FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Greene, H Prakash, D Athota, K Atwood, G Vogel, C AF Greene, H Prakash, D Athota, K Atwood, G Vogel, C TI Energy efficient dual-function sorbent catalyst media for chlorinated VOC destruction SO CATALYSIS TODAY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT World Conference on Environmental Catalysis - For a Better World and Life CY MAY 01-05, 1995 CL PISA, ITALY SP European Federat Chem Engn DE chlorinated VOC destruction; zeolites; energy efficiency ID ZSM-5 AB Several exchanged zeolites (modified Y and ZSM-5) have been developed which are capable of both ambient sorption and elevated temperature catalytic destruction of common chlorinated CVOCs giving rise to an energy efficient process for first storing and later destroying environmentally sensitive solvents. C1 US EPA,AEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Greene, H (reprint author), UNIV AKRON,DEPT CHEM ENGN,AKRON,OH 44325, USA. NR 5 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5861 J9 CATAL TODAY JI Catal. Today PD JAN 29 PY 1996 VL 27 IS 1-2 BP 289 EP 296 DI 10.1016/0920-5861(95)00211-1 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA TY327 UT WOS:A1996TY32700043 ER PT J AU Wright, CA Ferrington, LC Crisp, NH AF Wright, CA Ferrington, LC Crisp, NH TI Analysis of chlordane-impacted streams using chironomid pupal exuviae (Diptera: Chironomidae) SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Congress of Dipterology CY AUG 15-19, 1994 CL UNIV GUELPH, GUELPH, CANADA HO UNIV GUELPH DE Chironomidae; pupal exuviae; chlordane; cluster analysis ID METALS AB A method of rapidly assessing streams and rivers using chironomid pupal exuviae was tested on a chlordane-impacted stream near St. Louis, Missouri. Various concentrations of chlordane were found in sediments of Grand Glaize Creek, most likely resulting from soil runoff around housing and business developments throughout the stream's course; Chironomid pupal exuviae and sediment samples were collected concurrently from Grand Glaize Creek on two separate occasions, once in 1988 and again in 1990. Cluster analysis of samples at sites, based on the percent abundances of taxa within habitats and by subfamilies, produced two distinct clusters; one grouping samples with lower chlordane concentrations and the other grouping samples with higher chlordane concentrations. Further analysis showed a trend towards lower percent abundances of taxa living in depositional and transitional/depositional zones (Chironominae and some Tanypodinae) at the higher chlordane site, while the lower chlordane sites had lower percent abundances of taxa within erosional and erosional/transitional zones (Orthocladiinae and some Tanypodinae). These findings support the hypothesis that taxa living in close association to fine organic sediments will be exposed to higher concentrations of chlordane in the stream and more negatively affected than taxa feeding and living in habitats removed from chlordane-bound sediments. Comparisons from the present study were made to related studies revealing similar patterns among the Chironomidae. C1 UNIV KANSAS,DEPT ENTOMOL,LAWRENCE,KS 66047. US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS 66115. RP Wright, CA (reprint author), UNIV KANSAS,KANSAS BIOL SURVEY,LAWRENCE,KS 66047, USA. NR 39 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD JAN 26 PY 1996 VL 318 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 77 DI 10.1007/BF00014133 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UA945 UT WOS:A1996UA94500009 ER PT J AU Guenther, A Zimmerman, P Klinger, L Greenberg, J Ennis, C Davis, K Pollock, W Westberg, H Allwine, G Geron, C AF Guenther, A Zimmerman, P Klinger, L Greenberg, J Ennis, C Davis, K Pollock, W Westberg, H Allwine, G Geron, C TI Estimates of regional natural volatile organic compound fluxes from enclosure and ambient measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EMISSION RATE VARIABILITY; ISOPRENE; MODEL; HYDROCARBONS; INVENTORY; FOREST AB Natural volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions were investigated at two forested sites in the southeastern United States. A variety of VOC compounds including methanol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, isoprene and 15 monoterpenes were emitted from vegetation at these sites. Diurnal variations in VOC emissions were observed and related to light and temperature. Variations in isoprene emission from individual branches are well correlated with light intensity and leaf temperature while variations in monoterpene emissions can be explained by variations in leaf temperature alone. Isoprene emission rates for individual leaves tend to be about 75% higher than branch average emission rates due to shading on the lower leaves of a branch. Average daytime mixing ratios of 13.8 and 6.6 ppbv C isoprene and 5.0 and 4.5 ppbv C monoterpenes were observed at heights between 40 m and 1 km above ground level the two sites. Isoprene and monoterpenes account for 30% to 40% of the total carbon in the ambient non-methane VOC quantified in the mixed layer at these sites and over 90% of the VOC reactivity with OH. Ambient mixing ratios were used to estimate isoprene and monoterpene fluxes by applying box model and mixed-layer gradient techniques, Although the two techniques estimate fluxes averaged over different spatial scales, the average fluxes calculated by the two techniques agree within a factor of two. The ambient mixing ratios were used to evaluate a biogenic VOC emission model that uses field measurements of plant species composition, remotely sensed vegetation distributions, leaf level emission potentials determined from vegetation enclosures, and light and temperature dependent emission activity factors. Emissions estimated for a temperature of 30 degrees C and above canopy photosynthetically active radiation flux of 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) are around 4 mg C m(-2) h(-1) of isoprene and 0.7 mg C m(-2) h(-1) of monoterpenes at the ROSE site in western Alabama and 3 mg C m(-2) h(-1) of isoprene and 0.5 mg C m(-2) h(-1) of monoterpenes at the SOS-M site in eastern Georgia. Isoprene and monoterpene emissions based on land characteristics data and emission enclosure measurements are within a factor of two of estimates based on ambient measurements in most cases. This represents reasonable agreement due to the large uncertainties associated with these models and because the observed differences are at least partially due to differences in the size and location of the source region (''flux footprint'') associated with each flux estimate. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. US EPA, OFF RES & DEV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Guenther, A (reprint author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 30 TC 105 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 20 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D1 BP 1345 EP 1359 DI 10.1029/95JD03006 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TR616 UT WOS:A1996TR61600002 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Bell, DA AF DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Bell, DA TI Mutation spectra of chemical fractions of a complex mixture: Role of nitroarenes in the mutagenic specificity of municipal waste incinerator emissions SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; mutation spectra; municipal waste incineration ID BIOASSAY-DIRECTED FRACTIONATION; DNA-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; REFUSE INCINERATORS; ORGANIC EMISSIONS; SALMONELLA; EXTRACTS; ASHES; COMBUSTION; REPLICATION; REVERTANTS AB Using an ion-exchange procedure coupled to a microsuspension Salmonella assay, we fractionated the dichloromethane-extractable particulate organics emitted by a municipal waste incinerator. Most (80-95%) of the mutagenic activity resided in the neutral/base fraction; however, the polar neutral fraction accounted for 12% of the direct-acting mutagenic activity. The mutagenic potencies of the whole extract and the various fractions were 4-15 times greater in the absence than in the presence of S9. Results with strains deficient in classical nitroreductase (TA98NR) and transacetylase (TA98/1,8-DNP6) indicated that a majority of the direct-acting mutagenicity was due to nitroarenes. This was confirmed by bioassay-directed subfractionation of the neutral/base faction by a cyanopropyl/HPLC method. The mutations in - 3,000 revertants (similar to 400 each induced in TA98 by the whole extract, the neutral/base and polar neutral fractions from the ion-exchange column and 3 of the neutral/base subfractions from the HPLC column; along with 200 revertants each induced by the model nitroarene 1-nitropyrene (1NP) in strains TA98, TA1538 and TA100) were analyzed by probe hybridization and PCR/DNA sequence analysis. The results indicated that nitroarenes such as 1NP that eluted in the neutral/base fraction accounted for at least 50% of the direct-acting mutagenicity and induced only a hotspot 2-base deletion in the sequence (CG)(4) in TA98. In contrast, most of the complex frameshifts (a frameshift with a flanking base substitution) induced by the whole extract were induced by nitroarenes other than 1NP that were activated by transacetylation and that eluted in the polar neutral fraction. This study (1) identifies nitroarenes as an important contributor to the mutagenic activity of the emissions from municipal waste incinerators; (2) confirms our previous conclusion that the mutation spectrum of a complex mixture reflects the dominance of particular classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture; and (3) demonstrates the possibility of isolating certain chemical fractions of a complex mixture that induce certain classes of mutations produced by the whole, unfractionated mixture. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 60 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD JAN 17 PY 1996 VL 349 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00074-7 PG 20 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA TR095 UT WOS:A1996TR09500001 PM 8569781 ER PT J AU Smith, RL AF Smith, RL TI Risk-based concentrations: Prioritizing environmental problems using limited data SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; risk-based concentration; data screening AB A difficult task faced by regulatory agencies is that of choosing, on the basis of limited data, which environmental problems to address. This paper incorporates USEPA risk assessment methods into a quantitative approach for prioritizing locations, contaminants and media according to potential health risk. USEPA has developed either a reference dose (a chronic dose without adverse effect) or slope factor (upper bound lifetime cancer risk per mg kg(-1). d(-1)) for many substances. This work combines these 'toxicological constants' with predetermined risk levels (either a 10(-6) cancer risk or a chronic intake equal to the reference dose) and protective human exposure assumptions (e.g. 70-kg body mass, 30-year exposure, 2-1 . d(-1) drinking water ingestion, etc.) to produce risk-based concentrations for 596 contaminants in air, drinking water, edible fish and soil. Because USEPA designed its methods to estimate upper bound risks, these risk-based concentrations are likely to be protective of human health. Regulatory officials can use this information to calculate numerical ratios between measured environmental levels and risk-based concentrations. These ratios serve as a surrogate for potential health impacts and can be used to prioritize problems for attention. Ratio calculation and ranking can be automated for searches of computerized environmental databases. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), US EPA,REG 3,841 CHESTNUT ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107, USA. NR 4 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JAN 8 PY 1996 VL 106 IS 1-3 BP 243 EP 266 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03165-C PG 24 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TR224 UT WOS:A1996TR22400028 PM 8571397 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Delnomdedieu, M Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Delnomdedieu, M Thomas, DJ TI Mono- and dimethylation of arsenic in rat liver cytosol in vitro SO CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; methylation; rat liver; glutathione; S-adenosylmethionine ID THIOPURINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; METABOLISM; METHYLATION; GLUTATHIONE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; TRIMETHYLARSINE; METHIONINE; INHIBITION; EXCRETION AB Production of methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate from radiolabelled [As-73]arsenite and [As-73]arsenate was examined in an assay system that contained cytosol prepared from a 20% homogenate (w/v) of livers from 1-10-week-old male Fischer 344 rats. After a 60-min incubation at 37 degrees C with added S-adenosyhnethionine and glutathione, up to 50% of carrier-free [As-73]arsenite and about 15% of carrier-free [As-73]arsenate were methylated. Incubation of cytosol at 100 degrees C for 1 min before addition to the assay system completely abolished methylation of arsenite, Production of methylarsonate increased in proportion to the arsenite concentration in the assay system; however, 50 mu M arsenite inhibited production of dimethylarsinate. Methylarsonate production from carrier-free [As-73]arsenite was not dependent on addition of exogenous S-adenosylmethionine to the assay system. Addition of 0.1 mM S-adenosylmethionine maximized dimethylarsinate production. Addition of 0.1 or 1.0 mM S-adenosylhomocysteine decreased methylation of arsenite, especially