation and femtomolar quantities of BoNT/E following extended incubation (24 h) with 100% diagnostic specificity and 91% diagnostic sensitivity. C1 [Piazza, Timothy M.; Dunning, F. Mark; Zeytin, Fuesun N.; Tucker, Ward C.] BioSentinel Pharmaceut Inc, Madison, WI 53719 USA. [Piazza, Timothy M.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 204, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Blehert, David S.; Berlowski-Zier, Brenda M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Samuel, Michael D.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Russell Labs 204, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Tucker, WC (reprint author), BioSentinel Pharmaceut Inc, 510 Charmany Dr,Suite 259, Madison, WI 53719 USA. EM wtucker@biosentinelpharma.com FU U.S. Geological Survey Midwest Area; Great Lakes Restoration Initiative; National Park Service Midwest Regional Office [F6620090039]; Wisconsin Department of Commerce [FY09-19294-0602609]; U.S. Department of Defense [W81XWH-07-2-0045] FX This project was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Midwest Area (to NWHC), the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (Template 73 to NWHC), the National Park Service Midwest Regional Office (interagency agreement F6620090039 to the University of Wisconsin-Madison), the Wisconsin Department of Commerce (contract FY09-19294-0602609 to BioSentinel Pharmaceuticals Inc.), and the U.S. Department of Defense (contract W81XWH-07-2-0045 to BioSentinel Pharmaceuticals Inc.). This research was conducted in accordance with Cooperative Research and Development Agreement C-06-349 between the U.S. Geological Survey and BioSentinel Pharmaceuticals Inc. NR 47 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 77 IS 21 BP 7815 EP 7822 DI 10.1128/AEM.06165-11 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 842DD UT WOS:000296568200044 PM 21908624 ER PT J AU Cain, D Croteau, MN Luoma, S AF Cain, Daniel Croteau, Marie-Noele Luoma, Samuel TI BIOACCUMULATION DYNAMICS AND EXPOSURE ROUTES OF Cd AND Cu AMONG SPECIES OF AQUATIC MAYFLIES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Dietary exposure; Benthic grazers; Bioaccumulation; Cadmium; Copper ID METAL BIOACCUMULATION; DISSOLVED CADMIUM; ISOTOPE TRACERS; HEAVY-METALS; INVERTEBRATES; ACCUMULATION; ASSIMILATION; COPPER; WATER; RIVER AB Consumption of periphyton is a potentially important route of metal exposure to benthic invertebrate grazers. The present study examined the bioaccumulation kinetics of dissolved and dietary Cd and Cu in five species of mayflies (class Insecta). Artificial stream water and benthic diatoms were separately labeled with enriched stable metal isotopes to determine physiological rate constants used by a biokinetic bioaccumulation model. The model was employed to simulate the effects of metal partitioning between water and food, expressed as the bioconcentration factor (BCF), as well as ingestion rate (IR) and metal assimilation efficiency of food (AE), on the relative importance of water and food to metal bioaccumulation. For all test species, the contribution of dietary uptake of Cd and Cu increased with BCF. For a given BCF, the contribution of food to the body burden increased with k(uf), the metal uptake rate constant from food that combined variation in IR and AE. To explore the relative importance of water and diet exposure routes under field conditions, we used estimated site-specific aqueous free-ion concentrations to model Cd and Cu accumulation from aqueous exposure, exclusively. The predicted concentrations accounted for less than 5% of the observed concentrations, implying that most bioaccumulated metal was acquired from food. At least for the taxa considered in this study, we conclude that consumption of metal-contaminated periphyton can result in elevated metal body burdens and potentially increase the risk of metal toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2532-2541. (C) 2011 SETAC C1 [Cain, Daniel; Croteau, Marie-Noele] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Luoma, Samuel] Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Cain, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM djcain@usgs.gov OI Cain, Daniel/0000-0002-3443-0493 FU National Research Program; U.S. Geological Survey FX We are grateful to M. Hornberger, A. Kleckner, J. Dyke, A. Lorenzi, and S. Fend for their technical assistance, J. M. Culp for providing the S-diatom recipe, and J. Kuwabara and H. Hornberger for reviewing the manuscript. Support for this research was provided by the National Research Program and the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 39 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 42 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 30 IS 11 BP 2532 EP 2541 DI 10.1002/etc.663 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 837UQ UT WOS:000296230300018 PM 21898563 ER PT J AU Gamelon, M Besnard, A Gaillard, JM Servanty, S Baubet, E Brandt, S Gimenez, O AF Gamelon, Marlene Besnard, Aurelien Gaillard, Jean-Michel Servanty, Sabrina Baubet, Eric Brandt, Serge Gimenez, Olivier TI HIGH HUNTING PRESSURE SELECTS FOR EARLIER BIRTH DATE: WILD BOAR AS A CASE STUDY SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Birth timing; elastogram; exploited populations; population dynamics; selection gradient analyses; Sus scrofa scrofa ID MARK-RECAPTURE DATA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES; TEMPORAL VARIATION; POPULATION-GROWTH; NATURAL-SELECTION; SUS-SCROFA; RED DEER; SURVIVAL; REPRODUCTION AB Exploitation by humans affects the size and structure of populations. This has evolutionary and demographic consequences that have typically being studied independent of one another. We here applied a framework recently developed applying quantitative tools from population ecology and selection gradient analysis to quantify the selection on a quantitative trait-birth date-through its association with multiple fitness components. From the long-term monitoring (22 years) of a wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) population subject to markedly increasing hunting pressure, we found that birth dates have advanced by up to 12 days throughout the study period. During the period of low hunting pressure, there was no detectable selection. However, during the period of high hunting pressure, the selection gradient linking breeding probability in the first year of life to birth date was negative, supporting current life-history theory predicting selection for early births to reproduce within the first year of life with increasing adult mortality. C1 [Gamelon, Marlene; Besnard, Aurelien; Gimenez, Olivier] Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, Unite Mixte Rech 5175, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. [Gamelon, Marlene; Brandt, Serge] Off Natl Chasse & Faune Sauvage, F-59120 Chateauvillain, France. [Gaillard, Jean-Michel] Univ Lyon 1, Lab Biometrie & Biol Evolut, Unite Mixte Rech 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. [Servanty, Sabrina] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Servanty, Sabrina] Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Baubet, Eric] CNERA Cervides Sangliers, Off Natl Chasse & Faune Sauvage, F-01330 Montfort, Birieux, France. RP Gamelon, M (reprint author), Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, Unite Mixte Rech 5175, Campus CNRS,1919 Route Mende, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France. EM marlene.gamelon@univ-lyon1.fr; aurelien.besnard@cefe.cnrs.fr; jean-michel.gaillard@univ-lyon1.fr; sab.servanty@free.fr; eric.baubet@oncfs.gouv.fr; serge.brandt@oncfs.gouv.fr; olivier.gimenez@cefe.cnrs.fr RI Gimenez, Olivier/G-4281-2010 FU ANR-JCJC [ANR-08-JCJC-0088-01] FX We are grateful to all those who helped capturing and marking wild boar, as well as those who helped collecting harvested wild boars, particularly P. Van den Bulck and G. Corbeau. We are grateful to the Office National des Forets and to F. Jehle, who allowed us to work on the study area. We thank A. Charmantier, T. Coulson, and one anonymous referee for their helpful comments that markedly improved our article. We warmly thank E. Bean for correcting our English. This work was supported by an ANR-JCJC grant, "Towards Capture-Recapture Mixed Models" (ANR-08-JCJC-0088-01). NR 67 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 6 U2 77 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0014-3820 EI 1558-5646 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD NOV PY 2011 VL 65 IS 11 BP 3100 EP 3112 DI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01366.x PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 843VK UT WOS:000296702800007 PM 22023578 ER PT J AU Pohlman, JW AF Pohlman, John W. TI The biogeochemistry of anchialine caves: progress and possibilities SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Anchialine cave; Biogeochemistry; Stable carbon isotopes; Chemosynthesis ID ANAEROBIC METHANE OXIDATION; PARTICULATE ORGANIC-MATTER; ANOXIC MARINE SEDIMENT; STABLE-ISOTOPE; SULFATE REDUCTION; MICROBIAL MATS; FOOD-WEB; GROUNDWATER ECOSYSTEM; YUCATAN PENINSULA; REDUCING BACTERIA AB Recent investigations of anchialine caves and sinkholes have identified complex food webs dependent on detrital and, in some cases, chemosynthetically produced organic matter. Chemosynthetic microbes in anchialine systems obtain energy from reduced compounds produced during organic matter degradation (e.g., sulfide, ammonium, and methane), similar to what occurs in deep ocean cold seeps and mud volcanoes, but distinct from dominant processes operating at hydrothermal vents and sulfurous mineral caves where the primary energy source is mantle derived. This review includes case studies from both anchialine and non-anchialine habitats, where evidence for in situ chemosynthetic production of organic matter and its subsequent transfer to higher trophic level metazoans is documented. The energy sources and pathways identified are synthesized to develop conceptual models for elemental cycles and energy cascades that occur within oligotrophic and eutrophic anchialine caves. Strategies and techniques for testing the hypothesis of chemosynthesis as an active process in anchialine caves are also suggested. C1 US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Pohlman, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jpohlman@usgs.gov FU Karst Waters Institute (KWI); Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies; Western Australian Museum; U.S. Geological Survey Coastal; Marine Program FX The Karst Waters Institute (KWI), the Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies and the Western Australian Museum sponsored the workshop, "Anchialine Ecosystems: Reflection and Prospects,'' which provided the impetus for this paper. I thank Bill Humphreys, Carol Wicks, and Damia Jaume for extending the invitation to participate and renewing my interest in anchialine cave biogeochemistry. I also thank the workshop participants for stimulating ideas, and Brett Gonzalez, Julie Neisch, and Tom Iliffe for reintroducing me to the wonders and beauty of cave diving after far too long an absence. John Bratton, Tom Iliffe, Marcos Yoshinaga, and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for constructive reviews of this manuscript. The U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Program is acknowledged for providing salary support during the preparation of this manuscript. NR 102 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 32 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD NOV PY 2011 VL 677 IS 1 BP 33 EP 51 DI 10.1007/s10750-011-0624-5 PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 844IE UT WOS:000296740100004 ER PT J AU Apotsos, A Buckley, M Gelfenbaum, G Jaffe, B Vatvani, D AF Apotsos, Alex Buckley, Mark Gelfenbaum, Guy Jaffe, Bruce Vatvani, Deepak TI Nearshore Tsunami Inundation Model Validation: Toward Sediment Transport Applications SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Tsunami; inundation; run-up; benchmark validation; numerical modeling ID KORTEWEG-DEVRIES EQUATION; LONG WATER-WAVES; UNIFIED VIEW; RUN-UP; CIRCULAR ISLAND; SOLITARY WAVES; SLOPING BEACH; DEPOSITS; CURRENTS; DEPTH AB Model predictions from a numerical model, Delft3D, based on the nonlinear shallow water equations are compared with analytical results and laboratory observations from seven tsunami-like benchmark experiments, and with field observations from the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The model accurately predicts the magnitude and timing of the measured water levels and flow velocities, as well as the magnitude of the maximum inundation distance and run-up, for both breaking and non-breaking waves. The shock-capturing numerical scheme employed describes well the total decrease in wave height due to breaking, but does not reproduce the observed shoaling near the break point. The maximum water levels observed onshore near Kuala Meurisi, Sumatra, following the 26 December 2004 tsunami are well predicted given the uncertainty in the model setup. The good agreement between the model predictions and the analytical results and observations demonstrates that the numerical solution and wetting and drying methods employed are appropriate for modeling tsunami inundation for breaking and non-breaking long waves. Extension of the model to include sediment transport may be appropriate for long, non-breaking tsunami waves. Using available sediment transport formulations, the sediment deposit thickness at Kuala Meurisi is predicted generally within a factor of 2. C1 [Apotsos, Alex; Gelfenbaum, Guy] USGS, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Buckley, Mark; Jaffe, Bruce] USGS, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Vatvani, Deepak] Deltares, Delft, Netherlands. RP Apotsos, A (reprint author), USGS, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM aapotsos@usgs.gov RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 FU USGS FX This research was funded by a USGS Mendenhall Post-Doctoral Fellowship and the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program. Reviews provided by Eric Geist, Pat Lynett, Utku Kanoglu, and 2 anonymous reviewers greatly improved this manuscript. Edwin Elias is thanked for his help and guidance concerning the details of the numerical model. NR 61 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 168 IS 11 BP 2097 EP 2119 DI 10.1007/s00024-011-0291-5 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 846HQ UT WOS:000296888200014 ER PT J AU Stone, JJ McCutcheon, CM Stetler, LD Chipps, SR AF Stone, James J. McCutcheon, Cindie M. Stetler, Larry D. Chipps, Steven R. TI Interrelationships between Fish Tissue Mercury Concentrations and Water Quality for South Dakota Natural Lakes and Impoundments SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Mercury; Fish tissue; Water quality; South Dakota; Productivity; Phosphorus ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; METHYLMERCURY PRODUCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; SULFUR; PH; BIOACCUMULATION; METHYLATION; ECOSYSTEMS; SEDIMENTS; SULFIDE AB The purpose of this study was to determine whether water quality parameters commonly associated with primary productivity may be used to predict the susceptibility of a specific water body to exceed proposed fish consumption advisory limitation of 0.3 mg kg(-1). South Dakota currently has nine lakes and impoundments that exceed fish tissue mercury advisory limits of 1.0 mg kg(-1) total mercury, far exceeding US Environmental Protection Agency and Food and Drug Administration 0.3 mg kg(-1) consumption criteria. Previous studies suggest that increased aquatic productivity may mitigate the effects of biological production and subsequent uptake of methyl mercury through bio-dilution; however, it is uncertain whether these trends may exist within highly alkaline and highly productive aquatic conditions common to South Dakota lakes and impoundments. Water quality parameters and fish tissue mercury data for northern pike and walleye were collected and assessed using existing South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Game Fish and Parks data. The data was initially screened using both parametric linear regression and non-parametric Mann-Whitney rank sum comparisons and further assessed using binary logistic regression and stepwise logistic regression methodology. Three separate phosphorus measurements (total, total dissolved, and Trophic State Index) and pH were determined to significantly correlate with increased mercury concentrations for the northern pike-in-impoundments model. However, phosphorus surprisingly was not a strong predictor for the remaining scenarios modeled. For the northern pike-in-natural lakes models, alkalinity was the most significant water quality parameter predicting increased mercury concentrations. Mercury concentrations for the walleye-in-natural lakes models were further influenced by pH and alkalinity. The water quality and fish tissue mercury interrelationships determined within this study suggest aquatic productivity, and consequential eutrophication processes appear to be reasonable indicators of fish tissue mercury susceptibility for aquatic conditions common to South Dakota and highlight the continuing need to minimize eutrophication through effective watershed management strategies. C1 [Stone, James J.; McCutcheon, Cindie M.] S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. [Stetler, Larry D.] S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. [Chipps, Steven R.] S Dakota State Univ, US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Stone, JJ (reprint author), S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. EM james.stone@sdsmt.edu RI Stone, James/E-1524-2013 FU SD DENR; US EPA Region 8 FX We thank Aaron Larson and Robert Smith of SD DENR for their assistance with data collection. Furthermore, this research was initiated by the late Gene Stueven and completed on his behalf. This research was supported by grants from SD DENR and US EPA Region 8. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies. The USGS South Dakota Coop Unit is jointly supported by the US Geological Survey, South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, South Dakota State University, and the Wildlife Management Institute. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 50 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 30 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 222 IS 1-4 BP 337 EP 349 DI 10.1007/s11270-011-0828-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 842WQ UT WOS:000296632900025 ER PT J AU Leclaire, S Bourret, V Wagner, RH Hatch, SA Helfenstein, F Chastel, O Danchin, E AF Leclaire, Sarah Bourret, Vincent Wagner, Richard H. Hatch, Scott A. Helfenstein, Fabrice Chastel, Olivier Danchin, Etienne TI Behavioral and physiological responses to male handicap in chick-rearing black-legged kittiwakes SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body condition; cost of reproduction; feather clipping; parental effort; Rissa tridactyla ID BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY; LONG-LIVED BIRD; EXPERIMENTALLY INCREASED COSTS; BASE-LINE CORTICOSTERONE; PARENTAL EFFORT; BODY CONDITION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION; DIFFERENTIAL-ALLOCATION AB Parental investment entails a trade-off between the benefits of effort in current offspring and the costs to future reproduction. Long-lived species are predicted to be reluctant to increase parental effort to avoid affecting their survival. We tested this hypothesis in black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla by clipping flight feathers of experimental males at the beginning of the chick-rearing period. We analyzed the consequences of this handicap on feeding and attendance behavior, body condition, integument coloration, and circulating levels of corticosterone and prolactin in handicapped males and their mates in comparison to unmanipulated controls. Chicks in both groups were compared in terms of aggressive behavior, growth, and mortality. Handicapped males lost more mass, had less bright integuments, and attended the nest less often than controls. Nevertheless, they fed their chicks at the same rate and had similar corticosterone and prolactin levels. Compared with control females, females mated with handicapped males showed a lower provisioning rate and higher nest attendance in the first days after manipulation. Their lower feeding rate probably triggered the increased sibling aggression and mortality observed in experimental broods. Our findings suggest that experimental females adaptively adjusted their effort to their mate's perceived quality or that their provisioning was constrained by their higher nest attendance. Overall, our results suggest that kittiwake males can decrease their condition for the sake of their chicks, which seems to contradict the hypothesis that kittiwakes should be reluctant to increase parental effort to avoid affecting their survival. C1 [Leclaire, Sarah; Bourret, Vincent; Danchin, Etienne] UPS, CNRS, ENFA, EDB Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol,UMR5174, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [Leclaire, Sarah; Bourret, Vincent; Danchin, Etienne] Univ Toulouse, UMR5174, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France. [Wagner, Richard H.] Univ Vet Med, Dept Integrat Biol & Evolut, Konrad Lorenz Inst Ethol, A-1160 Vienna, Austria. [Hatch, Scott A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Helfenstein, Fabrice] Univ Bern, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Evolutionary Ecol Grp, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Chastel, Olivier] CNRS, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiers En Bois, France. RP Leclaire, S (reprint author), UPS, CNRS, ENFA, EDB Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol,UMR5174, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. EM sarah.leclaire@free.fr RI Danchin, Etienne/A-2299-2009; Leclaire, Sarah/D-6519-2011; Helfenstein, Fabrice/I-5634-2013 OI Leclaire, Sarah/0000-0002-4579-5850; Helfenstein, Fabrice/0000-0001-8412-0461 FU French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV) [1162 SexCoMonArc] FX French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV Program 1162 SexCoMonArc). NR 96 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 28 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1156 EP 1165 DI 10.1093/beheco/arr149 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 838MB UT WOS:000296295000011 ER PT J AU Griffin, KA Hebblewhite, M Robinson, HS Zager, P Barber-Meyer, SM Christianson, D Creel, S Harris, NC Hurley, MA Jackson, DH Johnson, BK Myers, WL Raithel, JD Schlegel, M Smith, BL White, C White, PJ AF Griffin, Kathleen A. Hebblewhite, Mark Robinson, Hugh S. Zager, Peter Barber-Meyer, Shannon M. Christianson, David Creel, Scott Harris, Nyeema C. Hurley, Mark A. Jackson, DeWaine H. Johnson, Bruce K. Myers, Woodrow L. Raithel, Jarod D. Schlegel, Mike Smith, Bruce L. White, Craig White, P. J. TI Neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compensatory mortality; competing risks; interspecific competition; juvenile survival; Yellowstone National Park ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; CALF SURVIVAL; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; TEMPORAL VARIATION; JUVENILE SURVIVAL; HUNTING MORTALITY; COMPETING RISKS; WOLF PREDATION; RED DEER AB 1. Understanding the interaction among predators and between predation and climate is critical to understanding the mechanisms for compensatory mortality. We used data from 1999 radio-marked neonatal elk (Cervus elaphus) calves from 12 populations in the north-western United States to test for effects of predation on neonatal survival, and whether predation interacted with climate to render mortality compensatory. 2. Weibull survival models with a random effect for each population were fit as a function of the number of predator species in a community (3-5), seven indices of climatic variability, sex, birth date, birth weight, and all interactions between climate and predators. Cumulative incidence functions (CIF) were used to test whether the effects of individual species of predators were additive or compensatory. 3. Neonatal elk survival to 3 months declined following hotter previous summers and increased with higher May precipitation, especially in areas with wolves and/or grizzly bears. Mortality hazards were significantly lower in systems with only coyotes (Canis latrans), cougars (Puma concolor) and black bears (Ursus americanus) compared to higher mortality hazards experienced with gray wolves (Canis lupus) and grizzly bears (Ursus horribilis). 4. In systems with wolves and grizzly bears, mortality by cougars decreased, and predation by bears was the dominant cause of neonatal mortality. Only bear predation appeared additive and occurred earlier than other predators, which may render later mortality by other predators compensatory as calves age. Wolf predation was low and most likely a compensatory source of mortality for neonatal elk calves. 5. Functional redundancy and interspecific competition among predators may combine with the effects of climate on vulnerability to predation to drive compensatory mortality of neonatal elk calves. The exception was the evidence for additive bear predation. These results suggest that effects of predation by recovering wolves on neonatal elk survival, a contentious issue for management of elk populations, may be less important than the composition of the predator community. Future studies would benefit by synthesizing overwinter calf and adult-survival data sets, ideally from experimental studies, to test the roles of predation in annual compensatory and additive mortality of elk. C1 [Griffin, Kathleen A.; Hebblewhite, Mark; Robinson, Hugh S.] Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Zager, Peter] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Lewiston, ID 83501 USA. [Barber-Meyer, Shannon M.] Teton Sci Sch, Kelly, WY 83011 USA. [Christianson, David; Creel, Scott] Montana State Univ, Dept Ecol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Harris, Nyeema C.] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Hurley, Mark A.] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Salmon, ID 83467 USA. [Jackson, DeWaine H.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. [Johnson, Bruce K.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. [Myers, Woodrow L.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Spokane, WA 99216 USA. [Raithel, Jarod D.] Kihei Charter Sch, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. [Schlegel, Mike] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Kamiah, ID 83536 USA. [Smith, Bruce L.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Jackson, WY 83001 USA. [White, Craig] Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Boise, ID 83707 USA. [White, P. J.] Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. RP Hebblewhite, M (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM mark.hebblewhite@umontana.edu RI hebblewhite, mark/G-6164-2013; OI Barber-Meyer, Shannon/0000-0002-3048-2616 FU Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation [NA090047]; University of Montana; Idaho Department of Fish and Game; Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; USFWS [W-98-R 40855 131000, 20855 131000] FX Funding and support were provided by the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation (Project no. NA090047), The University of Montana, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and USFWS Wildlife Restoration Pittman-Robertson contracts W-98-R 40855 131000 and 20855 131000. We thank Enzo Coviello for advice on competing risks analysis. We thank Tom Toman and Dan Pletscher for support in initiating the analysis. We especially thank all agencies that shared their data and knowledge and all the field technicians who participated in data collection. L. D. Mech should have been a co-author, but elected to remove himself because of conflicts with the USGS peer review system. We thank L. D. Mech, M. Festa-Bianchet, J. Fieberg, the Editors and anonymous reviewer for extremely helpful comments. NR 68 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 12 U2 125 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-8790 EI 1365-2656 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1246 EP 1257 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01856.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840PM UT WOS:000296452700015 PM 21615401 ER PT J AU Jennings, TN Knaus, BJ Mullins, TD Haig, SM Cronn, RC AF Jennings, T. N. Knaus, B. J. Mullins, T. D. Haig, S. M. Cronn, R. C. TI Multiplexed microsatellite recovery using massively parallel sequencing SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE genomic library; Illumina; microsatellite; multiplex massively parallel sequencing ID SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS; GENOME; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; TECHNOLOGY; LOCI; CONSERVATION; EVOLUTION; DISCOVERY; MARKERS AB Conservation and management of natural populations requires accurate and inexpensive genotyping methods. Traditional microsatellite, or simple sequence repeat (SSR), marker analysis remains a popular genotyping method because of the comparatively low cost of marker development, ease of analysis and high power of genotype discrimination. With the availability of massively parallel sequencing (MPS), it is now possible to sequence microsatellite-enriched genomic libraries in multiplex pools. To test this approach, we prepared seven microsatellite-enriched, barcoded genomic libraries from diverse taxa (two conifer trees, five birds) and sequenced these on one lane of the Illumina Genome Analyzer using paired-end 80-bp reads. In this experiment, we screened 6.1 million sequences and identified 356 958 unique microreads that contained di- or trinucleotide microsatellites. Examination of four species shows that our conversion rate from raw sequences to polymorphic markers compares favourably to Sanger- and 454-based methods. The advantage of multiplexed MPS is that the staggering capacity of modern microread sequencing is spread across many libraries; this reduces sample preparation and sequencing costs to less than $400 (USD) per species. This price is sufficiently low that microsatellite libraries could be prepared and sequenced for all 1373 organisms listed as 'threatened' and 'endangered' in the United States for under $0.5 M(USD). C1 [Jennings, T. N.; Knaus, B. J.; Cronn, R. C.] US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Mullins, T. D.; Haig, S. M.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Cronn, RC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM rcronn@fs.fed.us OI Cronn, Richard/0000-0001-5342-3494; Knaus, Brian/0000-0003-1665-4343 FU U.S. Forest Service Forest Health and Protection; Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S. Forest Service Dorena Genetic Resource Center; U.S. Geological Survey FX The authors thank Jennifer Swanson, Katie Alderman, Kelly McDonald and Mari Carrillo for laboratory assistance, and Mark Dasenko and Chris Sullivan for sequencing and core facility computing support. Scott Kolpak, Dave D'Amore and Paul Hennon provided population samples for conifers. Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Forest Service Forest Health and Protection STDP program (for conifer research), the Pacific Northwest Research Station, the U.S. Forest Service Dorena Genetic Resource Center and the U.S. Geological Survey. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 35 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 30 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1755-098X J9 MOL ECOL RESOUR JI Mol. Ecol. Resour. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1060 EP 1067 DI 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03033.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 840EN UT WOS:000296421200015 PM 21676207 ER PT J AU Wolf, RE Morman, SA Hageman, PL Hoefen, TM Plumlee, GS AF Wolf, Ruth E. Morman, Suzette A. Hageman, Philip L. Hoefen, Todd M. Plumlee, Geoffrey S. TI Simultaneous speciation of arsenic, selenium, and chromium: species stability, sample preservation, and analysis of ash and soil leachates SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Speciation; HPLC-ICP-MS; Arsenic; Selenium; Chromium; Hexavalent chromium ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ACID-MINE DRAINAGE; WATER SAMPLES; IN-VITRO; DISSOLUTION; BEHAVIOR; FIBERS; CR(VI); URINE AB An analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography separation with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection previously developed for the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) has been adapted to allow the determination of As(III), As(V), Se(IV), Se(VI), Cr(III), and Cr(VI) under the same chromatographic conditions. Using this method, all six inorganic species can be determined in less than 3 min. A dynamic reaction cell (DRC)-ICP-MS system was used to detect the species eluted from the chromatographic column in order to reduce interferences. A variety of reaction cell gases and conditions may be utilized with the DRC-ICP-MS, and final selection of conditions is determined by data quality objectives. Results indicated all starting standards, reagents, and sample vials should be thoroughly tested for contamination. Tests on species stability indicated that refrigeration at 10 A degrees C was preferential to freezing for most species, particularly when all species were present, and that sample solutions and extracts should be analyzed as soon as possible to eliminate species instability and interconversion effects. A variety of environmental and geological samples, including waters and deionized water [leachates] and simulated biological leachates from soils and wildfire ashes have been analyzed using this method. Analytical spikes performed on each sample were used to evaluate data quality. Speciation analyses were conducted on deionized water leachates and simulated lung fluid leachates of ash and soils impacted by wildfires. These results show that, for leachates containing high levels of total Cr, the majority of the chromium was present in the hexavalent Cr(VI) form. In general, total and hexavalent chromium levels for samples taken from burned residential areas were higher than those obtained from non-residential forested areas. Arsenic, when found, was generally in the more oxidized As(V) form. Selenium (IV) and (VI) were present, but typically at low levels. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Wolf, RE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rwolf@usgs.gov NR 50 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 10 U2 100 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 401 IS 9 BP 2733 EP 2745 DI 10.1007/s00216-011-5275-x PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 839HV UT WOS:000296357200008 PM 21837467 ER PT J AU Hodges, SW Magoulick, DD AF Hodges, Shawn W. Magoulick, Daniel D. TI Refuge habitats for fishes during seasonal drying in an intermittent stream: movement, survival and abundance of three minnow species SO AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Drought; Movement; Survival; Notropis boops; Campostoma spadiceum; Semotilus atromaculatus ID CAMPOSTOMA-ANOMALUM; PRAIRIE STREAM; CREEK CHUB; HEADWATER; DYNAMICS; PERSISTENCE; GRADIENTS; MORTALITY; COMMUNITY; ECOSYSTEM AB Drought and summer drying can be important disturbance events in many small streams leading to intermittent or isolated habitats. We examined what habitats act as refuges for fishes during summer drying, hypothesizing that pools would act as refuge habitats. We predicted that during drying fish would show directional movement into pools from riffle habitats, survival rates would be greater in pools than in riffles, and fish abundance would increase in pool habitats. We examined movement, survival and abundance of three minnow species, bigeye shiner (Notropis hoops), highland stoneroller (Campostoma spadiceum) and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), during seasonal stream drying in an Ozark stream using a closed robust multi-strata mark-recapture sampling. Population parameters were estimated using plausible models within program MARK, where a priori models are ranked using Akaike's Information Criterion. Creek chub showed directional movement into pools and increased survival and abundance in pools during drying. Highland stonerollers showed strong directional movement into pools and abundance increased in pools during drying, but survival rates were not significantly greater in pools than riffles. Bigeye shiners showed high movement rates during drying, but the movement was non-directional, and survival rates were greater in riffles than pools. Therefore, creek chub supported our hypothesis and pools appear to act as refuge habitats for this species, whereas highland stonerollers partly supported the hypothesis and bigeye shiners did not support the pool refuge hypothesis. Refuge habitats during drying are species dependent. An urgent need exists to further understand refuge habitats in streams given projected changes in climate and continued alteration of hydrological regimes. C1 [Magoulick, Daniel D.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Magoulick, DD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, US Geol Survey, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM danmag@uark.edu NR 43 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 56 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 1015-1621 J9 AQUAT SCI JI Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 73 IS 4 SI SI BP 513 EP 522 DI 10.1007/s00027-011-0206-7 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 841SM UT WOS:000296533400006 ER PT J AU Haas, SE Hooten, MB Rizzo, DM Meentemeyer, RK AF Haas, Sarah E. Hooten, Mevin B. Rizzo, David M. Meentemeyer, Ross K. TI Forest species diversity reduces disease risk in a generalist plant pathogen invasion SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian hierarchical model; emerging infectious disease; forest ecosystem; landscape epidemiology; Phytophthora ramorum; spatial autocorrelation; species diversity; sudden oak death; zero-inflation ID SUDDEN OAK DEATH; PHYTOPHTHORA-RAMORUM; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; LYME-DISEASE; TRANSMISSION; CALIFORNIA; ECOLOGY; BIODIVERSITY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; LANDSCAPE AB Empirical evidence suggests that biodiversity loss can increase disease transmission, yet our understanding of the 'diversity-disease hypothesis' for generalist pathogens in natural ecosystems is limited. We used a landscape epidemiological approach to examine two scenarios regarding diversity effects on the emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum across a broad, heterogeneous ecoregion: (1) an amplification effect exists where disease risk is greater in areas with higher plant diversity due to the pathogen's wide host range, or (2) a dilution effect where risk is reduced with increasing diversity due to lower competency of alternative hosts. We found evidence for pathogen dilution, whereby disease risk was lower in sites with higher species diversity, after accounting for potentially confounding effects of host density and landscape heterogeneity. Our results suggest that although nearly all plants in the ecosystem are hosts, alternative hosts may dilute disease transmission by competent hosts, thereby buffering forest health from infectious disease. C1 [Haas, Sarah E.; Meentemeyer, Ross K.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Ctr Appl GISci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. [Hooten, Mevin B.] Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Hooten, Mevin B.] Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Rizzo, David M.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Haas, SE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Ctr Appl GISci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. EM shaas1@uncc.edu FU National Science Foundation [DEB-EF-0622677, EF-0622770]; NSF-NIH Ecology of Infectious Disease; USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station; USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection; State and Private Forestry; Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation FX This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (DEB-EF-0622677 and EF-0622770) as part of the joint NSF-NIH Ecology of Infectious Disease program. The authors also gratefully acknowledge financial support from the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, the USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection, State and Private Forestry, and the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation. The paper was improved through constructive comments from Sara Gagne, Lance Waller, Tammy Wilson and three anonymous reviewers. We thank numerous assistants who provided field and laboratory support, including: K. Aram, M. Beh, A. Brauer, M. Chan, R. Cobb, K. Frangioso, A. Hohl, H. Mehl, M. Metz, A. Oguchi, E. Paddock, K. Pietrzak, M. Vaclavikova, J. Vieregge, L. Waks and A. Wickland. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 49 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 9 U2 140 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1108 EP 1116 DI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01679.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 838CB UT WOS:000296263200005 PM 21884563 ER PT J AU Gerbig, CA Kim, CS Stegemeier, JP Ryan, JN Aiken, GR AF Gerbig, Chase A. Kim, Christopher S. Stegemeier, John P. Ryan, Joseph N. Aiken, George R. TI Formation of Nanocolloidal Metacinnabar in Mercury-DOM-Sulfide Systems SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; SEDIMENT PORE WATERS; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; MERCURY(II)-SULFUR COMPLEXES; METHYLATING BACTERIA; NATURAL-WATERS; STRONG HG(II); BINDING AB Direct determination of mercury (Hg) speciation in sulfide-containing environments is confounded by low mercury concentrations and poor analytical sensitivity. Here we report the results of experiments designed to assess mercury speciation at environmentally relevant ratios of mercury to dissolved organic matter (DOM) (i.e., < 4 nmol Hg (mg DOM)(-1)) by combining solid phase extraction using C-18 resin with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Aqueous Hg(II) and a DOM isolate were equilibrated in the presence and absence of 100 mu M total sulfide. In the absence of sulfide, mercury adsorption to the resin increased as the Hg:DOM ratio decreased and as the strength of Hg-DOM binding increased. EXAFS analysis indicated that in the absence of sulfide, mercury bonds with an average of 2.4 +/- 0.2 sulfur atoms with a bond length typical of mercury-organic thiol ligands (2.35 angstrom). In the presence of sulfide, mercury showed greater affinity for the C-18 resin, and its chromatographic behavior was independent of Hg:DOM ratio. EXAFS analysis showed mercury sulfur bonds with a longer interatomic distance (2.51-2.53 angstrom) similar to the mercury-sulfur bond distance in metacinnabar (2.53 angstrom) regardless of the Hg:DOM ratio. For all samples containing sulfide, the sulfur coordination number was below the ideal four-coordinate structure of metacinnabar. At a low Hg:DOM ratio where strong binding DOM sites may control mercury speciation (1.9 nmol mg(-1)) mercury was coordinated by 2.3 +/- 0.2 sulfur atoms, and the coordination number rose with increasing Hg:DOM ratio. The less-than-ideal coordination numbers indicate metacinnabar-like species on the nanometer scale, and the positive correlation between Hg:DOM ratio and sulfur coordination number suggests progressively increasing particle size or crystalline order with increasing abundance of mercury with respect to DOM. In DOM-containing sulfidic systems nanocolloidal metacinnabar-like species may form, and these species need to be considered when addressing mercury biogeochemistry. C1 [Gerbig, Chase A.; Ryan, Joseph N.] Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Kim, Christopher S.; Stegemeier, John P.] Chapman Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Orange, CA 92866 USA. [Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Gerbig, CA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM chase.gerbig@colorado.edu RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012 FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0447386]; U.S. Geological Survey's Priority Ecosystem Science Program FX We thank J. Moreau for his assistance securing X-ray spectroscopy beamtime. We also thank H. Hsu-Kim at Duke University and B. McCleskey at the U.S. Geological Survey for their critical reviews of the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, grant #EAR-0447386, and the U.S. Geological Survey's Priority Ecosystem Science Program. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a Directorate of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science by Stanford University. The use of trade names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 46 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 6 U2 59 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 21 BP 9180 EP 9187 DI 10.1021/es201837h PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 837OI UT WOS:000296212700012 PM 21877758 ER PT J AU Schuster, PF Striegl, RG Aiken, GR Krabbenhoft, DP Dewild, JF Butler, K Kamark, B Dornblaser, M AF Schuster, Paul F. Striegl, Robert G. Aiken, George R. Krabbenhoft, David P. Dewild, John F. Butler, Kenna Kamark, Ben Dornblaser, Mark TI Mercury Export from the Yukon River Basin and Potential Response to a Changing Climate SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERMAFROST; CHEMISTRY; CARBON AB We measured mercury (Hg) concentrations and calculated export and yield from the Yukon River Basin (YRB) to quantify Hg flux from a large, permafrost-dominated, high-latitude watershed. Exports of Hg averaged 4400 kg Hg yr(-1). The average annual yield for the YRB during the study period was 5.17 mu g m(-2) yr(-1), which is 3-32 times more than Hg yields reported for 8 other major northern hemisphere river basins. The vast majority (90%) of Hg export is associated with particulates. Half of the annual export of Hg occurred during the spring with about 80% of 34 samples exceeding the U.S. EPA Hg standard for adverse chronic effects to biota. Dissolved and particulate organic carbon exports explained 81% and 50%, respectively, of the variance in Hg exports, and both were significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with water discharge. Recent measurements indicate that permafrost contains a substantial reservoir of Hg. Consequently, climate warming will likely accelerate the mobilization of Hg from thawing permafrost increasing the export of organic carbon associated Hg and thus potentially exacerbating the production of bioavailable methylmercury from permafrost-dominated northern river basins. C1 [Schuster, Paul F.; Striegl, Robert G.; Aiken, George R.; Butler, Kenna; Kamark, Ben; Dornblaser, Mark] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.; Dewild, John F.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. RP Schuster, PF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM pschuste@usgs.gov FU USGS; National Research Program FX The authors acknowledge numerous colleagues for their contributions to this work. Specifically, we would like to acknowledge Tom Sabin, Shane Olund, and Nicole Herman-Mercer. In addition, thanks to the field staff of the USGS Alaska Science Center for their field sample collection efforts. We would also like to thank all reviewers for their valuable suggestions. This work was supported by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program and the National Research Program. NR 33 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 52 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 21 BP 9262 EP 9267 DI 10.1021/es202068b PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 837OI UT WOS:000296212700023 PM 21910490 ER PT J AU Wang, YP Boyd, E Crane, S Lu-Irving, P Krabbenhoft, D King, S Dighton, J Geesey, G Barkay, T AF Wang, Yanping Boyd, Eric Crane, Sharron Lu-Irving, Patricia Krabbenhoft, David King, Susan Dighton, John Geesey, Gill Barkay, Tamar TI Environmental Conditions Constrain the Distribution and Diversity of Archaeal merA in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; MERCURIC REDUCTASE; HOT-SPRINGS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; SOIL; WATER; ADAPTATION AB The distribution and phylogeny of extant protein-encoding genes recovered from geochemically diverse environments can provide insight into the physical and chemical parameters that led to the origin and which constrained the evolution of a functional process. Mercuric reductase (MerA) plays an integral role in mercury (Hg) biogeochemistry by catalyzing the transformation of Hg(II) to Hg(0). Putative merA sequences were amplified from DNA extracts of microbial communities associated with mats and sulfur precipitates from physicochemically diverse Hg-containing springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, using four PCR primer sets that were designed to capture the known diversity of merA. The recovery of novel and deeply rooted MerA lineages from these habitats supports previous evidence that indicates merA originated in a thermophilic environment. Generalized linear models indicate that the distribution of putative archaeal merA lineages was constrained by a combination of pH, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved total mercury and sulfide. The models failed to identify statistically well supported trends for the distribution of putative bacterial merA lineages as a function of these or other measured environmental variables, suggesting that these lineages were either influenced by environmental parameters not considered in the present study, or the bacterial primer sets were designed to target too broad of a class of genes which may have responded differently to environmental stimuli. The widespread occurrence of merA in the geothermal environments implies a prominent role for Hg detoxification in these environments. Moreover, the differences in the distribution of the merA genes amplified with the four merA primer sets suggests that the organisms putatively engaged in this activity have evolved to occupy different ecological niches within the geothermal gradient. C1 [Geesey, Gill] Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Wang, Yanping; Crane, Sharron; Lu-Irving, Patricia; Barkay, Tamar] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Boyd, Eric] Montana State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Boyd, Eric] Montana State Univ, Astrobiol Biogeocatalysis Res Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Crane, Sharron] Rutgers State Univ, Grad Program Ecol & Evolut, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI USA. [King, Susan] Montana State Univ, Chem & Biol Engn Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [King, Susan; Geesey, Gill] Montana State Univ, Thermal Biol Inst, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Dighton, John] Rutgers Pinelands Field Stn, New Lisbon, NJ USA. [Lu-Irving, Patricia] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Geesey, G (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, 109 Lewis Hall,POB 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM gill_g@erc.montana.edu FU Thermal Biology Institute at Montana State University, through NASA [NAG5-8807]; Biological and Environmental Research (BER), U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-05ER63969]; European Union [FP7-PEOPLE-IIF-2008]; National Science Foundation [MCB0132022]; Inland Northwest Research Alliance Graduate Fellowship grant [DE-FG07-02ID14277]; Montana University System Water Center; NASA Astrobiology Institute; NAI FX We thank Jesse Bennett and Kim Slack for assisting with fieldwork in YNP, John DeWild and personnel of USGS mercury Lab (Middleton, WI) for supporting Hg analyses, and Christie Hendrix and her colleagues at the YNP Research Permit Office for their enthusiastic support and field access. This research was supported by the Thermal Biology Institute at Montana State University, through NASA award NAG5-8807: Center for Studying Life in Extreme Environments, by the Environmental Remediation Science Program (ERSP), Biological and Environmental Research (BER), U.S. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02-05ER63969), by a European Union Marie Curie Actions-International Incoming Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-IIF-2008), and by the National Science Foundation Microbial Observatories program (grant MCB0132022). ESB was supported by an Inland Northwest Research Alliance Graduate Fellowship grant DE-FG07-02ID14277, a Montana University System Water Center Fellowship, and a NASA Astrobiology Institute postdoctoral fellowship. ESB also acknowledges support for the Astrobiology Biogeocatalysis Research Center from the NAI. NR 66 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROB ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 62 IS 4 BP 739 EP 752 DI 10.1007/s00248-011-9890-z PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA 840YZ UT WOS:000296479700001 PM 21713435 ER PT J AU Ramsey, E Spruce, J Rangoonwala, A Suzuoki, Y Smoot, J Gasser, J Bannister, T AF Ramsey, Elijah, III Spruce, Joseph Rangoonwala, Amina Suzuoki, Yukihiro Smoot, James Gasser, Jerry Bannister, Terri TI Daily MODIS Data Trends of Hurricane-induced Forest Impact and Early Recovery SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES; CLOUD DETECTION; LANDSAT TM; NOAA AVHRR; SATELLITE; PHENOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; LOUISIANA; KATRINA; WETLAND AB We studied the use of daily satellite data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors to assess wetland forest damage and recovery from Hurricane Katrina (29 August 2005 landfall). Processed MODIS daily vegetation index (VI) trends were consistent with previously determined impact and recovery patterns provided by the "snapshot" 25 m Landsat Thematic Mapper optical and RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar satellite data. Phonological trends showed high 2004 and 2005 pre-hurricane temporal correspondence within bottomland hardwood forest communities, except during spring green-up, and temporal dissimilarity between these hardwoods and nearby cypress-tupelo swamp forests (Taxodium distichum [baldcypress] and Nyssa aquatica [water tupelo]). MODIS vi trend analyses established that one year after impact, cypress-tupelo and lightly impacted hardwood forests had recovered to near pre-hurricane conditions. In contrast, canopy recovery lagged in the moderately and severely damaged hardwood forests, possibly reflecting regeneration of pre-hurricane species and stand-level replacement by invasive trees. C1 [Ramsey, Elijah, III] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Spruce, Joseph; Smoot, James] Comp Sci Corp, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Rangoonwala, Amina; Bannister, Terri] Five Rivers Serv LLC, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA. [Rangoonwala, Amina; Bannister, Terri] IAP World Serv Inc, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 USA. [Suzuoki, Yukihiro] Japan Space Imaging Corp, Tokyo, Japan. [Suzuoki, Yukihiro] ASci Corp Inc, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. [Gasser, Jerry] Lockheed Martin Mission Serv, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Ramsey, E (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. EM elijah_ramsey@usgs.gov RI chen, zhu/K-5923-2013 FU USDA Forest Service Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center; Western Wild lands Environmental Threat Assessment Center FX The authors thank Mike Olinde and James Stafford of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries for access to the Pearl River Wildlife Management Area and Phil Kuper, Slawomir Blonski, and Kara Holekamp of the Computer Sciences Corporation for their contributions. Work at the NASA John C. Stennis Space Center, Mississippi was performed under Task Orders NNS04AB54T and NNS10AA35C and included funding from the USDA Forest Service Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center and the Western Wild lands Environmental Threat Assessment Center. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement by the US Government. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 77 IS 11 BP 1133 EP 1143 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 839XA UT WOS:000296401600006 ER PT J AU Alisauskas, RT Rockwell, RF Dufour, KW Cooch, EG Zimmerman, G Drake, KL Leafloor, JO Moser, TJ Reed, ET AF Alisauskas, Ray T. Rockwell, Robert F. Dufour, Kevin W. Cooch, Evan G. Zimmerman, Guthrie Drake, Kiel L. Leafloor, James O. Moser, Timothy J. Reed, Eric T. TI Harvest, Survival, and Abundance of Midcontinent Lesser Snow Geese Relative to Population Reduction Efforts SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE arctic ecosystems; band-recovery models; harvest management; midcontinent lesser snow geese; population dynamics; population growth; Ross's geese; survival ID BAND-REPORTING RATES; LONG-TERM DECLINE; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; GOOSE POPULATION; CANADA GEESE; ROSSS GEESE; REWARD BAND; HABITAT USE; MALLARDS; MANAGEMENT AB We assessed the effectiveness of an extensive and unprecedented wildlife reduction effort directed at a wide-ranging migratory population of geese. Population reduction efforts that targeted several populations of light geese (greater snow geese [Chen caerulescens atlantica], lesser snow geese [C. c. caerulescens], and Ross's geese [C. rossii]) began in 1999 in central and eastern North America. Such efforts were motivated by a broad consensus that abundance of these geese was causing serious ecological damage to terrestrial and salt marsh ecosystems in central and eastern parts of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic regions along Hudson Bay. Starting in February 1999, special conservation measures (or, in the U. S., a conservation order) were added to the respective federal regulations that permitted hunters to take snow geese (in parts of Canada and the U. S.) and Ross's geese (in parts of the U. S.) during specified harvest periods outside of the hunting season. These measures were accompanied by increase or removal of daily kill and possession limits and by permissions to use previously prohibited equipment for hunting these species in certain regions of the continent. The intent was to reduce adult survival through increased hunting mortality, which was judged to be the most cost-effective approach to reversing population growth. Our principal goal was to assess the effectiveness of reduction efforts directed at the midcontinent population of lesser snow geese, which was thought to be the most serious threat to arctic and subarctic ecosystems of the 3 light goose populations. Our multiple objectives included the estimation and detection of change in the response measures of total annual harvest, harvest rate, survival rate, and abundance, using the 1998 hunting period (defined as 1 Aug 1998 to 31 Jul 1999) as a point of reference. We used information about hunter recoveries of leg-banded snow geese and estimates of regular-season harvest to estimate 1) conservation-order harvest and total annual harvest, 2) geographic and temporal distribution of recoveries by age class, 3) survival and recovery probability, and 4) abundance of snow geese each August using Lincoln's (1930) method. We also modeled population growth to infer the form of population response to management efforts. Toward that end, we also proposed a method of estimating conservation-order harvest and tested for differences in band-reporting rate between Canada and the United States. Overall, the balance of evidence favored the conclusion that the midcontinent population has continued to grow during the conservation order, although perhaps at a reduced rate. We suggest that annual rate of population growth ((lambda) over cap), derived from estimates of annual population size in August, likely provides the most reliable inference about change in the midcontinent population. There was a decline in annual survival probability between these 2 periods from about 0.89 to about 0.83 among snow geese from the southern-nesting stratum (south of 60 degrees N latitude), thought to compose about 10% of the midcontinent population. However, we detected no change in the much larger northern-nesting stratum (north of 60 degrees N latitude), where annual survival remained at about 0.87 from 1989 to 2006. Thus, the conclusion that this population continued to increase during the conservation order was largely consistent with the finding that a weighted-survival probability for midcontinent snow geese essentially did not change between the period preceding (1989-1997) and during (1998-2006) th conservation order. Consistent with high survival rates were low harvest rates, which increased from 0.024 during 1989-1997 for northern geese to only 0.027 during 1998-2006 and from 0.031 to only 0.037 for southern geese. Despite the initial increase associated with the conservation order, harvest rates declined during the conservation order for geese from both strata. We suggest that the higher harvest rate evident for southern geese was related to their earlier fall migration and thus earlier exposure to harvest pressure. Migration by more abundant northern geese was later and resulted in a higher ratio of geese to hunters. Additionally, there was more harvest of southern geese in areas north of the Canadian prairies than there was of northern geese. Total annual harvest increased due to the conservation order but failed to exceed 0.75 million adults in any year during the assessment from 1989 to 2006. Harvest of both age classes exceeded 1 million in only 2 of 9 annual harvest periods since the conservation order started. These lower-than-expected harvests of adult snow geese combined with their low harvest rates of <= 0.048 during the conservation order suggested an August population size in excess of 15 million adult snow geese since 1998. We suggest that abundance of midcontinent snow geese was seriously underestimated in the past, and that this underestimate may have contributed to an overconfidence with which suggested harvest levels could achieve a goal of reduced survival and population reduction. Overall, all 3 populations of light geese now exceed numbers present when the conservation order was initiated. We are confident that the abundance and population growth rate of midcontinent snow geese (as well as by Ross's and greater snow geese) currently exceeds the ability of existing numbers of hunters to exert harvest pressure that is necessary to impose sufficient additive mortality and thus effectively influence population growth. It remains unknown how much more or how much longer such populations can increase towards carrying capacity, which we assume to be determined by the standing crop of arctic foods that they exploit, before density dependence can measurably slow the population growth rate. Estimation of carrying capacity in the large northern nesting stratum is among the key research needs that we propose. The situation that has emerged requires a review of perspectives about impacts of midcontinent lesser snow geese in the arctic, whether initial goals behind population management are still relevant, and whether alternative options from the initial array of management tools should be exercised. (C) 2011 The Wildlife Society. C1 [Alisauskas, Ray T.; Dufour, Kevin W.] Environm Canada, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. [Rockwell, Robert F.] Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA. [Cooch, Evan G.] Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Zimmerman, Guthrie] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Drake, Kiel L.] Bird Studies Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. [Leafloor, James O.] Canadian Wildlife Serv, Winnipeg, MB R3C 4W2, Canada. [Moser, Timothy J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ft Snelling, MN 55111 USA. [Reed, Eric T.] Canadian Wildlife Serv, Gatineau, PQ K1A 0H3, Canada. RP Alisauskas, RT (reprint author), Environm Canada, Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. EM ray.alisauskas@ec.gc.ca OI Leafloor, Jim/0000-0001-6289-2989 FU Environment Canada (CWS and the Science and Technology Branch); California Department of Fish and Game; Polar Continental Shelf Project; USFWS; Arctic Goose Joint Venture; Central Flyway Council; Mississippi Flyway Council; Parks Canada FX Our results relied on many people who assisted with goose banding in the arctic and the hunters that reported bands from harvested geese. D. Caswell was key to the expansion of snow goose banding activities which, if sustained, could provide an invaluable and unique source of science about snow goose metapopulation biology. We greatly appreciate the comments of C. D. Ankney, F. Cooke, K. Dickson, A. X. Dzubin, E. C. Helgren, J. D. Nichols, S. M. Slattery, and 1 anonymous reviewer. Banding work in the arctic was supported by Environment Canada (CWS and the Science and Technology Branch), California Department of Fish and Game, Polar Continental Shelf Project, USFWS, Arctic Goose Joint Venture, Central Flyway Council, Mississippi Flyway Council and Parks Canada. We worked in cooperation with and under permits from CWS, Wapusk National Park, and the Government of Nunavut. NR 93 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 9 U2 70 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD NOV PY 2011 IS 179 BP 1 EP 42 DI 10.1002/wmon.5 PG 42 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 840FM UT WOS:000296424400001 ER PT J AU Lobon-Cervia, J Gonzalez, G Budy, P AF Lobon-Cervia, Javier Gonzalez, Gustavo Budy, Phaedra TI Factors driving spatial and temporal variation in production and production/biomass ratio of stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Cantabrian streams SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE density; production rates; recruitment; salmo trutta; site depth; streams ID PRODUCTION DYNAMICS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FISH PRODUCTION; BIOMASS RATIOS; BROOK TROUT; RECRUITMENT; RIVER; DENSITY; QUALITY; MINNESOTA AB 1. The objective was to identify the factors driving spatial and temporal variation in annual production (P-A) and turnover (production/biomass) ratio (P/B-A) of resident brown trout Salmo trutta in tributaries of the Rio Esva (Cantabrian Mountains, Asturias, northwestern Spain). We examined annual production (total production of all age-classes over a year) (P-A) and turnover (P/B-A) ratios, in relation to year-class production (production over the entire life time of a year-class) (P-T) and turnover (P/B-T) ratio, over 14 years at a total of 12 sites along the length of four contrasting tributaries. In addition, we explored whether the importance of recruitment and site depth for spatial and temporal variations in year-class production (P-T), elucidated in previous studies, extends to annual production. 2. Large spatial (among sites) and temporal (among years) variation in annual production (range 1.9-40.3 g m(-2) per year) and P/B-A ratio (range 0.76-2.4 per year) typified these populations, values reported here including all the variation reported globally for salmonids streams inhabited by one or several species. 3. Despite substantial differences among streams and sites in all production attributes, when all data were pooled, annual (P-A) and year-class production (P-T) and annual (P/B-A) and year-class P/B-T ratios were tightly linked. Annual (P-A) and year-class production (P-T) were similar but not identical, i.e. P-T = 0.94 P-A, whereas the P/B-T ratios were 4 + P/B-A ratios. 4. Recruitment (Rc) and mean annual density (N-A) were major density-dependent drivers of production and their relationships were described by simple mathematical models. While year-class production (P-T) was determined (R-2 = 70.1%) by recruitment (Rc), annual production (P-A) was determined (R-2 = 60.3%) by mean annual density (N-A). In turn, variation in recruitment explained R-2 = 55.2% of variation in year-class P/B-T ratios, the latter attaining an asymptote at P/B-T = 6 at progressively higher levels of recruitment. Similarly, variations in mean annual density (N-A) explained R-2 = 52.1% of variation in annual P/B-A, the latter reaching an asymptote at P/B-A = 2.1. This explained why P/B-T is equal to P/B-A plus the number of year-classes at high but not at low densities. 5. Site depth was a major determinant of spatial (among sites) variation in production attributes. All these attributes described two-phase trajectories with site depth, reaching a maximum at sites of intermediate depth and declining at shallower and deeper sites. As a consequence, at sites where recruitment and mean annual density reached minimum or maximum values, annual (P-A) and year-class production (P-T) and annual (P/B-A) and year-class P/B-T ratios also reached minimum and maximum values. C1 [Lobon-Cervia, Javier] CSIC, Natl Museum Nat Sci, Dept Evolutionary Ecol, Madrid 28006, Spain. [Gonzalez, Gustavo] Ichthios, Leon, Spain. [Budy, Phaedra] Utah State Univ, US Geol Survey, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Lobon-Cervia, J (reprint author), CSIC, Natl Museum Nat Sci, Dept Evolutionary Ecol, C Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain. EM mcnl178@mncn.csic.es RI Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012 FU Spanish Ministry of Science (MICINN) FX This study is part of the long-term assessment of the Rio Esva fish populations (Asturias, north-western Spain) partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science (MICINN) and other short-term financial sources. Continuous long-term field sampling required the assistance of numerous people. The list is too long to be included here, but they all know they have our warmest gratitude. Permission for fishing was obtained through administrative agreements between CSIC and Principado de Asturias. Valuable comments by Dr K. Fausch and an anonymous reviewer improved an earlier draft substantially. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 53 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 56 IS 11 BP 2272 EP 2287 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02654.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 835UL UT WOS:000296061400007 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE Anderson, TW Friedlander, AM Beets, JP AF DeMartini, Edward E. Anderson, Todd W. Friedlander, Alan M. Beets, James P. TI Predator biomass, prey density, and species composition effects on group size in recruit coral reef fishes SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISLAND-MARINE-PARK; HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS; DEPENDENT MORTALITY; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; ASSEMBLAGES; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; SCALE; NORTHWESTERN; CONSPECIFICS AB Group incidence and size are described for recruit parrotfishes, wrasses, and damselfishes on Hawaiian reefs over 3 years (2006-2008) at sites spanning the archipelago (20-28A degrees N, 155-177A degrees W). Coral-poor and coral-rich areas were surveyed at sites with both low (Hawaii Island) and high (Midway Atoll) predator densities, facilitating examination of relations among predator and recruit densities, habitat, and group metrics. Predator and recruit densities varied spatially and temporally, with a sixfold range in total recruit densities among years. Group (a parts per thousand yen2 recruits) metrics varied with time and tracked predator and recruit densities and the proportion of schooling species. Groups often included heterospecifics whose proportion increased with group size. A non-saturating relationship between group size and recruit density suggests that the anti-predator benefits of aggregation exceeded competitive costs. Grouping behavior may have overarching importance for recruit survival-even at high recruit densities-and merits further study on Hawaiian reefs and elsewhere. C1 [DeMartini, Edward E.] NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. [Anderson, Todd W.] San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, Coastal & Marine Inst, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Friedlander, Alan M.] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Friedlander, Alan M.] US Geol Survey, Hawaii Cooperat Fishery Res Unit, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Beets, James P.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Marine Sci, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 99-193 Aiea Hts Dr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. EM edward.demartini@noaa.gov FU NOAA Fisheries, Office of Habitat Conservation; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation FX Financial support of EED during 2006-2010 was provided by the NOAA Fisheries, Office of Habitat Conservation, Coral Reef Conservation Program. Funds for TWA in 2007 and 2008 were provided by a National Fish and Wildlife Foundation grant. R. Larson and B. Zgliczynski assisted with field surveys in 2008. We also gratefully acknowledge the logistical support provided by Blue Wilderness Dive Adventures, Waikoloa, Hawaii, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service at Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. The NOAA National Ocean Service, Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Office, issued permits to conduct studies at Midway Atoll during 2006-2008. We thank R. Humphreys, D. Kobayashi, and three anonymous reviewers for constructive criticisms that improved drafts of the manuscript. NR 61 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 26 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 EI 1432-1793 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 158 IS 11 BP 2437 EP 2447 DI 10.1007/s00227-011-1745-0 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 836DG UT WOS:000296088600005 ER PT J AU Perakis, SS Sinkhorn, ER Compton, JE AF Perakis, Steven S. Sinkhorn, Emily R. Compton, Jana E. TI delta N-15 constraints on long-term nitrogen balances in temperate forests SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE N-2-fixation; Wildfire; Nitrate; Denitrification; Soil ID OREGON COAST RANGE; DOUGLAS-FIR; RED ALDER; NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; WESTERN OREGON; SOIL CARBON; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; GASEOUS NITROGEN; GLACIER BAY; ECOSYSTEM AB Biogeochemical theory emphasizes nitrogen (N) limitation and the many factors that can restrict N accumulation in temperate forests, yet lacks a working model of conditions that can promote naturally high N accumulation. We used a dynamic simulation model of ecosystem N and delta N-15 to evaluate which combination of N input and loss pathways could produce a range of high ecosystem N contents characteristic of forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Total ecosystem N at nine study sites ranged from 8,788 to 22,667 kg ha(-1) and carbon (C) ranged from 188 to 460 Mg ha(-1), with highest values near the coast. Ecosystem delta N-15 displayed a curvilinear relationship with ecosystem N content, and largely reflected mineral soil, which accounted for 96-98% of total ecosystem N. Model simulations of ecosystem N balances parameterized with field rates of N leaching required long-term average N inputs that exceed atmospheric deposition and asymbiotic and epiphytic N-2-fixation, and that were consistent with cycles of post-fire N-2-fixation by early-successional red alder. Soil water delta(NO3)-N-15 (-) patterns suggested a shift in relative N losses from denitrification to nitrate leaching as N accumulated, and simulations identified nitrate leaching as the primary N loss pathway that constrains maximum N accumulation. Whereas current theory emphasizes constraints on biological N-2-fixation and disturbance-mediated N losses as factors that limit N accumulation in temperate forests, our results suggest that wildfire can foster substantial long-term N accumulation in ecosystems that are colonized by symbiotic N-2-fixing vegetation. C1 [Perakis, Steven S.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Sinkhorn, Emily R.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Compton, Jana E.] US EPA, Western Ecol Div, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Perakis, SS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM steven.perakis@oregonstate.edu FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0346837] FX We thank Melissa McCartney, Justin Brandt, and Chris Catricala for field and laboratory assistance, Bill Rugh for isotopic analyses, and Ben Houlton and Joe Craine for comments on the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation Ecosystems Program via NSF DEB-0346837. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 79 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 53 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD NOV PY 2011 VL 167 IS 3 BP 793 EP 807 DI 10.1007/s00442-011-2016-y PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 834SQ UT WOS:000295984800019 PM 21614618 ER PT J AU Wolken, JM Hollingsworth, TN Rupp, TS Chapin, FS Trainor, SF Barrett, TM Sullivan, PF McGuire, AD Euskirchen, ES Hennon, PE Beever, EA Conn, JS Crone, LK D'Amore, DV Fresco, N Hanley, TA Kielland, K Kruse, JJ Patterson, T Schuur, EAG Verbyla, DL Yarie, J AF Wolken, Jane M. Hollingsworth, Teresa N. Rupp, T. Scott Chapin, F. Stuart, III Trainor, Sarah F. Barrett, Tara M. Sullivan, Patrick F. McGuire, A. David Euskirchen, Eugenie S. Hennon, Paul E. Beever, Erik A. Conn, Jeff S. Crone, Lisa K. D'Amore, David V. Fresco, Nancy Hanley, Thomas A. Kielland, Knut Kruse, James J. Patterson, Trista Schuur, Edward A. G. Verbyla, David L. Yarie, John TI Evidence and implications of recent and projected climate change in Alaska's forest ecosystems SO ECOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE Alaska; boreal forest; climate change; climate projections; coastal-temperate forest; conceptual framework; disturbance regime; ecosystem services; insects and disease; invasive species; permafrost; wildfire ID SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; KENAI PENINSULA LOWLANDS; SPAWNING PACIFIC SALMON; YELLOW-CEDAR DECLINE; BLACK SPRUCE FOREST; SOIL BURN SEVERITY; INTERIOR ALASKA; BOREAL FOREST; WHITE SPRUCE; SUCCESSIONAL CHRONOSEQUENCE AB The structure and function of Alaska's forests have changed significantly in response to a changing climate, including alterations in species composition and climate feedbacks (e. g., carbon, radiation budgets) that have important regional societal consequences and human feedbacks to forest ecosystems. In this paper we present the first comprehensive synthesis of climate-change impacts on all forested ecosystems of Alaska, highlighting changes in the most critical biophysical factors of each region. We developed a conceptual framework describing climate drivers, biophysical factors and types of change to illustrate how the biophysical and social subsystems of Alaskan forests interact and respond directly and indirectly to a changing climate. We then identify the regional and global implications to the climate system and associated socio-economic impacts, as presented in the current literature. Projections of temperature and precipitation suggest wildfire will continue to be the dominant biophysical factor in the Interior-boreal forest, leading to shifts from conifer-to deciduous-dominated forests. Based on existing research, projected increases in temperature in the Southcentral- and Kenai-boreal forests will likely increase the frequency and severity of insect outbreaks and associated wildfires, and increase the probability of establishment by invasive plant species. In the Coastal-temperate forest region snow and ice is regarded as the dominant biophysical factor. With continued warming, hydrologic changes related to more rapidly melting glaciers and rising elevation of the winter snowline will alter discharge in many rivers, which will have important consequences for terrestrial and marine ecosystem productivity. These climate-related changes will affect plant species distribution and wildlife habitat, which have regional societal consequences, and trace-gas emissions and radiation budgets, which are globally important. Our conceptual framework facilitates assessment of current and future consequences of a changing climate, emphasizes regional differences in biophysical factors, and points to linkages that may exist but that currently lack supporting research. The framework also serves as a visual tool for resource managers and policy makers to develop regional and global management strategies and to inform policies related to climate mitigation and adaptation. C1 [Wolken, Jane M.; Rupp, T. Scott; Fresco, Nancy] Univ Alaska, Scenarios Network Alaska & Arctic Planning, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. [Hollingsworth, Teresa N.] Univ Alaska, US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn,Boreal Ecol Cooperat Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Chapin, F. Stuart, III; Euskirchen, Eugenie S.; Kielland, Knut] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Trainor, Sarah F.] Univ Alaska, Alaska Ctr Climate Assessment & Policy, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. [Barrett, Tara M.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Anchorage Forestry Sci Lab, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Sullivan, Patrick F.] Univ Alaska Anchorage, Dept Biol Sci, Environm & Nat Resources Inst, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [McGuire, A. David] Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Hennon, Paul E.; D'Amore, David V.; Hanley, Thomas A.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Beever, Erik A.] US Geol Survey, Northern Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. [Conn, Jeff S.] Univ Alaska, ARS, USDA, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Crone, Lisa K.; Patterson, Trista] US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Alaska Wood Utilizat Res & Dev Ctr, Sitka, AK 99835 USA. [Kruse, James J.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Fairbanks Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. [Schuur, Edward A. G.] Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Verbyla, David L.; Yarie, John] Univ Alaska, Sch Nat Resources & Agr Sci, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Wolken, JM (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Scenarios Network Alaska & Arctic Planning, 3352 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. EM jmwolken@alaska.edu FU Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service JVA [09-JV-11261952-015]; Bonanza Creek LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) program; National Science Foundation [DEB-0423442]; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station [PNW01-JV11261952-231] FX We thank Daniel Mann and John Laurence for reviews of earlier drafts of the manuscript, Tom Kurkowski for creating maps, Brooke Gamble for arranging meetings, Kimberley Maher for work on initial outlines of the paper, and the two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and rigorous comments. The research in this paper was supported by the Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service JVA (#09-JV-11261952-015). Additional support was provided by the Bonanza Creek LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) program funded jointly by the National Science Foundation (grant DEB-0423442) and the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station (grant PNW01-JV11261952-231). NR 236 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 16 U2 76 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2150-8925 J9 ECOSPHERE JI Ecosphere PD NOV PY 2011 VL 2 IS 11 AR UNSP 124 DI 10.1890/ES11-00288.1 PG 35 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V30JB UT WOS:000208811200005 ER PT J AU Di Martino, C Forni, F Frezzotti, ML Palmeri, R Webster, JD Ayuso, RA Lucchi, F Tranne, CA AF Di Martino, Corrado Forni, Francesca Frezzotti, Maria Luce Palmeri, Rosaria Webster, James D. Ayuso, Robert A. Lucchi, Federico Tranne, Claudio A. TI Formation of cordierite-bearing lavas during anatexis in the lower crust beneath Lipari Island (Aeolian arc, Italy) SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lipari Island; Cordierite-bearing lavas; Crustal anatexis; Biotite dehydration melting; Peritectic phases; Lower continental crust; Magma hybridization ID SOUTHERN TYRRHENIAN SEA; P-T PATHS; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; VULCANO ISLAND; MELTING RELATIONS; QUARTZ XENOLITHS; GRANITIC MAGMAS; TRIPLE POINT; EVOLUTION; SYSTEM AB Cordierite-bearing lavas (CBL;similar to 105 ka) erupted from the Mt. S. Angelo volcano at Lipari (Aeolian arc, Italy) are high-K andesites, displaying a range in the geochemical and isotopic compositions that reflect heterogeneity in the source and/or processes. CBL consist of megacrysts of Ca-plagioclase and clinopyroxene, euhedral crystals of cordierite and garnet, microphenocrysts of orthopyroxene and plagioclase, set in a heterogeneous rhyodacitic-rhyolitic groundmass containing abundant metamorphic and gabbroic xenoliths. New petrographic, chemical and isotopic data indicate formation of CBL by mixing of basaltic-andesitic magmas and high-K peraluminous rhyolitic magmas of anatectic origin and characterize partial melting processes in the lower continental crust of Lipari. Crustal anatectic melts generated through two main dehydration-melting peritectic reactions of metasedimentary rocks: (1) Biotite + Aluminosilicate + Quartz + Albite = Garnet + Cordierite + K-feldspar + Melt; (2) Biotite + Garnet + Quartz = Orthopyroxene + Cordierite + K-feldspar + Melt. Their position into the petrogenetic grid suggests that heating and consequent melting of metasedimentary rocks occurred at temperatures of 725 < T < 900A degrees C and pressures of 0.4-0.45 GPa. Anatexis in the lower crust of Lipari was induced by protracted emplacement of basic magmas in the lower crust (similar to 130 Ky). Crustal melting of the lower crust at 105 ka affected the volcano evolution, impeding frequent mafic-magma eruptions, and promoting magma stagnation and fractional crystallization processes. C1 [Frezzotti, Maria Luce] Univ Siena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-53100 Siena, Italy. [Di Martino, Corrado; Forni, Francesca; Lucchi, Federico; Tranne, Claudio A.] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Sci Terra & Geol Ambientali, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. [Palmeri, Rosaria] Museo Nazl Antartide, Sez Sci Terra, I-53100 Siena, Italy. [Webster, James D.] AMNH, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, New York, NY 10024 USA. [Ayuso, Robert A.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Frezzotti, ML (reprint author), Univ Siena, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Via Laterina 8, I-53100 Siena, Italy. EM frezzottiml@unisi.it RI Forni, Francesca/C-9127-2017; OI TRANNE, CLAUDIO ANTONIO/0000-0002-6679-5550 FU PNRA FX We are grateful for constructive and helpful comments from two anonymous reviewers, as well as editorial comments from J. Touret, which greatly improved the paper. M. Serracino is thanked for assistance with electron microprobe analysis at IGAG-CNR. Raman analyses were supported by PNRA. NR 77 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0010-7999 J9 CONTRIB MINERAL PETR JI Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 162 IS 5 BP 1011 EP 1030 DI 10.1007/s00410-011-0637-0 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 830SN UT WOS:000295677500008 ER PT J AU Muffler, LJP Clynne, MA Calvert, AT Champion, DE AF Muffler, L. J. P. Clynne, M. A. Calvert, A. T. Champion, D. E. TI Diverse, discrete, mantle-derived batches of basalt erupted along a short normal fault zone: The Poison Lake chain, southernmost Cascades SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PRIMITIVE CALC-ALKALINE; LATE CENOZOIC VOLCANISM; LASSEN REGION; PREEXISTING STRUCTURE; ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS; COSO-RANGE; CALIFORNIA; LAVAS; ARC; AGE AB The Poison Lake chain consists of small, monogenetic, calc-alkaline basaltic volcanoes located east of the Cascade arc axis, 30 km ENE of Lassen Peak in northeastern California. This chain consists of 39 distinguishable units in a 14-km-long and 2-km-wide zone trending NNW, parallel to nearby Quaternary normal faults. The 39 units fall into nine coherent groups based on stratigraphy, field characteristics, petrography, and major-element compositions. Petrographic differences among groups are expressed by different amounts and proportions of phenocrysts. MgO-SiO(2), K(2)O-SiO(2), and TiO(2)-SiO(2) variation diagrams illustrate clear differences in compatible and incompatible elements among the groups. Variation of K(2)O/TiO(2) and K(2)O/P(2)O(5) with MgO indicates that most of the basalts of the Poison Lake chain cannot be related by crystal fractionation at different pressures and that compositions have not been affected significantly by incorporation of low-degree silicic crustal melt or interaction with sialic crust. Limited trace-element and whole-rock isotopic data also suggest little if any incorporation of upper-crustal material, and that compositional variation among groups primarily reflects source compositional differences. Precise (40)Ar/(39)Ar determinations show that the lavas were erupted between 100 and 110 ka. The migration of paleomagnetic remanent directions over 30 degrees suggests that the entire Poison Lake chain could represent three short-lived episodes of volcanism within a period as brief as 500 yr. The diverse geologic, petrographic, chemical, paleomagnetic, and age data indicate that each of the nine groups represents a small, discrete magma batch generated in the mantle and stored briefly in the lower crust. A NNW normal fault zone provided episodic conduits that allowed rapid ascent of these batches to the surface, where they erupted as distinct volcanic groups, each aligned along a segment of the Poison Lake chain. Compositional diversity of these primitive magmas argues against widespread, long-lived ponding of uniform basalt magma at the base of the crust in this region and against interaction with a zone of melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization (MASH) in the lower crust. C1 [Muffler, L. J. P.; Clynne, M. A.; Calvert, A. T.; Champion, D. E.] US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Muffler, LJP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, MS 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM pmuffler@usgs.gov NR 58 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 10 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 123 IS 11-12 BP 2177 EP 2200 DI 10.1130/B30370.1 PG 24 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 827CC UT WOS:000295402600004 ER PT J AU Pigati, JS Miller, DM Bright, JE Mahan, SA Nekola, JC Paces, JB AF Pigati, Jeffrey S. Miller, David M. Bright, Jordon E. Mahan, Shannon A. Nekola, Jeffrey C. Paces, James B. TI Chronology, sedimentology, and microfauna of groundwater discharge deposits in the central Mojave Desert, Valley Wells, California SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN GREAT-BASIN; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SPRING DEPOSITS; YUCCA MOUNTAIN; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; BLACK MATS; NEVADA; TIME; USA AB During the late Pleistocene, emergent groundwater supported persistent and long-lived desert wetlands in many broad valleys and basins in the American Southwest. When active, these systems provided important food and water sources for local fauna, supported hydrophilic and phreatophytic vegetation, and acted as catchments for eolian and alluvial sediments. Desert wetlands are represented in the geologic record by groundwater discharge deposits, which are also called spring or wetland deposits. Groundwater discharge deposits contain information on the timing and magnitude of past changes in water-table levels and, thus, are a source of paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic information. Here, we present the results of an investigation of extensive groundwater discharge deposits in the central Mojave Desert at Valley Wells, California. We used geologic mapping and stratigraphic relations to identify two distinct wetland sequences at Valley Wells, which we dated using radiocarbon, luminescence, and uranium-series techniques. We also analyzed the sediments and microfauna (ostracodes and gastropods) to reconstruct the specific environments in which they formed. Our results suggest that the earliest episode of high water-table conditions at Valley Wells began ca. 60 ka (thousands of calendar yr B.P.), and culminated in peak discharge between ca. 40 and 35 ka. During this time, cold (4-12 degrees C) emergent groundwater supported extensive wetlands that likely were composed of a wet, sedge-rush-tussock meadow mixed with mesic riparian forest. After ca. 35 ka, the water table dropped below the ground surface but was still shallow enough to support dense stands of phreatophytes through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The water table dropped further after the LGM, and xeric conditions prevailed until modest wetlands returned briefly during the Younger Dryas cold event (13.0-11.6 ka). We did not observe any evidence of wet conditions during the Holocene at Valley Wells. The timing of these fluctuations is consistent with changes in other paleowetland systems in the Mojave Desert, the nearby Great Basin Desert, and in southeastern Arizona, near the border of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. The similarities in hydrologic conditions between these disparate locations suggest that changes in groundwater levels during the late Pleistocene in desert wetlands scattered throughout the American Southwest were likely driven by synoptic-scale climate processes. C1 [Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Mahan, Shannon A.; Paces, James B.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Miller, David M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Bright, Jordon E.] No Arizona Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Nekola, Jeffrey C.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Pigati, JS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jpigati@usgs.gov OI Mahan, Shannon/0000-0001-5214-7774 FU U.S. Geological Survey FX We thank R. E. Reynolds for invaluable discussions regarding aspects of the hydrology, paleontology, and geology of Valley Wells and the surrounding areas. We also thank I. Winograd, J. Quade, and R. Forester for insightful discussions on the paleohydrology of the Desert Southwest. We thank D. Wahl for preparing samples for pollen analysis. We also thank G. Ashley, E. Ellis, S. Ivy-Ochs, R. Mandel, D. Muhs, and M. Reheis for constructive reviews of this manuscript. Finally, we thank Rama Kotra and the U.S. Geological Survey's Mendenhall Post-Doctoral Research Program for their professional, financial, and logistical support. NR 71 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 19 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD NOV-DEC PY 2011 VL 123 IS 11-12 BP 2224 EP 2239 DI 10.1130/B30357.1 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 827CC UT WOS:000295402600006 ER PT J AU Davies, KW Boyd, CS Beck, JL Bates, JD Svejcar, TJ Gregg, MA AF Davies, Kirk W. Boyd, Chad S. Beck, Jeffrey L. Bates, Jon D. Svejcar, Tony J. Gregg, Michael A. TI Saving the sagebrush sea: An ecosystem conservation plan for big sagebrush plant communities SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Review DE Annual grasses; Conservation easements; Development; Ecosystem management; Mitigation; Restoration; Woodland encroachment ID PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLANDS; WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; CRESTED-WHEATGRASS STANDS; WINTER HABITAT SELECTION; CHEATGRASS-DOMINATED RANGELAND; GREAT-BASIN DESERT; BROMUS-TECTORUM L; SAGE-GROUSE; MULE DEER; PRESCRIBED FIRE AB Vegetation change and anthropogenic development are altering ecosystems and decreasing biodiversity. Successful management of ecosystems threatened by multiple stressors requires development of ecosystem conservation plans rather than single species plans. We selected the big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) ecosystem to demonstrate this approach. The area occupied by the sagebrush ecosystem is declining and becoming increasingly fragmented at an alarming rate because of conifer encroachment, exotic annual grass invasion, and anthropogenic development. This is causing range-wide declines and localized extirpations of sagebrush associated fauna and flora. To develop an ecosystem conservation plan, a synthesis of existing knowledge is needed to prioritize and direct management and research. Based on the synthesis, we concluded that efforts to restore higher elevation conifer-encroached, sagebrush communities were frequently successful, while restoration of exotic annual grass-invaded, lower elevation, sagebrush communities often failed. Overcoming exotic annual grass invasion is challenging and needs additional research to improve the probability of restoration and identify areas where success would be more probable. Management of fire regimes will be paramount to conserving sagebrush communities, as infrequent fires facilitate conifer encroachment and too frequent fires promote exotic annual grasses. Anthropogenic development needs to be mitigated and reduced to protect sagebrush communities and this probably includes more conservation easements and other incentives to landowners to not develop their properties. Threats to the sustainability of sagebrush ecosystem are daunting, but a coordinated ecosystem conservation plan that focuses on applying successful practices and research to overcome limitations to conservation is most likely to yield success. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Davies, Kirk W.; Boyd, Chad S.; Bates, Jon D.; Svejcar, Tony J.] USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. [Beck, Jeffrey L.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Gregg, Michael A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Burbank, WA 99323 USA. RP Davies, KW (reprint author), 67826-A Hwy 205, Burns, OR 97720 USA. EM kirk.davies@oregonstate.edu FU USDA - Agricultural Research Service; University of Wyoming; USDI - Fish and Wildlife Service FX We are grateful to Drs. Jeremy James, Steve Petersen, and Matt Madsen for reviewing earlier versions of the manuscript. We appreciate the constructive reviews of this manuscript by the six anonymous reviewers. Funding was provided by USDA - Agricultural Research Service, University of Wyoming, and USDI - Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 203 TC 127 Z9 127 U1 18 U2 130 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 EI 1873-2917 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 144 IS 11 BP 2573 EP 2584 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.016 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 827QL UT WOS:000295442900004 ER PT J AU Brumbaugh, WG Morman, SA May, TW AF Brumbaugh, William G. Morman, Suzette A. May, Thomas W. TI Concentrations and bioaccessibility of metals in vegetation and dust near a mining haul road, Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Alaska SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Metals; Vegetation; Bioaccessibility; Cape Krusenstern; Alaska ID MINE-WASTE; LEAD; BIOAVAILABILITY; CADMIUM; DEPOSITION; EXTRACTION; EXPOSURE; EVALUATE; SOILS AB Vegetation, sub-surface peat, and road dust were sampled near the Delong Mountain Transportation System (DMTS) haul road in northwest Alaska in 2005-2006 to document aluminum, barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc concentrations, and to evaluate bioaccessibility of these metals. The DMTS haul road is the transport corridor between Red Dog Mine (a large-scale, lead-zinc mine and mill) and the coastal shipping port, and it traverses National Park Service lands. Compared to reference locations, total metal concentrations in four types of vegetation (birch, cranberry, and willow leaves, and cotton grass blades/stalks) collected 25 m from the haul road were enriched on average by factors of 3.5 for zinc, 8.0 for barium, 20 for cadmium, and 150 for lead. Triple rinsing of vegetation with a water/methanol mixture reduced metals concentrations by at most 50%, and cadmium and zinc concentrations were least affected by rinsing. Cadmium and zinc bioaccessibility was greater in vegetation (50% to 100%) than in dust (15% to 20%); whereas the opposite pattern was observed for lead bioaccessibility (< 30% in vegetation; 50% in dust). Barium exhibited low-to-intermediate bioaccessibility in dust and vegetation (20% to 40%), whereas aluminum bioaccessibility was relatively low (< 6%) in all sample types. Our reconnaissance-level study indicates that clean-up and improvements in lead/zinc concentrate transfer activities have been effective; however, as of 2006, metal dispersion from past and/or present releases of fugitive dusts along the DMTS road still may have been contributing to elevated metals in surface vegetation. Vegetation was most enriched in lead, but because bioaccessibility of cadmium was greater, any potential risks to animals that forage near the haul road might be equally important for both of these metals. C1 [Brumbaugh, William G.; May, Thomas W.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Morman, Suzette A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Brumbaugh, WG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, 4200 New Haven Rd, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 182 IS 1-4 BP 325 EP 340 DI 10.1007/s10661-011-1879-z PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 823ZJ UT WOS:000295167500026 PM 21318268 ER PT J AU Munson, SM Webb, RH Hubbard, JA AF Munson, S. M. Webb, R. H. Hubbard, J. A. TI A comparison of methods to assess long-term changes in Sonoran Desert vegetation SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Arid; Climate; Desert Laboratory; Line-point intercept; National Park Service; Plant cover; Plant species; Semiarid; Vegetation monitoring ID DESERTIFICATION; COVER AB Knowledge about the condition of vegetation cover and composition is critical for assessing the structure and function of ecosystems. To effectively quantify the impacts of a rapidly changing environment, methods to track long-term trends of vegetation must be precise, repeatable, and time- and cost-efficient. Measuring vegetation cover and composition in arid and semiarid regions is especially challenging because vegetation is typically sparse, discontinuous, and individual plants are widely spaced. To meet the goal of long-term vegetation monitoring in the Sonoran Desert and other arid and semiarid regions, we determined how estimates of plant species, total vegetation, and soil cover obtained using a widely-implemented monitoring protocol compared to a more time- and resource-intensive plant census. We also assessed how well this protocol tracked changes in cover through 82 years compared to the plant census. Results from the monitoring protocol were comparable to those from the plant census, despite low and variable plant species cover. Importantly, this monitoring protocol could be used as a rapid, "off-the shelf" tool for assessing land degradation (or desertification) in arid and semiarid ecosystems. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Munson, S. M.] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Res Stn, Moab, UT 84532 USA. [Webb, R. H.] US Geol Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Hubbard, J. A.] Sonoran Desert Network Inventory & Monitoring Pro, Natl Pk Serv, Tucson, AZ 85710 USA. RP Munson, SM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Canyonlands Res Stn, 2290 SW Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM smunson@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey FX This work was supported by a grant from the U.S. Geological Survey Status and Trends of Biological Resources Program. Thanks to the many people who have helped map Area B over the years; Helen Raichle for providing maps of the permanent plots; and Todd Esque, Jane Zelikova, Marijke van Heeswijk, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this paper is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1228 EP 1231 DI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.032 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 815FT UT WOS:000294512200034 ER PT J AU Apotsos, A Jaffe, B Gelfenbaum, G AF Apotsos, Alex Jaffe, Bruce Gelfenbaum, Guy TI Wave characteristic and morphologic effects on the onshore hydrodynamic response of tsunamis SO COASTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Tsunami; Run-up; Inundation; Numerical modeling; Delft3D ID INDIAN-OCEAN-TSUNAMI; 26 DECEMBER 2004; PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; RUN-UP; SOLITARY WAVES; SUMATRA-TSUNAMI; CIRCULAR ISLAND; FIELD SURVEY; WATER-WAVES; PLANE BEACH AB While the destruction caused by a tsunami can vary significantly owing to near- and onshore controls, we have only a limited quantitative understanding of how different local parameters influence the onshore response of tsunamis. Here, a numerical model based on the non-linear shallow water equations is first shown to agree well with analytical expressions developed for periodic long waves inundating over planar slopes. More than 13,000 simulations are then conducted to examine the effects variations in the wave characteristics, bed slopes, and bottom roughness have on maximum tsunami run-up and water velocity at the still water shoreline. While deviations from periodic waves and planar slopes affect the onshore dynamics, the details of these effects depend on a combination of factors. In general, the effects differ for breaking and non-breaking waves, and are related to the relative shift of the waves along the breaking-non-breaking wave continuum. Variations that shift waves toward increased breaking, such as steeper wave fronts, tend to increase the onshore impact of non-breaking waves, but decrease the impact of already breaking waves. The onshore impact of a tsunami composed of multiple waves can be different from that of a single wave tsunami, with the largest difference occurring on long, shallow onshore topographies. These results demonstrate that the onshore response of a tsunami is complex, and that using analytical expressions derived from simplified conditions may not always be appropriate. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Apotsos, Alex; Gelfenbaum, Guy] USGS, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Jaffe, Bruce] USGS, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA. RP Apotsos, A (reprint author), USGS, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 999, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM aapotsos@usgs.gov RI Jaffe, Bruce/A-9979-2012 OI Jaffe, Bruce/0000-0002-8816-5920 FU USGS FX This research was funded by a USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship and the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program. This manuscript was significantly improved by comments and suggestions offered by Eric Geist, Mark Buckley, and two anonymous reviewers. NR 67 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3839 EI 1872-7379 J9 COAST ENG JI Coast. Eng. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 58 IS 11 BP 1034 EP 1048 DI 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.06.002 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 815KX UT WOS:000294525600003 ER PT J AU English, NB McDowell, NG Allen, CD Mora, C AF English, Nathan B. McDowell, Nate G. Allen, Craig D. Mora, Claudia TI The effects of alpha-cellulose extraction and blue-stain fungus on retrospective studies of carbon and oxygen isotope variation in live and dead trees SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID WOOD; MORTALITY; RATIOS; DENDROCLIMATOLOGY; HOLOCELLULOSE; MECHANISMS; DELTA-O-18; DROUGHT; CLIMATE; QUERCUS AB Tree-ring carbon and oxygen isotope ratios from live and recently dead trees may reveal important mechanisms of tree mortality. However, wood decay in dead trees may alter the delta C-13 and delta O-18 values of whole wood obscuring the isotopic signal associated with factors leading up to and including physiological death. We examined whole sapwood and a-cellulose from live and dead specimens of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), one-seed juniper (Juniperous monosperma), pi on pine (Pinus edulis) and white fir (Abies concolor), including those with fungal growth and beetle frass in the wood, to determine if a-cellulose extraction is necessary for the accurate interpretation of isotopic compositions in the dead trees. We found that the offset between the delta C-13 or delta O-18 values of a-cellulose and whole wood was the same for both live and dead trees across a large range of inter-annual and regional climate differences. The method of a-cellulose extraction, whether Leavitt-Danzer or Standard Brendel modified for small samples, imparts significant differences in the delta C-13 (up to 0.4 parts per thousand) and delta O-18 (up to 1.2 parts per thousand) of a-cellulose, as reported by other studies. There was no effect of beetle frass or blue-stain fungus (Ophiostoma) on the delta C-13 and delta O-18 of whole wood or a-cellulose. The relationships between whole wood and a-cellulose delta C-13 for ponderosa, pi on and juniper yielded slopes of similar to 1, while the relationship between delta O-18 of whole wood and alpha-cellulose was less clear. We conclude that there are few analytical or sampling obstacles to retrospective studies of isotopic patterns of tree mortality in forests of the western United States. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [English, Nathan B.; McDowell, Nate G.; Mora, Claudia] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Allen, Craig D.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Jemez Mt Stn, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP English, NB (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES-14,MS J495, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM nenglish@lanl.gov RI English, Nathan/B-4615-2008; James Cook University, TESS/B-8171-2012; OI English, Nathan/0000-0002-6936-8079; Mora, Claudia/0000-0003-2042-0208 FU Directed Research and Development fellowship for Nathan English; Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research; Western Mountain Isotope Project, a United States Geological Survey program in Global Change FX This research was funded in part by a Laboratory Directed Research and Development fellowship for Nathan English, the Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and the Western Mountain Isotope Project, a United States Geological Survey program in Global Change. Samples were collected by Craig Allen, Jamie Resnick and Kelsey Neal. We wish to thank Kent Coombs, Jamie Resnick, Kelsey Neal, Kelly Steinberg, Meghan Montoya, Josh Bowman, Zach Breshears and Samantha Stutz for preparing whole wood and alpha-cellulose samples at the TA51 Stable Isotope Preparation Laboratory. Tree-ring cores and sections were measured and dated by Chris Baisan at the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona. We are especially grateful to Kevin Anchukaitis, who reviewed the manuscript, and to Steven Leavitt, both of whom provided many useful insights on sample processing strategies and results. Two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments and greatly improved the manuscript. We are grateful to Turin Dickman, Clif Meyer, Debora Mourachov, David Podlesak, Heath Powers, and Nancy Torres for institutional support. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PD OCT 30 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 20 BP 3083 EP 3090 DI 10.1002/rcm.5192 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 831JH UT WOS:000295725900014 PM 21953963 ER PT J AU Ganju, NK Lentz, SJ Kirincich, AR Farrar, JT AF Ganju, Neil K. Lentz, Steven J. Kirincich, Anthony R. Farrar, J. Thomas TI Complex mean circulation over the inner shelf south of Martha's Vineyard revealed by observations and a high-resolution model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NEW-ENGLAND SHELF; STRATIFIED TIDAL RECTIFICATION; FINITE-AMPLITUDE BANKS; GEORGES-BANK; OCEAN MODEL; SYSTEM; VARIABILITY; CURRENTS; WATERS; BASIN AB Inner-shelf circulation is governed by the interaction between tides, baroclinic forcing, winds, waves, and frictional losses; the mean circulation ultimately governs exchange between the coast and ocean. In some cases, oscillatory tidal currents interact with bathymetric features to generate a tidally rectified flow. Recent observational and modeling efforts in an overlapping domain centered on the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) provided an opportunity to investigate the spatial and temporal complexity of circulation on the inner shelf. ADCP and surface radar observations revealed a mean circulation pattern that was highly variable in the alongshore and cross-shore directions. Nested modeling incrementally improved representation of the mean circulation as grid resolution increased and indicated tidal rectification as the generation mechanism of a counter-clockwise gyre near the MVCO. The loss of model skill with decreasing resolution is attributed to insufficient representation of the bathymetric gradients (Delta h/h), which is important for representing nonlinear interactions between currents and bathymetry. The modeled momentum balance was characterized by large spatial variability of the pressure gradient and horizontal advection terms over short distances, suggesting that observed inner-shelf momentum balances may be confounded. Given the available observational and modeling data, this work defines the spatially variable mean circulation and its formation mechanism-tidal rectification-and illustrates the importance of model resolution for resolving circulation and constituent exchange near the coast. The results of this study have implications for future observational and modeling studies near the MVCO and other inner-shelf locations with alongshore bathymetric variability. C1 [Ganju, Neil K.] US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Lentz, Steven J.; Kirincich, Anthony R.; Farrar, J. Thomas] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Ganju, NK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 384 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM nganju@usgs.gov RI Farrar, John T./F-3532-2012; Ganju, Neil/P-4409-2014; OI Farrar, John T./0000-0003-3495-1990; Lentz, Steven/0000-0001-7498-0281; Ganju, Neil/0000-0002-1096-0465 FU Office of Naval Research Ripples DRI; U.S. Geological Survey; National Science Foundation FX Funding was provided through the Office of Naval Research Ripples DRI, U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program, and National Science Foundation. Use of firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Input from Chris Sherwood, Marlene Noble, Rich Signell, John Warner, and the three anonymous reviewers greatly improved the study. Ruoying He provided the U.S. East Coast grid used in this study. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9275 EI 2169-9291 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 29 PY 2011 VL 116 AR C10036 DI 10.1029/2011JC007035 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 838YO UT WOS:000296330600001 ER PT J AU Green, RO Pieters, C Mouroulis, P Eastwood, M Boardman, J Glavich, T Isaacson, P Annadurai, M Besse, S Barr, D Buratti, B Cate, D Chatterjee, A Clark, R Cheek, L Combe, J Dhingra, D Essandoh, V Geier, S Goswami, JN Green, R Haemmerle, V Head, J Hovland, L Hyman, S Klima, R Koch, T Kramer, G Kumar, ASK Lee, K Lundeen, S Malaret, E McCord, T McLaughlin, S Mustard, J Nettles, J Petro, N Plourde, K Racho, C Rodriquez, J Runyon, C Sellar, G Smith, C Sobel, H Staid, M Sunshine, J Taylor, L Thaisen, K Tompkins, S Tseng, H Vane, G Varanasi, P White, M Wilson, D AF Green, R. O. Pieters, C. Mouroulis, P. Eastwood, M. Boardman, J. Glavich, T. Isaacson, P. Annadurai, M. Besse, S. Barr, D. Buratti, B. Cate, D. Chatterjee, A. Clark, R. Cheek, L. Combe, J. Dhingra, D. Essandoh, V. Geier, S. Goswami, J. N. Green, R. Haemmerle, V. Head, J. Hovland, L. Hyman, S. Klima, R. Koch, T. Kramer, G. Kumar, A. S. K. Lee, K. Lundeen, S. Malaret, E. McCord, T. McLaughlin, S. Mustard, J. Nettles, J. Petro, N. Plourde, K. Racho, C. Rodriquez, J. Runyon, C. Sellar, G. Smith, C. Sobel, H. Staid, M. Sunshine, J. Taylor, L. Thaisen, K. Tompkins, S. Tseng, H. Vane, G. Varanasi, P. White, M. Wilson, D. TI The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M-3) imaging spectrometer for lunar science: Instrument description, calibration, on-orbit measurements, science data calibration and on-orbit validation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID MISSION; AVIRIS; SPECTROSCOPY AB The NASA Discovery Moon Mineralogy Mapper imaging spectrometer was selected to pursue a wide range of science objectives requiring measurement of composition at fine spatial scales over the full lunar surface. To pursue these objectives, a broad spectral range imaging spectrometer with high uniformity and high signal-to-noise ratio capable of measuring compositionally diagnostic spectral absorption features from a wide variety of known and possible lunar materials was required. For this purpose the Moon Mineralogy Mapper imaging spectrometer was designed and developed that measures the spectral range from 430 to 3000 nm with 10 nm spectral sampling through a 24 degree field of view with 0.7 milliradian spatial sampling. The instrument has a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 400 for the specified equatorial reference radiance and greater than 100 for the polar reference radiance. The spectral cross-track uniformity is >90% and spectral instantaneous field-of-view uniformity is >90%. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper was launched on Chandrayaan-1 on the 22nd of October. On the 18th of November 2008 the Moon Mineralogy Mapper was turned on and collected a first light data set within 24 h. During this early checkout period and throughout the mission the spacecraft thermal environment and orbital parameters varied more than expected and placed operational and data quality constraints on the measurements. On the 29th of August 2009, spacecraft communication was lost. Over the course of the flight mission 1542 downlinked data sets were acquired that provide coverage of more than 95% of the lunar surface. An end-to-end science data calibration system was developed and all measurements have been passed through this system and delivered to the Planetary Data System (PDS.NASA.GOV). An extensive effort has been undertaken by the science team to validate the Moon Mineralogy Mapper science measurements in the context of the mission objectives. A focused spectral, radiometric, spatial, and uniformity validation effort has been pursued with selected data sets including an Earth-view data set. With this effort an initial validation of the on-orbit performance of the imaging spectrometer has been achieved, including validation of the cross-track spectral uniformity and spectral instantaneous field of view uniformity. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper is the first imaging spectrometer to measure a data set of this kind at the Moon. These calibrated science measurements are being used to address the full set of science goals and objectives for this mission. C1 [Green, R. O.; Mouroulis, P.; Eastwood, M.; Glavich, T.; Barr, D.; Buratti, B.; Cate, D.; Chatterjee, A.; Essandoh, V.; Geier, S.; Green, R.; Haemmerle, V.; Hovland, L.; Hyman, S.; Koch, T.; Lee, K.; Lundeen, S.; Plourde, K.; Racho, C.; Rodriquez, J.; Sellar, G.; Sobel, H.; Tseng, H.; Vane, G.; Varanasi, P.; White, M.; Wilson, D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Pieters, C.; Isaacson, P.; Cheek, L.; Dhingra, D.; Head, J.; Klima, R.; Mustard, J.; Nettles, J.] Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Boardman, J.] Analyt Imaging & Geophys LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Annadurai, M.] ISRO Satellite Ctr, Bangalore 560017, Karnataka, India. [Besse, S.; McLaughlin, S.; Sunshine, J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Clark, R.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Combe, J.; Kramer, G.; McCord, T.] Bear Fight Ctr, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. [Goswami, J. N.] ISRO, Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India. [Kramer, G.] Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Kumar, A. S. K.] ISRO, Ctr Space Applicat, Ahmadabad 380015, Gujarat, India. [Malaret, E.] Appl Coherent Technol, Herndon, VA USA. [Petro, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Runyon, C.] Coll Charleston, Dept Geol & Environm Geosci, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. [Smith, C.] ATK, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA. [Staid, M.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Taylor, L.; Thaisen, K.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Planetary Geosci Inst, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Tompkins, S.] DARPA, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Green, RO (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM robert.o.green@jpl.nasa.gov RI Klima, Rachel/H-9383-2012; Petro, Noah/F-5340-2013; OI Klima, Rachel/0000-0002-9151-6429; Besse, Sebastien/0000-0002-1052-5439 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors are deeply grateful to the Indian Space Research Organization for providing this guest opportunity for M3 to participate in the Chandrayaan-1 mission and the broad support over the course of the mission including contributions for this paper. We also gratefully acknowledge the NASA Discovery Program for supporting M3 development, implementation and science validation. A portion of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 33 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 29 PY 2011 VL 116 AR E00G19 DI 10.1029/2011JE003797 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 839AQ UT WOS:000296337200001 ER PT J AU Hay, MB Stoliker, DL Davis, JA Zachara, JM AF Hay, Michael B. Stoliker, Deborah L. Davis, James A. Zachara, John M. TI Characterization of the intragranular water regime within subsurface sediments: Pore volume, surface area, and mass transfer limitations SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED HANFORD SEDIMENTS; AGGREGATED POROUS-MEDIA; ROCK OPALINUS CLAY; LONG-TERM SORPTION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE; URANIUM SPECIATION; STRUCTURED SOILS; TRITIUM EXCHANGE; GAS-ADSORPTION AB Although "intragranular'' pore space within grain aggregates, grain fractures, and mineral surface coatings may contain a relatively small fraction of the total porosity within a porous medium, it often contains a significant fraction of the reactive surface area, and can thus strongly affect the transport of sorbing solutes. In this work, we demonstrate a batch experiment procedure using tritiated water as a high-resolution diffusive tracer to characterize the intragranular pore space. The method was tested using uranium-contaminated sediments from the vadose and capillary fringe zones beneath the former 300A process ponds at the Hanford site (Washington). Sediments were contacted with tracers in artificial groundwater, followed by a replacement of bulk solution with tracer-free groundwater and the monitoring of tracer release. From these data, intragranular pore volumes were calculated and mass transfer rates were quantified using a multirate first-order mass transfer model. Tritium-hydrogen exchange on surface hydroxyls was accounted for by conducting additional tracer experiments on sediment that was vacuum dried after reaction. The complementary ("wet'' and "dry'') techniques allowed for the simultaneous determination of intragranular porosity and surface area using tritium. The Hanford 300A samples exhibited intragranular pore volumes of similar to 1% of the solid volume and intragranular surface areas of similar to 20%-35% of the total surface area. Analogous experiments using bromide ion as a tracer yielded very different results, suggesting very little penetration of bromide into the intragranular porosity. C1 [Hay, Michael B.; Stoliker, Deborah L.; Davis, James A.] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Davis, James A.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Zachara, John M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Hay, MB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, 345 Middlefield Rd,Mail Stop 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM mbhay@usgs.gov RI Davis, James/G-2788-2015 FU USGS; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) through Hanford Science Focus Area (SFA); Hanford Integrated Field Research Challenge (IFRC) FX We thank Li Yang for assistance in N2 gas adsorption analyses, as well as Douglas Kent, John Nimmo, William Ball, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by the USGS Hydrologic Research and Development Program and by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) Subsurface Biogeochemistry Research (SBR) Program through the Hanford Science Focus Area (SFA) and the Hanford Integrated Field Research Challenge (IFRC). NR 62 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT 29 PY 2011 VL 47 AR W10531 DI 10.1029/2010WR010303 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 839CA UT WOS:000296341000001 ER PT J AU Domagalski, JL Johnson, HM AF Domagalski, Joseph L. Johnson, Henry M. TI Subsurface transport of orthophosphate in five agricultural watersheds, USA SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agriculture; Hydrochemistry; Groundwater protection; Groundwater/surface-water relations; Hydrochemical modeling; Orthophosphate ID UNITED-STATES; PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS; ANION ADSORPTION; DAIRY MANURE; PHOSPHATE; SOIL; SURFACE; NITRATE; FATE; MEHLICH-3 AB Concentrations of dissolved orthophosphate (ortho P) in the unsaturated zone, groundwater, tile drains, and groundwater/stream water interfaces were assessed in five agricultural watersheds to determine the potential for subsurface transport. Concentrations of iron oxides were measured in the aquifer material and adsorption of ortho P on oxide surfaces was assessed by geochemical modeling. Attenuation of ortho P in these aquifers was attributed primarily to sorption onto iron oxides, and in one location onto clay minerals. Only one location showed a clear indication of phosphorus transport to a stream from groundwater discharge, although groundwater did contribute to the stream load elsewhere. Subsurface ortho P movement at a site in California resulted in a plume down gradient from orchards, which was attenuated by a 200 m thick riparian zone with natural vegetation. Iron oxides had an effect on phosphorus movement and concentrations at all locations, and groundwater chemistry, especially pH, exerted a major control on the amount of phosphorus adsorbed. Groundwater pH at a site in Maryland was below 5 and that resulted in complete sequestration of phosphorus and no movement toward the stream. Geochemical modeling indicated that as the surfaces approached saturation, groundwater concentrations of ortho P rise rapidly. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Domagalski, Joseph L.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Johnson, Henry M.] US Geol Survey, Oregon Water Sci Ctr, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Domagalski, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. EM joed@usgs.gov NR 73 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 28 PY 2011 VL 409 IS 1-2 BP 157 EP 171 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.014 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 842LT UT WOS:000296601600014 ER PT J AU Long, AJ Valder, JF AF Long, Andrew J. Valder, Joshua F. TI Multivariate analyses with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow: Wind Cave and associated aquifers SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Principal component analysis; Factor analysis; Cluster analysis; End-member mixing; Karst hydrology; Multivariate analysis ID KARST AQUIFER; COMPONENTS AB Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to hydrochemical data has been used with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow to a limited extent, but aspects of this approach are unresolved. Previous similar approaches typically have assumed that the extreme-value samples identified by PCA represent end members. The method presented herein is different from previous work in that (1) end members were not assumed to have been sampled but rather were estimated and constrained by prior knowledge; (2) end-member mixing was quantified in relation to hydrogeologic domains, which focuses model results on major hydrologic processes; (3) a method to select an appropriate number of end members using a series of cluster analyses is presented; and (4) conservative tracers were weighted preferentially in model calibration, which distributed model errors of optimized values, or residuals, more appropriately than would otherwise be the case. The latter item also provides an estimate of the relative influence of geochemical evolution along flow paths in comparison to mixing. This method was applied to groundwater in Wind Cave and the associated karst aquifer in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. The end-member mixing model was used to test a hypothesis that five different end-member waters are mixed in the groundwater system comprising five hydrogeologic domains. The model estimated that Wind Cave received most of its groundwater inflow from local surface recharge with an additional 33% from an upgradient aquifer. Artesian springs in the vicinity of Wind Cave primarily received water from regional groundwater flow. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Long, Andrew J.; Valder, Joshua F.] US Geol Survey, S Dakota Water Sci Ctr, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Long, AJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, S Dakota Water Sci Ctr, 1608 Mt View Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. EM ajlong@usgs.gov; jvalder@usgs.gov RI Long, Andrew/A-9204-2008 OI Long, Andrew/0000-0001-7385-8081 NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 28 PY 2011 VL 409 IS 1-2 BP 315 EP 327 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.028 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 842LT UT WOS:000296601600027 ER PT J AU Gong, YS Krabbenhoft, DP Ren, LP Egelandsdal, B Richards, MP AF Gong, Yuansheng Krabbenhoft, David P. Ren, Liping Egelandsdal, Bjorg Richards, Mark P. TI Mercury Distribution and Lipid Oxidation in Fish Muscle: Effects of Washing and Isoelectric Protein Precipitation SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE oil; methyl mercury; rancidity; surimi; fish; contaminants ID ALKALINE SOLUBILIZATION PROCESS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ACID; MEMBRANE; MYOSIN; PURIFICATION; TOXICITY; RECOVERY; CYSTEINE; QUALITY AB Nearly all the mercury (Hg) in whole muscle from whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and walleye (Sander vitreus) was present as methyl mercury (MeHg). The Hg content in whole muscle from whitefish and walleye was 0.04-0.09 and 0.14-0.81 ppm, respectively. The myofibril fraction contained approximately three-fourths of the Hg in whitefish and walleye whole muscle. The sarcoplasmic protein fraction (e.g., press juice) was the next most abundant source of Hg. Isolated myosin, triacylglycerols, and cellular membranes contained the least Hg. Protein isolates prepared by pH shifting in the presence of citric acid did not decrease Hg levels. Addition of cysteine during washing decreased the Hg content in washed muscle probably through the interaction of the sulfhydryl group in cysteine with MeHg. Primary and secondary lipid oxidation products were lower during 2 degrees C storage in isolates prepared by pH shifting compared to those of washed or unwashed mince from whole muscle. This was attributed to removing some of the cellular membranes by pH shifting. Washing the mince accelerated lipid peroxide formation but decreased secondary lipid oxidation products compared to that of the unwashed mince. This suggested that there was a lipid hydroperoxide generating system that was active upon dilution of aqueous antioxidants and pro-oxidants. C1 [Gong, Yuansheng; Richards, Mark P.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Meat Sci & Muscle Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.] USGS Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Ren, Liping] China Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China. [Egelandsdal, Bjorg] Univ Life Sci, Dept Chem Biotechnol & Food Sci, N-1432 As, Norway. RP Richards, MP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Meat Sci & Muscle Biol Lab, 1805 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM mprichards@ansci.wisc.edu FU University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute under National Sea Grant College; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; U.S. Department of Commerce; state of Wisconsin [NA06OAR4170011, NA10OAR4170070, R/SS-1] FX This work was funded by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute under grants from the National Sea Grant College Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the state of Wisconsin, federal grant no. NA06OAR4170011 and NA10OAR4170070, project R/SS-1. Funding support for the USGS was derived from the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 26 PY 2011 VL 59 IS 20 BP 11050 EP 11057 DI 10.1021/jf202411p PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 833WD UT WOS:000295915000036 PM 21919525 ER PT J AU Shelly, DR Hill, DP AF Shelly, David R. Hill, David P. TI Migrating swarms of brittle-failure earthquakes in the lower crust beneath Mammoth Mountain, California SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; LONG VALLEY; LAKE TAHOE; NEVADA; SYSTEMS; CALDERA; UNREST AB Brittle-failure earthquakes in the lower crust, where high pressures and temperatures would typically promote ductile deformation, are relatively rare but occasionally observed beneath active volcanic centers. Where they occur, these earthquakes provide a rare opportunity to observe volcanic processes in the lower crust, such as fluid injection and migration, which may induce brittle faulting under these conditions. Here, we examine recent short-duration earthquake swarms deep beneath the southwestern margin of Long Valley Caldera, near Mammoth Mountain. We focus in particular on a swarm that occurred September 29-30, 2009. To maximally illuminate the spatial-temporal progression, we supplement catalog events by detecting additional small events with similar waveforms in the continuous data, achieving up to a 10-fold increase in the number of locatable events. We then relocate all events, using cross-correlation and a double-difference algorithm. We find that the 2009 swarm exhibits systematically decelerating upward migration, with hypocenters shallowing from 21 to 19 km depth over approximately 12 hours. This relatively high migration rate, combined with a modest maximum magnitude of 1.4 in this swarm, suggests the trigger might be ascending CO(2) released from underlying magma. Citation: Shelly, D. R., and D. P. Hill (2011), Migrating swarms of brittle-failure earthquakes in the lower crust beneath Mammoth Mountain, California, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L20307, doi:10.1029/2011GL049336. C1 [Shelly, David R.; Hill, David P.] US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Shelly, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 910, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 23 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 25 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L20307 DI 10.1029/2011GL049336 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 839CP UT WOS:000296342600005 ER PT J AU Tsai, VC Hayes, GP Duputel, Z AF Tsai, Victor C. Hayes, Gavin P. Duputel, Zacharie TI Constraints on the long-period moment-dip tradeoff for the Tohoku earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE; W-PHASE; SOURCE PARAMETERS; INVERSION; SEISMICITY; JAPAN; ZONE AB Since the work of Kanamori and Given (1981), it has been recognized that shallow, pure dip-slip earthquakes excite long-period surface waves such that it is difficult to independently constrain the moment (M-0) and the dip (delta) of the source mechanism, with only the product M-0 sin(2 delta) being well constrained. Because of this, it is often assumed that the primary discrepancies between the moments of shallow, thrust earthquakes are due to this moment-dip tradeoff. In this work, we quantify how severe this moment-dip tradeoff is depending on the depth of the earthquake, the station distribution, the closeness of the mechanism to pure dip-slip, and the quality of the data. We find that both long-period Rayleigh and Love wave modes have moment-dip resolving power even for shallow events, especially when stations are close to certain azimuths with respect to mechanism strike and when source depth is well determined. We apply these results to USGS W phase inversions of the recent M9.0 Tohoku, Japan earthquake and estimate the likely uncertainties in dip and moment associated with the moment-dip tradeoff. After discussing some of the important sources of moment and dip error, we suggest two methods for potentially improving this uncertainty. Citation: Tsai, V. C., G. P. Hayes, and Z. Duputel (2011), Constraints on the long-period moment-dip tradeoff for the Tohoku earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L00G17, doi:10.1029/2011GL049129. C1 [Tsai, Victor C.] CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Tsai, Victor C.; Hayes, Gavin P.] US Geol Survey, Geol Hazards Sci Ctr, Golden, CO 80225 USA. [Duputel, Zacharie] Inst Phys Globe Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. [Hayes, Gavin P.] Synergetics Inc, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Tsai, VC (reprint author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab, 1200 E Calif Blvd,MS 252-21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM tsai@caltech.edu RI Tsai, Victor/J-8405-2012; Duputel, Zacharie/C-2906-2016 OI Tsai, Victor/0000-0003-1809-6672; Duputel, Zacharie/0000-0002-8809-451X FU Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship FX We thank L. Rivera for providing scripts and other support, and two anonymous reviewers for comments that lead to improvements in the paper. This work was partially supported by a Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship to VCT. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 25 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L00G17 DI 10.1029/2011GL049129 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 839CP UT WOS:000296342600003 ER PT J AU Silvestro, S Vaz, DA Fenton, LK Geissler, PE AF Silvestro, S. Vaz, D. A. Fenton, L. K. Geissler, P. E. TI Active aeolian processes on Mars: A regional study in Arabia and Meridiani Terrae SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORBITER CAMERA; SEDIMENT; DUNES AB We present evidence of widespread aeolian activity in the Arabia Terra/Meridiani region (Mars), where different kinds of aeolian modifications have been detected and classified. Passing from the regional to the local scale, we describe one particular dune field in Meridiani Planum, where two ripple populations are distinguished by means of different migration rates. Moreover, a consistent change in the ripple pattern is accompanied by significant dune advancement (between 0.4-1 meter in one Martian year) that is locally triggered by large avalanche features. This suggests that dune advancement may be common throughout the Martian tropics. Citation: Silvestro, S., D. A. Vaz, L. K. Fenton, and P. E. Geissler (2011), Active aeolian processes on Mars: A regional study in Arabia and Meridiani Terrae, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L20201, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048955. C1 [Silvestro, S.; Fenton, L. K.] SETI Inst, Carl Sagan Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Vaz, D. A.] Univ Coimbra, Ctr Geophys, P-3000134 Coimbra, Portugal. [Fenton, L. K.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Geissler, P. E.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Silvestro, S (reprint author), SETI Inst, Carl Sagan Ctr, 189 N Bernardo Ave,Ste 100, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. EM ssilvestro@seti.org RI Vaz, David/M-4702-2013 OI Vaz, David/0000-0002-3583-2267 FU NASA [NNH09ZDA001N]; FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia) [SFRH/BPD/72371/2010] FX This research was supported by a grant from the NASA Mars Data Analysis program (NNH09ZDA001N). We acknowledge Nathan Bridges for providing unreleased HiRISE images in Trouvelot crater, Bob Craddock and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments and suggestions. D. Vaz acknowledges the support given by FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia - SFRH/BPD/72371/2010). English editing by Noah Hammond is also gratefully acknowledged. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 22 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L20201 DI 10.1029/2011GL048955 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 836YY UT WOS:000296157300002 ER PT J AU Wicks, C de la Llera, JC Lara, LE Lowenstern, J AF Wicks, Charles Carlos de la Llera, Juan Lara, Luis E. Lowenstern, Jacob TI The role of dyking and fault control in the rapid onset of eruption at Chaiten volcano, Chile SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; 7.1 HECTOR MINE; SURFACE DEFORMATION; SLIP DISTRIBUTION; EARTHQUAKE; MAGMA; ZONE; ANDES; GPS; CALIFORNIA AB Rhyolite is the most viscous of liquid magmas, so it was surprising that on 2 May 2008 at Chaiten Volcano, located in Chile's southern Andean volcanic zone, rhyolitic magma migrated from more than 5 km depth in less than 4 hours (ref. 1) and erupted explosively with only two days of detected precursory seismic activity(2). The last major rhyolite eruption before that at Chaiten was the largest volcanic eruption in the twentieth century, at Novarupta volcano, Alaska, in 1912. Because of the historically rare and explosive nature of rhyolite eruptions and because of the surprisingly short warning before the eruption of the Chaiten volcano, any information about the workings of the magmatic system at Chaiten, and rhyolitic systems in general, is important from both the scientific and hazard perspectives. Here we present surface deformation data related to the Chaiten eruption based on radar interferometry observations from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) DAICHI (ALOS) satellite. The data on this explosive rhyolite eruption indicate that the rapid ascent of rhyolite occurred through dyking and that melt segregation and magma storage were controlled by existing faults. C1 [Wicks, Charles; Lowenstern, Jacob] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Carlos de la Llera, Juan] Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela Ingn, Santiago 7820436, Chile. [Lara, Luis E.] Volcano Hazards Program, Serv Nacl Geol & Mineria, Santiago 8320119, Chile. RP Wicks, C (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM cwicks@usgs.gov OI Lowenstern, Jacob/0000-0003-0464-7779 FU NASA; National Science Foundation; US Geological Survey; US Government FX We thank D. Dzurisin, Z. Lu and W. Thatcher for providing helpful comments on the manuscript. All ALOS/PALSAR data are copyright JAXA and the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2008, 2009, 2010) and were provided by the Alaska Satellite Facility. The data were made available through JAXA project PI059 and the US Government Sponsored Research Consortium data pool supported by NASA, the National Science Foundation and the US Geological Survey. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 29 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD OCT 20 PY 2011 VL 478 IS 7369 BP 374 EP + DI 10.1038/nature10541 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 835FO UT WOS:000296021100043 PM 22012396 ER PT J AU Yamazaki, Y Yumoto, K Cardinal, MG Fraser, BJ Hattori, P Kakinami, Y Liu, JY Lynn, KJW Marshall, R McNamara, D Nagatsuma, T Nikiforov, VM Otadoy, RE Ruhimat, M Shevtsov, BM Shiokawa, K Abe, S Uozumi, T Yoshikawa, A AF Yamazaki, Y. Yumoto, K. Cardinal, M. G. Fraser, B. J. Hattori, P. Kakinami, Y. Liu, J. Y. Lynn, K. J. W. Marshall, R. McNamara, D. Nagatsuma, T. Nikiforov, V. M. Otadoy, R. E. Ruhimat, M. Shevtsov, B. M. Shiokawa, K. Abe, S. Uozumi, T. Yoshikawa, A. TI An empirical model of the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EQUIVALENT CURRENT SYSTEMS; NORTH-AMERICAN LOCATIONS; SQ CURRENT SYSTEM; IONOSPHERIC CURRENTS; SOLAR-CYCLE; EQUATORIAL ELECTROJET; SEMIANNUAL VARIATIONS; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; DYNAMO CURRENTS; LOW LATITUDES AB An empirical model of the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation has been constructed based on geomagnetic data obtained from 21 stations along the 210 Magnetic Meridian of the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) from 1996 to 2007. Using the least squares fitting method for geomagnetically quiet days (Kp <= 2+), the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation at each station was described as a function of solar activity SA, day of year DOY, lunar age LA, and local time LT. After interpolation in latitude, the model can describe solar-activity dependence and seasonal dependence of solar quiet daily variations (S) and lunar quiet daily variations (L). We performed a spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) on these S and L variations to examine average characteristics of the equivalent external current systems. We found three particularly noteworthy results. First, the total current intensity of the S current system is largely controlled by solar activity while its focus position is not significantly affected by solar activity. Second, we found that seasonal variations of the S current intensity exhibit north-south asymmetry; the current intensity of the northern vortex shows a prominent annual variation while the southern vortex shows a clear semi-annual variation as well as annual variation. Thirdly, we found that the total intensity of the L current system changes depending on solar activity and season; seasonal variations of the L current intensity show an enhancement during the December solstice, independent of the level of solar activity. C1 [Yamazaki, Y.; Yumoto, K.; Cardinal, M. G.; Yoshikawa, A.] Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Hakozaki 8128581, Japan. [Yumoto, K.; Abe, S.; Uozumi, T.; Yoshikawa, A.] Kyushu Univ, Space Environm Res Ctr, Hakozaki 8128581, Japan. [Fraser, B. J.] Univ Newcastle, Ctr Space Phys, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. [Hattori, P.] US Geol Survey, Guam Magnet Observ, Dededo, GU 96912 USA. [Kakinami, Y.; Liu, J. Y.] Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci, Chungli 32001, Taiwan. [Lynn, K. J. W.] Ionospher Syst Res, Noosaville, Qld 4566, Australia. [Marshall, R.] Bur Meteorol, Ionospher Predict Serv Radio & Space Serv, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. [McNamara, D.] Manila Observ, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. [Nagatsuma, T.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Appl Electromagnet Res Ctr, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. [Nikiforov, V. M.] Russian Acad Sci, VI Ilichev Pacific Oceanol Inst, Far Eastern Branch, Vladivostok 690041, Russia. [Otadoy, R. E.] Univ San Carlos, Dept Phys, Cebu 6000, Philippines. [Ruhimat, M.] Natl Inst Aeronaut & Space, Bandung 40173, Indonesia. [Shevtsov, B. M.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Cosmophys Res & Radio Wave Propagat, Far Eastern Branch, Paratunka 684034, Russia. [Shiokawa, K.] Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. RP Yamazaki, Y (reprint author), Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Hakozaki 8128581, Japan. EM zaki@geo.kyushu-u.ac.jp RI Yoshikawa, Akimasa/A-6142-2012; 魏, 孝慈/D-1493-2012; Yamazaki, Yosuke/J-9484-2015; Liu, Jann-Yenq/Q-1668-2015; OI Yamazaki, Yosuke/0000-0002-7624-4752; Kakinami, Yoshihiro/0000-0001-7806-5734; Nagatsuma, Tsutomu/0000-0002-9334-0738 FU Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan [05041060, 0841105, 10041122, 12373003, 15253005, 18253005]; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science FX The authors thank all the members of the CPMN project for their ceaseless support. The CPMN stations used in this study are summarized in Table 1. The CPMN project is financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) as the Grant-in Aid for Overseas Scientific Survey (05041060, 0841105, 10041122, 12373003, 15253005, 18253005). We also thank the Herzberg Institute of Astro-physics for providing F10.7 solar flux index. The planetary geomagnetic disturbance index Kp can be downloaded from http://www-app3.gfz-potsdam.de/kp_index/index.html. The auroral electrojet index AE can be downloaded from http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/aedir/. The first author (Y. Y.) is supported by a grant from Research Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for Young Scientists. NR 74 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD OCT 18 PY 2011 VL 116 AR A10312 DI 10.1029/2011JA016487 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 836ZB UT WOS:000296157800001 ER PT J AU Smith, CI Tank, S Godsoe, W Levenick, J Strand, E Esque, T Pellmyr, O AF Smith, Christopher Irwin Tank, Shantel Godsoe, William Levenick, Jim Strand, Eva Esque, Todd Pellmyr, Olle TI Comparative Phylogeography of a Coevolved Community: Concerted Population Expansions in Joshua Trees and Four Yucca Moths SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID FIG-WASP MUTUALISM; HOST-SPECIFICITY; TIME DEPENDENCY; STATISTICAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY; SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS; EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; POLLINATING WASPS; DNA POLYMORPHISM AB Comparative phylogeographic studies have had mixed success in identifying common phylogeographic patterns among co-distributed organisms. Whereas some have found broadly similar patterns across a diverse array of taxa, others have found that the histories of different species are more idiosyncratic than congruent. The variation in the results of comparative phylogeographic studies could indicate that the extent to which sympatrically-distributed organisms share common biogeographic histories varies depending on the strength and specificity of ecological interactions between them. To test this hypothesis, we examined demographic and phylogeographic patterns in a highly specialized, coevolved community - Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) and their associated yucca moths. This tightly-integrated, mutually interdependent community is known to have experienced significant range changes at the end of the last glacial period, so there is a strong a priori expectation that these organisms will show common signatures of demographic and distributional changes over time. Using a database of >5000 GPS records for Joshua trees, and multi-locus DNA sequence data from the Joshua tree and four species of yucca moth, we combined paleaodistribution modeling with coalescent-based analyses of demographic and phylgeographic history. We extensively evaluated the power of our methods to infer past population size and distributional changes by evaluating the effect of different inference procedures on our results, comparing our palaeodistribution models to Pleistocene-aged packrat midden records, and simulating DNA sequence data under a variety of alternative demographic histories. Together the results indicate that these organisms have shared a common history of population expansion, and that these expansions were broadly coincident in time. However, contrary to our expectations, none of our analyses indicated significant range or population size reductions at the end of the last glacial period, and the inferred demographic changes substantially predate Holocene climate changes. C1 [Smith, Christopher Irwin] Willamette Univ, Dept Biol, Salem, OR 97301 USA. [Tank, Shantel; Godsoe, William; Pellmyr, Olle] Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. [Levenick, Jim] Willamette Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Salem, OR 97301 USA. [Strand, Eva] Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Ecol & Biogeosci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. [Esque, Todd] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Henderson, NV USA. RP Smith, CI (reprint author), Willamette Univ, Dept Biol, Salem, OR 97301 USA. EM csmith@willamette.edu RI Godsoe, William/E-4344-2015 FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0516841] FX Funding for this project was provided by a grant from the National Science Foundation to OP and CIS (DEB-0516841). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 141 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 10 U2 80 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD OCT 18 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 10 AR e25628 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0025628 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 837ID UT WOS:000296186900014 PM 22028785 ER PT J AU Nicholson, RS Gardner, JE Neal, CA AF Nicholson, Robert S. Gardner, James E. Neal, Christina A. TI Variations in eruption style during the 1931 AD eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; ALEUTIAN ARC; EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS; BASALTIC ERUPTIONS; MAGMA ASCENT; NEW-ZEALAND; GRAIN-SIZE; DEPOSITS; TEPHRA; MECHANISMS AB The 1931 A.D. eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska, progressed from subplinian to effusive eruptive style and from trachydacite to basaltic andesite composition from multiple vent locations. Eyewitness accounts and new studies of deposit stratigraphy provide a combined narrative of eruptive events. Additional field, compositional, grain size, componentry, density, and grain morphology data document the influences on changing eruptive style as the eruption progressed. The eruption began on 1 May 1931 A.D. when a large subplinian eruption column produced vesicular juvenile-rich tephra. Subsequent activity was more intermittent, as magma interacted with groundwater and phreatomagmatic ash and lithic-rich tephra was dispersed up to 600 km downwind. Final erupted products were more mafic in composition and the eruption became more strombolian in style. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that two trachydacitic lava flows were erupted from separate but adjacent vents before the phreatomagmatic phase concluded and that basaltic andesite lava From a third vent began to effuse near the end of explosive activity. The estimated total bulk volume of the eruption is 0.9 km(3), which corresponds to approximately 0.3 km(3) of magma. Eruption style changes are interpreted as follows: (1) a decrease in magma supply rate caused the change from subplinian to phreatomagmatic eruption; (2) a subsequent change in magma composition caused the transition from phreatomagmatic to strombolian eruption style. Additionally, the explosion and effusion of a similar magma composition from three separate vents indicates how the pre-existing caldera structure controlled the pathway of shallow magma ascent, thus influencing eruption style. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Nicholson, Robert S.; Gardner, James E.] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Neal, Christina A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Nicholson, RS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS 910,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM robnicholson@hotmail.com; gardner@mail.utexas.edu; tneal@usgs.gov RI Gardner, James/H-1713-2011 FU AVO/USGS Volcano Hazards Program; Jack Kleinman Volcano Research Grant; National Science Foundation [EAR-0711043] FX This study was undertaken as a Masters thesis project by Robert S Nicholson while attending the University of Alaska Fairbanks and supported by the AVO/USGS Volcano Hazards Program. Writing of the paper was completed by Robert S Nicholson at the USGS. Field expenses for Robert S Nicholson were supported by a 2002 Jack Kleinman Volcano Research Grant. James E Gardner was partially supported during the completion of this study by a grant from the National Science Foundation (EAR-0711043). Thanks to Heather Wright for valuable discussions, and Willie Scott, Judy Fierstein, Charlie Bacon, Lucia Gurioli, and Laura Pioli for thoughtful reviews and comments. NR 55 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 207 IS 3-4 BP 69 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.08.002 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 858ER UT WOS:000297779200001 ER PT J AU Fierstein, J Hildreth, W Calvert, AT AF Fierstein, Judy Hildreth, Wes Calvert, Andrew T. TI Eruptive history of South Sister, Oregon Cascades SO JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE South Sister volcano; Three Sisters volcanoes; Cascade arc; Rhyolite; Stratovolcano ID ROCK SERIES; ARC; CLASSIFICATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; EXTENSION; VOLCANO; RANGE AB South Sister is southernmost and highest of the Three Sisters, three geologically dissimilar stratovolcanoes that together form a spectacular 20 km reach along the Cascade crest in Oregon. North Sister is a monotonously mafic edifice as old as middle Pleistocene, Middle Sister a basalt-andesite-dacite cone built between 48 and 14 ka, and South Sister is a basalt-free edifice that alternated rhyolitic and intermediate modes from 50 ka to 2 ka (largely contemporaneous with Middle Sister). Detailed mapping, 330 chemical analyses, and 42 radioisotopic ages show that the oldest exposed South Sister lavas were initially rhyolitic similar to 50 ka. By similar to 37 ka, rhyolitic lava flows and domes (72-74% SiO(2)) began alternating with radially emplaced dacite (63-68% SiO(2)) and andesite (59-63% SiO(2)) lava flows. Construction of a broad cone of silicic andesite-dacite (61-64% SiO(2)) culminated similar to 30 ka in a dominantly explosive sequence that began with crater-forming andesitic eruptions that left fragmental deposits at least 200 m thick. This was followed at similar to 27 ka by growth of a steeply dipping summit cone of agglutinate-dominated andesite (56-60.5% SiO(2)) and formation of a summit crater similar to 800 m wide. This crater was soon filled and overtopped by a thick dacite lava flow and then by >150 m of dacitic pyroclastic ejecta. Small-volume dacite lavas (63-67% SiO(2)) locally cap the pyroclastic pile. A final sheet of mafic agglutinate (54-56% SiO(2)) - the most mafic product of South Sister - erupted from and drapes the small (300-m-wide) present-day summit crater, ending a summit-building sequence that lasted until similar to 22 ka. A 20 kyr-long-hiatus was broken by rhyolite eruptions that produced (1) the Rock Mesa coulee, tephra, and satellite domelets (73.5% SiO(2)) and (2) the Devils Chain of similar to 20 domes and short coulees (72.3-72.8% SiO(2)) from N-S vent alignments on South Sister's flanks. The compositional reversal from mafic summit agglutinate to recent rhyolites epitomizes the frequently changing compositional modes of the South Sister locus throughout its lifetime. South Sister is part of a reach of the Cascades unusually active in the last 50 kyr, characterized by high vent density, N-S vent alignments, and numerous eruptive units of true rhyolite (>= 72% SiO(2)) that distinguishes it from much of the Quaternary Cascade arc; these are eruptive expressions of the complex confluence of arc and intraplate magmatic-tectonic regimes. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes; Calvert, Andrew T.] US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Fierstein, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Volcano Sci Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jfierstn@usgs.gov; hildreth@usgs.gov; acalvert@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0273 J9 J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES JI J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 207 IS 3-4 BP 145 EP 179 DI 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.003 PG 35 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 858ER UT WOS:000297779200007 ER PT J AU Semmens, DJ Diffendorfer, JE Lopez-Hoffman, L Shapiro, CD AF Semmens, Darius J. Diffendorfer, James E. Lopez-Hoffman, Laura Shapiro, Carl D. TI Accounting for the ecosystem services of migratory species: Quantifying migration support and spatial subsidies SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Ecosystem services; Spatial dynamics; Migration; Subsidies; Valuation; Conservation markets ID SALMON; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; FRAMEWORK; ECOLOGY; MARINE; RATES; BIODIVERSITY; ORGANISMS; DISPERSAL AB Migratory species support ecosystem process and function in multiple areas, establishing ecological linkages between their different habitats. As they travel, migratory species also provide ecosystem services to people in many different locations. Previous research suggests there may be spatial mismatches between locations where humans use services and the ecosystems that produce them. This occurs with migratory species, between the areas that most support the species' population viability - and hence their long-term ability to provide services - and the locations where species provide the most ecosystem services. This paper presents a conceptual framework for estimating how much a particular location supports the provision of ecosystem services in other locations, and for estimating the extent to which local benefits are dependent upon other locations. We also describe a method for estimating the net payment, or subsidy, owed by or to a location that balances benefits received and support provided by locations throughout the migratory range of multiple species. The ability to quantify these spatial subsidies could provide a foundation for the establishment of markets that incentivize cross-jurisdictional cooperative management of migratory species. It could also provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts over the sustainable and equitable allocation of exploited migratory species. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Semmens, Darius J.; Diffendorfer, James E.] US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Geog Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Lopez-Hoffman, Laura] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Lopez-Hoffman, Laura] Univ Arizona, Udall Ctr Studies Publ Policy, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Shapiro, Carl D.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Semmens, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Rocky Mt Geog Sci Ctr, POB 25046,MS-516, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM dsemmens@usgs.gov; jediffendorfer@usgs.gov; lauralh@u.arizona.edu; cshapiro@usgs.gov OI Diffendorfer, James/0000-0003-1093-6948 NR 64 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 5 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 EI 1873-6106 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 70 IS 12 BP 2236 EP 2242 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.07.002 PG 7 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 847DX UT WOS:000296953200002 ER PT J AU Stoliker, DL Kent, DB Zachara, JM AF Stoliker, Deborah L. Kent, Douglas B. Zachara, John M. TI Quantifying Differences in the Impact of Variable Chemistry on Equilibrium Uranium(VI) Adsorption Properties of Aquifer Sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED HANFORD SEDIMENTS; REACTIVE TRANSPORT; CHEMICAL CONDITIONS; TERNARY COMPLEXES; VADOSE ZONE; SPECIATION; SITE; FERRIHYDRITE; DESORPTION; KINETICS AB Uranium adsorption-desorption on sediment samples collected from the Hanford 300-Area, Richland, WA varied extensively over a range of field-relevant chemical conditions, complicating assessment of possible differences in equilibrium adsorption properties. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 500-1000 h although dissolved uranium concentrations increased over thousands of hours owing to changes in aqueous chemical composition driven by sediment-water reactions. A nonelectrostatic surface complexation reaction, >SOH + UO(2)(2+) + 2CO(3)(2-) = >SOUO(2)(CO(3)HCO(3))(2-) provided the best fit to experimental data for each sediment sample resulting in a range of conditional equilibrium constants (logK(c)) from 21.49 to 21.76. Potential differences in uranium adsorption properties could be assessed in plots based on the generalized mass-action expressions yielding linear trends displaced vertically by differences in logK(c) values. Using this approach, logK(c) values for seven sediment samples were not significantly different. However, a significant difference in adsorption properties between one sediment sample and the fines (<0.063 mm) of another could be demonstrated despite the fines requiting a different reaction stoichiometry. Estimates of logK(c) uncertainty were improved by capturing all data points within experimental errors. The mass-action expression plots demonstrate that applying models outside the range of conditions used in model calibration greatly increases potential errors. C1 [Stoliker, Deborah L.; Kent, Douglas B.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Zachara, John M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Stoliker, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 496, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dlstoliker@usgs.gov FU U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science through the Hanford 300-Area IFRC; U.S. Geological Survey through the Hydrologic Research and Development program FX Funding for this work was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Subsurface Biogeochemical Research program, through the Hanford 300-Area IFRC. Additional funding came from the U.S. Geological Survey through the Hydrologic Research and Development program. Technical assistance from Chris Fuller in the measurement of total uranium is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Tracie Conrad and James Hein for XRD analyses. Discussions with Roy Haggerty, Chongxuan Liu, and Jun Yin along with reviews by Gary Curtis, James Davis, and four anonymous reviewers improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 44 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 20 BP 8733 EP 8740 DI 10.1021/es202677v PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 831BU UT WOS:000295704500020 PM 21923109 ER PT J AU Campbell, KM Veeramani, H Urich, KU Blue, LY Giammar, DE Bernier-Latmani, R Stubbs, JE Suvorova, E Yabusaki, S Lezama-Pacheco, JS Mehta, A Long, PE Bargar, JR AF Campbell, Kate M. Veeramani, Harish Urich, Kai-Uwe Blue, Lisa Y. Giammar, Daniel E. Bernier-Latmani, Rizlan Stubbs, Joanne E. Suvorova, Elena Yabusaki, Steve Lezama-Pacheco, Juan S. Mehta, Apurva Long, Philip E. Bargar, John R. TI Oxidative Dissolution of Biogenic Uraninite in Groundwater at Old Rifle, CO SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; URANIUM BIOREDUCTION; REDUCING CONDITIONS; U(VI) REDUCTION; REOXIDATION; UO2; BIOREMEDIATION; NANOPARTICLES; TRANSPORT; U(IV) AB Reductive bioremediation is currently being explored as a possible strategy for uranium-contaminated aquifers such as the Old Rifle site (Colorado). The stability of U(IV) phases under oxidizing conditions is key to the performance of this procedure. An in situ method was developed to study oxidative dissolution of biogenic uraninite (UO(2)), a desirable U(VI) bioreduction product, in the Old Rifle, CO, aquifer under different variable oxygen conditions. Overall uranium loss rates were 50-100 times slower than laboratory rates. After accounting for molecular diffusion through the sample holders, a reactive transport model using laboratory dissolution rates was able to predict overall uranium loss. The presence of biomass further retarded diffusion and oxidation rates. These results confirm the importance of diffusion in controlling in-aquifer U(IV) oxidation rates. Upon retrieval, uraninite was found to be free of U(VI), indicating dissolution occurred via oxidation and removal of surface atoms. Interaction of groundwater solutes such as Ca(2+) or silicate with uraninite surfaces also may retard in-aquifer U loss rates. These results indicate that the prolonged stability of U(IV) species in aquifers is strongly influenced by permeability, the presence of bacterial cells and cell exudates, and groundwater geochemistry. C1 [Campbell, Kate M.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Veeramani, Harish; Bernier-Latmani, Rizlan; Suvorova, Elena] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Environm Microbiol Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Urich, Kai-Uwe; Blue, Lisa Y.; Giammar, Daniel E.] Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. [Stubbs, Joanne E.; Lezama-Pacheco, Juan S.; Mehta, Apurva; Bargar, John R.] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lightsource, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Yabusaki, Steve; Long, Philip E.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Campbell, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine Sreet, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM kcampbell@usgs.gov RI Bernier-Latmani, Rizlan/E-4398-2011; Long, Philip/F-5728-2013; Suvorova, Elena/I-5582-2013; Veeramani, Harish/N-2783-2015; Stubbs, Joanne/F-9710-2013 OI Bernier-Latmani, Rizlan/0000-0001-6547-722X; Long, Philip/0000-0003-4152-5682; Veeramani, Harish/0000-0002-7623-209X; Stubbs, Joanne/0000-0002-8509-2009 FU DOE-OBER [2009-SLAC-10006, DE-FG02-06ER64227]; Swiss NSF [20021-113784, 200020-126921/1]; USGS/NRC FX We thank Richard Dayvault, David Traub, Carol Morris, Aaron Gooch, Joe Rogers, Michael Hay, and Tanya Gallegos. Funding for this project was provided by a DOE-OBER grant to SLAC (work package 2009-SLAC-10006), grant DE-FG02-06ER64227 to EPFL, Swiss NSF grants 20021-113784 and 200020-126921/1, and USGS/NRC postdoctoral program. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 37 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 6 U2 54 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 20 BP 8748 EP 8754 DI 10.1021/es200482f PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 831BU UT WOS:000295704500022 PM 21910475 ER PT J AU McNamara, JP Tetzlaff, D Bishop, K Soulsby, C Seyfried, M Peters, NE Aulenbach, BT Hooper, R AF McNamara, James P. Tetzlaff, Doerthe Bishop, Kevin Soulsby, Chris Seyfried, Mark Peters, Norman E. Aulenbach, Brent T. Hooper, Richard TI Storage as a Metric of Catchment Comparison SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Eastern Snow Conference (ESC) CY 2010 CL Hancock, MA DE storage; water balance; catchment comparison; soil water; groundwater ID SOIL-MOISTURE; STREAMFLOW GENERATION; ENERGY-BALANCE; TRANSIT-TIME; WATER; REGIMES; VARIABILITY; GROUNDWATER; LANDSCAPE; BASINS AB The volume of water stored within a catchment, and its partitioning among groundwater, soil moisture, snowpack, vegetation, and surface water are the variables that ultimately characterize the state of the hydrologic system. Accordingly, storage may provide useful metrics for catchment comparison. Unfortunately, measuring and predicting the amount of water present in a catchment is seldom done; tracking the dynamics of these stores is even rarer. Storage moderates fluxes and exerts critical controls on a wide range of hydrologic and biologic functions of a catchment. While understanding runoff generation and other processes by which catchments release water will always be central to hydrologic science, it is equally essential to understand how catchments retain water. We have initiated a catchment comparison exercise to begin assessing the value of viewing catchments from the storage perspective. The exercise is based on existing data from five watersheds, no common experimental design, and no integrated modelling efforts. Rather, storage was estimated independently for each site. This briefing presents some initial results of the exercise, poses questions about the definitions and importance of storage and the storage perspective, and suggests future directions for ongoing activities. Copyright. (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [McNamara, James P.] Boise State Univ, Boise, ID 83725 USA. [Tetzlaff, Doerthe; Soulsby, Chris] Univ Aberdeen, No Rivers Inst, Sch Geosci, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland. [Bishop, Kevin] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Aquat Sci & Assessment, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. [Seyfried, Mark] Agr Res Serv, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. [Peters, Norman E.; Aulenbach, Brent T.] USGS Georgia Water Sci Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. [Hooper, Richard] CUAHSI, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP McNamara, JP (reprint author), Boise State Univ, 1910 Univ Dr, Boise, ID 83725 USA. EM jmcnamar@boisestate.edu RI McNamara, James/F-1993-2011; Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008; OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288; Tetzlaff, Doerthe/0000-0002-7183-8674 NR 44 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 41 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 21 SI SI BP 3364 EP 3371 DI 10.1002/hyp.8113 PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 838HA UT WOS:000296276800011 ER PT J AU Barber, LB Brown, GK Nettesheim, TG Murphy, EW Bartell, SE Schoenfuss, HL AF Barber, Larry B. Brown, Gregory K. Nettesheim, Todd G. Murphy, Elizabeth W. Bartell, Stephen E. Schoenfuss, Heiko L. TI Effects of biologically-active chemical mixtures on fish in a wastewater-impacted urban stream SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Chemical mixtures; Endocrine disruption; Urban ecosystems; Pharmaceuticals and personal care products; Attenuation; Bioaccumulation ID SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS; MALE FATHEAD MINNOWS; ALKYLPHENOL POLYETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE; REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; STEROIDAL HORMONES; TREATMENT WETLANDS AB Stream flow in urban aquatic ecosystems often is maintained by water-reclamation plant (WRP) effluents that contain mixtures of natural and anthropogenic chemicals that persist through the treatment processes. In effluent-impacted streams, aquatic organisms such as fish are continuously exposed to biologically-active chemicals throughout their life cycles. The North Shore Channel of the Chicago River (Chicago, Illinois) is part of an urban ecosystem in which >80% of the annual flow consists of effluent from the North Side WRP. In this study, multiple samplings of the effluent and stream water were conducted and fish (largemouth bass and carp) were collected on 2 occasions from the North Shore Channel. Fish also were collected once from the Outer Chicago Harbor in Lake Michigan, a reference site not impacted by WRP discharges. Over 100 organic chemicals with differing behaviors and biological effects were measured, and 23 compounds were detected in all of the water samples analyzed. The most frequently detected and highest concentration (>100 mu g/L) compounds were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 4-nonylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxycarboxylic acids. Other biologically-active chemicals including bisphenol A. 4-nonylphenol, 4-nonylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxylates, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxylates were detected at lower concentrations (<5 mu g/L). The biogenic steroidal hormones 17 beta-estradiol, estrone, testosterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, and cis-androsterone were detected at even lower concentrations (<0.005 mu g/L). There were slight differences in concentrations between the North Side WRP effluent and the North Shore Channel, indicating minimal in-stream attenuation. Fish populations are continuously exposed to mixtures of biologically-active chemicals because of the relative persistency of the chemicals with respect to stream hydraulic residence time, and the lack of a fresh water source for dilution. The majority of male fish exhibited vitellogenin induction, a physiological response consistent with exposure to estrogenic compounds. Tissue-level signs of reproductive disruption, such as ovatestis, were not observed. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Barber, Larry B.; Brown, Gregory K.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Nettesheim, Todd G.; Murphy, Elizabeth W.] US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. [Bartell, Stephen E.; Schoenfuss, Heiko L.] St Cloud State Univ, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. RP Barber, LB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM lbbarber@usgs.gov FU USGS; USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office FX We thank James Gray, Ed Furlong, and Steve Zaugg from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), David Lordi and Thomas Minarik from MWRD, Chiara Zuccarino-Crowe from Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Jennifer Pitt and Blaine Snyder from Tetra Tech, Leanne Stahl and John Warthen from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and Timothy Loes and Meghan Painter from St. Cloud State University for their assistance. This research was conducted with the support of the USGS National Research and Toxics Substances Hydrology Programs, and the USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office, and is solely attributed to the USGS. Use of trade names is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 76 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 70 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 409 IS 22 BP 4720 EP 4728 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.039 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 838QI UT WOS:000296306900010 PM 21849205 ER PT J AU Corsi, SR Klaper, RD Weber, DN Bannerman, RT AF Corsi, Steven R. Klaper, Rebecca D. Weber, Daniel N. Bannerman, Roger T. TI Water- and sediment-quality effects on Pimephales promelas spawning vary along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Urban development; Fathead minnows; Dissolved oxygen; Specific conductance; Watershed management; In situ bioassay ID WISCONSIN STREAMS; RIVER-BASIN; FISH; HYPOXIA; REPRODUCTION; IMPAIRMENT; REGRESSION; IMPACTS; SCALES; FRESH AB Many streams in the U.S. are "impaired" due to anthropogenic influence. For watershed managers to achieve practical understanding of these impairments, a multitude of factors must be considered, including point and nonpoint-source influence on water quality. A spawning assay was developed in this study to evaluate water- and sediment-quality effects that influenced Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) egg production over a gradient of urban and agricultural land use in 27 small watersheds in Eastern Wisconsin. Six pairs of reproducing fathead minnows were contained in separate mesh cartridges within one larger flow-through chamber. Water- and sediment quality were sampled for an array of parameters. Egg production was monitored for each pair providing an assessment of spawning success throughout the 21-day test periods. Incidences of low dissolved oxygen (DO) in many of these streams negatively impacted spawning success. Nine of 27 streams experienced DO less than 3.1 mg/L and 15 streams experienced DO less than 4.8 mg/L Low DO was observed in urban and agricultural watersheds, but the upper threshold of minimum DO decreased with increasing urban development. An increase in specific conductance was related to a decrease in spawning success. In previous studies for streams in this region, specific conductance had a linear relation with chloride, suggesting the possibility that chloride could be a factor in egg production. Egg production was lower at sites with substantial urban development, but sites with low egg production were not limited to urban sites. Degradation of water- and sediment-quality parameters with increasing urban development is indicated for multiple parameters while patterns were not detected for others. Results from this study indicate that DO must be a high priority watershed management consideration for this region, specific conductance should be investigated further to determine the mechanism of the relation with egg production. and water- and sediment-quality degrade in relation to urban influence. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Corsi, Steven R.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Klaper, Rebecca D.] Univ Wisconsin, Great Lakes WATER Inst, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Weber, Daniel N.] Univ Wisconsin, Childrens Environm Hlth Sci Ctr, Milwaukee, WI 53204 USA. [Bannerman, Roger T.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53707 USA. RP Corsi, SR (reprint author), 8505 Res Way, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM srcorsi@usgs.gov; rklaper@uwm.edu; dweber@uwm.edu; banner@dnr.state.wi.us FU Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; U.S. Geological Survey; Children's Environmental Health Sciences Center (NIEHS) at UW-Milwaukee [ES04184] FX We thank the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey for supporting this research. In addition, the USGS National Water Quality Assessment program provided much background information and watershed selection criteria. We thank the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene for contributions in several aspects of the research. We thank USGS current and previous employees including Troy Rutter, Austin Baldwin, Andrew Mumpy, Daniel Alessi, Thomas Klopf, Arjun Dhillon, Quintin Bendixen, Michelle Lutz, Jeffrey Steuer, and numerous others in the NAWQA program. We thank the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee students Jordan Crago, and Devrah Arndt for assistance and the Children's Environmental Health Sciences Center (NIEHS grant ES04184) at UW-Milwaukee for additional support. NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 409 IS 22 BP 4847 EP 4857 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.014 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 838QI UT WOS:000296306900025 PM 21899877 ER PT J AU Detto, M Verfaillie, J Anderson, F Xu, LK Baldocchi, D AF Detto, Matteo Verfaillie, Joseph Anderson, Frank Xu, Liukang Baldocchi, Dennis TI Comparing laser-based open- and closed-path gas analyzers to measure methane fluxes using the eddy covariance method SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Methane flux; Eddy covariance; Open-path; Closed-path ID FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CORRECTIONS; CAVITY-OUTPUT SPECTROSCOPY; SAN-JOAQUIN DELTA; WATER-VAPOR; CORRELATION SYSTEMS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CALIFORNIA; FLUCTUATIONS; VARIABILITY; SACRAMENTO AB Closed- and open-path methane gas analyzers are used in eddy covariance systems to compare three potential methane emitting ecosystems in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (CA, USA): a rice field, a peatland pasture and a restored wetland. The study points out similarities and differences of the systems in field experiments and data processing. The closed-path system, despite a less intrusive placement with the sonic anemometer, required more care and power. In contrast, the open-path system appears more versatile for a remote and unattended experimental site. Overall, the two systems have comparable minimum detectable limits, but synchronization between wind speed and methane data, air density corrections and spectral losses have different impacts on the computed flux covariances. For the closed-path analyzer, air density effects are less important, but the synchronization and spectral losses may represent a problem when fluxes are small or when an undersized pump is used. For the open-path analyzer air density corrections are greater, due to spectroscopy effects and the classic Webb-Pearman-Leuning correction. Comparison between the 30-min fluxes reveals good agreement in terms of magnitudes between open-path and closed-path flux systems. However, the scatter is large, as consequence of the intensive data processing which both systems require. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Detto, Matteo; Verfaillie, Joseph; Baldocchi, Dennis] Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Anderson, Frank] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Xu, Liukang] LI COR Biosci, Lincoln, NE 68504 USA. RP Detto, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM dettom@si.edu RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919 FU National Science Foundation [0628720] FX Matteo Detto and Dennis Baldocchi acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation (Grant 0628720). We thank LI-COR for allowing us to use the newly released open-path analyzer and Douglas Bear of Los Gatos research for all the technical support. Finally we thank both reviewers and associate editor or useful comments and suggestions. NR 39 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 50 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD OCT 15 PY 2011 VL 151 IS 10 BP 1312 EP 1324 DI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.014 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826KK UT WOS:000295352800003 ER PT J AU Stephenson, NL Das, AJ AF Stephenson, Nathan L. Das, Adrian J. TI Comment on "Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species' Optimum Elevations" SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION C1 [Stephenson, Nathan L.; Das, Adrian J.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RP Stephenson, NL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. EM nstephenson@usgs.gov NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 6 U2 31 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 14 PY 2011 VL 334 IS 6053 DI 10.1126/science.1205740 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 832UI UT WOS:000295833600026 PM 21998371 ER PT J AU Yuan, WP Luo, YQ Li, XL Liu, SG Yu, GR Zhou, T Bahn, M Black, A Desai, AR Cescatti, A Marcolla, B Jacobs, C Chen, JQ Aurela, M Bernhofer, C Gielen, B Bohrer, G Cook, DR Dragoni, D Dunn, AL Gianelle, D Grunwald, T Ibrom, A Leclerc, MY Lindroth, A Liu, HP Marchesini, LB Montagnani, L Pita, G Rodeghiero, M Rodrigues, A Starr, G Stoy, PC AF Yuan, Wenping Luo, Yiqi Li, Xianglan Liu, Shuguang Yu, Guirui Zhou, Tao Bahn, Michael Black, Andy Desai, Ankur R. Cescatti, Alessandro Marcolla, Barbara Jacobs, Cor Chen, Jiquan Aurela, Mika Bernhofer, Christian Gielen, Bert Bohrer, Gil Cook, David R. Dragoni, Danilo Dunn, Allison L. Gianelle, Damiano Gruenwald, Thomas Ibrom, Andreas Leclerc, Monique Y. Lindroth, Anders Liu, Heping Marchesini, Luca Belelli Montagnani, Leonardo Pita, Gabriel Rodeghiero, Mirco Rodrigues, Abel Starr, Gregory Stoy, Paul C. TI Redefinition and global estimation of basal ecosystem respiration rate SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUX; SOIL RESPIRATION; EDDY COVARIANCE; TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CO2 EXCHANGE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MEDITERRANEAN FOREST; EUROPEAN FORESTS AB Basal ecosystem respiration rate (BR), the ecosystem respiration rate at a given temperature, is a common and important parameter in empirical models for quantifying ecosystem respiration (ER) globally. Numerous studies have indicated that BR varies in space. However, many empirical ER models still use a global constant BR largely due to the lack of a functional description for BR. In this study, we redefined BR to be ecosystem respiration rate at the mean annual temperature. To test the validity of this concept, we conducted a synthesis analysis using 276 site-years of eddy covariance data, from 79 research sites located at latitudes ranging from similar to 3 degrees S to similar to 70 degrees N. Results showed that mean annual ER rate closely matches ER rate at mean annual temperature. Incorporation of site-specific BR into global ER model substantially improved simulated ER compared to an invariant BR at all sites. These results confirm that ER at the mean annual temperature can be considered as BR in empirical models. A strong correlation was found between the mean annual ER and mean annual gross primary production (GPP). Consequently, GPP, which is typically more accurately modeled, can be used to estimate BR. A light use efficiency GPP model (i.e., EC-LUE) was applied to estimate global GPP, BR and ER with input data from MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications) and MODIS (Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). The global ER was 103 Pg C yr (-1), with the highest respiration rate over tropical forests and the lowest value in dry and high-latitude areas. C1 [Yuan, Wenping; Li, Xianglan] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Luo, Yiqi] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. [Liu, Shuguang] US Geol Survey, Earth Resources Observat & Sci Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Liu, Shuguang] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Yu, Guirui] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Key Lab Ecosyst Network Observat & Modeling, Synth Res Ctr,Chinese Ecosyst Res Network, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Tao] Beijing Normal Univ, State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Bahn, Michael] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ecol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. [Black, Andy] Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. [Desai, Ankur R.] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Nelson Inst Environm Studies, Ctr Climat Res, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Dept, Madison, WI USA. [Cescatti, Alessandro] European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Ispra, Italy. [Marcolla, Barbara; Gianelle, Damiano; Rodeghiero, Mirco] Fdn Edmund Mach, IASMA Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, San Michele All Adige, Italy. [Jacobs, Cor] Wageningen Univ, Wageningen, Netherlands. [Chen, Jiquan] Univ Toledo, Dept Earth Ecol & Environm Sci, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Aurela, Mika] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Bernhofer, Christian; Gruenwald, Thomas] Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Hydrol & Meteorol, Chair Meteorol, Dresden, Germany. [Gielen, Bert] Univ Antwerp, Dept Biol, Antwerp, Belgium. [Bohrer, Gil] Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil Environm & Geodet Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Cook, David R.] Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Climate Res Sect, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. [Dragoni, Danilo] Indiana Univ, Dept Geog, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. [Dunn, Allison L.] Worcester State Coll, Dept Phys & Earth Sci, Worcester, MA USA. [Ibrom, Andreas] Tech Univ Denmark, Biosyst Div, Riso DTU Natl Lab Sustainable Energy, Roskilde, Denmark. [Leclerc, Monique Y.] Univ Georgia, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Griffin, GA USA. [Lindroth, Anders] Lund Univ, Geobiosphere Sci Ctr, Lund, Sweden. [Liu, Heping] Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Lab Atmospher Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Marchesini, Luca Belelli] Univ Tuscia, Dept Innovat Biol Agro Food & Forest Syst, Viterbo, Italy. [Montagnani, Leonardo] Forest Serv Autonomous Prov Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy. [Montagnani, Leonardo] Agcy Environm Autonomous Prov Bolzano, Lab Chem Phys, Bolzano, Italy. [Montagnani, Leonardo] Free Univ Bolzano, Fac Sci & Technol, Bolzano, Italy. [Pita, Gabriel] Inst Super Tecn, Dept Mech Engn, Lisbon, Portugal. [Rodrigues, Abel] Inst Nacl Recursos Biol, Unidade Silvicultura & Prod Florestais, Oeiras, Portugal. [Starr, Gregory] Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL USA. [Stoy, Paul C.] Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Yuan, WP (reprint author), Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. RI Montagnani, Leonardo/F-1837-2016; Gianelle, Damiano/G-9437-2011; Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009; Ibrom, Andreas/A-9850-2011; Bohrer, Gil/A-9731-2008; Bahn, Michael/I-3536-2013; 于, 贵瑞/C-1768-2014; Aurela, Mika/L-4724-2014; Belelli Marchesini, Luca/M-3554-2014; Lindroth, Anders/N-4697-2014; Desai, Ankur/A-5899-2008; Rodeghiero, Mirco/G-8559-2011; OI Montagnani, Leonardo/0000-0003-2957-9071; Gianelle, Damiano/0000-0001-7697-5793; Bahn, Michael/0000-0001-7482-9776; Belelli Marchesini, Luca/0000-0001-8408-4675; Lindroth, Anders/0000-0002-7669-784X; Desai, Ankur/0000-0002-5226-6041; Marcolla, Barbara/0000-0001-6357-4616; Rodrigues, Abel/0000-0002-8820-6454; Bohrer, Gil/0000-0002-9209-9540; Pita, Gabriel/0000-0002-2225-5309; Rodeghiero, Mirco/0000-0003-3228-4557; Ibrom, Andreas/0000-0002-1341-921X FU National Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China [2010CB833504, 2010CB950703]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; U.S. Geological Survey FX We acknowledge the financial support from National Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China (2010CB833504 and 2010CB950703) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. S. Liu was funded by the LandCarbon Project, Geographic Analysis and Monitoring (GAM) Program, and the Global Change Research and Development Program (R&D) of the U.S. Geological Survey. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. We acknowledge the work of principal investigators and collaborators in EC sites, who provided the eddy covariance flux measurements. The following networks participated with flux data: AmeriFlux, CarboEuropeIP, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada and USCCC. NR 122 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 63 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT 13 PY 2011 VL 25 AR GB4002 DI 10.1029/2011GB004150 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 855CO UT WOS:000297541400001 ER PT J AU Corn, PS Muths, E Kissel, AM Scherer, RD AF Corn, Paul Stephen Muths, Erin Kissel, Amanda M. Scherer, Rick D. TI Breeding Chorus Indices Are Weakly Related to Estimated Abundance of Boreal Chorus Frogs SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID AMPHIBIAN-MONITORING-PROGRAM; CALL SURVEYS; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; ANURAN POPULATIONS; INFERRING ABSENCE; SITE OCCUPANCY; PHENOLOGY; MARYLAND; ONTARIO; MODELS AB Call surveys used to monitor breeding choruses of anuran amphibians generate index values that are frequently used to represent the number of male frogs present, but few studies have quantified this relationship. We compared abundance of male Boreal Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris maculata), estimated using capture recapture methods in two populations in Colorado, to call index values derived from automated recordings. Single index values, such as might result from large monitoring efforts, were unrelated to population size. A synthetic call saturation index (CSI), the daily proportion of the maximum possible sum of index values derived from multiple recordings, was greater in larger populations, but the relationship was not highly predictive. C1 [Corn, Paul Stephen] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. [Muths, Erin; Kissel, Amanda M.] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Scherer, Rick D.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Corn, PS (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, 790 E Beckwith Ave, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. EM scorn@usgs.gov; muthse@usgs.gov; akissel@sfu.ca; scherer@rams.colostate.edu NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD OCT 10 PY 2011 IS 3 BP 365 EP 371 DI 10.1643/CH-10-190 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 833BD UT WOS:000295855900003 ER PT J AU Banks, RC AF Banks, Richard C. TI Taxonomy of Greater White-fronted Geese (Ayes: Anatidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE historical review; Holarctic; North America; subspecies ID ANSER-ALBIFRONS; POPULATIONS AB Five subspecies of the Greater White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons (Scopoli, 1769), have been named, all on the basis of wintering birds, and up to six subspecies have been recognized. There has been confusion over the application of some names, particularly in North America, because of lack of knowledge of the breeding ranges and type localities, and incorrect taxonomic decisions. There is one clinally varying subspecies in Eurasia, one that breeds in Greenland, and three in North America, one newly named herein. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Banks, RC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. EM banksr@si.edu NR 42 TC 1 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 8 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X EI 1943-6327 J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT 10 PY 2011 VL 124 IS 3 BP 226 EP 233 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 833PN UT WOS:000295897500008 ER PT J AU Mech, LD Cluff, HD AF Mech, L. David Cluff, H. Dean TI Movements of Wolves at the Northern Extreme of the Species' Range, Including during Four Months of Darkness SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID WOLF AB Information about wolf (Canis lupus) movements anywhere near the northern extreme of the species' range in the High Arctic (>75 degrees N latitude) are lacking. There, wolves prey primarily on muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and must survive 4 months of 24 hr/day winter darkness and temperatures reaching -53 C. The extent to which wolves remain active and prey on muskoxen during the dark period are unknown, for the closest area where information is available about winter wolf movements is >2,250 km south. We studied a pack of >= 20 wolves on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada (80 degrees N latitude) from July 2009 through mid-April 2010 by collaring a lead wolf with a Global Positioning System (GPS)/Argos radio collar. The collar recorded the wolf's precise locations at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily and transmitted the locations by satellite to our email. Straight-line distances between consecutive 12-hr locations varied between 0 and 76 km. Mean (SE) linear distance between consecutive locations (n = 554) was 11 (0.5) km. Total minimum distance traveled was 5,979 km, and total area covered was 6,640 km(2), the largest wolf range reported. The wolf and presumably his pack once made a 263-km (straight-line distance) foray to the southeast during 19-28 January 2010, returning 29 January to 1 February at an average of 41 km/day straight-line distances between 12-hr locations. This study produced the first detailed movement information about any large mammal in the High Arctic, and the average movements during the dark period did not differ from those afterwards. Wolf movements during the dark period in the highest latitudes match those of the other seasons and generally those of wolves in lower latitudes, and, at least with the gross movements measurable by our methods, the 4-month period without direct sunlight produced little change in movements. C1 [Mech, L. David] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND USA. [Cluff, H. Dean] Govt NW Terr, Dept Environm & Nat Resources, Yellowknife, NT, Canada. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM mechx002@umn.edu FU U.S. Geological Survey FX This work was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 30 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 185 BERRY ST, STE 1300, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD OCT 4 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 10 AR e25328 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0025328 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 834MB UT WOS:000295963300010 PM 21991308 ER PT J AU D'Alba, L Van Hemert, C Handel, CM Shawkey, MD AF D'Alba, Liliana Van Hemert, Caroline Handel, Colleen M. Shawkey, Matthew D. TI A Natural Experiment on the Condition-Dependence of Achromatic Plumage Reflectance in Black-Capped Chickadees SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID MALE HOUSE FINCHES; SEXUAL SELECTION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ULTRAVIOLET PLUMAGE; FICEDULA-HYPOLEUCA; EASTERN BLUEBIRDS; BEAK DEFORMITIES; COLOR VARIATION; HONEST SIGNAL; MATE CHOICE AB Honest advertisement models posit that only individuals in good health can produce and/or maintain ornamental traits. Even though disease has profound effects on condition, few studies have experimentally tested its effects on trait expression and even fewer have identified a mechanistic basis for these effects. Recent evidence suggests that black and white, but not grey, plumage colors of black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) are sexually selected. We therefore hypothesized that birds afflicted with avian keratin disorder, a condition that affects the beak and other keratinized tissues, would show reduced expression of black and white, but not grey, color. UV-vis spectrometry of black-capped chickadees affected and unaffected by avian keratin disorder revealed spectral differences between them consistent with this hypothesis. To elucidate the mechanistic bases of these differences, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and a feather cleaning experiment. SEM showed extreme feather soiling in affected birds, and EDX revealed that this was most likely from external sources. Experimentally cleaning the feathers increased color expression of ornamental feathers of affected, but not unaffected, birds. These data provide strong evidence that black and white color is an honest indicator in chickadees, and that variation in feather dirtiness, likely due to differences in preening behavior is a mechanism for this association. C1 [D'Alba, Liliana; Shawkey, Matthew D.] Univ Akron, Dept Biol, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [D'Alba, Liliana; Shawkey, Matthew D.] Univ Akron, Integrated Biosci Program, Akron, OH 44325 USA. [Van Hemert, Caroline; Handel, Colleen M.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. [Van Hemert, Caroline] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP D'Alba, L (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Biol, Akron, OH 44325 USA. EM liliana@uakron.edu OI Shawkey, Matthew/0000-0002-5131-8209; D'Alba, Liliana/0000-0002-2478-3455; Handel, Colleen/0000-0002-0267-7408 FU U. S. Geological Survey; National Science Foundation; University of Alaska Foundation; AFOSR [FA9550-09-1-0159] FX Funding was provided by the U. S. Geological Survey, the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (http://www.nsfgrfp.org/) Program, the University of Alaska Foundation Angus Gavin Memorial Bird Research Grant (http://www.alaska.edu/foundation/donor_relations/grants-and-awards/), and the AFOSR (FA9550-09-1-0159)(http://www.wpafb.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet. asp?id=8973). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 54 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 27 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD OCT 3 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 10 AR e25877 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0025877 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 834EU UT WOS:000295943000089 PM 21991378 ER PT J AU Koczot, KM Markstrom, SL Hay, LE AF Koczot, Kathryn M. Markstrom, Steven L. Hay, Lauren E. TI Effects of Baseline Conditions on the Simulated Hydrologic Response to Projected Climate Change SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE Climate change; Baseline conditions; Downscaling; Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System ID IMPACTS; SCENARIOS; RUNOFF; QUANTIFICATION; UNCERTAINTIES; BRITAIN; BASINS; TRENDS; FLOWS AB Changes in temperature and precipitation projected from five general circulation models, using one late-twentieth-century and three twenty-first-century emission scenarios, were downscaled to three different baseline conditions. Baseline conditions are periods of measured temperature and precipitation data selected to represent twentieth-century climate. The hydrologic effects of the climate projections are evaluated using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), which is a watershed hydrology simulation model. The Almanor Catchment in the North Fork of the Feather River basin, California, is used as a case study. Differences and similarities between PRMS simulations of hydrologic components (i.e., snowpack formation and melt, evapotranspiration, and streamflow) are examined, and results indicate that the selection of a specific time period used for baseline conditions has a substantial effect on some, but not all, hydrologic variables. This effect seems to be amplified in hydrologic variables, which accumulate over time, such as soil-moisture content. Results also indicate that uncertainty related to the selection of baseline conditions should be evaluated using a range of different baseline conditions. This is particularly important for studies in basins with highly variable climate, such as the Almanor Catchment. C1 [Koczot, Kathryn M.] US Geol Survey, CAWSC, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Markstrom, Steven L.; Hay, Lauren E.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Koczot, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CAWSC, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM kmkoczot@usgs.gov FU California Department of Water Resources Division of Flood Management Hydrology Branch (DWR); DWR FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the staff and funding contributions of California Department of Water Resources Division of Flood Management Hydrology Branch (DWR). The USGS, in cooperation with DWR, completed the Feather River Basin PRMS, which is the foundation model for this study. The DWR also provided funding towards the study described herein. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 15 AR 27 DI 10.1175/2011EI378.1 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 897AB UT WOS:000300611900001 ER PT J AU Chmura, GL Kellman, L Guntenspergen, GR AF Chmura, Gail L. Kellman, Lisa Guntenspergen, Glenn R. TI The greenhouse gas flux and potential global warming feedbacks of a northern macrotidal and microtidal salt marsh SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE tidal marsh; nitrous oxide; methane; carbon dioxide; radiative forcing ID NITROUS-OXIDE; METHANE EMISSIONS; SEDIMENTS; DYNAMICS; WETLANDS; FUNDY; BAY AB Conversion of wetlands by drainage for agriculture or other anthropogenic activities could have a negative or positive feedback to global warming (GWF). We suggest that a major predictor of the GWF is salinity of the wetland soil (a proxy for available sulfate), a factor often ignored in other studies. We assess the radiative balance of two northern salt marshes with average soil salinities > 20 ppt, but with high (macro-) and low (micro-) tidal amplitudes. The flux of greenhouse gases from soils at the end of the growing season averaged 485 +/- 253 mg m(-2) h(-1), 13 +/- 30 mu g m(-2) h(-1), and 19 +/- 58 mu g m(-2) h(-1) in the microtidal marsh and 398 +/- 201 mg m(-2) h(-1), 2 +/- 26 mu g m(-2) h(-1), and 35 +/- 77 mu g m(-2) h(-1) in the macrotidal marsh for CO(2), N(2)O, and CH(4), respectively. High rates of C sequestration mean that loss of these marshes would have a radiative balance of -981CO(2-)eq. m(-2) yr(-1) in the microtidal and -567CO(2-)eq.m(-2)yr(-1) in the macrotidal marsh. C1 [Chmura, Gail L.] McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ, Canada. [Chmura, Gail L.] McGill Univ, Global Environm & Climate Change Ctr, Montreal, PQ, Canada. [Kellman, Lisa] St Francis Xavier Univ, Environm Sci Res Ctr, Antigonish, NS B2G 1C0, Canada. [Guntenspergen, Glenn R.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Chmura, GL (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Montreal, PQ, Canada. FU NSERC; US Geological Survey's Global Change Program FX We thank Parks Canada for permitting research and providing access to Kouchibouguacis Park, in particular E Tremblay, F Leblanc and P E Hebert. A number of individuals made important contributions to field work and data analyses: A DeYoung, L Flanary, O Yu, J Nagel, J Lynch, I Galiano, and S Ullah, K Kavanaugh, and M Black. We appreciate the comments provided by P Megonigal and an anonymous reviewer that improved the manuscript. This work was supported by NSERC funding to Chmura and Kellman and funding from the US Geological Survey's Global Change Program. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 11 U2 59 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1748-9326 J9 ENVIRON RES LETT JI Environ. Res. Lett. PD OCT-DEC PY 2011 VL 6 IS 4 AR 044016 DI 10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044016 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 870MX UT WOS:000298674700021 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Krafft, C Klassen, S Green, CE Chaney, RL AF Beyer, W. Nelson Krafft, Cairn Klassen, Stephen Green, Carrie E. Chaney, Rufus L. TI Relating Injury to the Forest Ecosystem Near Palmerton, PA, to Zinc Contamination From Smelting SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL; PENNSYLVANIA; EMISSIONS; SMELTERS; VICINITY; CADMIUM; VEGETATION; METALS AB The forest on Blue Mountain, near Lehigh Gap, has been injured by emissions from two historical zinc (Zn) smelters in Palmerton, PA, located at the northern base of the mountain. The uppermost mineral soil and lower litter from sites along a transect, just south of the ridgetop, contained from 64 to 4400 mg/kg Zn. We measured forest metrics at 15 sampling sites to ascertain how forest structure, species composition and regeneration are related to soil concentrations of Zn, the probable principal cause of the injury. Understanding how ecotoxicological injury is related to soil Zn concentrations helps us quantify the extent of injury to the ecosystem on Blue Mountain as well as to generalize to other sites. The sum of canopy closure and shrub cover, suggested as a broadly inclusive measure of forest structure, was decreased to half at approximately 2060 mg/kg Zn (102 mg/kg Sr(N0(3))(2)-extractable Zn). Tree-seedling density was decreased by 80% (from 10.5/m(2) to 2.1/m(2)) at a much lower concentration: 1080 mg/kg Zn (59 mg/kg Sr(N0(3))(2)-extractable Zn). Changes in species composition and richness were not as useful for quantifying injury to the forest. Phytotoxicity, desiccation from exposure, and a gypsy moth infestation combined to form a barren area on the ridgetop. Liming the strongly acid Hazleton soils at the sites would partially ameliorate the observed phytotoxicity and should be considered in planning restoration. C1 [Beyer, W. Nelson; Krafft, Cairn] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Klassen, Stephen] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pennsylvania Ecol Serv Field Off, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. [Green, Carrie E.; Chaney, Rufus L.] Agr Res Serv, Environm Management & Byproduct Utilizat Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E, Bldg 308,10300 Baltimore Ave, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM nbeyer@usgs.gov FU United States Department of the Interior FX This research was funded partially by the United States Department of the Interior's Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program. We thank Susan Stout, of the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Station, for helpful suggestions on an earlier draft. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 61 IS 3 BP 376 EP 388 DI 10.1007/s00244-010-9640-0 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 868CE UT WOS:000298500400003 PM 21286698 ER PT J AU Kessler, AC Merchant, JW Allen, CR Shultz, SD AF Kessler, Andrew C. Merchant, James W. Allen, Craig R. Shultz, Steven D. TI Impacts of Invasive Plants on Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) Roosting Habitat SO INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Discrete choice model; GIS; central Platte River; forecast habitat impacts ID PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; PLATTE RIVER; LAKE-ERIE; SELECTION; EXPANSION; ABUNDANCE; NEBRASKA; WILDLIFE; ECOLOGY; SPREAD AB Invasive plants continue to spread in riparian ecosystems, causing both ecological and economic damage. This research investigated the impacts of common reed, purple loosestrife, riparian shrubland, and riparian woodlands on the quality and quantity of sandhill crane roosting habitat in the central Platte River, Nebraska, using a discrete choice model. A more detailed investigation of the impacts of common reed on sandhill crane roosting habitat was performed by forecasting a spread or contraction of this invasive plant. The discrete choice model indicates that riparian woodlands had the largest negative impact on sandhill crane roosting habitat. The forecasting results predict that a contraction of common reed could increase sandhill crane habitat availability by 50%, whereas an expansion could reduce the availability by as much as 250%. This suggests that if the distribution of common reed continues to expand in the central Platte River the availability of sandhill crane roosting habitat would likely be greatly reduced. C1 [Kessler, Andrew C.; Merchant, James W.] Univ Nebraska, Ctr Adv Land Management Informat Technol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Allen, Craig R.] Univ Nebraska, US Geol Survey, Nebraska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Shultz, Steven D.] Univ Nebraska, Coll Business Adm, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. RP Kessler, AC (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Ctr Adv Land Management Informat Technol, 3310 Holdrege St, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM kessl127@umn.edu RI Allen, Craig/J-4464-2012 FU Nebraska Environmental Trust; University of Nebraska-Lincoln Water Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Nebraska Game and Parks Commission; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Wildlife Management Institute FX This research was funded by a grant from the Nebraska Environmental Trust and a fellowship from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Water Center. Additional support was provided by the Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the U.S. Geological Survey Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff in Grand Island, NE. The Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Wildlife Management Institute. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the author or any U.S. government. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 35 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 1939-7291 J9 INVAS PLANT SCI MANA JI Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. PD OCT-DEC PY 2011 VL 4 IS 4 BP 369 EP 377 DI 10.1614/IPSM-D-11-00036.1 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 872QP UT WOS:000298824700001 ER PT J AU Jackson, AK Evers, DC Etterson, MA Condon, AM Folsom, SB Detweiler, J Schmerfeld, J Cristol, DA AF Jackson, Allyson K. Evers, David C. Etterson, Matthew A. Condon, Anne M. Folsom, Sarah B. Detweiler, Jennifer Schmerfeld, John Cristol, Daniel A. TI MERCURY EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF A FREE-LIVING TERRESTRIAL SONGBIRD, THE CAROLINA WREN (THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS) SO AUK LA English DT Article DE Carolina Wren; ecotoxicology; mercury; nest success; point-source pollution; Thryothorus ludovicianus; Virginia ID SWALLOWS TACHYCINETA-BICOLOR; DAILY SURVIVAL PROBABILITIES; NORTHEASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; ENVIRONMENTAL MERCURY; LAYING SEQUENCE; COMMON LOONS; METHYLMERCURY; EGGS; KESTRELS AB Despite mounting evidence of mercury accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems, few data exist on how environmental mercury exposure affects reproductive success in free-living songbirds. From 2007 through 2010, we monitored reproductive success of Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus) breeding along the forest floodplain of two mercury-contaminated rivers in Virginia. Using an information-theoretic approach, we found a 34% reduction in nesting success of Carolina Wrens on mercury-contaminated sites when compared with reference sites. Blood mercury concentration of the attending female was a strong predictor of nest success. Birds nesting on contaminated sites were 3x more likely to abandon their nests than birds on uncontaminated reference sites. We report a range of effects concentrations associated with various levels of reproductive impairment; for example, a 10% reduction in nest success corresponded with 0.7 mu g g(-1) mercury in the blood, 2.4 mu g g(-1) mercury in body feathers, 3.0 mu g g(-1) mercury in tail feathers, and 0.11 mu g g(-1) mercury in eggs. This is the first field study to document the effect of specific adult songbird blood mercury concentrations on breeding performance; our results show that free-living songbirds can suffer negative reproductive effects at relatively low mercury concentrations. Received 13 May 2011, accepted 23 August 2011. C1 [Jackson, Allyson K.; Evers, David C.; Folsom, Sarah B.; Detweiler, Jennifer] Biodivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. [Condon, Anne M.; Schmerfeld, John] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Virginia Field Off, Gloucester, VA 23061 USA. [Etterson, Matthew A.] US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Midcontinent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. [Jackson, Allyson K.; Cristol, Daniel A.] Coll William & Mary, Inst Integrat Bird Behav Studies, Dept Biol, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. RP Jackson, AK (reprint author), Biodivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. EM allyson.jackson@briloon.org FU E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company; Olin Corporation FX The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. North Fork Holston River research was funded by the Olin Corporation. South River research was funded by E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and research was completed with oversight from the South River Science Team, which is a collaboration of state and federal agencies, academic institutions, and environmental interests. We thank the field crews and numerous landowners who allowed us access to their property, along with two anonymous reviewers who offered helpful comments on the manuscript. NR 45 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 52 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 EI 1938-4254 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2011 VL 128 IS 4 BP 759 EP 769 DI 10.1525/auk.2011.11106 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 859JM UT WOS:000297872700016 ER PT J AU Barr, KR Athrey, G Lindsay, DL Lance, RF Hayden, TJ Tweddale, SA Leberg, PL AF Barr, Kelly R. Athrey, Giri Lindsay, Denise L. Lance, Richard F. Hayden, Timothy J. Tweddale, Scott A. Leberg, Paul L. TI Missing the forest for the gene trees: Conservation genetics is more than the identification of distinct population segments SO AUK LA English DT Letter ID MIGRATION PATTERNS; DIFFERENTIATION; WARBLER; SONGBIRD; DIVERGENCE; EVOLUTION; MARKERS C1 [Barr, Kelly R.; Athrey, Giri; Lindsay, Denise L.; Leberg, Paul L.] Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. [Barr, Kelly R.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Lindsay, Denise L.; Lance, Richard F.] USA, Environm Lab, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. [Hayden, Timothy J.; Tweddale, Scott A.] USA, Construct Engn Res Lab, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. RP Barr, KR (reprint author), Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. EM kellybarr@gmail.com RI Athrey, Giridhar/H-4077-2011 OI Athrey, Giridhar/0000-0002-7396-5490 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2011 VL 128 IS 4 BP 792 EP 794 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 859JM UT WOS:000297872700021 ER PT J AU Alt, JC Shanks, WC AF Alt, Jeffrey C. Shanks, Wayne C. TI Microbial sulfate reduction and the sulfur budget for a complete section of altered oceanic basalts, IODP Hole 1256D (eastern Pacific) SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Subsurface biosphere; Ocean crust; Hydrothermal circulation; Sulfate reduction; Isotope geochemistry ID ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; ACIDITHIOBACILLUS-FERROOXIDANS; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; SUBDUCTION ZONES; OXIDATION; CRUST; RIDGE; SEDIMENTS; SEAWATER; PYRITE AB Sulfide mineralogy and the contents and isotope compositions of sulfur were analyzed in a complete oceanic volcanic section from IODP Hole 1256D in the eastern Pacific, in order to investigate the role of microbes and their effect on the sulfur budget in altered upper oceanic crust. Basalts in the 800 m thick volcanic section are affected by a pervasive low-temperature background alteration and have mean sulfur contents of 530 ppm, reflecting loss of sulfur relative to fresh glass through degassing during eruption and alteration by seawater. Alteration halos along fractures average 155 ppm sulfur and are more oxidized, have high SO(4)/Sigma S ratios (0.43), and lost sulfur through oxidation by seawater compared to host rocks. Although sulfur was lost locally, sulfur was subsequently gained through fixation of seawater-derived sulfur in secondary pyrite and marcasite in veins and in concentrations at the boundary between alteration halos and host rocks. Negative delta(34)S(sulfide-S) values (down to -30%) and low temperatures of alteration (down to similar to 40 degrees C) point to microbial reduction of seawater sulfate as the process resulting in local additions of sulfide-S. Mass balance calculations indicate that 15-20% of the sulfur in the volcanic section is microbially derived, with the bulk altered volcanic section containing 940 ppm S, and with delta(34)S shifted to -6.0 parts per thousand from the mantle value (0 parts per thousand). The bulk volcanic section may have gained or lost sulfur overall. The annual flux of microbial sulfur into oceanic basement based on Hole 1256D is 3-4 x 10(10) mol S yr(-1), within an order of magnitude of the riverine sulfate source and the sedimentary pyrite sink. Results indicate a flux of bacterially derived sulfur that is fixed in upper ocean basement of 7-8 x 10(-8) mol cm(-2) yr(-1) over 15 my. This is comparable to that in open ocean sediment sites, but is one to two orders of magnitude less than for ocean margin sediments. The global annual subduction of sulfur in altered oceanic basalt lavas based on Hole 1256D is 1.5-2.0 x 10(11) mol yr(-1), comparable to the subduction of sulfide in sediments, and could contribute to sediment-like sulfur isotope heterogeneities in the mantle. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Alt, Jeffrey C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Shanks, Wayne C.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Alt, JC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 2534 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jalt@umich.edu; pshanks@usgs.gov FU U.S. National Science Foundation [OCE 0424558, 0647784] FX This research used samples provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), with financial support by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE 0424558 and 0647784). We thank S. Alford for assistance in the laboratory, and Damon Teagle and colleagues for providing the shared POOL samples from Expedition 309. The manuscript benefitted from helpful reviews by Craig Johnson, Dave Johnston, Shuhei Ono, and John Slack. NR 57 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2011 VL 310 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 83 DI 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.027 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 854KJ UT WOS:000297493100008 ER PT J AU Dekov, V Boycheva, T Halenius, U Billstrom, K Kamenov, GD Shanks, WC Stummeyer, J AF Dekov, Vesselin Boycheva, Tanya Halenius, Ulf Billstrom, Kjell Kamenov, George D. Shanks, Wayne C. Stummeyer, Jens TI Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for hydrothermal activity at the west wall of 12 degrees 50 ' N core complex (Mid-Atlantic ridge): A new ultramafic-hosted seafloor hydrothermal deposit? SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Core complex; Fe-Mn-oxyhydroxides; Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Seafloor hydrothermal deposit; Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes; Ultramafic-hosted ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; TODOROKITE BUSERITE PROBLEM; MARINE MANGANESE NODULES; RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS; METALLIFEROUS SEDIMENTS; ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; DETACHMENT FAULTS; SULFIDE DEPOSIT; TYRRHENIAN SEA; VENT FIELD AB Dredging along the west wall of the core complex at 12 degrees 50'N Mid-Atlantic Ridge sampled a number of black oxyhydroxide crusts and breccias cemented by black and dark brown oxyhydroxide matrix. Black crusts found on top of basalt clasts (rubble) are mainly composed of Mn-oxides (birnessite, 10-angstrom manganates) with thin films of nontronite and X-ray amorphous FeOOH on their surfaces. Their chemical composition (low trace- and rare earth-element contents, high Li and Ag concentrations, rare earth element distribution patterns with negative both Ce and Eu anomalies), Sr-Nd-Pb-isotope systematic and O-isotope data suggest low-temperature (similar to 20 degrees C) hydrothermal deposition from a diffuse vent area on the seafloor. Mineralogical. petrographic and geochemical investigations of the breccias showed the rock clasts were hydrothermally altered fragments of MORBs. Despite the substantial mineralogical changes caused by the alteration the Sr-Nd-Pb-isotope ratios have not been significantly affected by this process. The basalt clasts are cemented by dark brown and black matrix. Dark brown cement exhibits geochemical features (very low trace- and rare earth- element contents, high U concentration, rare earth element distribution pattern with high positive Eu anomaly) and Nd-Pb-isotope systematics (similar to that of MORB) suggesting that the precursor was a primary, high-temperature Fe-sulfide, which was eventually altered to goethite at ambient seawater conditions. The data presented in this work points towards the possible existence of high- and low-temperature hydrothermal activity at the west wall of the core complex at 12 degrees 50'N Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Tectonic setting at the site implies that the proposed hydrothermal field is possibly ultramafic-hosted. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Dekov, Vesselin] Univ Sofia, Dept Geol & Paleontol, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria. [Boycheva, Tanya] Univ Sofia, Dept Mineral Petrol & Econ Geol, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria. [Halenius, Ulf] Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Mineral, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. [Billstrom, Kjell] Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Lab Isotope Geol, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. [Kamenov, George D.] Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Shanks, Wayne C.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Stummeyer, Jens] Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, D-30665 Hannover, Germany. RP Dekov, V (reprint author), Univ Sofia, Dept Geol & Paleontol, 15 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria. EM dekov@gea.uni-sofia.bg FU SYNTHESYS (EC Research Infrastructure Action, FP6 Structuring the European Research Area) [SE-TAF-5065]; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation FX This study was supported by SYNTHESYS (SE-TAF-5065; EC Research Infrastructure Action, FP6 Structuring the European Research Area) grant to T. Boycheva and Resumption of the Research Fellowship (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation) grant to V. Dekov, which are greatly appreciated. Sincere thanks goes to M. Davydov (VNIIOkeangeologia, St. Petersburg) who kindly provided the samples for this study, to J. Escartin (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris) who made available the bathymetry map of the studied area, and to J. Cuadros (Natural History Museum, London) who helped with the clay minerals interpretations. We also thank two anonymous reviewers and the editor Gert J. De Lange for their helpful comments which significantly improved our manuscript. NR 81 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD OCT 1 PY 2011 VL 288 IS 1-4 BP 90 EP 102 DI 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.09.002 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA 854HU UT WOS:000297486400008 ER PT J AU Morrison, TA Yoshizaki, J Nichols, JD Bolger, DT AF Morrison, Thomas A. Yoshizaki, Jun Nichols, James D. Bolger, Douglas T. TI Estimating survival in photographic capture-recapture studies: overcoming misidentification error SO METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Accuracy; bias; capture-recapture; Connochaetes taurinus; Cormack-Jolly-Seber; open-population models; photographic identification; precision; survival; wildebeest ID SHARKS RHINCODON-TYPUS; CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION; MARKED ANIMALS; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION; RATES; PHOTOIDENTIFICATION; INDIVIDUALS; RECOGNITION; TECHNOLOGY AB 1. For many species, noninvasive photographic identification offers a powerful and costeffective method for estimating demographic parameters and testing ecological hypotheses in large populations. However, this technique is prone to misidentification errors that can severely bias capturerecapture estimates. 2. We present a simple ad hoc data conditioning technique that minimizes bias in survival estimates across all rates of misidentification. We use simulated data sets to characterize trade-offs in bias, precision and accuracy of survival estimators for a range of misidentification probabilities, sampling intensities, survival rates and population sizes using this conditional approach. 3. Misidentification errors resulted in mean survival estimates that were negatively biased by as much as -24.9% when errors were ignored. Applying the conditional approach resulted in very low levels of bias across parameter space. However, the main cost of conditioning is a loss of precision, which was particularly severe at low sampling intensities. Overall, the conditional approach was superior to the nonconditional approach [in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) of survival estimates] in 51% of the parameter combinations that we explored. 4. We apply the data conditioning technique to a 3-sample capture-recapture data set compiled from 2551 images of a migratory wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, population in northern Tanzania. We estimate the false rejection rate (i.e., the probability of failing to match two photographs of the same individual) using a test set of ` known-identity'individuals. With this information, we compare survival estimates derived from conditioned data ((phi) over cap = 0.698 +/- 0.176), unconditioned data ((phi) over cap = 0.706 +/- 0.121) and simulated data to illustrate some of the key considerations for deciding whether to apply a conditional approach to a photographic data set. 5. These analyses demonstrate that ignoring misidentification error can lead to substantial bias in survival estimates. When sampling intensity and misclassification error rates are both relatively high, use of our conditioned data approach is preferred and yields survival estimates with lower RMSE. However, when sampling intensity and misclassification error are both small, the standard approach using unconditioned data yields smaller RMSE. C1 [Morrison, Thomas A.] Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Yoshizaki, Jun; Nichols, James D.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Bolger, Douglas T.] Dartmouth Coll, Environm Studies Program, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Morrison, TA (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. EM thomas.morrison@dartmouth.edu FU Wildlife Conservation Society; Dartmouth College; Marion and Jasper Whiting Foundation; Nelson A. Rockefeller Center at Dartmouth College; NSF [DBI-0754773] FX We thank the Commission for Science and Technology and the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute for permission to conduct research in Tanzania, and the Tanzania National Park for permission to work in Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Parks. We are grateful to J.E. Hines for assistance with the simulation study, R. Mollel for immense energy in the field, J. McGrew, N. Brown and C. Biggs for help analysing wildebeest photographs, L. Hiby for technical assistance with the matching software, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions about an early draft of the manuscript. The work was funded by the Wildlife Conservation Society Research Fellowship Program and Dartmouth College, the Marion and Jasper Whiting Foundation, the Nelson A. Rockefeller Center at Dartmouth College and NSF grant DBI-0754773 to DTB and H. Farid. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 2041-210X J9 METHODS ECOL EVOL JI Methods Ecol. Evol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 2 IS 5 BP 454 EP 463 DI 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00106.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 852CI UT WOS:000297323700004 ER PT J AU Colombini, LL Miller, CF Gualda, GAR Wooden, JL Miller, JS AF Colombini, Lindy L. Miller, Calvin F. Gualda, Guilherme A. R. Wooden, Joseph L. Miller, Jonathan S. TI Sphene and zircon in the Highland Range volcanic sequence (Miocene, southern Nevada, USA): elemental partitioning, phase relations, and influence on evolution of silicic magma SO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPIRIT MOUNTAIN BATHOLITH; EXPOSED CROSS-SECTION; AZTEC-WASH PLUTON; FISH CANYON MAGMA; MG-FE OLIVINE; TI-IN-ZIRCON; NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA; ELDORADO MOUNTAINS; TRACE-ELEMENTS; TITANITE CATIOSIO4 AB Sphene is prominent in Miocene plutonic rocks ranging from diorite to granite in southern Nevada, USA, but it is restricted to rhyolites in coeval volcanic sequences. In the Highland Range volcanic sequence, sphene appears as a phenocryst only in the most evolved rocks (72-77 mass% SiO(2); matrix glass 77-78 mass% SiO(2)). Zr-insphene temperatures of crystallization are mostly restricted to 715 and 755 degrees C, in contrast to zircon (710-920 degrees C, Ti-inzircon thermometry). Sphene rim/glass Kds for rare earth elements are extremely high (La 120, Sm 1200, Gd 1300, Lu 240). Rare earth elements, especially the middle REE (MREE), decrease from centers to rims of sphene phenocrysts along with Zr, demonstrating the effect of progressive sphene fractionation. Whole rocks and glasses have MREE-depleted, U-shaped REE patterns as a consequence of sphene fractionation. Within the co-genetic, sphene-rich Searchlight pluton, only evolved leucogranites show comparable MREE depletion. These results indicate that sphene saturation in intruded and extruded magmas occurred only in highly evolved melts: abundant sphene in less silicic plutonic rocks represents a late-stage 'bloom' in fractionated interstitial melt. C1 [Colombini, Lindy L.; Miller, Calvin F.; Gualda, Guilherme A. R.] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Wooden, Joseph L.] Stanford Univ, Stanford USGS Micro Anal Ctr, SHRIMP Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Miller, Jonathan S.] San Jose State Univ, Dept Geol, San Jose, CA 95112 USA. RP Miller, CF (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, PMB 351805,2301 Vanderbilt Pl, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM lindy.colombini@gmail.com; calvin.miller@vanderbilt.edu RI Gualda, Guilherme/A-2467-2009 OI Gualda, Guilherme/0000-0003-0720-2679 FU NSF [EAR-0409876, 0711109] FX We thank Guest Editor Igor Broska, Peter Nabelek, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the initial version of this paper. Jim Faulds' outstanding mapping of the Highland Range volcanic sequence and initial guidance in identifying and understanding our field area contributed immeasurably to this project. Frank Mazdab, Ayla Pamukcu, Ashley Bromley, Tamara Carley, Lily Claiborne, Danny Flanagan, Nick Hinz, and Josh Colombini were very helpful with analytical and field aspects of the project. Our research was supported by NSF grants EAR-0409876 and 0711109. NR 72 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 22 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0930-0708 J9 MINER PETROL JI Mineral. Petrol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 102 IS 1-4 BP 29 EP 50 DI 10.1007/s00710-011-0177-3 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 849IH UT WOS:000297118700004 ER PT J AU Carley, TL Miller, CF Wooden, JL Bindeman, IN Barth, AP AF Carley, Tamara L. Miller, Calvin F. Wooden, Joseph L. Bindeman, Ilya N. Barth, Andrew P. TI Zircon from historic eruptions in Iceland: reconstructing storage and evolution of silicic magmas SO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TORFAJOKULL CENTRAL VOLCANO; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; TI-IN-ZIRCON; ION MICROPROBE; NEW-ZEALAND; YELLOWSTONE CALDERA; RHYOLITE GENERATION; EASTERN ICELAND; SPIRIT MOUNTAIN; RESIDENCE TIMES AB Zoning patterns, U-Th disequilibria ages, and elemental compositions of zircon from eruptions of Askja (1875 AD), Hekla (1158 AD), Oraefajokull (1362 AD) and Torfajokull (1477 AD, 871 AD, 3100 BP, 7500 BP) provide insights into the complex, extended, histories of silicic magmatic systems in Iceland. Zircon compositions, which are correlated with proximity to the main axial rift, are distinct from those of mid-ocean ridge environments and fall at the low-Hf edge of the range of continental zircon. Morphology, zoning patterns, compositions, and U-Th ages all indicate growth and storage in subvolcanic silicic mushes or recently solidified rock at temperatures above the solidus but lower than that of the erupting magma. The eruptive products were likely ascending magmas that entrained a zircon "cargo" that formed thousands to tens of thousands of years prior to the eruptions. C1 [Carley, Tamara L.; Miller, Calvin F.] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. [Wooden, Joseph L.] Stanford Univ, SHRIMP Lab, Stanford USGS Micro Anal Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Bindeman, Ilya N.] Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. [Barth, Andrew P.] Purdue Univ, Indiana Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Carley, TL (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, PMB 351805,2301 Vanderbilt Pl, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. EM tamara.l.carley@vanderbilt.edu RI Bindeman, Ilya/D-2497-2012 OI Bindeman, Ilya/0000-0003-2778-9083 FU Geological Society of America; National Science Foundation [NSF- NSF-EAR-0635922] FX We give special thanks to Kenneth Brown, Christina Carter and Nicole Fohey-Breting for their pioneering work with prehistoric Torfajokull zircon, made possible by the IUPUI Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program. We also thank Olgeir Sigmarsson, Gudrun Larsen, Karl Gronvold, Peter Oswald, Denny Geist, Karen Harpp, Ken Rubin, Georg Zellmer, and Sheila Seaman for invaluable advice concerning the meaning of silicic magmatism in Iceland and practicalities of investigating it in the field. Jorge Vasquez and Frank Mazdab provided assistance at the Stanford-USGS SHRIMP lab, and Abraham Padilla, Addy Petrilla, Lily Claiborne, and Danny Flanagan worked with us in the field and lab. This research was supported by a Geological Society of America Student Research Grant and National Science Foundation Grant NSF- NSF-EAR-0635922. NR 75 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0930-0708 J9 MINER PETROL JI Mineral. Petrol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 102 IS 1-4 BP 135 EP 161 DI 10.1007/s00710-011-0169-3 PG 27 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 849IH UT WOS:000297118700011 ER PT J AU du Bray, EA John, DA AF du Bray, Edward A. John, David A. TI Petrologic, tectonic, and metallogenic evolution of the Ancestral Cascades magmatic arc, Washington, Oregon, and northern California SO GEOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SIERRA-NEVADA; CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION; SUBDUCTION ZONES; RIDGE SUBDUCTION; VOLCANIC-ROCKS; GRANITIC-ROCKS; DEPOSITS; RANGE; PLATE AB Present-day High Cascades arc magmatism was preceded by similar to 40 m.y. of nearly cospatial magmatism represented by the ancestral Cascades arc in Washington, Oregon, and northernmost California (United States). Time-space-composition relations for the ancestral Cascades arc have been synthesized from a recent compilation of more than 4000 geochemical analyses and associated age data. Neither the composition nor distribution of ancestral Cascades magmatism was uniform along the length of the ancestral arc through time. Initial (>40 to 36 Ma) ancestral Cascades magmatism (mostly basalt and basaltic andesite) was focused at the north end of the arc between the present-day locations of Mount Rainier and the Columbia River. From 35 to 18 Ma, initial basaltic andesite and andesite magmatism evolved to include dacite and rhyolite; magmatic activity became more voluminous and extended along most of the arc. Between 17 and 8 Ma, magmatism was focused along the part of the arc coincident with the northern two-thirds of Oregon and returned to more mafic compositions. Subsequent ancestral Cascades magmatism was dominated by basaltic andesite to basalt prior to the post-4 Ma onset of High Cascades magmatism. Transitional tholeiitic to calc-alkaline compositions dominated early (before 40 to ca. 25 Ma) ancestral Cascades eruptive products, whereas the majority of the younger arc rocks have a calc-alkaline affinity. Tholeiitic compositions characteristic of the oldest ancestral arc magmas suggest development associated with thin, immature crust and slab window processes, whereas the younger, calc-alkaline magmas suggest interaction with thicker, more evolved crust and more conventional subduction-related magmatic processes. Presumed changes in subducted slab dip through time also correlate with fundamental magma composition variation. The predominance of mafic compositions during latest ancestral arc magmatism and throughout the history of modern High Cascades magmatism probably reflects extensional tectonics that dominated during these periods of arc magmatism. Mineral deposits associated with ancestral Cascades arc rocks are uncommon; most are small and low grade relative to those found in other continental magmatic arcs. The small size, low grade, and dearth of deposits, especially in the southern two-thirds of the ancestral arc, probably reflect many factors, the most important of which may be the prevalence of extensional tectonics within this arc domain during this magmatic episode. Progressive clockwise rotation of the forearc block west of the evolving Oregon part of the ancestral Cascades magmatism produced an extensional regime that did not foster significant mineral deposit formation. In contrast, the Washington arc domain developed in a transpressional to mildly compressive regime that was more conducive to magmatic processes and hydrothermal fluid channeling critical to deposit formation. Small, low-grade porphyry copper deposits in the northern third of the ancestral Cascades arc segment also may be a consequence of more mature continental crust, including a Mesozoic component, beneath Washington north of Mount St. Helens. C1 [du Bray, Edward A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [John, David A.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP du Bray, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 973,Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. OI John, David/0000-0001-7977-9106 FU U.S. Geological Survey FX This work was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program. Many ancestral Cascades arc researchers, including J.G. Smith, D. R. Sherrod, A. R. McBirney, C. W. Field, R. A. Duncan, G. R. Priest, and C. M. White, have made research contributions critical to interpretations of this investigation. R.J. Miller made the digital map compilations that form the basis for Figure 3. We gratefully acknowledge reviews by R. D. Taylor, L. A. Morgan, B. L. Cousens, and W. P. Leeman that helped considerably improve this synthesis. NR 104 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 20 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1553-040X J9 GEOSPHERE JI Geosphere PD OCT PY 2011 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1102 EP 1133 DI 10.1130/GES00669.1 PG 32 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 848QF UT WOS:000297066800003 ER PT J AU Howard, KA Wooden, JL Barnes, CG Premo, WR Snoke, AW Lee, SY AF Howard, K. A. Wooden, J. L. Barnes, C. G. Premo, W. R. Snoke, A. W. Lee, S. -Y. TI Episodic growth of a Late Cretaceous and Paleogene intrusive complex of pegmatitic leucogranite, Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada, USA SO GEOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID EAST HUMBOLDT RANGE; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SILICIC MAGMA CHAMBERS; SEVIER THRUST BELT; U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; NORTHEASTERN NEVADA; TECTONOTHERMAL EVOLUTION; GOLD DEPOSITS; ELDORADO MOUNTAINS; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AB Gneissic pegmatitic leucogranite forms a dominant component (>600 km(3)) of the midcrustal infrastructure of the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range core complex (Nevada, USA), and was assembled and modified episodically into a batholithic volume by myriad small intrusions from ca. 92 to 29 Ma. This injection complex consists of deformed sheets and other bodies emplaced syntectonically into a stratigraphic framework of marble, calc-silicate rocks, quartzite, schist, and other granitoids. Bodies of pegmatitic granite coalesce around host-rock remnants, which preserve relict or ghost stratigraphy, thrusts, and fold nappes. Intrusion inflated but did not disrupt the host-rock structure. The pegmatitic granite increases proportionally downward from structurally high positions to the bottoms of 1-km-deep canyons where it constitutes 95%-100% of the rock. Zircon and monazite dated by U-Pb (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe, SHRIMP) for this rock type cluster diffusely at ages near 92, 82(?), 69, 38, and 29 Ma, and indicate successive or rejuvenated igneous crystallization multiple times over long periods of the Late Cretaceous and the Paleogene. Initial partial melting of unexposed pelites may have generated granite forerunners, which were remobilized several times in partial melting events. Sources for the pegmatitic granite differed isotopically from sources of similar-aged interleaved equigranular granites. Dominant Late Cretaceous and fewer Paleogene ages recorded from some pegmatitic granite samples, and Paleogene-only ages from the two structurally deepest samples, together with varying zircon trace element contents, suggest several disparate ages of final emplacement or remobilization of various small bodies. Folded sills that merge with dikes that cut the same folds suggest that there may have been in situ partial remobilization. The pegmatitic granite intrusions represent prolonged and recurrent generation, assembly, and partial melting modification of a batholithic volume even while the regional tectonic environment varied dramatically from contractile thickening to extension and mafic underplating. C1 [Howard, K. A.; Wooden, J. L.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Wooden, J. L.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Barnes, C. G.; Lee, S. -Y.] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Premo, W. R.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Snoke, A. W.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Lee, S. -Y.] CTL Grp, Skokie, IL 60077 USA. RP Howard, KA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, MS-973,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM khoward@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey; Bradley Scholarship; National Science Foundation [EAR-9627814, EAR-9627958] FX We thank Wes Hildreth, Charlie Bacon, and two Geosphere reviewers for helpful and perceptive critiques of the manuscript. Many geologists have visited Lamoille Canyon with us on field trips and offered valuable comments on the field and geochronologic data. We thank Pedro Castineiras for help in the SHRIMP lab. Jim Wright performed U-Pb analyses on the monazites. This research was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program and a Bradley Scholarship, and by National Science Foundation grants EAR-9627814 to Barnes and EAR-9627958 to Snoke. NR 114 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 1553-040X J9 GEOSPHERE JI Geosphere PD OCT PY 2011 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1220 EP 1248 DI 10.1130/GES00668.1 PG 29 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 848QF UT WOS:000297066800010 ER PT J AU Ramey, AM Pearce, JM Reeves, AB Franson, JC Petersen, MR Ip, HS AF Ramey, Andrew M. Pearce, John M. Reeves, Andrew B. Franson, J. Christian Petersen, Margaret R. Ip, Hon S. TI Evidence for limited exchange of avian influenza viruses between seaducks and dabbling ducks at Alaska Peninsula coastal lagoons SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PINTAILS ANAS-ACUTA; NORTHERN PINTAILS; WILD BIRDS; STELLERS EIDERS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; A VIRUSES; SURVEILLANCE; POPULATIONS; CALIFORNIA; SYMPATRY AB Avian influenza virus (AIV) prevalence and sequence data were analyzed for Steller's eiders (Polysticta stelleri) to assess the role of this species in transporting virus genes between continents and maintaining a regional viral reservoir with sympatric northern pintails (Anas acuta). AIV prevalence was 0.2% at Izembek Lagoon and 3.9% at Nelson Lagoon for Steller's eiders and 11.2% for northern pintails at Izembek Lagoon. Phylogenetic analysis of 13 AIVs from Steller's eiders revealed that 4.9% of genes were of Eurasian origin. Seven subtypes were detected, including two also observed in northern pintails. No AIV strains were highly similar (> 99%) at all gene segments between species; however, highly similar individual genes were detected. The proportion of highly similar genes was greater within rather than between species. Steller's eiders likely transport AIV genes between continents through long-distance migratory movements. Differences in AIV prevalence, subtype distribution, and the proportion of highly similar genes suggest limited AIV exchange between Steller's eiders and northern pintails at Alaska Peninsula coastal lagoons during autumn. C1 [Ramey, Andrew M.; Pearce, John M.; Reeves, Andrew B.; Petersen, Margaret R.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Franson, J. Christian; Ip, Hon S.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Ramey, AM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM aramey@usgs.gov OI Franson, J/0000-0002-0251-4238; Ramey, Andrew/0000-0002-3601-8400 FU U.S. Geological Survey; USGS; USFWS FX We thank T. Bowman (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; USFWS), K. Sowl (USFWS), and members of USFWS field crews for sampling Steller's eiders during banding drives at Nelson and Izembek Lagoons. We are grateful to D. Derksen (U.S. Geological Survey; USGS), T. DeGange (USGS), S. Haseltine (USGS), L. Allen (USGS), R. Kearney (USGS), P. Bright (USGS), D. Rocque (USFWS), and K. Trust (USFWS) for financial and administrative support. We thank past and current members of the Diagnostic Virology Laboratory at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, including T. Egstad, K. Griffin, M. Houfe, and R. Long. We acknowledge Y. Gillies (USGS), J. Wiley (USGS), M. St. Peters (USFWS), D. Goldberg (USGS), and R. Zane (USGS) for coordinating the distribution of sampling materials, receipt of samples, and data verification. We thank P. Flint (USGS) for assistance with statistical analyses and J. Terenzi (USGS) for help with the creation of Fig. 1. B. Meixell (USGS), J. Brown (University of Georgia), and two anonymous reviewers provided comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. None of the authors have any financial interests or conflict of interest with this article. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 156 IS 10 BP 1813 EP 1821 DI 10.1007/s00705-011-1059-z PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 841KC UT WOS:000296510200012 PM 21766196 ER PT J AU DesRoches, R Comerio, M Eberhard, MO Mooney, W Rix, GJ AF DesRoches, Reginald Comerio, Mary Eberhard, Marc O. Mooney, Walter Rix, Glenn J. TI Overview of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article DE earthquakes; geotechnical engineering; socio-economic effects; structural engineering ID RUPTURE; PLATE; FAULT AB The 12 January 2010 M(w) 7.0 earthquake in the Republic of Haiti caused an estimated 300,000 deaths, displaced more than a million people, and damaged nearly half of all structures in the epicentral area. We provide an overview of the historical, seismological, geotechnical, structural, lifeline-related, and socioeconomic factors that contributed to the catastrophe. We also describe some of the many challenges that must be overcome to enable Haiti to recover from this event. Detailed analyses of these issues are presented in other papers in this volume. [DOI:10.1193/1.3630129] C1 [DesRoches, Reginald; Rix, Glenn J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Comerio, Mary] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Architecture, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Eberhard, Marc O.] Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Mooney, Walter] US Geol Survey, Earthquake Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP DesRoches, R (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 790 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Eberhard, Marc/G-5455-2011; Rix, Glenn/F-2779-2011 FU National Science Foundation [CMMI-1034793]; USGS; Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI); Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES); Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association; Applied Technology Council (ATC); US National Science Foundation [CMMI-0758529] FX This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation Rapid Grant, Nos. CMMI-1034793, and funding by the USGS, the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES), the Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association, and the Applied Technology Council (ATC). The EERI contribution was funded by the EERI Learning from Earthquakes project under Award No. CMMI-0758529 from the US National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 9 U2 37 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD OCT PY 2011 VL 27 SU 1 BP S1 EP S21 DI 10.1193/1.3630129 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 841ML UT WOS:000296516300001 ER PT J AU Frankel, A Harmsen, S Mueller, C Calais, E Haase, J AF Frankel, Arthur Harmsen, Stephen Mueller, Charles Calais, Eric Haase, Jennifer TI Seismic Hazard Maps for Haiti SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article DE construction; earthquake engineering; hazardous areas; rocks; seismic waves ID AVERAGE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT; GROUND-MOTION; EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE; OBLIQUE COLLISION; RESPONSE SPECTRA; GPS MEASUREMENTS; PLATE BOUNDARY; FAULT; RUPTURE; PERIODS AB We have produced probabilistic seismic hazard maps of Haiti for peak ground acceleration and response spectral accelerations that include the hazard from the major crustal faults, subduction zones, and background earthquakes. The hazard from the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden, Septentrional, and Matheux-Neiba fault zones was estimated using fault slip rates determined from GPS measurements. The hazard from the subduction zones along the northern and southeastern coasts of Hispaniola was calculated from slip rates derived from GPS data and the overall plate motion. Hazard maps were made for a firm-rock site condition and for a grid of shallow shear-wave velocities estimated from topographic slope. The maps show substantial hazard throughout Haiti, with the highest hazard in Haiti along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden and Septentrional fault zones. The Matheux-Neiba Fault exhibits high hazard in the maps for 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, although its slip rate is poorly constrained. DOI: 10.1193/1.3631016] C1 [Frankel, Arthur] Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Harmsen, Stephen; Mueller, Charles] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Calais, Eric; Haase, Jennifer] Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Frankel, A (reprint author), Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Calais, Eric/K-8219-2012 OI Calais, Eric/0000-0002-5935-8117 NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 9 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 EI 1944-8201 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD OCT PY 2011 VL 27 SU 1 BP S23 EP S41 DI 10.1193/1.3631016 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 841ML UT WOS:000296516300002 ER PT J AU Hough, SE Yong, A Altidor, JR Anglade, D Given, D Mildor, SL AF Hough, Susan E. Yong, Alan Altidor, Jean Robert Anglade, Dieuseul Given, Doug Mildor, Saint-Louis TI Site Characterization and Site Response in Port-au-Prince, Haiti SO EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA LA English DT Article DE disasters; earthquakes ID GROUND-MOTION; SEISMIC MOTION; EARTHQUAKE; AMPLIFICATION; CALIFORNIA; TOPOGRAPHY; GEOLOGY; REGION; WAVES AB Waveform analysis of aftershocks of the M-w 7.0 Haiti earthquake of 12 January 2010 reveals amplification of ground motions at sites within the Cul de Sac valley in which Port-au-Prince is situated. Relative to ground motions recorded at a hard-rock reference site, peak acceleration values are amplified by a factor of approximately 1.8 at sites on low-lying Mio-Pliocene deposits in central Port-au-Prince and by a factor of approximately 2.5-3 on a steep foothill ridge in the southern Port-au-Prince metropolitan region. The observed amplitude, predominant periods, variability, and polarization of amplification are consistent with predicted topographic amplification by a steep, narrow ridge. A swath of unusually high damage in this region corresponds with the extent of the ridge where high weak-motion amplifications are observed. We use ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) imagery to map local geomorphology, including characterization of both near-surface and of small-scale topographic structures that correspond to zones of inferred amplification. [DOI:10.1193/1.3637947] C1 [Hough, Susan E.; Yong, Alan; Given, Doug] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. [Altidor, Jean Robert; Anglade, Dieuseul; Mildor, Saint-Louis] Bur Mines & Energie, Port Au Prince, Haiti. RP Hough, SE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM hough@usgs.gov NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 18 PU EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST PI OAKLAND PA 499 14TH ST, STE 320, OAKLAND, CA 94612-1934 USA SN 8755-2930 J9 EARTHQ SPECTRA JI Earthq. Spectra PD OCT PY 2011 VL 27 SU 1 BP S137 EP S155 DI 10.1193/1.3637947 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA 841ML UT WOS:000296516300007 ER PT J AU Barrett, K McGuire, AD Hoy, EE Kasischke, ES AF Barrett, K. McGuire, A. D. Hoy, E. E. Kasischke, E. S. TI Potential shifts in dominant forest cover in interior Alaska driven by variations in fire severity SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Alaska; black spruce; boreal forest; climate change; fire severity; land cover change; organic layer of soil; Picea mariana; successional shifts ID BLACK SPRUCE FORESTS; POSTFIRE TREE RECRUITMENT; AMERICAN BOREAL FOREST; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; SOIL BURN SEVERITY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; LAND-COVER; GROUND TEMPERATURES; THEMATIC MAPPER; YUKON-TERRITORY AB Large fire years in which >1% of the landscape burns are becoming more frequent in the Alaskan (USA) interior, with four large fire years in the past 10 years, and 79 000 km 2 (17% of the region) burned since 2000. We modeled fire severity conditions for the entire area burned in large fires during a large fire year (2004) to determine the factors that are most important in estimating severity and to identify areas affected by deep-burning fires. In addition to standard methods of assessing severity using spectral information, we incorporated information regarding topography, spatial pattern of burning, and instantaneous characteristics such as fire weather and fire radiative power. Ensemble techniques using regression trees as a base learner were able to determine fire severity successfully using spectral data in concert with other relevant geospatial data. This method was successful in estimating average conditions, but it underestimated the range of severity. This new approach was used to identify black spruce stands that experienced intermediate-to high-severity fires in 2004 and are therefore susceptible to a shift in regrowth toward deciduous dominance or mixed dominance. Based on the output of the severity model, we estimate that 39% (similar to 4000 km(2)) of all burned black spruce stands in 2004 had <10 cm of residual organic layer and may be susceptible a postfire shift in plant functional type dominance, as well as permafrost loss. If the fraction of area susceptible to deciduous regeneration is constant for large fire years, the effect of such years in the most recent decade has been to reduce black spruce stands by 4.2% and to increase areas dominated or co-dominated by deciduous forest stands by 20%. Such disturbance-driven modifications have the potential to affect the carbon cycle and climate system at regional to global scales. C1 [Barrett, K.] USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [McGuire, A. D.] Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, USGS, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Hoy, E. E.; Kasischke, E. S.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Barrett, K (reprint author), USGS Alaska Sci Ctr, 4230 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM kbarrett@usgs.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNG04GD25G, NNX06AF85G]; Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research Program; USDA Forest Service [PNW01-JV11261952-231]; NSF [DEB-0080609, DEB-0423442]; USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station [PNW01-JV11261952-231]; USDA [2008-35615-18959]; NASA FX Support to K. Barrett was provided by the USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Program. Support to E. S. Kasisschke was provided through grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant numbers NNG04GD25G and NNX06AF85G) and the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research Program and the USDA Forest Service (grant PNW01-JV11261952-231 and NSF DEB-0080609). Support to A. D. McGuire was provided by the Bonanza Creek LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) Program, funded jointly by NSF (grant DEB-0423442) and the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station (grant PNW01-JV11261952-231) and the USDA (CSREES grant 2008-35615-18959). Support to E. Hoy was provided through a NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship. NR 123 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 7 U2 58 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 21 IS 7 BP 2380 EP 2396 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 836UP UT WOS:000296139200004 PM 22073630 ER PT J AU Eaton, MJ Link, WA AF Eaton, Mitchell J. Link, William A. TI Estimating age from recapture data: integrating incremental growth measures with ancillary data to infer age-at-length SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE African dwarf crocodile; age-at-length; Bayesian analysis; Gamma process; growth model; hierarchical models; mark-recapture; MCMC; Markov chain Monte Carlo; model selection; Osteolaemus tetraspis; posterior predictive distribution; random effects ID BAYESIAN HIERARCHICAL METAANALYSIS; SEA-TURTLES; INTERANNUAL VARIATION; CROCODYLUS-JOHNSTONI; CURVE; UNCERTAINTY; PARAMETERS; POPULATION; CROCODILES; ECOLOGY AB Estimating the age of individuals in wild populations can be of fundamental importance for answering ecological questions, modeling population demographics, and managing exploited or threatened species. Significant effort has been devoted to determining age through the use of growth annuli, secondary physical characteristics related to age, and growth models. Many species, however, either do not exhibit physical characteristics useful for independent age validation or are too rare to justify sacrificing a large number of individuals to establish the relationship between size and age. Length-at-age models are well represented in the fisheries and other wildlife management literature. Many of these models overlook variation in growth rates of individuals and consider growth parameters as population parameters. More recent models have taken advantage of hierarchical structuring of parameters and Bayesian inference methods to allow for variation among individuals as functions of environmental covariates or individual-specific random effects. Here, we describe hierarchical models in which growth curves vary as individual-specific stochastic processes, and we show how these models can be fit using capture-recapture data for animals of unknown age along with data for animals of known age. We combine these independent data sources in a Bayesian analysis, distinguishing natural variation (among and within individuals) from measurement error. We illustrate using data for African dwarf crocodiles, comparing von Bertalanffy and logistic growth models. The analysis provides the means of predicting crocodile age, given a single measurement of head length. The von Bertalanffy was much better supported than the logistic growth model and predicted that dwarf crocodiles grow from 19.4 cm total length at birth to 32.9 cm in the first year and 45.3 cm by the end of their second year. Based on the minimum size of females observed with hatchlings, reproductive maturity was estimated to be at nine years. These size benchmarks are believed to represent thresholds for important demographic parameters; improved estimates of age, therefore, will increase the precision of population projection models. The modeling approach that we present can be applied to other species and offers significant advantages when multiple sources of data are available and traditional aging techniques are not practical. C1 [Eaton, Mitchell J.; Link, William A.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Eaton, MJ (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM meaton@usgs.gov FU U.S. Government FX We thank Jim Nichols, Andy Royle, Ellen Bean, Mike Runge, and two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. M. J. Eaton thanks Brett Melbourne for the initial conceptualization of a model for age predictions, assistants at Operation Loango, Gabon, for their effort in the field, and the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Socie ' te ' pour la Conservation et le Development for logistical and financial support. We dedicate this manuscript to the memory of our colleague, John Thorbjarnarson (1957-2010). Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 71 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 54 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 21 IS 7 BP 2487 EP 2497 DI 10.1890/10-0626.1 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 836UP UT WOS:000296139200012 PM 22073638 ER PT J AU Bartelt, PE Gallant, AL Klaver, RW Wright, CK Patla, DA Peterson, CR AF Bartelt, Paul E. Gallant, Alisa L. Klaver, Robert W. Wright, Chris K. Patla, Debra A. Peterson, Charles R. TI Predicting breeding habitat for amphibians: a spatiotemporal analysis across Yellowstone National Park SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibian conservation; amphibian habitat models; boreal chorus frog, Pseudacris maculata; breeding habitat; Columbia spotted frog, Rana luteiventris; geospatial models; polytomous regression models; tiger salamander, Ambystoma mavortium; western toad, Anaxyrus boreas; Yellowstone National Park, USA ID ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY; DETECTION PROBABILITIES; LANDSCAPE GENETICS; ECOLOGY; SALAMANDER; DECLINES; MODELS AB The ability to predict amphibian breeding across landscapes is important for informing land management decisions and helping biologists better understand and remediate factors contributing to declines in amphibian populations. We built geospatial models of likely breeding habitats for each of four amphibian species that breed in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). We used field data collected in 2000-2002 from 497 sites among 16 basins and predictor variables from geospatial models produced from remotely sensed data (e. g., digital elevation model, complex topographic index, landform data, wetland probability, and vegetative cover). Except for 31 sites in one basin that were surveyed in both 2000 and 2002, all sites were surveyed once. We used polytomous regression to build statistical models for each species of amphibian from (1) field survey site data only, (2) field data combined with data from geospatial models, and (3) data from geospatial models only. Based on measures of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) scores, models of the second type best explained likely breeding habitat because they contained the most information (ROC values ranged from 0.70 to 0.88). However, models of the third type could be applied to the entire YNP landscape and produced maps that could be verified with reserve field data. Accuracy rates for models built for single years were highly variable, ranging from 0.30 to 0.78. Accuracy rates for models built with data combined from multiple years were higher and less variable, ranging from 0.60 to 0.80. Combining results from the geospatial multiyear models yielded maps of "core" breeding areas (areas with high probability values for all three years) surrounded by areas that scored high for only one or two years, providing an estimate of variability among years. Such information can highlight landscape options for amphibian conservation. For example, our models identify alternative areas that could be protected for each species, including 6828-10 764 ha for tiger salamanders, 971-3017 ha for western toads, 4732-16 696 ha for boreal chorus frogs, and 4940-19 690 ha for Columbia spotted frogs. C1 [Bartelt, Paul E.; Gallant, Alisa L.; Klaver, Robert W.] US Geol Survey, EROS, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Wright, Chris K.] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellence, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Patla, Debra A.; Peterson, Charles R.] Idaho State Univ, Herpetol Lab, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Bartelt, PE (reprint author), Waldorf Coll, Dept Biol, Forest City, IA 50436 USA. EM barteltp@waldorf.edu FU USGS Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI); National Research Council; U.S. Government FX We thank Gunnar Carnwath, Matt Chatfield, Haley Cooper, Char and Dave Corkran, Ann Harvey, Josh Jones, Cody Lockhart, Mike Legler, and Brian O'Hearn for their assistance in collecting the field survey data for this study. D. M. Mushet and M. E. Dorcas provided helpful reviews on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Initial analyses were conducted at the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science with support from the USGS Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI), and where P. E. Bartelt held a National Research Council Research Associateship. Any mention of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only, and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 48 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 5 U2 51 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 21 IS 7 BP 2530 EP 2547 PG 18 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 836UP UT WOS:000296139200016 PM 22073642 ER PT J AU Cuffney, TF Qian, SS Brightbill, RA May, JT Waite, IR AF Cuffney, Thomas F. Qian, Song S. Brightbill, Robin A. May, Jason T. Waite, Ian R. TI Response to King and Baker: limitations on threshold detection and characterization of community thresholds SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Letter ID STREAMS C1 [Cuffney, Thomas F.] US Geol Survey, N Carolina Water Sci Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Qian, Song S.] Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Brightbill, Robin A.] US Geol Survey, Penn Water Sci Ctr, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. [May, Jason T.] US Geol Survey, Calif Water Sci Ctr, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Waite, Ian R.] US Geol Survey, Oregon Water Sci Ctr, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Cuffney, TF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, N Carolina Water Sci Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. EM tcuffney@usgs.gov RI Qian, Song/I-6544-2012 NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 21 IS 7 BP 2840 EP 2845 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 836UP UT WOS:000296139200038 ER PT J AU Riva-Murray, K Chasar, LC Bradley, PM Burns, DA Brigham, ME Smith, MJ Abrahamsen, TA AF Riva-Murray, Karen Chasar, Lia C. Bradley, Paul M. Burns, Douglas A. Brigham, Mark E. Smith, Martyn J. Abrahamsen, Thomas A. TI Spatial patterns of mercury in macroinvertebrates and fishes from streams of two contrasting forested landscapes in the eastern United States SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Methylmercury bioaccumulation; Wetlands; Macroinvertebrate feeding ecology; Fish trophic position; Stream; Landscape topographic wetness ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; ADIRONDACK LAKES; SOUTH-CAROLINA; NORTH-AMERICA; NEW-YORK; METHYLMERCURY; BIOACCUMULATION; TRANSPORT; WETLANDS; CONTAMINATION AB Controls on mercury bioaccumulation in lotic ecosystems are not well understood. During 2007-2009, we studied mercury and stable isotope spatial patterns of macroinvertebrates and fishes from two medium-sized (<80 km(2)) forested basins in contrasting settings. Samples were collected seasonally from multiple sites across the Fishing Brook basin (FB(NY)), in New York's Adirondack Mountains, and the McTier Creek basin (MC(SC)), in South Carolina's Coastal Plain. Mean methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations within macroinvertebrate feeding groups, and mean total mercury (THg) concentrations within most fish feeding groups were similar between the two regions. However, mean THg concentrations in game fish and forage fish, overall, were much lower in FBNY (1300 and 590 ng/g dw, respectively) than in MCSC (2300 and 780 ng/g dw, respectively), due to lower trophic positions of these groups from FBNY (means 3.3 and 2.7, respectively) than MCSC (means 3.7 and 3.3, respectively). Much larger spatial variation in topography and water chemistry across FBNY contributed to greater spatial variation in biotic Hg and positive correlations with dissolved MeHg and organic carbon in streamwater. Hydrologic transport distance (HTD) was negatively correlated with biotic Hg across FBNY, and was a better predictor than wetland density. The small range of landscape conditions across MCSC resulted in no consistent spatial patterns, and no discernable correspondence with local-scale environmental factors. This study demonstrates the importance of localscale environmental factors to mercury bioaccumulation in topographically heterogeneous landscapes, and provides evidence that food-chain length can be an important predictor of broad-scale differences in Hg bioaccumulation among streams. C1 [Riva-Murray, Karen; Burns, Douglas A.; Smith, Martyn J.] US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Chasar, Lia C.] US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. [Bradley, Paul M.; Abrahamsen, Thomas A.] US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. [Brigham, Mark E.] US Geol Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112 USA. RP Riva-Murray, K (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM krmurray@usgs.gov; lchasar@usgs.gov; pbradley@usgs.gov; daburns@usgs.gov; mbrigham@usgs.gov; marsmith@usgs.gov RI Burns, Douglas/A-7507-2009; OI Brigham, Mark/0000-0001-7412-6800 FU U.S. Geological Survey FX The authors are grateful to many who collected and processed samples in field and lab, led by John Byrnes, Celeste Journey, Whitney Springfield, John DeWild (all USGS), and Bob Taylor (Texas A&M University). We thank Dan Button and Tia Stevens (both USGS) for data management; Doug Carlsen, AJ Smith, and Brian Duffy (NYSDEC), and Rick Morse and Bryan Weatherwax (New York State Museum) for technical advice and assistance; and the staff of the Adirondack Ecological Center in Newcomb, NY for use of their field laboratory. We are grateful for access provided by landowners-Finch-Pruyn, The Nature Conservancy, and RMK Timberland (Fishing Brook), and the Strom Thurmond family (McTier Creek). We appreciate the very helpful comments of three anonymous reviewers, and reviews of an earlier draft by Barb Scudder Eikenberry and Chris Schmitt. This research was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this article is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 63 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 40 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2011 VL 20 IS 7 SI SI BP 1530 EP 1542 DI 10.1007/s10646-011-0719-9 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 844GR UT WOS:000296736200005 PM 21743999 ER PT J AU Meyer, MW Rasmussen, PW Watras, CJ Fevold, BM Kenow, KP AF Meyer, Michael W. Rasmussen, Paul W. Watras, Carl J. Fevold, Brick M. Kenow, Kevin P. TI Bi-phasic trends in mercury concentrations in blood of Wisconsin common loons during 1992-2010 SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bioaccumulation; Gavia immer; Common loon; Temporal trend; Mercury; Wisconsin; Sulfate ID PRECIPITATION-DOMINATED LAKE; WALLEYE SANDER-VITREUS; GAVIA-IMMER CHICKS; LITTLE-ROCK LAKE; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE; TEMPORAL TRENDS; SEEPAGE LAKES; FISH; DEPOSITION AB We assessed the ecological risk of mercury (Hg) in aquatic systems by monitoring common loon (Gavia immer) population dynamics and blood Hg concentrations. We report temporal trends in blood Hg concentrations based on 334 samples collected from adults recaptured in subsequent years (resampled 2-9 times) and from 421 blood samples of chicks collected at lakes resampled 2-8 times 1992-2010. Temporal trends were identified with generalized additive mixed effects models and mixed effects models to account for the potential lack of independence among observations from the same loon or same lake. Trend analyses indicated that Hg concentrations in the blood of Wisconsin loons declined over the period 1992-2000, and increased during 2002-2010, but not to the level observed in the early 1990s. The best fitting linear mixed effects model included separate trends for the two time periods. The estimated trend in Hg concentration among the adult loon population during 1992-2000 was -2.6% per year, and the estimated trend during 2002-2010 was +1.8% per year; chick blood Hg concentrations decreased -6.5% per year during 1992-2000, but increased 1.8% per year during 2002-2010. This bi-phasic pattern is similar to trends observed for concentrations of methylmercury and SO(4) in lake water of an intensely studied seepage lake (Little Rock Lake, Vilas County) within our study area. A causeeffect relationship between these independent trends is hypothesized. C1 [Meyer, Michael W.] WDNR Sci Serv, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. [Meyer, Michael W.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. [Rasmussen, Paul W.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Madison, WI 53716 USA. [Watras, Carl J.] Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Trout Lake Stn, Boulder Jct, WI 54512 USA. [Fevold, Brick M.] Ecol & Sci LLC, Integral GIS, Woodruff, WI 54568 USA. [Kenow, Kevin P.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Meyer, MW (reprint author), WDNR Sci Serv, 107 Sutliff Ave, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. EM Michael.Meyer@Wisconsin.gov OI Kenow, Kevin/0000-0002-3062-5197 FU WDNR; Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project [W-160-P]; Wisconsin Acid Deposition Research Council; Wisconsin Utilities Association; Electric Power Research Institute; USEPA [R82-905]; USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center; BioDiversity Research Institute FX Several dozen field staff endured the long nights of loon capture and sampling over the past 20 years to provide the data for this study. Dr. David Evers, Biodiversity Research Institute, conducted the initial sampling and trained WDNR staff in proper common loon capture and handling techniques. R. Arneson (WDNR) coordinated the project's laboratory work at the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene where analytical services were provided by D. Kennedy-Parker and staff. Supervisory support for long-term Hg monitoring at WDNR was provided by G. Bartelt, D. Knauer, K. Martin, R. Dumke, and J. Sullivan, Bureau of Science Services. This project was supported through the WDNR with funds from the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project W-160-P, the Wisconsin Acid Deposition Research Council, the Wisconsin Utilities Association, the Electric Power Research Institute, USEPA Science To Achieve Results grant R82-905, the USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center, and BioDiversity Research Institute. We thank C. Schrank (WDNR) and B. Gray (USGS UMESC) for reviewing an earlier draft of this manuscript. NR 52 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2011 VL 20 IS 7 SI SI BP 1659 EP 1668 DI 10.1007/s10646-011-0759-1 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 844GR UT WOS:000296736200016 PM 21809120 ER PT J AU Kenow, KP Meyer, MW Rossmann, R Gendron-Fitzpatrick, A Gray, BR AF Kenow, Kevin P. Meyer, Michael W. Rossmann, Ronald Gendron-Fitzpatrick, Annette Gray, Brian R. TI Effects of injected methylmercury on the hatching of common loon (Gavia immer) eggs SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Common loon; Egg; Egg injection; Gavia immer; Mercury; Methylmercury ID METHYL MERCURY; WILD BIRDS; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; MALLARD; CHICKS; REPRODUCTION; AVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION; BEHAVIOR AB To determine the level of in ovo methylmercury (MeHg) exposure that results in detrimental effects on fitness and survival of loon embryos and hatched chicks, we conducted a field study in which we injected eggs with various doses of MeHg on day 4 of incubation. Eggs were collected following about 23 days of natural incubation and artificially incubated to observe hatching. Reduced embryo survival was evident in eggs injected at a rate of >= 1.3 mu g Hg/g wet-mass. When maternally deposited Hg and injected Hg were considered together, the median lethal concentration of Hg (LC50) was estimated to be 1.78 mu g Hg/g wet-mass. Organ mass patterns from eggs of chicks injected at a rate of 2.9 mu g Hg/g differed from that of controls and chicks from the 0.5 mu g Hg/g treatment, largely related to a negative relation between yolk sac mass and egg mercury concentration. Chicks from eggs in the 2.9 mu g Hg/g treatment were also less responsive to a frightening stimulus than controls and chicks from the 0.5 mu g Hg/g treatment. We also found that the length of incubation period increased with increasing egg mercury concentration. Tissue Hg concentrations were strongly associated (r(2) >= 0.80) with egg Hg concentration. C1 [Kenow, Kevin P.; Gray, Brian R.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Meyer, Michael W.] Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. [Rossmann, Ronald] US EPA, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. [Gendron-Fitzpatrick, Annette] Univ Wisconsin, Comparat Pathol Lab RARC, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Kenow, KP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM kkenow@usgs.gov OI Kenow, Kevin/0000-0002-3062-5197; Gray, Brian/0000-0001-7682-9550 FU Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Geological Survey FX The authors acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance: S. C. Houdek, C. D. Pollentier, T. Daulton, J. Wilson, P. Boma, M. Parrara, M. Stuber assisted with nest monitoring and egg collection; J. Bernardy prepared dose solutions; J. C. Filkins, E. L. Pfeiffer, and B. Raymond conducted laboratory mercury analyses; and Z. Guan provided advice on statistical analyses. G. Heinz, D. Hoffman, and J. Waide provided constructive comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Financial and in-kind support for this project was provided by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey. NR 39 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 EI 1573-3017 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2011 VL 20 IS 7 SI SI BP 1684 EP 1693 DI 10.1007/s10646-011-0743-9 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 844GR UT WOS:000296736200019 PM 21789674 ER PT J AU Schmeltz, D Evers, DC Driscoll, CT Artz, R Cohen, M Gay, D Haeuber, R Krabbenhoft, DP Mason, R Morris, K Wiener, JG AF Schmeltz, David Evers, David C. Driscoll, Charles T. Artz, Richard Cohen, Mark Gay, David Haeuber, Richard Krabbenhoft, David P. Mason, Robert Morris, Kristi Wiener, James G. TI MercNet: a national monitoring network to assess responses to changing mercury emissions in the United States SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mercury; MercNet; Ecological effects; Mercury regulation; Monitoring ID NORTHEASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE; COMMON LOONS; CONTAMINATION; ECOSYSTEMS; HEALTH; FISH AB A partnership of federal and state agencies, tribes, industry, and scientists from academic research and environmental organizations is establishing a national, policy-relevant mercury monitoring network, called MercNet, to address key questions concerning changes in anthropogenic mercury emissions and deposition, associated linkages to ecosystem effects, and recovery from mercury contamination. This network would quantify mercury in the atmosphere, land, water, and biota in terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems to provide a national scientific capability for evaluating the benefits and effectiveness of emission controls. Program development began with two workshops, convened to establish network goals, to select key indicators for monitoring, to propose a geographic network of monitoring sites, and to design a monitoring plan. MercNet relies strongly on multi-institutional partnerships to secure the capabilities and comprehensive data that are needed to develop, calibrate, and refine predictive mercury models and to guide effective management. Ongoing collaborative efforts include the: (1) development of regional multi-media databases on mercury in the Laurentian Great Lakes, northeastern United States, and eastern Canada; (2) syntheses and reporting of these data for the scientific and policy communities; and (3) evaluation of potential monitoring sites. The MercNet approach could be applied to the development of other monitoring programs, such as emerging efforts to monitor and assess global mercury emission controls. C1 [Schmeltz, David; Haeuber, Richard] US EPA, Clean Air Markets Div, Off Atmospher Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. [Evers, David C.] Biodivers Res Inst, Gorham, ME 04038 USA. [Driscoll, Charles T.] Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. [Artz, Richard; Cohen, Mark] NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Gay, David] Illinois State Water Survey, Natl Atmospher Deposit Program, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [Krabbenhoft, David P.] US Geol Survey, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Mason, Robert] Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. [Morris, Kristi] Natl Pk Serv, Air Resources Div, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Wiener, James G.] Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Schmeltz, D (reprint author), US EPA, Clean Air Markets Div, Off Atmospher Programs, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW,MC 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM schmeltz.david@epa.gov; david.evers@briloon.org; ctdrisco@syr.edu; richard.artz@noaa.gov; mark.cohen@noaa.gov; dgay@illinois.edu; haeuber.richard@epa.gov; dpkrabbe@usgs.gov; robert.mason@uconn.edu; kristi_morris@nps.gov; wiener.jame@uwlax.edu RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Cohen, Mark/P-6936-2015; OI Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; Cohen, Mark/0000-0003-3183-2558; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; New York State Energy Research and Development Authority; Biodiversity Research Institute; U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Park Service; National Atmospheric Deposition Program; Minnesota Pollution Control Agency; Cherokee Nation; Florida Department of Environmental Protection; University of Wisconsin-La Crosse FX This work and preparation of this manuscript were supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, the Biodiversity Research Institute, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Park Service, the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, the Cherokee Nation, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. We appreciate the help of Maureen Hale, Kimberley Driscoll, and Ian Johnson for their assistance with maps and management of materials. This paper has not been subjected to U.S. EPA peer and administrative review; therefore, the conclusions and opinions contained herein are solely those of the authors, and should not be construed to reflect the views of the U.S. EPA. NR 42 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD OCT PY 2011 VL 20 IS 7 SI SI BP 1713 EP 1725 DI 10.1007/s10646-011-0756-4 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 844GR UT WOS:000296736200022 PM 21901443 ER PT J AU Finn, MP Lewis, M Bosch, DD Giraldo, M Yamamoto, K Sullivan, DG Kincaid, R AF Finn, Michael P. Lewis, Mark (David) Bosch, David D. Giraldo, Mario Yamamoto, Kristina Sullivan, Dana G. Kincaid, Russell TI Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture Using Airborne Hyperspectral Data SO GISCIENCE & REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID C-BAND; GEORGIA; REFLECTANCE; VALIDATION; LANDSCAPE; SPECTRA AB Landscape assessment of soil moisture is critical to understanding the hydrological cycle at the regional scale and in broad-scale studies of biophysical processes affected by global climate changes in temperature and precipitation. Traditional efforts to measure soil moisture have been principally restricted to in situ measurements, so remote sensing techniques are often employed. Hyperspectral sensors with finer spatial resolution and narrow band widths may offer an alternative to traditional multispectral analysis of soil moisture, particularly in landscapes with high spatial heterogeneity. This preliminary research evaluates the ability of remotely sensed hyperspectral data to quantify soil moisture for the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW), Georgia. An airborne hyperspectral instrument with a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) sensor was flown in 2005 and 2007 and the results were correlated to in situ soil moisture values. A significant statistical correlation (R(2) value above 0.7 for both sampling dates) for the hyperspectral instrument data and the soil moisture probe data at 5.08 cm (2 inches) was determined. While models for the 20.32 cm (8 inches) and 30.48 cm (12 inches) depths were tested, they were not able to estimate soil moisture to the same degree. C1 [Finn, Michael P.; Yamamoto, Kristina] US Geol Survey, CEGIS, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Lewis, Mark (David); Kincaid, Russell] ITD, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Bosch, David D.] USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. [Giraldo, Mario] Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Sullivan, Dana G.] USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31792 USA. RP Finn, MP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, CEGIS, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,Mail Stop 510, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM mfinn@usgs.gov NR 43 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 22 PU BELLWETHER PUBL LTD PI COLUMBIA PA 8640 GUILFORD RD, STE 200, COLUMBIA, MD 21046 USA SN 1548-1603 J9 GISCI REMOTE SENS JI GISci. Remote Sens. PD OCT-DEC PY 2011 VL 48 IS 4 BP 522 EP 540 DI 10.2747/1548-1603.48.4.522 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Remote Sensing GA 846RQ UT WOS:000296921300004 ER PT J AU Wolfe, LL Shenk, TM Powell, B Rocke, TE AF Wolfe, Lisa L. Shenk, Tanya M. Powell, Bradford Rocke, Tonie E. TI ASSESSMENT OF A RECOMBINANT F1-V FUSION PROTEIN VACCINE INTENDED TO PROTECT CANADA LYNX (LYNX CANADENSIS) FROM PLAGUE SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Antibody; Canada lynx; Lynx canadensis; plague; titer; vaccine; Yersinia pestis ID FERRETS MUSTELA-NIGRIPES; PNEUMONIC PLAGUE; YERSINIA-PESTIS; MORTALITY; COLORADO; ANTIGEN AB As part of an ongoing restoration program in Colorado, USA, we evaluated adverse reactions and seroconversion in captive Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) after vaccination with a recombinant F1-V fusion protein vaccine against Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague. Ten adult female lynx received the F1-V vaccine; 10 source- and age-matched lynx remained unvaccinated as controls. All of the vaccinated and control lynx remained apparently healthy throughout the confinement period. We observed no evidence of injection site or systemic reactions to the F1.-V vaccine. Among vaccinated lynx, differences in log(10) reciprocal antibody titers measured in sera collected before and after vaccination (two doses) ranged from 1.2 to 5.2 for anti-F1 antibodies and from 0.6 to 5.2 for anti-V antibodies; titers in unvaccinated lynx did not change appreciably over the course of confinement prior to release, and thus differences in anti-F1. (P=0.003) and anti-V (P=0.0005) titers were greater among vaccinated lynx than among controls. Although our findings suggest that the F1-V fusion protein vaccine evaluated here is likely to stimulate antibody responses that may help protect Canada lynx from plague, we observed no apparent differences in survival between vaccinated and unvaccinated subject animals. Retrospectively, 22 of 50 (44%; 95% confidence interval 29-59%) unvaccinated lynx captured or recaptured in Colorado during 2000-08 had passive hemagglutination antibody titers >1:16, consistent with exposure to Y. pestis; paired pre- and postrelease titers available for eight of these animals showed titer increases similar in magnitude to those seen in response to vaccination, suggesting at least some lynx may naturally acquire immunity to plague in Colorado habitats. C1 [Wolfe, Lisa L.; Shenk, Tanya M.] Colorado Div Wildlife, Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Powell, Bradford] USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Bacteriol Div, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. [Rocke, Tonie E.] US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wildlife Hlth Lab, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Wolfe, LL (reprint author), Colorado Div Wildlife, Wildlife Res Ctr, 317 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM lisa.wolfe@state.co.us OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 FU Colorado Division of Wildlife FX This study was funded by the Colorado Division of Wildlife. We thank S. and H. Deiterich for assistance with handling and care of captive lynx; K. Griffin, L. Baeten and I. Levan for laboratory assistance; T. Spraker for conducting the necropsies; L. Carter and J. Young for laboratory analyses; P. Lukacs for analyzing serology data; and M. W. Miller and anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on earlier drafts of our manuscript. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 4 BP 888 EP 892 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 840AB UT WOS:000296409500009 PM 22102659 ER PT J AU Busch, JD van Andel, R Cordova, J Colman, RE Keim, P Rocke, TE Leid, JG Van Pelt, WE Wagner, DM AF Busch, Joseph D. van Andel, Roger Cordova, Jennifer Colman, Rebecca E. Keim, Paul Rocke, Tonle E. Leid, Jeff G. Van Pelt, William E. Wagner, David M. TI Population Differences in Host Immune Factors May Influence Survival of Gunnison's Prairie Dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) during Plague Outbreaks SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Aubrey Valley; Cynomys gunnisoni; cytokines; plague immunity; prairie dog; Yersinia pestis ID YERSINIA-PESTIS; CONSUMPTION; VACCINE; BAITS AB Over the past 40 yr, epizootics of plague (Yersinia pestis) in northern Arizona have reduced populations of the Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynamys gunnisoni), with the exception of a large population found in the Aubrey Valley (AV). To examine potential mechanisms accounting for their survival, we collected prairie dog serum samples in 2005-2006 from AV and a neighboring population near Seligman (SE), Arizona. We quantified gene expression at 58 diverse immune proteins using a multiplexed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay panel. We found a subset of proteins important in coagulation and inflammation (tissue factor [TF], calbindin [Cal], and thrombopoietin [TPO]) and T-cell responses (CD40L and CD40) that were present in AV at levels two to eight times greater than SE. These results suggest that AV and SE animals might differ in their ability to mount an immune response. C1 [Busch, Joseph D.; Colman, Rebecca E.; Keim, Paul; Leid, Jeff G.; Wagner, David M.] No Arizona Univ, Ctr Microbial Genet & Genom, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [van Andel, Roger] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Cordova, Jennifer] Black Footed Ferret Project, Seligman, AZ 86337 USA. [Rocke, Tonle E.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Van Pelt, William E.] Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Phoenix, AZ 85086 USA. RP Wagner, DM (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Ctr Microbial Genet & Genom, POB 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM David.Wagner@nau.edu RI Keim, Paul/A-2269-2010; OI Rocke, Tonie/0000-0003-3933-1563 FU Arizona Game and Fish Department; Pacific Southwest Regional Center of Excellence [AI065359] FX We thank sharpshooters for field collections, E. Cope for help with organ collection, and J. Williamson, US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, for serologic assays. This work was funded by the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the Pacific Southwest Regional Center of Excellence (AI065359). All work was approved by the Northern Arizona University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the US government. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 22 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 4 BP 968 EP 973 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 840AB UT WOS:000296409500018 PM 22102668 ER PT J AU Harr, KE Rember, R Ginn, PE Lightsey, J Keller, M Reid, J Bonde, RK AF Harr, Kendal E. Rember, Renee Ginn, Pamela E. Lightsey, Jessica Keller, Martha Reid, James Bonde, Robert K. TI Serum Amyloid A (SAA) as a Biomarker of Chronic Infection Due to Boat Strike Trauma in a Free-ranging Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) with Incidental Polycystic Kidneys SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Manatee; marine mammal medicine; Pasteurella; polycystic kidneys; pyothorax; respiratory tract ID DISEASE; TERRIER; LIVER AB Watercraft-related trauma is the predominant cause of human-induced mortality in manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris), a federal- and state-listed endangered species. Pyothorax (documented in this case report) and other secondary infections are common sequelae of inhalation of water and the open wounds caused by boat propellers. These secondary infections can lead to the demise of the animal weeks to months after the traumatic incident when external wounds have healed. Diagnosis of underlying disease on physical examination during capture and restraint can be difficult. Acute phase proteins, including serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, and albumin can be used to diagnose inflammatory disease in manatees and improve quality of medical care and husbandry. We also provide the first report of polycystic kidneys in Sirenians. C1 [Lightsey, Jessica] Marine Mammal Pathobiol Lab, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. [Reid, James; Bonde, Robert K.] US Geol Survey, Sirenia Project, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA. [Harr, Kendal E.; Rember, Renee; Keller, Martha] Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Harr, KE (reprint author), Phoenix Cent Lab Veterinarians, 11620 Airport Rd, Everett, WA 98204 USA. EM drharr@gmail.com OI Harr, Kendal/0000-0001-5390-3586; Reid, James/0000-0002-8497-1132; Bonde, Robert/0000-0001-9179-4376 FU FFWCC [s018] FX The authors acknowledge the USGS and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC) capture crew without whom these data could not have been collected, as well as John Harvey, Melanie Pate, and the staff of the University of Florida clinical pathology laboratory, and the staff at the Marine Mammal Pathobiology Laboratory who completed this necropsy in a timely fashion. This publication was funded by FFWCC grant (s018) and performed under the US Fish and Wildlife Service wildlife research permit, MA791721 issued to the USGS, Sirenia Project. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1026 EP 1031 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 840AB UT WOS:000296409500028 PM 22102678 ER PT J AU Liu, CL Charpentier, RR Su, J AF Liu, Chenglin Charpentier, Ronald R. Su, Jin TI Comparison of Two Methods Used to Model Shape Parameters of Pareto Distributions SO MATHEMATICAL GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Oil and gas; Simulation; Discovery process; Sensitivity analyses; Resource appraisal ID GAS-FIELDS; OIL; SIZES AB Two methods are compared for estimating the shape parameters of Pareto field-size (or pool-size) distributions for petroleum resource assessment. Both methods assume mature exploration in which most of the larger fields have been discovered. Both methods use the sizes of larger discovered fields to estimate the numbers and sizes of smaller fields: (1) the tail-truncated method uses a plot of field size versus size rank, and (2) the log-geometric method uses data binned in field-size classes and the ratios of adjacent bin counts. Simulation experiments were conducted using discovered oil and gas pool-size distributions from four petroleum systems in Alberta, Canada and using Pareto distributions generated by Monte Carlo simulation. The estimates of the shape parameters of the Pareto distributions, calculated by both the tail-truncated and log-geometric methods, generally stabilize where discovered pool numbers are greater than 100. However, with fewer than 100 discoveries, these estimates can vary greatly with each new discovery. The estimated shape parameters of the tail-truncated method are more stable and larger than those of the log-geometric method where the number of discovered pools is more than 100. Both methods, however, tend to underestimate the shape parameter. Monte Carlo simulation was also used to create sequences of discovered pool sizes by sampling from a Pareto distribution with a discovery process model using a defined exploration efficiency (in order to show how biased the sampling was in favor of larger fields being discovered first). A higher (more biased) exploration efficiency gives better estimates of the Pareto shape parameters. C1 [Liu, Chenglin] China Univ Petr, Geosci Fac, Beijing 102249, Peoples R China. [Charpentier, Ronald R.] US Geol Survey, Denver Energy Resource Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Su, Jin] China Univ Petr, State Key Lab Petr Resource & Prospecting, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Liu, CL (reprint author), China Univ Petr, Geosci Fac, 18 Fuxue Rd, Beijing 102249, Peoples R China. EM liucl@cup.edu.cn NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1874-8961 J9 MATH GEOSCI JI Math Geosci. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 43 IS 7 BP 847 EP 859 DI 10.1007/s11004-011-9361-6 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Geology; Mathematics GA 845AW UT WOS:000296796200006 ER PT J AU Godsey, HS Oviatt, CG Miller, DM Chan, MA AF Godsey, Holly S. Oviatt, Charles G. Miller, David M. Chan, Marjorie A. TI Stratigraphy and chronology of offshore to nearshore deposits associated with the Provo shoreline, Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, Utah SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lake Bonneville; Provo shoreline; Pleistocene; Holocene; Stratigraphy; Bolling-Allerod ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; GREAT-BASIN; CLIMATE-CHANGE; RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY; PLUVIAL LAKE; USA; FLUCTUATIONS; HIGHSTAND; LAHONTAN; RECORD AB Stratigraphic descriptions and radiocarbon data from eleven field locations are presented in this paper to establish a chronostratigraphic framework for offshore to nearshore deposits of Lake Bonneville. Based on key marker beds and geomorphic position, the deposits are interpreted to have accumulated during the period from the late transgressive phase, through the overflowing phase, into the regressive phase of the lake. Radiocarbon ages of sediments associated with the Provo shoreline indicate that Lake Bonneville dropped rapidly from the Provo shoreline at about 12,600 (14)C yr BP (15,000 cal yr B.P.). The presence of one or more sand beds in the upper part of the Provo-aged marl indicates rapid lowering of lake level or storm events at the end of the Provo episode. An accurate understanding of the timing and nature of Lake Bonneville's climate-driven regression from the Provo shoreline is critical to correlations with records of regional and hemispheric climate change. The rapid descent of the lake from the Provo shoreline correlates with the decline of Lakes Lahontan and Estancia, and with the onset of the Bolling-Allerod warming event. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Godsey, Holly S.; Chan, Marjorie A.] Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Oviatt, Charles G.] Kansas State Univ, Dept Geol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. [Miller, David M.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Godsey, HS (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM holly.godsey@utah.edu FU U.S. Geological Survey; Utah Geological Survey; National Science Foundation FX We wish to thank the U.S. Geological Survey, the Utah Geological Survey, and the National Science Foundation for funding for this project. We thank Wally Broecker and Elizabeth Clark for radiocarbon analyses from ETH Laboratories, and Jack McGeehin for radiocarbon analyses from the U.S. Geological Survey laboratories. We would also like to thank David Wahl, Ken Adams and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful and thorough reviews. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD OCT 1 PY 2011 VL 310 IS 3-4 BP 442 EP 450 DI 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.08.005 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 836QJ UT WOS:000296125900023 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Jackson, NL Nordstrom, KF Weber, RG AF Smith, D. R. Jackson, N. L. Nordstrom, K. F. Weber, R. G. TI Beach characteristics mitigate effects of onshore wind on horseshoe crab spawning: implications for matching with shorebird migration in Delaware Bay SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Limulus polyphemus; migratory shorebirds; red knot; match-mismatch hypothesis; climate change; resilience ID LIMULUS-POLYPHEMUS EGGS; RED KNOTS; SITE SELECTION; MANAGEMENT; STOPOVER; DISTURBANCE; ABUNDANCE; CLIMATE; CHOICE; AVAILABILITY AB Disruption of food availability by unfavorable physical processes at energetically demanding times can limit recruitment of migratory species as predicted by the match-mismatch hypothesis. Identification and protection of disruption-resistant habitat could contribute to system resilience. For example, horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning and shorebird stopover must match temporally in Delaware Bay for eggs to be available to shorebirds. Onshore winds that generate waves can create a mismatch by delaying horseshoe crab spawning. We examined effects of beach characteristics and onshore winds on spawning activity at five beaches when water temperatures were otherwise consistent with early spawning activity. Onshore winds resulted in reduced spawning activity during the shorebird stopover, when spawning typically peaks in late May. During the period with high onshore wind, egg density was highest on the foreshore exposed to the lowest wave heights. Onshore wind was low in early June, and spawning and egg densities were high at all sites, but shorebirds had departed. Beaches that can serve as a refuge from wind and waves can be identified by physical characteristics and orientation to prevailing winds and should receive special conservation status, especially in light of predicted increases in climate change-induced storm frequency. These results point to a potential conservation strategy that includes coastal management for adapting to climate change-induced mismatch of migrations. C1 [Smith, D. R.] US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. [Jackson, N. L.] New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Nordstrom, K. F.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. [Weber, R. G.] Delaware Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Dover, DE USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Leetown Sci Ctr, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM drsmith@usgs.gov FU Delaware Department of Natural Resources; USGS FX This work was funded by Delaware Department of Natural Resources and USGS State Partnership Program. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the careful assistance of Susan Love, Sharon Midcap and Heather Hudson in collecting samples, and especially in helping to separate and quantify the large quantities of extracted eggs. Their attention to details, coupled with their pleasant humor during the rigors of this study, made workdays pass more quickly. We thank Tony Pratt, Penelope Pooler, Stew Michels and Scott Fincham for technical and field assistance. Conor McGowan, Mary Mandt, Nathaniel Hitt and Nigel Clark provided helpful comments on an earlier draft. NR 58 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 31 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 14 IS 5 BP 575 EP 584 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00481.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 846JX UT WOS:000296894900015 ER PT J AU Berkoff, TA Sorokin, M Stone, T Eck, TF Hoff, R Welton, E Holben, B AF Berkoff, Timothy A. Sorokin, Mikail Stone, Tom Eck, Thomas F. Hoff, Raymond Welton, Ellsworth Holben, Brent TI Nocturnal Aerosol Optical Depth Measurements with a Small-Aperture Automated Photometer Using the Moon as a Light Source SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN SITE; CALIBRATION; VALIDATION; POLLUTION; AERONET; NETWORK; SMOKE; DUST AB A method is described that enables the use of lunar irradiance to obtain nighttime aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements using a small-aperture photometer. In this approach, the U.S. Geological Survey lunar calibration system was utilized to provide high-precision lunar exoatmospheric spectral irradiance predictions for a ground-based sensor location, and when combined with ground measurement viewing geometry, provided the column optical transmittance for retrievals of AOD. Automated multiwavelength lunar measurements were obtained using an unmodified Cimel-318 sunphotometer sensor to assess existing capabilities and enhancements needed for day/night operation in NASA's Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Results show that even existing photometers can provide the ability for retrievals of aerosol optical depths at night near full moon. With an additional photodetector signal-to-noise improvement of 10-100, routine use over the bright half of the lunar phase and a much wider range of wavelengths and conditions can be achieved. Although the lunar cycle is expected to limit the frequency of observations to 30%-40% compared to solar measurements, nevertheless this is an attractive extension of AERONET capabilities. C1 [Berkoff, Timothy A.; Welton, Ellsworth; Holben, Brent] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Berkoff, Timothy A.; Eck, Thomas F.; Hoff, Raymond] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Sorokin, Mikail] Sigma Res Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Stone, Tom] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Berkoff, TA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM berkoff@umbc.edu RI Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012 FU NASA; MPLNET; USGS ROLO; UMBC FX The authors wish to acknowledge Marius Canini (Cimel Eletronique), Nader Abuhassan (UMBC), and Joel Schafer (Sigma Research) for technical advice and assistance, and Patricia Sawamura (UMBC), Daniel Orozco (UMBC), and Alex Tran (Sigma Research) for photometer operational assistance. This work was supported in part by the MPLNET, USGS ROLO, and UMBC Measurement of Atmospheric Pollution (UMAP) Baltimore Air Quality projects, funded by the NASA EOS and Radiation Sciences programs. Open source software used in this work includes Python programming language (http://www.python.org/) for instrumentation and data collection and Open Office (http://www.openoffice.org/) productivity suite for the preparation of figures and text. We thank the anonymous reviewers who helped to significantly improve the original manuscript. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 EI 1520-0426 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 28 IS 10 BP 1297 EP 1306 DI 10.1175/JTECH-D-10-05036.1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 843FP UT WOS:000296658000010 ER PT J AU Preston, SD Alexander, RB Wolock, DM AF Preston, Stephen D. Alexander, Richard B. Wolock, David M. TI SPARROW MODELING TO UNDERSTAND WATER-QUALITY CONDITIONS IN MAJOR REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: A FEATURED COLLECTION INTRODUCTION SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; RIVER-BASIN; NITROGEN; DELIVERY C1 [Wolock, David M.] US Geol Survey, Dover, DE 19901 USA. [Wolock, David M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Wolock, David M.] US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. EM spreston@usgs.gov NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 887 EP 890 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00585.x PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200001 PM 22457573 ER PT J AU Preston, SD Alexander, RB Schwarz, GE Crawford, CG AF Preston, Stephen D. Alexander, Richard B. Schwarz, Gregory E. Crawford, Charles G. TI FACTORS AFFECTING STREAM NUTRIENT LOADS: A SYNTHESIS OF REGIONAL SPARROW MODEL RESULTS FOR THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE computational methods; geospatial analysis; statistical models; nutrients; nonpoint-source pollution; point-source pollution; watershed management; watersheds; rivers/streams; landscape; modeling; empirical modeling; SPARROW models ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; RIVER-BASIN; PHOSPHORUS; DELIVERY; REGRESSION; SIZE AB We compared the results of 12 recently calibrated regional SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) models covering most of the continental United States to evaluate the consistency and regional differences in factors affecting stream nutrient loads. The models - 6 for total nitrogen and 6 for total phosphorus - all provide similar levels of prediction accuracy, but those for major river basins in the eastern half of the country were somewhat more accurate. The models simulate long-term mean annual stream nutrient loads as a function of a wide range of known sources and climatic (precipitation, temperature), landscape (e. g., soils, geology), and aquatic factors affecting nutrient fate and transport. The results confirm the dominant effects of urban and agricultural sources on stream nutrient loads nationally and regionally, but reveal considerable spatial variability in the specific types of sources that control water quality. These include regional differences in the relative importance of different types of urban (municipal and industrial point vs. diffuse urban runoff) and agriculture (crop cultivation vs. animal waste) sources, as well as the effects of atmospheric deposition, mining, and background (e. g., soil phosphorus) sources on stream nutrients. Overall, we found that the SPARROW model results provide a consistent set of information for identifying the major sources and environmental factors affecting nutrient fate and transport in United States watersheds at regional and subregional scales. C1 [Crawford, Charles G.] US Geol Survey, Dover, DE 19901 USA. [Crawford, Charles G.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Crawford, Charles G.] US Geol Survey, Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA. EM spreston@usgs.gov OI Crawford, Charles/0000-0003-1653-7841 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 6 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 891 EP 915 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00577.x PG 25 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200002 PM 22457574 ER PT J AU Brakebill, JW Wolock, DM Terziotti, SE AF Brakebill, J. W. Wolock, D. M. Terziotti, S. E. TI DIGITAL HYDROLOGIC NETWORKS SUPPORTING APPLICATIONS RELATED TO SPATIALLY REFERENCED REGRESSION MODELING SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE reach; network; modeling; streams; streamflow; SPARROW; NAWQA ID RIVER NETWORKS; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; NORTHEASTERN USA; ELEVATION MODELS; WATER-QUALITY; TERRESTRIAL; REPRESENTATION; DELIVERY; STREAMS AB Digital hydrologic networks depicting surface-water pathways and their associated drainage catchments provide a key component to hydrologic analysis and modeling. Collectively, they form common spatial units that can be used to frame the descriptions of aquatic and watershed processes. In addition, they provide the ability to simulate and route the movement of water and associated constituents throughout the landscape. Digital hydrologic networks have evolved from derivatives of mapping products to detailed, interconnected, spatially referenced networks of water pathways, drainage areas, and stream and watershed characteristics. These properties are important because they enhance the ability to spatially evaluate factors that affect the sources and transport of water-quality constituents at various scales. SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), a process-based/statistical model, relies on a digital hydrologic network in order to establish relations between quantities of monitored contaminant flux, contaminant sources, and the associated physical characteristics affecting contaminant transport. Digital hydrologic networks modified from the River Reach File (RF1) and National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) geospatial datasets provided frameworks for SPARROW in six regions of the conterminous United States. In addition, characteristics of the modified RF1 were used to update estimates of mean-annual streamflow. This produced more current flow estimates for use in SPARROW modeling. C1 [Terziotti, S. E.] US Geol Survey, Water Sci Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Terziotti, S. E.] US Geol Survey, Water Sci Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. [Terziotti, S. E.] US Geol Survey, Water Sci Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. EM jwbrakeb@usgs.gov NR 64 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 916 EP 932 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00578.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200003 PM 22457575 ER PT J AU Saad, DA Schwarz, GE Robertson, DM Booth, NL AF Saad, David A. Schwarz, Gregory E. Robertson, Dale M. Booth, Nathaniel L. TI A MULTI-AGENCY NUTRIENT DATASET USED TO ESTIMATE LOADS, IMPROVE MONITORING DESIGN, AND CALIBRATE REGIONAL NUTRIENT SPARROW MODELS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE rivers/streams; nutrients; monitoring; load estimation; statistics; SPARROW ID WATER-QUALITY; NITROGEN DELIVERY; REGRESSION; STREAMS AB Stream-loading information was compiled from federal, state, and local agencies, and selected universities as part of an effort to develop regional SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models to help describe the distribution, sources, and transport of nutrients in streams throughout much of the United States. After screening, 2,739 sites, sampled by 73 agencies, were identified as having suitable data for calculating long-term mean annual nutrient loads required for SPARROW model calibration. These sites had a wide range in nutrient concentrations, loads, and yields, and environmental characteristics in their basins. An analysis of the accuracy in load estimates relative to site attributes indicated that accuracy in loads improve with increases in the number of observations, the proportion of uncensored data, and the variability in flow on observation days, whereas accuracy declines with increases in the root mean square error of the water-quality model, the flow-bias ratio, the number of days between samples, the variability in daily streamflow for the prediction period, and if the load estimate has been detrended. Based on compiled data, all areas of the country had recent declines in the number of sites with sufficient water-quality data to compute accurate annual loads and support regional modeling analyses. These declines were caused by decreases in the number of sites being sampled and data not being entered in readily accessible databases. C1 [Booth, Nathaniel L.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Booth, Nathaniel L.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. EM dasaad@usgs.gov OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 933 EP 949 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00575.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200004 PM 22457576 ER PT J AU Maupin, MA Ivahnenko, T AF Maupin, Molly A. Ivahnenko, Tamara TI NUTRIENT LOADINGS TO STREAMS OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES FROM MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE point source; nutrients; loads; major river basins; water quality; wastewater AB Data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System national database were used to calculate annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads to surface waters from municipal and industrial facilities in six major regions of the United States for 1992, 1997, and 2002. Concentration and effluent flow data were examined for approximately 118,250 facilities in 45 states and the District of Columbia. Inconsistent and incomplete discharge locations, effluent flows, and effluent nutrient concentrations limited the use of these data for calculating nutrient loads. More concentrations were reported for major facilities, those discharging more than 1 million gallons per day, than for minor facilities, and more concentrations were reported for TP than for TN. Analytical methods to check and improve the quality of the Permit Compliance System data were used. Annual loads were calculated using "typical pollutant concentrations" to supplement missing concentrations based on the type and size of facilities. Annual nutrient loads for over 26,600 facilities were calculated for at least one of the three years. Sewage systems represented 74% of all TN loads and 58% of all TP loads. This work represents an initial set of data to develop a comprehensive and consistent national database of point-source nutrient loads. These loads can be used to inform a wide range of water-quality management, watershed modeling, and research efforts at multiple scales. C1 [Ivahnenko, Tamara] US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA. [Ivahnenko, Tamara] US Geol Survey, Pueblo, CO 81003 USA. EM mamaupin@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 950 EP 964 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00576.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200005 PM 22457577 ER PT J AU Moore, RB Johnston, CM Smith, RA Milstead, B AF Moore, Richard B. Johnston, Craig M. Smith, Richard A. Milstead, Bryan TI SOURCE AND DELIVERY OF NUTRIENTS TO RECEIVING WATERS IN THE NORTHEASTERN AND MID-ATLANTIC REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nutrients; transport and fate; stochastic models; nitrogen; phosphorus; SPARROW ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; NITROGEN DELIVERY; RIVER-BASIN; USA; DENITRIFICATION; EUTROPHICATION; SPARROW; MODEL AB This study investigates nutrient sources and transport to receiving waters, in order to provide spatially detailed information to aid water-resources managers concerned with eutrophication and nutrient management strategies. SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) nutrient models were developed for the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic (NE US) regions of the United States to represent source conditions for the year 2002. The model developed to examine the source and delivery of nitrogen to the estuaries of nine large rivers along the NE US Seaboard indicated that agricultural sources contribute the largest percentage (37%) of the total nitrogen load delivered to the estuaries. Point sources account for 28% while atmospheric deposition accounts for 20%. A second SPARROW model was used to examine the sources and delivery of phosphorus to lakes and reservoirs throughout the NE US. The greatest attenuation of phosphorus occurred in lakes that were large relative to the size of their watershed. Model results show that, within the NE US, aquatic decay of nutrients is quite limited on an annual basis and that we especially cannot rely on natural attenuation to remove nutrients within the larger rivers nor within lakes with large watersheds relative to the size of the lake. C1 [Milstead, Bryan] US Geol Survey, Pembroke, NH 03275 USA. [Milstead, Bryan] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Milstead, Bryan] US EPA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM rmoore@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 965 EP 990 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00582.x PG 26 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200006 PM 22457578 ER PT J AU Garcia, AM Hoos, AB Terziotti, S AF Garcia, Ana Maria Hoos, Anne B. Terziotti, Silvia TI A REGIONAL MODELING FRAMEWORK OF PHOSPHORUS SOURCES AND TRANSPORT IN STREAMS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nutrients; nonpoint source pollution; phosphorus; transport and fate; simulation; watersheds; SPARROW ID WATER-EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; NITROGEN DELIVERY; EUTROPHICATION; RUNOFF; SOILS; STRATEGIES; RETENTION; INDEXES; MANURES AB We applied the SPARROW model to estimate phosphorus transport from catchments to stream reaches and subsequent delivery to major receiving water bodies in the Southeastern United States (U. S.). We show that six source variables and five land-to-water transport variables are significant (p < 0.05) in explaining 67% of the variability in long-term log-transformed mean annual phosphorus yields. Three land-to-water variables are a subset of landscape characteristics that have been used as transport factors in phosphorus indices developed by state agencies and are identified through experimental research as influencing land-to-water phosphorus transport at field and plot scales. Two land-to-water variables - soil organic matter and soil pH - are associated with phosphorus sorption, a significant finding given that most state-developed phosphorus indices do not explicitly contain variables for sorption processes. Our findings for Southeastern U. S. streams emphasize the importance of accounting for phosphorus present in the soil profile to predict attainable instream water quality. Regional estimates of phosphorus associated with soil-parent rock were highly significant in explaining instream phosphorus yield variability. Model predictions associate 31% of phosphorus delivered to receiving water bodies to geology and the highest total phosphorus yields in the Southeast were catchments with already high background levels that have been impacted by human activity. C1 [Terziotti, Silvia] US Geol Survey, N Carolina Water Sci Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. [Terziotti, Silvia] US Geol Survey, Tennessee Water Sci Ctr, Nashville, TN 37211 USA. EM agarcia@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 991 EP 1010 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00517.x PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200007 PM 22457579 ER PT J AU Robertson, DM Saad, DA AF Robertson, Dale M. Saad, David A. TI NUTRIENT INPUTS TO THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES BY SOURCE AND WATERSHED ESTIMATED USING SPARROW WATERSHED MODELS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE watershed modeling; Great Lakes; nutrients; streams; nonpoint-source pollution; point-source pollution ID UNITED-STATES; NITROGEN DELIVERY; RIVER-BASIN; STREAMS; LOADS; PHOSPHORUS; DEPOSITION; REGRESSION; NETWORKS; SEDIMENT AB Nutrient input to the Laurentian Great Lakes continues to cause problems with eutrophication. To reduce the extent and severity of these problems, target nutrient loads were established and Total Maximum Daily Loads are being developed for many tributaries. Without detailed loading information it is difficult to determine if the targets are being met and how to prioritize rehabilitation efforts. To help address these issues, SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were developed for estimating loads and sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from the United States (U. S.) portion of the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi, Ohio, and Red River Basins. Results indicated that recent U. S. loadings to Lakes Michigan and Ontario are similar to those in the 1980s, whereas loadings to Lakes Superior, Huron, and Erie decreased. Highest loads were from tributaries with the largest watersheds, whereas highest yields were from areas with intense agriculture and large point sources of nutrients. Tributaries were ranked based on their relative loads and yields to each lake. Input from agricultural areas was a significant source of nutrients, contributing similar to 33-44% of the P and similar to 33-58% of the N, except for areas around Superior with little agriculture. Point sources were also significant, contributing similar to 14-44% of the P and 13-34% of the N. Watersheds around Lake Erie contributed nutrients at the highest rate (similar to intensively farmed areas in the Midwest) because they have the largest nutrient inputs and highest delivery ratio. C1 [Saad, David A.] US Geol Survey, Wisconsin Water Sci Ctr, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. EM dzrobert@usgs.gov OI Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596 NR 51 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 6 U2 52 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1011 EP 1033 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00574.x PG 23 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200008 PM 22457580 ER PT J AU Brown, JB Sprague, LA Dupree, JA AF Brown, Juliane B. Sprague, Lori A. Dupree, Jean A. TI NUTRIENT SOURCES AND TRANSPORT IN THE MISSOURI RIVER BASIN, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION AND RESERVOIRS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Missouri River Basin; nutrients; flow modifications; transport; modeling; rivers/streams; lakes; reservoirs; water quality; statistics ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; PHOSPHORUS LOSS; AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; NITROGEN-RETENTION; LAND-USE; STREAM ECOSYSTEMS; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; CROPPING SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; DENITRIFICATION AB SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were used to relate instream nutrient loads to sources and factors influencing the transport of nutrients in the Missouri River Basin. Agricultural inputs from fertilizer and manure were the largest nutrient sources throughout a large part of the basin, although atmospheric and urban inputs were important sources in some areas. Sediment mobilized from stream channels was a source of phosphorus in medium and larger streams. Irrigation on agricultural land was estimated to decrease the nitrogen load reaching the Mississippi River by as much as 17%, likely as a result of increased anoxia and denitrification in the soil zone. Approximately 16% of the nitrogen load and 33% of the phosphorus load that would have otherwise reached the Mississippi River was retained in reservoirs and lakes throughout the basin. Nearly half of the total attenuation occurred in the eight largest water bodies. Unlike the other major tributary basins, nearly the entire instream nutrient load leaving the outlet of the Platte and Kansas River subbasins reached the Mississippi River. Most of the larger reservoirs and lakes in the Platte River subbasin are upstream of the major sources, whereas in the Kansas River subbasin, most of the source inputs are in the southeast part of the subbasin where characteristics of the area and proximity to the Missouri River facilitate delivery of nutrients to the Mississippi River. C1 [Dupree, Jean A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jbbrown@usgs.gov OI Sprague, Lori/0000-0003-2832-6662 FU U.S. Geological Survey FX The authors thank U. S. Geological Survey personnel, including Stephen Preston, Gregory Schwarz, John Brakebill, Richard Alexander, Richard Smith, Michael Wieczorek, Anne Hoos, Silvia Terziotti, David Wolock, Laura Hallberg, and Molly Maupin for their assistance with model development; the State agency personnel who handled our information requests; and Daniel Wise (U.S. Geological Survey) and David M. Wolock (U.S. Geological Survey) for their helpful reviews of this manuscript. This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. NR 112 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1034 EP 1060 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00584.x PG 27 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200009 PM 22457581 ER PT J AU Rebich, RA Houston, NA Mize, SV Pearson, DK Ging, PB Hornig, CE AF Rebich, Richard A. Houston, Natalie A. Mize, Scott V. Pearson, Daniel K. Ging, Patricia B. Hornig, C. Evan TI SOURCES AND DELIVERY OF NUTRIENTS TO THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO FROM STREAMS IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nutrients; nonpoint source pollution; transport and fate; simulation; watersheds; SPARROW; northwestern Gulf of Mexico; South-Central United States ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER-BASIN; NITROGEN DELIVERY; PHOSPHORUS; DEPOSITION; SEDIMENT; SPARROW; TRENDS; YIELDS; TEXAS AB SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were developed to estimate nutrient inputs [total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP)] to the northwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico from streams in the South-Central United States (U. S.). This area included drainages of the Lower Mississippi, Arkansas-White-Red, and Texas-Gulf hydrologic regions. The models were standardized to reflect nutrient sources and stream conditions during 2002. Model predictions of nutrient loads (mass per time) and yields (mass per area per time) generally were greatest in streams in the eastern part of the region and along reaches near the Texas and Louisiana shoreline. The Mississippi River and Atchafalaya River watersheds, which drain nearly two-thirds of the conterminous U. S., delivered the largest nutrient loads to the Gulf of Mexico, as expected. However, the three largest delivered TN yields were from the Trinity River/Galveston Bay, Calcasieu River, and Aransas River watersheds, while the three largest delivered TP yields were from the Calcasieu River, Mermentau River, and Trinity River/Galveston Bay watersheds. Model output indicated that the three largest sources of nitrogen from the region were atmospheric deposition (42%), commercial fertilizer (20%), and livestock manure (unconfined, 17%). The three largest sources of phosphorus were commercial fertilizer (28%), urban runoff (23%), and livestock manure (confined and unconfined, 23%). C1 [Hornig, C. Evan] US Geol Survey, Mississippi Water Sci Ctr, Jackson, MS 39208 USA. [Hornig, C. Evan] US Geol Survey, Texas Water Sci Ctr, Austin, TX 78754 USA. [Hornig, C. Evan] US Geol Survey, Louisiana Water Sci Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA. EM rarebich@usgs.gov NR 73 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1061 EP 1086 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00583.x PG 26 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200010 PM 22457582 ER PT J AU Anning, DW AF Anning, David W. TI MODELED SOURCES, TRANSPORT, AND ACCUMULATION OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN WATER RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE dissolved solids; salinity; streams; basin-fill aquifers; transport; accumulation; SPARROW ID WEATHERING RATES; RIVER-BASIN; CHEMISTRY AB Information on important source areas for dissolved solids in streams of the southwestern United States, the relative share of deliveries of dissolved solids to streams from natural and human sources, and the potential for salt accumulation in soil or groundwater was developed using a SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes model. Predicted area-normalized reach-catchment delivery rates of dissolved solids to streams ranged from <10 (kg/year)/km(2) for catchments with little or no natural or human-related solute sources in them to 563,000 (kg/year)/km(2) for catchments that were almost entirely cultivated land. For the region as a whole, geologic units contributed 44% of the dissolved-solids deliveries to streams and the remaining 56% of the deliveries came from the release of solutes through irrigation of cultivated and pasture lands, which comprise only 2.5% of the land area. Dissolved-solids accumulation is manifested as precipitated salts in the soil or underlying sediments, and (or) dissolved salts in soil-pore or sediment-pore water, or groundwater, and therefore represents a potential for aquifer contamination. Accumulation rates were <10,000 (kg/year)/km(2) for many hydrologic accounting units (large river basins), but were more than 40,000 (kg/year)/km(2) for the Middle Gila, Lower Gila-Agua Fria, Lower Gila, Lower Bear, Great Salt Lake accounting units, and 247,000 (kg/year)/km(2) for the Salton Sea accounting unit. C1 US Geol Survey, Arizona Water Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Anning, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Arizona Water Sci Ctr, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM dwanning@usgs.gov NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1087 EP 1109 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00579.x PG 23 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200011 PM 22457583 ER PT J AU Wise, DR Johnson, HM AF Wise, Daniel R. Johnson, Henry M. TI SURFACE-WATER NUTRIENT CONDITIONS AND SOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES PACIFIC NORTHWEST SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nutrients; watersheds; geospatial analysis; Pacific Northwest ID OREGON COAST RANGE; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; NITROGEN EXPORT; STREAMS; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; PRECIPITATION; CRITERIA AB The SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) model was used to perform an assessment of surface-water nutrient conditions and to identify important nutrient sources in watersheds of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (U.S.) for the year 2002. Our models included variables representing nutrient sources as well as landscape characteristics that affect nutrient delivery to streams. Annual nutrient yields were higher in watersheds on the wetter, west side of the Cascade Range compared to watersheds on the drier, east side. High nutrient enrichment (relative to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended nutrient criteria) was estimated in watersheds throughout the region. Forest land was generally the largest source of total nitrogen stream load and geologic material was generally the largest source of total phosphorus stream load generated within the 12,039 modeled watersheds. These results reflected the prevalence of these two natural sources and the low input from other nutrient sources across the region. However, the combined input from agriculture, point sources, and developed land, rather than natural nutrient sources, was responsible for most of the nutrient load discharged from many of the largest watersheds. Our results provided an understanding of the regional patterns in surface-water nutrient conditions and should be useful to environmental managers in future water-quality planning efforts. C1 [Johnson, Henry M.] US Geol Survey, Oregon Water Sci Ctr, Portland, OR 97201 USA. EM dawise@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey FX Funding for this study was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. We would like to thank Stephen Preston, Gregory Schwarz, John Brakebill, Richard Smith, Richard Alexander, Steven Sobieszczyk, Tana Haluska, Michele Adams, and Kenneth Skach for their assistance with model development; the personnel from federal, state, and local agencies who handled our information requests; and Richard Rebich, Richard Smith, Gregory Fuhrer, and John Williams for reviewing this manuscript. NR 56 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1110 EP 1135 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00580.x PG 26 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200012 PM 22457584 ER PT J AU Booth, NL Everman, EJ Kuo, IL Sprague, L Murphy, L AF Booth, Nathaniel L. Everman, Eric J. Kuo, I-Lin Sprague, Lori Murphy, Lorraine TI A WEB-BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING REGIONAL WATER-QUALITY CONDITIONS AND MANAGEMENT ACTIONS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE assessment; communication; environmental management; water-quality planning; Geographical Information System; geospatial analysis; Internet; decision support system; simulation; water ID NITROGEN DELIVERY AB The U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program has completed a number of water-quality prediction models for nitrogen and phosphorus for the conterminous United States as well as for regional areas of the nation. In addition to estimating water-quality conditions at unmonitored streams, the calibrated SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models can be used to produce estimates of yield, flow-weighted concentration, or load of constituents in water under various land-use condition, change, or resource management scenarios. A web-based decision support infrastructure has been developed to provide access to SPARROW simulation results on stream water-quality conditions and to offer sophisticated scenario testing capabilities for research and water-quality planning via a graphical user interface with familiar controls. The SPARROW decision support system (DSS) is delivered through a web browser over an Internet connection, making it widely accessible to the public in a format that allows users to easily display water-quality conditions and to describe, test, and share modeled scenarios of future conditions. SPARROW models currently supported by the DSS are based on the modified digital versions of the 1: 500,000-scale River Reach File (RF1) and 1: 100,000-scale National Hydrography Dataset (medium-resolution, NHDPlus) stream networks. C1 [Murphy, Lorraine] US Geol Survey, Ctr Integrated Data Analyt, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. [Murphy, Lorraine] US Geol Survey, Colorado Water Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM nlbooth@usgs.gov OI Sprague, Lori/0000-0003-2832-6662 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1136 EP 1150 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00573.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200013 PM 22457585 ER PT J AU Schwarz, GE Alexander, RB Smith, RA Preston, SD AF Schwarz, Gregory E. Alexander, Richard B. Smith, Richard A. Preston, Stephen D. TI THE REGIONALIZATION OF NATIONAL-SCALE SPARROW MODELS FOR STREAM NUTRIENTS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE stochastic models; nutrients; watershed management; statistics; geospatial analysis; transport and fate; nonpoint source pollution; computational methods ID FLOOD FREQUENCY-ANALYSIS; WATER-QUALITY; NITROGEN DELIVERY; MONITORING DATA; UNITED-STATES; RIVER-BASIN; REGRESSION; MANAGEMENT; PHOSPHORUS; REGION AB This analysis modifies the parsimonious specification of recently published total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) national-scale SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes models to allow each model coefficient to vary geographically among three major river basins of the conterminous United States. Regionalization of the national models reduces the standard errors in the prediction of TN and TP loads, expressed as a percentage of the predicted load, by about 6 and 7%. We develop and apply a method for combining national-scale and regional-scale information to estimate a hybrid model that imposes cross-region constraints that limit regional variation in model coefficients, effectively reducing the number of free model parameters as compared to a collection of independent regional models. The hybrid TN and TP regional models have improved model fit relative to the respective national models, reducing the standard error in the prediction of loads, expressed as a percentage of load, by about 5 and 4%. Only 19% of the TN hybrid model coefficients and just 2% of the TP hybrid model coefficients show evidence of substantial regional specificity (more than +/- 100% deviation from the national model estimate). The hybrid models have much greater precision in the estimated coefficients than do the unconstrained regional models, demonstrating the efficacy of pooling information across regions to improve regional models. C1 [Preston, Stephen D.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Preston, Stephen D.] US Geol Survey, Dover, DE 19901 USA. EM gschwarz@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1151 EP 1172 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00581.x PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 836WF UT WOS:000296147200014 PM 22457586 ER PT J AU Li, ZY Dong, Q Albright, TP Guo, QF AF Li, Zhenyu Dong, Quan Albright, Thomas P. Guo, Qinfeng TI Natural and human dimensions of a quasi-wild species: the case of kudzu SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Control mechanisms; Human domestication; Invasive species; Natural enemy; Pueraria montana; Utilization ID SYRINGAE PV PHASEOLICOLA; EXOTIC PLANT INVASIONS; PUERARIA-LOBATA; HYPOTHESIS; FABACEAE; MONTANA; ECOLOGY AB The human dimensions of biotic invasion are generally poorly understood, even among the most familiar invasive species. Kudzu (Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.) is a prominent invasive plant and an example of quasi-wild species, which has experienced repeated introduction, cultivation, and escape back to the wild. Here, we review a large body of primary scientific and historic records spanning thousands of years to characterize the complex relationships among kudzu, its natural enemies, and humans, and provide a synthesis and conceptual model relevant to the ecology and management of quasi-wild invasive species. We documented over 350, mostly insect, natural enemy species and their impacts on kudzu in its native East Asian range. These natural enemies play a minor role in limiting kudzu in its native range, rarely generating severe impacts on populations of wild kudzu. We identified a number of significant influences of humans including dispersal, diverse cultural selection, and facilitation through disturbances, which catalyzed the expansion and exuberance of kudzu. On the other hand, harvest by humans appears to be the major control mechanism in its native areas. Humans thus have a complex relationship with kudzu. They have acted as both friend and foe, affecting the distribution and abundance of kudzu in ways that vary across its range and over time. Our conceptual model of kudzu emphasizes the importance of multiple human dimensions in shaping the biogeography of a species and illustrates how kudzu and other quasi-wild species are more likely to be successful invaders. C1 [Dong, Quan] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Li, Zhenyu] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lab Systemat & Evolutionary Bot, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. [Albright, Thomas P.] Univ Nevada, Dept Geog, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Albright, Thomas P.] Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. [Guo, Qinfeng] USDA FS, Eastern Forest Environm Threat Assessment Ctr, Asheville, NC 28804 USA. RP Dong, Q (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg C, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM lizy@ibcas.ac.cn; quan.dong@inbox.com; talbright@unr.edu; qguo@fs.fed.us RI Dong, Quan/G-5005-2010 OI Dong, Quan/0000-0002-9353-9288 FU Key Project of the National Basic Research of China [2006CB403206]; National Science Foundation [EPS-0814372]; NSF [0640058] FX We thank Wang Zunguo of Nanjing Museum for the archaeological information about kudzu, Yu Peiyu, Li Hongchang, Zhang Chunxian, and Zhou Hongzhang of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences identified some insects; Zhuang Jianyun of Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences identified fungal species, and provided literature. GE Jianjun of Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine provided the references on nematodes, K. Oono at Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba helped literature collection of the insect that consume kudzu. James Vogelmann, Alisa Gallant, Shili Miao and Tim Lewis provided helpful comments. This study was supported in part by the Key Project of the National Basic Research of China (Grant 2006CB403206). T. P. Albright acknowledges support from National Science Foundation, Cooperative Agreement EPS-0814372. Q. Guo was supported by NSF grant 0640058. NR 74 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 7 U2 66 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 EI 1573-1464 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD OCT PY 2011 VL 13 IS 10 BP 2167 EP 2179 DI 10.1007/s10530-011-0042-7 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 839FL UT WOS:000296350800001 ER PT J AU Slack, JF Trumbull, RB AF Slack, John F. Trumbull, Robert B. TI Tourmaline as a Recorder of Ore-Forming Processes SO ELEMENTS LA English DT Article DE tourmaline; ore deposits; hydrothermal; compositions; isotopes ID BORON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS; MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS; FLUID EVOLUTION; STABLE-ISOTOPE; TRACE-ELEMENTS; GOLD DEPOSITS; AU DEPOSIT; CONSTRAINTS; AUSTRALIA; PROVINCE AB Tourmaline occurs in diverse types of hydrothermal mineral deposits and can be used to constrain the nature and evolution of ore-forming fluids. Because of its broad range in composition and retention of chemical and isotopic signatures, tourmaline may be the only robust recorder of original mineralizing processes in some deposits. Microtextures and in situ analysis of compositional and isotopic variations in ore-related tourmaline provide valuable insights into hydrothermal systems in seafloor, sedimentary, magmatic, and metamorphic environments. Deciphering the hydrothermal record in tourmaline also holds promise for aiding exploration programs in the search for new ore deposits. C1 [Slack, John F.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Trumbull, Robert B.] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Slack, JF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 954, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM jfslack@usgs.gov; robert.trumbull@gfz-potsdam.de NR 33 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 11 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 1811-5209 J9 ELEMENTS JI Elements PD OCT PY 2011 VL 7 IS 5 BP 321 EP 326 DI 10.2113/gselements.7.5.321 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 838QY UT WOS:000296308500007 ER PT J AU Serrano, E Cross, PC Beneria, M Ficapal, A Curia, J Marco, X Lavin, S Marco, I AF Serrano, E. Cross, P. C. Beneria, M. Ficapal, A. Curia, J. Marco, X. Lavin, S. Marco, I. TI Decreasing prevalence of brucellosis in red deer through efforts to control disease in livestock SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article DE Brucellosis; veterinary epidemiology; zoonoses AB When a pathogen infects a number of different hosts, the process of determining the relative importance of each host species to the persistence of the pathogen is often complex. Removal of a host species is a potential but rarely possible way of discovering the importance of that species to the dynamics of the disease. This study presents the results of a 12-year programme aimed at controlling brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats and the cascading impacts on brucellosis in a sympatric population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Boumort National Game Reserve (BNGR; NE Spain). From February 1998 to December 2009, local veterinary agencies tested over 36 180 individual blood samples from cattle, 296 482 from sheep and goats and 1047 from red deer in the study area. All seropositive livestock were removed annually. From 2006 to 2009 brucellosis was not detected in cattle and in 2009 only one of 97 red deer tested was found to be positive. The surveillance and removal of positive domestic animals coincided with a significant decrease in the prevalence of brucellosis in red deer. Our results suggest that red deer may not be able to maintain brucellosis in this region independently of cattle, sheep or goats, and that continued efforts to control disease in livestock may lead to the eventual eradication of brucellosis in red deer in the area. C1 [Serrano, E.] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Serv Ecopatol Fauna Salvatge, Dept Med & Cirurgia Anim, Fac Vet, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. [Cross, P. C.] US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, Bozeman, MT USA. [Beneria, M.] Dept Agr Alimentacio & Accio Rural, Lab Sanitat Ramadera, Generalitat De Catalunya, Pobla De Segur, Spain. [Ficapal, A.] Dept Agr Alimentacio & Accio Rural, Lab Sanitat Ramadera, Generalitat De Catalunya, Seu Durgell, Spain. [Curia, J.; Marco, X.] Dept Medi Ambient & Habitatge, Serv Territorial Lleida, Generalitat De Catalunya, Spain. RP Serrano, E (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Serv Ecopatol Fauna Salvatge, Dept Med & Cirurgia Anim, Fac Vet, Campus Bellaterra, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. EM emmanuel.serrano@uab.cat RI SERRANO-FERRON, Emmanuel/J-4489-2013; Lavin, Santiago/L-5975-2014; Cross, Paul/K-6987-2012 OI SERRANO-FERRON, Emmanuel/0000-0002-9799-9804; Lavin, Santiago/0000-0001-5655-588X; Cross, Paul/0000-0001-8045-5213 FU MICINN, (Spain); National Science Foundation; National Institutes of Health [DEB-1067129] FX E. Serrano is supported by the Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral programme of the MICINN, (Spain). Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The authors thank Dr Jorge Ramon Lopez-Olvera and Dr Roser Velarde for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this work. This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health Ecology of Infectious Disease Grant DEB-1067129. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 12 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 139 IS 10 SI SI BP 1626 EP 1630 DI 10.1017/S0950268811000951 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 829OL UT WOS:000295592900023 PM 21676351 ER PT J AU Brault, AC Langevin, SA Ramey, WN Fang, Y Beasley, DWC Barker, CM Sanders, TA Reisen, WK Barrett, ADT Bowen, RA AF Brault, Aaron C. Langevin, Stanley A. Ramey, Wanichaya N. Fang, Ying Beasley, David W. C. Barker, Christopher M. Sanders, Todd A. Reisen, William K. Barrett, Alan D. T. Bowen, Richard A. TI Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID ENVELOPE PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE; NEW-YORK; AMERICAN CROWS; KUNJIN VIRUS; BIRDS; STRAINS; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION AB A West Nile virus (WNV) isolate from Mexico (TM171-03) and BIRD1153, a unique genotype from Texas, have exhibited reduced murine neuroinvasive phenotypes. To determine if murine neuroinvasive capacity equates to avian virulence potential, American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were experimentally inoculated with representative murine neuroinvasive/non-neuroinvasive strains. In both avian species, a plaque variant from Mexico that was E-glycosylation competent produced higher viremias than an E-glycosylation incompetent variant, indicating the potential importance of E-glycosylation for avian replication. The murine non-neuroinvasive BIRD1153 strain was significantly attenuated in American crows but not house sparrows when compared with the murine neuroinvasive Texas strain. Despite the loss of murine neuroinvasive properties of nonglycosylated variants from Mexico, our data indicate avian replication potential of these strains and that unique WNV virulence characteristics exist between murine and avian models. The implications of reduced avian replication of variants from Mexico for restricted WNV transmission in Latin America is discussed. C1 [Brault, Aaron C.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. [Langevin, Stanley A.; Ramey, Wanichaya N.; Fang, Ying; Barker, Christopher M.; Reisen, William K.] Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Vector Borne Dis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Langevin, Stanley A.; Ramey, Wanichaya N.; Fang, Ying; Barker, Christopher M.; Reisen, William K.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Beasley, David W. C.; Barrett, Alan D. T.] Univ Texas Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Ctr Emerging Infect Dis & Biodef, Inst Human Infect & Immun, Galveston, TX USA. [Beasley, David W. C.; Barrett, Alan D. T.] Univ Texas Med Branch, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ctr Emerging Infect Dis & Biodef, Inst Human Infect & Immun, Galveston, TX USA. [Sanders, Todd A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Migratory Bird Management, Portland, OR USA. [Bowen, Richard A.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Brault, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, 3150 Rampart Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM abrault@cdc.gov; salangevin1@gmail.com; wramey@berkeley.edu; ylfang@ucdavis.edu; dwbeasle@utmb.edu; cmbarker@ucdavis.edu; todd_sanders@fws.gov; arbo123@pacbell.net; abarrett@utmb.edu; rbowen@colostate.edu FU National Institutes of Health [AI061822, AI055607, AI67847]; Pacific Southwest Regional Center for Excellence (PSWRCE) [U54 AI065359]; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CI000235] FX This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants AI061822, AI055607, and AI67847; Pacific Southwest Regional Center for Excellence (PSWRCE) U54 AI065359; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention grant CI000235. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 85 IS 4 BP 758 EP 767 DI 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0439 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 833QB UT WOS:000295898900032 PM 21976584 ER PT J AU Kuffner, IB Hickey, TD Paul, VJ Morrison, JM Walters, LJ Grablow, KR Turner, T Parish, ER AF Kuffner, Ilsa B. Hickey, T. Don Paul, Valerie J. Morrison, Jennifer M. Walters, Linda J. Grablow, Katie R. Turner, Teresa Parish, Edward R. TI HALF-DEAD COLONIES OF MONTASTRAEA ANNULARIS RELEASE VIABLE GAMETES ON A DEGRADED REEF IN THE US VIRGIN ISLANDS SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Kuffner, Ilsa B.; Hickey, T. Don; Morrison, Jennifer M.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Paul, Valerie J.] Smithsonian Marine Stn Ft Pierce, Ft Pierce, FL 34949 USA. [Walters, Linda J.; Grablow, Katie R.] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Turner, Teresa; Parish, Edward R.] Univ Virgin Isl, Div Sci & Math, St Thomas, VI 00802 USA. RP Kuffner, IB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM ikuffner@usgs.gov OI Kuffner, Ilsa/0000-0001-8804-7847 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 87 IS 4 BP 855 EP 856 DI 10.5343/bms.2010.1103 PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 835ZA UT WOS:000296074600007 ER PT J AU Katz, BG AF Katz, Brian G. TI Karst Interest Group 2011 SO CARBONATES AND EVAPORITES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. RP Katz, BG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA. EM bkatz@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0891-2556 J9 CARBONATE EVAPORITE JI Carbonates Evaporites PD OCT PY 2011 VL 26 IS 3 BP 211 EP 211 DI 10.1007/s13146-011-0068-z PG 1 WC Geology SC Geology GA 828AZ UT WOS:000295473900001 ER PT J AU Irvine, KM Dinger, EC Sarr, D AF Irvine, Kathryn M. Dinger, Eric C. Sarr, Daniel TI A power analysis for multivariate tests of temporal trend in species composition SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bray-Curtis; constrained analysis of principle coordinates; long-term monitoring; Mantel test; PerMANOVA; presence-absence data; vegan R package ID REDUNDANCY ANALYSIS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; MODELS; SCALE AB Long-term monitoring programs emphasize power analysis as a tool to determine the sampling effort necessary to effectively document ecologically significant changes in ecosystems. Programs that monitor entire multispecies assemblages require a method for determining the power of multivariate statistical models to detect trend. We provide a method to simulate presence-absence species assemblage data that are consistent with increasing or decreasing directional change in species composition within multiple sites. This step is the foundation for using Monte Carlo methods to approximate the power of any multivariate method for detecting temporal trends. We focus on comparing the power of the Mantel test, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and constrained analysis of principal coordinates. We find that the power of the various methods we investigate is sensitive to the number of species in the community, univariate species patterns, and the number of sites sampled over time. For increasing directional change scenarios, constrained analysis of principal coordinates was as or more powerful than permutational multivariate analysis of variance, the Mantel test was the least powerful. However, in our investigation of decreasing directional change, the Mantel test was typically as or more powerful than the other models. C1 [Irvine, Kathryn M.] Montana State Univ, Dept Math Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Dinger, Eric C.; Sarr, Daniel] Natl Pk Serv Klamath Network, Ashland, OR 97520 USA. RP Irvine, KM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, No Rocky Mt Sci Ctr, 2327 Univ Way,Suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. EM kirvine@usgs.gov NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 6 U2 63 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 2011 VL 92 IS 10 BP 1879 EP 1886 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 834JI UT WOS:000295955200002 PM 22073778 ER PT J AU Lawrence, GB Simonin, HA Baldigo, BP Roy, KM Capone, SB AF Lawrence, G. B. Simonin, H. A. Baldigo, B. P. Roy, K. M. Capone, S. B. TI Changes in the chemistry of acidified Adirondack streams from the early 1980s to 2008 SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Acidic deposition; Stream chemistry; Dissolved organic carbon; Calcium leaching; Base cation surplus ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ACID-NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY; NEW-YORK; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; FISH POPULATIONS; ORGANIC-ACIDS; DEPOSITION; REGION; LAKES; RAIN AB Lakes in the Adirondack region of New York have partially recovered in response to declining deposition, but information on stream recovery is limited. Here we report results of Adirondack stream monitoring from the early 1980s to 2008. Despite a 50% reduction in atmospheric deposition of sulfur, overall increases in pH of only 0.28 and ANC of 13 mu eq L-1 were observed in 12 streams over 23 years, although greater changes did occur in streams with lower initial ANC, as expected. In the North Tributary of Buck Creek with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, SO42- concentrations decreased from 1999 to 2008 at a rate of 2.0 mu mol L-1 y(-1), whereas in the neighboring South Tributary with low DOC concentrations, the decrease was only 0.73 mu mol L-1 y(-1). Ca2+ leaching decreased in the North Tributary due to the SO42- decrease, but this was partially offset by an increase in Ca2+ leaching from increased DOC concentrations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Lawrence, G. B.; Baldigo, B. P.] US Geol Survey, New York Water Sci Ctr, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Simonin, H. A.] New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Rome, NY 13440 USA. [Roy, K. M.] New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Ray Brook, NY 12977 USA. [Capone, S. B.] Adirondack Lakes Survey Cooperat, Ray Brook, NY 12977 USA. RP Lawrence, GB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, New York Water Sci Ctr, 425 Jordan Rd, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM glawrenc@usgs.gov; hasimoni@gw.dec.state.ny.us; bbaldigo@usgs.gov; kmroy@gw.dec.state.ny.us; sxcapone@gw.dec.state.ny.us FU New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA); Adirondack Long Term Monitoring Program; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Air Resources Division, and Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources Division; Adirondack Effects Assessment Program (AEAP); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [68D20171]; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FX Support for this work was provided by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), the Adirondack Long Term Monitoring Program conducted by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation (ALSC), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Air Resources Division, and Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources Division, and the Adirondack Effects Assessment Program (AEAP) conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The AEAP was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (contract no. 68D20171). Although this work was partially funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, this paper has not been subjected to Agency review therefore no official endorsement should be inferred. Karen Rice and Douglas Burns provided helpful reviews of the manuscript. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 159 IS 10 BP 2750 EP 2758 DI 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.05.016 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 828HW UT WOS:000295493100069 PM 21741140 ER PT J AU Derryberry, EP Claramunt, S Derryberry, G Chesser, RT Cracraft, J Aleixo, A Perez-Eman, J Remsen, JV Brumfield, RT AF Derryberry, Elizabeth P. Claramunt, Santiago Derryberry, Graham Chesser, R. Terry Cracraft, Joel Aleixo, Alexandre Perez-Eman, Jorge Remsen, J. V., Jr. Brumfield, Robb T. TI LINEAGE DIVERSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN A LARGE-SCALE CONTINENTAL RADIATION: THE NEOTROPICAL OVENBIRDS AND WOODCREEPERS (AVES: FURNARIIDAE) SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Morphological Evolution; Phylogenetics; Adaptive Radiation ID DENSITY-DEPENDENT DIVERSIFICATION; ADAPTIVE RADIATION; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES; ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY; CLADE DIVERSIFICATION; GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION; SPECIES RICHNESS; EXTINCTION RATES; FOSSIL RECORD; HIGHER TAXA AB Patterns of diversification in species-rich clades provide insight into the processes that generate biological diversity. We tested different models of lineage and phenotypic diversification in an exceptional continental radiation, the ovenbird family Furnariidae, using the most complete species-level phylogenetic hypothesis produced to date for a major avian clade (97% of 293 species). We found that the Furnariidae exhibit nearly constant rates of lineage accumulation but show evidence of constrained morphological evolution. This pattern of sustained high rates of speciation despite limitations on phenotypic evolution contrasts with the results of most previous studies of evolutionary radiations, which have found a pattern of decelerating diversity-dependent lineage accumulation coupled with decelerating or constrained phenotypic evolution. Our results suggest that lineage accumulation in tropical continental radiations may not be as limited by ecological opportunities as in temperate or island radiations. More studies examining patterns of both lineage and phenotypic diversification are needed to understand the often complex tempo and mode of evolutionary radiations on continents. C1 [Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Claramunt, Santiago; Remsen, J. V., Jr.; Brumfield, Robb T.] Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Derryberry, Graham] BioComp Asheville, Asheville, NC 28803 USA. [Chesser, R. Terry] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Cracraft, Joel] Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA. [Aleixo, Alexandre] Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, BR-66040170 Belem, Para, Brazil. [Perez-Eman, Jorge] Cent Univ Venezuela, Inst Zool & Ecol Trop, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela. [Perez-Eman, Jorge] Colecc Ornitol Phelps, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela. RP Derryberry, EP (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM brumfld@lsu.edu RI Aleixo, Alexandre/L-3135-2013; OI Brumfield, Robb/0000-0003-2307-0688 FU NSF [DBI-0400797, DEB-0543562, EAR-0228693]; NSF-RTG (Univ. of Arizona); Univ. of Arizona; CNPq (Brazil) [310593/2009-3, 574008/2008-0, 476212/2007-3]; Sigma Xi FX We thank M. E. Alfaro, R. E. Ricklefs, C. D. Cadena, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. We thank numerous collectors, including C. M. Milensky, and institutions for providing tissue samples (see Table S1) and C. Burney, G. Bravo, C. D. Cadena, A. Cuervo, J. Maley, and L. Naka for sequence data for this project. G. Bravo, J. M. Brown, J. W. Brown, L. Harmon, C. Heibl, W. Pfeiffer, J. McCormack, D. Rabosky, A. Rambaut, and M. Tingley provided code, analysis assistance, and discussion concerning analyses. This research was supported in part by NSF grants DBI-0400797 and DEB-0543562 to RTB, NSF AToL grant EAR-0228693 to JC, Frank M. Chapman (AMNH) and NSF-RTG (Univ. of Arizona) postdoctoral fellowships and a faculty/research small grant (Univ. of Arizona) to RTC, CNPq (Brazil) grants 310593/2009-3, 574008/2008-0, and 476212/2007-3 to AA, and a Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid of Research to SC. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 90 TC 117 Z9 119 U1 10 U2 77 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD OCT PY 2011 VL 65 IS 10 BP 2973 EP 2986 DI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01374.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 828RZ UT WOS:000295521600022 PM 21967436 ER PT J AU Lieb, DA Bouchard, RW Carline, RF Nuttall, TR Wallace, JR Burkholder, CL AF Lieb, David A. Bouchard, Raymond W. Carline, Robert F. Nuttall, Ted R. Wallace, John R. Burkholder, Carrie L. TI Conservation and Management of Crayfishes: Lessons from Pennsylvania SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID GENUS CAMBARUS ERICHSON; AMERICAN FRESH-WATER; INVASIVE CRAYFISH; ORCONECTES-RUSTICUS; DAM REMOVAL; NORTH-CAROLINA; UNITED-STATES; LAND-USE; SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA; VALLEY CREEK AB North America's crayfish fauna is diverse, ecologically important, and highly threatened. Unfortunately, up-to-date information is scarce, hindering conservation and management efforts. In Pennsylvania and nearby states, recent efforts allowed us to determine the conservation status of several native crayfishes and develop management strategies for those species. Due to rarity and proximity to urban centers and introduced (exotic) crayfishes, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) sp., an undescribed member of the Cambarus acuminatus complex, is critically imperiled in Pennsylvania and possibly range-wide. Orconectes limosus is more widespread; however, recent population losses have been substantial, especially in Pennsylvania and northern Maryland, where its range has declined (retreated eastward) by greater than 200 km. Introduced congeners likely played a major role in those losses. Although extirpated from some areas, Cambarus bartonii bartonii remains widespread and is not an immediate conservation concern. In light of these findings, the role of barriers (e. g., dams), environmental protection, educational programs, and regulations in preventing crayfish invasions and conserving native crayfishes is discussed, and management initiatives centered on those factors are presented. The need for methods to eliminate exotics and monitor natives is highlighted. Although tailored to a specific regional fauna, these ideas have broad applicability and would benefit many North American crayfishes. C1 [Lieb, David A.] Penn Fish & Boat Commiss, Bellefont, PA 16823 USA. [Lieb, David A.] Western Penn Conservancy, Bellefont, PA USA. [Lieb, David A.] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Bouchard, Raymond W.] Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Patrick Ctr Environm Res, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. [Carline, Robert F.] US Geol Survey, Rolla, MO USA. [Nuttall, Ted R.] Lock Haven Univ, Dept Biol, Lock Haven, PA USA. [Wallace, John R.] Millersville Univ Pennsylvania, Dept Biol, Millersville, PA 17551 USA. [Burkholder, Carrie L.] CET Engn Serv, Harrisburg, PA USA. RP Lieb, DA (reprint author), Penn Fish & Boat Commiss, Bellefont, PA 16823 USA. EM c-dlieb@state.pa.us FU Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources [AG050523]; National Park Service [H4560030064]; Pennsylvania State Wildlife Grant [PFBC050305.01] FX We thank Nellie Bhattarai, Hannah M. Ingram, and Jeremy Harper for their substantial contributions. The Wild Resources Conservation Fund, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (Project Number AG050523); the National Park Service (Grant Agreement H4560030064); and a Pennsylvania State Wildlife Grant (number PFBC050305.01) provided financial support. Christopher A. Urban, Matt R. Marshall, and Sarah Nichols administered grants and provided encouragement. Emily and Megan Lieb assisted in the field at some sites. Patrick Martinez, an anonymous reviewer, and Marybeth Lieb provided helpful critiques of the article. NR 129 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 29 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0363-2415 EI 1548-8446 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD OCT PY 2011 VL 36 IS 10 BP 489 EP 507 DI 10.1080/03632415.2011.607080 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836UJ UT WOS:000296138400003 ER PT J AU Rearden, SN Anthony, RG Johnson, BK AF Rearden, Spencer N. Anthony, Robert G. Johnson, Bruce K. TI Birth-site selection and predation risk of Rocky Mountain elk SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE birth-site selection; Cervus elaphus; cougar; mortality; northeastern Oregon; predation risk; Puma concolor; Rocky Mountain elk ID VAGINAL-IMPLANT TRANSMITTERS; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; HABITAT SELECTION; MULE DEER; TAILED DEER; PARTURITION; SURVIVAL; BEHAVIOR; FORAGE; SHEEP AB We investigated the effects of predation risk on birth-site selection by Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) during summer in 2002-2004 in northeastern Oregon at macrohabitat (3rd-order selection) and microhabitat (4th-order selection) scales. This study describes vegetative characteristics of birth sites selected by female elk when young <4-5 days old used the hiding strategy and predation sites when most predation events occurred on young >5 days old that used the fleeing strategy. At the macrohabitat scale we observed no evidence that female elk were influenced by predation risk when selecting a birth site on the basis of variables measured in this study. Females chose birth sites with less overhead cover than random sites, suggesting that they might have been influenced more by forage availability than predation risk. At the microhabitat scale females selected birth sites that had more overhead canopy cover and greater visibility at ground level than paired random sites, which suggested that birth-site selection at this scale was influenced by predation risk. Together, these results suggested that female elk selected areas for parturition at the macrohabitat scale that likely had forage to meet high nutritional demands of lactation and at the microhabitat scale selected areas that provided visibility to detect predators and reduce the risk of predation. Predators, mainly cougars (Puma concolor), killed young in areas closer to vegetative edges at the macrohabitat scale and with more visibility at the microhabitat scale. These areas were likely conducive to cougar hunting where sight and cover from forest edges can be important for stalking calves that are traveling with their mothers and family groups. C1 [Rearden, Spencer N.] Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Anthony, Robert G.] Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Johnson, Bruce K.] Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Rearden, SN (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM spencer_rearden@fws.gov FU United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Boise Cascade Corporation; National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; Oregon Hunters Association; Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation; Safari Club International FX This research was conducted through the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at Oregon State University and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Funding came from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Aid for Wildlife Restoration (Pittman-Robertson Act). Additional funding and assistance came from Boise Cascade Corporation, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Oregon Hunters Association, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, and Safari Club International. We thank T. Bowyer, K. Jenkins, B. Coblentz, B. Ripple, and four anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts. We also thank J. Rachlow (associate editor) for insightful comments in improving the manuscript. D. Clark helped with the collection of vegetation data. J. Cadwell, P. Coe, S. Findholt, M. Hansen, P. Matthews, J. Noyes, and D. Wolff helped locate birth and predation sites. J. Cook and R. Cook assisted with immobilization and determining pregnancy status of elk. NR 54 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 47 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 92 IS 5 BP 1118 EP 1126 DI 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-019.1 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 835FR UT WOS:000296021600021 ER PT J AU Jodice, PGR Wickliffe, LC Sachs, EB AF Jodice, Patrick G. R. Wickliffe, Lisa C. Sachs, Elena B. TI Seabird use of discards from a nearshore shrimp fishery in the South Atlantic Bight, USA SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-SEA; TRAWLER DISCARDS; EBRO DELTA; COMMERCIAL FISHERIES; SCAVENGING SEABIRDS; CAROLINA; WASTE; FOOD; CONSUMPTION; HYPOTHESIS AB Shrimp trawling is common throughout the southeastern and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the USA and is the primary contributor to fisheries discards in these regions. Tens of thousands of nearshore seabirds nest near shrimp trawling grounds in the USA, but to date, there has been no assessment of the relationship between seabirds and shrimp trawlers. We examined the taxonomic composition of bycatch, rate at which seabirds scavenged bycatch, and energy density of discarded bycatch in a nearshore commercial shrimp fishery. Bycatch was primarily comprised of demersal fish that are not typically accessible to the plunge-diving and surface-feeding seabirds that occur in the area. Hence, seabird diets in the region appear to be broadened taxonomically by the availability of discards. Results from discard experiments indicated that 70% of the nearly 5,500 items discarded by hand were scavenged by seabirds and that the fate of a discarded item was most strongly predicted by its taxonomic order. Laughing gulls scavenged the greatest proportion of discards, although brown pelicans were the only species to scavenge more discards than predicted based upon their abundance. Because this is the first such study in the region, it is difficult to ascertain the extent or intensity of the impact that discards have on nearshore seabirds. Nonetheless, our results suggest that it will be difficult for managers to clearly understand fluctuations in local seabird population dynamics without first understanding the extent to which these species rely upon discards. This may be especially problematic in situations where seabird populations are recovering following natural or anthropogenic stressors. C1 [Jodice, Patrick G. R.] Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Jodice, Patrick G. R.; Wickliffe, Lisa C.; Sachs, Elena B.] Clemson Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Sachs, Elena B.] Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Ocala, FL 34471 USA. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, G-27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM pjodice@clemson.edu FU Marine Resources Division of the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources; SCDNR; South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Clemson University; U.S. Geological Survey, and the Wildlife Management Institute FX This research was funded by the Cooperative Fisheries Research Program of the Marine Resources Division of the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. We thank all the shrimp boat captains who provided us access to collect data; Captains W. Magwood, G. McClellan, C. Racine, and D. Donnelly of the F/Vs Winds of Fortune, Miss Georgia, Cape Romain, and Village Lady. Thanks to Mrs. B. Byrd and family for providing housing and to F. Sanders (SCDNR) for lodging and support. J. Rieck, B. Bridges, F. Sanders, R. Powell, C. Haney, P. Sievert, and D. Whittaker provided comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. The South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is supported jointly by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Clemson University, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 158 IS 10 BP 2289 EP 2298 DI 10.1007/s00227-011-1733-4 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 836DR UT WOS:000296089900013 ER PT J AU Sweeney, JM Harvey, JT AF Sweeney, J. M. Harvey, J. T. TI Diet estimation in California sea lions, Zalophus californianus SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pinniped; California sea lion; Zalophus californianus; diet; correction factors; Salmonidae; variable reconstruction model ID CAPTIVE-FEEDING TRIALS; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; FECAL SAMPLES; SCAT ANALYSIS; PREY; OTOLITHS; DIGESTION; BIASES; CONSUMPTION; REMAINS AB We performed a captive feeding experiment using California sea lions to assess biases associated with estimating pinniped diet using scats and spews. Sea lions were fed nine of their natural prey species: anchovy, sardine, Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel, hake, steelhead smolts, shortbelly rockfish, pink salmon, and market squid. Recovery percentages varied among prey species using otoliths and were improved for adult salmon and sardine using the all-structure method. Numerical and graded length correction factors provided better estimates of number and size of prey consumed. Four models used to determine the proportions of prey species consumed by a sea lion population were tested. The all-structure method and variable biomass reconstruction model, in conjunction with numerical and graded length correction factors, provided more accurate estimates than without. We provide numerical correction factors for all prey species, including correction factors for specific salmon bones: vertebrae, branchials, radials, teeth, gill rakers, and hypurals. C1 [Sweeney, J. M.] US Geol Survey, Dixon Field Stn, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. [Harvey, J. T.] Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Sweeney, JM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Dixon Field Stn, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM joelle.sweeney@gmail.com FU NOAA [40ABNF001144]; Earl and Ethyl Myers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust; David and Lucile Packard Grant FX We would like to thank Mark Lowry at Southwest Fisheries, NOAA, Dominic Tollit, and Dr. Ellen Hines for their guidance and review of the study. We want to extend our deepest gratitude to Frances Gulland and the staff at The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California, for the unequivocal support of the project. Our gratitude extends to Michael Weise and Susan Reimer for validating hard part identification. Thanks to Jeff Laake, Tony Orr, and one anonymous referee for their helpful comments. This project was funded under NOAA grant no. 40ABNF001144, the Earl and Ethyl Myers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust scholarship, and the David and Lucile Packard Grant. This project was under the supervision of Larry Young and the SJSU IACUC protocol no. 841, TMMC IACUC protocol no. SJ 1/03, and SFSU IACUC protocol no. A3-048. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 27 IS 4 BP E279 EP E301 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00459.x PG 23 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 834DC UT WOS:000295938200003 ER PT J AU Hope, AG Waltari, E Fedorov, VB Goropashnaya, AV Talbot, SL Cook, JA AF Hope, Andrew G. Waltari, Eric Fedorov, Vadim B. Goropashnaya, Anna V. Talbot, Sandra L. Cook, Joseph A. TI Persistence and diversification of the Holarctic shrew, Sorex tundrensis (Family Soricidae), in response to climate change SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beringia; ecological niche model; evolution; phylogeography; Pleistocene refugia; shrew ID COLLARED LEMMINGS DICROSTONYX; VOLE MICROTUS-OECONOMUS; QUATERNARY ICE-AGES; BERING LAND-BRIDGE; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS; SPECIES COMPLEX; CONSERVATION PRIORITIES; STATISTICAL-METHOD; POPULATION-GROWTH; DNA POLYMORPHISM AB Environmental processes govern demography, species movements, community turnover and diversification and yet in many respects these dynamics are still poorly understood at high latitudes. We investigate the combined effects of climate change and geography through time for a widespread Holarctic shrew, Sorex tundrensis. We include a comprehensive suite of closely related outgroup taxa and three independent loci to explore phylogeographic structure and historical demography. We then explore the implications of these findings for other members of boreal communities. The tundra shrew and its sister species, the Tien Shan shrew (Sorex asper), exhibit strong geographic population structure across Siberia and into Beringia illustrating local centres of endemism that correspond to Late Pleistocene refugia. Ecological niche predictions for both current and historical distributions indicate a model of persistence through time despite dramatic climate change. Species tree estimation under a coalescent process suggests that isolation between populations has been maintained across timeframes deeper than the periodicity of Pleistocene glacial cycling. That some species such as the tundra shrew have a history of persistence largely independent of changing climate, whereas other boreal species shifted their ranges in response to climate change, highlights the dynamic processes of community assembly at high latitudes. C1 [Hope, Andrew G.; Cook, Joseph A.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Hope, Andrew G.; Cook, Joseph A.] Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Hope, Andrew G.; Talbot, Sandra L.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Waltari, Eric] Tufts Univ, Cummings Sch Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA. [Fedorov, Vadim B.; Goropashnaya, Anna V.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arct Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Hope, AG (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM ahope@unm.edu OI Cook, Joseph/0000-0003-3985-0670 FU American Society of Mammalogists; National Park Service; Sigma Xi; UNM Biology Department; US Geological Survey's Alaska Regional Executive DOI on the Landscape initiative; [NSF0196095]; [0415668] FX Statistical analyses were facilitated by the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Life Science Informatics Portal, accessed online at http://biotech.inbre.alaska.edu. Funding was provided by the American Society of Mammalogists Grants-In-Aid of Research, National Park Service, Beringian Coevolution Project (NSF0196095 and 0415668), Sigma Xi Grants In Aid of Research, UNM Biology Department Gaudin Scholarship and the US Geological Survey's Alaska Regional Executive DOI on the Landscape initiative. We thank Enrique Lessa and Kurt Galbreath for insightful comments. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. NR 86 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 24 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 20 IS 20 BP 4346 EP 4370 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05226.x PG 25 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 838GJ UT WOS:000296275100012 PM 21919986 ER PT J AU Parmenter, RR Kreutzian, M Moore, DI Lichtfoot, DC AF Parmenter, Robert R. Kreutzian, Melissa Moore, Douglas I. Lichtfoot, David C. TI Short-Term Effects of a Summer Wildfire on a Desert Grassland Arthropod Community in New Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disturbance; fire; insect; invertebrate; succession ID DARKLING BEETLES TENEBRIONIDAE; CALIFORNIA NATIVE GRASSLAND; EXPERIMENTAL FIRE REGIMES; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; LONG-TERM; GRASSHOPPER ASSEMBLAGES; ACRIDIDAE ASSEMBLAGES; ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIDAE; RESPONSES; CONSERVATION AB Surface-active arthropods were sampled after a lightning-caused wildfire in desert grassland habitat on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro County, NM. Pitfall traps (n = 32 per treatment) were used to evaluate species-specific "activity-density" indices after the June wildfire in both burned and unburned areas. In total, 5,302 individuals were collected from 69 taxa. Herbivore activity-densities generally decreased, whereas predators often increased in the burned area; pitfall trap bias likely contributed to this latter observation. Fire caused the virtual extirpation of scaly crickets (Mogoplistidae), field crickets (Gryllidae), and camel crickets (Raphidophoridae), but recolonization began during the first postfire growing season. Several grasshoppers (Acrididae) also exhibited significant postfire declines [Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder), Eritettix simplex (Scudder), Melanoplus bowditchi Scudder, and Amphitornus coloradus (Thomas)]. Some beetles showed lower activity-density, including Pasimachus obsoletus LeConte (Carabidae) and Eleodes extricatus (Say) (Tenebrionidae). Taxa exhibiting significant postfire increases in activity-density included acridid grasshoppers (Aulocara femoratum (Scudder), Hesperotettix viridis (Thomas), Trimerotropis pallidipennis (Burmeis.), and Xanthippus corallipes Haldeman); carabid beetles (Amblycheila picolominii Reiche, Cicindela punctulata Olivier), tenebrionid beetles (Eleodes longicollis LeConte, Edrotes rotundus (Say), Glyptasida sordida (LeConte), Stenomorpha consors (Casey); the centipedes Taiyubius harrietae Chamberlin (Lithobiidae) and Scolopendra polymorpha Wood (Scolopendridae); scorpions (Vaejovis spp.; Vaejovidae); and sun spiders (Eremobates spp.; Eremobatidae). Native sand roaches (Arenivaga erratica Rehn, Eremoblata subdiaphana (Scudder); Polyphagidae) displayed no significant fire response. Overall, arthropod responses to fire in this desert grassland (with comparatively low and patchy fuel loads) were comparable to those in mesic grasslands with much higher and more continuous fuel loads. C1 [Parmenter, Robert R.] Valles Caldera Natl Preserve, Jemez Springs, NM 87025 USA. [Parmenter, Robert R.; Moore, Douglas I.; Lichtfoot, David C.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Parmenter, Robert R.; Lichtfoot, David C.] Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Arthropod Div, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Kreutzian, Melissa] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Parmenter, RR (reprint author), Valles Caldera Natl Preserve, POB 359, Jemez Springs, NM 87025 USA. EM bparmenter@vallescaldera.gov FU University of New Mexico [NSF DEB00-80529, DEB02-17774]; Research Experiences for Undergraduates program [NSF DBI-9820318] FX We thank the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, for the use of their refuge land for this study. Scott Collins, Paulette Ford, and two anonymous reviewers provided thoughtful reviews of the manuscript. We also thank the following people for arthropod identifications: Charles Triplehorn (Tenebrionidae), Ohio State University; Danny Shpeley (Carabidae), University of Alberta; Clifford Crawford (Vaejovidae), University of New Mexico; and Sandra Brantley (Lithobiidae, Scolopendridae, Eremobatidae), University of New Mexico. Funding for this research was provided by the Sevilleta Long-Term Ecological Research Program at the University of New Mexico (NSF DEB00-80529 and DEB02-17774) with student support from the Research Experiences for Undergraduates program (NSF DBI-9820318). This is Publication No. 555 of the Sevilleta Long-Term Ecological Research Program. NR 72 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 42 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1051 EP 1066 DI 10.1603/EN11047 PG 16 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 830LW UT WOS:000295659500008 PM 22251717 ER PT J AU Benjamin, JR Fausch, KD Baxter, CV AF Benjamin, Joseph R. Fausch, Kurt D. Baxter, Colden V. TI Species replacement by a nonnative salmonid alters ecosystem function by reducing prey subsidies that support riparian spiders SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Emerging insects; Nonnative species; Aquatic-terrestrial linkages; Resource subsidies; Species replacement; Trout ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; NATIVE CUTTHROAT TROUT; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; BROOK TROUT; TERRESTRIAL PREY; MOUNTAIN STREAM; AQUATIC INSECTS; FOOD WEBS; INVASIONS; CONSEQUENCES AB Replacement of a native species by a nonnative can have strong effects on ecosystem function, such as altering nutrient cycling or disturbance frequency. Replacements may cause shifts in ecosystem function because nonnatives establish at different biomass, or because they differ from native species in traits like foraging behavior. However, no studies have compared effects of wholesale replacement of a native by a nonnative species on subsidies that support consumers in adjacent habitats, nor quantified the magnitude of these effects. We examined whether streams invaded by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in two regions of the Rocky Mountains, USA, produced fewer emerging adult aquatic insects compared to paired streams with native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), and whether riparian spiders that depend on these prey were less abundant along streams with lower total insect emergence. As predicted, emergence density was 36% lower from streams with the nonnative fish. Biomass of brook trout was higher than the cutthroat trout they replaced, but even after accounting for this difference, emergence was 24% lower from brook trout streams. More riparian spiders were counted along streams with greater total emergence across the water surface. Based on these results, we predicted that brook trout replacement would result in 6-20% fewer spiders in the two regions. When brook trout replace cutthroat trout, they reduce cross-habitat resource subsidies and alter ecosystem function in stream-riparian food webs, not only owing to increased biomass but also because traits apparently differ from native cutthroat trout. C1 [Benjamin, Joseph R.] USGS Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. [Benjamin, Joseph R.; Baxter, Colden V.] Idaho State Univ, Stream Ecol Ctr, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. [Fausch, Kurt D.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Fausch, Kurt D.] Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Benjamin, JR (reprint author), USGS Columbia River Res Lab, 5501A Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM jbenjamin@usgs.gov RI Fausch, Kurt/A-8849-2010 FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0516133, DEB-0516136, EPS-0447689, EPS-0814387] FX Field and laboratory assistance were provided by S. Bourdon, C. Cusack, M. Dodrill, R. Dritz, G. Gillette, A. Hansen, M. Lamb, J. Malison, R. Malison, L. Morales, V. Sednek, J. Timchak, and L. Young. J. Giersch, B. Kondratieff, and C. Young provided insect identification expertise. K. Kehmeier, M. Lien, L. Mabey, B. Rosenlund, and R. Van Kirk provided valuable information regarding study sites. We thank L. Bailey, K. Burnham, P. Chapman, and T. Peterson for advice on statistical analysis, and F. Lepori, L. Marczak, and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0516133 to KDF, and DEB-0516136, EPS-0447689 and EPS-0814387 to CVB). NR 62 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 53 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD OCT PY 2011 VL 167 IS 2 BP 503 EP 512 DI 10.1007/s00442-011-2000-6 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 834SN UT WOS:000295984500019 PM 21688160 ER PT J AU Thomas, N Stelter, R Ivanov, A Bridges, NT Herkenhoff, KE McEwen, AS AF Thomas, N. Stelter, R. Ivanov, A. Bridges, N. T. Herkenhoff, K. E. McEwen, A. S. TI Spectral heterogeneity on Phobos and Deimos: HiRISE observations and comparisons to Mars Pathfinder results SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Martian satellites; Phobos; Deimos; Spectrophotometry; Heterogeneity ID SCIENCE EXPERIMENT HIRISE; SURFACE; IMAGER; RECONNAISSANCE; ASTEROIDS; FEATURES; MISSION; GROOVES AB The High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has been used to observe Phobos and Deimos at spatial scales of around 6 and 20 m/px, respectively. HiRISE (McEwen et al., JGR, 112, CitelD E05502, DOI: 10.1029/2005JE002605, 2007) has provided, for the first time, high-resolution colour images of the surfaces of the Martian moons. When processed, by the production of colour ratio images for example, the data show considerable small-scale heterogeneity, which might be attributable to fresh impacts exposing different materials otherwise largely hidden by a homogenous regolith. The bluer material that is draped over the south-eastern rim of the largest crater on Phobos. Stickney, has been perforated by an impact to reveal redder material and must therefore be relatively thin. A fresh impact with dark crater rays has been identified. Previously identified mass-wasting features in Stickney and Limtoc craters stand out strongly in colour. The interior deposits in Stickney appear more inhomogeneous than previously suspected. Several other local colour variations are also evident. Deimos is more uniform in colour but does show some small-scale inhomogeneity. The bright "streamers" (Thomas et al., Icarus, 123, 536-556,1996) are relatively blue. One crater to the south-west of Voltaire and its surroundings appear quite strongly reddened with respect to the rest of the surface. The reddening of the surroundings may be the result of ejecta from this impact. The spectral gradients at optical wavelengths observed for both Phobos and Deimos are quantitatively in good agreement with those found by unresolved photometric observations made by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP; Thomas et al., JGR, 104,9055-9068. 1999). The spectral gradients of the blue and red units on Phobos bracket the results from IMP. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Thomas, N.; Stelter, R.] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Stelter, R.] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Ivanov, A.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [Bridges, N. T.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Herkenhoff, K. E.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [McEwen, A. S.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Thomas, N (reprint author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. EM nicolas.thomas@space.unibe.ch; deno.stelter@gmail.com; anton.ivanov@epfl.ch; Nathan.bridges@jhuapl.edu; kherkenhoff@usgs.gov; mcewen@pirl.lpl.arizona.edu RI Ivanov, Anton/C-8944-2014; Bridges, Nathan/D-6341-2016; OI Ivanov, Anton/0000-0001-8376-8581; Stelter, Deno/0000-0003-4549-0210 FU Swiss National Science Foundation; NASA FX The authors thank the HiRISE science operations team for their efforts to implement the observing plan. Thanks are also due to Ingrid Dauber and Moses Milazzo for support with HiRISE focal plane assembly temperatures. The authors also acknowledge comments made by two referees which substantially improved the paper. This work has been supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation and NASA grants to the HiRISE science team. NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 59 IS 13 BP 1281 EP 1292 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2010.04.018 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 833OI UT WOS:000295894400001 ER PT J AU Nielson, RM Gray, BR McDonald, LL Heglund, PJ AF Nielson, Ryan M. Gray, Brian R. McDonald, Lyman L. Heglund, Patricia J. TI Estimating site occupancy rates for aquatic plants using spatial sub-sampling designs when detection probabilities are less than one SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE AIC; Beta-binomial; Bootstrap; Rake sample; Vegetation monitoring ID MODELS AB Estimation of site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are < 1 is well established in wildlife science. Data from multiple visits to a sample of sites are used to estimate detection probabilities and the proportion of sites occupied by focal species. In this article we describe how site occupancy methods can be applied to estimate occupancy rates of plants and other sessile organisms. We illustrate this approach and the pitfalls of ignoring incomplete detection using spatial data for 2 aquatic vascular plants collected under the Upper Mississippi River's Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP). Site occupancy models considered include: a naive model that ignores incomplete detection, a simple site occupancy model assuming a constant occupancy rate and a constant probability of detection across sites, several models that allow site occupancy rates and probabilities of detection to vary with habitat characteristics, and mixture models that allow for unexplained variation in detection probabilities. We used information theoretic methods to rank competing models and bootstrapping to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the final models. Results of our analysis confirm that ignoring incomplete detection can result in biased estimates of occupancy rates. Estimates of site occupancy rates for 2 aquatic plant species were 19-36% higher compared to naive estimates that ignored probabilities of detection <1. Simulations indicate that final models have little bias when 50 or more sites are sampled, and little gains in precision could be expected for sample sizes > 300. We recommend applying site occupancy methods for monitoring presence of aquatic species. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Nielson, Ryan M.; McDonald, Lyman L.] Western EcoSyst Technol Inc, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. [Gray, Brian R.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Heglund, Patricia J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Nielson, RM (reprint author), Western EcoSyst Technol Inc, 200 S 2nd St,Suite B, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. EM rnielson@west-inc.com OI Gray, Brian/0000-0001-7682-9550 FU Upper Mississippi River's Long Term Resource Monitoring Program FX We thank Daryl MacKenzie, Larissa Bailey, and Trent McDonald for helpful comments on analytical methods. We also thank the Co-Editor In-Chief and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the manuscript. This work was funded by the Upper Mississippi River's Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. Use of trade or product names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 6 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 EI 1879-1522 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 95 IS 3 BP 221 EP 225 DI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2011.06.004 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 831VL UT WOS:000295759100008 ER PT J AU Charlton, SR Parkhurst, DL AF Charlton, Scott R. Parkhurst, David L. TI Modules based on the geochemical model PHREEQC for use in scripting and programming languages SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Geochemical modeling; PHREEQC; Reactive-transport modeling; COM; Component object model; C plus; C; Fortran ID REACTIVE TRANSPORT; FLOW; SYSTEMS; SOIL; TOOL AB The geochemical model PHREEQC is capable of simulating a wide range of equilibrium reactions between water and minerals, ion exchangers, surface complexes, solid solutions, and gases. It also has a general kinetic formulation that allows modeling of nonequilibrium mineral dissolution and precipitation, microbial reactions, decomposition of organic compounds, and other kinetic reactions. To facilitate use of these reaction capabilities in scripting languages and other models. PHREEQC has been implemented in modules that easily interface with other software. A Microsoft COM (component object model) has been implemented, which allows PHREEQC to be used by any software that can interface with a COM server-for example, Excel (R), Visual Basic (R), Python, or MATLAB (R), PHREEQC has been converted to a C++ class, which can be included in programs written in C++. The class also has been compiled in libraries for Linux and Windows that allow PHREEQC to be called from C++, C, and Fortran. A limited set of methods implements the full reaction capabilities of PHREEQC for each module. Input methods use strings or files to define reaction calculations in exactly the same formats used by PHREEQC. Output methods provide a table of user-selected model results, such as concentrations, activities, saturation indices, and densities. The PHREEQC module can add geochemical reaction capabilities to surface-water, groundwater, and watershed transport models. It is possible to store and manipulate solution compositions and reaction information for many cells within the module. In addition, the object-oriented nature of the PHREEQC modules simplifies implementation of parallel processing for reactive-transport models. The PHREEQC COM module may be used in scripting languages to fit parameters; to plot PHREEQC results for field, laboratory, or theoretical investigations; or to develop new models that include simple or complex geochemical calculations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Charlton, Scott R.; Parkhurst, David L.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Parkhurst, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 413, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. EM charlton@usgs.gov; dlpark@usgs.gov RI Astals-Garcia, Sergi/H-2591-2016 OI Astals-Garcia, Sergi/0000-0003-4749-0919 NR 19 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 3 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI-UK JI Comput. Geosci. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 37 IS 10 BP 1653 EP 1663 DI 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.005 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 831ZF UT WOS:000295768900014 ER PT J AU Werner, SC Tanaka, KL AF Werner, S. C. Tanaka, K. L. TI Redefinition of the crater-density and absolute-age boundaries for the chronostratigraphic system of Mars SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Mars; Mars, Surface; Moon; Cratering; Geological processes ID INNER SOLAR-SYSTEM; CHRONOLOGY; PLANETS; DISTRIBUTIONS; HISTORY; ORIGIN; CONSTRAINTS; IMPACTOR AB For the boundaries of each chronostratigraphic epoch on Mars, we present systematically derived crater-size frequencies based on crater counts of geologic referent surfaces and three proposed "standard" crater size-frequency production distributions as defined by (a) a simple -2 power law, (b) Neukum and Ivanov, (c) Hartmann. In turn, these crater count values are converted to model-absolute ages based on the inferred cratering rate histories. We present a new boundary definition for the Late Hesperian-Early Amazonian transition. Our fitting of crater size-frequency distributions to the chronostratigraphic record of Mars permits the assignment of cumulative counts of craters down to 100 m, 1 km, 2 km, 5 km, and 16 km diameters to martian epochs. Due to differences in the "standard" crater size-frequency production distributions, a generalized crater-density-based definition to the chronostratigraphic system cannot be provided. For the diameter range used for the boundary definitions, the resulting model absolute age fits vary within 1.5% for a given set of production function and chronology model ages. Crater distributions translated to absolute ages utilizing different curve descriptions can result in absolute age differences exceeding 10%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Werner, S. C.] Univ Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. [Tanaka, K. L.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Werner, SC (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Sem Selands Vei 24, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM stephanie.werner@fys.uio.no RI Werner, Stephanie/A-6438-2012 OI Werner, Stephanie/0000-0001-5704-0909 FU Norwegian Research Council through a Centre of Excellence; NASA FX This paper benefited greatly from thorough reviews by Caleb Fassett and an anonymous reviewer. We appreciated comments by Michael Carr and Laurence Soderblom during internal USGS reviews. S.C.W. is supported by the Norwegian Research Council through a Centre of Excellence grant to PGP. K.L.T. is funded by a grant from the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program. NR 39 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2011 VL 215 IS 2 BP 603 EP 607 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.07.024 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 827MK UT WOS:000295432400016 ER PT J AU Hedman, MM Nicholson, PD Showalter, MR Brown, RH Buratti, BJ Clark, RN Baines, K Sotin, C AF Hedman, M. M. Nicholson, P. D. Showalter, M. R. Brown, R. H. Buratti, B. J. Clark, R. N. Baines, K. Sotin, C. TI The Christiansen Effect in Saturn's narrow dusty rings and the spectral identification of clumps in the F ring SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Planetary rings; Saturn, Rings; Spectroscopy ID STELLAR OCCULTATION; PARTICLE SIZES; MOONLETS; VIMS AB Stellar occultations by Saturn's rings observed with the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft reveal that dusty features such as the F ring and the ringlets in the Encke and the Laplace Gaps have distinctive infrared transmission spectra. These spectra show a narrow optical depth minimum at wavelengths around 2.87 mu m. This minimum is likely due to the Christiansen Effect, a reduction in the extinction of small particles when their (complex) refractive index is close to that of the surrounding medium. Simple Mie-scattering models demonstrate that the strength of this opacity dip is sensitive to the size distribution of particles between 1 and 100 mu m across. Furthermore, the spatial resolution of the occultation data is sufficient to reveal variations in the transmission spectra within and among these rings. In both the Encke Gap ringlets and F ring, the opacity dip weakens with increasing local optical depth, which is consistent with the larger particles being concentrated near the cores of these rings. The Encke Gap ringlets also show systematically weaker opacity dips than the F ring and Laplace Gap ringlet, implying that the former has a smaller fraction of grains less than similar to 30 mu m across. However, the strength of the opacity dip varies most dramatically within the F ring; certain compact regions of enhanced optical depth lack an opacity dip and therefore appear to have a greatly reduced fraction of grains in the few-micron size range. Such spectrally-identifiable structures probably represent a subset of the compact optically-thick clumps observed by other Cassini instruments. These variations in the ring's particle size distribution can provide new insights into the processes of grain aggregation, disruption and transport within dusty rings. For example, the unusual spectral properties of the F-ring clumps could perhaps be ascribed to small grains adhering onto the surface of larger particles in regions of anomalously low velocity dispersion. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Hedman, M. M.; Nicholson, P. D.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Showalter, M. R.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Brown, R. H.] Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Buratti, B. J.; Baines, K.; Sotin, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Clark, R. N.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Hedman, MM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM mmhedman@astro.cornell.edu FU Cassini Data Analysis Program [NNX09AE74G] FX We wish to acknowledge NASA, the Cassini project and the VIMS team for providing the data that made this analysis possible. We also thank H. Throop and J.N. Cuzzi for their detailed and insightful reviews of this manuscript, and L. Esposito and C. Murray for the useful discussions. This work was supported in part by a Cassini Data Analysis Program Grant NNX09AE74G. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD OCT PY 2011 VL 215 IS 2 BP 695 EP 711 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.02.025 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 827MK UT WOS:000295432400023 ER PT J AU McCabe, GJ Wolock, DM AF McCabe, Gregory J. Wolock, David M. TI Century-scale variability in global annual runoff examined using a water balance model SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE annual runoff; global climate; climate variability ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; CIRCUMPOLAR VORTEX; PAN EVAPORATION; UNITED-STATES; TRENDS; HEMISPHERE; DISCHARGE AB A monthly water balance model (WB model) is used with CRUTS2.1 monthly temperature and precipitation data to generate time series of monthly runoff for all land areas of the globe for the period 1905 through 2002. Even though annual precipitation accounts for most of the temporal and spatial variability in annual runoff, increases in temperature have had an increasingly negative effect on annual runoff after 1980. Although the effects of increasing temperature on runoff became more apparent after 1980, the relative magnitude of these effects are small compared to the effects of precipitation on global runoff. Copyright (C) 2010 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [McCabe, Gregory J.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Wolock, David M.] US Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049 USA. RP McCabe, GJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, MS 412, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM gmccabe@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0899-8418 EI 1097-0088 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1739 EP 1748 DI 10.1002/joc.2198 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 826TR UT WOS:000295378200001 ER PT J AU Mesa, MG Magie, RJ Copeland, ES Christiansen, HE AF Mesa, M. G. Magie, R. J. Copeland, E. S. Christiansen, H. E. TI Surgical wound healing in radio-tagged adult Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus held on different substrata SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dam passage; radio telemetry; surgery; survival; sutures ID LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER; IMPLANTED TRANSMITTERS; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; SUTURE TYPE; TEMPERATURE; EFFICIENCY; FISHWAYS; PASSAGE; SURGEON; SIZE AB Radio-tagged adult Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus held in a raceway with Plexiglas-lined walls and bottom healed more slowly and retained sutures longer than fish held in an all-concrete raceway or one with Plexiglas walls and a cobble-lined bottom. On all substrata, healing depended on when sutures were lost, and fish that lost their sutures in < 14 days post-surgery healed faster than those that kept sutures longer. Long-term suture retention led to tissue trauma, infection and poor survival. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. C1 [Mesa, M. G.; Magie, R. J.; Copeland, E. S.; Christiansen, H. E.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Mesa, MG (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501 Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM mmesa@usgs.gov NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 79 IS 4 BP 1068 EP 1075 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03071.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 828UP UT WOS:000295529000014 PM 21967590 ER PT J AU Bennington, N Thurber, C Feigl, KL Murray-Moraleda, J AF Bennington, Ninfa Thurber, Clifford Feigl, Kurt L. Murray-Moraleda, Jessica TI Aftershock Distribution as a Constraint on the Geodetic Model of Coseismic Slip for the 2004 Parkfield Earthquake SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Geodesy; seismic cycle; aftershocks; inverse theory ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; HAYWARD FAULT; CALIFORNIA; INVERSION; MECHANICS; SPACE AB Several studies of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake have linked the spatial distribution of the event's aftershocks to the mainshock slip distribution on the fault. Using geodetic data, we find a model of coseismic slip for the 2004 Parkfield earthquake with the constraint that the edges of coseismic slip patches align with aftershocks. The constraint is applied by encouraging the curvature of coseismic slip in each model cell to be equal to the negative of the curvature of seismicity density. The large patch of peak slip about 15 km northwest of the 2004 hypocenter found in the curvature-constrained model is in good agreement in location and amplitude with previous geodetic studies and the majority of strong motion studies. The curvature-constrained solution shows slip primarily between aftershock "streaks" with the continuation of moderate levels of slip to the southeast. These observations are in good agreement with strong motion studies, but inconsistent with the majority of published geodetic slip models. Southeast of the 2004 hypocenter, a patch of peak slip observed in strong motion studies is absent from our curvature-constrained model, but the available GPS data do not resolve slip in this region. We conclude that the geodetic slip model constrained by the aftershock distribution fits the geodetic data quite well and that inconsistencies between models derived from seismic and geodetic data can be attributed largely to resolution issues. C1 [Bennington, Ninfa; Thurber, Clifford; Feigl, Kurt L.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Murray-Moraleda, Jessica] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP Bennington, N (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM ninfa@geology.wisc.edu RI Feigl, Kurt/E-8106-2012 OI Feigl, Kurt/0000-0002-2059-6708 FU Southern California Earthquake Center; NSF [EAR-0529922, EAR-0454511]; USGS [07HQAG0008] FX We acknowledge Robert Simpson (USGS) for the DLC code, which computes Green's functions for triangular fault elements. We wish to thank Ahyi Kim for providing the details of her preliminary coseismic slip model obtained from the inversion of strong motion data. We also thank our anonymous reviewers who provided helpful comments and suggestions. An early version of the manuscript was improved by comments by Ingrid Johanson. This research was supported in part by the Southern California Earthquake Center. SCEC is funded by NSF Cooperative Agreement EAR-0529922 and USGS Cooperative Agreement 07HQAG0008. This is SCEC contribution no. 1272. This material is also based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. EAR-0454511. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 EI 1420-9136 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 168 IS 10 BP 1553 EP 1565 DI 10.1007/s00024-010-0214-x PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 824BJ UT WOS:000295173900002 ER PT J AU Ng, GHC Mclaughlin, D Entekhabi, D Ahanin, A AF Gene-Hua Crystal Ng Mclaughlin, Dennis Entekhabi, Dara Ahanin, Adel TI The role of model dynamics in ensemble Kalman filter performance for chaotic systems SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; SQUARE-ROOT FILTERS; ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION; OCEAN DATA ASSIMILATION; LYAPUNOV VECTORS; SINGULAR VECTORS; UNSTABLE SUBSPACE; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; SAMPLING ERRORS; PART I AB The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is susceptible to losing track of observations, or 'diverging', when applied to large chaotic systems such as atmospheric and ocean models. Past studies have demonstrated the adverse impact of sampling error during the filter's update step. We examine how system dynamics affect EnKF performance, and whether the absence of certain dynamic features in the ensemble may lead to divergence. The EnKF is applied to a simple chaotic model, and ensembles are checked against singular vectors of the tangent linear model, corresponding to short-term growth and Lyapunov vectors, corresponding to long-term growth. Results show that the ensemble strongly aligns itself with the subspace spanned by unstable Lyapunov vectors. Furthermore, the filter avoids divergence only if the full linearized long-term unstable subspace is spanned. However, short-term dynamics also become important as non-linearity in the system increases. Non-linear movement prevents errors in the long-term stable subspace from decaying indefinitely. If these errors then undergo linear intermittent growth, a small ensemble may fail to properly represent all important modes, causing filter divergence. A combination of long and short-term growth dynamics are thus critical to EnKF performance. These findings can help in developing practical robust filters based on model dynamics. C1 [Gene-Hua Crystal Ng; Mclaughlin, Dennis; Entekhabi, Dara; Ahanin, Adel] MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Ng, GHC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM gng@usgs.gov FU National Science Foundation [0530851, 0540259, 0121182] FX Funding for this research was provided by the following National Science Foundation grants: 0530851 (CMF program), 0540259 (DDAS program), and 0121182 (ITR/AP program). We thank Jeff Whitaker for providing the code for the 2-level primitive equation model used in part of this work. We are also grateful for helpful discussions with Pavel Sakov, Jim Hansen and Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli. An anonymous reviewer contributed useful comments and suggestions that significantly improved this paper. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6495 EI 1600-0870 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 63 IS 5 BP 958 EP 977 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2011.00539.x PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 827YP UT WOS:000295466600009 ER PT J AU Wong, IG Stokoe, KH Cox, BR Yuan, JB Knudsen, KL Terra, F Okubo, P Lin, YC AF Wong, Ivan G. Stokoe, Kenneth H., II Cox, Brady R. Yuan, Jiabei Knudsen, Keith L. Terra, Fabia Okubo, Paul Lin, Yin-Cheng TI Shear-Wave Velocity Characterization of the USGS Hawaiian Strong-Motion Network on the Island of Hawaii and Development of an NEHRP Site-Class Map SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID GROUND-MOTION AB To assess the level and nature of ground shaking in Hawaii for the purposes of earthquake hazard mitigation and seismic design, empirical ground-motion prediction models are desired. To develop such empirical relationships, knowledge of the subsurface site conditions beneath strong-motion stations is critical. Thus, as a first step to develop ground-motion prediction models for Hawaii, wspectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) profiling was performed at the 22 free-field U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) strong-motion sites on the Big Island to obtain shear-wave velocity (V(S)) data. Nineteen of these stations recorded the 2006 Kiholo Bay moment magnitude (M) 6.7 earthquake, and 17 stations recorded the triggered M 6.0 Mahukona earthquake. V(S) profiling was performed to reach depths of more than 100 ft. Most of the USGS stations are situated on sites underlain by basalt, based on surficial geologic maps. However, the sites have varying degrees of weathering and soil development. The remaining strong-motion stations are located on alluvium or volcanic ash. V(S30) (average V(S) in the top 30 m) values for the stations on basalt ranged from 906 to 1908 ft/s [National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes C and D], because most sites were covered with soil of variable thickness. Based on these data, an NEHRP site-class map was developed for the Big Island. These new V(S) data will be a significant input into an update of the USGS statewide hazard maps and to the operation of ShakeMap on the island of Hawaii. C1 [Wong, Ivan G.; Knudsen, Keith L.; Terra, Fabia] URS Corp, Seism Hazards Grp, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. [Stokoe, Kenneth H., II; Yuan, Jiabei; Lin, Yin-Cheng] Univ Texas Austin, Geotech Engn Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Cox, Brady R.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Okubo, Paul] USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA. RP Wong, IG (reprint author), URS Corp, Seism Hazards Grp, 1333 Broadway,Suite 800, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. FU George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) under NSF [CMS-0086605]; FEMA [HSFEHQ-06-D-0162, HSFEHQ-04-D-0733]; U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior [08HQGR0036] FX Our sincere appreciation to Cecil Hoffpauir and Farn-Yuh Menq for assistance in the SASW surveys. Our thanks to Melinda Lee and Mark Dober for their assistance in the preparation of this paper, to Chris Stephens for providing us information on the North Kohala Police Station record, and to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. Our appreciation to the property owners who allowed us access to perform the SASW surveys and to Edna Anjal, Woody Savage, and Roger Borcherdt of the USGS for assisting us in the access requests. The development of the SASW source "Thumper" was supported by the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) under NSF Grant CMS-0086605. This study was supported by FEMA under Hazard Mitigation Technical Assistance Contract HSFEHQ-06-D-0162 and Technical Assistance and Research Contract HSFEHQ-04-D-0733, and by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, under USGS NEHRP grant award 08HQGR0036. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 101 IS 5 BP 2252 EP 2269 DI 10.1785/0120100276 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 824PJ UT WOS:000295214100020 ER PT J AU Lin, PS Chiou, B Abrahamson, N Walling, M Lee, CT Cheng, CT AF Lin, Po-Shen Chiou, Brian Abrahamson, Norman Walling, Melanie Lee, Chyi-Tyi Cheng, Chin-Tung TI Repeatable Source, Site, and Path Effects on the Standard Deviation for Empirical Ground-Motion Prediction Models SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TAIWAN; COMPONENTS; VARIANCE; NETWORK; SIGMA AB In this study, we quantify the reduction in the standard deviation for empirical ground-motion prediction models by removing ergodic assumption. We partition the modeling error (residual) into five components, three of which represent the repeatable source-location-specific, site-specific, and path-specific deviations from the population mean. A variance estimation procedure of these error components is developed for use with a set of recordings from earthquakes not heavily clustered in space. With most source locations and propagation paths sampled only once, we opt to exploit the spatial correlation of residuals to estimate the variances associated with the path-specific and the source-location-specific deviations. The estimation procedure is applied to ground-motion amplitudes from 64 shallow earthquakes in Taiwan recorded at 285 sites with at least 10 recordings per site. The estimated variance components are used to quantify the reduction in aleatory variability that can be used in hazard analysis for a single site and for a single path. For peak ground acceleration and spectral accelerations at periods of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 s, we find that the single-site standard deviations are 9%-14% smaller than the total standard deviation, whereas the single-path standard deviations are 39%-47% smaller. C1 [Lin, Po-Shen; Cheng, Chin-Tung] Sinotech Engn Consultants Inc, Taipei, Taiwan. [Chiou, Brian] Calif Dept Transportat, Sacramento, CA USA. [Abrahamson, Norman] Pacific Gas & Elect Co, San Francisco, CA 94106 USA. [Walling, Melanie] US Geol Survey, Golden, CO USA. [Lee, Chyi-Tyi] Natl Cent Univ, Inst Appl Geol, Jhongli, Taiwan. RP Lin, PS (reprint author), Sinotech Engn Consultants Inc, Taipei, Taiwan. OI Lee, Chyi-Tyi/0000-0002-8775-9196 FU Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc.; Pacific Gas & Electric Company; California Department of Transportation; Taiwan Earthquake Research Center (TEC); National Science Council (NSC) [NSC96-2119-M008-004]; PGE/DOE [DE-FC28-05RW 12358] FX This research was sponsored by the Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., Pacific Gas & Electric Company, and the California Department of Transportation. We would like to thank Julian Bommer and two anonymous reviewers for their useful review comments that improved the paper. This research was supported by the Taiwan Earthquake Research Center (TEC) funded through the National Science Council (NSC) with grant number NSC96-2119-M008-004. The TEC contribution number for this article is 0075. This work was partially funded by the PG&E/DOE cooperative agreement "Development and Verification of an Improved Model for Extreme Ground Motions Produced by Earthquakes" (DOE Award Number DE-FC28-05RW 12358). NR 26 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 101 IS 5 BP 2281 EP 2295 DI 10.1785/0120090312 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 824PJ UT WOS:000295214100022 ER PT J AU Andrews, DJ Barall, M AF Andrews, D. J. Barall, Michael TI Specifying Initial Stress for Dynamic Heterogeneous Earthquake Source Models SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID STOCHASTIC FAULT MODEL; STRONG GROUND-MOTION; RUPTURE MODELS; SLIP AB Dynamic rupture calculations using heterogeneous stress drop that is random and self-similar with a power-law spatial spectrum have great promise of producing realistic ground-motion predictions. We present procedures to specify initial stress for random events with a target rupture length and target magnitude. The stress function is modified in the depth dimension to account for the brittle-ductile transition at the base of the seismogenic zone. Self-similar fluctuations in stress drop are tied in this work to the long-wavelength stress variation that determines rupture length. Heterogeneous stress is related to friction levels in order to relate the model to physical concepts. In a variant of the model, there are high-stress asperities with low background stress. This procedure has a number of advantages: (1) rupture stops naturally, not at artificial barriers; (2) the amplitude of short-wavelength fluctuations of stress drop is not arbitrary: the spectrum is fixed to the long-wavelength fluctuation that determines rupture length; and (3) large stress drop can be confined to asperities occupying a small fraction of the total rupture area, producing slip distributions with enhanced peaks. C1 [Andrews, D. J.; Barall, Michael] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Andrews, DJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 977 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jandrews@usgs.gov NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 101 IS 5 BP 2408 EP 2417 DI 10.1785/0120110012 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 824PJ UT WOS:000295214100031 ER PT J AU Hartzell, S Frankel, A Liu, PC Zeng, YH Rahman, S AF Hartzell, Stephen Frankel, Arthur Liu, Pengcheng Zeng, Yuehua Rahman, Sharifur TI Model and Parametric Uncertainty in Source-Based Kinematic Models of Earthquake Ground Motion SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BAND SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS; 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE; EMPIRICAL GREENS-FUNCTIONS; STOCHASTIC FAULT MODEL; OMEGA-SQUARE MODEL; TIME HISTORIES; SPATIAL VARIATION; RUPTURE VELOCITY; PREDICTION; SIMULATION AB Four independent ground-motion simulation codes are used to model the strong ground motion for three earthquakes: 1994 M(w) 6.7 Northridge, 1989 M(w) 6.9 Loma Prieta, and 1999 M(w) 7.5 Izmit. These 12 sets of synthetics are used to make estimates of the variability in ground-motion predictions. In addition, ground-motion predictions over a grid of sites are used to estimate parametric uncertainty for changes in rupture velocity. We find that the combined model uncertainty and random variability of the simulations is in the same range as the variability of regional empirical ground-motion data sets. The majority of the standard deviations lie between 0.5 and 0.7 natural-log units for response spectra and 0.5 and 0.8 for Fourier spectra. The estimate of model epistemic uncertainty, based on the different model predictions, lies between 0.2 and 0.4, which is about one-half of the estimates for the standard deviation of the combined model uncertainty and random variability. Parametric uncertainty, based on variation of just the average rupture velocity, is shown to be consistent in amplitude with previous estimates, showing percentage changes in ground motion from 50% to 300% when rupture velocity changes from 2.5 to 2: 9 km/s. In addition, there is some evidence that mean biases can be reduced by averaging ground-motion estimates from different methods. C1 [Hartzell, Stephen; Zeng, Yuehua] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Frankel, Arthur] Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Liu, Pengcheng] US Bur Reclamat, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Rahman, Sharifur] Chevron N Amer DWEP, Houston, TX 77054 USA. RP Hartzell, S (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM shartzell@usgs.gov; afrankel@usgs.gov; pliu@usbr.gov; zeng@usgs.gov; srahman@chevron.com NR 75 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 101 IS 5 BP 2431 EP 2452 DI 10.1785/0120110028 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 824PJ UT WOS:000295214100033 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF AF Pollitz, Fred F. TI Epistemic Uncertainty in California-Wide Synthetic Seismicity Simulations SO BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SAN-ANDREAS FAULT; LAYERED SPHERICAL EARTH; LARGE EARTHQUAKES; HETEROGENEOUS FAULTS; GUTENBERG-RICHTER; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; MODELS; SYSTEMS; STRESS; FIELD AB The generation of seismicity catalogs on synthetic fault networks holds the promise of providing key inputs into probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis, for example, the coefficient of variation, mean recurrence time as a function of magnitude, the probability of fault-to-fault ruptures, and conditional probabilities for foreshock-mainshock triggering. I employ a seismicity simulator that includes the following ingredients: static stress transfer, viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and mantle, and vertical stratification of elastic and viscoelastic material properties. A cascade mechanism combined with a simple Coulomb failure criterion is used to determine the initiation, propagation, and termination of synthetic ruptures. It is employed on a 3D fault network provided by Steve Ward (unpublished data, 2009) for the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Earthquake Simulators Group. This all-California fault network, initially consisting of 8000 patches, each of similar to 12 square kilometers in size, has been rediscretized into similar to 100,000 patches, each of similar to 1 square kilometer in size, in order to simulate the evolution of California seismicity and crustal stress at magnitude M similar to 5-8. Resulting synthetic seismicity catalogs spanning 30,000 yr and about one-half million events are evaluated with magnitude-frequency and magnitude-area statistics. For a priori choices of fault-slip rates and mean stress drops, I explore the sensitivity of various constructs on input parameters, particularly mantle viscosity. Slip maps obtained for the southern San Andreas fault show that the ability of segment boundaries to inhibit slip across the boundaries (e. g., to prevent multisegment ruptures) is systematically affected by mantle viscosity. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0037-1106 J9 B SEISMOL SOC AM JI Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 101 IS 5 BP 2481 EP 2498 DI 10.1785/0120100303 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 824PJ UT WOS:000295214100036 ER PT J AU Kaushal, SS Groffman, PM Band, LE Elliott, EM Shields, CA Kendall, C AF Kaushal, Sujay S. Groffman, Peter M. Band, Lawrence E. Elliott, Emily M. Shields, Catherine A. Kendall, Carol TI Tracking Nonpoint Source Nitrogen Pollution in Human-Impacted Watersheds SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC NITRATE DEPOSITION; FRESH-WATER; LAND-USE; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; OXYGEN; DENITRIFICATION; CONTAMINATION; URBANIZATION; INDICATORS; RETENTION AB Nonpoint source nitrogen (N) pollution is a leading contributor to U.S. water quality impairments. We combined watershed N mass balances and stable isotopes to investigate fate and transport of nonpoint N in forest, agricultural, and urbanized watersheds at the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site. Annual N retention was 55%, 68%, and 82% for agricultural, suburban, and forest watersheds, respectively. Analysis of delta N-15-NO3-, and delta O-18-NO3- indicated wastewater was an important nitrate source in urbanized streams during baseflow. Negative correlations between delta N-15-NO3- and delta O-18-NO3- in urban watersheds indicated mixing between atmospheric deposition and wastewater, and N source contributions changed with storm magnitude (atmospheric sources contributed similar to 50% at peak storm N loads). Positive correlations between delta N-15-NO3- and delta O-18-NO3- in watersheds suggested denitrification was removing septic system and agriculturally derived N, but N from belowground leaking sewers was less susceptible to denitrification. N transformations were also observed in a storm drain (no natural drainage network) potentially due to organic carbon inputs. Overall, nonpoint sources such as atmospheric deposition, wastewater, and fertilizer showed different susceptibility to watershed N export. There were large changes in nitrate sources as a function of runoff, and anticipating source changes in response to climate and storms will be critical for managing nonpoint N pollution. C1 [Kaushal, Sujay S.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Kaushal, Sujay S.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Groffman, Peter M.] Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. [Band, Lawrence E.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Band, Lawrence E.] Univ N Carolina, Inst Environm, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Elliott, Emily M.] Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. [Shields, Catherine A.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. [Kendall, Carol] US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kaushal, SS (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, 5825 Univ Res Court, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. EM skaushal@umd.edu RI Elliott, Emily /E-8122-2011; Kaushal, Sujay/G-1062-2013 OI Elliott, Emily /0000-0002-9653-1513; Kaushal, Sujay/0000-0003-0834-9189 FU BES LTER [NSF DEB-0423476]; NSF [DBI 0640300, CBET 1058502]; Maryland Sea Grant [SA7528085-U, NA05OAR4171042] FX Research support: BES LTER project (NSF DEB-0423476), NSF DBI 0640300, NSF CBET 1058502, Maryland Sea Grant SA7528085-U, Maryland Sea Grant NA05OAR4171042. Dan Dillon, Ellen Moon, and Cecily Chang provided help with field/lab work. Katarina Savvas and Brian Miles provided data. Melissa Grese, Bala Mathukumalli, Shuiwang Duan, and Tamara Newcomer provided suggestions. Photograph in TOC and abstract taken by Tamara Newcomer and used with permission. NR 35 TC 124 Z9 130 U1 14 U2 227 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 19 BP 8225 EP 8232 DI 10.1021/es200779e PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825BJ UT WOS:000295245600039 PM 21830824 ER PT J AU Limmer, MA Balouet, JC Karg, F Vroblesky, DA Burken, JG AF Limmer, Matt A. Balouet, Jean-Christophe Karg, Frank Vroblesky, Don A. Burken, Joel G. TI Phytoscreening for Chlorinated Solvents Using Rapid in Vitro SPME Sampling: Application to Urban Plume in Verl, Germany SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION; SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TREE BRANCHES; PLANTS; WATER; PHYTOREMEDIATION; ETHENES AB Rapid detection and delineation of contaminants in urban settings is critically important in protecting human health. Cores from trees growing above a plume of contaminated groundwater in Verl, Germany, were collected in 1 day, with subsequent analysis and plume mapping completed over several days. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) analysis was applied to detect tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) to below nanogram/liter levels in the transpiration stream of the trees. The tree core concentrations showed a clear areal correlation to the distribution of PCE and TCE in the groundwater. Concentrations in tree cores were lower than the underlying groundwater, as anticipated; however, the tree core water retained the PCE:TCE signature of the underlying groundwater in the urban, populated area. The PCE:TCE ratio can indicate areas of differing degradation activity. Therefore, the phytoscreening analysis was capable not only of mapping the spatial distribution of groundwater contamination but also of delineating zones of potentially differing contaminant sources and degradation. The simplicity of tree coring and the ability to collect a large number of samples in a day with minimal disruption or property damage in the urban setting demonstrates that phytoscreening can be a powerful tool for gaining reconnaissance-level information on groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents. The use of SPME decreases the detection level considerably and increases the sensitivity of phytoscreening as an assessment, monitoring, and phytoforensic tool. With rapid, inexpensive, and noninvasive methods of detecting and delineating contaminants underlying homes, as in this case, human health can be better protected through screening of broader areas and with far faster response times. C1 [Limmer, Matt A.; Burken, Joel G.] Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil Architectural & Environm Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. [Balouet, Jean-Christophe] Environm Int, Paris, France. [Karg, Frank] HPC Envirotec, Rennes, France. [Karg, Frank] HPC AG Grp, Duisburg, Germany. [Vroblesky, Don A.] US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC USA. RP Burken, JG (reprint author), Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil Architectural & Environm Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM burken@mst.edu OI Limmer, Matt/0000-0001-8119-0229 FU HPC AG, RD Division FX The present research has been funded by HPC AG, R&D Division, and is part of PIT (Pollution Investigation by Trees), an international research program led by Ademe (Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maitrise de l'Energie, France). The authors are very thankful to Dr. Honlgan Shi and Mikhil Shetty and other members of the Environmental Research Center at Missouri S&T for support and analytical assistance, and we also offer our thanks to Mr. Gary Bigham, Exponent, and Dr. Kevin T. Smith, USDA Forest Service, for their review and assistance in the manuscript preparation. The authors are also indebted to Dr. Ralf Suttka and Dr. Ulrike Hintzen, of HPC AG, for their support in the field, historical research, early maps, review of initial report and manuscript, as well as establishing the needed authorizations for field sampling. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 19 BP 8276 EP 8282 DI 10.1021/es201704v PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825BJ UT WOS:000295245600046 PM 21848303 ER PT J AU Lasier, PJ Washington, JW Hassan, SM Jenkins, TM AF Lasier, Peter J. Washington, John W. Hassan, Sayed M. Jenkins, Thomas M. TI PERFLUORINATED CHEMICALS IN SURFACE WATERS AND SEDIMENTS FROM NORTHWEST GEORGIA, USA, AND THEIR BIOACCUMULATION IN LUMBRICULUS VARIEGATUS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Perfluorinated chemicals; Surface water; Sediment; Lumbriculus variegatus; Bioaccumulation ID PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; PERFLUOROALKYL ACIDS; JAPAN; RIVER; FISH; TOXICITY; PERFLUOROCHEMICALS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; OPTIMIZATION; SUBSTANCES AB Concentrations of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) were measured in surface waters and sediments from the Coosa River watershed in northwest Georgia, USA, to examine their distribution downstream of a suspected source. Samples from eight sites were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Sediments were also used in 28-d exposures with the aquatic oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, to assess PFC bioaccumulation. Concentrations of PFCs in surface waters and sediments increased significantly below a land-application site (LAS) of municipal/industrial wastewater and were further elevated by unknown sources downstream. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with eight or fewer carbons were the most prominent in surface waters. Those with 10 or more carbons predominated sediment and tissue samples. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the major homolog in contaminated sediments and tissues. This pattern among sediment PFC concentrations was consistent among sites and reflected homolog concentrations emanating from the LAS. Concentrations of PFCs in oligochaete tissues revealed patterns similar to those observed in the respective sediments. The tendency to bioaccumulate increased with PFCA chain length and the presence of the sulfonate moiety. Biota-sediment accumulation factors indicated that short-chain PFCAs with fewer than seven carbons may be environmentally benign alternatives in aquatic ecosystems; however, sulfonates with four to seven carbons may be as likely to bioaccumulate as PFOS. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2194-2201. (C) 2011 SETAC C1 [Lasier, Peter J.] Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Washington, John W.; Jenkins, Thomas M.] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA USA. [Hassan, Sayed M.] Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lasier, PJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM plasier@usgs.gov OI Hassan, Sayed/0000-0003-4713-0892 FU U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development FX The U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded the present study. This manuscript has been subjected to the Agencies' administrative reviews and approved for publication. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 9 U2 70 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 30 IS 10 BP 2194 EP 2201 DI 10.1002/etc.622 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 825VE UT WOS:000295309400003 PM 21766321 ER PT J AU Wang, N Consbrock, RA Ingersoll, CG Barnhart, MC AF Wang, Ning Consbrock, Rebecca A. Ingersoll, Christopher G. Barnhart, M. Christopher TI EVALUATION OF INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENT ON THE SENSITIVITY OF A UNIONID MUSSEL (LAMPSILIS SILIQUOIDEA) TO AMMONIA IN 28-DAY WATER EXPOSURES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Mussels; Ammonia; Chronic toxicity; Sediment; Water quality criteria ID CHRONIC TOXICITY; FATMUCKET; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; COPPER; SYSTEM AB A draft update of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for ammonia substantially lowers the ammonia AWQC, primarily due to the inclusion of toxicity data for freshwater mussels. However, most of the mussel data used in the updated AWQC were generated from water-only exposures and limited information is available on the potential influence of the presence of a substrate on the response of mussels in laboratory toxicity tests. Our recent study demonstrated that the acute sensitivity of mussels to ammonia was not influenced by the presence of substrate in 4-d laboratory toxicity tests. The objective of the current study was to determine the sensitivity of mussels to ammonia in chronic 28-d water exposures with the sediment present (sediment treatment) or absent (water-only treatment). The chronic toxicity test was conducted starting with two-month-old juvenile mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) in a flow-through diluter system. which maintained consistent pH (approximate to 8.3) and six concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (N) in overlying water and in sediment pore water. The chronic value (ChV, geometric mean of the no-observed-effect concentration and the lowest-observed-effect concentration) was 0.36 mg N/L for survival or biomass in the water-only treatment, and was 0.66 mg NIL for survival and 0.20 mg NIL for biomass in the sediment treatment. The 20% effect concentration (EC20) for survival was 0.63 mg NIL in the water-only treatment and was 0.86 mg N/L in the sediment treatment (with overlapping 95% confidence intervals; no EC20 for biomass was estimated because the data did not meet the conditions for any logistic regression analysis). The similar ChVs or EC20s between the water-only treatment and the sediment treatment indicate that the presence of sediment did not substantially influence the sensitivity of juvenile mussels to ammonia in the 28-d chronic laboratory water exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 201130:2270-2276. (C) 2011 SETAC C1 [Wang, Ning; Consbrock, Rebecca A.; Ingersoll, Christopher G.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. [Barnhart, M. Christopher] Missouri State Univ, Dept Biol, Springfield, MO USA. RP Wang, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM nwang@usgs.gov NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 30 IS 10 BP 2270 EP 2276 DI 10.1002/etc.616 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 825VE UT WOS:000295309400013 PM 21732416 ER PT J AU Briggs, BR Pohlman, JW Torres, M Riedel, M Brodie, EL Colwell, FS AF Briggs, B. R. Pohlman, J. W. Torres, M. Riedel, M. Brodie, E. L. Colwell, F. S. TI Macroscopic Biofilms in Fracture-Dominated Sediment That Anaerobically Oxidize Methane SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; NORTHERN CASCADIA MARGIN; GULF-OF-MEXICO; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; SUBSEAFLOOR SEDIMENTS; HYDRATE RIDGE; MUD VOLCANO; SEA; GAS AB Methane release from seafloor sediments is moderated, in part, by the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) performed by consortia of archaea and bacteria. These consortia occur as isolated cells and aggregates within the sulfate-methane transition (SMT) of diffusion and seep-dominant environments. Here we report on a new SMT setting where the AOM consortium occurs as macroscopic pink to orange biofilms within subseafloor fractures. Biofilm samples recovered from the Indian and northeast Pacific Oceans had a cellular abundance of 10(7) to 10(8) cells cm(-3). This cell density is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than that in the surrounding sediments. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes indicated that the bacterial component is dominated by Deltaproteobacteria, candidate division WS3, and Chloroflexi, representing 46%, 15%, and 10% of clones, respectively. In addition, major archaeal taxa found in the biofilm were related to the ANME-1 clade, Thermoplasmatales, and Desulfurococcales, representing 73%, 11%, and 10% of archaeal clones, respectively. The sequences of all major taxa were similar to sequences previously reported from cold seep environments. PhyloChip microarray analysis detected all bacterial phyla identified by the clone library plus an additional 44 phyla. However, sequencing detected more archaea than the PhyloChip within the phyla of Methanosarcinales and Desulfurococcales. The stable carbon isotope composition of the biofilm from the SMT (-35 to -43%) suggests that the production of the biofilm is associated with AOM. These biofilms are a novel, but apparently widespread, aggregation of cells represented by the ANME-1 clade that occur in methane-rich marine sediments. C1 [Briggs, B. R.; Torres, M.; Colwell, F. S.] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Pohlman, J. W.] US Geol Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Riedel, M.] Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. [Brodie, E. L.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Colwell, FS (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, 104 COAS Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM rcolwell@coas.oregonstate.edu RI Brodie, Eoin/A-7853-2008 OI Brodie, Eoin/0000-0002-8453-8435 FU U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Fossil Energy; National Energy Technology Laboratory; Subsurface Biosphere Initiative at Oregon State University; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231] FX This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Samples were collected as a part of the National Gas Hydrate Program cruise 01 (NGHP01) in 2006 and the Pacific Geosciences Center cruise 007 (PGC007; this article is ESS contribution number 20110050) in 2008. Jayson Hieter, who assisted with the study, was supported by an undergraduate research fellowship through the Subsurface Biosphere Initiative at Oregon State University. Part of this work was performed under the Climate Sciences Scientific Focus Area at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR 55 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 77 IS 19 BP 6780 EP 6787 DI 10.1128/AEM.00288-11 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 823LH UT WOS:000295123300006 PM 21821755 ER PT J AU Hekkala, ER Saumure, RA Jaeger, JR Herrmann, HW Sredl, MJ Bradford, DF Drabeck, D Blum, MJ AF Hekkala, Evon R. Saumure, Raymond A. Jaeger, Jef R. Herrmann, Hans-Werner Sredl, Michael J. Bradford, David F. Drabeck, Danielle Blum, Michael J. TI Resurrecting an extinct species: archival DNA, taxonomy, and conservation of the Vegas Valley leopard frog SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Archival DNA; Museum specimens; Rana fisheri; Rana chiricahuensis; Taxonomy; Conservation genetics ID RANA-ONCA; DELIMITATION; SOUTHWEST; SOFTWARE; ARIZONA; MAMMALS; RELICT AB Suggestions that the extinct Vegas Valley leopard frog (Rana fisheri = Lithobates fisheri) may have been synonymous with one of several declining species have complicated recovery planning for imperiled leopard frogs in southwestern United States. To address this concern, we reconstructed the phylogenetic position of R. fisheri from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data obtained from century-old museum specimens. Analyses incorporating representative North American Rana species placed archival specimens within the clade comprising federally Threatened Chiricahua leopard frogs (Rana chiricahuensis = Lithobates chiricahuensis). Further analysis of Chiricahua leopard frogs recovered two diagnosable lineages. One lineage is composed of R. fisheri specimens and R. chiricahuensis near the Mogollon Rim in central Arizona, while the other encompasses R. chiricahuensis populations to the south and east. These findings ascribe R. chiricahuensis populations from the northwestern most portion of its range to a resurrected R. fisheri, demonstrating how phylogenetic placement of archival specimens can inform recovery and conservation plans, especially those that call for translocation, re-introduction, or population augmentation of imperiled species. C1 [Hekkala, Evon R.] Fordham Univ, New York, NY 10458 USA. [Hekkala, Evon R.; Drabeck, Danielle; Blum, Michael J.] Tulane Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. [Saumure, Raymond A.] Las Vegas Springs Preserve, Div Res, Las Vegas, NV 89107 USA. [Jaeger, Jef R.] Univ Nevada, Sch Life Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Jaeger, Jef R.] Univ Nevada, Publ Lands Inst, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. [Herrmann, Hans-Werner] Arizona Res Labs Arizona, Human Origins Genotyping Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Sredl, Michael J.] Arizona Game & Fish Dept, Nongame Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85086 USA. [Bradford, David F.] US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. [Herrmann, Hans-Werner] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Herrmann, Hans-Werner] Univ Arizona, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit USGS, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Hekkala, ER (reprint author), Fordham Univ, New York, NY 10458 USA. EM ehekkala@fordham.edu OI Saumure, Raymond/0000-0002-9539-8415 FU Las Vegas Valley Water District; Blum Lab at Tulane University; Arizona Research Laboratories; University of Arizona Genetics Core for DNA sequencing FX Thanks to J. Vindum at California Academy of Sciences for providing access to the historic specimens and M. Culver for access to recent specimens, E. Mujica for laboratory assistance, and Milind Bunyan for GIS support. Funding and logistical support were provided by the Las Vegas Valley Water District, the Blum Lab at Tulane University, Arizona Research Laboratories, and University of Arizona Genetics Core for DNA sequencing. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The US Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, collaborated in this research and has approved the article for publication. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1379 EP 1385 DI 10.1007/s10592-011-0229-6 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 819BE UT WOS:000294799600022 ER PT J AU Pidlisecky, A Singha, K Day-Lewis, FD AF Pidlisecky, Adam Singha, Kamini Day-Lewis, Frederick D. TI A distribution-based parametrization for improved tomographic imaging of solute plumes SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Image processing; Inverse theory; Ground penetrating radar; Hydrogeophysics ID ELECTRICAL-RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY; ATTENUATION-DIFFERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; CROSS-BOREHOLE RADAR; GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; TRACER TRANSPORT; SPATIAL MOMENTS; MASS-TRANSFER; TRAVEL-TIME; RESOLUTION; INVERSION AB Difference geophysical tomography (e. g. radar, resistivity and seismic) is used increasingly for imaging fluid flow and mass transport associated with natural and engineered hydrologic phenomena, including tracer experiments, in situ remediation and aquifer storage and recovery. Tomographic data are collected over time, inverted and differenced against a background image to produce 'snapshots' revealing changes to the system; these snapshots readily provide qualitative information on the location and morphology of plumes of injected tracer, remedial amendment or stored water. In principle, geometric moments (i.e. total mass, centres of mass, spread, etc.) calculated from difference tomograms can provide further quantitative insight into the rates of advection, dispersion and mass transfer; however, recent work has shown that moments calculated from tomograms are commonly biased, as they are strongly affected by the subjective choice of regularization criteria. Conventional approaches to regularization (Tikhonov) and parametrization (image pixels) result in tomograms which are subject to artefacts such as smearing or pixel estimates taking on the sign opposite to that expected for the plume under study. Here, we demonstrate a novel parametrization for imaging plumes associated with hydrologic phenomena. Capitalizing on the mathematical analogy between moment-based descriptors of plumes and the moment-based parameters of probability distributions, we design an inverse problem that (1) is overdetermined and computationally efficient because the image is described by only a few parameters, (2) produces tomograms consistent with expected plume behaviour (e. g. changes of one sign relative to the background image), (3) yields parameter estimates that are readily interpreted for plume morphology and offer direct insight into hydrologic processes and (4) requires comparatively few data to achieve reasonable model estimates. We demonstrate the approach in a series of numerical examples based on straight-ray difference-attenuation radar monitoring of the transport of an ionic tracer, and show that the methodology outlined here is particularly effective when limited data are available. C1 [Pidlisecky, Adam] Univ Calgary, Dept Geosci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Singha, Kamini] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Day-Lewis, Frederick D.] US Geol Survey, Off Groundwater, Branch Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Pidlisecky, A (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geosci, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM adampid@ucalgary.ca OI Day-Lewis, Frederick/0000-0003-3526-886X FU National Science Foundation [EAR-0747629]; U.S. Geological Survey FX This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grant EAR-0747629 and by the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors are grateful to Rory Henderson and Seth Haines for comments on an early draft of the manuscript. NR 60 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 187 IS 1 BP 214 EP 224 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05131.x PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 822AH UT WOS:000295015100015 ER PT J AU Karaoulis, M Revil, A Werkema, DD Minsley, BJ Woodruff, WF Kemna, A AF Karaoulis, M. Revil, A. Werkema, D. D. Minsley, B. J. Woodruff, W. F. Kemna, A. TI Time-lapse three-dimensional inversion of complex conductivity data using an active time constrained (ATC) approach SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Electrical properties; Hydrogeophysics; Permeability and porosity ID SPECTRAL INDUCED POLARIZATION; ELECTRICAL-RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY; SHALY SANDS; ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS; RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; FIELD-SCALE; MEMBRANE; MEDIA; ZONE AB Induced polarization (more precisely the magnitude and phase of impedance of the subsurface) is measured using a network of electrodes located at the ground surface or in boreholes. This method yields important information related to the distribution of permeability and contaminants in the shallow subsurface. We propose a new time-lapse 3-D modelling and inversion algorithm to image the evolution of complex conductivity over time. We discretize the subsurface using hexahedron cells. Each cell is assigned a complex resistivity or conductivity value. Using the finite-element approach, we model the in-phase and out-of-phase (quadrature) electrical potentials on the 3-D grid, which are then transformed into apparent complex resistivity. Inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions are used at the boundary of the domain. The calculation of the Jacobian matrix is based on the principles of reciprocity. The goal of time-lapse inversion is to determine the change in the complex resistivity of each cell of the spatial grid as a function of time. Each model along the time axis is called a 'reference space model'. This approach can be simplified into an inverse problem looking for the optimum of several reference space models using the approximation that the material properties vary linearly in time between two subsequent reference models. Regularizations in both space domain and time domain reduce inversion artefacts and improve the stability of the inversion problem. In addition, the use of the time-lapse equations allows the simultaneous inversion of data obtained at different times in just one inversion step (4-D inversion). The advantages of this new inversion algorithm are demonstrated on synthetic time-lapse data resulting from the simulation of a salt tracer test in a heterogeneous random material described by an anisotropic semi-variogram. C1 [Karaoulis, M.; Revil, A.; Woodruff, W. F.] Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Revil, A.] Univ Savoie, Equipe Volcan, CNRS, ISTerre,UMR 5559, Le Bourget Du Lac, France. [Werkema, D. D.] US EPA, ORD, NERL, ESD,CMB, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. [Minsley, B. J.] USGS, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Kemna, A.] Univ Bonn, Dept Geodynam & Geophys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. RP Karaoulis, M (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Geophys, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM arevil@mines.edu RI Karaoulis, Marios/C-9977-2013; OI Minsley, Burke/0000-0003-1689-1306 FU Office of Science (BER); US. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-08ER646559]; NSF [DGE-0801692]; U.S. EPA [EP10D00437] FX We thank Office of Science (BER), US. Department of Energy (Grant No. DE-FG02-08ER646559), NSF (SmartGeo Educational Program, Project IGERT: Intelligent Geosystems; DGE-0801692) and the U.S. EPA (Student Service Contract # EP10D00437) for financial supports. Although this work was reviewed by U. S. EPA and approved for presentation, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by U. S. EPA for use. We gratefully acknowledge fruitful discussions with Roland Martin (Bonn University) regarding the extension and testing of the inversion algorithm to the complex case. We thank Joerg Renner and two referees for their useful comments. NR 61 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 187 IS 1 BP 237 EP 251 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05156.x PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 822AH UT WOS:000295015100017 ER PT J AU Minsley, BJ AF Minsley, Burke J. TI A trans-dimensional Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for model assessment using frequency-domain electromagnetic data SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Inverse theory; Probability distributions; Electrical properties; Non-linear electromagnetics; Hydrogeophysics ID AIRBORNE EM DATA; INVERSE PROBLEMS; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; RESISTIVITY DATA; 1D INVERSION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TEMPERATURE; PROFILES; SYSTEM; MISFIT AB A meaningful interpretation of geophysical measurements requires an assessment of the space of models that are consistent with the data, rather than just a single, 'best' model which does not convey information about parameter uncertainty. For this purpose, a trans-dimensional Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is developed for assessing frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) data acquired from airborne or ground-based systems. By sampling the distribution of models that are consistent with measured data and any prior knowledge, valuable inferences can be made about parameter values such as the likely depth to an interface, the distribution of possible resistivity values as a function of depth and non-unique relationships between parameters. The trans-dimensional aspect of the algorithm allows the number of layers to be a free parameter that is controlled by the data, where models with fewer layers are inherently favoured, which provides a natural measure of parsimony and a significant degree of flexibility in parametrization. The MCMC algorithm is used with synthetic examples to illustrate how the distribution of acceptable models is affected by the choice of prior information, the system geometry and configuration and the uncertainty in the measured system elevation. An airborne FDEM data set that was acquired for the purpose of hydrogeological characterization is also studied. The results compare favourably with traditional least-squares analysis, borehole resistivity and lithology logs from the site, and also provide new information about parameter uncertainty necessary for model assessment. C1 US Geol Survey, Crustal Geophys & Geochem Sci Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Minsley, BJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Crustal Geophys & Geochem Sci Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, MS964, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM bminsley@usgs.gov OI Minsley, Burke/0000-0003-1689-1306 FU USGS FX Support for this work was provided though the USGS Minerals Program 'Integrated methods development-geophysical theory and software' project directed by Jeff Phillips; a joint hydrologic study by the USGS, the North Platte Natural Resource District, the South Platte Natural Resource District and the Nebraska Environmental Trust Fund, overseen by Jared Abraham and Jim Cannia, who also provided the field data example in this study; and a collaborative project between the USGS and the National Energy Technology Laboratory for geophysical monitoring of drip irrigation using coproduced waters managed by Bruce Smith. I am grateful for reviews provided by Maryla Deszcz-Pan, Karl Ellefsen, Colin Farquharson, Thomas Bodin and Editor Martyn Unsworth. NR 60 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 21 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X EI 1365-246X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 187 IS 1 BP 252 EP 272 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05165.x PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 822AH UT WOS:000295015100018 ER PT J AU Kurzon, I Lyakhovsky, V Navon, O Chouet, B AF Kurzon, I. Lyakhovsky, V. Navon, O. Chouet, B. TI Pressure waves in a supersaturated bubbly magma SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Seismic attenuation; Volcano seismology; Wave propagation; Acoustic properties; Physics of magma and magma bodies ID LONG-PERIOD EVENTS; RECTIFIED DIFFUSION; STROMBOLI VOLCANO; VISCOSITY MAGMAS; SOURCE MECHANISM; SEISMIC SIGNALS; FORM INVERSIONS; REDOUBT VOLCANO; DYNAMICS; GROWTH AB We study the interaction of acoustic pressure waves with an expanding bubbly magma. The expansion of magma is the result of bubble growth during or following magma decompression and leads to two competing processes that affect pressure waves. On the one hand, growth in vesicularity leads to increased damping and decreased wave amplitudes, and on the other hand, a decrease in the effective bulk modulus of the bubbly mixture reduces wave velocity, which in turn, reduces damping and may lead to wave amplification. The additional acoustic energy originates from the chemical energy released during bubble growth. We examine this phenomenon analytically to identify conditions under which amplification of pressure waves is possible. These conditions are further examined numerically to shed light on the frequency and phase dependencies in relation to the interaction of waves and growing bubbles. Amplification is possible at low frequencies and when the growth rate of bubbles reaches an optimum value for which the wave velocity decreases sufficiently to overcome the increased damping of the vesicular material. We examine two amplification phase-dependent effects: (1) a tensile-phase effect in which the inserted wave adds to the process of bubble growth, utilizing the energy associated with the gas overpressure in the bubble and therefore converting a large proportion of this energy into additional acoustic energy, and (2) a compressive-phase effect in which the pressure wave works against the growing bubbles and a large amount of its acoustic energy is dissipated during the first cycle, but later enough energy is gained to amplify the second cycle. These two effects provide additional new possible mechanisms for the amplification phase seen in Long-Period (LP) and Very-Long-Period (VLP) seismic signals originating in magma-filled cracks. C1 [Kurzon, I.; Navon, O.] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [Kurzon, I.; Lyakhovsky, V.] Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel. [Chouet, B.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kurzon, I (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM ittai.kurzon@mail.huji.ac.il RI Navon, Oded/N-9649-2013 OI Navon, Oded/0000-0003-4617-1553 FU Israel Science Foundation [324/07] FX We thank the editor Matthias Hort and referees Oleg Melnik, Mie Ichihara and Steve Lane for constructive reviews. We are indebted to Shaul Hurwitz and Larry Mastin for comments and helpful suggestions. Funding was provided by the Israel Science Foundation (grant 324/07). NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 187 IS 1 BP 421 EP 438 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05152.x PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 822AH UT WOS:000295015100030 ER PT J AU Geist, EL Parsons, T AF Geist, Eric L. Parsons, Tom TI Assessing historical rate changes in global tsunami occurrence SO GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE Probability distributions; Tsunamis; Earthquake interaction; forecasting and prediction; Statistical seismology ID EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; POINT-PROCESSES; STRESS TRANSFER; KURIL ISLANDS; NOVEMBER 2006; SEISMICITY; MODELS; DISTRIBUTIONS; AFTERSHOCKS AB The global catalogue of tsunami events is examined to determine if transient variations in tsunami rates are consistent with a Poisson process commonly assumed for tsunami hazard assessments. The primary data analyzed are tsunamis with maximum sizes > 1 m. The record of these tsunamis appears to be complete since approximately 1890. A secondary data set of tsunamis > 0.1m is also analyzed that appears to be complete since approximately 1960. Various kernel density estimates used to determine the rate distribution with time indicate a prominent rate change in global tsunamis during the mid-1990s. Less prominent rate changes occur in the early-and mid-20th century. To determine whether these rate fluctuations are anomalous, the distribution of annual event numbers for the tsunami catalogue is compared to Poisson and negative binomial distributions, the latter of which includes the effects of temporal clustering. Compared to a Poisson distribution, the negative binomial distribution model provides a consistent fit to tsunami event numbers for the > 1m data set, but the Poisson null hypothesis cannot be falsified for the shorter duration > 0.1m data set. Temporal clustering of tsunami sources is also indicated by the distribution of interevent times for both data sets. Tsunami event clusters consist only of two to four events, in contrast to protracted sequences of earthquakes that make up foreshock-main shock-aftershock sequences. From past studies of seismicity, it is likely that there is a physical triggering mechanism responsible for events within the tsunami source 'mini-clusters'. In conclusion, prominent transient rate increases in the occurrence of global tsunamis appear to be caused by temporal grouping of geographically distinct mini-clusters, in addition to the random preferential location of global M > 7 earthquakes along offshore fault zones. C1 [Geist, Eric L.; Parsons, Tom] US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Geist, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 57 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0956-540X J9 GEOPHYS J INT JI Geophys. J. Int. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 187 IS 1 BP 497 EP 509 DI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05160.x PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 822AH UT WOS:000295015100033 ER PT J AU Briggs, CW Collopy, MW Woodbridge, B AF Briggs, C. W. Collopy, M. W. Woodbridge, B. TI Plumage polymorphism and fitness in Swainson's hawks SO JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apostatic selection; Buteo swainsoni; heterozygous advantage; lifetime reproductive success; recruitment; survival ID MORPH-RATIO CLINE; SKUA STERCORARIUS-PARASITICUS; COLOR POLYMORPHISM; APOSTATIC SELECTION; MATE CHOICE; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; DEPENDENT SELECTION; WEST-INDIES; TYTO-ALBA; BARN OWL AB We examine the maintenance of a plumage polymorphism, variation in plumages among the same age and sex class within a population, in a population of Swainson's Hawks. We take advantage of 32 years of data to examine two prevalent hypotheses used to explain the persistence of morphs: apostatic selection and heterozygous advantage. We investigate differences in fitness among three morph classes of a melanistic trait in Swainson's Hawks: light (7% of the local breeding population), intermediate (57%) and dark (36%). Specifically, we examined morph differences in adult apparent survival, breeding success, annual number of fledglings produced, probability of offspring recruitment into the breeding population and lifetime reproductive success (LRS). If apostatic selection were a factor in maintaining morphs, we would expect that individuals with the least frequent morph would perform best in one or more of these fitness categories. Alternatively, if heterozygous advantage played a role in the maintenance of this polymorphism, we would expect heterozygotes (i.e. intermediate morphs) to have one or more increased rates in these categories. We found no difference in adult apparent survival between morph classes. Similarly, there were no differences in breeding success, nest productivity, LRS or probability of recruitment of offspring between parental morph. We conclude that neither apostatic selection nor heterozygous advantage appear to play a role in maintaining morphs in this population. C1 [Briggs, C. W.] Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Collopy, M. W.] Univ Nevada, Acad Environm, Reno, NV 89512 USA. [Woodbridge, B.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Yreka, CA USA. RP Briggs, CW (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, 1000 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. EM chriswbriggs@yahoo.com FU U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; California Department of Fish and Game FX This study was supported by U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and California Department of Fish and Game. We thank Christy Cheyne, Brian Smucker and Joe Barnes for logistic and field assistance. We thank the numerous land owners without whose cooperation and advice this study could not continue; in particular, we thank Prather Ranch and DonLo Ranch, LP. We thank the countless technicians and volunteers who worked on the project over the course of 32 years. S.R. Poulson, V. Pravosudov, M. Forister, A. Roulin, O. Kruger and one anonymous reviewer provided valuable feedback on earlier drafts of this manuscript. NR 87 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1010-061X J9 J EVOLUTION BIOL JI J. Evol. Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 24 IS 10 BP 2258 EP 2268 DI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02356.x PG 11 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 822NG UT WOS:000295054500016 PM 21767320 ER PT J AU Jiang, Z Francis, O Vitushkin, L Palinkas, V Germak, A Becker, M D'Agostino, G Amalvict, M Bayer, R Bilker-Koivula, M Desogus, S Faller, J Falk, R Hinderer, J Gagnon, C Jakob, T Kalish, E Kostelecky, J Lee, CW Liard, J Lokshyn, Y Luck, B Makinen, J Mizushima, S Le Moigne, N Origlia, C Pujol, ER Richard, P Robertsson, L Ruess, D Schmerge, D Stus, Y Svitlov, S Thies, S Ullrich, C Van Camp, M Vitushkin, A Ji, W Wilmes, H AF Jiang, Z. Francis, O. Vitushkin, L. Palinkas, V. Germak, A. Becker, M. D'Agostino, G. Amalvict, M. Bayer, R. Bilker-Koivula, M. Desogus, S. Faller, J. Falk, R. Hinderer, J. Gagnon, C. Jakob, T. Kalish, E. Kostelecky, J. Lee, Chiungwu Liard, J. Lokshyn, Y. Luck, B. Makinen, J. Mizushima, S. Le Moigne, N. Origlia, C. Pujol, E. R. Richard, P. Robertsson, L. Ruess, D. Schmerge, D. Stus, Y. Svitlov, S. Thies, S. Ullrich, C. Van Camp, M. Vitushkin, A. Ji, W. Wilmes, H. TI Final report on the Seventh International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters (ICAG 2005) SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY AB The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Sevres, France, hosted the 7th International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters (ICAG) and the associated Relative Gravity Campaign (RGC) from August to September 2005. ICAG 2005 was prepared and performed as a metrological pilot study, which aimed: (1) To determine the gravity comparison reference values; (2) To determine the offsets of the absolute gravimeters; and (3) As a pilot study to accumulate experience for the CIPM Key Comparisons. This document presents a complete and extensive review of the technical protocol and data processing procedures. The 1st ICAG-RGC comparison was held at the BIPM in 1980-1981 and since then meetings have been organized every 4 years. In this paper, we present an overview of how the meeting was organized, the conditions of BIPM gravimetric sites, technical specifications, data processing strategy and an analysis of the final results. This 7th ICAG final report supersedes all previously published reports. Readings were obtained from participating instruments, 19 absolute gravimeters and 15 relative gravimeters. Precise levelling measurements were carried out and all measurements were performed on the BIPM micro-gravity network which was specifically designed for the comparison. C1 [Jiang, Z.; Vitushkin, L.; Robertsson, L.] BIPM, Sevres, France. [Francis, O.] Univ Luxembourg, Fac Sci Technol & Commun, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. [Palinkas, V.] GOP, Res Inst Geodesy Topog & Cartog, Ondrejov, Czech Republic. [Germak, A.; D'Agostino, G.; Desogus, S.; Origlia, C.] Natl Inst Metrol Res INRiM, Turin, Italy. [Becker, M.; Kostelecky, J.] Darmstadt Univ Technol IPGD, Inst Phys Geodesy, Darmstadt, Germany. [Amalvict, M.; Hinderer, J.; Luck, B.] EOST, Strasbourg, France. [Bayer, R.; Jakob, T.; Le Moigne, N.] Univ Montpellier, Dynam Lithosphere Lab, CNRS, F-34059 Montpellier, France. [Bilker-Koivula, M.; Makinen, J.] FGI, Masala, Finland. [Faller, J.] Univ Colorado, JILA, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Falk, R.; Wilmes, H.] Fed Agcy Cartog & Geodesy BKG, Frankfurt, Germany. [Gagnon, C.; Liard, J.] Nat Resources Canada NRCan, Ottawa, ON, Canada. [Kalish, E.; Stus, Y.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Automat & Elect, Novosibirsk, Russia. [Lee, Chiungwu] Ind Technol Res Inst CMS ITRI, Ctr Measurement Stand, Chinese Taipei, Taiwan. [Lokshyn, Y.; Svitlov, S.] Inst Metrol, Natl Sci Ctr, Kharkov, Ukraine. [Mizushima, S.] Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol NMIJ AIST, Natl Metrol Inst Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Pujol, E. R.] IGN, Madrid, Spain. [Richard, P.; Thies, S.] Fed Off Metrol METAS, Bern, Switzerland. [Ruess, D.; Ullrich, C.] Fed Off Metrol & Surveying BEV, Vienna, Austria. [Schmerge, D.] US Geol Survey, Longmont, CO USA. [Van Camp, M.] Royal Observ Belgium, Brussels, Belgium. [Vitushkin, A.] AOSense Inc, Sunnyvale, CA USA. [Ji, W.] Natl Inst Metrol, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Jiang, Z (reprint author), BIPM, Sevres, France. EM zjiang@bipm.org; olivier.francis@uni.lu RI Germak, Alessandro/E-9685-2011; Van Camp, Michel/L-7281-2015 OI Germak, Alessandro/0000-0003-4985-9118; Van Camp, Michel/0000-0002-2859-3122 NR 17 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 15 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PD OCT PY 2011 VL 48 IS 5 BP 246 EP 260 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/48/5/003 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 822VS UT WOS:000295078800004 ER PT J AU Gustine, DD Barboza, PS Lawler, JP Arthur, SM Shults, BS Persons, K Adams, LG AF Gustine, David D. Barboza, Perry S. Lawler, James P. Arthur, Stephen M. Shults, Brad S. Persons, Kate Adams, Layne G. TI Characteristics of foraging sites and protein status in wintering muskoxen: insights from isotopes of nitrogen SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID REINDEER RANGIFER-TARANDUS; OVIBOS-MOSCHATUS; BANKS ISLAND; NORTHEAST GREENLAND; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; BODY-COMPOSITION; STABLE-ISOTOPES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PEARY CARIBOU; REPRODUCTION AB Identifying links between nutritional condition of individuals and population trajectories greatly enhances our understanding of the ecology, conservation, and management of wildlife. For northern ungulates, the potential impacts of a changing climate to populations are predicted to be nutritionally mediated through an increase in the severity and variance in winter conditions. Foraging conditions and the availability of body protein as a store for reproduction in late winter may constrain productivity in northern ungulates, yet the link between characteristics of wintering habitats and protein status has not been established for a wild ungulate. We used a non-invasive proxy of protein status derived from isotopes of N in excreta to evaluate the influence of winter habitats on the protein status of muskoxen in three populations in Alaska (2005-2008). Multiple regression and an information-theoretic approach were used to compare models that evaluated the influence of population, year, and characteristics of foraging sites (components of diet and physiography) on protein status for groups of muskoxen. The observed variance in protein status among groups of muskoxen across populations and years was partially explained (45%) by local foraging conditions that affected forage availability. Protein status improved for groups of muskoxen as the amount of graminoids in the diet increased (-0.430 +/- 0.31, beta +/- 95% CI) and elevation of foraging sites decreased (0.824 +/- 0.67). Resources available for reproduction in muskoxen are highly dependent upon demographic, environmental, and physiographic constraints that affect forage availability in winter. Due to their very sedentary nature in winter, muskoxen are highly susceptible to localized foraging conditions; therefore, the spatial variance in resource availability may exert a strong effect on productivity. Consequently, there is a clear need to account for climate-topography effects in winter at multiple scales when predicting the potential impacts of climatic shifts on population trajectories of muskoxen. C1 [Gustine, David D.; Barboza, Perry S.] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Barboza, Perry S.] Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Lawler, James P.; Shults, Brad S.] Natl Pk Serv, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. [Arthur, Stephen M.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Persons, Kate] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Nome, AK 99762 USA. [Adams, Layne G.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Gustine, DD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM dgustine@usgs.gov FU US Geological Survey (USGS) through the Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NA17RJ1224]; Cooperative Inst. for Arctic Research [CIPY-10]; Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF); UAF Graduate School; UAF Dept of Biology and Wildlife FX Support for D. Gustine was provided by the US Geological Survey (USGS) through the Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; the Cooperative Inst. for Arctic Research (Project CIPY-10) with funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under a cooperative agreement (NA17RJ1224) with the Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF); the UAF Graduate School; and the UAF Dept of Biology and Wildlife. Support for the collection and processing of samples was provided by the National Park Service, UAF Center for Global Climate Change, Cooperative Inst. for Arctic Research (Project CIPY-10), and the Alaska Dept of Fish and Game. B. Davitt did the microhistology work and L. Oliver and M. Otter conducted the isotopic analysis. Many people assisted in this work and we particularly would like to thank J. Addison, K. Adkisson, P. Del Vechhio, M. Gillingham, T. Gorn, W. Goodwin, N. Gustine, C. Ihl, K. Joly, K. Moon, N. Olson, R. Parsley, B. Rowe, R. Shively and A. Whiting. This manuscript was greatly improved by comments from K. Hundertmark, K. Joly, M. Lindberg, K. Parker and B. Rehill. NR 79 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0030-1299 EI 1600-0706 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD OCT PY 2011 VL 120 IS 10 BP 1546 EP 1556 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19215.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 823AY UT WOS:000295094800014 ER PT J AU Sato, T Watanabe, K Tokuchi, N Kamauchi, H Harada, Y Lafferty, KD AF Sato, Takuya Watanabe, Katsutoshi Tokuchi, Naoko Kamauchi, Hiromitsu Harada, Yasushi Lafferty, Kevin D. TI A nematomorph parasite explains variation in terrestrial subsidies to trout streams in Japan SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER; FOOD WEBS; INVERTEBRATES; PREDATION; SALMONIDS; FOREST; INPUTS; PREY AB Nematomorph parasites alter the behavior of their orthopteran hosts, driving them to water and creating a source of food for stream salmonids. We investigated whether nematomorphs could explain variation in terrestrial subsidies across several streams. In nine study streams, orthopterans comprise much of the stomach contents of trout (46 +/- 31% on average). Total mass of ingested prey per trout biomass positively correlated with the mass of orthopterans ingested, suggesting that the orthopterans enhanced absolute mass of prey consumption by the trout population. The orthopterans ingested per trout biomass positively correlated with the abundance of nematomorphs in the stream, but not with the abundance of camel crickets (the dominant hosts) around the streams. Streams in conifer plantations had fewer nematomorphs than streams in natural deciduous forests. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that a manipulative parasite can explain variation in the allochthonous energy flow through and across ecosystems. C1 [Sato, Takuya] Nara Womens Univ, KYOUSEI Sci Ctr Life & Nat, Nara 6308506, Japan. [Watanabe, Katsutoshi] Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Dept Zool,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. [Harada, Yasushi] Mie Univ, Fac Bioresources, Lab Fish Populat Dynam, Tsu, Mie 5140102, Japan. [Lafferty, Kevin D.] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Sato, T (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Field Sci Educ & Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. EM takuya@species.jp RI Watanabe, Katsutoshi/H-3414-2011; Lafferty, Kevin/B-3888-2009 OI Lafferty, Kevin/0000-0001-7583-4593 FU Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture [21770023] FX We thank Robert Fisher and Amy Vandergast for comments on our draft paper; Minoru Kanaiwa, Shuhei Matsuyama and Yuichi Takeuchi for comments on statistical analysis; N. Oji, H. Yamada, Y. Yamamoto and the staffs of Wakayama Forest Research Station, FSERC, Kyoto Univ. and Hirakura Rorest Station, FSC, Mie Univ. for their assistance in the field survey. This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for 21770023. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD OCT PY 2011 VL 120 IS 10 BP 1595 EP 1599 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19121.x PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 823AY UT WOS:000295094800019 ER PT J AU Stelzer, RS Bartsch, LA Richardson, WB Strauss, EA AF Stelzer, Robert S. Bartsch, Lynn A. Richardson, William B. Strauss, Eric A. TI The dark side of the hyporheic zone: depth profiles of nitrogen and its processing in stream sediments SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; denitrification; ground water; nitrate; peepers ID SURFACE WATER INTERFACE; ORGANIC-CARBON; NITRATE CONCENTRATION; HEADWATER STREAMS; 3RD-ORDER STREAM; FOREST STREAM; DENITRIFICATION; GROUNDWATER; RIVER; RETENTION AB 1. Although it is well known that sediments can be hot spots for nitrogen transformation in streams, many previous studies have confined measurements of denitrification and nitrate retention to shallow sediments (<5 cm deep). We determined the extent of nitrate processing in deeper sediments of a sand plains stream (Emmons Creek) by measuring denitrification in core sections to a depth of 25 cm and by assessing vertical nitrate profiles, with peepers and piezometers, to a depth of 70 cm. 2. Denitrification rates of sediment slurries based on acetylene block were higher in shallower core sections. However, core sections deeper than 5 cm accounted for 68% of the mean depth-integrated denitrification rate. 3. Vertical hydraulic gradient and vertical profiles of pore water chloride concentration suggested that deep ground water upwelled through shallow sediments before discharging to the stream channel. The results of a two-source mixing model based on chloride concentrations suggested that the hyporheic zone was very shallow (<5 cm) in Emmons Creek. 4. Vertical profiles showed that nitrate concentration in shallow ground water was about 10-60% of the nitrate concentration of deep ground water. The mean nitrate concentrations of deep and shallow ground water were 2.17 and 0.73 mg NO(3)-N L(-1), respectively. 5. Deep ground water tended to be oxic (6.9 mg O(2) L(-1)) but approached anoxia (0.8 mg O(2) L(-1)) after passing through shallow, organic carbon-rich sediments, which suggests that the decline in the nitrate concentrations of upwelling ground water was because of denitrification. 6. Collectively, our results suggest that there is substantial nitrate removal occurring in deep sediments, below the hyporheic zone, in Emmons Creek. Our findings suggest that not accounting for nitrate removal in deep sediments could lead to underestimates of nitrogen processing in streams and catchments. C1 [Stelzer, Robert S.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. [Bartsch, Lynn A.; Richardson, William B.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI USA. [Strauss, Eric A.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Stelzer, RS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, 800 Algoma Blvd, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. EM stelzer@uwosh.edu RI Strauss, Eric/G-3368-2013 OI Strauss, Eric/0000-0002-3134-2535 FU Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council through the University of Wisconsin Water Resources Institute; University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Faculty FX We thank Ashley Winker, Jennifer Krueger and Jordon Guerts for help with field and laboratory measurements. Eric Hiatt provided technical advice about the grain size analysis. Amy Burgin provided insight into denitrification in stream sediments. We thank Jeff Houser and Shawn Giblin for comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by a grant from the Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council through the University of Wisconsin Water Resources Institute. Additional funding was provided by the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Faculty Development Program. NR 53 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 43 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 56 IS 10 BP 2021 EP 2033 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02632.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 821ZU UT WOS:000295013800007 ER PT J AU Nislow, KH Hudy, M Letcher, BH Smith, EP AF Nislow, Keith H. Hudy, Mark Letcher, Benjamin H. Smith, Eric P. TI Variation in local abundance and species richness of stream fishes in relation to dispersal barriers: implications for management and conservation SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE barrier removal; culverts; dispersal limitation; fish communities; roads ID BROOK TROUT POPULATION; LOW-HEAD DAMS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; SAMPLING EFFORT; UNITED-STATES; CONNECTIVITY; DISTRIBUTIONS; ASSEMBLAGES; WISCONSIN AB 1. Barriers to immigration, all else being equal, should in principle depress local abundance and reduce local species richness. These issues are particularly relevant to stream-dwelling species when improperly designed road crossings act as barriers to migration with potential impacts on the viability of upstream populations. However, because abundance and richness are highly spatially and temporally heterogeneous and the relative importance of immigration on demography is uncertain, population-and community-level effects can be difficult to detect. 2. In this study, we tested the effects of potential barriers to upstream movements on the local abundance and species richness of a diverse assemblage of resident stream fishes in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, U. S. A. Fishes were sampled using simple standard techniques above-and below road crossings that were either likely or unlikely to be barriers to upstream fish movements (based on physical dimensions of the crossing). We predicted that abundance of resident fishes would be lower in the upstream sections of streams with predicted impassable barriers, that the strength of the effect would vary among species and that variable effects on abundance would translate into lower species richness. 3. Supporting these predictions, the statistical model that best accounted for variation in abundance and species richness included a significant interaction between location (upstream or downstream of crossing) and type (passable or impassable crossing). Stream sections located above predicated impassable culverts had fewer than half the number of species and less than half the total fish abundance, while stream sections above and below passable culverts had essentially equivalent richness and abundance. 4. Our results are consistent with the importance of immigration and population connectivity to local abundance and species richness of stream fishes. In turn, these results suggest that when measured at appropriate scales (multiple streams within catchments), with simple protocols amenable to use by management agencies, differences in local abundance and species richness may serve as indicators of the extent to which road crossings are barriers to fish movement and help determine whether road-crossing improvements have restored connectivity to stream fish populations and communities. C1 [Nislow, Keith H.] US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Hudy, Mark] James Madison Univ, USDA, US Forest Serv, Fish & Aquat Ecol Unit, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. [Letcher, Benjamin H.] USGS BRD Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA USA. [Smith, Eric P.] Virginia Tech, Dept Stat, Blacksburg, VA USA. RP Nislow, KH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, 160 Holdsworth Way UMASS, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM knislow@fs.fed.us RI Hudy, Mark/D-4106-2013 FU USDA Forest Service's National Aquatic Ecology Unit; Northern Research Station; San Dimas Laboratory FX The USDA Forest Service's National Aquatic Ecology Unit, Northern Research Station and San Dimas Laboratory provided funding for this project. We thank Keith Whalen and Dan Gibson-Reimer as well as the Department of Biology at James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, U.S.A, and the Greenbrier Ranger Station in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, U.S.A., for their assistance. NR 37 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 6 U2 87 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 56 IS 10 BP 2135 EP 2144 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02634.x PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 821ZU UT WOS:000295013800016 ER PT J AU Spiegel, JR Quist, MC Morris, JE AF Spiegel, J. R. Quist, M. C. Morris, J. E. TI Trophic ecology and gill raker morphology of seven catostomid species in Iowa rivers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISHES; HABITAT; ASSEMBLAGES; COMPETITION; HISTORY AB Understanding the trophic ecology of closely-related species is important for providing insight on inter-specific competition and resource partitioning. Although catostomids often dominate fish assemblages in lotic systems, little research has been conducted on their ecology. This study was developed to provide information on the trophic ecology of catostomids in several Iowa rivers. Food habits, diet overlap, and gill raker morphology were examined for highfin carpsucker Carpiodes velifer, quillback C. cyprinus, river carpsucker C. carpio, golden redhorse Moxostoma erythrurum, shorthead redhorse M. macrolepidotum, silver redhorse M. anisurum, and northern hogsucker Hypentelium nigricans sampled from four Iowa rivers (2009). Diet overlap among all species was calculated with Morista's index (C). Food habit niche width was quantified with Levin's index (B) and similarity in gill raker morphology was compared with analysis of covariance. Values from Morista's index suggested significant overlap in the diets of highfin carpsucker and river carpsucker (C = 0.81), quillback and river carpsucker (C = 0.66), and shorthead redhorse and silver redhorse (C = 0.67). Levin's index indicated that golden redhorse (B = 0.32), quillback (B = 0.53), and river carpsucker (B = 0.41) had the most generalized feeding strategies as their food niche widths were substantially wider than the other species. Gill raker length and spacing were positively correlated with the standard length of the fish for all species (gill raker length: r(2) = 0.67-0.88, P <= 0.01; gill raker spacing: r(2) = 0.63-0.73, P <= 0.01). Slopes of regression of gill raker length and spacing to standard lengths were significantly (P <= 0.05) different among species, indicating that rates of change in gill raker morphology with body length varied among species. Differences in gill raker morphology likely allow catostomids to partition resources and reduce competitive interactions. C1 [Quist, M. C.] Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. [Spiegel, J. R.; Morris, J. E.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & Management, Ames, IA USA. RP Quist, MC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Box 441141, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM mcquist@uidaho.edu FU Iowa State University-Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management; Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) [07-04HA-18]; Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; University of Idaho; U.S. Geological Survey; Idaho Department of Fish and Game; Wildlife Management Institute FX We thank L. Brown, N. Hogberg and M. Mork for their assistance in the field and laboratory. This project was supported, in part, by Iowa State University-Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) through Grant No. 07-04HA-18, and the Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. The Unit is jointly sponsored by the University of Idaho, U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and Wildlife Management Institute. The use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government or IDNR. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1159 EP 1164 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01779.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 821ZP UT WOS:000295013300005 ER PT J AU Glenn, RA Taylor, PW Hanson, KC AF Glenn, R. A. Taylor, P. W. Hanson, K. C. TI The use of a real-time PCR primer/probe set to observe infectivity of Yersinia ruckeri in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Chinook salmon; enteric redmouth disease; infection load; quantitative PCR; real-time PCR; steelhead trout ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; ENTERIC REDMOUTH DISEASE; RAINBOW-TROUT; FLAVOBACTERIUM-PSYCHROPHILUM; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; FISH PATHOGENS; IDENTIFICATION; VIRULENCE; DIFFERENTIATION; OPTIMIZATION AB Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric red-mouth disease (ERM), a common pathogen affecting aquaculture facilities and implicated in large losses of cultured fish. Fisheries scientists continue to gain a greater understanding of the disease and the pathogen by investigating methods of identification and pre- and post-infection treatment. In this study, a real-time PCR probe set for Y. ruckeri was developed to detect daily changes in the bacterial load during pathogen challenges. Two species of fish, Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were exposed to two strains of Y. ruckeri (Hag and SC) during bath challenges. A subset of fish was killed daily for 14 days, and the kidney tissue was biopsied to enumerate copies of pathogen DNA per gram of tissue. While Chinook exposed to either the Hag or SC strains exhibited similar pathogen loads, those exposed to the Hag strain displayed higher mortality (similar to 66%) than fish exposed to the SC strain (similar to 24% mortality). Steelhead exposed to the Hag strain exhibited a greater pathogen load and higher mortality (similar to 42%) than those exposed to the SC strain (< 1% mortality). Steelhead challenged with either strain showed lower pathogen loads than Chinook. The study illustrates the efficacy of the probe set to enumerate Y. ruckeri bacterial growth in the kidneys of fish. Also, strains of Y. ruckeri display species-specific growth patterns that result in differential mortality and pathogen load. C1 [Glenn, R. A.; Taylor, P. W.; Hanson, K. C.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, Longview, WA 98632 USA. RP Glenn, RA (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Abernathy Fish Technol Ctr, 1440 Abernathy Creek Rd, Longview, WA 98632 USA. EM Richard_Glenn@fws.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FX The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Data collection and reporting for 2009 were made possible through internal funding by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank the culture staff at both AFTC and Spring Creek NFH for providing fish for the study. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 34 IS 10 BP 783 EP 791 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01294.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 822NM UT WOS:000295055200007 PM 21916903 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, L. David TI Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Movements and Behavior Around a Kill Site and Implications for GPS Collar Studies SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Behavior; Gray Wolf; Canis lupus; Muskox; Ovibos moschatus; global positioning system collar; GPS radio-collar; predation; Ellesmere Island; Nunavut ID WOLVES; SYSTEM; PREDATION; MUSKOX; MOOSE; RATES; DEER AB Mech, L. David. 2011. Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) movements and behavior around a kill site and implications for GPS collar studies. Canadian Field-Naturalist 125(4): 353-356. Global Positioning System (GPS) radio-collars are increasingly used to estimate Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) kill rates. In interpreting results from this technology, researchers make various assumptions about wolf behavior around kills, yet no detailed description of this behavior has been published. This article describes the behavior of six wolves in an area of constant daylight during 30 hours, from when the pack killed a Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) calf and yearling on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, to when they abandoned the kill remains. Although this is only a single incident, it demonstrates one possible scenario of pack behavior around a kill. Combined with the literature, this observation supports placing a radio-collar on the breeding male to maximize finding kills via GPS collars and qualifying results depending on whatever other information is available about the collared wolf's pack. C1 [Mech, L. David] US Geol Survey, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Raptor Ctr, 1920 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM david_mech@usgs.gov FU National Geographic Society; U.S. Geological Survey FX This study was funded by the National Geographic Society. I also thank Mary Maule for field assistance and Environment Canada and the Polar Continental Shelf Project for logistical support, the U.S. Geological Survey for supporting the preparation of this article, and Petter Wabakken and David Stoner for helpful suggestions for improving the article. This is Polar Continental Shelf Project paper 03010. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 5 U2 52 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 2011 VL 125 IS 4 BP 353 EP 356 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 999SV UT WOS:000308336200006 ER PT J AU Magness, DR Morton, JM Huettmann, F Chapin, FS McGuire, AD AF Magness, Dawn R. Morton, John M. Huettmann, Falk Chapin, F. Stuart, III McGuire, A. David TI A climate-change adaptation framework to reduce continental-scale vulnerability across conservation reserves SO ECOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE climate change; conservation reserve; National Wildlife Refuge System; prospective adaptation; resilience; retrospective adaptation; species extinction; US Fish and Wildlife Service; vulnerability AB Rapid climate change, in conjunction with other anthropogenic drivers, has the potential to cause mass species extinction. To minimize this risk, conservation reserves need to be coordinated at multiple spatial scales because the climate envelopes of many species may shift rapidly across large geographic areas. In addition, novel species assemblages and ecological reorganization make future conditions uncertain. We used a GIS analysis to assess the vulnerability of 501 reserve units in the National Wildlife Refuge System as a basis for a nationally coordinated response to climate change adaptation. We used measures of climate change exposure (historic rate of temperature change), sensitivity (biome edge and critical habitat for threatened and endangered species), and adaptive capacity (elevation range, latitude range, watershed road density, and watershed protection) to evaluate refuge vulnerability. The vulnerability of individual refuges varied spatially within and among biomes. We suggest that the spatial variability in vulnerability be used to define suites of management approaches that capitalize on local conditions to facilitate adaptation and spread risk across the reserve network. We conceptually define four divergent management strategies to facilitate adaption: refugia, ecosystem maintenance, "natural" adaptation, and facilitated transitions. Furthermore, we recognize that adaptation approaches can use historic (i.e., retrospective) and future (prospective) condition as temporal reference points to define management goals. C1 [Magness, Dawn R.; Morton, John M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenai Natl Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. [Magness, Dawn R.; Huettmann, Falk; Chapin, F. Stuart, III; McGuire, A. David] Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Magness, DR (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Kenai Natl Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. EM Dawn_Magness@fws.gov RI McLean, Laurence /C-7367-2014 FU Resilience and Adaptation Program (IGERT, NSF); EPSCOR Alaska; Center for Global Change; EWHALE; USFWS through their Student Career Employment Program FX D.R.M. received support from the Resilience and Adaptation Program (IGERT, NSF), EPSCOR Alaska, the Center for Global Change, EWHALE, and the USFWS through their Student Career Employment Program. We also thank Drs. J. Michael Scott and Dennis B. Griffith for helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript. This is EWHALE Publication 91. NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 2150-8925 J9 ECOSPHERE JI Ecosphere PD OCT PY 2011 VL 2 IS 10 AR UNSP 112 DI 10.1890/ES11-00200.1 PG 23 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V30JA UT WOS:000208811100006 ER PT J AU Schwenk, WS Donovan, TM AF Schwenk, W. Scott Donovan, Therese M. TI A Multispecies Framework for Landscape Conservation Planning SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; forests; habitat loss; landbirds; landscape conservation; multispecies assessment; occupancy modeling; Vermont ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SPECIES APPROACH; MULTIPLE SCALES; RESEARCH NEEDS; FOREST; BIODIVERSITY; OCCUPANCY; ABUNDANCE; SONGBIRDS; SURROGATE AB Rapidly changing landscapes have spurred the need for quantitative methods for conservation assessment and planning that encompass large spatial extents. We devised and tested a multispecies framework for conservation planning to complement single-species assessments and ecosystem-level approaches. Our framework consisted of 4 elements: sampling to effectively estimate population parameters, measuring how human activity affects landscapes at multiple scales, analyzing the relation between landscape characteristics and individual species occurrences, and evaluating and comparing the responses of multiple species to landscape modification. We applied the approach to a community of terrestrial birds across 25,000 km(2) with a range of intensities of human development. Human modification of land cover, road density, and other elements of the landscape, measured at multiple spatial extents, had large effects on occupancy of the 67 species studied. Forest composition within 1 km of points had a strong effect on occupancy of many species and a range of negative, intermediate, and positive associations. Road density within 1 km of points, percent evergreen forest within 300 m, and distance from patch edge were also strongly associated with occupancy for many species. We used the occupancy results to group species into 11 guilds that shared patterns of association with landscape characteristics. Our multispecies approach to conservation planning allowed us to quantify the trade-offs of different scenarios of land-cover change in terms of species occupancy. C1 [Schwenk, W. Scott; Donovan, Therese M.] Univ Vermont, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Schwenk, WS (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Vermont Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM scott.schwenk@uvm.edu FU U.S. Department of Agriculture Northeastern States Research Cooperative; McIntire-Stennis Cooperative Forestry Program; U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Geological Survey, Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; U.S. Geological Survey; University of Vermont; Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife; Wildlife Management Institute FX We thank T. Collingwood, R. DeMots, C. Eiseman, and S. Wilson for conducting bird surveys. We also appreciate assistance from C. Bettigole, E. Buford, N. Charney, G. Clark, A. Gregor, S Harris, K. Manaras, K. McFarland, R. Long, B. Mitchell, J. O'Neil-Dunne, J. Panek, R. Renfrew, A. Strong, and T. Yuta and the access to properties granted by many landowners. E. Fleishman, and 2 anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Northeastern States Research Cooperative, the McIntire-Stennis Cooperative Forestry Program, the U.S. Forest Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Use of trade names in this article does not imply endorsement by the federal government. The Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Vermont, the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the Wildlife Management Institute. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 53 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1010 EP 1021 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01723.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 820LT UT WOS:000294908000019 PM 21871028 ER PT J AU Burr, GS Barrows, FT Gaylord, G Wolters, WR AF Burr, G. S. Barrows, F. T. Gaylord, G. Wolters, W. R. TI Apparent digestibility of macro-nutrients and phosphorus in plant-derived ingredients for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus SO AQUACULTURE NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE algae; amino acid; Atlantic salmon; Arctic charr; digestibility; nutrients ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; SOYBEAN-MEAL; FED DIETS; NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITIES; PROTEIN-CONCENTRATE; WATER; L.; FEEDSTUFFS; ABSORPTION AB Alternative protein sources for aquafeeds need to be indentified in order to increase the efficiency of production. Many studies have examined terrestrial plant meals/protein concentrates as alternatives. Recently the focus has turned to aquatic protists and plants as well as by-products from other industries, such as breweries. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, were fed diets containing canola meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, soy protein concentrate, barley protein concentrate, and solar dried algae included at 30% of the test diet. Barley protein concentrate had the highest apparent protein digestibility values for both species (96.3% for Atlantic salmon and 85.1% for Arctic charr), followed by corn gluten meal. Algae had the highest organic matter digestibility value for arctic charr (80.1%) while corn gluten meal had the highest organic matter digestibility value for Atlantic salmon (88.4%). Algae had a high energy apparent digestibility coefficient (82.4 salmon, 82.7 charr) along with corn gluten meal (78.5 salmon, 82.7 charr) for both species. In general, Atlantic salmon had higher apparent digestibility coefficients compared to Arctic charr for most of the tested ingredients. Both corn gluten and barley protein concentrate appear good candidates as alternative protein sources with both species. C1 [Burr, G. S.; Wolters, W. R.] ARS, USDA, Natl Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Ctr, Franklin, ME 04634 USA. [Barrows, F. T.] ARS, USDA, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID USA. [Gaylord, G.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Bozeman Fish Technol Ctr, Bozeman, MT USA. RP Burr, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Ctr, 25 Salmon Farm Rd, Franklin, ME 04634 USA. EM gary.burr@ars.usda.gov NR 27 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1353-5773 J9 AQUACULT NUTR JI Aquac. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 17 IS 5 BP 570 EP 577 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00855.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 815YT UT WOS:000294566600012 ER PT J AU Diaz-Ferguson, E Williams, AS Moyer, GR AF Diaz-Ferguson, E. Williams, A. S. Moyer, G. R. TI Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the federally endangered fat threeridge mussel (Amblema neislerii) SO CONSERVATION GENETICS RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE Endangered species; Freshwater mussel; Unionidae ID FRESH-WATER MUSSELS; CONSERVATION; BIVALVIA; UNIONOIDA; GENERA AB We isolated and characterize 16 microsatellite loci from Amblema neislerii, a federally endangered freshwater mussel. Fifteen of 16 loci were polymorphic with an average of 11.62 alleles per locus and an average observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.63 and 0.75, respectively. Fourteen of 16 loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations and all pairs of loci showed no significant genotypic disequilibrium. These microsatellite loci will serve as important tools in ongoing conservation efforts of A. neislerii. C1 [Diaz-Ferguson, E.] Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Williams, A. S.; Moyer, G. R.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Conservat Genet Lab, Warm Springs Fish Technol Ctr, Warm Springs, GA 31830 USA. RP Diaz-Ferguson, E (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Biol, 223 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM edgard03@ufl.edu NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1877-7252 J9 CONSERV GENET RESOUR JI Conserv. Genet. Resour. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 3 IS 4 BP 757 EP 759 DI 10.1007/s12686-011-9451-2 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA 817NX UT WOS:000294682100038 ER PT J AU Budy, P Baker, M Dahle, SK AF Budy, Phaedra Baker, Matthew Dahle, Samuel K. TI Predicting Fish Growth Potential and Identifying Water Quality Constraints: A Spatially-Explicit Bioenergetics Approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Fish performance; Water quality; Structured hypotheses; Water temperature; Eutrophication; Clean water act; Thermal remote imaging (TIR); Bioenergetics ID FLAMING-GORGE RESERVOIR; LAKE-MICHIGAN; PATH-ANALYSIS; TEMPORAL VARIATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; HABITAT QUALITY; CHESAPEAKE BAY; STRIPED BASS; MODEL; TEMPERATURE AB Anthropogenic impairment of water bodies represents a global environmental concern, yet few attempts have successfully linked fish performance to thermal habitat suitability and fewer have distinguished co-varying water quality constraints. We interfaced fish bioenergetics, field measurements, and Thermal Remote Imaging to generate a spatially-explicit, high-resolution surface of fish growth potential, and next employed a structured hypothesis to detect relationships among measures of fish performance and co-varying water quality constraints. Our thermal surface of fish performance captured the amount and spatial-temporal arrangement of thermally-suitable habitat for three focal species in an extremely heterogeneous reservoir, but interpretation of this pattern was initially confounded by seasonal covariation of water residence time and water quality. Subsequent path analysis revealed that in terms of seasonal patterns in growth potential, catfish and walleye responded to temperature, positively and negatively, respectively; crappie and walleye responded to eutrophy (negatively). At the high eutrophy levels observed in this system, some desired fishes appear to suffer from excessive cultural eutrophication within the context of elevated temperatures whereas others appear to be largely unaffected or even enhanced. Our overall findings do not lead to the conclusion that this system is degraded by pollution; however, they do highlight the need to use a sensitive focal species in the process of determining allowable nutrient loading and as integrators of habitat suitability across multiple spatial and temporal scales. We provide an integrated approach useful for quantifying fish growth potential and identifying water quality constraints on fish performance at spatial scales appropriate for whole-system management. C1 [Budy, Phaedra] Utah State Univ, Dept Watershed Sci, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Baker, Matthew] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Geog & Environm Syst, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Dahle, Samuel K.] Trout Unltd, Logan, UT USA. RP Budy, P (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Watershed Sci, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM phaedra.budy@usu.edu RI Budy, Phaedra/B-2415-2012; Baker, Matthew/I-2839-2014 OI Baker, Matthew/0000-0001-5069-0204 FU Utah Division of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Nature Conservancy; Ecology Center at Utah State University; U.S. Geological Survey, Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit FX Financial support was provided by the Utah Division of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality, The Nature Conservancy, The Ecology Center at Utah State University, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (in-kind). Special thanks to Gary Thiede for technical support, logistical oversight, and special assistance in manuscript preparation and to Christy Meredith for generating the map. Thanks also to our field crews, lab technicians, and graduate students in the Fish Ecology Lab at Utah State University. Edward W. Evans reviewed previous drafts of this manuscript. Mention of brand names in this manuscript does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 94 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 32 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 48 IS 4 BP 691 EP 709 DI 10.1007/s00267-011-9717-1 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817OJ UT WOS:000294683400003 PM 21769519 ER PT J AU Parsons, T Thatcher, W AF Parsons, Tom Thatcher, Wayne TI Diffuse Pacific-North American plate boundary: 1000 km of dextral shear inferred from modeling geodetic data SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; RANGE PROVINCE; POSTSEISMIC RELAXATION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; CENTRAL NEVADA; BASIN; DEFORMATION; EXTENSION; LITHOSPHERE; MOTION AB Geodetic measurements tell us that the eastern part of the Basin and Range Province expands in an east-west direction relative to stable North America, whereas the western part of the province moves to the northwest. We develop three-dimensional finite element representations of the western United States lithosphere in an effort to understand the global positioning system (GPS) signal. The models are constrained by known bounding-block velocities and topography, and Basin and Range Province deformation is represented by simple plastic (thermal creep) rheology. We show that active Basin and Range spreading by gravity collapse is expected to have a strong southward component that does not match the GPS signal. We can reconcile the gravitational component of displacement with observed velocity vectors if the Pacific plate applies northwest-directed shear stress to the Basin and Range via the Sierra Nevada block. This effect reaches at least 1000 km east of the San Andreas fault in our models. C1 [Parsons, Tom; Thatcher, Wayne] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Parsons, T (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RI Parsons, Tom/A-3424-2008; OI Parsons, Tom/0000-0002-0582-4338 NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD OCT PY 2011 VL 39 IS 10 BP 943 EP 946 DI 10.1130/G32176.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 819IN UT WOS:000294818700012 ER PT J AU Wiederholt, R Post, E AF Wiederholt, Ruscena Post, Eric TI Birth seasonality and offspring production in threatened neotropical primates related to climate SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ateline primates; El Nino southern oscillation; extrinsic modification hypothesis; global climate change; sex ratio ID SEX-RATIO VARIATION; LOCAL RESOURCE COMPETITION; MURIQUIS BRACHYTELES-ARACHNOIDES; EL-NINO; EXTRINSIC MODIFICATION; PRESBYTIS-ENTELLUS; ADJUSTMENT; DAUGHTERS; MAMMALS; EVENTS AB Given the threatened status of many primate species, the impacts of global warming on primate reproduction and, consequently, population growth should be of concern. We examined relations between climatic variability and birth seasonality, offspring production, and infant sex ratios in two ateline primates, northern muriquis, and woolly monkeys. In both species, the annual birth season was delayed by dry conditions and El Nino years, and delayed birth seasons were linked to lower birth rates. Additionally, increased mean annual temperatures were associated with lower birth rates for northern muriquis. Offspring sex ratios varied with climatic conditions in both species, but in different ways: directly in woolly monkeys and indirectly in northern muriquis. Woolly monkeys displayed an increase in the proportion of males among offspring in association with El Nino events, whereas in northern muriquis, increases in the proportion of males among offspring were associated with delayed onset of the birth season, which itself was related, although weakly, to warm, dry conditions. These results illustrate that global warming, increased drought frequency, and changes in the frequency of El Nino events could limit primate reproductive output, threatening the persistence and recovery of ateline primate populations. C1 [Wiederholt, Ruscena] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Post, Eric] Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Wiederholt, R (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. EM rpw143@psu.edu FU Penn State University FX We thank Dr S. Joseph Wright and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and edits on the article. Funding for R. W. was provided by a Penn State University graduate computing fellowship. NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 5 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 17 IS 10 BP 3035 EP 3045 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02427.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 816AS UT WOS:000294571700003 ER PT J AU Chappell, MA Savard, JF Siani, J Coleman, SW Keagy, J Borgia, G AF Chappell, Mark A. Savard, Jean-Francois Siani, Jennifer Coleman, Seth W. Keagy, Jason Borgia, Gerald TI Aerobic capacity in wild satin bowerbirds: repeatability and effects of age, sex and condition SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerobic capacity; repeatability; oxygen consumption; body condition; satin bowerbird ID BASAL METABOLIC-RATE; MAXIMAL OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; BELDINGS GROUND-SQUIRRELS; LONG-TERM REPEATABILITY; BRIGHT MALE HYPOTHESIS; PTILONORHYNCHUS-VIOLACEUS; RED JUNGLEFOWL; MALE DISPLAY; MATE CHOICE; DEER MICE AB Individual variation in aerobic capacity has been extensively studied, especially with respect to condition, maturity or pathogen infection, and to gain insights into mechanistic foundations of performance. However, its relationship to mate competition is less well understood, particularly for animals in natural habitats. We examined aerobic capacity [maximum rate of O(2) consumption ((V) over dot(O2,max)) in forced exercise] in wild satin bowerbirds, an Australian passerine with a non-resource based mating system and strong intermale sexual competition. We tested for repeatability of mass and (V) over dot(O2,max), differences among age and sex classes, and effects of several condition indices. In adult males, we examined interactions between aerobic performance and bower ownership (required for male mating success). There was significant repeatability of mass and (V) over dot(O2,max) within and between years, but between-year repeatability was lower than within-year repeatability. (V) over dot(O2,max) varied with an overall scaling to mass(0.791), but most variance in (V) over dot(O2,max) was not explained by mass. Indicators of condition (tarsus and wing length asymmetry, the ratio of tarsus length to mass) were not correlated to (V) over dot(O2,max). Ectoparasite counts were weakly correlated to (V) over dot(O2,max) across all age-sex classes but not within any class. Adult males, the cohort with the most intense levels of mating competition, had higher (V) over dot(O2,max) than juvenile birds or adult females. However, there was no difference between the (V) over dot(O2,max) of bower-owning males and that of males not known to hold bowers. Thus one major factor determining male reproductive success was not correlated to aerobic performance. C1 [Chappell, Mark A.] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Savard, Jean-Francois; Siani, Jennifer; Coleman, Seth W.; Keagy, Jason; Borgia, Gerald] Univ Maryland, Dept Biol & Behav, Ecol Evolut & Systemat Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Coleman, Seth W.] Gonzaga Univ, Dept Biol, Spokane, WA 99258 USA. [Keagy, Jason] Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Siani, Jennifer] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, State Coll, PA 16801 USA. RP Chappell, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM chappell@ucr.edu RI Keagy, Jason/C-4117-2014 OI Keagy, Jason/0000-0003-1235-4837 FU UC Riverside Academic Senate; NSF [IOS 0111604, IOS 9808863] FX We thank the many field assistants who helped with this project. Professor Shizhong Xu at UC Riverside generously assisted with analyses of zero-inflated data. New South Wales National Parks and the Kennedy, Bell and Mulcahy families allowed access to their property and together with Bill Buttemer provided other forms of support. Metal identification bands were provided by the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme. Funding for M.A.C. was provided by the UC Riverside Academic Senate and NSF IOS 0111604 and for G.B. by NSF IOS 9808863. NR 58 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 31 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 214 IS 19 BP 3186 EP 3196 DI 10.1242/jeb.055046 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 817HT UT WOS:000294663300012 PM 21900466 ER PT J AU Cannon, SH Boldt, EM Laber, JL Kean, JW Staley, DM AF Cannon, Susan H. Boldt, Eric M. Laber, Jayme L. Kean, Jason W. Staley, Dennis M. TI Rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for postfire debris-flow emergency-response planning SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE Debris flows; Floods; Rainfall thresholds; Wildfires ID SHALLOW LANDSLIDES; BURNED AREAS AB Following wildfires, emergency-response and public-safety agencies can be faced with evacuation and resource-deployment decisions well in advance of coming winter storms and during storms themselves. Information critical to these decisions is provided for recently burned areas in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. A compilation of information on the hydrologic response to winter storms from recently burned areas in southern California steeplands is used to develop a system for classifying magnitudes of hydrologic response. The four-class system describes combinations of reported volumes of individual debris flows, consequences of debris flows and floods in an urban setting, and spatial extents of the hydrologic response. The range of rainfall conditions associated with different magnitude classes is defined by integrating local rainfall data with the response magnitude information. Magnitude I events can be expected when within-storm rainfall accumulations (A) of given durations (D) fall above the threshold A = 0.4D (0.5) and below A = 0.5D (0.6) for durations greater than 1 h. Magnitude II events will be generated in response to rainfall accumulations and durations between A = 0.4D (0.5) and A = 0.9D (0.5) for durations less than 1 h, and between A = 0.5D (0.6) and A = 0.9D (0.5) or durations greater than 1 h. Magnitude III events can be expected in response to rainfall conditions above the threshold A = 0.9D (0.5). Rainfall threshold-magnitude relations are linked with potential emergency-response actions as an emergency-response decision chart, which leads a user through steps to determine potential event magnitudes and identify possible evacuation and resource-deployment levels. Use of this information in planning and response decision-making process could result in increased safety for both the public and emergency responders. C1 [Cannon, Susan H.; Kean, Jason W.; Staley, Dennis M.] US Geol Survey, Landslide Hazards Program, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Boldt, Eric M.; Laber, Jayme L.] Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Oxnard, CA 93030 USA. RP Cannon, SH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Landslide Hazards Program, DFC, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM cannon@usgs.gov OI Kean, Jason/0000-0003-3089-0369 NR 28 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PD OCT PY 2011 VL 59 IS 1 BP 209 EP 236 DI 10.1007/s11069-011-9747-2 PG 28 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 815QJ UT WOS:000294540500011 ER PT J AU Piper, DZ Calvert, SE AF Piper, D. Z. Calvert, S. E. TI Holocene and late glacial palaeoceanography and palaeolimnology of the Black Sea: Changing sediment provenance and basin hydrography over the past 20,000 years SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CARBON ACCUMULATION; TRACE-METALS; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; LATE-PLEISTOCENE; PYRITE FORMATION; FRAMVAREN FJORD; BOSPORUS STRAIT; STABLE-ISOTOPE; PARTICLE-FLUX AB The elemental geochemistry of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of the Black Sea, recovered in box cores from the basin margins and a 5-m gravity core from the central abyssal region of the basin, identifies two terrigenous sediment sources over the last 20 kyrs. One source region includes Anatolia and the southern Caucasus; the second region is the area drained by rivers entering the Black Sea from Eastern Europe. Alkali metal: Al and heavy: light rare-earth element ratios reveal that the relative contribution of the two sources shifted abruptly every few thousand years during the late glacial and early Holocene lacustrine phase of the basin. The shifts in source were coeval with changes in the lake level as determined from the distribution of quartz and the heavy mineral-hosted trace elements Ti and Zr. The geochemistry of the abyssal sediments further recorded a sequence of changes to the geochemistry of the water column following the lacustrine phase, when high salinity Mediterranean water entered the basin beginning 9.3 kyrs BP. Bottom water that had been oxic throughout the lake phase became anoxic at approximately 8.4 kyrs BP, as recorded by the accumulation from the water column of several redox-sensitive trace metals (Mo, Re, U). The accumulation of organic carbon and several trace nutrients (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) increased sharply ca. 0.4 kyrs later, at 8.0 kyrs BP, reflecting an increase of primary productivity. Its increase was coeval with a shift in the dinoflagellate ecology from stenohaline to euryhaline assemblages. During this profound environmental change from the lacustrine to the marine phase, the accumulation rate of the lithogenous sediment fraction decreased as much as 10-fold in response to the rise of the water level in the basin from a low stand ca. 9.3 ka to its current level. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Piper, D. Z.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Calvert, S. E.] Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. RP Piper, DZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, M-S 901, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM dzpiper@usgs.gov FU U.S. National Science Foundation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; United States Geological Survey FX The cores examined in this study were collected during the 1988 expedition of the R.V. Knorr to the Black Sea, made possible by support from the U.S. National Science Foundation. Support for this research was further provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (S.E.C.) and the United States Geological Survey (D.Z.P.). E. Yakushev, S. Emerson, and A. Bahr provided hydrographic and sediment data. A. Bahr further provided samples from a gravity core collected on the M15-4 cruise of the RV Meteor and, along with R.B. Perkins and R.A. Koski, reviewed an early draft of the manuscript. We benefited from the criticisms and comments of three anonymous journal reviewers. We are grateful to these organizations and individuals for their time, generosity, and assistance. NR 146 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT 1 PY 2011 VL 75 IS 19 BP 5597 EP 5624 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2011.07.016 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 814TK UT WOS:000294479900014 ER PT J AU Zhang, YH Zhang, JX Wu, HA Lu, Z Sun, GT AF Zhang, Yonghong Zhang, Jixian Wu, Hongan Lu, Zhong Sun Guangtong TI Monitoring of urban subsidence with SAR interferometric point target analysis: A case study in Suzhou, China SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION LA English DT Article DE SAR; Interferometric point target analysis; Ground subsidence; Monitoring ID DIFFERENTIAL RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; PERMANENT SCATTERERS; LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; SURFACE; MAPS AB Ground subsidence, mainly caused by over exploitation of groundwater and other underground resources, such as oil, gas and coal, occurs in many cities in China. The annual direct loss associated with subsidence across the country is estimated to exceed 100 million US dollar. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) is a powerful tool to map ground deformation at an unprecedented level of spatial detail. It has been widely used to investigate the deformation resulting from earthquakes, volcanoes and subsidence. Repeat-pass InSAR, however, may fail due to impacts of spatial decorrelation, temporal decorrelation and heterogeneous refractivity of atmosphere. In urban areas, a large amount of natural stable radar reflectors exists, such as buildings and engineering structures, at which radar signals can remain coherent during a long time interval. Interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) technique, also known as persistent scatterers (PS) InSAR is based on these reflectors. It overcomes the shortfalls in conventional InSAR. This paper presents a procedure for urban subsidence monitoring with IPTA. Calculation of linear deformation rate and height residual, and the non-linear deformation estimate, respectively, are discussed in detail. Especially, the former is highlighted by a novel and easily implemented 2-dimensional spatial search algorithm. Practically useful solutions that can significantly improve the robustness of IPTA, are recommended. Finally, the proposed procedure is applied to mapping the ground subsidence in Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. Thirty-four ERS-1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 38,881 point targets between 1992 and 2000 are generated. The IPTA-derived deformation estimates correspond well with leveling measurements, demonstrating the potential of the proposed subsidence monitoring procedure based on IPTA technique. Two shortcomings of the IPTA-based procedure, e.g., the requirement of large number of SAR images and assumed linear plus non-linear deformation model, are discussed as the topics of further research. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhang, Yonghong; Zhang, Jixian; Wu, Hongan; Sun Guangtong] Chinese Acad Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100830, Peoples R China. [Lu, Zhong] USGS EROS Ctr, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. [Lu, Zhong] Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. RP Zhang, YH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Surveying & Mapping, 28 Lianhuachixi Rd, Beijing 100830, Peoples R China. EM yhzhang@casm.ac.cn FU National Key Basic Research and Development Program, China [2006CB701303]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40571104] FX This work has been partly supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program, China, under project number 2006CB701303, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under project number 40571104. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviews for their constructive comments. The authors are especially grateful to Prof. Alfred Stein of Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente, the Netherlands for review and comments of an earlier draft of this paper. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0303-2434 J9 INT J APPL EARTH OBS JI Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. PD OCT PY 2011 VL 13 IS 5 BP 812 EP 818 DI 10.1016/j.jag.2011.05.003 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 815NP UT WOS:000294532600012 ER PT J AU Veldboom, JA Haro, RJ AF Veldboom, Jason A. Haro, Roger J. TI Stoichiometric relationship between suspension-feeding caddisfly (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) and seston SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Ecological stoichiometry; Elemental imbalance; Larval growth; Seston; Trichoptera ID ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; LITTORAL INVERTEBRATES; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; LIFE-HISTORY; GROWTH; STREAM; FOOD; CONSTRAINTS AB Organisms must acquire adequate amounts of carbon (C) and nutrients [i.e., nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)] from their food to support growth. The growth of organisms can be constrained by consumer-resource elemental imbalances in C:nutrient ratios, especially in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the elemental composition of aquatic organisms can change through ontogeny, which can impose additional challenges to growth (the growth rate hypothesis), terminal body size, and reproductive output. In streams, growth in larval aquatic insects is influenced primarily by food quality and quantity, temperature, and population density. We conducted a field study that tracked the growth of a common suspension-feeding caddisfly (Brachycentrus occidentalis) through its ontogeny by comparing the elemental composition (C:N:P) of the organism with its available food supply (suspended particulate organic matter or seston). Larvae and seston were sampled from four streams throughout 1 year. Differences in the growth of larvae among the streams were evident, even though the streams possessed similar thermal regimes. Spatial and temporal differences in the nutrient contents of B. occidentalis and seston were observed, suggesting a consumer-resource elemental imbalance. Lower C:P and N:P ratios in food were positively correlated to larval growth rate, suggesting growth was limited by P. The C, N, and P contents in B. occidentalis' body tissue did change throughout ontogeny. C:nutrient ratios varied across sites during larval development; however, inter-site variation decreased substantially as the populations approached pupation. Ultimately, consumer-resource elemental imbalances during the larval stage did not lead to differences in pre-emergent standing stocks across sites. C1 [Veldboom, Jason A.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. [Veldboom, Jason A.; Haro, Roger J.] Univ Wisconsin, River Studies Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Veldboom, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM jveldboom@usgs.gov; rharo@uwlax.edu FU University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Office of Graduate Studies; University of Wisconsin-La Crosse River Studies Center; National Science Foundation [DBI-0216204] FX The authors thank E. Strauss, W. Richardson, M. Sandheinrich, J. Saros, and T. Gerber for their comments on this manuscript. Funding to support this research was received from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Office of Graduate Studies, the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse River Studies Center, and the National Science Foundation (DBI-0216204). NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 41 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2011 VL 675 IS 1 BP 129 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s10750-011-0811-4 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 804HA UT WOS:000293643700013 ER PT J AU Yin, Y Kreiling, RM AF Yin, Yao Kreiling, Rebecca M. TI The evaluation of a rake method to quantify submersed vegetation in the Upper Mississippi River SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Abundance; Biomass; Mississippi River; Rake method; Sampling technique; Submersed aquatic vegetation ID AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; RECORDING FATHOMETER; ESTIMATING BIOMASS; EUROPEAN LAKES AB A long-handled, double-headed garden rake was used to collect submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) and compared to in-boat visual inspection to record species presence at 67 individual sites. Six rake subsamples were taken at each site and a rake density rating was given to each species collected in the subsamples. Presence at the site, frequency of occurrence in the six rake samples, and additive density rating (the sum of the six rake density ratings) were quantified for each species at each site. The validity of the indices was tested against biomass data collected by clipping all remaining vegetation from the 67 sites. In the turbid water of the Mississippi River, visual inspection of SAV from boats was ineffective with only 27% of the species detected, while raking retrieved on average 70% of the total number of submersed species in the 67 sites. Presence of species at individual sites was correlated with biomass from Stuckenia pectinata, while frequency of occurrence and additive density rating were correlated with biomass for species with greater than 21 g of total biomass from all sites. The efficiency of the rake to collect biomass varied among species; only 18% of total biomass was captured via raking the site six times. Additive density rating as an index of abundance can be used to detect temporal changes in the same water body; however, cross-species comparison is not encouraged unless the efficiency of the rake has been determined for each species being compared. C1 [Yin, Yao; Kreiling, Rebecca M.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Kreiling, RM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. EM rkreiling@usgs.gov OI Kreiling, Rebecca/0000-0002-9295-4156 FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers FX Special thanks to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for funding the study under the Upper Mississippi River Restoration, Environmental Management Program-Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. We are grateful to Jeff Yanke and Valerie Garness for their assistance in collecting the field data and to Brian Gray, Heidi Langrehr, Kevin Kenow, Melinda Knutson, Kirk Lohman, John Manier, and two anonymous reviewers for reviewing earlier drafts of the manuscript. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD OCT PY 2011 VL 675 IS 1 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1007/s10750-011-0817-y PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 804HA UT WOS:000293643700018 ER PT J AU Qi, HP Coplen, TB AF Qi, Haiping Coplen, Tyler B. TI Investigation of preparation techniques for delta H-2 analysis of keratin materials and a proposed analytical protocol (vol 25, pg 2209, 2011) SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Correction ID HUMAN IDENTIFICATION; HUMAN HAIR; NAILS C1 [Qi, Haiping; Coplen, Tyler B.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Qi, HP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PD SEP 30 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 18 BP 2672 EP 2672 DI 10.1002/rcm.5186 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 812DI UT WOS:000294267600011 ER PT J AU Legleiter, CJ Kinzel, PJ Overstreet, BT AF Legleiter, Carl J. Kinzel, Paul J. Overstreet, Brandon T. TI Evaluating the potential for remote bathymetric mapping of a turbid, sand-bed river: 2. Application to hyperspectral image data from the Platte River SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; BASIN-SCALE; HABITAT; SHALLOW; DEPTH AB This study examined the possibility of mapping depth from optical image data in turbid, sediment-laden channels. Analysis of hyperspectral images from the Platte River indicated that depth retrieval in these environments is feasible, but might not be highly accurate. Four methods of calibrating image-derived depth estimates were evaluated. The first involved extracting image spectra at survey point locations throughout the reach. These paired observations of depth and reflectance were subjected to optimal band ratio analysis (OBRA) to relate (R(2) = 0.596) a spectrally based quantity to flow depth. Two other methods were based on OBRA of data from individual cross sections. A fourth strategy used ground-based reflectance measurements to derive an OBRA relation (R(2) = 0.944) that was then applied to the image. Depth retrieval accuracy was assessed by visually inspecting cross sections and calculating various error metrics. Calibration via field spectroscopy resulted in a shallow bias but provided relative accuracies similar to image-based methods. Reach-aggregated OBRA was marginally superior to calibrations based on individual cross sections, and depth retrieval accuracy varied considerably along each reach. Errors were lower and observed versus predicted regression R(2) values higher for a relatively simple, deeper site than a shallower, braided reach; errors were 1/3 and 1/2 the mean depth for the two reaches. Bathymetric maps were coherent and hydraulically reasonable, however, and might be more reliable than implied by numerical metrics. As an example application, linear discriminant analysis was used to produce a series of depth threshold maps for characterizing shallow-water habitat for roosting cranes. C1 [Legleiter, Carl J.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Legleiter, Carl J.; Kinzel, Paul J.] US Geol Survey, Geomorphol & Sediment Transport Lab, Golden, CO 80403 USA. [Overstreet, Brandon T.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Legleiter, CJ (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, 1000 E Univ Ave,Dept 3371, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM pjkinzel@usgs.gov OI Kinzel, Paul/0000-0002-6076-9730; Legleiter, Carl/0000-0003-0940-8013; Overstreet, Brandon/0000-0001-7845-6671 FU Office of Naval Research [N0001409IP20057, N00014-10-1-0873] FX Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Financial support was provided by the Office of Naval Research Coastal Geosciences Program (Grants N0001409IP20057 and N00014-10-1-0873). AISA image data were acquired through the University of NE's CHAMP facility, coordinated by Rick Perk. Mark Dixon assisted with field data collection. Alan Weidemann, Larry Strong, and Nina Kilham provided useful comments. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 29 PY 2011 VL 47 AR W09532 DI 10.1029/2011WR010592 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 829UR UT WOS:000295610300002 ER PT J AU Legleiter, CJ Kinzel, PJ Overstreet, BT AF Legleiter, Carl J. Kinzel, Paul J. Overstreet, Brandon T. TI Evaluating the potential for remote bathymetric mapping of a turbid, sand-bed river: 1. Field spectroscopy and radiative transfer modeling SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS; DIFFUSE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; COASTAL WATERS; MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; SENSING TECHNIQUES; MINERAL PARTICLES AB Remote sensing offers an efficient means of mapping bathymetry in river systems, but this approach has been applied primarily to clear-flowing, gravel bed streams. This study used field spectroscopy and radiative transfer modeling to assess the feasibility of spectrally based depth retrieval in a sand-bed river with a higher suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and greater water turbidity. Attenuation of light within the water column was characterized by measuring the amount of downwelling radiant energy at different depths and calculating a diffuse attenuation coefficient, K(d). Attenuation was strongest in blue and near-infrared bands due to scattering by suspended sediment and absorption by water, respectively. Even for red wavelengths with the lowest values of K(d), only a small fraction of the incident light propagated to the bed, restricting the range of depths amenable to remote sensing. Spectra recorded above the water surface were used to establish a strong, linear relationship (R(2) = 0.949) between flow depth and a simple band ratio; even under moderately turbid conditions, depth remained the primary control on reflectance. Constraints on depth retrieval were examined via numerical modeling of radiative transfer within the atmosphere and water column. SSC and sensor radiometric resolution limited both the maximum detectable depth and the precision of image-derived depth estimates. Thus, although field spectra indicated that the bathymetry of turbid channels could be remotely mapped, model results implied that depth retrieval in sediment-laden rivers would be limited to shallow depths (on the order of 0.5 m) and subject to a significant degree of uncertainty. C1 [Legleiter, Carl J.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Legleiter, Carl J.; Kinzel, Paul J.] US Geol Survey, Geomorphol & Sediment Transport Lab, Golden, CO 80403 USA. [Overstreet, Brandon T.] Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Legleiter, CJ (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Geog, 1000 E Univ Ave,Dept 3371, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM carl.legleiter@uwyo.edu OI Kinzel, Paul/0000-0002-6076-9730; Legleiter, Carl/0000-0003-0940-8013; Overstreet, Brandon/0000-0001-7845-6671 FU Office of Naval Research [N0001409IP20057, N00014-10-1-0873] FX Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Financial support was provided by the Office of Naval Research Coastal Geosciences Program (grants N0001409IP20057 and N00014-10-1-0873). AISA image data were acquired through the University of NE's CHAMP facility, coordinated by Rick Perk. Mark Dixon assisted with field data collection. Alan Weidemann, Nina Kilham, and Roger Clark provided useful comments. NR 48 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 29 PY 2011 VL 47 AR W09531 DI 10.1029/2011WR010591 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 829UR UT WOS:000295610300001 ER PT J AU Williams, BK Eaton, MJ Breininger, DR AF Williams, Byron K. Eaton, Mitchell J. Breininger, David R. TI Adaptive resource management and the value of information SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Value of information; Adaptive management; Structural uncertainty; Decision making ID POPULATIONS AB The value of information is a general and broadly applicable concept that has been used for several decades to aid in making decisions in the face of uncertainty. Yet there are relatively few examples of its use in ecology and natural resources management, and almost none that are framed in terms of the future impacts of management decisions. In this paper we discuss the value of information in a context of adaptive management, in which actions are taken sequentially over a timeframe and both future resource conditions and residual uncertainties about resource responses are taken into account. Our objective is to derive the value of reducing or eliminating uncertainty in adaptive decision making. We describe several measures of the value of information, with each based on management objectives that are appropriate for adaptive management. We highlight some mathematical properties of these measures, discuss their geometries, and illustrate them with an example in natural resources management. Accounting for the value of information can help to inform decisions about whether and how much to monitor resource conditions through time. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Williams, Byron K.] US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Units, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Eaton, Mitchell J.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Breininger, David R.] Innovat Hlth Applicat, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Williams, BK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Units, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM Byron_ken_williams@usgs.gov NR 28 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP 24 PY 2011 VL 222 IS 18 BP 3429 EP 3436 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.07.003 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 836PU UT WOS:000296124400012 ER PT J AU Adler, PB Seabloom, EW Borer, ET Hillebrand, H Hautier, Y Hector, A Harpole, WS O'Halloran, LR Grace, JB Anderson, TM Bakker, JD Biederman, LA Brown, CS Buckley, YM Calabrese, LB Chu, CJ Cleland, EE Collins, SL Cottingham, KL Crawley, MJ Damschen, EI Davies, KF DeCrappeo, NM Fay, PA Firn, J Frater, P Gasarch, EI Gruner, DS Hagenah, N Lambers, JHR Humphries, H Jin, VL Kay, AD Kirkman, KP Klein, JA Knops, JMH La Pierre, KJ Lambrinos, JG Li, W MacDougall, AS McCulley, RL Melbourne, BA Mitchell, CE Moore, JL Morgan, JW Mortensen, B Orrock, JL Prober, SM Pyke, DA Risch, AC Schuetz, M Smith, MD Stevens, CJ Sullivan, LL Wang, G Wragg, PD Wright, JP Yang, LH AF Adler, Peter B. Seabloom, Eric W. Borer, Elizabeth T. Hillebrand, Helmut Hautier, Yann Hector, Andy Harpole, W. Stanley O'Halloran, Lydia R. Grace, James B. Anderson, T. Michael Bakker, Jonathan D. Biederman, Lori A. Brown, Cynthia S. Buckley, Yvonne M. Calabrese, Laura B. Chu, Cheng-Jin Cleland, Elsa E. Collins, Scott L. Cottingham, Kathryn L. Crawley, Michael J. Damschen, Ellen I. Davies, Kendi F. DeCrappeo, Nicole M. Fay, Philip A. Firn, Jennifer Frater, Paul Gasarch, Eve I. Gruner, Daniel S. Hagenah, Nicole Lambers, Janneke Hille Ris Humphries, Hope Jin, Virginia L. Kay, Adam D. Kirkman, Kevin P. Klein, Julia A. Knops, Johannes M. H. La Pierre, Kimberly J. Lambrinos, John G. Li, Wei MacDougall, Andrew S. McCulley, Rebecca L. Melbourne, Brett A. Mitchell, Charles E. Moore, Joslin L. Morgan, John W. Mortensen, Brent Orrock, John L. Prober, Suzanne M. Pyke, David A. Risch, Anita C. Schuetz, Martin Smith, Melinda D. Stevens, Carly J. Sullivan, Lauren L. Wang, Gang Wragg, Peter D. Wright, Justin P. Yang, Louie H. TI Productivity Is a Poor Predictor of Plant Species Richness SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HERBACEOUS VEGETATION; DIVERSITY; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITY; HYPOTHESIS AB For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters(-2)) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness. C1 [Adler, Peter B.] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Adler, Peter B.] Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Seabloom, Eric W.; Borer, Elizabeth T.; Wragg, Peter D.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Hillebrand, Helmut] Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Chem & Biol Marine Environm, D-26381 Wilhelmshaven, Germany. [Hautier, Yann; Hector, Andy] Univ Zurich, Inst Evolutionary Biol & Environm Studies, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. [Harpole, W. Stanley; Biederman, Lori A.; Frater, Paul; Li, Wei; Mortensen, Brent; Sullivan, Lauren L.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [O'Halloran, Lydia R.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Grace, James B.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. [Anderson, T. Michael] Wake Forest Univ, Dept Biol, Reynolda Stn 7325, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. [Bakker, Jonathan D.] Univ Washington, Sch Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Brown, Cynthia S.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Buckley, Yvonne M.; Collins, Scott L.] Univ Queensland, Sch Biol Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. [Calabrese, Laura B.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Chu, Cheng-Jin; Wang, Gang] Lanzhou Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Arid & Grassland Ecol, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. [Cleland, Elsa E.] Univ Calif San Diego, Ecol Behav & Evolut Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Cottingham, Kathryn L.] Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Gilman Lab 6044, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Crawley, Michael J.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. [Damschen, Ellen I.; Orrock, John L.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53704 USA. [Davies, Kendi F.; Gasarch, Eve I.; Humphries, Hope; Melbourne, Brett A.] Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [DeCrappeo, Nicole M.; Pyke, David A.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Fay, Philip A.] USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. [Firn, Jennifer] Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Biogeosci, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia. [Gruner, Daniel S.] Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hagenah, Nicole; Kirkman, Kevin P.; La Pierre, Kimberly J.] Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Biol & Conservat Sci, ZA-3209 Kwa Zulu, South Africa. [Hagenah, Nicole; Smith, Melinda D.] Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. [Lambers, Janneke Hille Ris] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Jin, Virginia L.] USDA ARS, Agroecosyst Management Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Kay, Adam D.] Univ St Thomas, Dept Biol, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. [Klein, Julia A.] Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Knops, Johannes M. H.] Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Lambrinos, John G.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [MacDougall, Andrew S.] Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. [McCulley, Rebecca L.] Univ Kentucky, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. [Mitchell, Charles E.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. [Moore, Joslin L.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. [Morgan, John W.] La Trobe Univ, Dept Bot, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia. [Prober, Suzanne M.] Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org Ecosyst Sci, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. [Risch, Anita C.; Schuetz, Martin] Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, CH-8903 Birmensdorf ZH, Switzerland. [Stevens, Carly J.] Open Univ, Dept Life Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. [Stevens, Carly J.] Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. [Wright, Justin P.] Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. [Yang, Louie H.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Adler, PB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, 5230 Old Main, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM peter.adler@usu.edu RI Cottingham, Kathryn/H-1593-2012; Brown, Cynthia/K-5814-2012; Bremner, James/B-1632-2013; Harpole, William/C-2814-2013; Buckley, Yvonne/B-1281-2008; Adler, Peter/D-3781-2009; Bakker, Jonathan/I-6960-2013; Damschen, Ellen/E-4919-2011; Moore, Joslin/C-5270-2009; Hector, Andrew/H-4199-2011; Wragg, Peter/C-8385-2009; Risch, Anita/A-9836-2012; MacDougall, Andrew/F-2037-2011; Gruner, Daniel/A-5166-2010; Mitchell, Charles/I-3709-2014; Smith, Melinda/J-8987-2014; Hillebrand, Helmut/I-1717-2014; Hautier, Yann/D-5426-2015; Collins, Scott/P-7742-2014; OI Harpole, William/0000-0002-3404-9174; Buckley, Yvonne/0000-0001-7599-3201; Moore, Joslin/0000-0001-9809-5092; Hector, Andrew/0000-0002-1309-7716; Wragg, Peter/0000-0003-2361-4286; Risch, Anita/0000-0003-0531-8336; Gruner, Daniel/0000-0002-3153-4297; Mitchell, Charles/0000-0002-1633-1993; Hillebrand, Helmut/0000-0001-7449-1613; Hautier, Yann/0000-0003-4347-7741; Collins, Scott/0000-0002-0193-2892; Firn, Jennifer/0000-0001-6026-8912; Seabloom, Eric/0000-0001-6780-9259; Fay, Philip/0000-0002-8291-6316; Borer, Elizabeth/0000-0003-2259-5853; La Pierre, Kimberly/0000-0001-7056-4547; Biederman, Lori/0000-0003-2171-7898 FU NSF [DEB-0741952] FX This work was generated using data from the Nutrient Network collaborative experiment, funded at the site-scale by individual researchers and coordinated through Research Coordination Network funding from NSF to E. Borer and E. Seabloom (grant DEB-0741952). The authors declare no competing interests. The data used in the primary analyses are available in the Supporting Online Material. We thank B. Enquist, A. Leakey, and three anonymous reviewers for suggestions that improved the manuscript. NR 30 TC 200 Z9 211 U1 26 U2 461 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 23 PY 2011 VL 333 IS 6050 BP 1750 EP 1753 DI 10.1126/science.1204498 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 823KQ UT WOS:000295121500043 PM 21940895 ER PT J AU Cloern, JE Knowles, N Brown, LR Cayan, D Dettinger, MD Morgan, TL Schoellhamer, DH Stacey, MT van der Wegen, M Wagner, RW Jassby, AD AF Cloern, James E. Knowles, Noah Brown, Larry R. Cayan, Daniel Dettinger, Michael D. Morgan, Tara L. Schoellhamer, David H. Stacey, Mark T. van der Wegen, Mick Wagner, R. Wayne Jassby, Alan D. TI Projected Evolution of California's San Francisco Bay-Delta-River System in a Century of Climate Change SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CHANGE IMPACTS; CHANGE SCENARIOS; WATER-RESOURCES; ESTUARY; MODEL; STREAMFLOW; DATASET; COASTAL AB Background: Accumulating evidence shows that the planet is warming as a response to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Strategies of adaptation to climate change will require quantitative projections of how altered regional patterns of temperature, precipitation and sea level could cascade to provoke local impacts such as modified water supplies, increasing risks of coastal flooding, and growing challenges to sustainability of native species. Methodology/Principal Findings: We linked a series of models to investigate responses of California's San Francisco Estuary-Watershed (SFEW) system to two contrasting scenarios of climate change. Model outputs for scenarios of fast and moderate warming are presented as 2010-2099 projections of nine indicators of changing climate, hydrology and habitat quality. Trends of these indicators measure rates of: increasing air and water temperatures, salinity and sea level; decreasing precipitation, runoff, snowmelt contribution to runoff, and suspended sediment concentrations; and increasing frequency of extreme environmental conditions such as water temperatures and sea level beyond the ranges of historical observations. Conclusions/Significance: Most of these environmental indicators change substantially over the 21(st) century, and many would present challenges to natural and managed systems. Adaptations to these changes will require flexible planning to cope with growing risks to humans and the challenges of meeting demands for fresh water and sustaining native biota. Programs of ecosystem rehabilitation and biodiversity conservation in coastal landscapes will be most likely to meet their objectives if they are designed from considerations that include: (1) an integrated perspective that river-estuary systems are influenced by effects of climate change operating on both watersheds and oceans; (2) varying sensitivity among environmental indicators to the uncertainty of future climates; (3) inevitability of biological community changes as responses to cumulative effects of climate change and other drivers of habitat transformations; and (4) anticipation and adaptation to the growing probability of ecosystem regime shifts. C1 [Cloern, James E.; Knowles, Noah] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Brown, Larry R.; Morgan, Tara L.; Schoellhamer, David H.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA USA. [Cayan, Daniel; Dettinger, Michael D.] US Geol Survey, Div Climate Res, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA. [Stacey, Mark T.; Wagner, R. Wayne] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [van der Wegen, Mick] UNESCO, UNESCO IHE, Inst Water Educ, Delft, Netherlands. [Jassby, Alan D.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Cloern, JE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM jecloern@usgs.gov RI van der Wegen, Mick/C-6787-2009; OI van der Wegen, Mick/0000-0002-5227-2679; Cloern, James/0000-0002-5880-6862; Wagner, Wayne/0000-0002-3978-2025 FU CALFED Science Program [SCI-05-G01-84]; California Energy Commission; NOAA RISA; USGS; Priority Ecosystem Science; National Research Program of the Water Discipline FX CALFED Science Program grant SCI-05-G01-84, California Energy Commission, NOAA RISA, USGS Programs of Toxic Substances Hydrology, Priority Ecosystem Science, and National Research Program of the Water Discipline. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 62 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 98 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD SEP 21 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 9 AR e24465 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0024465 PG 13 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 825HM UT WOS:000295262100011 PM 21957451 ER PT J AU Jones, BM Grosse, G Arp, CD Jones, MC Anthony, KMW Romanovsky, VE AF Jones, B. M. Grosse, G. Arp, C. D. Jones, M. C. Anthony, K. M. Walter Romanovsky, V. E. TI Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ARCTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; THAW LAKES; METHANE EMISSIONS; SURFACE WATERS; CARBON; BASINS; CANADA; CH4; CATCHMENT; LANDSCAPE AB Quantifying changes in thermokarst lake extent is of importance for understanding the permafrost-related carbon budget, including the potential release of carbon via lake expansion or sequestration as peat in drained lake basins. We used high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery from 1950/51, 1978, and 2006/07 to quantify changes in thermokarst lakes for a 700 km(2) area on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The number of water bodies larger than 0.1 ha increased over the entire observation period (666 to 737 or +10.7%); however, total surface area decreased (5,066 ha to 4,312 ha or -14.9%). This pattern can largely be explained by the formation of remnant ponds following partial drainage of larger water bodies. Thus, analysis of large lakes (>40 ha) shows a decrease of 24% and 26% in number and area, respectively, differing from lake changes reported from other continuous permafrost regions. Thermokarst lake expansion rates did not change substantially between 1950/51 and 1978 (0.35 m/yr) and 1978 and 2006/07 (0.39 m/yr). However, most lakes that drained did expand as a result of surface permafrost degradation before lateral drainage. Drainage rates over the observation period were stable (2.2 to 2.3 per year). Thus, analysis of decadal-scale, high spatial resolution imagery has shown that lake drainage in this region is triggered by lateral breaching and not subterranean infiltration. Future research should be directed toward better understanding thermokarst lake dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolution as these systems have implications for landscape-scale hydrology and carbon budgets in thermokarst lake-rich regions in the circum-Arctic. C1 [Jones, B. M.; Grosse, G.; Romanovsky, V. E.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Jones, B. M.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Arp, C. D.; Jones, M. C.; Anthony, K. M. Walter] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst No Engn, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Jones, BM (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM bjones@usgs.gov RI Grosse, Guido/F-5018-2011 OI Grosse, Guido/0000-0001-5895-2141 FU NASA [NNX08AJ37G]; NSF IPY [0732735]; USGS FX This study was supported by NASA grant NNX08AJ37G and NSF IPY grant 0732735. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Science Foundation or NASA. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. We thank the National Park Service Fairbanks Office for providing high-resolution satellite imagery of parklands and permits to do fieldwork in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve. We also thank the GAM and LRS programs of the USGS for additional support. This manuscript benefited from the reviews of Karen Murphy, Amy Larsen, and one anonymous reviewer. NR 67 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 7 U2 53 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD SEP 20 PY 2011 VL 116 AR G00M03 DI 10.1029/2011JG001666 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 825IS UT WOS:000295266100002 ER PT J AU Gomberg, J Schulz, W Bodin, P Kean, J AF Gomberg, Joan Schulz, William Bodin, Paul Kean, Jason TI Seismic and geodetic signatures of fault slip at the Slumgullion Landslide Natural Laboratory SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID PORE-PRESSURE FEEDBACK; CONTINUOUSLY MOVING LANDSLIDE; VOLCANIC TREMOR; MOTION; ZONE; DILATANCY; ROCKFALLS; MOVEMENT; COLORADO; MODEL AB We tested the hypothesis that the Slumgullion landslide is a useful natural laboratory for observing fault slip, specifically that slip along its basal surface and side-bounding strike-slip faults occurs with comparable richness of aseismic and seismic modes as along crustal- and plate-scale boundaries. Our study provides new constraints on models governing landslide motion. We monitored landslide deformation with temporary deployments of a 29-element prism array surveyed by a robotic theodolite and an 88-station seismic network that complemented permanent extensometers and environmental instrumentation. Aseismic deformation observations show that large blocks of the landslide move steadily at approximately centimeters per day, possibly punctuated by variations of a few millimeters, while localized transient slip episodes of blocks less than a few tens of meters across occur frequently. We recorded a rich variety of seismic signals, nearly all of which originated outside the monitoring network boundaries or from the side-bounding strike-slip faults. The landslide basal surface beneath our seismic network likely slipped almost completely aseismically. Our results provide independent corroboration of previous inferences that dilatant strengthening along sections of the side-bounding strike-slip faults controls the overall landslide motion, acting as seismically radiating brakes that limit acceleration of the aseismically slipping basal surface. Dilatant strengthening has also been invoked in recent models of transient slip and tremor sources along crustal- and plate-scale faults suggesting that the landslide may indeed be a useful natural laboratory for testing predictions of specific mechanisms that control fault slip at all scales. C1 [Gomberg, Joan] US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Schulz, William; Kean, Jason] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Bodin, Paul] Univ Washington, Pacific NW Seism Network, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Gomberg, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, POB 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM gomberg@usgs.gov OI Kean, Jason/0000-0003-3089-0369 FU U.S. Geological Survey; National Science Foundation [EAR-0552316]; NSF Office of Polar Programs; DOE National Nuclear Security Administration FX We thank interns Patricia MacQueen, Katie Foster, and Kyle Creager for their hard work and enthusiasm executing the field experiment. Jeff Coe, Silvio DeAngelis, Tom Parsons, Manfred Joswig, and Agnes Helmstetter provided very thoughtful reviews of this manuscript. The U.S. Geological Survey Venture Capital program provided the primary financial support for this study, and seismic instrumentation was provided by the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) through the PASSCAL Instrument Center at New Mexico Tech. Data collected are available through the IRIS Data Management Center. The facilities of the IRIS Consortium are supported by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement EAR-0552316, the NSF Office of Polar Programs, and the DOE National Nuclear Security Administration. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 17 PY 2011 VL 116 AR B09404 DI 10.1029/2011JB008304 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 823NW UT WOS:000295130100002 ER PT J AU Church, JA White, NJ Konikow, LF Domingues, CM Cogley, JG Rignot, E Gregory, JM van den Broeke, MR Monaghan, AJ Velicogna, I AF Church, John A. White, Neil J. Konikow, Leonard F. Domingues, Catia M. Cogley, J. Graham Rignot, Eric Gregory, Jonathan M. van den Broeke, Michiel R. Monaghan, Andrew J. Velicogna, Isabella TI Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; MASS-BALANCE; WATER-VAPOR; LAND WATER; OCEAN; HEAT; RISE; TRENDS; TEMPERATURE; DIOXIDE AB We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 +/- 0.2 mm yr(-1) from tide gauges alone and 2.1 +/- 0.2 mm yr(-1) from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 +/- 0.4 mm yr(-1)) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr(-1)) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr(-1)), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr(-1). The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr(-1)), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of -0.1 mm yr(-1). Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as -0.8 +/- 0.4 W m(-2) for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity. Citation: Church, J. A., N. J. White, L. F. Konikow, C. M. Domingues, J. G. Cogley, E. Rignot, J. M. Gregory, M. R. van den Broeke, A. J. Monaghan, and I. Velicogna (2011), Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18601, doi:10.1029/2011GL048794. C1 [Church, John A.; White, Neil J.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res & Wealth Oce, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. [Konikow, Leonard F.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Domingues, Catia M.] CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst Cooperat Res Ctr, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. [Cogley, J. Graham] Trent Univ, Dept Geog, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. [Rignot, Eric; Velicogna, Isabella] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Rignot, Eric; Velicogna, Isabella] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Gregory, Jonathan M.] Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, NCAS Climate, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. [Gregory, Jonathan M.] Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [van den Broeke, Michiel R.] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Monaghan, Andrew J.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Church, JA (reprint author), CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Ctr Australian Weather & Climate Res, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM john.church@csiro.au RI White, Neil/B-2077-2013; Church, John/A-1541-2012; Van den Broeke, Michiel/F-7867-2011; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; Domingues, Catia /A-2901-2015; Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016; OI Church, John/0000-0002-7037-8194; Van den Broeke, Michiel/0000-0003-4662-7565; Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; Domingues, Catia /0000-0001-5100-4595; Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644; Monaghan, Andrew/0000-0002-8170-2359 FU Australian Climate Change Science Program; CSIRO Office of the Chief Executive (OCE) FX This paper is a contribution to the Common-wealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Climate Change Research Program. J.A.C., N.J.W. were partly funded by the Australian Climate Change Science Program C.M.D. was supported by a CSIRO Office of the Chief Executive (OCE) Postdoctoral Fellowship. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research is a partnership between CSIRO and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. National Aeronautics and Space Administration & Centre National d'Etudes Spaciales provided the satellite altimeter data, Permanent Service for Meal Sea Level the tide-gauge data. NR 58 TC 199 Z9 201 U1 9 U2 98 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 16 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L18601 DI 10.1029/2011GL048794 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 823PQ UT WOS:000295135500005 ER PT J AU Syracuse, EM Thurber, CH Power, JA AF Syracuse, Ellen M. Thurber, Clifford H. Power, John A. TI The Augustine magmatic system as revealed by seismic tomography and relocated earthquake hypocenters from 1994 through 2009 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID REDOUBT VOLCANO; ALASKA; ERUPTION; SWARMS AB We incorporate 14 years of earthquake data from the Alaska Volcano Observatory with data from a 1975 controlled-source seismic experiment to obtain the three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure and the first high-precision earthquake locations at Augustine Volcano to be calculated in a fully three-dimensional velocity model. Velocity tomography shows two main features beneath Augustine: a narrow, high-velocity column beneath the summit, extending from similar to 2 km depth to the surface, and elevated velocities on the south flank. Our relocation results allow a thorough analysis of the spatio-temoral patterns of seismicity and the relationship to the magmatic and eruptive activity. Background seismicity is centered beneath the summit at an average depth of 0.6 km above sea level. In the weeks leading to the January 2006 eruption of Augustine, seismicity focused on a NW-SE line along the trend of an inflating dike. A series of drumbeat earthquakes occurred in the early weeks of the eruption, indicating further magma transport through the same dike system. During the six months following the onset of the eruption, the otherwise quiescent region 1 to 5 km below sea level centered beneath the summit became seismically active with two groups of earthquakes, differentiated by frequency content. The deep longer-period earthquakes occurred during the eruption and are interpreted as resulting from the movement of magma toward the summit, and the post-eruptive shorter-period earthquakes may be due to the relaxation of an emptied magma tube. The seismicity subsequently returned to its normal background rates and patterns. C1 [Syracuse, Ellen M.; Thurber, Clifford H.] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Power, John A.] US Geol Survey, Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Syracuse, EM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin Madison, Dept Geosci, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM syracuse@geology.wisc.edu OI Syracuse, Ellen/0000-0002-8145-8480 FU USGS [G10AC06018] FX Earthquake data for this project were provided by AVO and the USGS. Station locations for the 1975 active-source work were provided by Doug Lalla. This work was funded by USGS award G10AC06018 from the Volcano Hazards Program. We also thank USGS internal reviewers P. Dawson and S. Moran, J. Caplan-Auerbach, an anonymous reviewer, and Editor R. Nowack for their helpful comments. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD SEP 16 PY 2011 VL 116 AR B09306 DI 10.1029/2010JB008129 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 823NV UT WOS:000295130000002 ER PT J AU Morgan, JLL Gordon, GW Arrua, RC Skulan, JL Anbar, AD Bullen, TD AF Morgan, Jennifer L. L. Gordon, Gwyneth W. Arrua, Ruth C. Skulan, Joseph L. Anbar, Ariel D. Bullen, Thomas D. TI High-Precision Measurement of Variations in Calcium Isotope Ratios in Urine by Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OCTOPOLE COLLISION CELL; MC-ICP-MS; NONBIOLOGICAL FRACTIONATION; BONE; OSTEOPOROSIS; ACCURACY; STANDARD AB We describe a new chemical separation method to isolate Ca from other matrix elements in biological samples, developed with the long-term goal of making high-precision measurement of natural stable Ca isotope variations a clinically applicable tool to assess bone mineral balance. A new two-column procedure utilizing HBr achieves the purity required to accurately and precisely measure two Ca isotope ratios ((44)Ca/(42)Ca and (44)Ca/(43)Ca) on a Neptune multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICPMS) in urine. Purification requirements for Sr, Ti, and K (Ca/Sr > 10000; Ca/Ti > 10 000 000; and Ca/K > 10) were determined by addition of these elements to Ca standards of known isotopic composition. Accuracy was determined by (1) comparing Ca isotope results for samples and standards to published data obtained using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), (2) adding a Ca standard of known isotopic composition to a urine sample purified of Ca, and (3) analyzing mixtures of urine samples and standards in varying proportions. The accuracy and precision of delta(44/42) Ca measurements of purified samples containing 25 mu g of Ca can be determined with typical errors less than +/- 0.2 parts per thousand (2 sigma). C1 [Morgan, Jennifer L. L.; Anbar, Ariel D.] Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Gordon, Gwyneth W.; Arrua, Ruth C.; Anbar, Ariel D.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Skulan, Joseph L.] Univ Wisconsin, Geol Museum, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Bullen, Thomas D.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Morgan, JLL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Biochem Lab, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Div, Mail Code SK3,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM jenniferllmorgan@gmail.com FU NASA [NNX08AQ36G] FX Funding provided by NASA's Human Research Project Grant Number NNX08AQ36G (A. D. Anbar). The authors thank Stephen Romaniello for helpful discussions about the fractionation pattern of Ca during elution. We thank Matt Fantle and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful comments, which greatly improved this manuscript. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 47 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 15 PY 2011 VL 83 IS 18 BP 6956 EP 6962 DI 10.1021/ac200361t PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 818XM UT WOS:000294790000008 PM 21740001 ER PT J AU Coplen, TB AF Coplen, Tyler B. TI Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IUPAC TECHNICAL REPORT; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FRACTIONATION; GLOSSARY; ELEMENTS; CALCITE AB To minimize confusion in the expression of measurement results of stable isotope and gas-ratio measurements, recommendations based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are presented. Whenever feasible, entries are consistent with the Systeme International d'Unites, the SI (known in English as the International System of Units), and the third edition of the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM, 3rd edition). The recommendations presented herein are approved by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights and are designed to clarify expression of quantities related to measurement of isotope and gas ratios to ensure that quantity equations instead of numerical value equations are used for quantity definitions. Examples of column headings consistent with quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and examples of various deprecated usages connected with the terms recommended are presented. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Coplen, TB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 431, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM tbcoplen@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey FX The author wishes to thank W. A. Brand, Chair of IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights, for reviews of several versions of these guidelines and T. Cvitas, without whose aid and assistance this article would not have been possible. Detailed comments by M. Elsner and A. Sessions provided valuable assistance in clarifying glossary items related to kinetic and equilibrium isotopic fractionation. Extensive text and figure clarifications were provided by J. Kaiser. Important contributions and clarifications were provided by current or previous members of IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights including M. Berglund, P. De Bievre, J. K. Bohlke, M. Groning, R. Gonfiantini, N. E. Holden, H. R. Krouse, E. Roth, R. Schoenberg, T. Walczyk, and M. Wieser. Also, a wide range of comments was received on an early draft of this manuscript from subject experts S. Assonov, K. Auerswald, D. Barden, T. Brenna, J. H. Dymond, J. Farquhar, J. Landwehr, I. M. Mills, M. J. T. Milton, T. Preston, G. Singleton, A. J. Thor, M. H. Thiemens, H. Tobias, and F. von Blanckenburg. Acknowledgment of an individual does not indicate their agreement with this article in its entirety; it was impossible to achieve full consensus on isotope notation and symbols of dimensionless quantities because of alternative viewpoints. The support of the U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program made this article possible. NR 43 TC 391 Z9 395 U1 14 U2 159 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PD SEP 15 PY 2011 VL 25 IS 17 BP 2538 EP 2560 DI 10.1002/rcm.5129 PG 23 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 812DE UT WOS:000294267200023 PM 21910288 ER PT J AU Rist, SG Goebel, PC Corace, RG Hix, DM Drobyshev, I Casselman, T AF Rist, Stephen G. Goebel, P. Charles Corace, R. Gregory, III Hix, David M. Drobyshev, Igor Casselman, Tracy TI Do partial cross sections from live trees for fire history analysis result in higher mortality 2 years after sampling? SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Red pine; Eastern white pine; Dendrochronology; Fire scars; Fire history sampling; Seney National Wildlife Refuge ID NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE; UPPER MICHIGAN; FOREST; SENEY; USA; MOUNTAINS; REGIMES; EXAMPLE; AREA AB Although partial cross sections from live trees have been utilized in the development of fire history studies, few efforts have been made to examine the effects of this method on the individual trees that were sampled. We examined 115 red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from which partial cross sections had been removed 2 years earlier. and 209 similarly sized neighboring red pine and eastern white pine trees. Two years following the removal of partial cross sections, 22 sampled trees (19%) had died. When compared with neighboring trees, removing a partial cross section did not appear to increase the mortality rate for a given tree (t-test; P = 0.150). However, when we compared the characteristics of the trees with partial cross sections removed, we did observe some trends; i.e., those trees that died were primarily killed by wind-induced breakage at the level of the partial cross section. Almost all stems where partial cross sections were collected from a catface edge or had >30% of the total area removed were more susceptible to stem breakage and experienced an increased likelihood of mortality. While these results suggest that the collection of partial cross sections from live trees may be an effective method for fire-history sampling, the negative impacts of the sampling on individual trees may be reduced by ensuring that samples are collected from the center, rather than the catface edge, and <25% of the total stem area is removed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Rist, Stephen G.; Goebel, P. Charles] Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. [Corace, R. Gregory, III; Casselman, Tracy] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Seney Natl Wildlife Refuge, Seney, MI 49883 USA. [Hix, David M.] Ohio State Univ, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Drobyshev, Igor] Univ Quebec, Stn Rech FERLD, Chaire Ind CRSNG UQAT UQAM Amenagement Forestier, Rouyn Noranda, PQ J9X 5E4, Canada. [Drobyshev, Igor] Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU, So Swedish Forest Res Ctr, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. RP Goebel, PC (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. EM goebel.11@osu.edu RI Hix, David/B-3228-2012; Goebel, Patrick/B-3657-2012; Drobyshev, Igor/D-9220-2016 OI Drobyshev, Igor/0000-0002-5980-4316 FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [05-2-1-86] FX Funding and salaries for this research were provided by cooperative agreements with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via a grant provided by the Joint Fire Science Program (Project 05-2-1-86). We wish to thank the management and research staff at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge for permission to collect samples and logistical support. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 15 PY 2011 VL 262 IS 6 BP 940 EP 946 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.025 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 800NM UT WOS:000293367800005 ER PT J AU Iwashita, F Friedel, MJ de Souza, CR Fraser, SJ AF Iwashita, Fabio Friedel, Michael J. de Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto Fraser, Stephen J. TI Hillslope chemical weathering across Parana, Brazil: A data mining-GIS hybrid approach SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Self-organizing map; Hillslope chemical weathering; Geomorphometry; Uncertainty; Brazil ID SELF-ORGANIZING MAPS; MORPHOLOGY; CLUSTER AB Self-organizing map (SOM) and geographic information system (GIS) models were used to investigate the nonlinear relationships associated with geochemical weathering processes at local (similar to 100 km(2)) and regional (similar to 50,000 km(2)) scales. The data set consisted of 1) 22 B-horizon soil variables: P, C, pH, Al, total acidity, Ca, Mg, K, total cation exchange capacity, sum of exchangeable bases, base saturation, Cu, Zn, Fe, B, S, Mn, gammaspectrometry (total count, potassium, thorium, and uranium) and magnetic susceptibility measures; and 2) six topographic variables: elevation, slope, aspect, hydrological accumulated flux, horizontal curvature and vertical curvature. It is characterized at 304 locations from a quasi-regular grid spaced about 24 km across the state of Parana. This data base was split into two subsets: one for analysis and modeling (274 samples) and the other for validation (30 samples) purposes. The self-organizing map and clustering methods were used to identify and classify the relations among solid-phase chemical element concentrations and GIS derived topographic models. The correlation between elevation and k-means clusters related the relative position inside hydrologic macro basins, which was interpreted as an expression of the weathering process reaching a steady-state condition at the regional scale. Locally, the chemical element concentrations were related to the vertical curvature representing concave-convex hillslope features, where concave hillslopes with convergent flux tends to be a reducing environment and convex hillslopes with divergent flux, oxidizing environments. Stochastic cross validation demonstrated that the SOM produced unbiased classifications and quantified the relative amount of uncertainty in predictions. This work strengthens the hypothesis that, at B-horizon steady-state conditions, the terrain morphometry were linked with the soil geochemical weathering in a two-way dependent process: the topographic relief was a factor on environmental geochemistry while chemical weathering was for terrain feature delineation. (C) 2011 Elsevier By. All rights reserved. C1 [Iwashita, Fabio; de Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto] Univ Estadual Campinas, Geosci Inst, Campinas, Brazil. [Iwashita, Fabio; Friedel, Michael J.] US Geol Survey, Crustal Geophys & Geochem Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Fraser, Stephen J.] CSIRO Explorat & Min, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. RP Iwashita, F (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, Geosci Inst, Campinas, Brazil. EM fabio_iwashita@hotmail.com RI Fraser, Stephen/A-8219-2008 OI Fraser, Stephen/0000-0002-0856-5300 FU Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico FX We are grateful to Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico for their financial support; to Victor F. Labson, Director, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center (CGGSC), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Denver, Colorado, for providing the first author with the position of visiting scientist; to the Parana Agronomic Institute represented by Mario Miyazawa, who provided us complementary information about the chemical analysis; to the Parana State Geological Survey (Mineropar) represented by Otavio Licht, who kindly provided us with the geochemical dataset; to George Breit, David Smith and Philip J. Brown II, CGGSC, USGS, for their comments and suggestions regarding this study. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X EI 1872-695X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP 15 PY 2011 VL 132 IS 3-4 BP 167 EP 175 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.05.006 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 804VG UT WOS:000293681500009 ER PT J AU Florsheim, JL Pellerin, BA Oh, NH Ohara, N Bachand, PAM Bachand, SM Bergamaschi, BA Hernes, PJ Kavvas, ML AF Florsheim, J. L. Pellerin, B. A. Oh, N. H. Ohara, N. Bachand, P. A. M. Bachand, S. M. Bergamaschi, B. A. Hernes, P. J. Kavvas, M. L. TI From deposition to erosion: Spatial and temporal variability of sediment sources, storage, and transport in a small agricultural watershed SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agriculture; Sediment load; Floodplain; Transport capacity; Hydrologic alteration; Fluvial processes ID HYDROLOGY WEHY MODEL; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; RATING CURVES; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; COSUMNES RIVER; SOIL-EROSION; CHANNEL; CATCHMENT; VALLEY AB The spatial and temporal variability of sediment sources, storage, and transport were investigated in a small agricultural watershed draining the Coast Ranges and Sacramento Valley in central California. Results of field, laboratory, and historical data analysis in the Willow Slough fluvial system document changes that transformed a transport-limited depositional system to an effective erosion and transport system, despite a large sediment supply. These changes were caused by a combination of factors: (i) an increase in transport capacity, and (ii) hydrologic alteration. Alteration of the riparian zone and drainage network pattern during the past similar to 150 years included a twofold increase in straightened channel segments along with a baselevel change from excavation that increased slope, and increased sediment transport capacity by similar to 7%. Hydrologic alteration from irrigation water contributions also increased transport capacity, by extending the period with potential for sediment transport and erosion by similar to 6 months/year. Field measurements document Quaternary Alluvium as a modern source of fine sediment with grain size distributions characterized by 5 to 40% fine material. About 60% of an upland and 30% of a lowland study reach incised into this deposit exhibit bank erosion. During this study, the wet 2006 and relatively dry 2007 water years exhibited a range of total annual suspended sediment load spanning two orders of magnitude: similar to 108.500 kg/km(2)/year during 2006 and 5,950 kg/km(2)/year during 2007, only 5% of that during the previous year. Regional implications of this work are illustrated by the potential for a small tributary such as Willow Slough to contribute sediment - whereas large dams limit sediment supply from larger tributaries - to the Sacramento River and San Francisco Bay Delta and Estuary. This work is relevant to lowland agricultural river-floodplain systems globally in efforts to restore aquatic and riparian functions and where water quality management includes reducing fine sediment contributions that can couple with other pollutants. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Florsheim, J. L.; Ohara, N.; Hernes, P. J.; Kavvas, M. L.] Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Pellerin, B. A.; Bergamaschi, B. A.] US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. [Oh, N. H.] Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul 151742, South Korea. [Bachand, P. A. M.; Bachand, S. M.] Bachand & Associates, Davis, CA 95618 USA. RP Florsheim, JL (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM florsheim@ucdavis.edu RI Bergamaschi, Brian/D-8325-2012 OI Bergamaschi, Brian/0000-0002-9610-5581 FU State Water Resources Control Board, SWRCB; Regents of the University of California, Davis FX Danya Davis, Drew Nichols, and John Franco Saraceno provided expert field assistance to characterize the geomorphology of upland and lowland areas of the watershed. Scott Wright, Sandrine Matiasek and two anonymous reviewers provided suggestions that improved this manuscript. This work was funded by Proposition 50 Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Grant Program between the State Water Resources Control Board, SWRCB, and the Regents of the University of California, Davis. Special thanks to Cathryn Lawrence for her efforts in facilitating this project through the California State budget crisis. We thank Joshua Grover (SWRCB), Paul Robbins and Jeannette Wyrinski (RCD), and Randy Beckwith (DWR) for their assistance. NR 64 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 6 U2 55 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD SEP 15 PY 2011 VL 132 IS 3-4 BP 272 EP 286 DI 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.037 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 804VG UT WOS:000293681500018 ER PT J AU Wilcox, BR Knutsen, GA Berdeen, J Goekjian, V Poulson, R Goyal, S Sreevatsan, S Cardona, C Berghaus, RD Swayne, DE Yabsley, MJ Stallknecht, DE AF Wilcox, Benjamin R. Knutsen, Gregory A. Berdeen, James Goekjian, Virginia Poulson, Rebecca Goyal, Sagar Sreevatsan, Srinand Cardona, Carol Berghaus, Roy D. Swayne, David E. Yabsley, Michael J. Stallknecht, David E. TI Influenza-A Viruses in Ducks in Northwestern Minnesota: Fine Scale Spatial and Temporal Variation in Prevalence and Subtype Diversity SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID AVIAN INFLUENZA; NORTH-AMERICA; AQUATIC BIRDS; WILD BIRDS; PARAMYXOVIRUSES; WATERFOWL; AMPLIFICATION; PATTERNS; FLYWAY AB Waterfowl from northwestern Minnesota were sampled by cloacal swabbing for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) from July - October in 2007 and 2008. AIV was detected in 222 (9.1%) of 2,441 ducks in 2007 and in 438 (17.9%) of 2,452 ducks in 2008. Prevalence of AIV peaked in late summer. We detected 27 AIV subtypes during 2007 and 31 during 2008. Ten hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes were detected each year (i.e., H1, 3-8, and 10-12 during 2007; H1-8, 10 and 11 during 2008). All neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were detected during each year of the study. Subtype diversity varied between years and increased with prevalence into September. Predominant subtypes during 2007 (comprising >= 5% of subtype diversity) included H1N1, H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H7N3, H10N7, and H11N9. Predominant subtypes during 2008 included H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, H6N1, and H10N7. Additionally, within each HA subtype, the same predominant HA/NA subtype combinations were detected each year and included H1N1, H3N8, H4N6, H5N2, H6N1, H7N3, H8N4, H10N7, and H11N9. The H2N3 and H12N5 viruses also predominated within the H2 and H12 subtypes, respectively, but only were detected during a single year (H2 and H12 viruses were not detected during 2007 and 2008, respectively). Mallards were the predominant species sampled (63.7% of the total), and 531 AIV were isolated from this species (80.5% of the total isolates). Mallard data collected during both years adequately described the observed temporal and spatial prevalence from the total sample and also adequately represented subtype diversity. Juvenile mallards also were adequate in describing the temporal and spatial prevalence of AIV as well as subtype diversity. C1 [Wilcox, Benjamin R.; Goekjian, Virginia; Poulson, Rebecca; Yabsley, Michael J.; Stallknecht, David E.] Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Wilcox, Benjamin R.; Yabsley, Michael J.] Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Knutsen, Gregory A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Middle River, MN USA. [Berdeen, James] Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Wetland Wildlife Populat & Res Grp, Bemidji, MN 56601 USA. [Goyal, Sagar; Sreevatsan, Srinand] Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Populat Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Sreevatsan, Srinand; Cardona, Carol] Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Biomed Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Swayne, David E.] ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA USA. RP Wilcox, BR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM myabsley@uga.edu OI Sreevatsan, Srinand/0000-0002-5162-2403 FU Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory [58-612-0220]; SCWDS [58-612-0220]; National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Department of Health and Human Services [HHSN266200700007C] FX Funding was provided through Specific Cooperative Agreement 58-612-0220 between the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory and SCWDS, and by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Department of Health and Human Services under Contract No. HHSN266200700007C. Contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 7 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD SEP 13 PY 2011 VL 6 IS 9 AR e24010 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0024010 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 825ZV UT WOS:000295321800013 PM 21931636 ER PT J AU Harp, EL Keefer, DK Sato, HP Yagi, H AF Harp, Edwin L. Keefer, David K. Sato, Hiroshi P. Yagi, Hiroshi TI Landslide inventories: The essential part of seismic landslide hazard analyses SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Landslide inventory; Landslide hazard; Aerial photography; Satellite imagery ID PREFECTURE EARTHQUAKE; NIIGATA PREFECTURE; 1994 NORTHRIDGE; CALIFORNIA; JAPAN; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB A detailed and accurate landslide inventory is an essential part of seismic landslide hazard analysis. An ideal inventory would cover the entire area affected by an earthquake and include all of the landslides that are possible to detect down to sizes of 1-5 m in length. The landslides must also be located accurately and mapped as polygons depicting their true shapes. Such mapped landslide distributions can then be used to perform seismic landslide hazard analysis and other quantitative analyses. Detailed inventory maps of landslide triggered by earthquakes began in the early 1960s with the use of aerial photography. In recent years, advances in technology have resulted in the accessibility of satellite imagery with sufficiently high resolution to identify and map all but the smallest of landslides triggered by a seismic event. With this ability to view any area of the globe, we can acquire imagery for any earthquake that triggers significant numbers of landslides. However, a common problem of incomplete coverage of the full distributions of landslides has emerged along with the advent of high resolution satellite imagery. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Harp, Edwin L.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. [Keefer, David K.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Sato, Hiroshi P.] Geog Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050811, Japan. [Yagi, Hiroshi] Yamagata Univ, Yamagata 9908550, Japan. RP Harp, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, POB 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO USA. EM harp@usgs.gov NR 39 TC 48 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD SEP 12 PY 2011 VL 122 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 9 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.06.013 PG 13 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 827KM UT WOS:000295427400002 ER PT J AU Jibson, RW AF Jibson, Randall W. TI Methods for assessing the stability of slopes during earthquakes-A retrospective SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Earthquake; Landslide; Seismic hazards; Seismic slope stability ID LANDSLIDE HAZARD; SEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS; INDUCED DEFORMATIONS; EARTH STRUCTURES; GROUND MOTIONS; DENALI FAULT; CASE-HISTORY; MODELS; ALASKA; DAM AB During the twentieth century, several methods to assess the stability of slopes during earthquakes were developed. Pseudostatic analysis was the earliest method; it involved simply adding a permanent body force representing the earthquake shaking to a static limit-equilibrium analysis. Stress-deformation analysis, a later development, involved much more complex modeling of slopes using a mesh in which the internal stresses and strains within elements are computed based on the applied external loads, including gravity and seismic loads. Stress-deformation analysis provided the most realistic model of slope behavior, but it is very complex and requires a high density of high-quality soil-property data as well as an accurate model of soil behavior. In 1965, Newmark developed a method that effectively bridges the gap between these two types of analysis. His sliding-block model is easy to apply and provides a useful index of co-seismic slope performance. Subsequent modifications to sliding-block analysis have made it applicable to a wider range of landslide types. Sliding-block analysis provides perhaps the greatest utility of all the types of analysis. It is far easier to apply than stress-deformation analysis, and it yields much more useful information than does pseudostatic analysis. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Jibson, RW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM jibson@usgs.gov NR 66 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 7 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD SEP 12 PY 2011 VL 122 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.09.017 PG 8 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 827KM UT WOS:000295427400005 ER PT J AU Overeem, I Anderson, RS Wobus, CW Clow, GD Urban, FE Matell, N AF Overeem, Irina Anderson, Robert S. Wobus, Cameron W. Clow, Gary D. Urban, Frank E. Matell, Nora TI Sea ice loss enhances wave action at the Arctic coast SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE MICROWAVE; BEAUFORT SEA; VARIABILITY; ALGORITHMS; EROSION AB Erosion rates of permafrost coasts along the Beaufort Sea accelerated over the past 50 years synchronously with Arctic-wide declines in sea ice extent, suggesting a causal relationship between the two. A fetch-limited wavemodel driven by sea ice position and local wind data from northern Alaska indicates that the exposure of permafrost bluffs to seawater increased by a factor of 2.5 during 1979-2009. The duration of the open water season expanded from similar to 45 days to similar to 95 days. Open water expanded more rapidly toward the fall (similar to 0.92 day yr(-1)), when sea surface temperatures are cooler, than into the mid-summer (similar to 0.71 days yr(-1)). Time-lapse imagery demonstrates the relatively efficient erosive action of a single storm in August. Sea surface temperatures have already decreased significantly by fall, reducing the potential impact of thermal erosion due to fall season storm waves. Citation: Overeem, I., R. S. Anderson, C. W. Wobus, G. D. Clow, F. E. Urban, and N. Matell (2011), Sea ice loss enhances wave action at the Arctic coast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17503, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048681. C1 [Overeem, Irina; Anderson, Robert S.; Matell, Nora] Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Anderson, Robert S.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Wobus, Cameron W.] Stratus Consulting Inc, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. [Wobus, Cameron W.] Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Clow, Gary D.; Urban, Frank E.] US Geol Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Overeem, I (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, 1560 30th St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM irina.overeem@colorado.edu OI Wobus, Cameron/0000-0002-9654-1738 FU National Oceanographic Partnership Program [N00014-07-1-1017] FX The authors thank T. Mefford, NOAA; W. Meier, NSIDC; and C. Sherwood, USGS. for data and model discussions. This project is funded by the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (Award N00014-07-1-1017). NR 32 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 9 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L17503 DI 10.1029/2011GL048681 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 818WE UT WOS:000294785800005 ER PT J AU Kramer, GY Besse, S Dhingra, D Nettles, J Klima, R Garrick-Bethell, I Clark, RN Combe, JP Head, JW Taylor, LA Pieters, CM Boardman, J McCord, TB AF Kramer, Georgiana Y. Besse, Sebastien Dhingra, Deepak Nettles, Jeffrey Klima, Rachel Garrick-Bethell, Ian Clark, Roger N. Combe, Jean-Philippe Head, James W., III Taylor, Lawrence A. Pieters, Carle M. Boardman, Joseph McCord, Thomas B. TI M-3 spectral analysis of lunar swirls and the link between optical maturation and surface hydroxyl formation at magnetic anomalies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOMETRIC ANOMALIES; TITANIUM ABUNDANCE; FINEST FRACTION; MOON; CLEMENTINE; MERCURY; SPECTROSCOPY; REGOLITH; IMPACTS; NEARSIDE AB We examined the lunar swirls using data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M-3). The improved spectral and spatial resolution of M-3 over previous spectral imaging data facilitates distinction of subtle spectral differences, and provides new information about the nature of these enigmatic features. We characterized spectral features of the swirls, interswirl regions (dark lanes), and surrounding terrain for each of three focus regions: Reiner Gamma, Gerasimovich, and Mare Ingenii. We used Principle Component Analysis to identify spectrally distinct surfaces at each focus region, and characterize the spectral features that distinguish them. We compared spectra from small, recent impact craters with the mature soils into which they penetrated to examine differences in maturation trends on-and off-swirl. Fresh, on-swirl crater spectra are higher albedo, exhibit a wider range in albedos and have well-preserved mafic absorption features compared with fresh off-swirl craters. Albedoand mafic absorptions are still evident in undisturbed, on-swirl surface soils, suggesting the maturation process is retarded. The spectral continuum is more concave compared with off-swirl spectra; a result of the limited spectral reddening being mostly constrained to wavelengths less than similar to 1500 nm. Off-swirl spectra show very little reddening or change in continuum shape across the entire M-3 spectral range. Off-swirl spectra are dark, have attenuated absorption features, and the narrow range in off-swirl albedos suggests off-swirl regions mature rapidly. Spectral parameter maps depicting the relative OH surface abundance for each of our three swirl focus regions were created using the depth of the hydroxyl absorption feature at 2.82 mu m. For each of the studied regions, the 2.82 mu m absorption feature is significantly weaker on-swirl than off-swirl, indicating the swirls are depleted in OH relative to their surroundings. The spectral characteristics of the swirls and adjacent terrains from all three focus regions support the hypothesis that the magnetic anomalies deflect solar wind ions away from the swirls and onto off-swirl surfaces. Nanophase iron (npFe(0)) is largely responsible for the spectral characteristics we attribute to space weathering and maturation, and is created by vaporization/deposition by micrometeorite impacts and sputtering/reduction by solar wind ions. On the swirls, the decreased proton flux slows the spectral effects of space weathering (relative to nonswirl regions) by limiting the npFe(0) production mechanism almost exclusively to micrometeoroid impact vaporization/deposition. Immediately adjacent to the swirls, maturation is accelerated by the increased flux of protons deflected from the swirls. C1 [Kramer, Georgiana Y.; Combe, Jean-Philippe; McCord, Thomas B.] Bear Fight Inst, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. [Besse, Sebastien] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Dhingra, Deepak; Nettles, Jeffrey; Head, James W., III; Pieters, Carle M.] Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Klima, Rachel] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20732 USA. [Garrick-Bethell, Ian] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Clark, Roger N.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. [Taylor, Lawrence A.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Planetary Geosci Inst, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Boardman, Joseph] Analyt Imaging & Geophys LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kramer, GY (reprint author), Bear Fight Inst, 22 Fiddlers Rd,Box 667, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. EM kramer@lpi.usra.edu RI Klima, Rachel/H-9383-2012; Garrick-Bethell, Ian/E-7051-2013; OI Klima, Rachel/0000-0002-9151-6429; Besse, Sebastien/0000-0002-1052-5439 NR 90 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP 9 PY 2011 VL 116 AR E00G18 DI 10.1029/2010JE003729 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 818UI UT WOS:000294780900001 ER PT J AU Liu, D Wang, HM Dong, HL Qiu, X Dong, XZ Cravotta, CA AF Liu, Deng Wang, Hongmei Dong, Hailiang Qiu, Xuan Dong, Xiuzhu Cravotta, Charles A., III TI Mineral transformations associated with goethite reduction by Methanosarcina barkeri SO CHEMICAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bioreduction; Goethite; Methanogen; Mineral transformation; Vivianite ID MICROBIAL REDUCTION; FERRIC IRON; ELECTRON-ACCEPTORS; REDUCING BACTERIA; FE(III) REDUCTION; SULFATE REDUCERS; ILLITE REACTION; METHANOGENESIS; COMPETITION; SEDIMENTS AB To investigate the interaction between methanogens and iron-containing minerals in anoxic environments, we conducted batch culture experiments with Methanosarcina barkeri in a phosphate-buffered basal medium (PBBM) to bioreduce structural Fe(III) in goethite with hydrogen as the sole substrate. Fe(II) and methane concentrations were monitored over the course of the bioreduction experiments with wet chemistry and gas chromatography, respectively. Subsequent mineralogical changes were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the presence of an electron shuttle anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), 30% Fe(III) in goethite (weight basis) was reduced to Fe(II). In contrast, only 2% Fe(III) (weight basis) was bioreduced in the absence of AQDS. Most of the bioproduced Fe(II) was incorporated into secondary minerals including dufrenite and vivianite. Our data implied a dufrenite-vivianite transformation mechanism where a metastable dufrenite transformed to a more stable vivianite over extended time in anaerobic conditions. Methanogenesis was greatly inhibited by bioreduction of goethite Fe(III). These results have important implications for the methane flux associated with Fe(III) bioreduction and ferrous iron mineral precipitation in anaerobic soils and sediments. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Liu, Deng; Wang, Hongmei; Dong, Hailiang; Qiu, Xuan] China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. [Dong, Hailiang] Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. [Dong, Xiuzhu] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Microbiol, State Key Lab Microbial Resources, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. [Cravotta, Charles A., III] US Geol Survey, Penn Water Sci Ctr, New Cumberland, PA 17070 USA. RP Wang, HM (reprint author), China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. EM wanghmei04@163.com; dongh@muohio.edu FU National Basic Research Program of China [2011CB808800]; National Science Foundation of China [41030211, 41072253]; China University of Geosciences-Wuhan (CUG-Wuhan) [007-1323511005, CUGL100502]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-07ER64369, DE-SC0005333]; U.S. Department of Defense [ER-1685]; CUG-Wuhan FX We are grateful to Prof. Joseph A. Krzycki for providing the strain of M. barkeri DSM800. We thank John Morton, Michael Bishop, Xiaoli Liu and Shang Wang for their help in running the experiments. This work was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant no. 2011CB808800), grants from National Science Foundation of China (41030211, 41072253), the special funds for outstanding talents (007-1323511005, CUGL100502) from China University of Geosciences-Wuhan (CUG-Wuhan), the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-07ER64369 and DE-SC0005333), the U.S. Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) (ER-1685), and HD's startup funds from CUG-Wuhan. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers whose comments significantly improved the quality of the manuscript. NR 49 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2541 EI 1878-5999 J9 CHEM GEOL JI Chem. Geol. PD SEP 8 PY 2011 VL 288 IS 1-2 BP 53 EP 60 DI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.06.013 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 825VV UT WOS:000295311100005 ER PT J AU Bowling, DR Grote, EE Belnap, J AF Bowling, D. R. Grote, E. E. Belnap, J. TI Rain pulse response of soil CO2 exchange by biological soil crusts and grasslands of the semiarid Colorado Plateau, United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LICHEN LECANORA-MURALIS; NORTH-AMERICAN MONSOON; CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; PRECIPITATION PULSES; DESERT ECOSYSTEM; PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY; SONORAN DESERT; WATER-CONTENT; GREAT-BASIN AB Biological activity in arid grasslands is strongly dependent on moisture. We examined gas exchange of biological soil crusts (biocrusts), the underlying soil biotic community, and the belowground respiratory activity of C-3 and C-4 grasses over 2 years in southeast Utah, USA. We used soil surface CO2 flux and the amount and carbon isotope composition (delta C-13) of soil CO2 as indicators of belowground and soil surface activity. Soil respiration was always below 2 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) and highly responsive to soil moisture. When moisture was available, warm spring and summer temperature was associated with higher fluxes. Moisture pulses led to enhanced soil respiration lasting for a week or more. Biological response to rain was not simply dependent on the amount of rain, but also depended on antecedent conditions (prior moisture pulses). The short-term temperature sensitivity of respiration was very dynamic, showing enhancement within 1-2 days of rain, and diminishing each day afterward. Carbon uptake occurred by cyanobacterially dominated biocrusts following moisture pulses in fall and winter, with a maximal net carbon uptake of 0.5 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), although typically the biocrusts were a net carbon source. No difference was detected in the seasonal activity of C-3 and C-4 grasses, contrasting with studies from other arid regions (where warm-versus cool-season activity is important), and highlighting the unique biophysical environment of this cold desert. Contrary to other studies, the delta C-13 of belowground respiration in the rooting zone of each photosynthetic type did not reflect the delta C-13 of C-3 and C-4 physiology. C1 [Bowling, D. R.] Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Grote, E. E.; Belnap, J.] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. RP Bowling, DR (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM david.bowling@utah.edu FU University of Utah; United States Geological Survey FX Thanks to Suzanne Bethers-Marchetti, Claire Lunch, Andrew Moyes, and Adam Collins for spending many hot hours doing desert field work, and to Jason Neff for sharing soil moisture data and many insightful discussions. Thanks to the Western Regional Climate Center (http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/), and to Frank Urban and the USGS CLIM-MET program (http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/sw/clim-met/) for generously sharing data. This research was supported by the University of Utah and the United States Geological Survey. We appreciate the helpful comments of Susan Schwinning and Scott Collins on earlier versions of the manuscript. NR 113 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 45 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-BIOGEO JI J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci. PD SEP 8 PY 2011 VL 116 AR G03028 DI 10.1029/2011JG001643 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 819CS UT WOS:000294803600002 ER PT J AU Konikow, LF AF Konikow, Leonard F. TI Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WATER STORAGE; 20TH-CENTURY AB Removal of water from terrestrial subsurface storage is a natural consequence of groundwater withdrawals, but global depletion is not well characterized. Cumulative groundwater depletion represents a transfer of mass from land to the oceans that contributes to sea-level rise. Depletion is directly calculated using calibrated groundwater models, analytical approaches, or volumetric budget analyses for multiple aquifer systems. Estimated global groundwater depletion during 1900-2008 totals similar to 4,500 km(3), equivalent to a sea-level rise of 12.6 mm (>6% of the total). Furthermore, the rate of groundwater depletion has increased markedly since about 1950, with maximum rates occurring during the most recent period (2000-2008), when it averaged similar to 145 km(3)/yr ( equivalent to 0.40 mm/yr of sea-level rise, or 13% of the reported rate of 3.1 mm/yr during this recent period). Citation: Konikow, L. F. ( 2011), Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17401, doi:10.1029/2011GL048604. C1 US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Konikow, LF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 431 Natl Cent, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM lkonikow@usgs.gov NR 33 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 6 U2 44 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 2 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L17401 DI 10.1029/2011GL048604 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 816QB UT WOS:000294616100005 ER PT J AU Reimann, T Rehrl, C Shoemaker, WB Geyer, T Birk, S AF Reimann, Thomas Rehrl, Christoph Shoemaker, W. Barclay Geyer, Tobias Birk, Steffen TI The significance of turbulent flow representation in single-continuum models SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID KARST; AQUIFER; CONDUIT; SIMULATION; SYSTEM AB Karst aquifers exhibit highly conductive features caused from rock dissolution processes. Flow within these structures can become turbulent and therefore can be expressed by nonlinear gradient functions. One way to account for these effects is by coupling a continuum model with a conduit network. Alternatively, turbulent flow can be considered by adapting the hydraulic conductivity within the continuum model. Consequently, the significance of turbulent flow on the dynamic behavior of karst springs is investigated by an enhanced single-continuum model that results in conduit-type flow in continuum cells (CTFC). The single-continuum approach CTFC represents laminar and turbulent flow as well as more complex hybrid models that require additional programming and numerical efforts. A parameter study is conducted to investigate the effects of turbulent flow on the response of karst springs to recharge events using the new CTFC approach, existing hybrid models, and MODFLOW-2005. Results reflect the importance of representing (1) turbulent flow in karst conduits and (2) the exchange between conduits and continuum cells. More specifically, laminar models overestimate maximum spring discharge and underestimate hydraulic gradients within the conduit. It follows that aquifer properties inferred from spring hydrographs are potentially impaired by ignoring flow effects due to turbulence. The exchange factor used for hybrid models is necessary to account for the scale dependency between hydraulic properties of the matrix continuum and conduits. This functionality, which is not included in CTFC, can be mimicked by appropriate use of the Horizontal Flow Barrier package for MODFLOW. C1 [Reimann, Thomas] Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Groundwater Management, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. [Geyer, Tobias] Univ Gottingen, Geosci Ctr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. [Shoemaker, W. Barclay] US Geol Survey, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. [Birk, Steffen] Graz Univ, Inst Earth Sci, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP Reimann, T (reprint author), Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Groundwater Management, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. EM thomas.reimann@tu-dresden.de; bshoemak@usgs.gov; tgeyer@gwdg.de; steffen.birk@uni-graz.at RI Reimann, Thomas/C-5718-2011; OI Reimann, Thomas/0000-0002-4259-0139; Shoemaker, W. Barclay/0000-0002-7680-377X; Birk, Steffen/0000-0001-7474-3884 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) [LI 727/11-1, SA 501/24-1]; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [L576-N21] FX This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under grants LI 727/11-1 and SA 501/24-1 and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant L576-N21. The authors express their appreciation to Robert A. Renken, Andrew J. Long, and Eric D. Swain of the USGS and Rudolf Liedl from TU Dresden for their internal review prior to submission to the journal as well as Stephen R. H. Worthington and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments that greatly helped to improve the manuscript. Sadly, we have to report that our colleague and friend Christoph Rehrl died on 21 March 2010 at the age of 37. His dedication and person were an inspiration to us all. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 2 PY 2011 VL 47 AR W09503 DI 10.1029/2010WR010133 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 816RF UT WOS:000294619100002 ER PT J AU Crimmins, SM Roberts, NM Hamilton, DA AF Crimmins, Shawn M. Roberts, Nathan M. Hamilton, David A. TI Age-Specific Reproductive Rates of River Otters in Southern Missouri SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID REINTRODUCTION; TRANSLOCATION; POPULATION; CANADENSIS; SURVIVAL AB Sustained reproduction is critical for successful restoration of extirpated populations. Evaluating success of restoration efforts requires an understanding of reproductive capacity in such populations. We examined age-specific reproductive capacity of a Lontra canadensis (River Otter) population in southern Missouri that was the focus of intense restoration efforts in the 1980s and early 1990s. We collected carcasses of 387 legally harvested female Otters from 1996-1999. Otters ranged in age from 1-11 years, with juveniles (<1 yr) the dominant (41.1%) age class. Mean annual corpora lutea counts were high (<(x)over bar> = 2.48 +/- 0.12) and present in 72.8% of adult (>1 yr) Otters. Our results indicate that the southern Missouri River Otter population has one of the greatest recorded potential reproductive capacities for that species. C1 [Crimmins, Shawn M.] Univ Montana, Dept Forest Management, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. [Roberts, Nathan M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. [Hamilton, David A.] Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Crimmins, SM (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Forest Management, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM shawn.crim-mins@umontana.edu RI Crimmins, Shawn/M-1809-2013 FU University of Missouri; Missouri Department of Conservation FX Support for this project was provided by the University of Missouri and the Missouri Department of Conservation. We thank the United State Fish and Wildlife Service for logistical support. We thank the Missouri Trappers Association and the numerous trappers who graciously provided carcasses for this study. We are grateful to B. Leopold and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved this manuscript. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 13 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 10 IS 3 BP 501 EP 508 DI 10.1656/058.010.0309 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 976SY UT WOS:000306606300009 ER PT J AU Ashe, D AF Ashe, Dan TI Adapting to climate change SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Ashe, D (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD FAL PY 2011 VL 28 IS 1 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA 937AU UT WOS:000303632200001 ER PT J AU Wuellner, MR Graeb, BDS Willis, DW Galster, BJ Selch, TM Chipps, SR AF Wuellner, Melissa R. Graeb, Brian D. S. Willis, David W. Galster, Bethany J. Selch, Trevor M. Chipps, Steven R. TI Competitive interactions between walleye (Sander vitreus) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) under various controlled conditions SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE walleye; smallmouth bass; competition; feeding behavior; prey switching; exploitative competition; interference competition ID PERCH PERCA-FLUVIATILIS; YELLOW PERCH; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; LARGEMOUTH BASS; SIZE STRUCTURE; COHO SALMON; JUVENILE; FISH; PREY AB The range of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) is expanding northward, creating new interactions with native predators, including walleye (Sander vitreus). We used a series of experiments to investigate competition between walleye (WAE) and smallmouth bass (SMB) at different life stages and light conditions, identified behaviors that allowed one fish to outcompete another, and evaluated whether prey switching mitigated competitive interactions. Juvenile and adult SMB appeared to outcompete WAE when fed during the daytime; neither species dominated when fed near dusk. Attack rates and capture efficiencies of both species were similar with an intra-or interspecific competitor, but SMB often exploited prey before the competitor had a chance to feed (exploitative competition) or displayed agonistic behaviors toward a potential competitor (interference competition). Prey selectivity of WAE or SMB did not differ when by themselves or with a potential competitor. These results indicate that SMB could outcompete WAE under limiting prey conditions due to the aggressive nature of SMB, but resources may be partitioned at least along a temporal scale. C1 [Wuellner, Melissa R.; Graeb, Brian D. S.; Willis, David W.] S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Galster, Bethany J.] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Selch, Trevor M.] Montana Fish, Helena, MT 59620 USA. [Chipps, Steven R.] US Geol Survey, S Dakota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Wuellner, MR (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Box 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. EM melissa.wuellner@sdstate.edu FU Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration program [F-15-R, Study 1505]; Jesse W. West Fisheries Research Endowment FX We thank T. St. Sauver, D. Lucchesi, and B. Johnson at South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks and W. Gibbons at South Dakota State University for providing assistance with collecting fish for experiments. Invaluable laboratory and field assistance was provided by J. Dagel, J. Grote, S. Heidebrink, N. Lorenz, J. McAllister, J. Seibert, G. Soupir, and E. Weeman. Primary funding for this research was provided by the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration program, Project F-15-R, Study 1505, Job 1, administered through the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Funding for the purchase of observation tanks was provided by the Jesse W. West Fisheries Research Endowment supported by Pond Boss members and administered through the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences at South Dakota State University. We appreciate the comments of P. Bettoli (Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit) and K. Pope (Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit) on previous drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0270-5060 EI 2156-6941 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 26 IS 3 BP 299 EP 314 DI 10.1080/02705060.2011.555212 PG 16 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 865CK UT WOS:000298288200001 ER PT J AU Holmes, KL Goebel, PC Williams, LR Schecengost, M AF Holmes, Kathryn L. Goebel, P. Charles Williams, Lance R. Schecengost, Marie TI Environmental influences on macroinvertebrate assemblages in headwater streams of northeastern Ohio SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE headwater streams; salamanders; stream restoration; Cuyahoga Valley National Park ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; HABITAT STRUCTURE; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; FISH; LANDSCAPE; SCALE; VARIABILITY; ABUNDANCE; GRADIENT; SYSTEMS AB We determined composition and trophic structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages, and also examined how environmental factors, such as riparian forest, aquatic habitat, and vertebrate predators, influenced these assemblages in relatively undisturbed headwater streams of northeastern Ohio. Using canonical correspondence analysis, we examined the relationships between macroinvertebrate assemblages, both compositional and trophic structure, and the environment. Ordination analyses showed a distinct separation of upstream and downstream macroinvertebrate faunas, while variance partitioning suggested that this may be because of the strong effects that predatory fishes and salamanders had in upstream areas. Aquatic habitat may be a strong determinant of macroinvertebrate composition and structure in these headwater streams, though this may be a reflection of site fidelity. Riparian forest habitat also explained a large portion of variation in macroinvertebrate functional feeding guild structure, emphasizing the connection between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in these headwater stream systems. C1 [Holmes, Kathryn L.; Goebel, P. Charles] Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. [Williams, Lance R.; Schecengost, Marie] Ohio State Univ, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Williams, Lance R.] Univ Texas Tyler, Dept Biol, Tyler, TX 75799 USA. [Schecengost, Marie] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Lower Great Lakes Fishery Resources Off, Amherst, NY 14228 USA. RP Goebel, PC (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. EM goebel.11@osu.edu RI Goebel, Patrick/B-3657-2012 FU Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) FX Funding and salaries of this research were provided by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) through an OARDC SEEDS grant. We thank Lisa Petit and staff of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park for assistance with site identification and sampling permission. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 24 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 26 IS 3 BP 409 EP 422 DI 10.1080/02705060.2011.566705 PG 14 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 865CK UT WOS:000298288200010 ER PT J AU Czypinski, GD Ogle, DH AF Czypinski, Gary D. Ogle, Derek H. TI Evaluating the physical removal of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) with bottom trawling SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE invasive; control; Lake Superior; ruffe; removal AB The ability to reduce a population of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) with intense repeated bottom trawling was examined at two locations in Chequamegon Bay of Lake Superior. Trawling significantly depleted the population at the Kakagon River site but not at the Second Landing site. At least 93% of the estimated population of ruffe was removed from the Kakagon River site, but ruffe re-established in the area within 1 year. The relative success of short-term reduction at the Kakagon River site was likely due to habitat and biological characteristics that led ruffe to congregate in large numbers. Physical removal does not appear to be an effective way to effect long-term removal of ruffe. C1 [Ogle, Derek H.] Northland Coll, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. [Czypinski, Gary D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ashland Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Ogle, DH (reprint author), Northland Coll, 1411 Ellis Ave, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. EM dogle@northland.edu OI Ogle, Derek/0000-0002-0370-9299 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 26 IS 3 BP 441 EP 443 DI 10.1080/02705060.2011.569336 PG 3 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 865CK UT WOS:000298288200014 ER PT J AU Mason, LC Savidge, JA Rodda, GH Adams, AAY AF Mason, Lisa C. Savidge, Julie A. Rodda, Gordon H. Adams, Amy A. Yackel TI Scented Guide Ropes as a Method to Enhance Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) Trap Capture Success on Guam SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SNAKE AB Current methods for controlling the invasive Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam include a modified minnow trap with a live mouse lure. We investigated the effects on capture success of augmenting these traps with scented guide ropes leading to trap entrances. Initial screening of scent preferences was based on time spent in scented and unscented arms of a Y-maze. Preferences of large and small snakes were scored for six different prey scents (live and carrion gecko, skink, and mouse). Large snakes spent more time in the maze arm scented with live gecko and carrion gecko, whereas small snakes spent more time in the arm scented with carrion mouse and carrion gecko. After the laboratory study, a pilot trapping session was conducted in the field using three treatments (live mouse-scented ropes, carrion gecko-scented ropes, and carrion mouse-scented ropes) and two controls (traps with unscented guide ropes and those with no ropes attached). Contrary to laboratory results, live mouse-scented ropes were most effective. We conducted a second trapping session using live mouse-scented ropes as well as the two controls used in the pilot study. For snakes of below-average to average condition, the number of captures for traps with live mouse-scented ropes was higher than for traps with no ropes. However, for snakes of above-average condition, there were no differences in capture rates between trap treatments. Overall, treatment effects were weaker than latent individual heterogeneity and the influence of snake body size, with large snakes trapped more readily. C1 [Mason, Lisa C.; Savidge, Julie A.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Adams, Amy A. Yackel] US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, ASRC Management Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Mason, LC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Fish Wildlife & Conservat Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM lisacmason@gmail.com FU Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs FX Funding for this research was provided by the Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs, and facilities were provided by the Guam National Wildlife Refuge. We thank R. Reed, S. Siers, B. Lardner, T. Hinkle, A. Hambrick, P. Reynolds, A. Tuggle, G. Haddock, and R. Stafford for assistance throughout the planning stages of the research and for aiding in data collection. We also thank P. Chapman for statistical advice and T. Mathies, W. Smith, S. Siers, B. Lardner, and two anonymous reviewers for contributions in editing and revisions. Research was conducted under Colorado State University Animal Care and Use Committee protocol 06-099A-02. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 19 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 45 IS 3 BP 308 EP 312 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 853TG UT WOS:000297448000009 ER PT J AU Mitrovich, MJ Gallegos, EA Lyren, LM Lovich, RE Fisher, RN AF Mitrovich, Milan J. Gallegos, Elizabeth A. Lyren, Lisa M. Lovich, Robert E. Fisher, Robert N. TI Habitat Use and Movement of the Endangered Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus) in Coastal Southern California SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Information on the habitat use and movement patterns of Arroyo Toads (Anaxyrus californicus) is limited. The temporal and spatial characteristics of terrestrial habitat use, especially as it relates to upland use in coastal areas of the species' range, are poorly understood. We present analyses of radiotelemetry data from 40 individual adult toads tracked at a single site in coastal southern California from March through November of 2004. We quantify adult Arroyo Toad habitat use and movements and interpret results in the context of their life history. We show concentrated activity by both male and female toads along stream terraces during and after breeding, and, although our fall sample size is low, the continued presence of adult toads in the floodplain through the late fall. Adult toads used open sandy flats with sparse vegetation. Home-range size and movement frequency varied as a function of body mass. Observed spatial patterns of movement and habitat use both during and outside of the breeding period as well as available climatological data suggest that overwintering of toads in floodplain habitats of near-coastal areas of southern California may be more common than previously considered. If adult toads are not migrating out of the floodplain at the close of the breeding season but instead overwinter on stream terraces in near-coastal areas, then current management practices that assume toad absence from floodplain habitats may be leaving adult toads over-wintering on stream terraces vulnerable to human disturbance during a time of year when Arroyo Toad mortality is potentially highest. C1 [Mitrovich, Milan J.; Gallegos, Elizabeth A.; Lyren, Lisa M.; Fisher, Robert N.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Lovich, Robert E.] AC S Environm Secur, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Camp Pendleton, CA 92055 USA. RP Gallegos, EA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM egallegos@usgs.gov FU AC/S Environmental Security U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton FX We thank E. Ambat for technical contributions in the field. We also thank C. Brehme, B. Halstead, M. E. Mueller, S. Sweet, J. Yee, and an anonymous reviewer for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. The project was funded partially by the AC/S Environmental Security U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and benefited greatly from staff support. All work was performed under U.S. Fish and Wildlife permit TE-045994 and individually held California Department of Fish and Game scientific collecting permits. The use of trade, products, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 45 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 5 U2 27 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 45 IS 3 BP 319 EP 328 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 853TG UT WOS:000297448000011 ER PT J AU Vroblesky, DA Petkewich, MD Lowery, MA Landmeyer, JE AF Vroblesky, Don A. Petkewich, Matthew D. Lowery, Mark A. Landmeyer, James E. TI Sewers as a Source and Sink of Chlorinated-Solvent Groundwater Contamination, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB Groundwater contamination by tetrachloroethene and its dechlorination products is present in two partially intermingled plumes in the surficial aquifer near a former dry-cleaning facility at Site 45, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. The northern plume originates from the vicinity of former above-ground storage tanks. Free-phase tetrachloroethene from activities in this area entered the groundwater. The southern plume originates at a nearby, new dry-cleaning facility, but probably was the result of contamination released to the aquifer from a leaking sanitary sewer line from the former dry-cleaning facility. Discharge of dissolved groundwater contamination is primarily to leaking storm sewers below the water table. The strong influence of sanitary sewers on source distribution and of storm sewers on plume orientation and discharge at this site indicates that groundwater-contamination investigators should consider the potential influence of sewer systems at their sites. C1 [Vroblesky, Don A.; Petkewich, Matthew D.; Lowery, Mark A.; Landmeyer, James E.] US Geol Survey, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. RP Vroblesky, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 720 Gracern Rd,Suite 1129,Stephenson Ctr, Columbia, SC 29210 USA. EM vroblesk@usgs.gov; mdpetkew@usgs.gov; malowery@usgs.gov; jlandmey@usgs.gov NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 2011 VL 31 IS 4 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01349.x PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 850QW UT WOS:000297213100005 ER PT J AU Singh, RK Irmak, A Walter-Shea, EA Verma, SB Suyker, AE AF Singh, R. K. Irmak, A. Walter-Shea, E. A. Verma, S. B. Suyker, A. E. TI SPECTRAL DATA-BASED ESTIMATION OF SOIL HEAT FLUX SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE LA English DT Article DE Energy balance; ND VI; Net radiation; Remote sensing; Soil heat flux ID ENERGY-BALANCE; NET-RADIATION; MAPPING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION; MAIZE; SITES AB Numerous existing spectral-based soil heat flux (G) models have shown wide variation in performance for maize and soybean cropping systems in Nebraska, indicating the need for localized calibration and model development. The objectives of this article are to develop a semi-empirical model to estimate G from a normalized difference vegetation index (ND VI) and net radiation (R(n)) for maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) fields in the Great Plains, and present the suitability of the developed model to estimate G under similar and different soil and management conditions. Soil heat fluxes measured in both irrigated and rainfed fields in eastern and south-central Nebraska were used for model development and validation. An exponential model that uses NDVI and R(n) was found to be the best to estimate G based on r(2) values. The effect of geographic location, crop, and water management practices were used to develop semi-empirical models under four case studies. Each case study has the same exponential model structure but a different set of coefficients and exponents to represent the crop, soil, and management practices. Results showed that the semi-empirical models can be used effectively for G estimation for nearby fields with similar soil properties for independent years, regardless of differences in crop type, crop rotation, and irrigation practices, provided that the crop residue from the previous year is more than 4000 kg ha(-1). The coefficients calibrated from particular fields can be used at nearby fields in order to capture temporal variation in G. However, there is a need for further investigation of the models to account for the interaction effects of crop rotation and irrigation. Validation at an independent site having different soil and crop management practices showed the limitation of the semi-empirical model in estimating G under different soil and environment conditions. C1 [Irmak, A.] Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, CALMIT, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Irmak, A.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Singh, R. K.] USGS Earth Resources Observat & Sci EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Irmak, A (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, CALMIT, 311 Hardin Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM airmak2@unl.edu OI Singh, Ramesh/0000-0002-8164-3483 NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 2151-0032 J9 T ASABE JI Trans. ASABE PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 54 IS 5 BP 1589 EP 1597 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 850WR UT WOS:000297230800004 ER PT J AU Jennings, AE Sheldon, C Cronin, TM Francus, P Stoner, J Andrews, J AF Jennings, Anne E. Sheldon, Christina Cronin, Thomas M. Francus, Pierre Stoner, Joseph Andrews, John TI THE HOLOCENE HISTORY OF NARES STRAIT: Transition from Glacial Bay to Arctic-Atlantic Throughflow SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID RADIOCARBON AGE CALIBRATION; NORTHERNMOST BAFFIN-BAY; GREENLAND ICE-SHEET; SEA-ICE; INNUITIAN ICE; FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; OCEAN CIRCULATION; ELLESMERE ISLAND; FRESH-WATER AB Retreat of glacier ice from Nares Strait and other straits in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago after the end of the last Ice Age initiated an important connection between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans, allowing development of modern ocean circulation in Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea. As low-salinity, nutrient-rich Arctic Water began to enter Baffin Bay, it contributed to the Baffin and Labrador currents flowing southward. This enhanced freshwater inflow must have influenced the sea ice regime and likely is responsible for poor calcium carbonate preservation that characterizes the Baffin Island margin today. Sedimentologic and paleoceanographic data from radiocarbon-dated core HLY03-05GC, Hall Basin, northern Nares Strait, document the timing and paleoenvironments surrounding the retreat of waning ice sheets from Nares Strait and opening of this connection between the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay. Hall Basin was deglaciated soon before 10,300 cal BP (calibrated years before present) and records ice-distal sedimentation in a glacial bay facing the Arctic Ocean until about 9,000 cal BP. Atlantic Water was present in Hall Basin during deglaciation, suggesting that it may have promoted ice retreat. A transitional unit with high ice-rafted debris content records the opening of Nares Strait at approximately 9,000 cal BP. High productivity in Hall Basin between 9,000 and 6,000 cal BP reflects reduced sea ice cover and duration as well as throughflow of nutrient-rich Pacific Water. The later Holocene is poorly resolved in the core, but slow sedimentation rates and heavier carbon isotope values support an interpretation of increased sea ice cover and decreased productivity during the Neoglacial period. C1 [Jennings, Anne E.; Andrews, John] Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Jennings, Anne E.; Sheldon, Christina] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Cronin, Thomas M.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Francus, Pierre] Ctr Eau Terre Environm, INRS, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. [Stoner, Joseph] Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jennings, AE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM anne.jennings@colorado.edu FU NSF [OPP 0713755] FX We give sincere thanks to Francois Lapointe (INRS-Centre Eau Terre Environment, Canada) and Natasha Roy (Universite Laval, Canada), who are students of Pierre Francus and who made and analyzed the thin sections. Many thanks to Mark Hannon, graduate student at the University of Colorado, Boulder, for making the base map for the study area using the IBCAO database. Bobbi Connard of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences (COAS) at Oregon State University graciously coordinated the sampling and x-radiography of the core in 2008. Ursula Quillmann, PhD student in geological sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder, helped to sample the core at COAS and has helped in many ways on the analyses since then. Sincere thanks go to Svend Funder and an anonymous reviewer for their improvements to the manuscript. This research was supported by NSF OPP 0713755 awarded to Anne E. Jennings, project title: Marine Evidence for GIS Stability and History of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland, from the LGM to Holocene. NR 69 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 13 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD SEP PY 2011 VL 24 IS 3 SI SI BP 26 EP 41 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 826ZS UT WOS:000295394700007 ER PT J AU Sigler, MF Renner, M Danielson, SL Eisner, LB Lauth, RR Kuletz, KJ Logerwell, EA Hunt, GL AF Sigler, Michael F. Renner, Martin Danielson, Seth L. Eisner, Lisa B. Lauth, Robert R. Kuletz, Kathy J. Logerwell, Elizabeth A. Hunt, George L., Jr. TI Fluxes, Fins, and Feathers Relationships Among the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas in a Time of Climate Change SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN ARCTIC-OCEAN; BOWHEAD WHALE DISTRIBUTION; MACKENZIE SHELF ESTUARY; ALASKA COASTAL CURRENT; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; WALLEYE POLLOCK; LATE SUMMER; WATER MASS; FOOD WEBS AB Ocean currents, water masses, and seasonal sea ice formation determine linkages among and barriers between the biotas of the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas. The Bering Sea communicates with the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas via northward advection of water, nutrients, and plankton through Bering Strait. However, continuity of the ocean's physical properties is modulated by regional differences in heat, salt, and sea ice budgets, in particular, along the meridional gradient. Using summer density data from zooplankton, fish (bottom and surface trawl), and seabird surveys, we define three biogeographic provinces: the Eastern Bering Shelf Province (the eastern Bering Sea shelf south of Saint Lawrence Island), the Chirikov-Chukchi Province (the eastern Bering Sea shelf north of Saint Lawrence Island [Chirikov Basin] and Chukchi Sea), and the Beaufort Sea Province. Regional differences in summer distributions of biota largely reflect the underlying oceanography. Climate warming will reduce the duration and possibly the extent of seasonal ice cover in the Eastern Bering Shelf Province, but this warming may not lead to increased abundance of some subarctic species because seasonal ice cover and cold (< 2 degrees C) bottom waters on the Bering shelf form a barrier to the northward migration of subarctic bottom fish species typical of the southeastern Bering Sea. While Arctic species that are dependent upon the summer extent of sea ice face an uncertain future, other Arctic species' resilience to a changing climate will be derived from waters that continue to freeze each winter. C1 [Sigler, Michael F.; Eisner, Lisa B.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Juneau, AK USA. [Renner, Martin; Hunt, George L., Jr.] Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Danielson, Seth L.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Lauth, Robert R.; Logerwell, Elizabeth A.] NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. [Kuletz, Kathy J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Sigler, MF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Juneau, AK USA. EM mike.sigler@noaa.gov OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 FU NSF [ARC-0908262]; NOAA/PMEL Eco-FOCI FX Several recent scientific programs, including BEST, BSIERP, BASIS, NPCREP, RUSALCA, and SBI have contributed to our knowledge of these regions. We thank John Piatt and Gary Drew for developing the North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database and Ivonne Ortiz and Ed Farley for the fish diet data used to classify foraging guilds. We thank Peter Boveng, Ken Coyle, Ed Farley, Franz Mueter, Jeff Napp, Lori Quakenbush, Bill Sydeman, and an anonymous reviewer for comments on an earlier version of this article. The participation of G. Hunt and M. Renner was supported by NSF Grant ARC-0908262. We thank K. Aagaard, P. Stabeno, and T. Weingartner for use of moored data records. NOAA mooring M2 is supported by the NOAA/PMEL Eco-FOCI program. This is BEST-BSIERP publication no. 24 and NPRB publication no. 301. This is a publication of the IMBER Regional Program, Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS). The findings and conclusions of the paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Marine Fisheries Service. NR 106 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 40 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD SEP PY 2011 VL 24 IS 3 SI SI BP 250 EP 265 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 826ZS UT WOS:000295394700032 ER PT J AU Machlis, GE McNutt, MK AF Machlis, Gary E. McNutt, Marcia K. TI Black Swans, Wicked Problems, and Science During Crises SO OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID OIL-SPILL C1 [Machlis, Gary E.] Natl Pk Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. [McNutt, Marcia K.] US Geol Survey, Washington, DC 20242 USA. RP Machlis, GE (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. EM gmachlis@uidaho.edu NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 12 PU OCEANOGRAPHY SOC PI ROCKVILLE PA P.O. BOX 1931, ROCKVILLE, MD USA SN 1042-8275 J9 OCEANOGRAPHY JI Oceanography PD SEP PY 2011 VL 24 IS 3 SI SI BP 318 EP 320 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 826ZS UT WOS:000295394700040 ER PT J AU Miller, GH Brigham-Grette, J Alley, RB Anderson, L Bauch, HA Douglas, MSV Edwards, ME Elias, SA Finney, BP Fitzpatrick, JJ Funder, SV Herbert, TD Hinzman, LD Kaufman, DS MacDonald, GM Polyak, L Robock, A Serreze, MC Smol, JP Spielhagen, R White, JWC Wolfe, AP Wolff, EW AF Miller, G. H. Brigham-Grette, J. Alley, R. B. Anderson, L. Bauch, H. A. Douglas, M. S. V. Edwards, M. E. Elias, S. A. Finney, B. P. Fitzpatrick, J. J. Funder, S. V. Herbert, T. D. Hinzman, L. D. Kaufman, D. S. MacDonald, G. M. Polyak, L. Robock, A. Serreze, M. C. Smol, J. P. Spielhagen, R. White, J. W. C. Wolfe, A. P. Wolff, E. W. TI Temperature and precipitation history of the Arctic (vol 29, pg 1679, 2010) SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Correction C1 [Miller, G. H.; White, J. W. C.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Miller, G. H.; White, J. W. C.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Brigham-Grette, J.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Alley, R. B.] Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Alley, R. B.] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Anderson, L.; Fitzpatrick, J. J.] US Geol Survey, DFC, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Bauch, H. A.] Mainz Acad Sci Humanities & Literature, IFM GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany. [Douglas, M. S. V.; Wolfe, A. P.] Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. [Edwards, M. E.] Univ Southampton, Sch Geog, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. [Elias, S. A.] Univ London, Dept Geog, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. [Finney, B. P.] Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. [Funder, S. V.] Univ Copenhagen, Geol Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. [Herbert, T. D.] Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Hinzman, L. D.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Water & Environm Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Kaufman, D. S.] No Arizona Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [MacDonald, G. M.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Polyak, L.] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Robock, A.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Serreze, M. C.] Univ Colorado, NSIDC, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Smol, J. P.] Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. [Spielhagen, R.] IFM GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany. [Wolff, E. W.] British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. RP Miller, GH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gmiller@colorado.edu RI White, James/A-7845-2009; Kaufman, Darrell/A-2471-2008; Wolff, Eric/D-7925-2014; Smol, John/A-8838-2015; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; Kaufman, Darrell/0000-0002-7572-1414; Wolff, Eric/0000-0002-5914-8531; NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 30 IS 19-20 BP 2841 EP 2843 DI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.018 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 826WT UT WOS:000295387000032 ER PT J AU Stohlgren, TJ Pysek, P Kartesz, J Nishino, M Pauchard, A Winter, M Pino, J Richardson, DM Wilson, JRU Murray, BR Phillips, ML Ming-yang, L Celesti-Grapow, L Font, X AF Stohlgren, Thomas J. Pysek, Petr Kartesz, John Nishino, Misako Pauchard, Anibal Winter, Marten Pino, Joan Richardson, David M. Wilson, John R. U. Murray, Brad R. Phillips, Megan L. Ming-yang, Li Celesti-Grapow, Laura Font, Xavier TI Widespread plant species: natives versus aliens in our changing world SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Alien plants; Biotic homogenization; China; Europe; Globalization; North America; Plant invasions; South Africa; South America; Species distributions ID BIOTIC HOMOGENIZATION; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; RESIDENCE TIME; UNITED-STATES; INTRODUCTION-HISTORY; MASS EXTINCTION; EUROPEAN FLORA; NORTH-AMERICA; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS AB Estimates of the level of invasion for a region are traditionally based on relative numbers of native and alien species. However, alien species differ dramatically in the size of their invasive ranges. Here we present the first study to quantify the level of invasion for several regions of the world in terms of the most widely distributed plant species (natives vs. aliens). Aliens accounted for 51.3% of the 120 most widely distributed plant species in North America, 43.3% in New South Wales (Australia), 34.2% in Chile, 29.7% in Argentina, and 22.5% in the Republic of South Africa. However, Europe had only 1% of alien species among the most widespread species of the flora. Across regions, alien species relative to native species were either as well-distributed (10 comparisons) or more widely distributed (5 comparisons). These striking patterns highlight the profound contribution that widespread invasive alien plants make to floristic dominance patterns across different regions. Many of the most widespread species are alien plants, and, in particular, Europe and Asia appear as major contributors to the homogenization of the floras in the Americas. We recommend that spatial extent of invasion should be explicitly incorporated in assessments of invasibility, globalization, and risk assessments. C1 [Stohlgren, Thomas J.] US Geol Survey, Natl Inst Invas Species Sci, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. [Pysek, Petr] Charles Univ Prague, Inst Bot, Acad Sci Czech Republ Pruhonice, Prague, Czech Republic. [Pysek, Petr] Charles Univ Prague, Dept Ecol, Fac Sci, Prague, Czech Republic. [Kartesz, John; Nishino, Misako] Biota N Amer Program, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. [Pauchard, Anibal] Univ Concepcion, Lab Invas Biol, Facultad Ciencias Forestales, Concepcion, Chile. [Pauchard, Anibal] IEB, Concepcion, Chile. [Winter, Marten] UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Community Ecol, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany. [Pino, Joan] Autonomous Univ Barcelona, Ctr Ecol Res & Forestry Applicat CREAF, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. [Richardson, David M.; Wilson, John R. U.] Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Bot & Zool, CIB, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. [Wilson, John R. U.] SANBI, Kirstenbosch Natl Bot Gardens, Claremont, South Africa. [Murray, Brad R.; Phillips, Megan L.] Univ Technol Sydney, Dept Environm Sci Plant Funct Biol & Climate Chan, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. [Ming-yang, Li] Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Forest Resources & Environm, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Celesti-Grapow, Laura] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Biol Vegetale, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [Font, Xavier] Univ Barcelona, Dept Plant Biol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. RP Stohlgren, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Inst Invas Species Sci, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM stohlgrent@usgs.gov RI Richardson, David/A-1495-2008; Wilson, John/B-4101-2008; Pysek, Petr/B-1957-2012; Winter, Marten/E-7979-2011; Pino, Joan/H-6253-2015; Celesti, Laura/R-3615-2016; OI Richardson, David/0000-0001-9574-8297; Wilson, John/0000-0003-0174-3239; Winter, Marten/0000-0002-9593-7300; Pino, Joan/0000-0003-0939-7502; Celesti, Laura/0000-0002-9533-6919; Pauchard, Anibal/0000-0003-1284-3163 FU Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic [AV0Z60050516]; Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic [MSM0021620828, LC06073]; ICM [P05-002, PFB-23]; U.S. Geological Survey; USGS; USDA CSREES/NRI [2008-35615-04666] FX We thank the many taxonomists and database providers that made this study possible. Lifetimes of taxonomist expertise were required for geographic completeness, taxonomic accuracy, and quality control required for this cursory analysis. To taxonomists and data managers everywhere, we are grateful. We thank Zuzana Sixtova for technical assistance. PP was supported by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (AV0Z60050516 and Praemium Academiae Award) and the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (MSM0021620828 and LC06073). AP contribution supported by ICM P05-002 and PFB-23. TJS contribution supported by U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Program, USGS Fort Collins Science Program, and USDA CSREES/NRI 2008-35615-04666. We thank C. Daehler and two anonymous reviewers for very helpful suggestions. NR 95 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 6 U2 79 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 EI 1573-1464 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD SEP PY 2011 VL 13 IS 9 BP 1931 EP 1944 DI 10.1007/s10530-011-0024-9 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 839EL UT WOS:000296348000001 ER PT J AU Austin, CC Rittmeyer, EN Oliver, LA Andermann, JO Zug, GR Rodda, GH Jackson, ND AF Austin, Christopher C. Rittmeyer, Eric N. Oliver, Lauren A. Andermann, John O. Zug, George R. Rodda, Gordon H. Jackson, Nathan D. TI The bioinvasion of Guam: inferring geographic origin, pace, pattern and process of an invasive lizard (Carlia) in the Pacific using multi-locus genomic data SO BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS LA English DT Article DE Boiga; Brown Treesnake; Marianas; Micronesia; New Guinea; Palau; World War II ID RAINBOW SKINKS SCINCIDAE; PHYLOGENETIC NETWORKS; MITOCHONDRIAL; EVOLUTIONARY; INFERENCE; REPTILIA; HISTORY; MRBAYES AB Invasive species often have dramatic negative effects that lead to the deterioration and loss of biodiversity frequently coupled with the burden of expensive biocontrol programs and subversion of socioeconomic stability. The fauna and flora of oceanic islands are particularly susceptible to invasive species and the increase of global movements of humans and their products since WW II has caused numerous anthropogenic translocations and increased the ills of human-mediated invasions. We use a multi-locus genomic dataset to identify geographic origin, pace, pattern and historical process of an invasive scincid lizard (Carlia) that has been inadvertently introduced to Guam, the Northern Marianas, and Palau. This lizard is of major importance as its introduction is thought to have assisted in the establishment of the invasive brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam by providing a food resource. Our findings demonstrate multiple waves of introductions that appear to be concordant with movements of Allied and Imperial Japanese forces in the Pacific during World War II. C1 [Austin, Christopher C.; Rittmeyer, Eric N.; Oliver, Lauren A.; Andermann, John O.; Jackson, Nathan D.] Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Zug, George R.] Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Zool, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Rodda, Gordon H.] USGS Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Austin, CC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Dept Biol Sci, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM ccaustin@lsu.edu FU Smithsonian Research Awards Program; Research Opportunities Awards; National Science Foundation [DEB 0445213, DBI 0400797] FX We thank the people from the many different village communities where we were given the privilege to conduct fieldwork on their land. We thank B. Roy, V. Kula, and B. Wilmot from the PNG Department of Environment and Conservation, J. Robins from the PNG National Research Institute. Jim Animiato, Ilaiah Bigilale, and Bulisa Iova from the PNG National Museum provided research assistance in Papua New Guinea. Robert Reed kindly provided samples from the Marianas and Ben Evans and Iqbal Setiadi kindly provided samples from Halmahera. Ken Tighe provided information on dates of first collections and discussions with Ron Crombie provided valuable information. This manuscript was improved from comments from the Austin lab group and Leslie Austin. Fieldwork by GZ in PNG was supported by the Smithsonian Research Awards Program and subsequent museum studies of Carlia by the Smithsonian's Scholarly Studies Program and Research Opportunities Awards. Research was carried out under LSU IACUC protocol 06-071. This research was funded by National Science Foundation grants DEB 0445213 and DBI 0400797 to CCA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3547 EI 1573-1464 J9 BIOL INVASIONS JI Biol. Invasions PD SEP PY 2011 VL 13 IS 9 BP 1951 EP 1967 DI 10.1007/s10530-011-0014-y PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 839EL UT WOS:000296348000003 ER PT J AU Godbout, L Wood, CC Withler, RE Latham, S Nelson, RJ Wetzel, L Barnett-Johnson, R Grove, MJ Schmitt, AK McKeegan, KD AF Godbout, L. Wood, C. C. Withler, R. E. Latham, S. Nelson, R. J. Wetzel, L. Barnett-Johnson, R. Grove, M. J. Schmitt, A. K. McKeegan, K. D. TI Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) return after an absence of nearly 90 years: a case of reversion to anadromy SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SALMON; SMOLTS; CONSERVATION; DOWNSTREAM; DIVERSITY; MIGRATION; ISOTOPES; OTOLITHS; ECOTYPES; KOKANEE AB We document the recent reappearance of anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that were thought to have been extirpated by the construction of hydroelectric dams on the Coquitlam and Alouette rivers in British Columbia, Canada, in 1914 and 1927, respectively. Unexpected downstream migrations of juveniles during experimental water releases into both rivers in 2005 and 2006 preceded upstream return migrations of adults in 2007 and 2008. Genetic (microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA) markers and stable isotope (delta(34)S and (87)Sr/(86)Sr) patterns in otoliths confirm that both the juvenile downstream migrants and adult upstream migrants were progeny of nonanadromous sockeye salmon (kokanee) that inhabit Coquitlam and Alouette reservoirs. Low genetic diversity and evidence of genetic bottlenecks suggest that the kokanee populations in both reservoirs originated from relatively few anadromous individuals that residualized after downstream migration was largely prevented by the construction of dams. Once given an opportunity for upstream and downstream migration, both populations appear capable of reverting to a successful anadromous form, even after 25 generations. C1 [Godbout, L.; Wood, C. C.; Withler, R. E.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. [Latham, S.] Pacific Salmon Commiss, Vancouver, BC V6E 1B5, Canada. [Nelson, R. J.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Oceans & Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. [Wetzel, L.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Barnett-Johnson, R.] US Dept Interior, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA. [Grove, M. J.] Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Schmitt, A. K.; McKeegan, K. D.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Godbout, L (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. EM lyse.godbout@dfo-mpo.gc.ca RI McKeegan, Kevin/A-4107-2008; UCLA, SIMS/A-1459-2011; OI McKeegan, Kevin/0000-0002-1827-729X; Schmitt, Axel/0000-0002-9029-4211 FU National Science Foundation FX This research benefited from substantial contributions by various individuals. We thank James Bruce, Dave Hunter, Brent Wilson, LGL Limited, Maurice Coulter-Boisvert, Matt Foy, the Alouette River Management Society, and Duane Jesson for providing data or information from lake surveys, and Jim Irvine for his support. Additionally, Tatiana Bruk helped with otolith imagery, Emma-Jane Johnson provided kokanee otoliths from Alouette Lake, Jim Cameron assisted in the field, and the staff of the Pacific Salmon Commission Scale Laboratory helped with age determination. Justin Glessner at University of California - Davis provided much appreciated help with the MC-ICPMS, and Frank Loge and the PBS Ageing Laboratory graciously loaned the use of microscopes and cameras. We also appreciate the helpful comments and suggestions by two anonymous reviewers. The UCLA ion microprobe laboratory is partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Instrumentation and Facilities Program. Any use of trade names herein facilitates descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the Canadian or US governments. NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 25 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 68 IS 9 BP 1590 EP 1602 DI 10.1139/F2011-089 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 837CS UT WOS:000296169300006 ER PT J AU Saiki, MK Martin, BA Anderson, TW AF Saiki, Michael K. Martin, Barbara A. Anderson, Thomas W. TI UNUSUAL DOMINANCE BY DESERT PUPFISH (CYPRINODON MACULARIUS) IN EXPERIMENTAL PONDS WITHIN THE SALTON SEA BASIN SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SIZE-SELECTIVE PREDATION; GAMBUSIA-AFFINIS BAIRD; MOSQUITO FISH; POPULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; HABITATS; GIRARD AB In October 2006, months after shallow experimental ponds in the Salton Sea Basin were filled with water from the Alamo River and Salton Sea, fish were observed in several ponds, although inlets had been screened to exclude fish. During October 2007-November 2009, nine surveys were conducted using baited minnow traps to document species and relative abundance of fish. Surveys yielded 3,620 fish representing five species. Desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius), the only native species encountered, was the most numerous and comprised >93% of the catch. Nonnative species included western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis, 4.1%), sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna, 2.8%), and tilapia (a mixture of hybrid Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus X O. urolepis and redbelly tilapia Tilapia zillii, <0.1%). Dominance by desert pupfish, which persisted over our 2 years of study, was unusual because surveys conducted in nearby agricultural drains yielded relatively few desert pupfish. C1 [Saiki, Michael K.; Martin, Barbara A.] US Geol Survey, Dixon Duty Stn, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. [Anderson, Thomas W.] US Geol Survey, Salton Sea Sci Off, La Quinta, CA 92253 USA. RP Saiki, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Dixon Duty Stn, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6924 Tremont Rd, Dixon, CA 95620 USA. EM michael_saiki@usgs.gov FU United States Geological Survey (Salton Sea Science Office and the Fisheries: Aquatic and Endangered Resources) FX We thank the United States Geological Survey (Salton Sea Science Office and the Fisheries: Aquatic and Endangered Resources Program) for funding this study, and especially D. A. Barnum for alerting us to the possible presence of desert pupfish in the experimental ponds and for providing useful information on history of the ponds. We also thank D. A. Barnum and three anonymous reviewers for comments on early drafts of the manuscript. Special thanks to B. E. Brussee, C. L. Emerson, J. A. Lawson-Hersch, T. M. Russell, and P. M. Valcarcel for assisting with field work, C. L. Emerson for creating and editing spreadsheets, and F. H. Mejia for translating the abstract into Spanish. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 56 IS 3 BP 385 EP 392 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825QW UT WOS:000295298200012 ER PT J AU Wang, LZ Infante, D Esselman, P Cooper, A Wu, DY Taylor, W Beard, D Whelan, G Ostroff, A AF Wang, Lizhu Infante, Dana Esselman, Peter Cooper, Arthur Wu, Dayong Taylor, William Beard, Doug Whelan, Gary Ostroff, Andrea TI A Hierarchical Spatial Framework and Database for the National River Fish Habitat Condition Assessment SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID MICHIGAN STREAMS; HUMAN IMPACTS; LANDSCAPE; CLASSIFICATION; ASSEMBLAGES; CONSERVATION; INTEGRITY; LAKES; USA AB Fisheries management programs, such as the National Fish Habitat Action Plan (NFHAP), urgently need a nationwide spatial framework and database for health assessment and policy development to protect and improve riverine systems. To meet this need, we developed a spatial framework and database using National Hydrography Dataset Plus (1: 100,000-scale); http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus). This framework uses interconfluence river reaches and their local and network catchments as fundamental spatial river units and a series of ecological and political spatial descriptors as hierarchy structures to allow users to extract or analyze information at spatial scales that they define. This database consists of variables describing channel characteristics, network position/ connectivity, climate, elevation, gradient, and size. It contains a series of catchment-natural and human-induced factors that are known to influence river characteristics. Our framework and database assembles all river reaches and their descriptors in one place for the first time for the conterminous United States. This framework and database provides users with the capability of adding data, conducting analyses, developing management scenarios and regulation, and tracking management progresses at a variety of spatial scales. This database provides the essential data needs for achieving the objectives of NFHAP and other management programs. The downloadable beta version database is available at http://ec2-184-73-40-15.compute-1.amazonaws.com/nfhap/main/. C1 [Wang, Lizhu; Esselman, Peter; Cooper, Arthur] Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Wang, Lizhu; Esselman, Peter; Cooper, Arthur] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Infante, Dana; Esselman, Peter; Cooper, Arthur; Taylor, William] Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. [Wu, Dayong] Hengshui Univ, Dept Life Sci, Hengshui 053000, Hebei, Peoples R China. [Beard, Doug; Ostroff, Andrea] US Geol Survey, Natl Climate Change & Wildlife Sci Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Whelan, Gary] Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Div Fisheries, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. RP Wang, LZ (reprint author), Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Fisheries Res Inst, 212 Museums Annex, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM wangl@michigan.gov NR 31 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD SEP PY 2011 VL 36 IS 9 BP 436 EP 449 DI 10.1080/03632415.2011.607075 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836UH UT WOS:000296138000003 ER PT J AU Newsom, D Karr-May, CL Trang, ED Sanders, GE AF Newsom, D. Karr-May, C. L. Trang, E. D. Sanders, G. E. TI Automatic Watering: The Importance of Monitoring SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Newsom, D.; Karr-May, C. L.; Trang, E. D.; Sanders, G. E.] Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Sanders, G. E.] USGS, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 1559-6109 J9 J AM ASSOC LAB ANIM JI J. Amer. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 50 IS 5 BP 731 EP 732 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 835XJ UT WOS:000296070000060 ER PT J AU Huang, YN Whittaker, AS Luco, N AF Huang, Yin-Nan Whittaker, Andrew S. Luco, Nicolas TI A probabilistic seismic risk assessment procedure for nuclear power plants: (II) Application SO NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN LA English DT Article AB This paper presents the procedures and results of intensity- and time-based seismic risk assessments of a sample nuclear power plant (NPP) to demonstrate the risk-assessment methodology proposed in its companion paper. The intensity-based assessments include three sets of sensitivity studies to identify the impact of the following factors on the seismic vulnerability of the sample NPP, namely: (1) the description of fragility curves for primary and secondary components of NPPs, (2) the number of simulations of NPP response required for risk assessment, and (3) the correlation in responses between NPP components. The time-based assessment is performed as a series of intensity-based assessments. The studies illustrate the utility of the response-based fragility curves and the inclusion of the correlation in the responses of NPP components directly in the risk computation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Huang, Yin-Nan] Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. [Whittaker, Andrew S.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Civil Struct & Environm Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Luco, Nicolas] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Huang, YN (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. EM ynhuang@ntu.edu.tw RI Huang, Yin-Nan/H-9914-2012 NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0029-5493 J9 NUCL ENG DES JI Nucl. Eng. Des. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 241 IS 9 BP 3985 EP 3995 DI 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.06.050 PG 11 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 827OR UT WOS:000295438300060 ER PT J AU Huang, YN Whittaker, AS Loco, N AF Huang, Yin-Nan Whittaker, Andrew S. Loco, Nicolas TI A probabilistic seismic risk assessment procedure for nuclear power plants: (I) Methodology SO NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN LA English DT Article ID ISSUES AB A new procedure for probabilistic seismic risk assessment of nuclear power plants (NPPs) is proposed. This procedure modifies the current procedures using tools developed recently for performance-based earthquake engineering of buildings. The proposed procedure uses (a) response-based fragility curves to represent the capacity of structural and nonstructural components of NPPs, (b) nonlinear response-history analysis to characterize the demands on those components, and (c) Monte Carlo simulations to determine the damage state of the components. The use of response-rather than ground-motion-based fragility curves enables the curves to be independent of seismic hazard and closely related to component capacity. The use of Monte Carlo procedure enables the correlation in the responses of components to be directly included in the risk assessment. An example of the methodology is presented in a companion paper to demonstrate its use and provide the technical basis for aspects of the methodology. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Huang, Yin-Nan] Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. [Whittaker, Andrew S.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Civil Struct & Environm Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Loco, Nicolas] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Huang, YN (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. EM ynhuang@ntu.edu.tw RI Huang, Yin-Nan/H-9914-2012 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0029-5493 J9 NUCL ENG DES JI Nucl. Eng. Des. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 241 IS 9 BP 3996 EP 4003 DI 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.06.051 PG 8 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 827OR UT WOS:000295438300061 ER PT J AU Wathen, G Coghlan, SM Zydlewski, J Trial, JG AF Wathen, Gus Coghlan, Stephen M., Jr. Zydlewski, Joseph Trial, Joan G. TI Habitat Selection and Overlap of Atlantic Salmon and Smallmouth Bass Juveniles in Nursery Streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STEELHEAD ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; NET ENERGY GAIN; BROWN TROUT; BROOK TROUT; MICROHABITAT USE; RAINBOW-TROUT; COHO SALMON; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION AB Introduced smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu have invaded much of the historic freshwater habitat of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in North America, yet little is known about the ecological interactions between the two species. We investigated the possibility of competition for habitat between age-0 Atlantic salmon and age-0 and age-1 smallmouth bass by means of in situ observations and a mesocosm experiment. We used snorkel observation to identify the degree and timing of overlap in habitat use in our in situ observations and to describe habitat shifts by Atlantic salmon in the presence of smallmouth bass in our mesocosm experiments. In late July 2008, we observed substantial overlap in the depths and mean water column velocities used by both species in sympatric in situ conditions and an apparent shift by age-0 Atlantic salmon to shallower water that coincided with the period of high overlap. In the mesocosm experiments, we detected no overlap or habitat shifts by age-0 Atlantic salmon in the presence age-1 smallmouth bass and low overlap and no habitat shifts of Atlantic salmon and age-0 smallmouth bass in fall 2009. In 2009, summer floods with sustained high flows and low temperatures resulted in the nearly complete reproductive failure of the smallmouth bass in our study streams, and we did not observe a midsummer habitat shift by Atlantic salmon similar to that seen in 2008. Although this prevented us from replicating our 2008 experiments under similar conditions, the virtual year-class failure of smallmouth bass itself is enlightening. We suggest that future studies incorporate the effects of varying temperature and discharge to determine how abiotic factors affect the interactions between these species and thus mediate the outcomes of potential competition. C1 [Wathen, Gus; Coghlan, Stephen M., Jr.; Zydlewski, Joseph] Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Zydlewski, Joseph] Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Trial, Joan G.] Maine Dept Marine Resources, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. RP Wathen, G (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Wildlife Ecol, 210 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM guswathen@gmail.com FU University of Maine; Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station; U.S. Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Outdoor Heritage Fund; Maine Department of Marine Resources FX We thank Wes Ashe, Paul Damkot, Brett Ferry, CoryGardner, Dimitry Gorsky, Derek Lucas, James Osenton, Scott Ouellette, Megan Patridge, and Silas Ratten for their assistance in the field. We thank Paul Santavy, Scott Craig, and the staff at the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery for providing Atlantic salmon fry and logistical support. We thank the Union River Salmon Association for their aid in allocation and stocking of fry. This project benefited from the logistical and professional support of Joe Dembeck and Nels Kramer of the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Peter Ruksznis and Randy Spencer of the Maine Department of Marine Resources, and David Huntress and Dana Degraaf of Stantec Consulting Services Inc. We thank Donna Parrish and Joe Hightower for their review of an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank Dennis DeVries and three anonymous reviewers who provided valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript. Funding was provided by the University of Maine, Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Outdoor Heritage Fund, and Maine Department of Marine Resources. This paper is Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station Publication Number 3165. All experimental fish were handled in accordance with protocol A2005-08-01 approved by the University of Maine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Mention of trade names does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 94 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1145 EP 1157 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.613284 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900001 ER PT J AU Hostetter, NJ Evans, AF Roby, DD Collis, K Hawbecker, M Sandford, BP Thompson, DE Loge, FJ AF Hostetter, Nathan J. Evans, A. F. Roby, D. D. Collis, K. Hawbecker, M. Sandford, B. P. Thompson, D. E. Loge, F. J. TI Relationship of External Fish Condition to Pathogen Prevalence and Out-Migration Survival in Juvenile Steelhead SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SUMMER CHINOOK SALMON; SNAKE RIVER; COLUMBIA RIVER; DELAYED MORTALITY; MARKED ANIMALS; COHO SALMON; STRESS; PCR; SUSCEPTIBILITY; IDENTIFICATION AB Understanding how the external condition of juvenile salmonids is associated with internal measures of health and subsequent out-migration survival can be valuable for population monitoring programs. This study investigated the use of a rapid, nonlethal, external examination to assess the condition of run-of-the-river juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss migrating from the Snake River to the Pacific Ocean. We compared the external condition (e. g., body injuries, descaling, external signs of disease, fin damage, and ectoparasite infestations) with (1) the internal condition of a steelhead as measured by the presence of selected pathogens detected by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction analysis and (2) out-migration survival through the Snake and Columbia rivers as determined by passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology. The results from steelhead captured and euthanized (n = 222) at Lower Monumental Dam on the lower Snake River in 2008 indicated that external condition was significantly correlated with selected measures of internal condition. The odds of testing positive for a pathogen were 39.2, 24.3, and 5.6 times greater for steelhead with severe or moderate external signs of disease or more than 20% descaling, respectively. Capture-recapture models of 22,451 PIT-tagged steelhead released at Lower Monumental Dam in 2007-2009 indicated that external condition was significantly correlated with juvenile survival. The odds of out-migration survival for steelhead with moderate or severe external signs of disease, more than 20% descaling, or severe fin damage were 5.7, 4.9, 1.6, and 1.3 times lower, respectively, than those for steelhead without these external conditions. This study effectively demonstrated that specific measures of external condition were associated with both the internal condition and out-migration survival of juvenile steelhead. C1 [Hostetter, Nathan J.; Evans, A. F.; Collis, K.; Hawbecker, M.] Real Time Res Inc, Bend, OR 97702 USA. [Hostetter, Nathan J.; Roby, D. D.] Oregon State Univ, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Sandford, B. P.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Thompson, D. E.; Loge, F. J.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hostetter, NJ (reprint author), Real Time Res Inc, 52 SW Roosevelt Ave, Bend, OR 97702 USA. EM nathan@realtimeresearch.com FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Walla Walla District FX The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Walla Walla District (Project Manager: Scott Dunmire) provided funding for this research and access to the Lower Monumental Dam juvenile collection facility. M. Carper, B. Cramer, J. Tennyson, and numerous technicians provided invaluable assistance in the field. We thank M. Plummer and B. Spurgeon (USACE) who provided access and logistical support at the juvenile fish facilities, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission for access to the PIT Tag Information System (PTAGIS), and NOAA fisheries for operation of the PIT tag trawl and corresponding data. J. Adkins, D. Battaglia, K. Fone, S. Lind, P. Loschl, and M. Price, provided services and logistical support for which we are grateful. D. Noakes, C. Periera, and three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments that improved earlier drafts of the manuscript. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1158 EP 1171 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.613303 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900002 ER PT J AU Holbrook, CM Kinnison, MT Zydlewski, J AF Holbrook, Christopher M. Kinnison, Michael T. Zydlewski, Joseph TI Survival of Migrating Atlantic Salmon Smolts through the Penobscot River, Maine: a Prerestoration Assessment SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; COLUMBIA RIVER; ACOUSTIC TRANSMITTERS; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; DELAYED MORTALITY; EXPLOITS RIVER; PROGRAM MARK; SALAR SMOLTS; SNAKE RIVER; DAMS AB Survival, distribution, and behavior of hatchery (n = 493) and naturally reared (n = 133) smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar migrating through the Penobscot River and estuary in Maine were evaluated with acoustic telemetry in 2005 and 2006. Survival and use of a secondary migration path (the Stillwater Branch) were estimated with a multistate mark-recapture model. Higher rates of mortality per kilometer (range = 0.01-0.22) were observed near release sites and within reaches that contained three particular dams: Howland, West Enfield, and Milford dams. Estimated total survival of tagged hatchery smolts through entire individual reaches containing those dams ranged from 0.52 (SE = 0.18) to 0.94 (SE = 0.09), whereas survival through most of the reaches without dams exceeded 0.95. Of those smolts that survived to the Penobscot River-Stillwater Branch split at Marsh Island, most (>= 74%) remained in the main stem around Marsh Island, where they experienced lower survival than fish that used the Stillwater Branch. Movement rates of hatchery-reared smolts were significantly lower through reaches containing dams than through reaches that lacked dams. Smolts arriving at dams during the day experienced longer delays than smolts arriving at night. Planned removal of two dams in this system is expected to enhance the passage of smolts through the main-stem corridor. However, the dams currently scheduled for removal (Great Works and Veazie dams) had less influence on smolt survival than some of the dams that will remain. This case study shows that by examining prerestoration migration dynamics throughout entire river systems rather than just in the vicinity of particular dams, tracking studies can help prioritize restoration efforts or predict the costs and benefits of future hydrosystem changes. C1 [Holbrook, Christopher M.; Kinnison, Michael T.] Univ Maine, Sch Biol & Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USA. [Zydlewski, Joseph] Univ Maine, US Geol Survey, Maine Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Holbrook, CM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 11188 Ray Rd, Millersburg, MI 49759 USA. EM cholbrook@usgs.gov FU University of Maine; West Enfield Fund; Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station; Maine Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit FX We thank John Kocik and Tim Sheehan (NOAA Fisheries), James McCleave, Michael Bailey (University of Maine), Nick Johnson (U. S. Geological Survey), and two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable feedback on the manuscript. Financial support was generously provided by the University of Maine, the West Enfield Fund, the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, and the Maine Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit. We are grateful to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for providing Atlantic salmon and to the Penobscot Nation for access to their land. We also acknowledge S. Hall (Pennsylvania Power and Light); R. Saunders, G. Goulette, P. Music, and E. Hastings (NOAA Fisheries); C. Fay (Penobscot Nation); J. Trial, R. Dill, and M. Simpson (Maine Atlantic Salmon Commission); and L. Holbrook, C. Gardner, S. Fernandes, and many students from the University of Maine for their assistance and insights. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. This paper is contribution number 3228 of the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station. NR 54 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 39 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1255 EP 1268 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.618356 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900010 ER PT J AU Hayes, MC Reisenbichler, RR Rubin, SP Wetzel, LA Marshall, AR AF Hayes, Michael C. Reisenbichler, Reginald R. Rubin, Stephen P. Wetzel, Lisa A. Marshall, Anne R. TI Differential Survival among sSOD-1* Genotypes in Chinook Salmon SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC-VARIATION; ATLANTIC SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; ALLOZYME VARIATION; NATURAL-SELECTION; WILD STEELHEAD; RAINBOW-TROUT AB Differential survival and growth were tested in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha expressing two common alleles, *-100 and *-260, at the superoxide dismutase locus (sSOD-1*). These tests were necessary to support separate studies in which the two alleles were used as genetic marks under the assumption of mark neutrality. Heterozygous adults were used to produce progeny with -100/-100, -100/-260, and -260/-260 genotypes that were reared in two natural streams and two hatcheries in the states of Washington and Oregon. The latter also were evaluated as returning adults. In general, the genotype ratios of juveniles reared at hatcheries were consistent with high survival and little or no differential survival in the hatchery. Adult returns at one hatchery were significantly different from the expected proportions, and the survival of the -260/-260 genotype was 0.56-0.89 times that of the -100/-100 genotype over four year-classes. Adult returns at a second hatchery (one year-class) were similar but not statistically significant: survival of the -260/-260 genotype relative to the -100/-100 genotype was 0.76. The performance of the heterozygote group was intermediate at both hatcheries. Significant differences in growth were rarely observed among hatchery fish (one year-class of juveniles and one age-class of adult males) but were consistent with greater performance for the -100/-100 genotype. Results from two groups of juveniles reared in streams (one year-class from each stream) suggested few differences in growth, but the observed genotype ratios were significantly different from the expected ratios in one stream. Those differences were consistent with the adult data; survival for the -260/-260 genotype was 76% of that of the -100/-100 genotype. These results, which indicate nonneutrality among sSOD-1* genotypes, caused us to modify our related studies and suggest caution in the interpretation of results and analyses in which allozyme marks are assumed to be neutral. C1 [Hayes, Michael C.; Reisenbichler, Reginald R.; Rubin, Stephen P.; Wetzel, Lisa A.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Marshall, Anne R.] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Hayes, MC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Biol Resources Div, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM mhayes@usgs.gov OI HAYES, MICHAEL/0000-0002-9060-0565 FU Bonneville Power Administration [DE-AI79-91BP17760, 90-052] FX We thank the Bonneville Power Administration (Interagency Agreement DE-AI79-91BP17760, Project 90-052) for providing funding, and our contracting officers Tom Vogel and Jeff Gislason for administrative oversight. Special thanks go to Bruce Baker, Damian Kraus, Robin Waples, and one anonymous reviewer for improving this manuscript. Thanks are also extended to many others that provided help or support, including Hans Anderson, Gayle Brown, Dan Diggs, Speros Doulos, Deanne Drake, Mark Fritsch, Susan Gutenberger, Jay Hensleigh, Gene Hoilman, Elain Lee, Rich Lincoln, Frank Leonetti, Bruce McLeod, Marcus Melander, Doug Olson, Patty O'Toole, Mike Paiya, Steve Phelps (deceased), Cliff Ruehl, Jim Shaklee, Mavis Shaw, Stacey Slatton, David Teel, Hannelore Waska, and Rey Weldert. NR 68 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1305 EP 1316 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.621813 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900015 ER PT J AU Shippentower, GE Schreck, CB Heppell, SA AF Shippentower, Gene E. Schreck, Carl B. Heppell, Scott A. TI Who's Your Momma? Recognizing Maternal Origin of Juvenile Steelhead Using Injections of Strontium Chloride to Create Transgenerational Marks SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OTOLITH MICROCHEMISTRY; ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS; DISSOLVED STRONTIUM; SR/CA RATIOS; FISH; IDENTIFICATION; INCREMENTS; CHEMISTRY; RESIDENT; HATCHERY AB We sought to determine whether a strontium chloride injection could be used to create a transgenerational otolith mark in steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. Two strontium injection trials and a survey of strontium : calcium (Sr:Ca) ratios in juvenile steelhead from various steelhead hatcheries were conducted to test the feasibility of the technique. In both trials, progeny of fish injected with strontium had significantly higher Sr:Ca ratios in the primordial region of their otoliths, as measured by an electron wavelength dispersive microprobe. In trial 1, the 5,000-mg/L treatment level showed that 56.8% of the otoliths were correctly classified, 12.2% being misclassified as belonging to the 0-mg/L treatment. In trial 2, the 20,000-mg/L treatment level showed that 30.8% of the otoliths were correctly classified, 13.5% being misclassified as belonging to the 0-mg/L treatment. There were no differences in the fertilization rates of eggs or survival rates of fry between the treatment and control groups. The Sr:Ca ratios in otoliths collected from various hatchery populations of steelhead varied and were greater than those found in otoliths from control fish in both of our injection trials. This study suggests that the marking technique led to recognizable increases in Sr:Ca ratios in some otoliths collected from fry produced by injected females. Not all progeny showed such increases, however, suggesting that the method holds promise but requires further refinement to reduce variation. Overall, there was a correct classification of about 40% across all treatments and trials; the variation in Sr:Ca ratios found among experimental trials and hatcheries indicates that care must be taken if the technique is employed where fish from more than one hatchery could be involved. C1 [Schreck, Carl B.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, US Geol Survey, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Shippentower, GE (reprint author), Confederated Tribes Umatilla Indian Reservat, 46411 Ti Mine Way, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. EM geneshippentower@ctuir.org FU Bonneville Power Administration [2002-030-00] FX The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the editor and anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions for improving this manuscript. Funding for this research was provided by Bonneville Power Administration (project 2002-030-00). We thank the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Idaho Fish and Game for providing fish used in this study. We are grateful to the following individuals for their assistance during this study: P. Lofy, C. Zimmerman, J. Seigle, L. Naylor, and S. Archer. A special thanks to Frank J. Tepley III, and Roger Nielsen for access to Oregon State University electron microprobe laboratory and providing analytical support. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1330 EP 1339 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.620488 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900017 ER PT J AU Ridenour, CJ Doyle, WJ Hill, TD AF Ridenour, Clayton J. Doyle, Wyatt J. Hill, Tracy D. TI Habitats of Age-0 Sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI RIVER; SHOVELNOSE STURGEON; PALLID STURGEON; FLOODPLAIN RIVER; MAIN-CHANNEL; SCAPHIRHYNCHUS-PLATORYNCHUS; FISHES; CONNECTIVITY; LIFE; RESTORATION AB Little is known about the habitats of young pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus. Therefore, we compared the distribution and abundance of age-0 fish of these species collected in benthic trawls among most of the mesoscale habitats comprising the channelized lower Missouri River (i.e., rock-dike channel modifying structures, large-channel sandbar, bankline, tributary, floodplain, and wooded island) from 2007 through 2009. Most age-0 sturgeon were less than 110 mm (fork length) by the end of the growing season. Age-0 fish were most frequently collected in areas with a relatively fast bottom velocity (0.5-0.7 m/s) associated with channel sandbars, rootless-dikes, and wing-dikes and were rarely found at L-dikes, along banklines, or in tributaries where bottom velocity was slower (<= 0.2 m/s). Age-0 sturgeon habitat use in the lower Missouri River supports the hypothesis that main-channel areas are important habitats throughout the life cycle of some fluvial specialist species. In light of existing literature on habitat use by wild age-0 sturgeon, our results highlight their complex ecology in contemporary large rivers throughout their range. Therefore, we do not predict the response of pallid sturgeon to contemporary habitat restoration goals but discuss current knowledge gaps important to characterizing the early life history of Scaphirhynchus spp. Habitat restoration design on the Missouri River should consider the impact on ecosystem structure and the response by early life stages of these species. C1 [Ridenour, Clayton J.; Doyle, Wyatt J.; Hill, Tracy D.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Ridenour, CJ (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Columbia Fish & Wildlife Conservat Off, 101 Pk Ville Dr,Suite A, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. EM clayton_ridenour@fws.gov FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers FX Funding was provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. We thank five anonymous reviewers for insightful reviews that improved earlier drafts of this manuscript. Many U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists and technicians collected field data, including Andy Starostka, Colby Wrasse, Adam McDaniel, Jeff Finley, Patty Herman, Andy Plauck, Joe McMullen, Chris McLeland, Cliff Wilson, and Brett Witte. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1351 EP 1358 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.620493 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900019 ER PT J AU Dixon, CJ Mesa, MG AF Dixon, Christopher J. Mesa, Matthew G. TI Survival and Tag Loss in Moapa White River Springfish Implanted with Passive Integrated Transponder Tags SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALMO-TRUTTA; PIT TAGS; GROWTH; FISH; RETENTION; MORTALITY; MOVEMENT; BEHAVIOR; MARKING; NEVADA AB We monitored survival and tag loss among Moapa White River springfish Crenichthys baileyi moapae that were surgically implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT; 9 x 2 mm) tags. The fish used in the study ranged from 40 to 67 mm in total length and from 1.0 to 6.5 g in mass; the PIT tag : body weight ratios were 1.0-6.1%. Fish were held for 41 d in live cages within a small, warm desert stream. Survival did not differ between untagged control fish (94.5%) and tagged fish (95.6%). Survival did not appear to be influenced by fish size or PIT tag : body weight ratio, but the small number of fish that died precluded a detailed analysis. Tag retention was 100% among the 86 fish that survived over the 41 d. Our results suggest that surgically implanting 9-mm PIT tags into Moapa White River springfish as small as 40 mm is an effective method for marking them because it has minimal impacts on survival and tag retention is high. More work is needed on the effects of PIT tagging on growth and other performance metrics of springfish and other small desert fishes. C1 [Dixon, Christopher J.; Mesa, Matthew G.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. RP Dixon, CJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Columbia River Res Lab, 5501 Cook Underwood Rd, Cook, WA 98605 USA. EM mmesa@usgs.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 20 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1375 EP 1379 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.621809 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900022 ER PT J AU Phillips, CT Alexander, ML Gonzales, AM AF Phillips, Catherine T. Alexander, Mara L. Gonzales, Alyson M. TI Use of Macrophytes for Egg Deposition by the Endangered Fountain Darter SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-SIZE ESTIMATE; ETHEOSTOMA-FONTICOLA; OSTEICHTHYES-PERCIDAE; SPAWNING BEHAVIOR; REPRODUCTION; LARVAE; TEXAS; RIVER AB Use of habitats for egg deposition by the endangered fountain darter Etheostoma fonticola was evaluated through examination of seven probable microhabitat types in the wild (San Marcos River, Texas) and through laboratory trials with six artificial form-equivalent habitats. Eggs were deposited on native vegetation in the wild; significantly more eggs were found on filamentous algae Rhizoclonium sp. than on Illinois pondweed Potamogeton illinoensis, waterthyme Hydrilla verticillata (an exotic macrophyte), or nonvegetated gravel. Eggs were also found on creeping primrose-willow Ludwigia repens, delta arrowhead Sagittaria platyphylla, and endangered Texas wildrice Zizania texana. Within vegetated habitats, more eggs were deposited on plants growing in sand than silt substrate. This probably corresponds to the habitat requirements for the species; the fountain darter is abundant in slower-moving reaches within the river headwaters, and the presence of silt is an indicator of poor or less-preferred habitat. Results of laboratory trials generally corresponded with field results: larger numbers of eggs were deposited on the form-equivalent Rhizoclonium sp. and L. repens. It is likely that the presence of native macrophytes is necessary for successful fountain darter reproduction. C1 [Phillips, Catherine T.; Alexander, Mara L.; Gonzales, Alyson M.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Phillips, CT (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, 500 E McCarty Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. EM catherine.phillips@fws.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey through Columbia Environmental Research Center; Branch Chief of Ecology at the Columbia Environmental Research Center FX This project was partially funded by a U.S. Geological Survey Quick Response Program grant through the Columbia Environmental Research Center. Special thanks are extended to E. E. Little, Branch Chief of Ecology at the Columbia Environmental Research Center, for his support throughout the project. We are also grateful to T. M. Brandt, P. Connor, J. N. Fries, J. R. Gibson, C. E. Johnston, and Z. R. Shattuck for valuable suggestions that improved this manuscript. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 140 IS 5 BP 1392 EP 1397 DI 10.1080/00028487.2011.623992 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 836VM UT WOS:000296143900024 ER PT J AU Kapfer, PM Streby, HM Gurung, B Simcharoen, A McDougal, CC Smith, JLD AF Kapfer, Paul M. Streby, Henry M. Gurung, Bhim Simcharoen, Achara McDougal, Charles C. Smith, James L. D. TI Fine-scale spatio-temporal variation in tiger Panthera tigris diet: effect of study duration and extent on estimates of tiger diet in Chitwan National Park, Nepal SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chitwan National Park; faecal analysis; Felidae; food habits; Nepal; niche breadth; Panthera tigris; tiger ID PREY SELECTION; SYMPATRIC CARNIVORES; FOOD-HABITS; INDIA; ABUNDANCE; RESERVE; SEPARATION; LEOPARDS; BANDIPUR; FOREST AB Attempts to conserve declining tiger Panthera tigris populations and distributions have experienced limited success. The poaching of tiger prey is a key threat to tiger persistence; a clear understanding of tiger diet is a prerequisite to conserve dwindling populations. We used unpublished data on tiger diet in combination with two previously published studies to examine fine-scale spatio-temporal changes in tiger diet relative to prey abundance in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, and aggregated data from the three studies to examine the effect that study duration and the size of the study area have on estimates of tiger diet. Our results correspond with those of previous studies: in all three studies, tiger diet was dominated by members of Cervidae; small to medium-sized prey was important in one study. Tiger diet was unrelated to prey abundance, and the aggregation of studies indicates that increasing study duration and study area size both result in increased dietary diversity in terms of prey categories consumed, and increasing study duration changed which prey species contributed most to tiger diet. Based on our results, we suggest that managers focus their efforts on minimizing the poaching of all tiger prey, and that future studies of tiger diet be of long duration and large spatial extent to improve our understanding of spatio-temporal variation in estimates of tiger diet. C1 [Kapfer, Paul M.] Univ Minnesota, Conservat Biol Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Streby, Henry M.] US Geol Survey, Minnesota Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Gurung, Bhim; Smith, James L. D.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. [Simcharoen, Achara] Dept Natl Pk Wildlife & Plant Conservat, Bangkok, Thailand. [McDougal, Charles C.] Int Trust Nat Conservat, Kathmandu, Nepal. RP Kapfer, PM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Conservat Biol Program, 1980 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM kapf0005@umn.edu; streb006@umn.edu; guru0023@umn.edu; knr_hkk@hotmail.com; info@tigermountain.com; smith017@umn.edu FU University of Minnesota, USA FX funding for our study was provided by the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program through the University of Minnesota, USA. NR 48 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 28 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 17 IS 3 BP 277 EP 285 DI 10.2981/10-127 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 833OF UT WOS:000295894100006 ER PT J AU Reimann, C Smith, DB Woodruff, LG Flem, B AF Reimann, Clemens Smith, David B. Woodruff, Laurel G. Flem, Belinda TI Pb-concentrations and Pb-isotope ratios in soils collected along an east-west transect across the United States SO APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GEOCHEMICAL LANDSCAPES PROJECT; NORTH-AMERICAN SOILS; LEAD ISOTOPES; ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; ENRICHMENT FACTORS; SOUTHERN NORWAY; O-HORIZON; ICP-MS; CANADA; ENVIRONMENT AB Analytical results for Pb-concentrations and isotopic ratios from ca. 150 samples of soil A horizon and ca. 145 samples of soil C horizon collected along a 4000-km east-west transect across the USA are presented. Lead concentrations along the transect show: (1) generally higher values in the soil A-horizon than the C-horizon (median 21 vs. 16.5 mg/kg), (2) an increase in the median value of the soil A-horizon for central to eastern USA (Missouri to Maryland) when compared to the western USA (California to Kansas) (median 26 vs. 20 mg/kg) and (3) a higher A/C ratio for the central to eastern USA (1.35 vs. 1.14). Lead isotopes show a distinct trend across the USA, with the highest (206)pb/Pb-207 ratios occurring in the centre (Missouri, median A-horizon: 1.245; C-horizon: 1.251) and the lowest at both coasts (e.g., California, median A-horizon: 1.195; C-horizon: 1.216). The soil C-horizon samples show generally higher (206)pb/(207)pb ratios than the A-horizon (median C-horizon: 1.224; A-horizon: 1.219). The (206)pb/(207)pb ratios in the soil A horizon show a correlation with the total feldspar content for the same 2500-km portion of the transect from east-central Colorado to the Atlantic coast that shows steadily increasing precipitation. No such correlation exists in the soil C horizon. The data demonstrate the importance of climate and weathering on both Pb-concentration and (206)pb/(207)pb-isotope ratios in soil samples and natural shifts thereof in the soil profile during soil-forming processes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Reimann, Clemens; Flem, Belinda] Geol Survey Norway NGU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. [Smith, David B.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Woodruff, Laurel G.] US Geol Survey, St Paul, MN 55112 USA. RP Reimann, C (reprint author), Geol Survey Norway NGU, POB 6315 Sluppen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. EM Clemens.Reimann@ngu.no NR 66 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0883-2927 J9 APPL GEOCHEM JI Appl. Geochem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 26 IS 9-10 BP 1623 EP 1631 DI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.04.018 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 831XP UT WOS:000295764700003 ER PT J AU Bradley, DC AF Bradley, Dwight C. TI Secular trends in the geologic record and the supercontinent cycle SO EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE Supercontinent; Secular trends; Time series; Precambrian geology; Passive margin; Detrital zircon ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; CONTINENTAL-CRUST; EARTH HISTORY; PLATE-TECTONICS; RODINIA SUPERCONTINENT; LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE; THERMAL EVOLUTION; GLOBAL TECTONICS; SULFUR ISOTOPES; IRON-FORMATION AB Geologic secular trends are used to refine the timetable of supercontinent assembly, tenure, and breakup. The analysis rests on what is meant by the term supercontinent, which here is defined broadly as a grouping of formerly dispersed continents. To avoid the artificial pitfall of an all-or-nothing definition, quantitative measures of "supercontinentality" are presented: the number of continents, and the area of the largest continent, which both can be gleaned from global paleogeographic maps for the Phanerozoic. For the secular trends approach to be viable in the deep past when the very existence of supercontinents is debatable and reconstructions are fraught with problems, it must first be calibrated in the Phanerozoic against the well-constrained Pangea supercontinent cycle. The most informative geologic variables covering both the Phanerozoic and Precambrian are the abundances of passive margins and of detrital zircons. Both fluctuated with size of the largest continent during the Pangea supercontinent cycle and can be quantified back to the Neoarchean. The tenure of Pangea was a time represented in the rock record by few zircons and few passive margins. Thus, previously documented minima in the abundance of detrital zircons (and orogenic granites) during the Precambrian (Condie et al., 2009a, Gondwana Research 15, 228-242) now can be more confidently interpreted as marking the tenures of supercontinents. The occurrences of carbonatites, granulites, eclogites, and greenstone-belt deformation events also appear to bear the imprint of Precambrian supercontinent cyclicity. Together, these secular records are consistent with the following scenario. The Neoarchean continental assemblies of Superia and Sclavia broke up at ca. 2300 and ca. 2090 Ma, respectively. Some of their fragments collided to form Nuna by about 1750 Ma; Nuna then grew by lateral accretion of juvenile arcs during the Mesoproterozoic, and was involved in a series of collisions at ca. 1000 Ma to form Rodinia. Rodinia broke up in stages from ca. 1000 to ca. 520 Ma. Before Rodinia had completely come apart, some of its pieces had already been reassembled in a new configuration, Gondwana, which was completed by 530 Ma. Gondwana later collided with Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia to form Pangea by about 300 Ma. Breakup of Pangea began at about 180 Ma (Early Jurassic) and continues today. In the suggested scenario, no supercontinent cycle in Earth history corresponded to the ideal, in which all the continents were gathered together, then broke apart, then reassembled in a new configuration. Nuna and Gondwana ended their tenures not by breakup but by collision and name change; Rodinia's assembly overlapped in time with its disassembly; and Pangea spalled Tethyan microcontinents throughout much of its tenure. Many other secular trends show a weak or uneven imprint of the supercontinent cycle, no imprint at all. Instead, these secular trends together reveal aspects of the shifting background against which the supercontinents came and went, making each cycle unique. Global heat production declined; plate tectonics sped up through the Proterozoic and slowed down through the Phanerozoic; the atmosphere and oceans became oxidized; life emerged as a major geochemical agent; some rock types went extinct or nearly so (BIF, massif-type anorthosite, komatiite); and other rock types came into existence or became common (blueschists, bioclastic limestone, coal). Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Bradley, DC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4200 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM dbradley@usgs.gov FU USGS FX I am grateful to reviewers Alison Till, Francis Macdonald, Kent Condie, Rich Goldfarb, and Alfred Kroner for their many constructive suggestions. This paper grew out of the 2004 Penrose Conference on Secular Variation in Tectonics and Allied Fields (Bradley and Dewey, 2005), which received support from the USGS Venture Capital Fund. The global perspective needed for this kind of synthesis came from Kevin Burke and John Dewey. Theresa Taylor, Heather Bleick, and Sam Friedman helped with the detrital zircon compilation. I benefited from various discussions and exchanges with Wouter Bleeker, Mike Brown, Bill Collins, Puol Emsbo, David Evans, Rich Goldfarb, Peter Haeussler, Paul Hoffman, Karl Karlstrom, Dave Leach, Andrew McCauley, Joe Meert, Greg Retallack, Celal Sengor, Graham Shields, Paul Silver, Bob Stern, Jan Veizer, Maarten de Wit, and many others. Gerard Stampfli provided the plate reconstructions in Fig. 1; Ian Campbell provided data tables used to construct Fig. 15; Kent Condie provided data tables used to construct Fig. 14 and A43-A48, and Christ Hawkesworth and Bruno Dhuime provided a high-resolution version of Figure A36. NR 104 TC 98 Z9 103 U1 7 U2 73 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-8252 J9 EARTH-SCI REV JI Earth-Sci. Rev. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 108 IS 1-2 BP 16 EP 33 DI 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 825AK UT WOS:000295243100002 ER PT J AU Bauer, W Walsh, GJ de Waele, B Thomas, RJ Horstwood, MSA Bracciali, L Schofield, DI Wollenberg, U Lidke, DJ Rasaona, IT Rabarimanana, MH AF Bauer, Wilfried Walsh, Gregory J. de Waele, Bert Thomas, Robert J. Horstwood, Matthew S. A. Bracciali, Laura Schofield, David I. Wollenberg, Uwe Lidke, David J. Rasaona, Imboarina T. Rabarimanana, Mamy H. TI Cover sequences at the northern margin of the Antongil Craton, NE Madagascar SO PRECAMBRIAN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Andrarona Group; Ampohafana Formation; Masindray tonalite; Antongil craton; U-Pb zircon geochronology; Illite crystallinity; Madagascar ID U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY; MC-ICP-MS; ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY; ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; SAMPLE PREPARATION; NW INDIA; GONDWANA; ROCKS; AGE AB The island of Madagascar is a collage of Precambrian, generally high-grade metamorphic basement domains, that are locally overlain by unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks and poorly understood low-grade metasediments. In the Antalaha area of NE Madagascar, two distinct cover sequences rest on high-grade metamorphic and igneous basement rocks of the Archaean Antongil craton and the Neoproterozoic Bemarivo belt. The older of these two cover sequences, the Andrarona Group, consists of low-grade metasedimentary rocks. The younger sequence, the newly defined Ampohafana Formation, consists of unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks. The Andrarona Group rests on Neoarchaean granites and monzogranites of the Antongil craton and consists of a basal metagreywacke, thick quartzites and an upper sequence of sericite-chlorite meta-mudstones, meta-sandstones and a volcaniclastic meta-sandstone. The depositional age of the volcaniclastic meta-sandstone is constrained in age by U-Pb laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses of euhedral zircons to 1875 +/- 8 Ma (2 sigma). Detrital zircons of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic age represent an input from the Antongil craton and a newly defined Palaeoproterozoic igneous unit, the Masindray tonalite, which underlies the Andrarona Group, and yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 2355 +/- 11 Ma (2 sigma), thus constraining the maximum age of deposition of the basal part of the Andrarona Group. The Andrarona Group shows a low-grade metamorphic overprint in the area near Antalaha; illite crystallinity values scatter around 0.17 degrees Delta 2 Theta CuK alpha, which is within the epizone. The Ampohafana Formation consists of undeformed, polymict conglomerate, cross-bedded sandstone, and red mudstone. An illite crystallinity value of > 0.25 degrees Delta 2 Theta CuK alpha obtained from the rocks is typical of the diagenetic zone. Occurrences of rhyodacite pebbles in the Ampohafana Formation and the intrusion of a basaltic dyke suggest a deposition in a WSW-ENE-trending graben system during the opening of the Indian Ocean in the Upper Cretaceous, that was characterized by extensive rhyolitic to basaltic magmatism along Madagascar's eastern coast. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Bauer, Wilfried; Wollenberg, Uwe] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Geol, D-52056 Aachen, Germany. [Bauer, Wilfried; de Waele, Bert; Thomas, Robert J.] British Geol Survey, Kingsley Dunham Ctr, Nottingham NG12 5GG, England. [Walsh, Gregory J.] US Geol Survey, Montpelier, VT 05601 USA. [Horstwood, Matthew S. A.; Bracciali, Laura] NERC, Isotope Geosci Lab, Kingsley Dunham Ctr, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England. [Schofield, David I.] British Geol Survey, Cardiff CF15 7NE, S Glam, Wales. [Lidke, David J.] US Geol Survey, Fed Ctr, Denver, CO USA. [Rasaona, Imboarina T.; Rabarimanana, Mamy H.] PGRM, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. RP Bauer, W (reprint author), Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Geol, Wullnerstr 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany. EM bauer@geol.rwth-aachen.de OI Schofield, David/0000-0002-2669-5627; Horstwood, Matthew/0000-0003-4200-8193; Bracciali, Laura/0000-0002-2713-8806 FU World Bank through the Ministere de l'Energie et des Mines [IDA 3754 MAG] FX This research was carried out with support from the World Bank through the Ministere de l'Energie et des Mines, project du Gouvernance des Resources Minerales (PGRM) of Madagascar (IDA 3754 MAG). Mapping was conducted in October and November 2006, additional samples and field observations were collected in May 2008. Kai Jasper (RWTH Aachen) is thanked for his efforts to find microfossils in two samples from the Ampohafana Formation. We are grateful to Mr. Jonasy Ramarolahy (PGRM) for his permission to publish data obtained during the World Bank project. Wilfried Bauer, Bert de Waele, Robert Thomas, Matthew Horstwood and David Schofield publish with the permission of the Executive Director, British Geological Survey. Critical comments by Bill Burton, Bob Tucker (both USGS) and Kathryn Goodenough (BGS) on an earlier version of this paper and helpful reviews by Alan Collins and Joachim Jacobs are greatly appreciated. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-9268 J9 PRECAMBRIAN RES JI Precambrian Res. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 189 IS 3-4 BP 292 EP 312 DI 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.07.018 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 831YR UT WOS:000295767500004 ER PT J AU Hughes, JD Decker, JD Langevin, CD AF Hughes, J. D. Decker, J. D. Langevin, C. D. TI Use of upscaled elevation and surface roughness data in two-dimensional surface water models SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE Upscaling; Surface water modeling; Newton-Krylov; Diffusive wave approximation ID DIFFUSION-WAVE TREATMENT; SCALE; PERFORMANCE AB In this paper, we present an approach that uses a combination of cell-block- and cell-face-averaging of high-resolution cell elevation and roughness data to upscale hydraulic parameters and accurately simulate surface water flow in relatively low-resolution numerical models. The method developed allows channelized features that preferentially connect large-scale grid cells at cell interfaces to be represented in models where these features are significantly smaller than the selected grid size. The developed upscaling approach has been implemented in a two-dimensional finite difference model that solves a diffusive wave approximation of the depth-integrated shallow surface water equations using preconditioned Newton-Krylov methods. Computational results are presented to show the effectiveness of the mixed cell-block and cell-face averaging upscaling approach in maintaining model accuracy, reducing model run-times, and how decreased grid resolution affects errors. Application examples demonstrate that sub-grid roughness coefficient variations have a larger effect on simulated error than sub-grid elevation variations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Hughes, J. D.] US Geol Survey, Florida Water Sci Ctr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. [Decker, J. D.] US Geol Survey, Florida Water Sci Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33315 USA. [Langevin, C. D.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 411, Reston, VA 20192 USA. RP Hughes, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Florida Water Sci Ctr, 10500 Univ Ctr Dr,Suite 215, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. EM jdhughes@usgs.gov OI Hughes, Joseph/0000-0003-1311-2354 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 34 IS 9 SI SI BP 1151 EP 1164 DI 10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.02.004 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 830JQ UT WOS:000295653700008 ER PT J AU Berger, MJ George, DL LeVeque, RJ Mandli, KT AF Berger, Marsha J. George, David L. LeVeque, Randall J. Mandli, Kyle T. TI The GeoClaw software for depth-averaged flows with adaptive refinement SO ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE Numerical flow modeling; Hyperbolic equations; Finite volume methods; Depth-averaged equations; Adaptive refinement ID FINITE-VOLUME METHODS; WAVE-PROPAGATION ALGORITHMS; SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; VARIABLE TOPOGRAPHY; HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS; TSUNAMI; STATES; MODEL AB Many geophysical flow or wave propagation problems can be modeled with two-dimensional depth-averaged equations, of which the shallow water equations are the simplest example. We describe the GeoClaw software that has been designed to solve problems of this nature, consisting of open source Fortran programs together with Python tools for the user interface and flow visualization. This software uses high-resolution shock-capturing finite volume methods on logically rectangular grids, including latitude-longitude grids on the sphere. Dry states are handled automatically to model inundation. The code incorporates adaptive mesh refinement to allow the efficient solution of large-scale geophysical problems. Examples are given illustrating its use for modeling tsunamis and dam-break flooding problems. Documentation and download information is available at www.clawpack.org/geoclaw. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [George, David L.] US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY USA. Univ Washington, Dept Appl Math, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP George, DL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA. EM dave.jorge@gmail.com OI Mandli, Kyle/0000-0002-8267-5989; LeVeque, Randall/0000-0003-1384-4504 FU DOE [DE-FG02-88ER25053]; AFOSR [FA9550-06-1-0203]; NSF [DMS-0914942]; ONR [N00014-09-1-0649]; University of Washington FX This research was supported in part by DOE Grant DE-FG02-88ER25053, AFOSR Grant FA9550-06-1-0203, NSF Grant DMS-0914942, ONR Grant N00014-09-1-0649, and the Founders Term Professorship in Applied Mathematics at the University of Washington. NR 49 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1708 EI 1872-9657 J9 ADV WATER RESOUR JI Adv. Water Resour. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 34 IS 9 SI SI BP 1195 EP 1206 DI 10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.02.016 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 830JQ UT WOS:000295653700012 ER PT J AU Andrews, JT Eberl, DD AF Andrews, John T. Eberl, D. D. TI Surface (sea floor) and near-surface (box cores) sediment mineralogy in Baffin Bay as a key to sediment provenance and ice sheet variations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; NORTHWEST NORTH-ATLANTIC; HEINRICH EVENTS; LABRADOR SEA; DAVIS STRAIT; CLAY-SIZE; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; EAST GREENLAND; INNUITIAN ICE AB To better understand the glacial history of the ice sheets surrounding Baffin Bay and to provide information on sediment pathways, samples from 82 seafloor grabs and core tops, and from seven box cores were subjected to quantitative X-ray diffraction weight percent (wt.%) analysis of the < 2 mm sediment fraction. The samples were collected between 67 degrees N and 78 degrees N, in water depths of 155 to 2375 m and were retrieved on cruises between A. D. 1964 and 2009. Grain size, magnetic characteristics, and colour reflectance data were also obtained on many of the samples. Twenty-one non-clay and 10 clay mineral species were identified; the average wt.% of the non-clay minerals was 70% and was dominated by quartz, various feldspars, and dolomite, whereas the dominant clay minerals were 1 M illite, biotite, and chlorite. Cluster analysis on principal component scores identified three main mineral groups, which also had strong associations with grain size and sediment magnetic properties. Box cores from the deep central basin (> 2000 m) all show an abrupt drop in calcite wt.% (post-5 cal ka BP?) following a major peak in detrital carbonate (mainly dolomite). This dolomite-rich detrital carbonate (DC) event in JR175BC06 is possibly coeval with the Younger Dryas cold event. Four possible glacial-sourced end members were employed in a compositional unmixing algorithm to gain insight into down core changes in sediment provenance at the deep central basin. Estimates of the rates of sediment accumulation in the central basin are only in the range of 2 to 4 cm/cal ka, surprisingly low given the glaciated nature of the surrounding land. C1 [Andrews, John T.] Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Andrews, John T.] Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Eberl, D. D.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Andrews, JT (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM andrewsj@colorado.edu FU US National Science Foundation (NSF) [ATM-0502515, OPP-0713755]; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science (CFCAS) through a special allocation to the Polar Climate Stability Network (PCSN); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) [NE/D001951/1, NE/C506372/1] FX Research on the seafloor samples was initially funded by US National Science Foundation (NSF) ATM-0502515. Data collected from cruises HU2008029 and JR175 was supported by NSF OPP-0713755 to Dr. Anne E. Jennings as principal investigator (PI). The authors would like to thank the scientists and crews on both the HU2008029 and JR175 cruises for the collection of samples, as well as the earlier CSS Hudson cruises. Chief scientists on these cruises were Drs Calvin Campbell and Anne de Vernal and Colm O'Cofaigh, respectively. The 2008 expedition to Baffin Bay and Davis Strait was supported by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science (CFCAS) through a special allocation to the Polar Climate Stability Network (PCSN). Complementary funding was also obtained from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The 2009 cruise JR175 of the RRS James Clark Ross was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grants NE/D001951/1 and NE/C506372/1). The paper has benefited from reviews by G. Bigg, A. Kilfeather, K. Refsnider, and D. Barber. Ursula Quillmann is thanked for her efforts in sampling the archived material from the Bedford Institute of Oceanography's Core Repository and Kate Jarrett is thanked for her assistance in obtaining these samples and others obtained in 2009 by JTA. We wish to thank Brian MacLean and another reviewer for their comments and criticisms. Data will be archived at www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/data.html. NR 101 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 13 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4077 J9 CAN J EARTH SCI JI Can. J. Earth Sci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 48 IS 9 BP 1307 EP 1328 DI 10.1139/E11-021 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 832FL UT WOS:000295788000002 ER PT J AU Komiskey, MJ Stuntebeck, TD Frame, DR Madison, FW AF Komiskey, M. J. Stuntebeck, T. D. Frame, D. R. Madison, F. W. TI Nutrients and sediment in frozen-ground runoff from no-till fields receiving liquid-dairy and solid-beef manures SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE edge-of-field; manure; nutrients; sediment; snowmelt ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS; WATER-QUALITY; SYSTEMS; LOSSES; EROSION; COVER AB Nutrients and sediment in surface runoff from frozen agricultural fields were monitored within three small (16.0 ha [39.5 ac] or less), adjacent basins at a no-till farm in southwest Wisconsin during four winters from 2003 to 2004 through 2006 to 2007. Runoff depths and flow-weighted constituent concentrations were compared to determine the impacts of surface-applied liquid-dairy or solid-beef manure to frozen and/or snow-covered ground. Despite varying the manure type and the rate and timing of applications, runoff depths were not significantly different among basins within each winter period. Sediment losses were low (generally less than 22 kg ha(-1) [20 lb ac(-1)] in any year) and any statistical differences in sediment concentrations among basins were not related to the presence or absence of manure or the amount of runoff. Concentrations and losses of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly increased in basins that had either manure type applied less than one week preceding runoff. These increases occurred despite relatively low application rates. Lower concentrations and losses were measured in basins that had manure applied in Fall and early winter and an extended period of time (months) had elapsed before the first runoff event. The highest mean, flow-weighted concentrations of total nitrogen (31.8 mg L(-1)) and total phosphorus (10.9 mg L(-1)) occurred in winter 2003 to 2004, when liquid-dairy manure was applied less than one week before runoff. On average, dissolved phosphorus accounted for over 80% of all phosphorus measured in runoff during frozen-ground periods. The data collected as part of this study add to the limited information on the quantity and quality of frozen-ground runoff at field edges, and the results highlight the importance of manure management decisions during frozen-ground periods to minimize nutrients lost in surface runoff. C1 [Komiskey, M. J.; Stuntebeck, T. D.] US Geol Survey, Water Sci Ctr Middleton, Middleton, WI USA. [Frame, D. R.; Madison, F. W.] Discovery Farms Program, In Pigeon Falls, WI USA. RP Komiskey, MJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Water Sci Ctr Middleton, Middleton, WI USA. RI Baulch, Helen/I-9529-2012 FU Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board; Wisconsin Dairy Business Association; Wisconsin Farm Bureau; Professional Dairy Producers of Wisconsin; Wisconsin Pork Producers Association; Natural Resources Conservation Service FX The authors would like to thank the farm family for access and for generous offerings of their time and equipment. Discovery Farms staff-Kevan Klingberg. Susan Frame, and Tint Popple-were instrumental in providing on-farm information. Funding was also provided by the Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board, Wisconsin Dairy Business Association, Wisconsin Farm Bureau, Professional Dairy Producers of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Pork Producers Association, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Further thanks are extended to Dave Owens (US Geological Survey) for technical assistance. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 66 IS 5 BP 303 EP 312 DI 10.2489/jswc.66.5.303 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 828LN UT WOS:000295502600008 ER PT J AU Capps, KA Nico, LG Mendoza-Carranza, M Arevalo-Frias, W Ropicki, AJ Heilpern, SA Rodiles-Hernandez, R AF Capps, Krista A. Nico, Leo G. Mendoza-Carranza, Manuel Arevalo-Frias, Wendi Ropicki, Andrew J. Heilpern, Sebastian A. Rodiles-Hernandez, Rocio TI Salinity tolerance of non-native suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) in south-eastern Mexico: implications for invasion and dispersal SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE brackish; estuary; dispersal; distribution; Loricariidae; Pterygoplichthys; alien species; Mexico ID FRESH-WATER FISHES; SUNBLEAK LEUCASPIUS-DELINEATUS; GUDGEON PSEUDORASBORA-PARVA; SOUTHEASTERN MEXICO; SPECIES RICHNESS; STREAM ECOSYSTEM; PISCIVOROUS BASS; TROPICAL STREAM; SAILFIN CATFISH; GRAZING MINNOWS AB 1. Salinity tolerance is one of several important physiological attributes that determine invasion success and the pattern of dispersal of introduced aquatic organisms. Introduced freshwater fishes able to tolerate elevated salinities have the potential to invade and exploit brackish-water (mixohaline) environments and use estuaries and coastal waters as 'bridges' for dispersing from one coastal river system to another. 2. Several members of the neotropical suckermouth armoured catfish genus Pterygoplichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) have established non-native populations in inland waters of North and Central America, Asia and islands in the Caribbean, and Pacific and Indian oceans. Loricariids are generally considered to be strictly freshwater; but a few naturally occur in mesohaline habitats. 3. Catch and habitat data from 2004-2005 and 2009-2011 fish surveys in the Grijalva-Usumacinta River delta region (south-eastern Mexico) confirmed that introduced Pterygoplichthys populations established in upstream freshwater sites (where these catfish are abundant) have recently dispersed into downstream oligohaline and mesohaline estuarine habitats. During 2009-2011 surveys, these non-native catfish tentatively identified as P. pardalis or its hybrids - were found in sites with salinities ranging from 1 to 8 ppt (mean 5.2 ppt). 4. Acute-salinity experiments were conducted with Pterygoplichthys (110-302 mm standard length, N = 140) captured in the Grijalva-Usumacinta Basin to determine upper salinity tolerance levels. Tests demonstrated that individuals maintained in salinities of 0.2 ppt were able to survive abrupt (acute) exposure to salinities up to 10 ppt with little mortality over 10 days (240 h experimental endpoint). A few individuals survived abrupt exposure to 11 and 12 ppt for 20 or more hours, although none survived more than a few hours at 16 ppt or greater. 5. These field and experimental results provide quantitative evidence that non-native Pterygoplichthys are physiologically capable of surviving mesohaline conditions for extended periods and that non-native populations in Mexico are invading and presumably exploiting estuarine and other coastal environments, perhaps as feeding areas and potentially as dispersal routes. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Capps, Krista A.; Heilpern, Sebastian A.] Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Nico, Leo G.] US Geol Survey, SE Ecol Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. [Ropicki, Andrew J.] Univ Florida, Food & Resources Econ Dept, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Capps, KA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM armoredcatfish@gmail.com FU Andrew W. Mellon Student Research Grant programme; Tinker Foundation; Graduate Research Travel Grant programme at Cornell University; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia-ECOSUR; Fondo Mixto de Fomento a la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia in Mexico [CHIS-2007-07-77187] FX These salinity experiments were made possible by funds from the Andrew W. Mellon Student Research Grant programme, the Tinker Foundation Research Travel Grant, and the Graduate Research Travel Grant programme at Cornell University. Salinity testing was conducted under protocol 2006-0169 approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Cornell University, and representatives of Hotel Nututun in Chiapas graciously provided space for the salinity experiments. Field sampling surveys were funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia-ECOSUR and the Fondo Mixto de Fomento a la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CHIS-2007-07-77187) in Mexico. This paper benefitted from information provided by Jon Armbruster of Auburn University and David Blewett and Philip Stevens of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. We are indebted to Alejandra Sepulveda for help with field sampling and fish identification and grateful to the fishermen Gustavo Salvador and Benjamini Martinez for their help capturing fishes. Several anonymous persons kindly reviewed drafts of the manuscript and provided helpful comments. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 95 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1052-7613 EI 1099-0755 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 21 IS 6 BP 528 EP 540 DI 10.1002/aqc.1210 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 825PX UT WOS:000295294600004 ER PT J AU Streever, B Suydam, R Payne, JF Shuchman, R Angliss, RP Balogh, G Brown, J Grunblatt, J Guyer, S Kane, DL Kelley, JJ Kofinas, G Lassuy, DR Loya, W Martin, P Moore, SE Pegau, WS Rea, C Reed, DJ Sformo, T Sturm, M Taylor, JJ Viavant, T Williams, D Yokel, D AF Streever, B. Suydam, R. Payne, J. F. Shuchman, R. Angliss, R. P. Balogh, G. Brown, J. Grunblatt, J. Guyer, S. Kane, D. L. Kelley, J. J. Kofinas, G. Lassuy, D. R. Loya, W. Martin, P. Moore, S. E. Pegau, W. S. Rea, C. Reed, D. J. Sformo, T. Sturm, M. Taylor, J. J. Viavant, T. Williams, D. Yokel, D. TI Environmental Change and Potential Impacts: Applied Research Priorities for Alaska's North Slope SO ARCTIC LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Streever, B.] BP Explorat Alaska Inc, Anchorage, AK USA. [Suydam, R.; Sformo, T.] N Slope Borough Dept Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK USA. [Payne, J. F.; Guyer, S.; Taylor, J. J.] N Slope Sci Initiat, Anchorage, AK USA. [Shuchman, R.] Michigan Tech Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI USA. [Angliss, R. P.; Moore, S. E.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. [Balogh, G.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arctic Landscape Conservat Cooperat, Anchorage, AK USA. [Grunblatt, J.; Kane, D. L.; Kelley, J. J.; Kofinas, G.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Loya, W.] Wilderness Soc, Anchorage, AK USA. [Martin, P.] USFWS, Arctic Landscape Conservat Cooperat, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Pegau, W. S.] Oil Spill Recovery Inst, Cordova, AK USA. [Rea, C.] Conoco Phillips, Anchorage, AK USA. [Reed, D. J.] ADFG, Nome, AK USA. [Sturm, M.] USA CRREL Alaska, Ft Wainwright, AK USA. [Viavant, T.] ADFG, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Williams, D.] Bur Ocean Energy Management, Anchorage, AK USA. [Yokel, D.] Bur Land Management, Arctic Field Off, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Streever, B (reprint author), BP Explorat Alaska Inc, Anchorage, AK USA. EM Bill.Streever@bp.com NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 14 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD SEP PY 2011 VL 64 IS 3 BP 390 EP 397 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 820DZ UT WOS:000294887000013 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Velmurugan, GV Rajendran, C Yabsley, MJ Thomas, NJ Beckmen, KB Sinnett, D Ruid, D Hart, J Fair, PA McFee, WE Shearn-Bochsler, V Kwok, OCH Ferreira, LR Choudhary, S Faria, EB Zhou, H Felix, TA Su, C AF Dubey, J. P. Velmurugan, G. V. Rajendran, C. Yabsley, M. J. Thomas, N. J. Beckmen, K. B. Sinnett, D. Ruid, D. Hart, J. Fair, P. A. McFee, W. E. Shearn-Bochsler, V. Kwok, O. C. H. Ferreira, L. R. Choudhary, S. Faria, E. B. Zhou, H. Felix, T. A. Su, C. TI Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from North America revealed widespread and high prevalence of the fourth clonal type SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; Wildlife; Seroprevalence; Isolation; Genetic types; USA ID DOLPHINS TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; OTTERS ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; CHICKENS GALLUS-DOMESTICUS; SKUNK MEPHITIS-MEPHITIS; RACCOONS PROCYON-LOTOR; SEA OTTERS; UNITED-STATES; TRANSPLACENTAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE AB Little is known of the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife. In the present study wild animals, from the USA were examined for T. gondii infection. Tissues of naturally exposed animals were bioassayed in mice for isolation of viable parasites. Viable T. gondii was isolated from 31 animals including, to our knowledge for the first time, from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), five gray wolves (Canis lupus), a woodrat (Neotoma micro pus). and five Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). Additionally, 66 T. gondii isolates obtained previously, but not genetically characterised, were revived in mice. Toxoplasma gondii DNA isolated from these 97 samples (31 + 66) was characterised using 11 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (SAG, 5'- and 3'-SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico). A total of 95 isolates were successfully genotyped. In addition to clonal Types II, and III, 12 different genotypes were found. These genotype data were combined with 74 T. gondii isolates previously characterised from wildlife from North America and a composite data set of 169 isolates comprised 22 genotypes, including clonal Types II, Ill and 20 atypical genotypes. Phylogenetic network analysis showed limited diversity with dominance of a recently designated fourth clonal type (Type 12) in North America, followed by the Type II and III lineages. These three major lineages together accounted for 85% of strains in North America. The Type 12 lineage includes previously identified Type A and X strains from sea otters. This study revealed that the Type 12 lineage accounts for 46.7% (79/169) of isolates and is dominant in wildlife of North America. No clonal Type I strain was identified among these wildlife isolates. These results suggest that T. gondii strains in wildlife from North America have limited diversity, with the occurrence of only a few major clonal types. (C) 2011 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Dubey, J. P.; Velmurugan, G. V.; Rajendran, C.; Kwok, O. C. H.; Ferreira, L. R.; Choudhary, S.; Faria, E. B.] ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Yabsley, M. J.] Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Wamell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Dept Populat Hlth, Athens, GA 30602 USA. [Thomas, N. J.; Shearn-Bochsler, V.] US Geol Survey, Dept Interior, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. [Beckmen, K. B.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Sinnett, D.] Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. [Ruid, D.] Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. [Hart, J.] Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. [McFee, W. E.] NOS Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. [Zhou, H.] Shandong Univ, Dept Parasitol, Sch Med, Jinan 250012, Shandong, Peoples R China. [Felix, T. A.] Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA. [Su, C.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Microbiol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jitender.dubey@ars.usda.gov RI Su, Chunlei/M-1892-2013 OI Su, Chunlei/0000-0001-8392-7108 NR 67 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 8 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 41 IS 11 BP 1139 EP 1147 DI 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.06.005 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 825RE UT WOS:000295299000004 PM 21802422 ER PT J AU Gaydos, JK Massey, JG Mulcahy, DM Gaskins, LA Nysewander, D Evenson, J Siegel, PB Ziccardi, MH AF Gaydos, Joseph K. Massey, J. Gregory Mulcahy, Daniel M. Gaskins, Lori A. Nysewander, David Evenson, Joseph Siegel, Paul B. Ziccardi, Michael H. TI SHORT-TERM SURVIVAL AND EFFECTS OF TRANSMITTER IMPLANTATION INTO WESTERN GREBES USING A MODIFIED SURGICAL PROCEDURE SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Aechmophorus occidentalis; celiotomy; implantation; telemetry; transmitter; Western grebe ID RADIO-TRANSMITTERS; SATELLITE TRANSMITTERS; PERFORMANCE; ANTENNAS; EIDERS; DUCKS; BIRDS AB Two pilot trials and one study in a closely related grebe species suggest that Western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) will not tolerate intracoelomic transmitter implantation with percutaneous antennae and often die within days of surgery. Wild Western grebes (n = 21) were captured to evaluate a modified surgical technique. Seven birds were surgically implanted with intracoelomic transmitters with percutaneous antennae by using the modified technique (transmitter group), 7 received the same surgery without transmitter implantation (celiotomy group), and 7 served as controls (only undergoing anesthesia). Modifications included laterally offsetting the body wall incision from the skin incision, application of absorbable cyanoacrylate tissue glue to the subcutaneous space between the body wall and skin incisions, application of a waterproof sealant to the skin incision after suture closure, and application of a piece of porcine small intestine submucosa to the antenna egress. Survival did not differ among the 3 groups with 7 of 7 control, 6 of 7 celiotomy, and 6 of 7 transmitter birds surviving the 9-day study. Experimental birds were euthanized at the end of the study, and postmortem findings indicated normal healing. Significant differences in plasma chemistry or immune function were not detected among the 3 groups, and only minor differences were detected in red blood cell indices and plasma proteins. After surgery, the birds in the transmitter group spent more time preening tail feathers than those in the control and celiotomy groups. These results demonstrate that, in a captive situation, celiotomy and intracoelomic transmitter implantation caused minimal detectable homeostatic disturbance in this species and that Western grebes can survive implantation of intracoelomic transmitters with percutaneous antennae. It remains to be determined what potential this modified surgical procedure has to improve postoperative survival of Western grebes that are intracelomically implanted with transmitters with percutaneous antennae and released into the wild. C1 [Gaydos, Joseph K.; Massey, J. Gregory; Ziccardi, Michael H.] Sch Vet Med, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Gaskins, Lori A.] Sch Vet Med, Clin Anim Behav Serv, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Mulcahy, Daniel M.] US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. [Nysewander, David; Evenson, Joseph] Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. [Siegel, Paul B.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Gaydos, JK (reprint author), Orcas Isl Off, Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 942 Deer Harbor Rd, Eastsound, WA 98245 USA. EM jkgaydos@ucdavis.edu FU California Department of Fish and Game, Office of Spill Prevention and Response; Oiled Wildlife Care Network, Wildlife Health Center, UC Davis FX The authors thank A. Breault, T. Cyra, B. Murphy, and G. Shirato for help in capturing Western grebes, and A. Carlson and D. Noviello who provided logistical support and temporary housing for birds in Washington. D. Lambourn, Y. Hernandez, D. Ballard, L. Hull, S. Lane, A. Nakamura, and K. Fleer provided important facilities assistance, logistical support, and outstanding veterinary technical care. C. Cray and C. Honaker provided critical laboratory support. Histopathology support was provided by J. G. Trupkiewicz. Before submission, J. Dein and R. S. Larsen reviewed this manuscript and provided constructive comments that strengthened it. This work was conducted in accordance with all appropriate state, federal and university regulations and policies, including U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Permit MB146942-0, California Department of Agriculture Permit 2007-022618 and University of California (UC) Davis Animal Use and Care Permit 06-12401. The study was funded by the California Department of Fish and Game, Office of Spill Prevention and Response and the Oiled Wildlife Care Network, Wildlife Health Center, UC Davis, with in-kind support from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the SeaDoc Society, a program of the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center (www.seadocsociety.org). Any mention of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI YULEE PA 581705 WHITE OAK ROAD, YULEE, FL 32097 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 42 IS 3 BP 414 EP 425 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 827IF UT WOS:000295421500006 PM 22950313 ER PT J AU Wang, XJ Wu, SG Lee, M Guo, YQ Yang, SX Liang, JQ AF Wang, Xiujuan Wu, Shiguo Lee, Myung Guo, Yiqun Yang, Shengxiong Liang, Jinqiang TI Gas hydrate saturation from acoustic impedance and resistivity logs in the Shenhu area, South China Sea SO MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gas hydrate; Acoustic impedance; Saturation; South China Sea ID PEARL RIVER MOUTH; SEISMIC DATA; BEARING SEDIMENTS; NORTHERN CASCADIA; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; METHANE HYDRATE; FLUID-FLOW; DEEP-WATER; INVERSION AB During the China's first gas hydrate drilling expedition -1 (GMGS-1), gas hydrate was discovered in layers ranging from 10 to 25 m above the base of gas hydrate stability zone in the Shenhu area, South China Sea. Water chemistry, electrical resistivity logs, and acoustic impedance were used to estimate gas hydrate saturations. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the chloride concentrations range from 0 to 43% of the pore space. The higher gas hydrate saturations were present in the depth from 152 to 177 m at site SH7 and from 190 to 225 m at site SH2, respectively. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the resistivity using Archie equation have similar trends to those from chloride concentrations. To examine the variability of gas hydrate saturations away from the wells, acoustic impedances calculated from the 3 D seismic data using constrained sparse inversion method were used. Well logs acquired at site SH7 were incorporated into the inversion by establishing a relation between the water-filled porosity, calculated using gas hydrate saturations estimated from the resistivity logs, and the acoustic impedance, calculated from density and velocity logs. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from acoustic impedance of seismic data are similar to 10-23% of the pore space and are comparable to those estimated from the well logs. The uncertainties in estimated gas hydrate saturations from seismic acoustic impedances were mainly from uncertainties associated with inverted acoustic impedance, the empirical relation between the water-filled porosities and acoustic impedances, and assumed background resistivity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Wang, Xiujuan; Wu, Shiguo] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. [Wang, Xiujuan; Wu, Shiguo] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Marine Geol & Environm, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. [Lee, Myung] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Guo, Yiqun; Yang, Shengxiong; Liang, Jinqiang] Guangzhou Marine Geol Survey, MLR, Guangzhou 510760, Guangdong, Peoples R China. RP Wang, XJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. EM wangxiujuan@qdio.ac.cn FU National Basic Research Program [2009CB219505]; International Science & Technology Cooperation program of China [2010DFA21740]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40930845] FX We would like to thank the science team of the gas hydrate program expedition Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey-1 (GMGS-1). Our research is supported by the National Basic Research Program (2009CB219505), International Science & Technology Cooperation program of China (2010DFA21740) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (40930845). NR 60 TC 15 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8172 J9 MAR PETROL GEOL JI Mar. Pet. Geol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1625 EP 1633 DI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.07.002 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 826HT UT WOS:000295345900003 ER PT J AU Karouna-Renier, NK Snyder, RA Lange, T Gibson, S Allison, JG Wagner, ME Rao, KR AF Karouna-Renier, Natalie K. Snyder, Richard A. Lange, Ted Gibson, Suzanne Allison, Jeffrey G. Wagner, Matthew E. Rao, K. Ranga TI Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) as vectors of contaminants to human consumers in northwest Florida SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PCBs; PCDD/F; Largemouth bass; Striped mullet; Fish consumption; Health risks ID MERCURY; FISH; ACCUMULATION; HEALTH; RISKS; LAKE; USA AB The health benefits of regular consumption of fish and seafood have been espoused for many years. However, fish are also a potential source of environmental contaminants that have well known adverse effects on human health. We investigated the consumption risks for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides; n = 104) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus; n = 170), two commonly harvested and consumed fish species inhabiting fresh and estuarine waters in northwest Florida. Skinless fillets were analyzed for total mercury, inorganic arsenic, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides. Contaminant levels were compared to screening values (SV) calculated using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommendations for establishing consumption advisories. Largemouth bass were found to contain high levels of total mercury at all sampling locations (0.37-0.89 ug/g) and one location exhibited elevated total PCBs (39.4 ng/g). All of the samples exceeded Florida fish consumption advisory trigger levels for total mercury and one location exceeded the U.S. EPA SV for total PCBs. As a result of the high mercury levels, the non-cancer health risks (hazard index HI) for bass were above 1 for all locations. Striped mullet from several locations with known point sources contained elevated levels of PCBs (overall range 3.4-59.3 ng/g). However, total mercury levels in mullet were low. Eight of the 16 mullet sampling locations exceeded the U.S. EPA SV for total PCBs and two locations exceeded an HI of 1 due to elevated PCBs. Despite the elevated levels of total PCBs in some samples, only two locations exceeded the acceptable cancer risk range and therefore cancer health risks from consumption of bass and mullet were determined to be low at most sampling locations. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Karouna-Renier, Natalie K.] USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Karouna-Renier, Natalie K.; Snyder, Richard A.; Gibson, Suzanne; Allison, Jeffrey G.; Wagner, Matthew E.; Rao, K. Ranga] Univ W Florida, Ctr Environm Diagnost & Bioremediat, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. [Lange, Ted] Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, Eustis Fisheries Res Lab, Eustis, FL 32726 USA. RP Karouna-Renier, NK (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, BARC E Bldg 308,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM nkarouna@usgs.gov OI Karouna-Renier, Natalie/0000-0001-7127-033X FU U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) FX This study was supported by grants from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to the University of West Florida. The contents of this article do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC or the EPA. Use of product names does not imply endorsement by the US Government. The authors would like to thank Michael McAllister, Joseph Moss, Doug Richard, Kevin McDonald, and Benjamin Finkes for assistance in sample collection and preparation. NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 72 IS 3 BP 96 EP 104 DI 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.06.003 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 825XM UT WOS:000295315400002 PM 21764437 ER PT J AU Brooks, ML Chambers, JC AF Brooks, Matthew L. Chambers, Jeanne C. TI Resistance to Invasion and Resilience to Fire in Desert Shrublands of North America SO RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; ecological resilience; ecological resistance; Great Basin Desert; Mojave Desert; Sonoran Desert ID MOJAVE DESERT; SAGEBRUSH ECOSYSTEMS; VEGETATION CHANGE; BROMUS-TECTORUM; SONORAN DESERT; GRASSLAND; INVASIBILITY; CALIFORNIA; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS AB Settlement by Anglo-Americans in the desert shrublands of North America resulted in the introduction and subsequent invasion of multiple nonnative grass species. These invasions have altered presettlement fire regimes, resulted in conversion of native perennial shrublands to nonnative annual grasslands, and placed many native desert species at risk. Effective management of these ecosystems requires an understanding of their ecological resistance to invasion and resilience to fire. Resistance and resilience differ among the cold and hot desert shrublands of the Great Basin, Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts in North America. These differences are largely determined by spatial and temporal patterns of productivity but also are affected by ecological memory, severity and frequency of disturbance, and feedbacks among invasive species and disturbance regimes. Strategies for preventing or managing invasive plant/fire regimes cycles in desert shrublands include: 1) conducting periodic resource assessments to evaluate the probability of establishment of an altered fire regime; 2) developing an understanding of ecological thresholds associate within invasion resistance and fire resilience that characterize transitions from desirable to undesirable fire regimes; and 3) prioritizing management activities based on resistance of areas to invasion and resilience to fire. C1 [Brooks, Matthew L.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. [Chambers, Jeanne C.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Brooks, ML (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, Yosemite Field Stn, 5083 Foresta Rd, El Portal, CA 95318 USA. EM mlbrooks@usgs.gov FU US Geological Survey; US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Joint Fire Science Program [00-1-2-04] FX This manuscript was supported by funding from the US Geological Survey, Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring project, the US Geological Survey, Invasive Species Program, and the US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Much of the information that contributed to this paper was compiled and synthesized as part of project 00-1-2-04 funded by the Joint Fire Science Program. NR 67 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 7 U2 57 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 1550-7424 EI 1551-5028 J9 RANGELAND ECOL MANAG JI Rangel. Ecol. Manag. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 64 IS 5 BP 431 EP 438 DI 10.2111/REM-D-09-00165.1 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 824GG UT WOS:000295189800002 ER PT J AU Hively, WD Hapeman, CJ McConnell, LL Fisher, TR Rice, CP McCarty, GW Sadeghi, AM Whitall, DR Downey, PM de Guzman, GTN Bialek-Kalinski, K Lang, MW Gustafson, AB Sutton, AJ Sefton, KA Fetcho, JAH AF Hively, W. Dean Hapeman, Cathleen J. McConnell, Laura L. Fisher, Thomas R. Rice, Clifford P. McCarty, Gregory W. Sadeghi, Ali M. Whitall, David R. Downey, Peter M. de Guzman, Gabriela T. Nino Bialek-Kalinski, Krystyna Lang, Megan W. Gustafson, Anne B. Sutton, Adrienne J. Sefton, Kerry A. Fetcho, Jennifer A. Harman TI Relating nutrient and herbicide fate with landscape features and characteristics of 15 subwatersheds in the Choptank River watershed SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Choptank River; Atrazine; Metolachlor; Tree canopy; Nitrate; Hydrogeomorphology ID COASTAL-PLAIN WATERSHEDS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; GROUND-WATER; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; DELMARVA PENINSULA; QUALITY; PESTICIDES; STREAM; EUTROPHICATION; METOLACHLOR AB Excess nutrients and agrochemicals from non-point sources contribute to water quality impairment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and their loading rates are related to land use, agricultural practices, hydrology, and pollutant fate and transport processes. In this study, monthly baseflow stream samples from 15 agricultural subwatersheds of the Choptank River in Maryland USA (2005 to 2007) were characterized for nutrients, herbicides, and herbicide transformation products. High-resolution digital maps of land use and forested wetlands were derived from remote sensing imagery. Examination of landscape metrics and water quality data, partitioned according to hydrogeomorphic class, provided insight into the fate, delivery, and transport mechanisms associated with agricultural pollutants. Mean Nitrate-N concentrations (4.9 mg/L) were correlated positively with percent agriculture (R-2 = 0.56) and negatively with percent forest (R-2 = 0.60). Concentrations were greater (p = 0.0001) in the well-drained upland (WDU) hydrogeomorphic region than in poorly drained upland (PDU), reflecting increased denitrification and reduced agricultural land use intensity in the PDU landscape due to the prevalence of hydric soils. Atrazine and metolachlor concentrations (mean 029 mu g/L and 0.19 mu g/L) were also greater (p = 0.0001) in WDU subwatersheds than in PDU subwatersheds. Springtime herbicide concentrations exhibited a strong, positive correlation (R-2 = 0.90) with percent forest in the WDU subwatersheds but not in the PDU subwatersheds. In addition, forested riparian stream buffers in the WDU were more prevalent than in the PDU where forested patches are typically not located near streams, suggesting an alternative delivery mechanism whereby volatilized herbicides are captured by the riparian forest canopy and subsequently washed off during rainfall. Orthophosphate, CIAT (6-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), CEAT (6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), and MESA (2-[(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl) (2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid) were also analyzed. These findings will assist efforts in targeting implementation of conservation practices to the most environmentally-critical areas within watersheds to achieve water quality improvements in a cost-effective manner. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Hapeman, Cathleen J.; McConnell, Laura L.; Rice, Clifford P.; McCarty, Gregory W.; Sadeghi, Ali M.; Downey, Peter M.; de Guzman, Gabriela T. Nino; Bialek-Kalinski, Krystyna; Lang, Megan W.; Sefton, Kerry A.; Fetcho, Jennifer A. Harman] USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Hively, W. Dean] US Geol Survey, Eastern Geog Res Ctr, Reston, VA 22092 USA. [Fisher, Thomas R.; Gustafson, Anne B.; Sutton, Adrienne J.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD USA. [Whitall, David R.] NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Hapeman, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM cathleen.hapeman@ars.usda.gov RI Sutton, Adrienne/C-7725-2015; feng, yongzhong/F-5090-2012 OI Sutton, Adrienne/0000-0002-7414-7035; feng, yongzhong/0000-0002-5202-4368 FU National Fish and Wildlife Foundation FX The authors wish to acknowledge the dedicated contributions of Anne Lynn, Choptank River CEAP Coordinator at USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), Maryland State Office; Thomas E. Jordon, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland; Judith M. Denver and Scott W. Ator, US Geological Survey, Dover, Delaware and Baltimore, Maryland, respectively; field and technical staff team members Paul Biddle and Walter Stracke; and numerous student contributors, especially Antti Koskelo, Molly Monahan, Andrew Kim, Antonio Pereira, Sarah Waterworth, and Kusuma Prabhakara. Partial funding for this project was provided by NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, USDA-NRCS Special Emphasis Watershed CEAP (Assessment of Natural Resource Conservation Practice Effectiveness within the Choptank River Watershed), and a Chesapeake Bay Targeted Watersheds grant administered by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (Innovative BMP Implementation Strategies to Improve Water Quality within the Choptank River Watershed with a Targeted Effort in the Tuckahoe Sub-Basin). NR 58 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 62 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 409 IS 19 BP 3866 EP 3878 DI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.024 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 824WW UT WOS:000295233900032 PM 21733565 ER PT J AU Belnap, J Munson, SM Field, JP AF Belnap, Jayne Munson, Seth M. Field, Jason P. TI Aeolian and fluvial processes in dryland regions: the need for integrated studies SO ECOHYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE dust; land degradation; semiarid; soil erosion; wind; water ID WATER EROSION; DUST-STORM; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SOIL DEGRADATION; EXTREME EVENTS; WIND EROSION; CLIMATE; DESERTIFICATION; AUSTRALIA; DESERT AB Aeolian and fluvial processes play a fundamental role in dryland regions of the world and have important environmental and ecological consequences from local to global scales. Although both processes operate over similar spatial and temporal scales and are likely strongly coupled in many dryland systems, aeolian and fluvial processes have traditionally been studied separately, making it difficult to assess their relative importance in drylands, as well as their potential for synergistic interaction. Land degradation by accelerated wind and water erosion is a major problem throughout the world's drylands, and although recent studies suggest that these processes likely interact across broad spatial and temporal scales to amplify the transport of soil resources from and within drylands, many researchers and land managers continue to view them as separate and unrelated processes. Here, we illustrate how aeolian and fluvial sediment transport is coupled at multiple spatial and temporal scales and highlight the need for these interrelated processes to be studied from a more integrated perspective that crosses traditional disciplinary boundaries. Special attention is given to how the growing threat of climate change and land-use disturbance will influence linkages between aeolian and fluvial processes in the future. We also present emerging directions for interdisciplinary needs within the aeolian and fluvial research communities that call for better integration across a broad range of traditional disciplines such as ecology, biogeochemistry, agronomy, and soil conservation. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Belnap, Jayne] US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Res Stn, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT 84532 USA. [Field, Jason P.] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Belnap, J (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Canyonlands Res Stn, SW Biol Sci Ctr, 2290 S W Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA. EM jayne_belnap@usgs.gov NR 72 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 6 U2 37 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1936-0584 J9 ECOHYDROLOGY JI Ecohydrology PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 4 IS 5 BP 615 EP 622 DI 10.1002/eco.258 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 823RO UT WOS:000295142100001 ER PT J AU Kline, RJ O'Connell, LA Hofmann, HA Holt, GJ Khan, IA AF Kline, Richard J. O'Connell, Lauren A. Hofmann, Hans A. Holt, G. Joan Khan, Izhar A. TI The distribution of an AVT V1a receptor in the brain of a sex changing fish, Epinephelus adscensionis SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY LA English DT Article DE Vasotocin receptor; Immunohistochemistry; In situ hybridization; Social behavior; Hermaphroditism; Rock hind ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; BASS DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX; ARGININE VASOTOCIN RECEPTOR; FLOUNDER PLATICHTHYS-FLESUS; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION; PITUITARY-GLAND; PERCIFORM FISH; VASOPRESSIN; BEHAVIOR; TELEOST AB The present study describes the distribution of an arginine vasotocin (AVT) V1a receptor (AVT-r) throughout the brain of a sex-changing grouper, rock hind Epinephelus adscensionis. The objectives of this study were to describe the AVTr distribution in the brain of rock hind for potential linkages of the AVT hormone system with sex-specific behaviors observed in this species and to examine sex-specific differences that might exist. An antibody was designed for rock hind AVTr against the deduced amino acid sequence for the third intracellular loop. Protein expression, identified with immunohistochemistry showed high concordance with mRNA expression, identified with in situ hybridization. AVTr protein and mRNA expression was widely distributed throughout the brain, indicating that AVT may act as a neuromodulator via this V1a receptor subtype. AVTr protein and mRNA were present in regions associated with behavior, reproduction and spatial learning, as well as sensory functions such as vision, olfaction and lateral line sensory processing. We observed high AVTr expression in granular cell formations in the internal cellular layer of olfactory bulbs, torus longitudinalis, granular layer of the corpus cerebellum, valvula of the cerebellum, nuclei of the lateral and posterior recesses, and granular eminence. High protein and mRNA expression was also observed in the preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, and habenular nucleus. No obvious sex differences were noted in any region of the rock hind brain. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kline, Richard J.; Holt, G. Joan; Khan, Izhar A.] Univ Texas Austin, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. [Khan, Izhar A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Dexter Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, Dexter, NM USA. [O'Connell, Lauren A.; Hofmann, Hans A.] Univ Texas Austin, Inst Cellular & Mol Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [O'Connell, Lauren A.; Hofmann, Hans A.] Univ Texas Austin, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Hofmann, Hans A.] Univ Texas Austin, Inst Neurosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Kline, RJ (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. EM rjkline@mail.utexas.edu OI Hofmann, Hans/0000-0002-3335-330X FU Bass Foundation; Lund Fellowship in Marine Science; Sid Richardson Foundation FX Grant sponsor: Bass Foundation Grant to GJH and E.J. Lund Fellowship in Marine Science to RJK.; We acknowledge funding from the Lund Fellowship in Marine Science to RJK and from the Sid Richardson Foundation to GJH and IAK. We also wish to thank Md. Saydur Rahman for helpful comments and assistance with Western blot techniques. NR 62 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0891-0618 EI 1873-6300 J9 J CHEM NEUROANAT JI J. Chem. Neuroanat. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 42 IS 1 BP 72 EP 88 DI 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.06.005 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 823TK UT WOS:000295149200008 PM 21723386 ER PT J AU Smith, K Flocks, JG Steyer, GD Piazza, SC AF Smith, K. Flocks, J. G. Steyer, G. D. Piazza, S. C. TI DISTRIBUTIONS OF DIATOMS IN THE COASTAL WETLANDS OF LOUISIANA AND THEIR POTENTIAL USE AS SEA-LEVEL INDICATORS SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Smith, K.; Flocks, J. G.; Steyer, G. D.; Piazza, S. C.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA. EM kelsmith@usgs.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 47 SU 2 SI SI BP S60 EP S61 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 822ZO UT WOS:000295090200182 ER PT J AU Kanno, Y Vokoun, JC Letcher, BH AF Kanno, Yoichiro Vokoun, Jason C. Letcher, Benjamin H. TI Fine-scale population structure and riverscape genetics of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) distributed continuously along headwater channel networks SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dispersal; genetic clusters; isolation-by-distance; landscape genetics; Salvelinus fontinalis; streams ID SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS; COASTAL CUTTHROAT TROUT; BROWN TROUT; LANDSCAPE GENETICS; SALMO-TRUTTA; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; STREAM SALMONIDS; MIGRATION RATES; NATIVE RANGE; BULL TROUT AB Linear and heterogeneous habitat makes headwater stream networks an ideal ecosystem in which to test the influence of environmental factors on spatial genetic patterns of obligatory aquatic species. We investigated fine-scale population structure and influence of stream habitat on individual-level genetic differentiation in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) by genotyping eight microsatellite loci in 740 individuals in two headwater channel networks (7.7 and 4.4 km) in Connecticut, USA. A weak but statistically significant isolation-by-distance pattern was common in both sites. In the field, many tagged individuals were recaptured in the same 50-m reaches within a single field season (summer to fall). One study site was characterized with a hierarchical population structure, where seasonal barriers (natural falls of 1.5-2.5 m in height during summer base-flow condition) greatly reduced gene flow and perceptible spatial patterns emerged because of the presence of tributaries, each with a group of genetically distinguishable individuals. Genetic differentiation increased when pairs of individuals were separated by high stream gradient (steep channel slope) or warm stream temperature in this site, although the evidence of their influence was equivocal. In a second site, evidence for genetic clusters was weak at best, but genetic differentiation between individuals was positively correlated with number of tributary confluences. We concluded that the population-level movement of brook trout was limited in the study headwater stream networks, resulting in the fine-scale population structure (genetic clusters and clines) even at distances of a few kilometres, and gene flow was mitigated by 'riverscape' variables, particularly by physical barriers, waterway distance (i.e. isolation-by-distance) and the presence of tributaries. C1 [Kanno, Yoichiro; Vokoun, Jason C.] Univ Connecticut, Dept Nat Resources & Environm, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Letcher, Benjamin H.] US Geol Survey, Silvio O Conte Anadromous Fish Res Ctr, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Kanno, Y (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Ctr Management Utilizat & Protect Water Resources, Box 5063,1100 N Dixie Ave, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. EM ykanno@tntech.edu FU Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection; Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station; Weantinoge Heritage Land Trust FX This research was financially supported by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection through the State and Tribal Wildlife Grants Program, the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station through the Hatch Act, and the Weantinoge Heritage Land Trust. Jason Coombs, Paul Schueller and Anne Timm provided technical assistance with genetic analysis. We thank a number of people for their field assistance, particularly Neal Hagstrom, Mike Humphreys, Mike Beauchene, Chris Bellucci, Elise Benoit, Mike Davidson, George Maynard and Jason Carmignani. We are grateful to the Weantinoge Heritage Land Trust, Northwest Conservation District, US Army Corps of Engineers and many private landowners for granting or facilitating access to their properties. Kent Holsinger, Eric Schultz, John Volin, Thibaut Jombart and two other anonymous reviewers provided constructive comments that greatly improved an earlier version of this manuscript. NR 86 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 5 U2 60 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 20 IS 18 BP 3711 EP 3729 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05210.x PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 822NR UT WOS:000295055700004 PM 21819470 ER PT J AU Wood, DA Vandergast, AG Espinal, JAL Fisher, RN Holycross, AT AF Wood, Dustin A. Vandergast, A. G. Lemos Espinal, J. A. Fisher, R. N. Holycross, A. T. TI Refugial isolation and divergence in the Narrowheaded Gartersnake species complex (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) as revealed by multilocus DNA sequence data SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE incomplete lineage sorting; mtDNA; nuDNA; phylogeography; Pleistocene; Sierra Madre Occidental ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; POPULATION-GENETICS; BAYESIAN-INFERENCE; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; ICE AGES; SNAKES; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; EVOLUTION AB Glacial-interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene are hypothesized as one of the foremost contributors to biological diversification. This is especially true for cold-adapted montane species, where range shifts have had a pronounced effect on population-level divergence. Gartersnakes of the Thamnophis rufipunctatus species complex are restricted to cold headwater streams in the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southwestern USA. We used coalescent and multilocus phylogenetic approaches to test whether genetic diversification of this montane-restricted species complex is consistent with two prevailing models of range fluctuation for species affected by Pleistocene climate changes. Our concatenated nuDNA and multilocus species analyses recovered evidence for the persistence of multiple lineages that are restricted geographically, despite a mtDNA signature consistent with either more recent connectivity (and introgression) or recent expansion (and incomplete lineage sorting). Divergence times estimated using a relaxed molecular clock and fossil calibrations fall within the Late Pleistocene, and zero gene flow scenarios among current geographically isolated lineages could not be rejected. These results suggest that increased climate shifts in the Late Pleistocene have driven diversification and current range retraction patterns and that the differences between markers reflect the stochasticity of gene lineages (i.e. ancestral polymorphism) rather than gene flow and introgression. These results have important implications for the conservation of T. rufipunctatus (sensu novo), which is restricted to two drainage systems in the southwestern US and has undergone a recent and dramatic decline. C1 [Wood, Dustin A.; Vandergast, A. G.; Fisher, R. N.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Lemos Espinal, J. A.] UNAM, Fac Estudios Super Iztacala, UBIPRO, Ecol Lab, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado De Mexic, Mexico. [Holycross, A. T.] Mesa Community Coll, Mesa, AZ 85207 USA. [Holycross, A. T.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Wood, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego Field Stn, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM dawood@usgs.gov OI Vandergast, Amy/0000-0002-7835-6571; Wood, Dustin/0000-0002-7668-9911 FU Arizona Game; Fish Commission [I-08011]; U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center FX This project was funded by Arizona Game and Fish Commission Heritage Award I-08011 and the U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center. We thank Bill Burger, Eric Centenero Alcala, Anny Peralta Garcia, Toby Hibbitts, Ioana Hociota, Tom Jones, Mayra Moreno, Luis Oliver, Jim Rorabaugh, Jeff Servoss and Jorge Valdez Villavicencio for assistance in the field. For tissue loans, we thank Valerie Boyarski, Thomas Brennan, Bruce & Michelle Christman, Brian Jennings, Erika Nowak, Phil Rosen, Charlie Painter and the following institutions: Arizona State University, California Academy of Sciences (Jens Vindum), Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (Jimmy McGuire & Carol Spencer); Louisiana State University (Chris Austin & Donna Dittman), Texas Cooperative Wildlife Museum (Toby Hibbitts) and University of Arizona. Specimens and tissues collected and exported from Mexico were authorized by SEMARNAT permits (#00914/07, #01958/07, & 22736), TUFESA (#270507) and PROFEPA (#EF26-1264-07-NUG). The use of trade, product or firm names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. NR 86 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 20 IS 18 BP 3856 EP 3878 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05211.x PG 23 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 822NR UT WOS:000295055700014 PM 21851436 ER PT J AU Pondrelli, M Tanaka, K Rossi, AP Flamini, E AF Pondrelli, Monica Tanaka, Ken Rossi, Angelo Pio Flamini, Enrico TI SPECIAL ISSUE Geological Mapping of Mars Preface SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Pondrelli, Monica] Univ Annunzio, Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, I-65127 Pescara, Italy. [Tanaka, Ken] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Rossi, Angelo Pio] Jacobs Univ Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany. [Flamini, Enrico] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RP Pondrelli, M (reprint author), Univ Annunzio, Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, Viale Pindaro 42, I-65127 Pescara, Italy. EM monica@irsps.unich.it; ktanaka@usgs.gov; an.rossi@jacobs-university.de; enrico.flamini@asi.it RI Rossi, Angelo Pio/B-5931-2013 OI Rossi, Angelo Pio/0000-0002-0137-1984 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 59 IS 11-12 SI SI BP 1113 EP 1113 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.006 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 822TS UT WOS:000295073100001 ER PT J AU Tanaka, KL Fortezzo, CM Hayward, RK Rodriguez, JAP Skinner, JA AF Tanaka, Kenneth L. Fortezzo, Corey M. Hayward, Rosalyn K. Rodriguez, J. Alexis P. Skinner, James A., Jr. TI History of plains resurfacing in the Scandia region of Mars SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Mars; Geologic mapping; Photogeology; Scandia region; Geomorphology; Resurfacing ID ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; THIN-SKINNED EXTENSION; NORTH POLAR-REGION; ALBA-PATERA; STRATIGRAPHY; TOPOGRAPHY; MORPHOLOGY; VOLCANISM; DIAPIRS; ORIGIN AB We present a preliminary photogeologic map of the Scandia region of Mars with the objective of reconstructing its resurfacing history. The Scandia region includes the lower section of the regional lowland slope of Vastitas Borealis extending about 500-1800 km away from Alba Mons into the Scandia sub-basin below -4800 m elevation. Twenty mapped geologic units express the diverse stratigraphy of the region. We particularly focus on the materials making up the Vastitas Borealis plains and its Scandia sub-region, where erosional processes have obscured stratigraphic relations and made the reconstruction of the resurfacing history particularly challenging. Geologic mapping implicates the deposition, erosion, and deformation/degradation of geologic units predominantly during Late Hesperian and Early Amazonian time (similar to 3.6-3.3 Ga). During this time, Alba Mons was active, outflow channels were debouching sediments into the northern plains, and basal ice layers of the north polar plateau were accumulating. We identify zones of regional tectonic contraction and extension as well as gradation and mantling. Depressions and scarps within these zones indicate collapse and gradation of Scandia outcrops and surfaces at scales of meters to hundreds of meters. We find that Scandia Tholi display concentric ridges, rugged peaks, irregular depressions, and moats that suggest uplift and tilting of layered plains material by diapirs and extrusion, erosion, and deflation of viscous, sedimentary slurries as previously suggested. These appear to be long-lived features that both pre-date and post-date impact craters. Mesa-forming features may have similar origins and occur along the southern margin of the Scandia region, including near the Phoenix Mars Lander site. Distinctive lobate materials associated with local impact craters suggest impact-induced mobilization of surface materials. We suggest that the formation of the Scandia region features potentially resulted from crustal heating related to Alba Mons volcanism, which acted upon a sequence of lavas, outflow channel sediments, and polar ice deposits centered within the Scandia region. These volatile-enriched sediments may have been in a state of partial volatile melt, resulting in the mobilization of deeply buried ancient materials and their ascent and emergence as sediment and mud breccia diapirs to form tholi features. Similar subsurface instabilities proximal to Alba Mons may have led to surface disruption, as suggested by local and regional scarps, mesas, moats, and knob fields. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Fortezzo, Corey M.; Hayward, Rosalyn K.; Skinner, James A., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Tanaka, KL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 2255N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM ktanaka@usgs.gov; cfortezzo@usgs.gov; rhayward@usgs.gov; alexis@psi.edu; jskinner@usgs.gov RI Fortezzo, Corey/J-3768-2013; Skinner, James/M-7966-2014 FU NASA FX Constructive comments by Vic Baker, Laz Kestay, and Chris Okubo improved parts of the manuscript. We thank Trent Hare, Janet Richie, and Bob Sucharski for assistance in the preparation of data products and in digital mapping support. A grant from the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program funded this research. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 59 IS 11-12 SI SI BP 1128 EP 1142 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2010.11.004 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 822TS UT WOS:000295073100003 ER PT J AU Werner, SC Tanaka, KL Skinner, JA AF Werner, S. C. Tanaka, K. L. Skinner, J. A., Jr. TI Mars: The evolutionary history of the northern lowlands based on crater counting and geologic mapping SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Mars; Geologic evolution; Lowlands; Crater statistics; Paleao-ocean ID MARTIAN HEMISPHERIC DICHOTOMY; ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER; CRUSTAL DICHOTOMY; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; UTOPIA PLANITIA; GIANT POLYGONS; GRAVITY-FIELD; IMPACT BASINS; GROUND ICE AB The geologic history of planetary surfaces is most effectively determined by joining geologic mapping and crater counting which provides an iterative, qualitative and quantitative method for defining relative ages and absolute model ages. Based on this approach, we present spatial and temporal details regarding the evolution of the Martian northern plains and surrounding regions. The highland-lowland boundary (HLB) formed during the pre-Noachian and was subsequently modified through various processes. The Nepenthes Mensae unit along the northern margins of the cratered highlands, was formed by HLB scarp-erosion, deposition of sedimentary and volcanic materials, and dissection by surface runoff between 3.81 and 3.65 Ga. Ages for giant polygons in Utopia and Acidalia Planitiae are similar to 3.75 Ga and likely reflect the age of buried basement rocks. These buried lowland surfaces are comparable in age to those located closer to the HLB, where a much thinner, post-HLB deposit is mapped. The emplacement of the most extensive lowland surfaces ended between 3.75 and 3.4 Ga, based on densities of craters generally > 3 km in diameter. Results from the polygonal terrain support the existence of a major lowland depocenter shortly after the pre-Noachian formation of the northern lowlands. In general, northern plains surfaces show gradually younger ages at lower elevations, consistent local to regional unit emplacement and resurfacing between 3.6 and 2.6 Ga. Elevation levels and morphology are not necessarily related, and variations in ages within the mapped units are found, especially in units formed and modified by multiple geological processes. Regardless, most of the youngest units in the northern lowlands are considered to be lavas, polar ice, or thick mantle deposits, arguing against the ocean theory during the Amazonian Period (younger than about 3.15 Ga). All ages measured in the closest vicinity of the steep dichotomy escarpment are also 3.7 Ga or older. The formation ages of volcanic flanks at the HLB (e.g., Alba Mons (3.6-3.4 Ga) and the last fan at Apollinaris Mons, 3.71 Ga) may give additional temporal constraint for the possible existence of any kind of Martian ocean before about 3.7 Ga. It seems to reflect the termination of a large-scale, precipitation-based hydrological cycle and major geologic processes related to such cycling. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Werner, S. C.] Univ Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. [Tanaka, K. L.; Skinner, J. A., Jr.] US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Werner, SC (reprint author), Univ Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM stephanie.werner@fys.uio.no RI Werner, Stephanie/A-6438-2012; Skinner, James/M-7966-2014 OI Werner, Stephanie/0000-0001-5704-0909; FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); NASA; Norwegian Research Council through a Centre of Excellence FX This paper benefited greatly from thorough reviews by Brian Hynek and an anonymous reviewer. We appreciated comments by Rosalyn K. Hayward and Corey Fortezzo during internal USGS reviews. We are thanking Ursula Wolf (Freie Universitat Berlin) for her help counting on Viking image data. An earlier stage of this study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, through G. Neukum); also funding was provided by the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program for K. L. Tanaka and J. A. Skinner. S. C. Werner is supported by the Norwegian Research Council through a Centre of Excellence Grant to PGP. NR 92 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 59 IS 11-12 SI SI BP 1143 EP 1165 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2011.03.022 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 822TS UT WOS:000295073100004 ER PT J AU Frigeri, A Hare, T Neteler, M Coradini, A Federico, C Orosei, R AF Frigeri, Alessandro Hare, Trent Neteler, Markus Coradini, Angioletta Federico, Costanzo Orosei, Roberto TI A working environment for digital planetary data processing and mapping using ISIS and GRASS GIS SO PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Planetary mapping; Planetary geology; Geographic Information Systems; Free open source software; Human-computer interaction; Digital maps; Image processing AB Since the beginning of planetary exploration, mapping has been fundamental to summarize observations returned by scientific missions. Sensor-based mapping has been used to highlight specific features from the planetary surfaces by means of processing. Interpretative mapping makes use of instrumental observations to produce thematic maps that summarize observations of actual data into a specific theme. Geologic maps, for example, are thematic interpretative maps that focus on the representation of materials and processes and their relative timing. The advancements in technology of the last 30 years have allowed us to develop specialized systems where the mapping process can be made entirely in the digital domain. The spread of networked computers on a global scale allowed the rapid propagation of software and digital data such that every researcher can now access digital mapping facilities on his desktop. The efforts to maintain planetary missions data accessible to the scientific community have led to the creation of standardized digital archives that facilitate the access to different datasets by software capable of processing these data from the raw level to the map projected one. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been developed to optimize the storage, the analysis, and the retrieval of spatially referenced Earth based environmental geodata; since the last decade these computer programs have become popular among the planetary science community, and recent mission data start to be distributed in formats compatible with these systems. Among all the systems developed for the analysis of planetary and spatially referenced data, we have created a working environment combining two software suites that have similar characteristics in their modular design, their development history, their policy of distribution and their support system. The first, the Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) developed by the United States Geological Survey, represents the state of the art for processing planetary remote sensing data, from the raw unprocessed state to the map projected product. The second, the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) is a Geographic Information System developed by an international team of developers, and one of the core projects promoted by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo). We have worked on enabling the combined use of these software systems throughout the set-up of a common user interface, the unification of the cartographic reference system nomenclature and the minimization of data conversion. Both software packages are distributed with free open source licenses, as well as the source code, scripts and configuration files hereafter presented. In this paper we describe our work done to merge these working environments into a common one, where the user benefits from functionalities of both systems without the need to switch or transfer data from one software suite to the other one. Thereafter we provide an example of its usage in the handling of planetary data and the crafting of a digital geologic map. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Frigeri, Alessandro; Coradini, Angioletta; Orosei, Roberto] INAF, IFSI, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Hare, Trent] US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Neteler, Markus] Fdn Edmund Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Trento, Italy. [Frigeri, Alessandro; Federico, Costanzo] Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. RP Frigeri, A (reprint author), INAF, IFSI, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy. EM alessandro.frigeri@ifsi-roma.inaf.it RI Neteler, Markus/C-6328-2008; Frigeri, Alessandro/F-2151-2010; OI Neteler, Markus/0000-0003-1916-1966; Frigeri, Alessandro/0000-0002-9140-3977; Hare, Trent/0000-0001-8842-389X NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0032-0633 J9 PLANET SPACE SCI JI Planet Space Sci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 59 IS 11-12 SI SI BP 1265 EP 1272 DI 10.1016/j.pss.2010.12.008 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 822TS UT WOS:000295073100013 ER PT J AU Hansen, JD Vojtech, LN Laing, KJ AF Hansen, John D. Vojtech, Lucia N. Laing, Kerry J. TI Sensing disease and danger: A survey of vertebrate PRRs and their origins SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Inflammasome; Teleost; Elasmobranch; Genomic; Agnathan; Protochordate; Invertebrate ID NF-KAPPA-B; VARIABLE LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTORS; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN; ANTIVIRAL INNATE IMMUNITY; SPECK-LIKE PROTEIN; RNA HELICASE LGP2; NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR; INDUCIBLE GENE-I; RIG-I AB A key facet of the innate immune response lays in its ability to recognize and respond to invading microorganisms and cellular disturbances. Through the use of germ-line encoded PRRs, the innate immune system is capable of detecting invariant pathogen motifs termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) that are distinct from host encoded proteins or products released from dying cells, which are known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PAMPs and DAMPs include both protein and nucleic acids for the detection and response to pathogens and metabolic "danger" signals. This is by far one of the most active areas of research as recent studies have shown retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG1)-like receptors (RLRs), the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (NLRs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the recently described AIM-like receptors (ALRs) are responsible for initiating interferon production or the assembly and activation of the inflammasome, ultimately resulting in the release of bioactive IL-1 family members. Overall, the vertebrate PRR recognition machinery consists of seven domains (e.g., Death, NACHT, CARD, TIR, LRR. PYD, helicase), most of which can be traced to the very origins of the deuterostomes. This review is intended to provide an overview of the basic components that are used by vertebrates to detect and respond to pathogens, with an emphasis on these receptors in fish as well as a brief note on their likely origins. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Hansen, John D.] US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Hansen, John D.; Vojtech, Lucia N.] Univ Washington, Interdisciplinary Program Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Laing, Kerry J.] Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Vaccine & Infect Dis Div, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jhansen@usgs.gov RI Laing, Kerry/C-2211-2008; OI Laing, Kerry/0000-0001-9245-5325; Vojtech, Lucia/0000-0003-2343-0719 FU National Science Foundation FX The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Interior or the U.S. Geological Survey of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. LNV was supported by a National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship. NR 95 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 6 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 35 IS 9 SI SI BP 886 EP 897 DI 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.008 PG 12 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 822PB UT WOS:000295061000003 PM 21241729 ER PT J AU Hofmeister, EK AF Hofmeister, Erik K. TI West Nile virus: North American experience SO INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY LA English DT Review DE arbovirus; emerging infectious disease; North America; West Nile virus; zoonotic disease ID NEW-YORK-CITY; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; HOST FEEDING PATTERNS; VECTOR COMPETENCE; CULEX MOSQUITOS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; ST-LOUIS; NEUTRALIZATION-TESTS; BRIDGE VECTOR; ENCEPHALITIS AB West Nile virus, a mosquito-vectored flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis serogroup, was first detected in North America following an epizootic in the New York City area in 1999. In the intervening 11 years since the arrival of the virus in North America, it has crossed the contiguous USA, entered the Canadian provinces bordering the USA, and has been reported in the Caribbean islands, Mexico, Central America and, more recently, South America. West Nile virus has been reported in over 300 species of birds in the USA and has caused the deaths of thousands of birds, local population declines of some avian species, the clinical illness and deaths of thousands of domestic horses, and the clinical disease in over 30 000 Americans and the deaths of over 1000. Prior to the emergence of West Nile virus in North America, St. Louis encephalitis virus and Dengue virus were the only other known mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses in North America capable of causing human disease. This review will discuss the North American experience with mosquito-borne flavivirus prior to the arrival of West Nile virus, the entry and spread of West Nile virus in North America, effects on wild bird populations, genetic changes in the virus, and the current state of West Nile virus transmission. C1 USGS Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Hofmeister, EK (reprint author), USGS Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711 USA. EM ehofmeister@usgs.gov NR 84 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 52 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1749-4877 J9 INTEGR ZOOL JI Integr. Zool. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 6 IS 3 BP 279 EP 289 DI 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00251.x PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 822AY UT WOS:000295016900012 PM 21910847 ER PT J AU Czuba, JA Best, JL Oberg, KA Parsons, DR Jackson, PR Garcia, MH Ashmore, P AF Czuba, Jonathan A. Best, James L. Oberg, Kevin A. Parsons, Daniel R. Jackson, P. Ryan Garcia, Marcelo H. Ashmore, Peter TI Bed morphology, flow structure, and sediment transport at the outlet of Lake Huron and in the upper St. Clair River SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Huron; St. Clair River; Multibeam echo sounder; Acoustic Doppler current profiler; Secondary flow; Sediment transport ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; VESSEL AB An integrated multibeam echo sounder and acoustic Doppler current profiler field survey was conducted in July 2008 to investigate the morphodynamics of the St. Clair River at the outlet of Lake Huron. The principal morphological features of the upper St. Clair River included flow-transverse bedforms that appear weakly mobile, erosive bedforms in cohesive muds, thin non-cohesive veneers of weakly mobile sediment that cover an underlying cohesive (till or glacio-lacustrine) surface, and vegetation that covers the bed. The flow was characterized by acceleration as the banks constrict from Lake Huron into the St. Clair River, an approximately 1500-m long region of flow separation downstream from the Blue Water Bridge, and secondary flow connected to: i) channel curvature; ii) forcing of the flow by local bed topography, and iii) flow wakes in the lee side of ship wrecks. Nearshore, sand-sized, sediment from Lake Huron was capable of being transported into, and principally along, the banks of the upper St. Clair River by the measured flow. A comparison of bathymetric surveys conducted in 2007 and 2008 identifies that the gravel bed does undergo slow downstream movement, but that this movement does not appear to be generated by the mean flow, and could possibly be caused by ship-propeller-induced turbulence. The study results suggest that the measured mean flow and dredging within the channel have not produced major scour of the upper St Clair River and that the recent fall in the level of Lake Huron is unlikely to have been caused by these mechanisms. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. C1 [Czuba, Jonathan A.; Oberg, Kevin A.; Jackson, P. Ryan] US Geol Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Czuba, Jonathan A.; Garcia, Marcelo H.] Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Best, James L.] Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Parsons, Daniel R.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Ashmore, Peter] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Geog, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada. [Best, James L.] Univ Illinois, Dept Geog, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Best, James L.] Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Best, James L.; Garcia, Marcelo H.] Univ Illinois, Ven Te Chow Hydrosyst Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Czuba, JA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 934 Broadway,Suite 300, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. EM jczuba@usgs.gov RI Parsons, Daniel/G-9101-2011; OI Parsons, Daniel/0000-0002-5142-4466; Jackson, P. Ryan/0000-0002-3154-6108 FU International Upper Great Lakes Study of the International Joint Commission; U.S. Geological Survey; Worldwide Universities Network FX This work was funded by a grant from the International Upper Great Lakes Study of the International Joint Commission to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and the U.S. Geological Survey. Daniel Parsons acknowledges the Worldwide Universities Network for funding a research visit to UIUC, which facilitated the writing of this paper. The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by staff at the U.S. Coast Guard base at Fort Gratiot, and Don James (U.S. Geological Survey, Michigan Water Science Center) for his support and expertise in collecting the data. We also thank Jennifer Sharpe (U.S. Geological Survey, Illinois Water Science Center) for her assistance in developing the final figures. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 480 EP 493 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2011.05.011 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 821MF UT WOS:000294978400008 ER PT J AU Gamble, AE Hrabik, TR Stockwell, JD Yule, DL AF Gamble, Allison E. Hrabik, Thomas R. Stockwell, Jason D. Yule, Daniel L. TI Trophic connections in Lake Superior Part I: The offshore fish community SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; Offshore fish community; Diet analysis; Mysis; Diporeia; Food web ID DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; BYTHOTREPHES-CEDERSTROEMI SCHOEDLER; HERRING COREGONUS-ARTEDI; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA-SPP.; APOSTLE ISLANDS REGION; MYSIS-RELICTA; DRY-WEIGHT; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; DREISSENID MUSSELS AB Detailed diet linkages within the offshore (>80 m bathymetric depth) food web of Lake Superior are currently not well identified. We used analyses of fish stomach contents to create an empirically based food web model of the Lake Superior offshore fish community. Stomachs were collected seasonally (spring, summer, and fall) from nine offshore locations in 2005, using bottom and midwater trawls. In total, 2643 stomachs representing 12 fish species were examined. The predominant fish species collected were deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii), siscowet (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet), kiyi (Coregonus kiyi), and cisco (Coregonus artedi). Mysis diluviana was the most common prey item, indicating that changes in Mysis abundance could have a profound impact on the entire offshore food web. Mysis was the primary diet item of deepwater sculpin (>= 53% by mass) and kiyi (>= 96% by mass) regardless of depth or season. The invasive Bythotrephes was an important diet component of the pelagic cisco in summer and fall. Deepwater sculpin were the primary diet item of siscowet (>= 52% by mass), with coregonines appearing in the diet of larger (>400 mm) siscowet. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant seasonal or site-specific differences in diets of deepwater sculpin, cisco, or kiyi. Site was the primary structuring factor in siscowet diets. Generally, in Lake Superior, the diet items of the dominant offshore species did not appear to be in danger from those types of major ecological shifts occurring in the lower Laurentian Great Lakes. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. C1 [Gamble, Allison E.; Hrabik, Thomas R.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Stockwell, Jason D.] Gulf Maine Res Inst, Portland, ME 04101 USA. [Yule, Daniel L.] USGS Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. RP Gamble, AE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, 207 Swenson Sci Bldg,1035 Kirby Dr, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. EM allisongamble@gmail.com; thrabik@d.umn.edu; jstockwell@gmri.org; dyule@usgs.gov FU Minnesota Sea Grant [R/F-15]; EPA-GLNPO; USGS Lake Superior Biological Station; University of Minnesota Duluth; US EPA (Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN); Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada FX Funding for this work was provided by Minnesota Sea Grant (R/F-15), EPA-GLNPO, USGS Lake Superior Biological Station, University of Minnesota Duluth, US EPA (Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN), Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. We are deeply grateful to the crew of the USGS R/V Kiyi, and to Lori Evrard, E.J. Isaac, and Suzan Johnson. This work would not have been possible without their generous assistance. This article was improved by reviews from D. Branstrator, B. Vondracek, M. Stapanian, T. Pratt, C. Madenjian, and J. Kitchell. This article is Contribution 1635 of the U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 92 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 541 EP 549 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2011.06.003 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 821MF UT WOS:000294978400013 ER PT J AU Gamble, AE Hrabik, TR Yule, DL Stockwell, JD AF Gamble, Allison E. Hrabik, Thomas R. Yule, Daniel L. Stockwell, Jason D. TI Trophic connections in Lake Superior Part II: The nearshore fish community SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; Nearshore food web; Offshore; Mysis; Diporeia; Fish diets ID LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; HERRING COREGONUS-ARTEDI; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA-SPP.; PELAGIC FOOD-WEB; RAINBOW SMELT; PREY SELECTION; WESTERN ARM; TROUT; MICHIGAN AB We use detailed diet analyses of the predominant planktivorous, benthivorous and piscivorous fish species from Lake Superior to create a nearshore (bathymetric depths <80 m) fish community food web. The food web was based on analysis of 5125 fish stomachs collected seasonally (spring, summer, fall) from 9 nearshore sites in 2005. Based on mass of prey items, nearshore diets across all sites and seasons were similarly structured with a dominance of macroinvertebrates (Mysis diluviana and Diporeia spp). Although the piscivorous fishes like lean lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) fed to a lesser extent on Diporeia and Mysis, they were still strongly connected to these macroinvertebrates, which were consumed by their primary prey species (sculpin spp., rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, and coregonines). The addition of Bythotrephes to summer/fall cisco and lake whitefish diets, and the decrease in rainbow smelt in lean lake trout diets (replaced by coregonines) were the largest observed differences relative to historic Lake Superior diet studies. Although the offshore food web of Lake Superior was simpler than nearshore in terms of number of fish species present, the two areas had remarkably similar food web structures, and both fish communities were primarily supported by Mysis and Diporeia. We conclude that declines in Mysis or Diporeia populations would have a significant impact on energy flow in Lake Superior. The food web information we generated can be used to better identify management strategies for Lake Superior. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. C1 [Gamble, Allison E.; Hrabik, Thomas R.] Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. [Yule, Daniel L.] USGS Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. [Stockwell, Jason D.] Gulf Maine Res Inst, Portland, ME 04101 USA. RP Gamble, AE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, 207 Swenson Sci Bldg,1035 Kirby Dr, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. EM allisongamble@gmail.com; thrabik@d.umn.edu; dyule@usgs.gov; jstockwell@gmri.org FU Minnesota Sea Grant [R/F-15]; EPA-GLNPO; USGS Lake Superior Biological Station; University of Minnesota Duluth; US EPA (Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN); Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada FX Funding for this work was provided by Minnesota Sea Grant (R/F-15), EPA-GLNPO, USGS Lake Superior Biological Station, University of Minnesota Duluth, US EPA (Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN), Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. We are deeply grateful to the crew of the USGS R/V Kiyi, and to Lori Evrard, E.J. Isaac, and Suzan Johnson. This work would not have been possible without their generous assistance. This article was improved by reviews from D. Branstrator, B. Vondracek, S. Sitar, J. Schaeffer, and two anonymous reviewers. This article is Contribution 1649 of the U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 73 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 37 IS 3 BP 550 EP 560 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2011.06.008 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 821MF UT WOS:000294978400014 ER PT J AU Wen, Z Pollock, K Nichols, J Waser, P AF Wen, Zhi Pollock, Kenneth Nichols, James Waser, Peter TI Augmenting Superpopulation Capture-Recapture Models with Population Assignment Data SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Assignment procedures; Capture-recapture; Genetic assignment test; Immigration; Kangaroo rat; Resampling approach; Robust design; Superpopulation ID POLLOCKS ROBUST DESIGN; INTERPOPULATION DISPERSAL; TEMPORARY EMIGRATION; MULTILOCUS GENOTYPES; KANGAROO RATS; IMMIGRATION AB Ecologists applying capture-recapture models to animal populations sometimes have access to additional information about individuals' populations of origin (e. g., information about genetics, stable isotopes, etc.). Tests that assign an individual's genotype to its most likely source population are increasingly used. Here we show how to augment a superpopulation capture-recapture model with such information. We consider a single superpopulation model without age structure, and split each entry probability into separate components due to births in situ and immigration. We show that it is possible to estimate these two probabilities separately. We first consider the case of perfect information about population of origin, where we can distinguish individuals born in situ from immigrants with certainty. Then we consider the more realistic case of imperfect information, where we use genetic or other information to assign probabilities to each individual's origin as in situ or outside the population. We use a resampling approach to impute the true population of origin from imperfect assignment information. The integration of data on population of origin with capture-recapture data allows us to determine the contributions of immigration and in situ reproduction to the growth of the population, an issue of importance to ecologists. We illustrate our new models with capture-recapture and genetic assignment data from a population of banner-tailed kangaroo rats Dipodomys spectabilis in Arizona. C1 [Wen, Zhi] US FDA, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Ctr Biol Res & Evaluat, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. [Pollock, Kenneth] Murdoch Univ, Ctr Fish & Fisheries Res, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. [Nichols, James] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Waser, Peter] Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Wen, Z (reprint author), US FDA, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Ctr Biol Res & Evaluat, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM zhiwenislucky@gmail.com FU NSF [DEB 0816925] FX We thank the NSF for support (DEB 0816925). NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD SEP PY 2011 VL 67 IS 3 BP 691 EP 700 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2010.01522.x PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 819XE UT WOS:000294866800002 PM 21155745 ER PT J AU Hatfield, LA Gutreuter, S Boogaard, MA Carlin, BP AF Hatfield, Laura A. Gutreuter, Steve Boogaard, Michael A. Carlin, Bradley P. TI Multilevel Empirical Bayes Modeling for Improved Estimation of Toxicant Formulations to Suppress Parasitic Sea Lamprey in the Upper Great Lakes SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Lethal concentration/dose; Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC); Nonlinear model; Quantal-response bioassay ID LAMPRICIDE 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL; PETROMYZON-MARINUS; WINBUGS; TFM AB Estimation of extreme quantal-response statistics, such as the concentration required to kill 99.9% of test subjects (LC99.9), remains a challenge in the presence of multiple covariates and complex study designs. Accurate and precise estimates of the LC99.9 for mixtures of toxicants are critical to ongoing control of a parasitic invasive species, the sea lamprey, in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. The toxicity of those chemicals is affected by local and temporal variations in water chemistry, which must be incorporated into the modeling. We develop multilevel empirical Bayes models for data from multiple laboratory studies. Our approach yields more accurate and precise estimation of the LC99.9 compared to alternative models considered. This study demonstrates that properly incorporating hierarchical structure in laboratory data yields better estimates of LC99.9 stream treatment values that are critical to larvae control in the field. In addition, out-of-sample prediction of the results of in situ tests reveals the presence of a latent seasonal effect not manifest in the laboratory studies, suggesting avenues for future study and illustrating the importance of dual consideration of both experimental and observational data. C1 [Hatfield, Laura A.; Carlin, Bradley P.] Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biostat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. [Gutreuter, Steve; Boogaard, Michael A.] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA. RP Hatfield, LA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biostat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM brad@biostat.umn.edu FU Great Lakes Fishery Commission [08E32282000002]; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); USGS [08ERSA0351/0001] FX We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission Sea Lamprey Research Program under contract 08E32282000002 with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Collaboration between the USGS and the University of Minnesota was enabled under USGS contract 08ERSA0351/0001. The contributions of MAB were funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission Technical Assistance Program. We thank the Great Lakes Sea Lamprey Control Program for providing data from historic streamside tests. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD SEP PY 2011 VL 67 IS 3 BP 1153 EP 1162 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01566.x PG 10 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 819XE UT WOS:000294866800050 PM 21361894 ER PT J AU Landon, MK Green, CT Belitz, K Singleton, MJ Esser, BK AF Landon, Matthew K. Green, Christopher T. Belitz, Kenneth Singleton, Michael J. Esser, Bradley K. TI Relations of hydrogeologic factors, groundwater reduction-oxidation conditions, and temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate, Central-Eastside San Joaquin Valley, California, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Groundwater monitoring; Hydrochemistry; Groundwater protection; Nitrate; USA ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; UNITED-STATES; WATER-QUALITY; NATURAL ATTENUATION; AGRICULTURAL AREAS; REDOX CONDITIONS; SATURATED ZONE; NOBLE-GASES; DENITRIFICATION; AQUIFER AB In a 2,700-km(2) area in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California (USA), data from multiple sources were used to determine interrelations among hydrogeologic factors, reduction-oxidation (redox) conditions, and temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate (NO3), a widely detected groundwater contaminant. Groundwater is predominantly modern, or mixtures of modern water, with detectable NO3 and oxic redox conditions, but some zones have anoxic or mixed redox conditions. Anoxic conditions were associated with long residence times that occurred near the valley trough and in areas of historical groundwater discharge with shallow depth to water. Anoxic conditions also were associated with interactions of shallow, modern groundwater with soils. NO3 concentrations were significantly lower in anoxic than oxic or mixed redox groundwater, primarily because residence times of anoxic waters exceed the duration of increased pumping and fertilizer use associated with modern agriculture. Effects of redox reactions on NO3 concentrations were relatively minor. Dissolved N-2 gas data indicated that denitrification has eliminated > 5 mg/L NO3-N in about 10% of 39 wells. Increasing NO3 concentrations over time were slightly less prevalent in anoxic than oxic or mixed redox groundwater. Spatial and temporal trends of NO3 are primarily controlled by water and NO3 fluxes of modern land use. C1 [Landon, Matthew K.; Belitz, Kenneth] US Geol Survey, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. [Green, Christopher T.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Singleton, Michael J.; Esser, Bradley K.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Environm Radiochem Grp, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Landon, MK (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM landon@usgs.gov RI Esser, Bradley/G-4283-2010 OI Esser, Bradley/0000-0002-3219-4298 FU US Geological Survey; California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program FX This study was funded by the US Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program study of groundwater trends, and by the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program. We thank the large number of people involved in collecting the data for these programs as well as the California Department of Public Health for providing access to data utilized in this study. We thank the NAWQA trends team for ideas and suggestions and Barbara Dawson and Claudia Faunt for data and analysis that assisted with this study. This manuscript benefited from reviews by Frank Chapelle, Steve Phillips, and two anonymous reviewers. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 115 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 6 U2 34 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 EI 1435-0157 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1203 EP 1224 DI 10.1007/s10040-011-0750-1 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 817WK UT WOS:000294707100009 ER PT J AU Welch, HL Green, CT Coupe, RH AF Welch, Heather L. Green, Christopher T. Coupe, Richard H. TI The fate and transport of nitrate in shallow groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA SO HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Groundwater age; Nitrate; Recharge; Geochemical modeling; USA ID UNITED-STATES; AGRICULTURAL AREAS; NITROGEN; POLLUTION; WATER; DENITRIFICATION; RECHARGE; SYSTEM; ZONES; ARGON AB Agricultural contamination of groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA, has not been studied extensively, and subsurface fluxes of agricultural chemicals have been presumed minimal. To determine the factors controlling transport of nitrate-N into the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, a study was conducted from 2006 to 2008 to estimate fluxes of water and solutes for a site in the Bogue Phalia basin (1,250 km(2)). Water-quality data were collected from a shallow water-table well, a vertical profile of temporary sampling points, and a nearby irrigation well. Nitrate was detected within 4.4 m of the water table but was absent in deeper waters with evidence of reducing conditions and denitrification. Recharge estimates from 6.2 to 10.9 cm/year were quantified using water-table fluctuations, a Cl(-) tracer method, and atmospheric age-tracers. A mathematical advection-reaction model predicted similar recharge to the aquifer, and also predicted that 15% of applied nitrogen is leached into the saturated zone. With current denitrification and application rates, the nitrate-N front is expected to remain in shallow groundwater, less than 6-9 m deep. Increasing application rates resulting from intensifying agricultural demands may advance the nitrate-N front to 16-23 m, within the zone of groundwater pumping. C1 [Welch, Heather L.; Coupe, Richard H.] US Geol Survey, Jackson, MS 39208 USA. [Green, Christopher T.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Welch, HL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 308 Airport Rd, Jackson, MS 39208 USA. EM hllott@usgs.gov NR 72 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1431-2174 J9 HYDROGEOL J JI Hydrogeol. J. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 19 IS 6 BP 1239 EP 1252 DI 10.1007/s10040-011-0748-8 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 817WK UT WOS:000294707100011 ER PT J AU Jamieson, EC Rennie, CD Jacobson, RB Townsend, RD AF Jamieson, E. C. Rennie, C. D. Jacobson, R. B. Townsend, R. D. TI Evaluation of ADCP Apparent Bed Load Velocity in a Large Sand-Bed River: Moving versus Stationary Boat Conditions SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE Bed load transport; ADCP; Bed velocity bias; Field measurements; Missouri River ID SHEAR-STRESS; TRANSPORT; PROFILER; VESSEL; DUNES AB Detailed mapping of bathymetry and apparent bed load velocity using a boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was carried out along a 388-m section of the lower Missouri River near Columbia, Missouri. Sampling transects (moving boat) were completed at 5- and 20-m spacing along the study section. Stationary (fixed-boat) measurements were made by maintaining constant boat position over a target point where the position of the boat did not deviate more than 3 m in any direction. For each transect and stationary measurement, apparent bed load velocity (nu(b)) was estimated using ADCP bottom tracking data and high precision real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS). The principal objectives of this research are to (1) determine whether boat motion introduces a bias in apparent bed load velocity measurements; and (2) evaluate the reliability of ADCP bed velocity measurements for a range of sediment transport environments. Results indicate that both high transport ((nu) over bar (b)> 0.6 m/s) and moving-boat conditions (for both high and low transport environments) increase the relative variability in estimates of mean bed velocity. Despite this, the spatially dense single-transect measurements were capable of producing detailed bed velocity maps that correspond closely with the expected pattern of sediment transport over large dunes. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000373. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers. C1 [Jamieson, E. C.; Rennie, C. D.; Townsend, R. D.] Univ Ottawa, Dept Civil Engn, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. [Jacobson, R. B.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Jamieson, EC (reprint author), Univ Ottawa, Dept Civil Engn, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. EM elizabeth.jamieson@uottawa.ca; colin.rennie@uottawa.ca; rjacobson@usgs.gov; townsend@eng.uottawa.ca RI Rennie, Colin/D-1852-2015 OI Rennie, Colin/0000-0003-0683-1932 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 5 U2 10 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 2011 VL 137 IS 9 BP 1064 EP 1071 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000373 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 818UF UT WOS:000294780600018 ER PT J AU Zhang, JH Zhou, ZM Wang, PJ Yao, FM Liming, Y AF Zhang Jia-hua Zhou Zheng-ming Wang Pei-juan Yao Feng-mei Liming Yang TI Spectral Reflectance Characteristics of Different Snow and Snow-Covered Land Surface Objects and Mixed Spectrum Fitting SO SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE Snow; Snow-covered land surface object; Spectral characteristics; Spectral fitting ID GRAIN-SIZE; INDEX; WHEAT AB The field spectroradiometer was used to measure spectra of different snow and snow-covered land surface objects in Beijing area. The result showed that for a pure snow spectrum, the snow reflectance peaks appeared from visible to 800 nm band locations; there was an obvious absorption valley of snow spectrum near 1 030 nm wavelength. Compared with fresh snow, the reflection peaks of the old snow and melting snow showed different degrees of decline in the ranges of 300 similar to 1 300, 1 700 similar to 1 800 and 2 200 similar to 2 300 nm, the lowest was from the compacted snow and frozen ice. For the vegetation and snow mixed spectral characteristics, it was indicated that the spectral reflectance increased for the snow-covered land types (including pine leaf with snow and pine leaf on snow background), due to the influence of snow background in the range of 350 1 300 nm. However, the spectrum reflectance of mixed pixel remained a vegetation spectral characteristic. In the end, based on the spectrum analysis of snow, vegetation, and mixed snow/vegetation pixels, the mixed spectral fitting equations were established, and the results showed that there was good correlation between spectral curves by simulation fitting and observed ones (correlation coefficient R-2=0.950 9). C1 [Yao Feng-mei] Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Earth Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China. [Zhang Jia-hua; Zhou Zheng-ming; Wang Pei-juan] Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Zhang Jia-hua] Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Earth Observat & Digital Earth, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. [Liming Yang] US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Yao, FM (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Earth Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China. EM zhangjh@cams.cma.gov.cn; yaofm@gucas.ac.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [40771147]; Global Change Research Projects of Key National Scientific Research Plan [2010CB951302]; Social Commonweal Meteorological Research Project [GYHY201106027] FX National Natural Science Foundation of China (40771147), Global Change Research Projects of Key National Scientific Research Plan(2010CB951302) the Social Commonweal Meteorological Research Project (GYHY201106027) NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU OFFICE SPECTROSCOPY & SPECTRAL ANALYSIS PI BEIJING PA NO 76 COLLAGE SOUTH RD BEIJING, BEIJING 100081, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1000-0593 J9 SPECTROSC SPECT ANAL JI Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 31 IS 9 BP 2499 EP 2502 DI 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)09-2499-04 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 819AH UT WOS:000294797300042 ER PT J AU Blundell, MA Kus, BE AF Blundell, Melissa A. Kus, Barbara E. TI First Record of Interspecific Breeding of Least Bell's Vireo and White-eyed Vireo SO WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We provide the first known documentation of a male Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) breeding with a female White-eyed Vireo (V. griseus) and the first report of a White-eyed Vireo breeding in California at the San Luis Rey River, Oceanside, San Diego County. We discovered the pair building a nest on 12 May 2010. The female laid four eggs, and the pair successfully raised and fledged four nestlings. We collected DNA samples from each nestling and the female during the nestling stage and banded them with a numbered federal leg band for future identification. We obtained detailed nest measurements after fledging and monitored the territory for further nesting attempts. No additional nesting attempts were detected. Received 29 November 2010. Accepted 29 March 2011. C1 [Blundell, Melissa A.; Kus, Barbara E.] US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. RP Blundell, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM mablundell@ucdavis.edu FU U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District FX We thank Lisa D. Allen for photography/video documentation and Kimberly Ferree for corroborating the sighting. We also thank Suellen Lynn, Kathleen Longshore, Roger L. Hothem, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 1559-4491 J9 WILSON J ORNITHOL JI Wilson J. Ornithol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 123 IS 3 BP 628 EP 631 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 818ZO UT WOS:000294795400026 ER PT J AU Wilson, JRU Gairifo, C Gibson, MR Arianoutsou, M Bakar, BB Baret, S Celesti-Grapow, L DiTomaso, JM Dufour-Dror, JM Kueffer, C Kull, CA Hoffmann, JH Impson, FAC Loope, LL Marchante, E Marchante, H Moore, JL Murphy, DJ Tassin, J Witt, A Zenni, RD Richardson, DM AF Wilson, John R. U. Gairifo, Carla Gibson, Michelle R. Arianoutsou, Margarita Bakar, Baki B. Baret, Stephane Celesti-Grapow, Laura DiTomaso, Joseph M. Dufour-Dror, Jean-Marc Kueffer, Christoph Kull, Christian A. Hoffmann, John H. Impson, Fiona A. C. Loope, Lloyd L. Marchante, Elizabete Marchante, Helia Moore, Joslin L. Murphy, Daniel J. Tassin, Jacques Witt, Arne Zenni, Rafael D. Richardson, David M. TI Risk assessment, eradication, and biological control: global efforts to limit Australian acacia invasions SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Review DE Australian weed risk assessment protocol; biological invasions; classical biological control; eradication; invasion debt; Racosperma ID FUNGUS UROMYCLADIUM-TEPPERIANUM; SOUTH-AFRICA; SOUTHWESTERN CAPE; SEED BANKS; PLANT INVASIONS; ALIEN PLANTS; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; INTRODUCED PLANTS; GALL WASP; IMPACTS AB Aim Many Australian Acacia species have been planted around the world, some are highly valued, some are invasive, and some are both highly valued and invasive. We review global efforts to minimize the risk and limit the impact of invasions in this widely used plant group. Location Global. Methods Using information from literature sources, knowledge and experience of the authors, and the responses from a questionnaire sent to experts around the world, we reviewed: (1) a generalized life cycle of Australian acacias and how to control each life stage, (2) different management approaches and (3) what is required to help limit or prevent invasions. Results Relatively few Australian acacias have been introduced in large numbers, but all species with a long and extensive history of planting have become invasive somewhere. Australian acacias, as a group, have a high risk of becoming invasive and causing significant impacts as determined by existing assessment schemes. Moreover, in most situations, long-lived seed banks mean it is very difficult to control established infestations. Control has focused almost exclusively on widespread invaders, and eradication has rarely been attempted. Classical biological control is being used in South Africa with increasing success. Main conclusions A greater emphasis on pro-active rather than reactive management is required given the difficulties managing established invasions of Australian acacias. Adverse effects of proposed new introductions can be minimized by conducting detailed risk assessments in advance, planning for on-going monitoring and management, and ensuring resources are in place for long-term mitigation. Benign alternatives (e.g. sterile hybrids) could be developed to replace existing utilized taxa. Eradication should be set as a management goal more often to reduce the invasion debt. Introducing classical biological control agents that have a successful track-record in South Africa to other regions and identifying new agents (notably vegetative feeders) can help mitigate existing widespread invasions. Trans-boundary sharing of information will assist efforts to limit future invasions, in particular, management strategies need to be better evaluated, monitored, published and publicised so that global best-practice procedures can be developed. C1 [Wilson, John R. U.; Gairifo, Carla; Gibson, Michelle R.; Richardson, David M.] Univ Stellenbosch, Ctr Invas Biol, Dept Bot & Zool, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. [Wilson, John R. U.] Kirstenbosch Natl Bot Gardens, S African Natl Biodivers Inst, ZA-7735 Claremont, South Africa. [Gairifo, Carla] Univ Tecn Lisboa, Inst Super Agron, Dept Engn Florestal, Lisbon, Portugal. [Arianoutsou, Margarita] Univ Athens, Fac Biol, Dept Ecol & Systemat, Athens 15784, Greece. [Bakar, Baki B.] Univ Malaya, Inst Biol Sci, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. [Baret, Stephane] Parc Natl Reunion, St Denis, Reunion. [Celesti-Grapow, Laura] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Environm Biol, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [DiTomaso, Joseph M.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Dufour-Dror, Jean-Marc] Environm Policy Ctr, Jerusalem Inst Israel Studies, Jerusalem, Israel. [Kueffer, Christoph] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Plant Ecol Grp, Inst Integrat Biol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Kull, Christian A.] Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia. [Hoffmann, John H.; Impson, Fiona A. C.] Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. [Loope, Lloyd L.] US Geol Survey, Pacific Isl Ecosyst Res Ctr, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. [Marchante, Elizabete] Univ Coimbra, Ctr Funct Ecol, Dept Life Sci, P-3001401 Coimbra, Portugal. [Marchante, Helia] Escola Super Agr Coimbra, Ctr Studies Nat Resources Environm & Soc, Dept Environm, P-3040316 Coimbra, Portugal. [Moore, Joslin L.] Univ Melbourne, Australian Ctr Excellence Risk Anal, Parkville, Vic 2010, Australia. [Moore, Joslin L.] Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Moore, Joslin L.] Royal Bot Gardens, Australian Res Ctr Urban Ecol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. [Murphy, Daniel J.] Royal Bot Gardens Melbourne, Natl Herbarium Victoria, S Yarra, Vic 3141, Australia. [Tassin, Jacques] Cirad, UPR 105, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France. [Witt, Arne] CABI Africa, Nairobi, Kenya. [Zenni, Rafael D.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Wilson, JRU (reprint author), Univ Stellenbosch, Ctr Invas Biol, Dept Bot & Zool, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. EM john.wilson2@gmail.com RI Moore, Joslin/C-5270-2009; Tassin, Jacques/C-5547-2011; Wilson, John/B-4101-2008; Richardson, David/A-1495-2008; Marchante, Elizabete /D-3858-2011; Murphy, Daniel/C-3781-2008; BAKAR, BAKI/B-8324-2010; Marchante, Helia/I-1066-2012; Kueffer, Christoph/H-6091-2013; Kull, Christian/C-5806-2015; Zenni, Rafael/H-1106-2011; Celesti, Laura/R-3615-2016 OI Moore, Joslin/0000-0001-9809-5092; Wilson, John/0000-0003-0174-3239; Richardson, David/0000-0001-9574-8297; Marchante, Elizabete /0000-0003-1303-7489; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8358-363X; Marchante, Helia/0000-0002-3247-5663; Kueffer, Christoph/0000-0001-6701-0703; Zenni, Rafael/0000-0002-4315-7986; Celesti, Laura/0000-0002-9533-6919 FU Oppenheimer Memorial Trust; Stellenbosch University; FCT-MCTES [SFRH/BD/24987/2005, SFRH/BPD/29878/2006, SFRH/BPD/63211/2009] FX This paper greatly benefited from discussions during the workshop on 'Human-mediated introductions of Australian acacias - a global experiment in biogeography' held in Stellenbosch, South Africa, in October 2010. Funding for the workshop was provided by the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust and Stellenbosch University. Additional support was provided by the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology and the Working for Water programme through their collaborative project on 'Research for Integrated Management of Invasive Alien Species', and from the Working for Water/SANBI Early Detection and Rapid Response Programme. Pilar Castro-Diez, Charalambos Christodoulou, Pinelopi Delipetrou, Chris Harwood, Rod Griffin, Pierre Ehret, Stephen Midgley, Tony Rinaudo and Joe Miller provided useful discussion, comments and/or completed the questionnaire. The following authors are grateful for support with workshop participation: HM for FCT-MCTES, grant SFRH/BD/24987/2005; JM for ACERA; CG for FCT-MCTES, grant SFRH/BPD/29878/2006. EM was supported by FCT-MCTES, grant SFRH/BPD/63211/2009. NR 113 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 68 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1366-9516 EI 1472-4642 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 17 IS 5 SI SI BP 1030 EP 1046 DI 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00815.x PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817EZ UT WOS:000294655400019 ER PT J AU Moore, JL Runge, MC Webber, BL Wilson, JRU AF Moore, Joslin L. Runge, Michael C. Webber, Bruce L. Wilson, John R. U. TI Contain or eradicate? Optimizing the management goal for Australian acacia invasions in the face of uncertainty SO DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS LA English DT Article DE Acacia paradoxa; biological invasions; decision theory; Early Detection and Rapid Response; environmental weeds; invasive alien species management; Table Mountain National Park; value of information ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SOUTH-AFRICA; NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS; PLANT INVASIONS; INFORMATION; SPREAD; POPULATION; STRATEGIES; SEARCH; WEEDS AB Aim To identify whether eradication or containment is expected to be the most cost-effective management goal for an isolated invasive population when knowledge about the current extent is uncertain. Location Global and South Africa. Methods We developed a decision analysis framework to analyse the best management goal for an invasive species population (eradication, containment or take no action) when knowledge about the current extent is uncertain. We used value of information analysis to identify when investment in learning about the extent will improve this decision-making and tested the sensitivity of the conclusions to different parameters (e.g. spread rate, maximum extent, and management efficacy and cost). The model was applied to Acacia paradoxa DC, an Australian shrub with an estimated invasive extent of 310 ha on Table Mountain, South Africa. Results Under the parameters used, attempting eradication is cost-effective for infestations of up to 777 ha. However, if the invasion extent is poorly known, then attempting eradication is only cost-effective for infestations estimated as 296 ha or smaller. The value of learning is greatest (maximum of 8% saving) when infestation extent is poorly known and if it is close to the maximum extent for which attempting eradication is optimal. The optimal management action is most sensitive to the probability that the action succeeds (which depends on the extent), with the discount rate and cost of management also important, but spread rate less so. Over a 20-year time-horizon, attempting to eradicate A. paradoxa from South Africa is predicted to cost on average ZAR 8 million if the extent is known, and if our current estimate is poor, ZAR. 33.6 million as opposed to ZAR 32.8 million for attempting containment. Main conclusions Our framework evaluates the cost-effectiveness of attempting eradication or containment of an invasive population that takes uncertainty in population extent into account. We show that incorporating uncertainty in the analysis avoids overly optimistic beliefs about the effectiveness of management enabling better management decisions. For A. paradoxa in South Africa, attempting to eradicate is likely to be cost-effective, particularly if resources are allocated to better understand and improve management efficacy. C1 [Moore, Joslin L.; Runge, Michael C.] Univ Melbourne, Australian Ctr Excellence Risk Anal, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. [Moore, Joslin L.] Univ Melbourne, Royal Bot Gardens, Australian Res Ctr Urban Ecol, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Runge, Michael C.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. [Webber, Bruce L.] CSIRO Ecosyst Sci & Climate Adaptat Flagship, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. [Webber, Bruce L.] Univ Western Australia, Sch Plant Biol, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. [Wilson, John R. U.] Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Bot & Zool, Ctr Invas Biol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. [Wilson, John R. U.] Kirstenbosch Natl Bot Gardens, S African Natl Biodivers Inst, ZA-7735 Claremont, South Africa. RP Moore, JL (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Australian Ctr Excellence Risk Anal, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia. EM joslinm@unimelb.edu.au RI Wilson, John/B-4101-2008; Webber, Bruce/C-1057-2009; Moore, Joslin/C-5270-2009; Runge, Michael/E-7331-2011 OI Wilson, John/0000-0003-0174-3239; Webber, Bruce/0000-0001-5934-6557; Moore, Joslin/0000-0001-9809-5092; Runge, Michael/0000-0002-8081-536X FU Australian Centre for Excellence; Oppenheimer Memorial Trust; Stellenbosch University; South African Department of Water Affairs; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology; CSIRO FX We thank Tracy Rout and three referees who provided valuable comments on the manuscript, and Ernita van Wyk and Jason de Smidt for estimates of the extent and cost of control of A. paradoxa on Table Mountain. Figure 1 is adapted from a diagram developed by Cindy Hauser. J.L.M.'s attendance at the workshop was funded by the Australian Centre for Excellence for Risk Analysis, the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust and Stellenbosch University. J.R.W. received funding from the Working for Water Programme of the South African Department of Water Affairs and the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology through their collaborative project on 'Research for Integrated Management of Invasive Alien Species'. B.L.W. thanks the CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship for funding part of this work. The colours used in the figures have been chosen so that they can be distinguished by colour-blind people (http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/html/color_blind/). NR 67 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 35 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1366-9516 J9 DIVERS DISTRIB JI Divers. Distrib. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 17 IS 5 SI SI BP 1047 EP 1059 DI 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00809.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817EZ UT WOS:000294655400020 ER PT J AU Bradford, JB AF Bradford, John B. TI Divergence in Forest-Type Response to Climate and Weather: Evidence for Regional Links Between Forest-Type Evenness and Net Primary Productivity SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE net primary productivity; climate change; biodiversity; ecosystem function; regional analysis; remote sensing; land management ID COMPARING GLOBAL-MODELS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; DECIDUOUS FORESTS; PLANT DIVERSITY; RADIAL GROWTH; COMPETITIVE COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY; FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY; CURRENT KNOWLEDGE; CARBON STORAGE AB Climate change is altering long-term climatic conditions and increasing the magnitude of weather fluctuations. Assessing the consequences of these changes for terrestrial ecosystems requires understanding how different vegetation types respond to climate and weather. This study examined 20 years of regional-scale remotely sensed net primary productivity (NPP) in forests of the northern Lake States to identify how the relationship between NPP and climate or weather differ among forest types, and if NPP patterns are influenced by landscape-scale evenness of forest-type abundance. These results underscore the positive relationship between temperature and NPP. Importantly, these results indicate significant differences among broadly defined forest types in response to both climate and weather. Essentially all weather variables that were strongly related to annual NPP displayed significant differences among forest types, suggesting complementarity in response to environmental fluctuations. In addition, this study found that forest-type evenness (within 8 x 8 km(2) areas) is positively related to long-term NPP mean and negatively related to NPP variability, suggesting that NPP in pixels with greater forest-type evenness is both higher and more stable through time. This is landscape- to subcontinental-scale evidence of a relationship between primary productivity and one measure of biological diversity. These results imply that anthropogenic or natural processes that influence the proportional abundance of forest types within landscapes may influence long-term productivity patterns. C1 [Bradford, John B.] US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. [Bradford, John B.] US Geol Survey, SW Biol Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Bradford, JB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. EM jbradford@usgs.gov RI Bradford, John/E-5545-2011 NR 77 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 32 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 EI 1435-0629 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD SEP PY 2011 VL 14 IS 6 BP 975 EP 986 DI 10.1007/s10021-011-9460-8 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 817OI UT WOS:000294683300009 ER PT J AU Wasylenki, LE Weeks, CL Bargar, JR Spiro, TG Hein, JR Anbar, AD AF Wasylenki, Laura E. Weeks, Colin L. Bargar, John R. Spiro, Thomas G. Hein, James R. Anbar, Ariel D. TI The molecular mechanism of Mo isotope fractionation during adsorption to birnessite SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SORPTION EXPERIMENTS; PHASE ASSOCIATIONS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MANGANESE OXIDES; MOLYBDENUM; ZINC; COPPER; GOETHITE; WATER; ACID AB Fractionation of Mo isotopes during adsorption to manganese oxides is a primary control on the global ocean Mo isotope budget. Previous attempts to explain what drives the surprisingly large isotope effect delta Mo-97/95(dissolved) - delta Mo-97/95(adsorbed) = 1.8 parts per thousand have not successfully resolved the fractionation mechanism. New evidence from extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis and density functional theory suggests that Mo forms a polymolybdate complex on the surfaces of experimental and natural samples. Mo in this polynuclear structure is in distorted octahedral coordination, while Mo remaining in solution is predominantly in tetrahedral coordination as MoO42-. Our results indicate that the difference in coordination environment between dissolved Mo and adsorbed Mo is the cause of isotope fractionation. The molecular mechanism of metal isotope fractionation in this system should enable us to explain and possibly predict metal isotope effects in other systems where transition metals adsorb to mineral surfaces. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Wasylenki, Laura E.; Anbar, Ariel D.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Weeks, Colin L.; Spiro, Thomas G.] Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Bargar, John R.] Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lightsource, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. [Hein, James R.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Anbar, Ariel D.] Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Wasylenki, LE (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. EM lauraw@indiana.edu FU NSF-OCE [0526618/0526495] FX This work was supported by NSF-OCE 0526618/0526495 to ADA, LEW, and TGS. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a Directorate of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U. S. Department of Energy Office of Science by Stanford University. The authors thank Dr. Gwyneth Gordon at ASU for isotopic analysis of the hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crust sample. In addition, we appreciate constructive comments from three anonymous reviewers. NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 6 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 75 IS 17 BP 5019 EP 5031 DI 10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.020 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 805MZ UT WOS:000293732500020 ER PT J AU Pollitz, FF Burgmann, R Banerjee, P AF Pollitz, Fred F. Buergmann, Roland Banerjee, Paramesh TI Geodetic slip model of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID JAPAN TRENCH; PLATE; ARC; DEFORMATION; AFTERSLIP; OKI AB The three-dimensional crustal displacement field as sampled by GPS is used to determine the coseismic slip of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake. We employ a spherically layered Earth structure and use a combination of onland GPS, out to similar to 4000 km from the rupture, and offshore GPS, which samples the high-slip region on the interplate boundary along the Japan trench. Inversion of the displacement field for dip slip, assuming an interplate boundary of variable dip and striking 195, yields a compact slip maximum of about 33 m located 200 km east of Sendai. The geodetic moment is 4.06 x 10(22) N m, corresponding to M-w = 9.0. The area of maximum slip is concentrated at a depth of about 10 km, is updip of the rupture areas of the M greater than or similar to 7 Miyagi-oki earthquakes of 1933, 1936, 1937, and 1978, and roughly coincides with the rupture area of the M7.1 1981 Miyagi-oki earthquake. The overlap of the 2011 slip area with several preceding ruptures suggests that the same asperities may rupture repeatedly with M greater than or similar to 7 events within several decades of one another. Citation: Pollitz, F. F., R. Burgmann, and P. Banerjee (2011), Geodetic slip model of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L00G08, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048632. C1 [Pollitz, Fred F.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Buergmann, Roland] Nanyang Technol Univ, Earth Observ Singapore, Singapore 639798, Singapore. [Buergmann, Roland] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Pollitz, FF (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 977, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM fpollitz@usgs.gov NR 34 TC 67 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 38 AR L00G08 DI 10.1029/2011GL048632 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 816PZ UT WOS:000294615900003 ER PT J AU Cozzarelli, IM Bohlke, JK Masoner, J Breit, GN Lorah, MM Tuttle, MLW Jaeschke, JB AF Cozzarelli, I. M. Boehlke, J. K. Masoner, J. Breit, G. N. Lorah, M. M. Tuttle, M. L. W. Jaeschke, J. B. TI Biogeochemical Evolution of a Landfill Leachate Plume, Norman, Oklahoma SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Review ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; CONTAMINATED AQUIFER SEDIMENTS; NATURAL ATTENUATION; MUNICIPAL LANDFILL; SULFATE REDUCTION; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; CANADIAN RIVER; GROUND-WATER; GEOCHEMISTRY; OXIDATION AB Leachate from municipal landfills can create groundwater contaminant plumes that may last for decades to centuries. The fate of reactive contaminants in leachate-affected aquifers depends on the sustainability of biogeochemical processes affecting contaminant transport. Temporal variations in the configuration of redox zones downgradient from the Norman Landfill were studied for more than a decade. The leachate plume contained elevated concentrations of nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) (up to 300 mg/L), methane (16 mg/L), ammonium (650 mg/L as N), iron (23 mg/L), chloride (1030 mg/L), and bicarbonate (4270 mg/L). Chemical and isotopic investigations along a 2D plume transect revealed consumption of solid and aqueous electron acceptors in the aquifer, depleting the natural attenuation capacity. Despite the relative recalcitrance of NVDOC to biodegradation, the center of the plume was depleted in sulfate, which reduces the long-term oxidation capacity of the leachate-affected aquifer. Ammonium and methane were attenuated in the aquifer relative to chloride by different processes: ammonium transport was retarded mainly by physical interaction with aquifer solids, whereas the methane plume was truncated largely by oxidation. Studies near plume boundaries revealed temporal variability in constituent concentrations related in part to hydrologic changes at various time scales. The upper boundary of the plume was a particularly active location where redox reactions responded to recharge events and seasonal water-table fluctuations. Accurately describing the biogeochemical processes that affect the transport of contaminants in this landfill-leachate-affected aquifer required understanding the aquifer's geologic and hydrodynamic framework. C1 [Cozzarelli, I. M.; Boehlke, J. K.; Jaeschke, J. B.] US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Masoner, J.] US Geol Survey, Oklahoma City, OK 73116 USA. [Breit, G. N.; Tuttle, M. L. W.] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80215 USA. [Lorah, M. M.] US Geol Survey, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Cozzarelli, IM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM icozzare@usgs.gov OI Cozzarelli, Isabelle/0000-0002-5123-1007 FU USGS FX The review comments of Jennifer McGuire (University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, USA), Mary Jo Baedecker (USGS, Reston, Virginia, USA), Niel Plummer (USGS, Reston, Virginia, USA), and Poul Bjerg (Technical University of Denmark), greatly improved this manuscript. We thank Janet Hannon (USGS, Reston, Virginia, USA) and Andrew Liu (Thomas Jefferson High School, Fairfax, Virginia, USA) for their assistance with the ammonium isotope study. This project was supported by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology and National Research Programs. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NR 60 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 44 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 49 IS 5 BP 663 EP 687 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00792.x PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 818FU UT WOS:000294737800005 PM 21314684 ER PT J AU Essaid, HI Bekins, BA Herkelrath, WN Delin, GN AF Essaid, Hedeff I. Bekins, Barbara A. Herkelrath, William N. Delin, Geoffrey N. TI Crude Oil at the Bemidji Site: 25 Years of Monitoring, Modeling, and Understanding SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Review ID HYDROCARBON-CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; NATURAL ATTENUATION PROCESSES; SPILL SITE; GRAVEL AQUIFER; ORGANIC-ACIDS; SHALLOW SAND; GROUND-WATER; MONOAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION; MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS AB The fate of hydrocarbons in the subsurface near Bemidji, Minnesota, has been investigated by a multidisciplinary group of scientists for over a quarter century. Research at Bemidji has involved extensive investigations of multiphase flow and transport, volatilization, dissolution, geochemical interactions, microbial populations, and biodegradation with the goal of providing an improved understanding of the natural processes limiting the extent of hydrocarbon contamination. A considerable volume of oil remains in the subsurface today despite 30 years of natural attenuation and 5 years of pump-and-skim remediation. Studies at Bemidji were among the first to document the importance of anaerobic biodegradation processes for hydrocarbon removal and remediation by natural attenuation. Spatial variability of hydraulic properties was observed to influence subsurface oil and water flow, vapor diffusion, and the progression of biodegradation. Pore-scale capillary pressure-saturation hysteresis and the presence of fine-grained sediments impeded oil flow, causing entrapment and relatively large residual oil saturations. Hydrocarbon attenuation and plume extent was a function of groundwater flow, compound-specific volatilization, dissolution and biodegradation rates, and availability of electron acceptors. Simulation of hydrocarbon fate and transport affirmed concepts developed from field observations, and provided estimates of field-scale reaction rates and hydrocarbon mass balance. Long-term field studies at Bemidji have illustrated that the fate of hydrocarbons evolves with time, and a snap-shot study of a hydrocarbon plume may not provide information that is of relevance to the long-term behavior of the plume during natural attenuation. C1 [Essaid, Hedeff I.; Bekins, Barbara A.; Herkelrath, William N.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Delin, Geoffrey N.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. RP Essaid, HI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM hiessaid@usgs.gov FU U.S. Geological Survey FX Funding for much of the research included in this review article has been provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. We wish to thank Steve Ingebritsen, Doug Kent, John McCray, Don Siegel, Nicole Sweetland, and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful reviews of this manuscript. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of all of the researchers who have been involved at the Bemidji site over the past quarter century. NR 81 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 37 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 49 IS 5 BP 706 EP 726 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00654.x PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 818FU UT WOS:000294737800007 PM 20015222 ER PT J AU Edwards, WH Stapanian, MA Stoneman, AT AF Edwards, W. H. Stapanian, M. A. Stoneman, A. T. TI Precision of two methods for estimating age from burbot otoliths SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Burbot Symposium CY JUL 06, 2010 CL Barcelona, SPAIN ID LAKE-ERIE; WHOLE OTOLITHS; POPULATION; DISCHARGE AB Lower reproductive success and older age structure are associated with many burbot (Lota lota L.) populations that are declining or of conservation concern. Therefore, reliable methods for estimating the age of burbot are critical for effective assessment and management. In Lake Erie, burbot populations have declined in recent years due to the combined effects of an aging population ((x) over bar = 10 years in 2007) and extremely low recruitment since 2002. We examined otoliths from burbot (N = 91) collected in Lake Erie in 2007 and compared the estimates of burbot age by two agers, each using two established methods (cracked-and-burned and thin-section) of estimating ages from burbot otoliths. One ager was experienced at estimating age from otoliths, the other was a novice. Agreement (precision) between the two agers was higher for the thin-section method, particularly at ages 6-11 years, based on linear regression analyses and 95% confidence intervals. As expected, precision between the two methods was higher for the more experienced ager. Both agers reported that the thin sections offered clearer views of the annuli, particularly near the margins on otoliths from burbot ages >= 8. Slides for the thin sections required some costly equipment and more than 2 days to prepare. In contrast, preparing the cracked-and-burned samples was comparatively inexpensive and quick. We suggest use of the thin-section method for estimating the age structure of older burbot populations. C1 [Edwards, W. H.; Stapanian, M. A.; Stoneman, A. T.] US Geol Survey, Sandusky, OH USA. RP Edwards, WH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH USA. EM wedwards@usgs.gov OI Stapanian, Martin/0000-0001-8173-4273 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0175-8659 EI 1439-0426 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 27 SU 1 SI SI BP 43 EP 48 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01842.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 816KB UT WOS:000294596000008 ER PT J AU Stapanian, MA Edwards, WH Witzel, LD AF Stapanian, M. A. Edwards, W. H. Witzel, L. D. TI Recent changes in burbot growth in Lake Erie SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Burbot Symposium CY JUL 06, 2010 CL Barcelona, SPAIN ID GOBIES NEOGOBIUS-MELANOSTOMUS; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; LOTA-LOTA POPULATION; ROUND GOBIES; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; KOOTENAI RIVER; MICHIGAN; TEMPERATURE; ABUNDANCE AB Recruitment of burbot Lota lota in eastern Lake Erie, estimated by catches of age-4 burbot, was high during 1997-2001 and then abruptly declined to low levels during 2002-2007. The invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus, a benthic species, was first collected in trawl assessments in eastern Lake Erie in 1999, and was first found in stomachs of burbot in 2001. By 2003, round goby became an important prey in the diet of burbot. We hypothesized that the combined effects of low recruitment and consumption of round goby would result in increased size-at-age in burbot. We reasoned that: (i) decreased competition for resources among juveniles should result in larger adults, and (ii) consumption of a benthic prey by a bottom-dwelling predator such as burbot should require less foraging in the water column, and thus less energetic expenditure. We divided our data into two temporal periods: one in which burbot belonged to strong year classes and ate few, if any round goby (i. e., year classes 1989-1997 collected during 1997-2001) and one in which burbot belonged to weak year classes and probably ate round gobies by age 4 (year classes 1998-2003 collected during 2002-2007). Mass and total lengths at ages 4-7 were generally higher during the second period. However, the rates of growth between ages 4 and 7 were not different for the two periods. The results indicate that greater growth at ages 0-4 resulted in larger size at ages 4-7 in the latter period. More information on juvenile diet and growth in burbot is needed for effective conservation of burbot stocks. C1 [Stapanian, M. A.; Edwards, W. H.] US Geol Survey, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. [Witzel, L. D.] Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Port Dover, ON, Canada. RP Stapanian, MA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. EM mstapanian@usgs.gov OI Stapanian, Martin/0000-0001-8173-4273 NR 53 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0175-8659 EI 1439-0426 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 27 SU 1 SI SI BP 57 EP 64 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01845.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 816KB UT WOS:000294596000010 ER PT J AU Gumma, MK Nelson, A Thenkabail, PS Singh, AN AF Gumma, Murali Krishna Nelson, Andrew Thenkabail, Prasad S. Singh, Amrendra N. TI Mapping rice areas of South Asia using MODIS multitemporal data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE rice mapping; remote sensing; MODIS; spectral matching techniques; South Asia ID PADDY RICE; METHANE EMISSIONS; AGRICULTURE; RESOLUTION; IMAGES; FIELDS; CHINA; MAPS AB Our goal is to map the rice areas of six South Asian countries using moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) time-series data for the time period 2000 to 2001. South Asia accounts for almost 40% of the world's harvested rice area and is also home to 74% of the population that lives on less than $2.00 a day. The population of the region is growing faster than its ability to produce rice. Thus, accurate and timely assessment of where and how rice is cultivated is important to craft food security and poverty alleviation strategies. We used a time series of eight-day, 500-m spatial resolution composite images from the MODIS sensor to produce rice maps and rice characteristics (e. g., intensity of cropping, cropping calendar) taking data for the years 2000 to 2001 and by adopting a suite of methods that include spectral matching techniques, decision trees, and ideal temporal profile data banks to rapidly identify and classify rice areas over large spatial extents. These methods are used in conjunction with ancillary spatial data sets (e. g., elevation, precipitation), national statistics, and maps, and a large volume of field-plot data. The resulting rice maps and statistics are compared against a subset of independent field-plot points and the best available subnational statistics on rice areas for the main crop growing season (kharif season). A fuzzy classification accuracy assessment for the 2000 to 2001 rice-map product, based on field-plot data, demonstrated accuracies from 67% to 100% for individual rice classes, with an overall accuracy of 80% for all classes. Most of the mixing was within rice classes. The derived physical rice area was highly correlated with the subnational statistics with R(2) values of 97% at the district level and 99% at the state level for 2000 to 2001. These results suggest that the methods, approaches, algorithms, and data sets we used are ideal for rapid, accurate, and large-scale mapping of paddy rice as well as for generating their statistics over large areas. (C) 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). [DOI:10.1117/1.3619838] C1 [Gumma, Murali Krishna; Nelson, Andrew; Singh, Amrendra N.] Int Rice Res Inst, Social Sci Div, Manila 7777, Philippines. [Thenkabail, Prasad S.] US Geol Survey, SW Geog Sci Ctr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Gumma, MK (reprint author), Int Rice Res Inst, Social Sci Div, DAPO Box 7777, Manila 7777, Philippines. EM m.gumma@cgiar.org RI Nelson, Andrew/G-3649-2012 OI Nelson, Andrew/0000-0002-7249-3778 FU Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation FX This research was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation project "Stress-Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia" (STRASA). The authors thank Bill Hardy, science editor/publisher, IRRI, for the excellent editing of grammar and English. The authors thank David Mackill, Uma Shankar Singh, Stephan Haefele, Devendra Gauchan, and Parvesh Kumar Chandna for their valuable feedback on earlier versions of the rice-classification system. Finally, we thank Ramesh Sivnpillai, associate editor of this journal, and the two anonymous reviewers who helped in substantially improving the quality of this paper. NR 38 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 39 PU SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 1931-3195 J9 J APPL REMOTE SENS JI J. Appl. Remote Sens. PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 5 AR 053547 DI 10.1117/1.3619838 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 820IG UT WOS:000294898300001 ER PT J AU Smith, MD Conway, CJ AF Smith, Matthew Denman Conway, Courtney J. TI COLLECTION OF MAMMAL MANURE AND OTHER DEBRIS BY NESTING BURROWING OWLS SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Burrowing Owl; Athene cunicularia; dung; manure; nesting behavior; tool use ID BOWERBIRD PTILONORHYNCHUS-VIOLACEUS; MALE DISPLAY; SPOTTED BOWERBIRD; SATIN BOWERBIRDS; BEHAVIOR; SUCCESS; OREGON; DECORATIONS; HYPOTHESES; WASHINGTON AB Burrowing Owls (Athens cunicularia) routinely collect and scatter dry manure of mammals around their nesting burrows. Recent studies have suggested this behavior attracts insect prey to the nesting burrow. However, some Burrowing Owls do not use manure, but instead, collect and scatter other materials (e.g., grass, moss, paper, plastic) around their nesting burrow in a similar fashion. Use of these materials seemingly contradicts the prey-attraction hypothesis. Using observational and experimental methods, we tested whether Burrowing Owls preferred manure to other materials commonly found at nesting burrows in eastern Washington. We found a wide variety of materials at nests, but grass and manure were the most common materials. The amount of manure present at nests was negatively correlated with the amount of other materials, and with the distance to the nearest source of manure. Burrowing Owls showed no preference between horse manure and grass divots at experimental supply stations that we placed near nesting burrows. They did prefer these two materials to carpet pieces and aluminum foil (both materials that are often found at Burrowing Owl nests). Our results did not support the premise that Burrowing Owls specifically seek out manure when lining their nesting burrows. The unusual behavior of collecting and scattering mammal manure and other debris at Burrowing Owl nests may serve functions other than (or in addition to) prey attraction and alternative hypotheses need further testing before the function of this behavior is certain. C1 [Smith, Matthew Denman; Conway, Courtney J.] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Conway, Courtney J.] Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Smith, MD (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Biol, 316 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM madsmith@ufl.edu FU U.S. Geological Survey; University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station; American Museum of Natural History FX This work was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, and the American Museum of Natural History's Frank Chapman Memorial Fund. C. Foristall, D. Hearne, M. Hearne, S. Millus, A. Sanfacon, C. Sanders, and P. Ramey assisted with fieldwork. H.J. Brockmann, V. Garcia, K. Hughes, and B. Pasch provided insightful discussion and helpful comments. We thank D. Levey, A. Seifert, and A. Stier for comments that greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 31 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 45 IS 3 BP 220 EP 228 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 817UT UT WOS:000294702800003 ER PT J AU Booms, TL Schempf, PF Fuller, MR AF Booms, Travis L. Schempf, Philip F. Fuller, Mark R. TI PREENING BEHAVIOR OF ADULT GYRFALCONS TAGGED WITH BACKPACK TRANSMITTERS SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Gyrfalcon; Falco rusticolus; behavior; radiotelemetry; radio transmitters ID WESTERN; FALCONS; SURVIVAL; OWLS C1 [Booms, Travis L.] Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Wildlife Divers Program, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Schempf, Philip F.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. [Fuller, Mark R.] US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. [Fuller, Mark R.] Boise State Univ, Raptor Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Booms, TL (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Wildlife Divers Program, 1300 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. EM travis.booms@alaska.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Migratory Birds Raptor Management Office; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge; National Science Foundation; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Alaska Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Diversity Program FX We thank B. Massey, B. McCaffery, J. Spice, and B. Torrison for valuable field assistance, and K. Burnham, M. Yates, and D. Andersen for helpful comments about our manuscript. This work was funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Migratory Birds Raptor Management Office and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. TLB was supported by a National Science Foundation Fellowship, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science to Achieve Results Graduate Fellowship, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Diversity Program while conducting portions of this work. The EPA has not officially endorsed this publication and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. Although PFS was an employee of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Service. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. All work conducted for this study was permitted under the University of Alaska Fairbanks Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol #08-04. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 45 IS 3 BP 264 EP 267 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 817UT UT WOS:000294702800010 ER PT J AU Harp, EL Dart, RL Reichenbach, P AF Harp, Edwin L. Dart, Richard L. Reichenbach, Paola TI Rock fall simulation at Timpanogos Cave National Monument, American Fork Canyon, Utah, USA SO LANDSLIDES LA English DT Article DE Rock fall; Trajectories; Simulation; Hazard AB Rock fall from limestone cliffs at Timpanogos Cave National Monument in American Fork Canyon east of Provo, Utah, is a common occurrence. The cave is located in limestone cliffs high on the southern side of the canyon. One fatality in 1933 led to the construction of rock fall shelters at the cave entrance and exit in 1976. Numerous rock fall incidents, including a near miss in 2000 in the vicinity of the trail below the cave exit, have led to a decision to extend the shelter at the cave exit to protect visitors from these ongoing rock fall events initiating from cliffs immediately above the cave exit. Three-dimensional rock fall simulations from sources at the top of these cliffs have provided data from which to assess the spatial frequencies and velocities of rock falls from the cliffs and to constrain the design of protective measures to reduce the rock fall hazard. Results from the rock fall simulations are consistent with the spatial patterns of rock fall impacts that have been observed at the cave exit site. C1 [Harp, Edwin L.; Dart, Richard L.] US Geol Survey, Golden, CO 80401 USA. [Reichenbach, Paola] CNR, Perugia, Italy. RP Harp, EL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 1711 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. EM harp@usgs.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1612-510X J9 LANDSLIDES JI Landslides PD SEP PY 2011 VL 8 IS 3 BP 373 EP 379 DI 10.1007/s10346-010-0251-7 PG 7 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA 815OS UT WOS:000294535500011 ER PT J AU Spear, JW Poore, RZ Quinn, TM AF Spear, Jessica W. Poore, Richard Z. Quinn, Terrence M. TI Globorotalia truncatulinoides (dextral) Mg/Ca as a proxy for Gulf of Mexico winter mixed-layer temperature: Evidence from a sediment trap in the northern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Globorotalia truncatulinoides; Sediment trap; Mg/Ca; Gulf of Mexico; Seasonality; Planktic foraminifera; Surface-mixed layer ID ABUNDANT PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; DEEP-WATER FLUXES; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; SARGASSO SEA; DEPTH HABITATS; MAGNESIUM; ATLANTIC; CALCIFICATION; VARIABILITY; CALIBRATION AB Three years of weekly- to biweekly-resolved sediment-trap data show that almost 90% of the total flux of tests of the planktic foraminifer Globorotalia truncatulinoides to sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico occurs in January and February. Comparison of delta O-18 from tests of non-encrusted Gl. truncatulinoides in sediment-trap samples with calculated calcification depths indicates that the non-encrusted individuals secrete their test in the winter surface-mixed layer, most likely at the bottom of the surface mixed zone. Mg/Ca-temperature estimates from non-encrusted Gl. truncatulinoides in sediment-trap samples are consistent with observed temperatures at the calcification depths inferred from the 8180 data. In contrast, Mg/Ca-temperature estimates from encrusted Gl. truncatulinoides in sediment-trap samples indicate the crust is formed in cooler (deeper) waters. A preliminary study in a core recovered near the sediment-trap site demonstrates that non-encrusted and encrusted forms of Gl. truncatulinoides in sediment samples show a similar offset in Mg/Ca values as observed in sediment-trap samples. A short (similar to 100 years) Mg/Ca record from non-encrusted Gl. truncatulinoides indicates a warming trend that coincides with a warming trend in mean-annual sea-surface temperature recorded by Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides Tuber (white) from the same core. These findings suggest Mg/Ca from non-encrusted Gl. truncatulinoides has clear potential as a proxy for past winter mixed-layer temperature. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 [Spear, Jessica W.; Poore, Richard Z.] US Geol Survey, St Petersburg Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. [Quinn, Terrence M.] Univ Texas Austin, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78758 USA. RP Poore, RZ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, St Petersburg Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM jspear@usgs.gov; rpoore@usgs.gov; tquinn@mail.utexas.edu NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8398 EI 1872-6186 J9 MAR MICROPALEONTOL JI Mar. Micropaleontol. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 80 IS 3-4 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1016/j.marmicro.2011.05.001 PG 9 WC Paleontology SC Paleontology GA 816GL UT WOS:000294586600001 ER PT J AU Conway, CJ AF Conway, Courtney J. TI Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE bitterns; call-broadcast surveys; detection probability; marsh birds; rails; tape playback ID POINT-COUNT SURVEYS; AFFECTING DETECTION PROBABILITY; CALIFORNIA BLACK RAILS; CALL-RESPONSE SURVEYS; FIELD-EVALUATION; UNITED-STATES; CLAPPER RAIL; HABITAT USE; ABUNDANCE; BROADCAST AB Little is known about the population status of many marsh-dependent birds in North America but recent efforts have focused on collecting more reliable information and estimates of population trends. As part of that effort, a standardized survey protocol was developed in 1999 that provided guidance for conducting marsh bird surveys throughout North America such that data would be consistent among locations. The original survey protocol has been revised to provide greater clarification on many issues as the number of individuals using the protocol has grown. The Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol instructs surveyors to conduct an initial 5-minute passive point-count survey followed by a series of 1-minute segments during which marsh bird calls are broadcast into the marsh following a standardized approach. Surveyors are instructed to record each individual bird from the suite of 26 focal species that are present in their local area on separate lines of a datasheet and estimate the distance to each bird. Also, surveyors are required to record whether each individual bird was detected within each 1-minute subsegment of the survey. These data allow analysts to use several different approaches for estimating detection probability. The Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol provides detailed instructions that explain the field methods used to monitor marsh birds in North America. Received 26 January 2011, accepted 2 April 2011. C1 [Conway, Courtney J.] Univ Arizona, US Geol Survey, Arizona Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Conway, CJ (reprint author), Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, POB 441141,CNR Room 103E 6th & Line Streets, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM cconway@usgs.gov NR 63 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 6 U2 46 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 EI 1938-5390 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD SEP PY 2011 VL 34 IS 3 BP 319 EP 346 PG 28 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 816IW UT WOS:000294592900007 ER PT J AU Vilella, FJ Cruz, JA Lopez, M AF Vilella, Francisco J. Cruz, Jose A. Lopez, Marisel TI Nesting Ecology of the Yellow-breasted Crake (Porzana flaviventer) in Puerto Rico SO WATERBIRDS LA English DT Article DE Caribbean; habitat; management; nesting success; Porzana flaviventer; Puerto Rico; sugarcane; wetlands; Yellow-breasted Crake ID RAIL; VENEZUELA; BIRDS AB The Yellow-breasted Crake (Porzana flaviventer) is a poorly-known Neotropical rail found in densely vegetated freshwater wetlands; a single nest record exists for Puerto Rico. In May 2001, the crake was detected in managed impoundments of the Humacao Nature Reserve, located in southeastern Puerto Rico. Yellow-breasted Crakes were regularly observed during monthly surveys of the impoundments with as many as nine individuals detected during an April 2002 survey. Systematic nest searches during 2001-2002 located fifteen nests in approximately 13 ha of newly created wetlands. The nests were more common in Eleocharis mutata, Cyperus ligularis, and Paspalum vaginatum. Nests had an average clutch size of 3.7 (+/-0.31) eggs and brood size of 2.7 (+/-0.5) chicks; hatching success was 65% and nesting success 40%. Six nests were depredated. The nesting activity of Yellow-breasted Crake at the Humacao Nature Reserve suggests wetland management in abandoned sugarcane areas of coastal Puerto Rico may benefit waterbird species of concern. Future research should determine abundance estimates and habitat relationships for this secretive species. Received 21 January 2011, accepted 19 May 2011. C1 [Vilella, Francisco J.; Cruz, Jose A.; Lopez, Marisel] Mississippi State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Fisheries & Aquaculture, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Vilella, FJ (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, US Geol Survey, Cooperat Res Unit, Dept Wildlife Fisheries & Aquaculture, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM fvilella@cfr.msstate.edu FU U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Aid Division through the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources [W-22] FX Funding was provided by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Aid Division (Project W-22, Study 1), through the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. We are grateful to M. Corbet, Humacao Nature Reserve manager and staff for assistance and logistic support. Field assistance was provided by H. Lopez, M. Ortiz and R. Rivera. Thanks to P. Blanco and B. Sanchez for information on the Yellow-breasted Crake in Cuba. J. Brocca and S. Latta commented on the status of the species in the Dominican Republic. Comments from two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. Field procedures were conducted under permit 00-IC-045 from the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and Mississippi State University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol 00-048. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATERBIRD SOC PI WASHINGTON PA NATL MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 1524-4695 J9 WATERBIRDS JI Waterbirds PD SEP PY 2011 VL 34 IS 3 BP 363 EP 368 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 816IW UT WOS:000294592900011 ER PT J AU Geluso, K Harner, MJ Vivian, LA AF Geluso, Keith Harner, Mary J. Vivian, Lindsay A. TI Subterranean Behavior and Other Notes for Ironoquia plattensis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in Nebraska SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE subterranean behavior; larval movement; life-history strategy; Platte River; caddisfly ID RIVER; WETLANDS; RECOVERY AB Ironoquia plattensis Alexander & Whiles (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) was discovered along the Platte River in central Nebraska in the late 1990s, and basic information about its life history is not well understood. Here, we describe previously undocumented life-history traits that demonstrate strategies used by I. plattensis for surviving in fluctuating wetland environments in a landscape formally shaped by flooding. In an off-channel aquatic habitat along the Platte River, we observed 1) larvae residing in a slough that did not dry completely, 2) larvae emigrating from aquatic to terrestrial habitats 1 mo earlier than reported previously, 3) larvae moving above ground during the summer aestivation period, 4) larvae residing underground in soil during summer aestivation, and 5) mass emergence and swarming of adults after daybreak in autumn. Underground larval aestivation represents a previously undocumented behavior for this species. It is unclear whether aestivating underground represents an unreported common behavior or an infrequent response to local disturbances. At our site, insects may have been responding to a prescribed burn in April and introduction of cattle in mid-May that yielded the site unsuitable for aboveground aestivation. Additional studies on the life history for I. plattensis are warranted to help manage, locate, and protect the few sites where it occurs. C1 [Geluso, Keith; Harner, Mary J.; Vivian, Lindsay A.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol, Kearney, NE 68849 USA. [Harner, Mary J.] Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust, Wood River, NE 68883 USA. [Vivian, Lindsay A.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Nebraska Ecol Serv, Grand Isl, NE 68801 USA. RP Geluso, K (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol, Kearney, NE 68849 USA. EM gelusok1@unk.edu FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Island FX We thank Robert R. Harms and W. Wyatt Hoback for discussions about the biology of I. plattensis; C. K. Meyer and M. R. Whiles for access to unpublished data and discussions about the species; Mark Morten for field assistance; the Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust for property access, vehicle use, sampling equipment, and lodging facilities; and two anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. We thank U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Island for supporting our research. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 104 IS 5 BP 1021 EP 1025 DI 10.1603/AN11013 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 815AO UT WOS:000294498700019 ER PT J AU Guillaumet, A Dorr, B Wang, GM Taylor, JD Chipman, RB Scherr, H Bowman, J Abraham, KF Doyle, TJ Cranker, E AF Guillaumet, Alban Dorr, Brian Wang, Guiming Taylor, Jimmy D., II Chipman, Richard B. Scherr, Heidi Bowman, Jeff Abraham, Kenneth F. Doyle, Terry J. Cranker, Elizabeth TI Determinants of local and migratory movements of Great Lakes double-crested cormorants SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE home range; management; migratory connectivity; migratory divide; parallel migration; satellite telemetry ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; HOME-RANGE; PHALACROCORAX-AURITUS; PATTERNS; DIFFERENTIATION; INFORMATION; POPULATIONS; STRATEGIES; TELEMETRY; SELECTION AB We investigated how individual strategies combine with demographic and ecological factors to determine local and migratory movements in the double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). One hundred and forty-five cormorants were captured from 14 nesting colonies across the Great Lakes area and fitted with satellite transmitters. We first tested the hypotheses that sexual segregation, density-dependent effects, and the intensity of management operations influenced home range size during the breeding season. The influence of these factors appeared to be limited in part due to random variability in foraging and dispersal decisions at individual and colony levels. We also designed a statistical framework to investigate the degree and determinants of migratory connectivity. Our analyses revealed a significant migratory connectivity in cormorants, although we also observed a nonnegligible amount of individual variability and flexibility. Our data were most consistent with the existence of a migratory divide across the Great Lakes, with western populations using mainly the Mississippi Flyway and eastern populations the Atlantic Flyway. Previous and current studies suggest that the divide cannot be explained by past divergence in isolation, a way to diminish travel cost, or the Appalachians constituting an ecological barrier per se but is rather the consequence of the distribution of suitable stopover and nonbreeding areas. However, a parallel migration system and no migratory divide could not be entirely ruled out with present data. C1 [Guillaumet, Alban; Wang, Guiming] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife Fisheries & Aquaculture, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Dorr, Brian] Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Wildlife Services, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Taylor, Jimmy D., II] Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Wildlife Services, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Chipman, Richard B.] Wildlife Serv, USDA, Castleton, NY 12033 USA. [Scherr, Heidi] Simon Fraser Univ, Ctr Wildlife Ecol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. [Bowman, Jeff; Abraham, Kenneth F.] Trent Univ, Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. [Doyle, Terry J.] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. [Cranker, Elizabeth] Wildlife Serv, USDA, Brewerton, NY 10329 USA. RP Guillaumet, A (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife Fisheries & Aquaculture, Mail Stop 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM aguillaumet@cfr.msstate.edu RI Bowman, Jeff/B-4147-2009; OI Bowman, Jeff/0000-0002-1892-4469; Dorr, Brian/0000-0001-6857-8560 FU USDA Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; Berryman Institute (Eastern Unit) FX This project was funded by the USDA Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, and the Berryman Institute (Eastern Unit). NR 49 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 50 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 EI 1465-7279 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 22 IS 5 BP 1096 EP 1103 DI 10.1093/beheco/arr096 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 813HW UT WOS:000294358400028 ER PT J AU John, DA AF John, David A. TI Epithermal Gold-Silver Deposits of the Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand: An Introduction SO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID VOLCANIC ZONE; ARC C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP John, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM djohn@usgs.gov OI John, David/0000-0001-7977-9106 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOC ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC PI LITTLETON PA 7811 SCHAFFER PARKWAY, LITTLETON, CO 80127 USA SN 0361-0128 J9 ECON GEOL JI Econ. Geol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 106 IS 6 BP 915 EP 919 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 813UE UT WOS:000294394900001 ER PT J AU Nuckols, JR Freeman, LEB Lubin, JH Airola, MS Baris, D Ayotte, JD Taylor, A Paulu, C Karagas, MR Colt, J Ward, MH Huang, AT Bress, W Cherala, S Silverman, DT Cantor, KP AF Nuckols, John R. Freeman, Laura E. Beane Lubin, Jay H. Airola, Matthew S. Baris, Dalsu Ayotte, Joseph D. Taylor, Anne Paulu, Chris Karagas, Margaret R. Colt, Joanne Ward, Mary H. Huang, An-Tsun Bress, William Cherala, Sai Silverman, Debra T. Cantor, Kenneth P. TI Estimating Water Supply Arsenic Levels in the New England Bladder Cancer Study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE arsenic; environmental epidemiology; exposure assessment; geographic information systems; water quality modeling; water supply ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; RISK; GROUNDWATER; TIME AB BACKGROUND: Ingestion of inorganic arsenic in drinking water is recognized as a cause of bladder cancer when levels are relatively high (>= 150 mu g/L). The epidemiologic evidence is less clear at the low-to-moderate concentrations typically observed in the United States. Accurate retrospective exposure assessment over a long time period is a major challenge in conducting epidemiologic studies of environmental factors and diseases with long latency, such as cancer. OBJECTIVE: We estimated arsenic concentrations in the water supplies of 2,611 participants in a population-based case-control study in northern New England. METHODS: Estimates covered the lifetimes of most study participants and were based on a combination of arsenic measurements at the homes of the participants and statistical modeling of arsenic concentrations in the water supply of both past and current homes. We assigned a residential water supply arsenic concentration for 165,138 (95%) of the total 173,361 lifetime exposure years (EYs) and a workplace water supply arsenic level for 85,195 EYs (86% of reported occupational years). RESULTS: Three methods accounted for 93% of the residential estimates of arsenic concentration: direct measurement of water samples (27%; median, 0.3 mu g/L; range, 0.1-11.5), statistical models of water utility measurement data (49%; median, 0.4 mu g/L; range, 0.3-3.3), and statistical models of arsenic concentrations in wells using aquifers in New England (17%; median, 1.6 mu g/L; range, 0.6-22.4). CONCLUSIONS: We used a different validation procedure for each of the three methods, and found our estimated levels to be comparable with available measured concentrations. This methodology allowed us to calculate potential drinking water exposure over long periods. C1 [Nuckols, John R.; Freeman, Laura E. Beane; Lubin, Jay H.; Baris, Dalsu; Colt, Joanne; Ward, Mary H.; Huang, An-Tsun; Silverman, Debra T.; Cantor, Kenneth P.] NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, US Dept HHS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Nuckols, John R.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm & Radiol Hlth Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Airola, Matthew S.] Westat Corp, Rockville, MD USA. [Ayotte, Joseph D.] US Geol Survey NH VT Water Sci Ctr, Pembroke, NH USA. [Taylor, Anne] Informat Management Serv Inc, Silver Spring, MD USA. [Paulu, Chris] Maine Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Augusta, ME USA. [Karagas, Margaret R.] Dartmouth Med Sch, Hanover, NH USA. [Bress, William] Vermont Dept Hlth, Div Hlth Protect, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. [Cherala, Sai] New Hampshire Canc Registry, Concord, NH USA. [Cantor, Kenneth P.] KP Cantor Environm LLC, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Nuckols, JR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, 10916 Wickshire Way, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM jnuckols@colostate.edu OI Cherala, Sai/0000-0002-3485-574X FU National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch; Colorado State University; NIH, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics FX This study was made possible, in part, through an intergovernmental personnel agreement between the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch and Colorado State University. This work was supported by the Intramural Program of the NIH, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 17 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 119 IS 9 BP 1279 EP 1285 DI 10.1289/ehp.1002345 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 814SV UT WOS:000294478400029 PM 21421449 ER PT J AU Sprague, LA Hirsch, RM Aulenbach, BT AF Sprague, Lori A. Hirsch, Robert M. Aulenbach, Brent T. TI Nitrate in the Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, 1980 to 2008: Are We Making Progress? SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; WATER-QUALITY; NITROGEN; HYPOXIA; FLUX; NUTRIENT; AQUIFER; BASIN; LOADS; TIME AB Changes in nitrate concentration and flux between 1980 and 2008 at eight sites in the Mississippi River basin were determined using a new statistical method that accommodates evolving nitrate behavior over time and produces flow-normalized estimates of nitrate concentration and flux that are independent of random variations in strearnflow. The results show that little consistent progress has been made in reducing riverine nitrate since 1980, and that flow-normalized concentration and flux are increasing in some areas. Flow-normalized nitrate concentration and flux increased between 9 and 76% at four sites on the Mississippi River and a tributary site on the Missouri River, but changed very little at tributary sites on the Ohio, Iowa, and Illinois Rivers. Increases in flow-normalized concentration and flux at the Mississippi River at Clinton and Missouri River at Hermann were more than three times larger than at any other site. The increases at these two sites contributed much of the 9% increase in flow-normalized nitrate flux leaving the Mississippi River basin. At most sites, concentrations increased more at low and moderate streamflows than at high streamflows, suggesting that increasing groundwater concentrations are having an effect on river concentrations. C1 [Sprague, Lori A.] US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Hirsch, Robert M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 432, Reston, VA 20192 USA. [Aulenbach, Brent T.] US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RP Sprague, LA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 415, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM lsprague@usgs.gov RI Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008; OI Hirsch, Robert/0000-0002-4534-075X; Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288; Sprague, Lori/0000-0003-2832-6662 FU U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment; National Stream-Quality Accounting Network; Hydrologic Research and Development programs FX We thank Neil Dubrovsky, Richard Greene, Richard Alexander, and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions on the manuscript and Jo Ann Gronberg and Nancy Baker for their assistance with GIS processing. We also thank the many U.S. Geological Survey personnel who measured streamflow and collected and analyzed water-quality samples from the study sites over the years. This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment, National Stream-Quality Accounting Network, and Hydrologic Research and Development programs. NR 27 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 17 BP 7209 EP 7216 DI 10.1021/es201221s PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 813NE UT WOS:000294373400019 PM 21823673 ER PT J AU Writer, JH Ryan, JN Barber, LB AF Writer, Jeffrey H. Ryan, Joseph N. Barber, Larry B. TI Role of Biofilms in Sorptive Removal of Steroidal Hormones and 4-Nonylphenol Compounds from Streams SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; MICROBIAL BIOFILMS; WATER; SOILS; SEDIMENTS; CARBON; RIVER; DISRUPTION; REACTIVITY; CHEMICALS AB Stream biofilms play an important role in geo-chemical processing of organic matter and nutrients, however, the significance of this matrix in sorbing trace organic contaminants is less understood. This study focused on the role of stream biofilms in sorbing steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol compounds from surface waters using biofilms colonized in situ on artificial substrata and subsequently transferred to the laboratory for controlled batch sorption experiments. Steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol compounds readily sorb to stream biofilms as indicated by organic matter partition coefficients (K(om), L kg(-1)) for 17 beta-estradiol (10(2.5-2.8) L kg(-1)), 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (10(2.5-2.9) L kg(-1)), 4-nonylphenol (10(3.4-4.6) L kg(-1)) 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxylate (10(3.5-4.0) L kg(-1)), and 4-nonylphenoldiethoxylate (10(3.9-4.3) L kg(-1)). Experiments using water quality differences to induce changes in the relative composition of periphyton and heterotropltic bacteria in the stream biofilm did not significantly affect the sorptive properties of the stream biofilm, providing additional evidence that stream biofilms will sorb trace organic compounds under of variety of environmental conditions. Because sorption of the target compounds to stream biofilms was linearly correlated with organic matter content, hydrophobic partition into organic matter appears to be the dominant mechanism. An analysis of 17 beta-estradiol and 4-nonylphenol hydrophobic partition into water, biofilm, sediment, and dissolved organic matter matrices at mass/volume ratios typical of smaller rivers showed that the relative importance of the stream biofilm as a sorptive matrix was comparable to bed sediments. Therefore, stream biofilms play a primary role in attenuating these compounds in surface waters. Because the stream biofilm represents the base of the stream ecosystem, accumulation of steroidal hormones and 4-nonylphenol compounds in the stream biofilm may be an exposure pathway for organisms in higher trophic levels. C1 [Writer, Jeffrey H.; Barber, Larry B.] US Geol Survey, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Writer, Jeffrey H.; Ryan, Joseph N.] Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Writer, JH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 3215 Marine St, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM writer@colorado.edu RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012; OI WRITER, JEFFREY/0000-0002-8585-8166 FU USGS; National Science Foundation [CBET-0854527] FX The following individuals were invaluable for the completion of this investigation, Greg Brown, James Gray, Steffanie Keefe, Rhiannon Revello, Olivia Woodruff, all with the USGS. This work was supported by the USGS toxics program and by the National Science Foundation grant CBET-0854527. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 44 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 46 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 17 BP 7275 EP 7283 DI 10.1021/es2008038 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 813NE UT WOS:000294373400027 PM 21846124 ER PT J AU Nagy, KL Manceau, A Gasper, JD Ryan, JN Aiken, GR AF Nagy, Kathryn L. Manceau, Alain Gasper, Jarrod D. Ryan, Joseph N. Aiken, George R. TI Metallothionein-Like Multinuclear Clusters of Mercury(II) and Sulfur in Peat SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; RAY-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; CUPROUS-THIOLATE CLUSTERS; ALKALINE AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; FLORIDA EVERGLADES; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; REDUCED SULFUR; METHYLMERCURY CATION; METAL DETOXIFICATION; BINDING PEPTIDES AB Strong mercury(II)-sulfur (Hg-SR) bonds in natural organic matter, which influence mercury bioavailability, are difficult to characterize. We report evidence for two new Hg-SR structures using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in peats from the Florida Everglades with added Hg. The first, observed at a mole ratio of organic reduced S to Hg (S-red/Hg) between 220 and 1140, is a Hg4Sx, type of cluster with each Hg atom bonded to two S atoms at 2.34 angstrom and one Sat 2.53 angstrom, and all Hg atoms 4.12 angstrom apart. This model structure matches those of metal-thiolate clusters in metallothioneins, but not those of HgS minerals. The second, with one S atom at 2.34 angstrom and about six C atoms at 2.97 to 3.28 angstrom, occurred at S-red/Hg between 0.80 and 4.3 and suggests Hg binding to a thiolated aromatic unit. The multinuclear Hg cluster indicates a strong binding environment to cysteinyl sulfur that might impede methylation. Along with a linear Hg(SR)(2) unit with Hg-S bond lengths of 2.34 angstrom at S-red/Hg of about 10 to 20, the new structures support a continuum in Hg-SR binding strength in natural organic matter. C1 [Nagy, Kathryn L.] Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Manceau, Alain] Univ Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. [Manceau, Alain] CNRS, ISTerre Maison Geosci, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. [Gasper, Jarrod D.; Aiken, George R.] US Geol Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Ryan, Joseph N.] Univ Colorado, Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nagy, KL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, MC 186,845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. EM klnagy@uic.edu RI Ryan, Joseph/H-7025-2012; Beamline, FAME/G-9313-2012 FU NSF [EAR-0447310, EAR-0447386]; Office of Science (BER), U.S. DOE; ANR-CNRS-ECCO; U.S. Geological Survey Priority Ecosystems Science Program; Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [DE-AC03-76SF00098] FX Support was provided to K.L.N. and J.N.R. from NSF grants EAR-0447310 and EAR-0447386; to K.L.N., A.M., G.R.A., and J.N.R. by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. DOE; to A.M. from the ANR-CNRS-ECCO Program; and, to G.R.A. from the U.S. Geological Survey Priority Ecosystems Science Program. We thank K. Butler (USGS), J.L. Hazemann (CNRS), O. Proux (CNRS), and M. Marcus (ALS) for their technical assistance and B. Lanson and N. Finding (CNRS, ISTerre) for the XRD analysis of cinnabar and metacinnabar (SI). Beamtime at the ESRF was provided by the French CRG program of the CNRS and by the ESRF. The ALS is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The use of brand names is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS. We thank three anonymous reviewers who provided thoughtful comments used in revising the manuscript. NR 77 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 45 IS 17 BP 7298 EP 7306 DI 10.1021/es201025v PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 813NE UT WOS:000294373400030 PM 21809860 ER PT J AU Webb, RMT Sandstrom, MW Krutz, LJ Shaner, DL AF Webb, Richard M. T. Sandstrom, Mark W. Krutz, L. Jason Shaner, Dale L. TI SIMULATION OF BRANCHED SERIAL FIRST-ORDER DECAY OF ATRAZINE AND METABOLITES IN ADAPTED AND NONADAPTED SOILS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Environmental modeling; Pesticides; Aerobic biodegradation; Kinetics ID S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; ENHANCED DEGRADATION; BOUND RESIDUE; C-14 ATRAZINE; FATE; HYDROXYATRAZINE; MISSISSIPPI; TRANSPORT; DEISOPROPYLATRAZINE; DEETHYLATRAZINE AB In the present study a branched serial first-order decay (BSFOD) model is presented and used to derive transformation rates describing the decay of a common herbicide, atrazine, and its metabolites observed in unsaturated soils adapted to previous atrazine applications and in soils with no history of atrazine applications. Calibration of BSFOD models for soils throughout the country can reduce the uncertainty, relative to that of traditional models, in predicting the fate and transport of pesticides and their metabolites and thus support improved agricultural management schemes for reducing threats to the environment. Results from application of the BSFOD model to better understand the degradation of atrazine supports two previously reported conclusions: atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and its primary metabolites are less persistent in adapted soils than in nonadapted soils; and hydroxyatrazine was the dominant primary metabolite in most of the soils tested. In addition, a method to simulate BSFOD in a one-dimensional solute-transport unsaturated zone model is also presented. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:1973-1981. (C) 2011 SETAC C1 [Webb, Richard M. T.; Sandstrom, Mark W.] US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Denver, CO 80225 USA. [Krutz, L. Jason] ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS USA. [Shaner, Dale L.] ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Webb, RMT (reprint author), US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 USA. EM rmwebb@usgs.gov OI Sandstrom, Mark/0000-0003-0006-5675; Shaner, Dale/0000-0003-4293-6133 NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 30 IS 9 BP 1973 EP 1981 DI 10.1002/etc.597 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 813AH UT WOS:000294337300003 PM 21688305 ER PT J AU Heinz, GH Hoffman, DJ Klimstra, JD Stebbins, KR Kondrad, SL AF Heinz, Gary H. Hoffman, David J. Klimstra, Jon D. Stebbins, Katherine R. Kondrad, Shannon L. TI TOXICITY OF METHYLMERCURY INJECTED INTO EGGS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER VERSUS CORN OIL SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Mercury; Methylmercury; Egg injections; Embryotoxicity; Solvents ID COMMON LOONS; MERCURY; BIRDS; CONTAMINATION AB In a previous study, the embryotoxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil was compared among 26 species of birds. Corn oil is not soluble in the water-based matrix that constitutes the albumen of an egg. To determine whether the use of corn oil limited the usefulness of this earlier study, a comparison was made of the embryotoxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil versus water. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and chicken (Gallus gallus) eggs were injected with methylmercury chloride dissolved in corn oil or water to achieve concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mu g/g mercury in the egg on a wet weight basis. Hatching success at each dose of mercury was compared between the two solvents. For mallards, 16.4% of the eggs injected with 1.6 mu g/g mercury dissolved in water hatched, which was statistically lower than the 37.6% hatch rate of eggs injected with 1.6 mu g/g mercury dissolved in corn oil, but no differences in hatching success were observed between corn oil and water at any of the other doses. With chicken eggs, no significant differences occurred in percentage hatch of eggs between corn oil and water at any of the mercury doses. Methylmercury dissolved in corn oil seems to have a toxicity to avian embryos similar to that of does methylmercury dissolved in water. Consequently, the results from the earlier study that described the toxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil to avian embryos were probably not compromised by the use of corn oil as a solvent. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2103-2106. (C) 2011 SETAC C1 [Heinz, Gary H.; Hoffman, David J.; Klimstra, Jon D.; Stebbins, Katherine R.; Kondrad, Shannon L.] US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Heinz, GH (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. EM gheinz@usgs.gov FU CALFED Bay-Delta Program's Ecosystem Restoration Program [ERP-02D-C12]; U.S. Geological Survey's Patuxent Wildlife Research Center FX This research was funded by the CALFED Bay-Delta Program's Ecosystem Restoration Program (grant ERP-02D-C12), with additional support from the U.S. Geological Survey's Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. We thank K. Brittingham, M. Hammond, M. Hoffman, and D. Murray for their help in conducting the laboratory parts of the study. An earlier draft of this paper was reviewed by B. Rattner and N. Beyer. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2103 EP 2106 DI 10.1002/etc.601 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 813AH UT WOS:000294337300019 PM 21702059 ER PT J AU Wang, N Mebane, CA Kunz, JL Ingersoll, CG Brumbaugh, WG Santore, RC Gorsuch, JW Arnold, WR AF Wang, Ning Mebane, Christopher A. Kunz, James L. Ingersoll, Christopher G. Brumbaugh, William G. Santore, Robert C. Gorsuch, Joseph W. Arnold, W. Ray TI INFLUENCE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON ON TOXICITY OF COPPER TO A UNIONID MUSSEL (VILLOSA IRIS) AND A CLADOCERAN (CERIODAPHNIA DUBIA) IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC WATER EXPOSURES SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Mussel; Cladoceran; Copper; Dissolved organic carbon; Biotic ligand model ID BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL; AMPHIPOD HYALELLA-AZTECA; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; FIELD VALIDATION; FATHEAD MINNOWS; RAINBOW-TROUT; MATTER SOURCE; METALS; LEAD AB Acute and chronic toxicity of copper (Cu) to a unionid mussel (Villosa iris) and a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia) were determined in water exposures at four concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC; nominally 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L as carbon [C]). Test waters with DOC concentrations of 2.5 to 10 mg C/L were prepared by mixing a concentrate of natural organic matter (Suwannee River, GA, USA) in diluted well water (hardness 100 mg/L as CaCO(3), pH 8.3, DOC 0.5 mg C/L). Acute median effect concentrations (EC50s) for dissolved Cu increased approximately fivefold (15-72 mu g Cu/L) for mussel survival in 4-d exposures and increased about 11-fold (25-267 mu g Cu/L) for cladoceran survival in 2-d exposures across DOC concentrations from 0.5 to 10 mg C/L. Similarly, chronic 20% effect concentrations (EC20s) for the mussel in 28-d exposures increased about fivefold (13-61 mu g Cu/L for survival; 8.8-38 mu g Cu/L for biomass), and the EC20s for the cladoceran in 7-d exposures increased approximately 17-fold (13-215 mu g Cu/L) for survival or approximately fourfold (12-42 mu g Cu/L) for reproduction across DOC concentrations from 0.5 to 10 mg C/L. The acute and chronic values for the mussel were less than or approximately equal to the values for the cladoceran. Predictions from the biotic ligand model (BLM) used to derive the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for Cu explained more than 90% of the variation in the acute and chronic endpoints for the two species, with the exception of the EC20 for cladoceran reproduction (only 46% of variation explained). The BLM-normalized acute EC50s and chronic EC20s for the mussel and BLM-normalized chronic EC20s for the cladoceran in waters with DOC concentrations of 2.5 to 10 mg C/L were equal to or less than the final acute value and final chronic value in the BLM-based AWQC for Cu, respectively, indicating that the Cu AWQC might not adequately protect the mussel from acute and chronic exposure, and the cladoceran from chronic exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2115-2125. (C) 2011 SETAC C1 [Wang, Ning; Kunz, James L.; Ingersoll, Christopher G.; Brumbaugh, William G.] US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. [Mebane, Christopher A.] US Geol Survey, Boise, ID USA. [Santore, Robert C.] HydroQual Environm Engineers & Scientists, E Syracuse, NY USA. [Gorsuch, Joseph W.] Copper Dev Assoc, Webster, NY USA. [Arnold, W. Ray] Stephen F Austin State Univ, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Wang, N (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. EM nwang@usgs.gov RI Mebane, Christopher/C-7188-2009 OI Mebane, Christopher/0000-0002-9089-0267 FU Copper Development Association FX We thank Jesse Arms, Eric Brunson, Doug Hardesty, Jamie Hughes, Chris Ivey, and Dave Whites for technical assistance; Rachel Mair for providing juvenile mussels; Michael Perdue for providing the extract of the Suwannee River natural organic matter; and Jim Fairchild and Chris Schmitt for comments on an earlier draft of the article. Funding for this study was provided in part by the Copper Development Association. References to trade names or manufacturers do not imply government endorsements of commercial products. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2115 EP 2125 DI 10.1002/etc.596 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 813AH UT WOS:000294337300021 PM 21681812 ER PT J AU Wei, SJ Fielding, E Leprince, S Sladen, A Avouac, JP Helmberger, D Hauksson, E Chu, RS Simons, M Hudnut, K Herring, T Briggs, R AF Wei, Shengji Fielding, Eric Leprince, Sebastien Sladen, Anthony Avouac, Jean-Philippe Helmberger, Don Hauksson, Egill Chu, Risheng Simons, Mark Hudnut, Kenneth Herring, Thomas Briggs, Richard TI Superficial simplicity of the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake of Baja California in Mexico SO NATURE GEOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LANDERS EARTHQUAKE; SATELLITE IMAGES; RUPTURE; SLIP; FAULT; DEFORMATION; AFTERSHOCKS; INVERSION; SUMATRA AB The geometry of faults is usually thought to be more complicated at the surface than at depth and to control the initiation, propagation and arrest of seismic ruptures(1-6). The fault system that runs from southern California into Mexico is a simple strike-slip boundary: the west side of California and Mexico moves northwards with respect to the east. However, the M-w 7.2 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake on this fault system produced a pattern of seismic waves that indicates a far more complex source than slip on a planar strike-slip fault(7). Here we use geodetic, remote-sensing and seismological data to reconstruct the fault geometry and history of slip during this earthquake. We find that the earthquake produced a straight 120-km-long fault trace that cut through the Cucapah mountain range and across the Colorado River delta. However, at depth, the fault is made up of two different segments connected by a small extensional fault. Both segments strike N130 degrees E, but dip in opposite directions. The earthquake was initiated on the connecting extensional fault and 15 s later ruptured the two main segments with dominantly strike-slip motion. We show that complexities in the fault geometry at depth explain well the complex pattern of radiated seismic waves. We conclude that the location and detailed characteristics of the earthquake could not have been anticipated on the basis of observations of surface geology alone. C1 [Wei, Shengji; Leprince, Sebastien; Sladen, Anthony; Avouac, Jean-Philippe; Helmberger, Don; Hauksson, Egill; Chu, Risheng; Simons, Mark; Hudnut, Kenneth] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Fielding, Eric] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Sladen, Anthony] Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, IRD, Observ Cote Azur, F-06103 Nice 2, France. [Hudnut, Kenneth] US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. [Herring, Thomas] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Briggs, Richard] US Geol Survey, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Wei, SJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM shjwei@caltech.edu RI Briggs, Richard/A-1348-2013; Hudnut, Kenneth/B-1945-2009; Simons, Mark/N-4397-2015; Avouac, Jean-Philippe/B-5699-2015; Wei, Shengji/M-2137-2015; Fielding, Eric/A-1288-2007; Sladen, Anthony/A-2532-2017 OI Briggs, Richard/0000-0001-8108-0046; Hudnut, Kenneth/0000-0002-3168-4797; Simons, Mark/0000-0003-1412-6395; Avouac, Jean-Philippe/0000-0002-3060-8442; Wei, Shengji/0000-0002-0319-0714; Fielding, Eric/0000-0002-6648-8067; Sladen, Anthony/0000-0003-4126-0020 FU NSF [EAR-0529922]; USGS [07HQAG0008]; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; NASA; SCEC FX This work was financially supported by NSF, USGS, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, NASA and SCEC. Regional seismic data were provided by SCSN and RESNOM. The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Management System (DMS) was used to access the Global Seismographic Network data. The GPS analyses were obtained from the Earthscope PBO data products system and UNAVCO. Optical data were provided by USGS. Envisat data are copyright 2009, 2010 ESA and were obtained from the WInSAR archive and the Group on Earth Observation Geohazards Supersite virtual archive. ALOS data are copyright METI, JAXA and were obtained from the Alaska Satellite Facility Level 1 Data Pool. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank CICESE colleagues J. Gonzalez and J. Fletcher for their support and interest, and we thank J. Hollingsworth for his suggestions to improve the figures. This is Tectonics Observatory contribution #172. SCEC is funded by NSF Cooperative Agreement EAR-0529922 and USGS Cooperative Agreement 07HQAG0008. NR 26 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 26 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1752-0894 EI 1752-0908 J9 NAT GEOSCI JI Nat. Geosci. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 4 IS 9 BP 615 EP 618 DI 10.1038/ngeo1213 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 814KY UT WOS:000294452400010 ER PT J AU Duda, KA Jones, BK AF Duda, Kenneth A. Jones, Brenda K. TI USGS Remote Sensing Coordination for the 2010 Haiti Earthquake SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID DISASTER RESPONSE; RUPTURE; FAULT AB In response to the devastating 12 January 2010, earthquake in Haiti, the US Geological Survey (USGS) provided essential coordinating services for remote sensing activities. Communication was rapidly established between the widely distributed response teams and data providers to define imaging requirements and sensor tasking opportunities. Data acquired from a variety of sources were received and archived by the USGS, and these products were subsequently distributed using the Hazards Data Distribution System (HDDS) and other mechanisms. Within six weeks after the earthquake, over 600,000 files representing 54 terabytes of data were provided to the response community. The USGS directly supported a wide variety of groups in their use of these data to characterize post-earthquake conditions and to make comparisons with pre-event imagery. The rapid and continuing response achieved was enabled by existing imaging and ground systems, and skilled personnel adept in all aspects of satellite data acquisition, processing, distribution and analysis. The information derived from image interpretation assisted senior planners and on-site teams to direct assistance where it was most needed. C1 [Duda, Kenneth A.] SGT Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Duda, Kenneth A.] US Geol Survey, EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. [Jones, Brenda K.] USGS EROS Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. RP Duda, KA (reprint author), SGT Inc, 47914 252nd St, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM duda@usgs.gov FU US Geological Survey [G10PC00044] FX Work was performed by K. Duda under US Geological Survey contract G10PC00044. The authors are particularly grateful for insightful comments received by reviewers David Meyer, Ryan Longhenry, and Robert Bewley, plus from two anonymous reviewers. Editorial comments from Thomas Adamson were also much appreciated. Carolyn Gacke and Michael Rechtenbaugh at EROS graciously contributed some HODS and network information. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 77 IS 9 SI SI BP 899 EP 907 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 812VQ UT WOS:000294321400007 ER PT J AU Yong, A Hough, SE Cox, BR Rathje, EM Bachhuber, J Dulberg, R Hulslander, D Christiansen, L Abrams, MJ AF Yong, Alan Hough, Susan E. Cox, Brady R. Rathje, Ellen M. Bachhuber, Jeff Dulberg, Ranon Hulslander, David Christiansen, Lisa Abrams, Michael J. TI Seismic-zonation of Port-au-Prince Using Pixel- and Object-based Imaging Analysis Methods on ASTER GDEM SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE DATA; DEM; PAKISTAN AB We report about a preliminary study to evaluate the use of semi-automated imaging analysis of remotely-sensed DEM and field geophysical measurements to develop a seismic-zonation map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. For in situ data, V(s)30 values are derived from the MASW technique deployed in and around the city. For satellite imagery, we use an ASTER GDEM of Hispaniola. We apply both pixel- and object-based imaging methods on the ASTER GDEM to explore local topography (absolute elevation values) and classify terrain types such as mountains, alluvial fans and basins/near-shore regions. We assign NEHRP seismic site class ranges based on available V(s)30 values. A comparison of results from imagery-based methods to results from traditional geologic-based approaches reveals good overall correspondence. We conclude that image analysis of RS data provides reliable first-order site characterization results in the absence of local data and can be useful to refine detailed site maps with sparse local data. C1 [Yong, Alan; Hough, Susan E.] US Geol Survey, Earthquake Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. [Cox, Brady R.] Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Rathje, Ellen M.] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Civil Architecture & Environm Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Bachhuber, Jeff; Dulberg, Ranon] Fugro William Lettis & Associates, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 USA. [Hulslander, David] ITT VIS, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Christiansen, Lisa] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Abrams, Michael J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yong, A (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Earthquake Sci Ctr, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA. EM yong@usgs.gov FU US Agency for International Development - Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAid-OFDA) FX We thank the US Agency for International Development - Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAid-OFDA) for their partial support. Work done by Michael J. Abrams was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology under a contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ASTER GDEM is a product of the Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We are grateful for the beneficial remarks from USGS reviewers Robert S. Dollar and Sinan Akciz, in addition to insightful comments by three anonymous journal referees. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 77 IS 9 SI SI BP 909 EP 921 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 812VQ UT WOS:000294321400008 ER PT J AU Harris, RA Barall, M Andrews, DJ Duan, B Ma, S Dunham, EM Gabriel, AA Kaneko, Y Kase, Y Aagaard, BT Oglesby, DD Ampuero, JP Hanks, TC Abrahamson, N AF Harris, R. A. Barall, M. Andrews, D. J. Duan, B. Ma, S. Dunham, E. M. Gabriel, A. -A. Kaneko, Y. Kase, Y. Aagaard, B. T. Oglesby, D. D. Ampuero, J. -P. Hanks, T. C. Abrahamson, N. TI Verifying a Computational Method for Predicting Extreme Ground Motion SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RUPTURE PROPAGATION; EARTHQUAKE; FAULT; STRIKE C1 [Harris, R. A.; Barall, M.; Andrews, D. J.; Aagaard, B. T.; Hanks, T. C.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Ma, S.] San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Dunham, E. M.] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Gabriel, A. -A.] ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. [Kaneko, Y.] Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Oglesby, D. D.] Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Ampuero, J. -P.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Abrahamson, N.] Pacific Gas & Elect Co, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Harris, RA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Mail Stop 977,345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM harris@usgs.gov RI Kaneko, Yoshihiro/B-8264-2013; Harris, Ruth/C-4184-2013; Ma, Shuo/G-8089-2011; Ampuero, Jean Paul/N-3348-2013; OI Kaneko, Yoshihiro/0000-0003-2342-0131; Harris, Ruth/0000-0002-9247-0768; Ampuero, Jean Paul/0000-0002-4827-7987; Aagaard, Brad/0000-0002-8795-9833 FU Southern California Earthquake Center; NSF [EAR-0106924]; USGS [02HQAG0008]; U.S. Department of Energy; Pacific Gas and Electric Company FX Funding for the Rupture Dynamics Code Verification Exercise has come from the Southern California Earthquake Center (funded by NSF Cooperative Agreement EAR-0106924 and USGS Cooperative Agreements 02HQAG0008), internal USGS Earthquake Hazards Program funds, the U.S. Department of Energy Extreme Ground Motions project, and Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Thanks to Tom Jordan for his support of this project and to Phil Maechling for helping us with the logistics of the code-validation Web site. This manuscript benefited from helpful reviews by SRL reviewer Peter Moczo and USGS internal reviewers David Boore and Woody Savage. This is SCEC contribution number 1473. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 82 IS 5 BP 638 EP 644 DI 10.1785/gssrl.82.5.638 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 815JX UT WOS:000294523000004 ER PT J AU Zechar, JD Hardebeck, JL Michael, AJ Naylor, M Steacy, S Wiemer, S Zhuang, JC AF Zechar, J. Douglas Hardebeck, Jeanne L. Michael, Andrew J. Naylor, Mark Steacy, Sandy Wiemer, Stefan Zhuang, Jiancang CA CORSSA Working Grp TI Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis SO SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Zechar, J. Douglas] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Swiss Seismol Serv, NO H3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Zechar, J. Douglas] Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. [Hardebeck, Jeanne L.; Michael, Andrew J.] US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Naylor, Mark] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Steacy, Sandy] Univ Ulster, Sch Environm Sci, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland. [Zhuang, Jiancang] Inst Stat Math, Tokyo, Japan. RP Zechar, JD (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Swiss Seismol Serv, NO H3, Sonneggstr 5, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM jeremy.zechar@sed.ethz.ch RI Naylor, Mark/B-8460-2008; Zechar, Jeremy/G-5940-2010; Michael, Andrew/A-5059-2010; Wiemer, Stefan/E-5033-2015 OI Naylor, Mark/0000-0002-3761-5522; Hardebeck, Jeanne/0000-0002-6737-7780; Michael, Andrew/0000-0002-2403-5019; NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU SEISMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI EL CERRITO PA PLAZA PROFESSIONAL BLDG, SUITE 201, EL CERRITO, CA 94530 USA SN 0895-0695 J9 SEISMOL RES LETT JI Seismol. Res. Lett. PD SEP-OCT PY 2011 VL 82 IS 5 BP 686 EP 690 DI 10.1785/gssrl.82.5.686 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 815JX UT WOS:000294523000009 ER PT J AU Penaranda, MMD Wargo, AR Kurath, G AF Penaranda, Ma Michelle D. Wargo, Andrew R. Kurath, Gael TI In vivo fitness correlates with host-specific virulence of Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Host-specific virulence; Within-host fitness; IHNV; Fish virus; Ecology; Evolution ID ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RELATIVE FITNESS; FISH RHABDOVIRUS; REDFISH LAKE; EVOLUTION; AQUACULTURE; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOGENESIS; MECHANISMS; GENOGROUP AB The relationship between virulence and overall within-host fitness of, the fish rhabdovirus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was empirically investigated in vivo for two virus isolates belonging to different IHNV genogroups that exhibit opposing host-specific virulence. U group isolates are more virulent in sockeye salmon and M group isolates are more virulent in rainbow trout. In both single and mixed infections in the two fish hosts, the more virulent IHNV type exhibited higher prevalence and higher viral load than the less virulent type. Thus, a positive correlation was observed between higher in vivo fitness and higher host-specific virulence in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout. Comparisons of mean viral loads in single and mixed infections revealed no evidence for limitation due to competition effects between U and M viruses in either rainbow trout or sockeye salmon co-infections. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Global Hlth, Grad Program Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Discipline, Western Fisheries Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Penaranda, MMD (reprint author), SE Asian Fisheries Dev Ctr SEAFDEC AQD, Dept Aquaculture, Iloilo 5021, Philippines. EM mmdpena@u.washington.edu FU USGS Western Fisheries Research Center; USGS Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Washington; National Science Foundation Ecology of Infectious Diseases [0812603]; Fulbright-Philippine Agriculture Scholarship Program (FPASP) FX The authors thank W.C. McAuley and D.A. Frost of the National Marine Fisheries Service and Dr. Scott LaPatra of Clear Springs Food, Inc. for the generous contribution of Redfish Lake sockeye and rainbow trout, respectively. This project was funded by the USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, the USGS Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Washington, and National Science Foundation Ecology of Infectious Diseases grant 0812603. Ms. Penaranda was supported by the Fulbright-Philippine Agriculture Scholarship Program (FPASP). Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD SEP 1 PY 2011 VL 417 IS 2 BP 312 EP 319 DI 10.1016/j.virol.2011.06.014 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 816DJ UT WOS:000294578600009 PM 21745673 ER PT J AU Richmond, JQ Jockusch, EL Latimer, AM AF Richmond, Jonathan Q. Jockusch, Elizabeth L. Latimer, Andrew M. TI Mechanical Reproductive Isolation Facilitates Parallel Speciation in Western North American Scincid Lizards SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE mechanical isolation; speciation; size-assortative mating; skinks ID LOCK-AND-KEY; BODY-SIZE; ORIGIN; SNAIL; EVOLUTIONARY; GENITALIA; BEHAVIOR; MODELS AB Mechanical reproductive barriers have been dismissed as a major driver of animal speciation, yet the extent to which such barriers cause reproductive isolation in most animal groups is largely unknown and rarely tested. In this study, we used hierarchical Bayesian modeling of mate compatibility experiments to show that body size divergence in lizards of the Plestiodon skiltonianus complex contributes to reproductive isolation in at least three ways: males preferably court females that are more similar in size, females reject males that are highly divergent in size, and the size difference of a male and female in copula constrains the ability to align the genitalia for intromission. We used a predictive model to estimate the contributions of behavioral and mechanical barriers to reproductive isolation between populations with differing degrees of size divergence. This model shows that the mechanical barrier is more important than behavioral barriers at small and intermediate degrees of size divergence, suggesting that it acts earlier during speciation when body morphology is more similar between diverging lineages. Given that correlated divergence in size and ecology is common in animals, similar constraints imposed by the geometry of the mating posture may apply to a variety of major animal lineages and merit further attention in speciation research. C1 [Richmond, Jonathan Q.; Jockusch, Elizabeth L.] Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. [Latimer, Andrew M.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Richmond, JQ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Western Ecol Res Ctr, 4165 Spruance Rd,Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. EM jrichmond@usgs.gov FU National Science Foundation [DEB-0308969] FX We thank M. Polihronakis and two anonymous reviewers for providing comments that improved the manuscript. K. Holsinger provided valuable insight regarding the statistical methods. We thank the Biological Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey in San Diego for contributing pitfall data to this study, as well as Carlton Rochester for culling the data. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-0308969). NR 49 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 27 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 EI 1537-5323 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD SEP PY 2011 VL 178 IS 3 BP 320 EP 332 DI 10.1086/661240 PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 811ZF UT WOS:000294256800004 PM 21828989 ER PT J AU Williams, GJ Knapp, IS Work, TM Conklin, EJ AF Williams, G. J. Knapp, I. S. Work, T. M. Conklin, E. J. TI Outbreak of Acropora white syndrome following a mild bleaching event at Palmyra Atoll, Northern Line Islands, Central Pacific SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 [Williams, G. J.] Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA. [Knapp, I. S.] Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Biol Sci, Wellington, New Zealand. [Knapp, I. S.] Victoria Univ Wellington, Ctr Marine Environm & Econ Res, Wellington, New Zealand. [Work, T. M.] US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. [Conklin, E. J.] Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. RP Williams, GJ (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA. EM gareth@ucsd.edu RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 NR 3 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD SEP PY 2011 VL 30 IS 3 BP 621 EP 621 DI 10.1007/s00338-011-0762-2 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 802UN UT WOS:000293536600007 ER EF