dimethylarsinate production. Omission of glutathione from the assay system nearly abolished the methylation of arsenite. Addition of exogenous glutathione to the assay system (up to 20 mM) decreased protein binding of arsenic and increased the production of methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate. The effects of sodium selenite, mercuric chloride, EDTA, p-anisic acid and 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine on the methylation of arsenite were determined. Addition of 10 mu M selenite to the assay system nearly abolished the formation of either methylated species. Addition of 1 or 10 mu M mercuric chloride inhibited dimethylarsinate production in a concentration-dependent manner but had little effect on methylarsonate yield. Addition of 10 mM EDTA to the assay system inhibited formation of both methylated metabolites, suggesting that an endogenous divalent cation might be involved in enzymatic methylation of arsenic. Neither p-anisic acid, an inhibitor of cytosolic methyltransferases, nor 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine, an inhibitor of microsomal methyltransferases, inhibited the conversion of inorganic arsenic to mono- or dimethylated metabolites. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. RP Styblo, M (reprint author), US EPA,NHERL,EXPTL TOXICOL DIV,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 43 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-2797 J9 CHEM-BIOL INTERACT JI Chem.-Biol. Interact. PD JAN 5 PY 1996 VL 99 IS 1-3 BP 147 EP 164 DI 10.1016/0009-2797(95)03666-0 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TR908 UT WOS:A1996TR90800011 PM 8620564 ER PT J AU Brown, JL Kitchin, KT AF Brown, JL Kitchin, KT TI Arsenite, but not cadmium, induces ornithine decarboxylase and heme oxygenase activity in rat liver: Relevance to arsenic carcinogenesis SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE arsenic; sodium arsenite; cadmium chloride; ornithine decarboxylase; heme oxygenase; carcinogenesis ID DNA STRAND BREAKS; INDUCTION AB Sodium arsenite and cadmium chloride, were administered orally to adult female rats at 21 and 4 h prior to sacrifice. Liver, lung, skin and urinary bladder were the tissues studied. DNA damage, cytochrome P450, glutathione content (GSH), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), serum alanine aminotransferase and heme oxygenase activity were measured. Sodium arsenite increased rat hepatic ODC activity at 1.6 and 24.6 mg/kg and hepatic heme oxygenase activity at 8.2 and 24.6 mg/kg, but did not cause any DNA damage. Cadmium chloride did not affect any of the six parameters tested. These findings suggest that sodium arsenite may be a promoter rather than an initiator of carcinogenesis. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 14 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD JAN 2 PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 227 EP 231 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TM803 UT WOS:A1996TM80300015 PM 8556713 ER PT B AU Eder, BK LeDuc, SK AF Eder, BK LeDuc, SK GP AMER METEOROL SOC TI A rotated principal component analysis of total column ozone obtained from TOMS for 1984-1989 SO 13TH CONFERENCE ON PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences CY FEB 21-23, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc RP Eder, BK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 PY 1996 BP 123 EP 130 PG 8 WC Mathematics, Applied; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BH10R UT WOS:A1996BH10R00023 ER PT J AU DESoyza, AG Franc, AC Virginia, RA Reynolds, JE Whitford, WG AF DESoyza, AG Franc, AC Virginia, RA Reynolds, JE Whitford, WG TI Effects of plant size on photosynthesis and water relations in the desert shrub Prosopis glandulosa (Fabaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; Fabaceae; photosynthesis; plant size; Prosopis glandulosa; shrub; water relations ID MESQUITE AB The Jornada del Muerto basin of the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, USA, has undergone a marked transition of plant communities. Shrubs such as mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) have greatly increased or now dominate in areas that were previously dominated by perennial grasses. The replacement of grasses by shrubs requires an establishment phase where small shrubs must compete directly with similar-sized grass plants. This is followed by a phase in which large, established shrubs sequester nutrients and water within their biomass and alter soil resources directly under their canopy, creating ''islands'' of fertility. We hypothesized that these two phases were associated with shrubs having different physiological response capacities related to their age or size and the resource structure of the environment. As a corollary, we hypothesized that responses of small shrubs would be more tightly coupled to variation in soil moisture availability compared to large shrubs. To test these hypotheses, we studied gas exchange and water relations of small (establishing) and large (established) shrubs growing in the Jornada del Muerto as a function of varying soil moisture during the season. The small shrubs had greater net assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and xylem water potential than large shrubs following high summer rainfall in July, and highest seasonal soil moisture at 0.3 m. High rates of carbon assimilation and water use would be an advantage for small shrubs competing with grasses when shallow soil moisture was plentiful. Large shrubs had greater net assimilation and water-use efficiency, and lower xylem water potential than small shrubs following a dry period in September, when soil moisture at 0.3 m was lowest. Low xylem water potentials and high water-use efficiency would allow large shrubs to continue acquiring and conserving water as soil moisture is depleted. Although the study provides evidence of differences in physiological responses of different-sized shrubs, there was not support for the hypothesis that small shrubs are more closely coupled to variation in soil moisture availability than large shrubs. Small shrubs may actually be less coupled to soil moisture than large shrubs, and thus avoid conditions when continued transpiration could not be matched by equivalent water uptake. C1 DARTMOUTH COLL,ENVIRONM STUDIES PROGRAM,HANOVER,NH 03755. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. UNIV BRASILIA,DEPT BOT,BR-70919 BRASILIA,DF,BRAZIL. DUKE UNIV,DEPT BOT,DURHAM,NC 27708. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RI Franco, Augusto/B-1615-2008 OI Franco, Augusto/0000-0003-0869-5989 NR 16 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 16 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 83 IS 1 BP 99 EP 105 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TQ266 UT WOS:A1996TQ26600014 ER PT J AU Bascom, R Bromberg, PA Costa, DA Devlin, R Dockery, DW Frampton, MW Lambert, W Samet, JM Speizer, FE Utell, M AF Bascom, R Bromberg, PA Costa, DA Devlin, R Dockery, DW Frampton, MW Lambert, W Samet, JM Speizer, FE Utell, M TI Health effects of outdoor air pollution SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID SULFURIC-ACID AEROSOL; DIOXIDE-INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PPM NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; ACUTE OZONE EXPOSURE; TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE; RESPIRATORY HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE SYSTEM C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED & DENT,ROCHESTER,NY. UNIV NEW MEXICO,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,SCH PUBL HLTH,CHANNING LAB,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,BOSTON,MA. RP Bascom, R (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201, USA. NR 576 TC 670 Z9 695 U1 12 U2 70 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 153 IS 1 BP 3 EP 50 PG 48 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA TP461 UT WOS:A1996TP46100002 ER PT B AU Cox, LH AF Cox, LH GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Using mathematical networks for disclosure limitation SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON GOVERNMENT STATISTICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Section-on-Government-Statistics, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Sect Govt Stat DE statistical disclosure limitation; linear programming; tabular data RP Cox, LH (reprint author), US EPA,NERL MD75,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-44-6 PY 1996 BP 94 EP 99 PG 6 WC Public Administration; Statistics & Probability SC Public Administration; Mathematics GA BJ01E UT WOS:A1996BJ01E00017 ER PT B AU Kahn, HD Jacobs, HL AF Kahn, HD Jacobs, HL GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Fish consumption estimates from the USDA's 1989-1991 CSFII data with adjustments for combination foods SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON STATISTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Section on Statistics and the Environment, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Sect Stat & Environm DE continuing survey of food intake by individuals; fish consumption RP Kahn, HD (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-42-X PY 1996 BP 25 EP 30 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BJ01H UT WOS:A1996BJ01H00004 ER PT B AU Fox, J Kahn, H Regli, S Grubs, B Lustik, M Owens, M AF Fox, J Kahn, H Regli, S Grubs, B Lustik, M Owens, M GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Evaluation of a method for monitoring protozoa in raw water SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON STATISTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Section on Statistics and the Environment, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Sect Stat & Environm DE Cryptosporidium; Giardia; protozoa; recovery; variance components RP Fox, J (reprint author), US EPA,EAD,OST,OW,MAIL CODE 4303,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-42-X PY 1996 BP 37 EP 42 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BJ01H UT WOS:A1996BJ01H00006 ER PT B AU Nussbaum, BD Rachlin, DL AF Nussbaum, BD Rachlin, DL GP AMER STAT ASSOC TI Sampling reformulated gasoline twice: Does it deter or confuse? SO AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION - 1996 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTION ON STATISTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Section on Statistics and the Environment, at the Annual Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Stat Assoc, Sect Stat & Environm DE double sampling; sampling surveys RP Nussbaum, BD (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST SW MC-2163,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 BN 1-883276-42-X PY 1996 BP 68 EP 70 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BJ01H UT WOS:A1996BJ01H00012 ER PT J AU Johnson, LD AF Johnson, LD TI Determination of total organic emissions from hazardous waste combustors SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment guidance currently under development for evaluation of permitting information from hazardous waste combustors requires a quantity referred to as ''total organic carbon'', The risk guidance does not define this term precisely, nor does it explain how it should be determined, This paper discusses basic principles of sampling and analysis of stack emissions for ''total organics'', best currently available technology, and the status of two ongoing projects designed to provide guidance and to improve analysis procedures, Determination of total organics from stack emissions is much more complicated than might be expected, and more published guidance is badly needed, The best scheme available for analysis of stack emissions for total organics to be used in material balance style ''bookkeeping'' includes determination of organics content in three boiling point ranges: <100 degrees C, 100 degrees C-300 degrees C, and >300 degrees C, Total organic carbon is not a useful quantity, since it includes soot, polymeric material, and other nonextractable organic materials, Total organics has been found to be an imperfect but less misleading term, Various calculations can be made and conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the contents of the individual boiling point ranges, as determined by the recommended methodology, The analysis strategy is complicated and difficult, and it contains limitations and compromises, It does not, however, require exotic analysis instrumentation,, nor is it very expensive, Each of these facets of the methodology is discussed in this paper, and a status report is provided on development of a guidance document and a research project intended to produce improved methods. RP Johnson, LD (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,DIV AIR MEASUREMENTS RES,METHODS BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 1 BP 156 EP 161 DI 10.1021/ac9506490 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TN244 UT WOS:A1996TN24400027 PM 21619231 ER PT J AU Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM AF Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM TI Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental soil and sediment samples SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIJSA) for the quantitative determination of Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 in soil and sediments was developed and its performance compared with that of gas chromatography (GC), The detection limits for Aroclors 1242 and 1248 in soil are 10.5 and 9 ng/g, respectively, The assay linear dynamic range is 50-1333 ng/g, Cross-reactivity of the assay with 37 structurally related potential cocontaminants in environmental soil samples was examined; none of the chlorinated anisoles, benzenes, or phenols exhibited >3% cross-reactivity, with <0.1% cross-reactivity being the norm, Soil spike recoveries of 107% and 104% were obtained for Aroclors 1242 and 1248, respectively, for a spike level of 5 mg/kg, with corresponding relative standard deviations of 14% and 17%, One hundred forty-eight environmental soil, sediment, and paper pulp samples, obtained from two EPA listed Superfund sites, were analyzed by ELISA and standard GC methods. Samples were extracted for ELISA analysis by shaking with methanol, Additional extractions of the same samples were performed either with supercritical carbon dioxide or by Soxhlet extraction with methanol, ELISA results for both the supercritical fluid and the Soxhlet extracts were in close agreement with the GC results, while the ELISA results for the methanol shake extracts were not, The data for the environmental samples demonstrated the capability of the ELISA to provide accurate results and reinforced the dependence of any detection method, including ELISA, on appropriate extraction procedures. RP Johnson, JC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 22 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 1 BP 162 EP 169 DI 10.1021/ac950410j PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TN244 UT WOS:A1996TN24400028 PM 21619232 ER PT B AU Kovalev, VA McElroy, JL Eichinger, WE AF Kovalev, VA McElroy, JL Eichinger, WE BE Sedlacek, AJ TI Lidar-inversion technique for monitoring and mapping localized aerosol plumes and thin clouds SO APPLICATION OF LIDAR TO CURRENT ATMOSPHERIC TOPICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Application of Lidar to Current Atmospheric Topics CY AUG 08-09, 1996 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, N Amer Remote Sensing Ind Assoc, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing DE lidar; atmospheric extinction; aerosol plumes AB A new lidar-inversion technique is presented for the determination of the extinction-coefficient profile within a spatially restricted zone of atmospheric aerosol inhomogeneity such as a plume, thin cloud, etc. The return lidar signal is measured through the aerosol plume under investigation and also in a direction close to but outside the plume. By using the ratio of these signals, the constituent produced by the aerosol plume is separated from the aerosol background constituent. An iterative lidar-inversion technique is applied to the ratio of these signals rather than to the original signal. This technique is shown to be relatively insensitive to the assumed value of parameters used for the extinction-profile retrieval, and yields an acceptable measurement result even when the accuracy of the assumed parameters is poor. RP Kovalev, VA (reprint author), US EPA,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2221-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1996 VL 2833 BP 251 EP 258 DI 10.1117/12.258162 PG 4 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BG81Y UT WOS:A1996BG81Y00027 ER PT J AU Brenner, KP Rankin, CC Sivaganesan, M Scarpino, PV AF Brenner, KP Rankin, CC Sivaganesan, M Scarpino, PV TI Comparison of the recoveries of Escherichia coli and total coliforms from drinking water by the MI agar method and the US environmental protection agency-approved membrane filter method SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INJURED COLIFORMS; BACTERIA AB Drinking water regulations under the Final Coliform Rule require that total coliform-positive drinking water samples be examined for the presence of Escherichia coli or fecal coliforms. The current U.S, Environmental Protection Agency-approved membrane filter (MF) method for E, coli requires two media, an MF transfer, and a total incubation time of 28 h, A newly developed MF method, the MI agar method, containing indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside for the simultaneous detection of E. coli and total coliforms, respectively, by means of their specific enzyme reactions, was compared with the approved method by the use of wastewater-spiked tap water samples. Overall, weighted analysis of variance (significance level, 0.05) showed that the new medium recoveries of total coliforms and E. coli were significantly higher than those of mEndo agar and nutrient agar plus MUG (4-methylumbelliferyl-beta- D-glucuronide), respectively, and the background counts were significantly lower than those of mEndo agar (<5%). Generally, the tap mater source, overall chlorine level, wastewater source, granular activated carbon treatment of the tap water, and method of grouping data by E. coli count for statistical analysis did not affect the performance of the new medium. C1 TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Brenner, KP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 62 IS 1 BP 203 EP 208 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TN226 UT WOS:A1996TN22600034 PM 8572697 ER PT J AU Atmar, RL Neill, FH Woodley, CM Manger, R Fout, GS Burkhardt, W Leja, L McGovern, ER LeGuyader, F Metcalf, TG Estes, MK AF Atmar, RL Neill, FH Woodley, CM Manger, R Fout, GS Burkhardt, W Leja, L McGovern, ER LeGuyader, F Metcalf, TG Estes, MK TI Collaborative evaluation of a method for the detection of norwalk virus in shellfish tissues by PCR SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; ENTERIC VIRUSES; OYSTERS AB A multicenter, collaborative trial mas performed to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of a previously described method for the detection of Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR (R. L. Atmar, F. H. Neill, J. L. Romalde, F. Le Guyader, C. M. Woodley, T. G. Metcalf, and M. K. Estes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3014-3018, 1995). Virus was added to the stomachs and hepatopancreatic tissues of oysters or hard-shell clams in the control laboratory, the samples were shipped to the participating laboratories, and viral nucleic acids mere extracted and then detected by reverse transcription-PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 85 and 91%, respectively, when results mere determined by visual inspection of ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels; the test sensitivity and specificity improved to 87 and 100%, respectively, after confirmation by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled, virus-specific probe. We have demonstrated that this method can be implemented successfully by several laboratories to detect Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV MOLEC VIROL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,CHARLESTON,SC 29422. US FDA,BOTHELL,WA 98041. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. US FDA,N KINGSTOWN,RI 02852. RP Atmar, RL (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MED,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00350] NR 33 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 62 IS 1 BP 254 EP 258 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TN226 UT WOS:A1996TN22600042 PM 8572702 ER PT J AU Pfender, WF Fieland, VP Ganio, LM Seidler, RJ AF Pfender, WF Fieland, VP Ganio, LM Seidler, RJ TI Microbial community structure and activity in wheat straw after inoculation with biological control organisms SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant litter; straw; Triticum aestivum; microbial ecology; biological control; microbial respiration; microbial diversity ID PYRENOPHORA-TRITICI-REPENTIS; SUBSTRATE-INDUCED RESPIRATION; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; RESOURCE CAPTURE; COTTON SEEDLINGS; SOIL; DECOMPOSITION; RESIDUES; BIOMASS; FUNGAL AB Wheat straw on pans of soil in a greenhouse was inoculated with either the fungus Limonomyces roseipellis or the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf-5, biocontrol agents for Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, a straw-borne phytopathogen. The inoculated straw was exposed to alternate wetting and drying for 7 weeks to assess the effects of intentionally applied microorganisms on selected ecological parameters of the plant litter microflora. Pseudomonas fluorescens had little effect, but L. roseipellis had measurable effects on some aspects of microbial community structure and function. The frequency distribution of fungal taxa on straw was altered by L. roseipellis, with a large increase in yeasts and a decrease in several filamentous fungi. Compared with non-treated straw, respiration (CO2 evolution) under conditions of adequate moisture (- 0.1 MPa) was increased in straw colonized by L. roseipellis, but respiration at - 7 MPa was unaffected. The spectrum of sole carbon sources utilized by the straw microflora was altered slightly in Limonomyces-treated straw. These observations provide a basis for further studies concerning inoculant-induced ecological effects under field conditions. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Pfender, WF (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,THROCKMORTON HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 3 IS 1 BP 69 EP 78 DI 10.1016/0929-1393(95)00068-2 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TM226 UT WOS:A1996TM22600007 ER PT J AU Redmond, MS Crocker, PA McKenna, KM Petrocelli, EA Scott, KJ Demas, CR AF Redmond, MS Crocker, PA McKenna, KM Petrocelli, EA Scott, KJ Demas, CR TI Sediment toxicity testing with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita in Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATION; COMMUNITY AB Discharges from chemical and petrochemical manufacturing facilities have contaminated portions of Louisiana's Calcasieu River estuary with a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants. As part of a special study, sediment toxicity testing was conducted to assess potential impact to the benthic community. Ten-day flow-through sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita revealed significant toxicity at 68% (26 of 38) of the stations tested. A. abdita mortality was highest in the effluent-dominated bayous, which are tributaries to the Calcasieu River. Mortality was correlated with total heavy metal and total organic compound concentrations in the sediments. Ancillary experiments showed that sediment interstitial water salinity as low as 2.5 o/oo did not significantly affect A. abdita's response in the flow-through system; sediment storage for 7 weeks at 4 degrees C did not significantly affect toxicity. Sediment toxicity to A. abdita was more prevalent than receiving water toxicity using three short-term chronic bioassays. Results suggest that toxicity testing using this amphipod is a valuable tool when assessing sediments containing complex contaminant mixtures and for assessing effects of pollutant loading over time. In conjunction with chemical analyses, the testing indicated that the effluent-dominated, brackish bayous (Bayou d'Inde and Bayou Verdine) were the portions of the estuary most impacted by toxicity. C1 US EPA, ECOSYST PROTECT BRANCH, DALLAS, TX 75202 USA. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, SAIC, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, COMP SCI CORP, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, BATON ROUGE, LA 70816 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 53 EP 61 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TH793 UT WOS:A1996TH79300008 ER PT J AU Geno, PW Camann, DE Harding, HJ Villalobos, K Lewis, RG AF Geno, PW Camann, DE Harding, HJ Villalobos, K Lewis, RG TI Handwipe sampling and analysis procedure for the measurement of dermal contact with pesticides SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE AB A handwipe sampling and analysis procedure was developed for the measurement of dermal contact to pesticides. This procedure utilizes cellulose dressing sponges wetted with 2-propanol. A two-step wiping procedure is described that ensures that the entire hand is sampled. Removal efficiency experiments show that dry residues of the pesticides chlorpyrifos and pyrethrin I are quantitatively removed from hands immediately following contact. Results suggest that the procedure may remove pesticide residues that are deeply embedded in the skin and not removed by soap-and-water washing. Extraction efficiency studies for 29 other pesticides show that the proposed extraction method may be applicable for a wide range of pesticides including phenoxy-acid herbicides. Field testing of the procedure indicates that it is easily implemented by sampling personnel and readily accepted by children. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Geno, PW (reprint author), SW RES INST,PO DRAWER 28510,SAN ANTONIO,TX 77828, USA. NR 18 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 132 EP 138 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TH793 UT WOS:A1996TH79300018 PM 8579382 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR McKinney, JD Tilson, HA AF Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR McKinney, JD Tilson, HA TI Inhibition of microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+ sequestration in rat cerebellum by polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners - Structure activity relationships SO ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; calcium sequestration; cerebellum; Ca-45(2+)-uptake; in vitro; structure-activity relationships ID CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; LIVER MITOCHONDRIA; GRANULE CELLS; NEUROTOXICITY; BRAIN; HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL; TRANSPORT; EXPOSURE; CYANIDE; ISOMERS AB Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) congeners in vitro perturbed signal transduction mechanisms including cellular Ca2+-homeostasis and protein kinase C translocation. We have now investigated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of three PCB mixtures, 24 PCB congeners and one dibenzofuran for their effects on microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+-sequestration in rat cerebellum. Ca2+-sequestration by these intracellular organelles was determined using radioactive (CaCl2)-Ca-45. All three mixtures studied, Aroclor 1016, Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, were equally potent in inhibiting microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+-sequestration with IC50 values of 6-8 mu M 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran had no effect on Ca2+-sequestration by these organelles. The SAR among the congeners revealed: (1) congeners with ortho-/meta- or ortho-, para-chlorine substitutions were the most potent in inhibiting microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+ -sequestration (IC50 = 2.4-22.3 mu M); (2) congeners with only para- but without ortho-substitutions were not effective in inhibiting Ca2+-sequestration by microsomes and mitochondria; (3) increased chlorination was not related to the effectiveness of these congeners. The present SAR studies indicate that the effects of most PCB congeners in vitro may be related to an interaction at specific sites having preference for low lateral substitution or lateral content (Meta- or para) in the presence of ortho-substitution. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV EXPTL TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,CELLULAR & MOLEC TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 42 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-5761 J9 ARCH TOXICOL JI Arch. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3-4 BP 150 EP 157 DI 10.1007/s002040050254 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TR762 UT WOS:A1996TR76200003 PM 8825671 ER PT J AU Bare, JC AF Bare, JC TI Identifying and evaluating alternatives to CFC-114 for navy shipboard chillers SO ASHRAE JOURNAL-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS LA English DT Article RP Bare, JC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUSTAINABLE TECHNOL DIV,SYST ANAL BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEAT REFRIG AIR- CONDITIONING ENG INC PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J.-Am. Soc. Heat Refrig. Air-Cond. Eng. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 38 IS 1 BP 44 EP 46 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA TR138 UT WOS:A1996TR13800009 ER PT S AU Bryson, A Fox, J Jessup, P Meyninger, R Parson, EA Ruggieri, RR AF Bryson, A Fox, J Jessup, P Meyninger, R Parson, EA Ruggieri, RR BE Hill, D TI The baked apple? Metropolitan New York in the greenhouse - Comments by the Review Panel SO BAKED APPLE?: METROPOLITAN NEW YORK IN THE GREENHOUSE SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material CT Conference on the Baked Apple - Metropolitan New York in the Greenhouse CY NOV 03-04, 1994 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, Engn Sect, Port Authority New York & New Jersey C1 US EPA,NEW YORK,NY 10278. INT COUNCIL LOCAL ENVIRONM INITIAT,TORONTO,ON M5H 2N2,CANADA. FED EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ASSOC,NEW YORK,NY 10278. HARVARD UNIV,JOHN F KENNEDY SCH GOVT,DEPT PUBL POLICY,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. NEW YORK METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTAT COUNCIL,NEW YORK,NY 10048. RP Bryson, A (reprint author), NEW YORK CITY DEPT ENVIRONM PROTECT,59-17 JUNCT BLVD,NEW YORK,NY 11368, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 SN 0077-8923 BN 0-89766-969-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 790 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32482.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BF88C UT WOS:A1996BF88C00029 ER PT J AU Glaser, JA Potter, CL AF Glaser, JA Potter, CL TI Technology evaluation - Soil bioremediation research at EPA SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article RP Glaser, JA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD JAN PY 1996 VL 37 IS 1 BP 50 EP 53 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA TQ224 UT WOS:A1996TQ22400051 ER PT J AU Trillo, MA Ubeda, A Blanchard, JP House, DE Blackman, CF AF Trillo, MA Ubeda, A Blanchard, JP House, DE Blackman, CF TI Magnetic fields at resonant conditions for the hydrogen ion affect neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells: A test of the ion parametric resonance model SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE AC/DC magnetic fields; IPR; proton ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; INTRACELLULAR PH; QUANTITATIVE BIOASSAY; CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE; PC12 CELLS; CALCIUM; MECHANISM; TISSUE; LINE AB PC-12 cells primed with nerve growth factor (NGF) were exposed to sinusoidal extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) selected to test the predictions of the ion parametric resonance (IPR) model under resonance conditions fora single ion (hydrogen). We examined the field effects on the neurite outgrowth (NO) induced by NGF using three different combinations of flux densities of the parallel components of the AC MF (B-ac) and the static MF (B-dc). The first test examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz at a B-dc of 2.96 mu T with resonant conditions for H+ according to the model. The B-ac values ranged from 0.29 to 4.11 mu T root-mean-square (rms). In the second test, the MF effects at off-resonance conditions (i.e., no biologically significant ion at resonance) were examined using the frequency of 45 Hz with a B-dc of 1.97 mu T and covering a B-ac range between 0.79 and 2.05 mu T rms. In the third test, the AC frequency was changed to 30 Hz with the subsequent change in B-dc to 1.97 mu T to tune for H+ as in the first test. The B-ac values ranged from 0.79 to 2.05 mu T rms. After a 23 h incubation and exposure to the MF in the presence of NGF (5 ng/ml), the NO was analyzed using a stereoscopic microscope. The results showed that the NGF stimulation of neurite ourgrowth (NSNO) was affected by MF combinations over most of the B-ac exposure range generally consistent with the predictions of the IPR model. However, for a distinct range of B-ac where the IPR model predicted maximal ionic influence, the observed pattern of NSNO contrasted sharply with those predictions. The symmetry of this response suggests that values of B-ac within this distinct range may trigger alternate or additional cellular mechanisms that lead to an apparent lack of response to the MF stimulus. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, lnc. C1 BECHTEL CORP,DEPT RES & DEV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Trillo, MA (reprint author), HOSP RAMON Y CAJAL,DEPT INVEST,E-28034 MADRID,SPAIN. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1 BP 10 EP 20 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1996)17:1<10::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 11 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA TY809 UT WOS:A1996TY80900003 PM 8742751 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF House, DE Blanchard, JP AF Blackman, CF House, DE Blanchard, JP TI Nonbinomial distribution of relative neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE statistical variation; AC/DC magnetic fields; binomial distribution; IPR; mathematical models; PC-12 cells ID PARAMETRIC RESONANCE MODEL; NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; QUANTITATIVE BIOASSAY AB Previously we reported the results of a series of experimental tests using PC-12 cells to examine the biological effects of prescribed combinations of both nerve growth factor and magnetic fields. Because our assay of the PC-12 cells is based on a binary classification of the cells following treatment, our data might be expected to have a binomial distribution. However, our data consistently show a smaller variability than that predicted by the binomial distribution model. In this paper, we examine some possible reasons for this reduction in variability in our results. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 BECHTEL CORP,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. RP Blackman, CF (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1996 VL 17 IS 6 BP 512 EP 515 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1996)17:6<512::AID-BEM13>3.0.CO;2-M PG 4 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA WA172 UT WOS:A1996WA17200014 PM 9082923 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Metcalf, JL AF Cummings, AM Metcalf, JL TI Effect of ketoconazole on early pregnancy and the decidual cell response. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,RTD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1996 VL 54 SU 1 BP 499 EP 499 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA VF099 UT WOS:A1996VF09900498 ER PT S AU Dary, CC Quackenboss, JJ Nauman, CH Hern, SC AF Dary, CC Quackenboss, JJ Nauman, CH Hern, SC BE Blancato, JN Brown, RN Dary, CC Saleh, MA TI Relationship of biomarkers of exposure to risk assessment and risk management SO BIOMARKERS FOR AGROCHEMICALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society on Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID CONFIDENCE PROFILE METHOD; BAYESIAN METHOD AB An ''environmental health paradigm'' has been proposed for setting priorities in risk assessment for pesticides. This paradigm serves as a useful template for depicting the chain of events that relate sources of exposure with adverse environmental and human health outcomes. The paradigm is based on multiroute and multipathway exposure from contact with contaminants in multimedia as modulated by the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. As part of this risk assessment paradigm, biomarkers integrate routes, media, and pathways of exposure so that scientifically defensible risk characterizations can be realized. Biomarkers of exposure are indicators of current or historical contact with an environmental agent. Moreover, biomarkers serve to evaluate the completeness of exposure assessment information by associating environmental or source information, exposure measurements, and epidemiological and human activity data with internal dose, Biomarkers may take the form of the unchanged agent itself or its metabolites, an adduct or biochemical indicator depending on the source and route of exposure, and the metabolism, storage, and excretion and physicochemical properties of the agent. This paper will review the use of biomarkers of exposure and explore the relationship biomarkers assume within the risk assessment or ''environmental health'' paradigm. RP Dary, CC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,944 E HARMON,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. RI Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 64 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3449-3 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 643 BP 2 EP 23 PG 22 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BG42D UT WOS:A1996BG42D00001 ER PT S AU Padilla, S Lassiter, L Crofton, K Moser, VC AF Padilla, S Lassiter, L Crofton, K Moser, VC BE Blancato, JN Brown, RN Dary, CC Saleh, MA TI Blood cholinesterase activity: Inhibition as an indicator of adverse effect SO BIOMARKERS FOR AGROCHEMICALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society on Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID BEHAVIORAL TOXICITY; ADULT-RATS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; INSECTICIDES; EXPOSURE; PARAOXON; CARBARYL; ANIMALS; TISSUE; BRAIN AB Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are designed to inhibit cholinesterase (ChE), the serine protease which hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Inhibition of ChE activity may lead to central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction in both humans and laboratory animals. Although blood ChE does not participate in neurotransmission, depression of blood ChE activity has been traditionally used as a convenient biomarker for exposure to ChE-inhibiting insecticides. Our laboratory has been engaged in numerous studies to explore the possibility that blood ChE inhibition might also be utilized as a biomarker of adverse effect (in addition to a biomarker of exposure). Our results to date indicate that the degree of depression of blood ChE activity usually correlates well with the amount of ChE inhibition in the target tissues or the degree of clinical impairment; the exact numerical relationship, however, is dependent upon time after dosing, choice of tissue or clinical endpoint, and the insecticide tested. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, TOXICOL PROGRAM, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA. RP Padilla, S (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3449-3 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1996 VL 643 BP 70 EP 78 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BG42D UT WOS:A1996BG42D00005 ER PT S AU Knaak, JB AlBayati, MA Raabe, OG Blancato, JN AF Knaak, JB AlBayati, MA Raabe, OG Blancato, JN BE Blancato, JN Brown, RN Dary, CC Saleh, MA TI Use of a multiple pathway and multiroute physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for predicting organophosphorus pesticide toxicity SO BIOMARKERS FOR AGROCHEMICALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society on Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID PHARMACODYNAMIC MODEL; RAT-LIVER; ISOFENPHOS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; INHIBITION; METABOLITES; ANALOGS; VALUES AB The importance of routes of exposure and metabolic pathways on the outcome of organophosphorus pesticide toxicity studies is often overlooked. A PBPK/PBPD model was developed for isofenphos (1-methylethyl 2-[[ethoxy(1-methylethyl) amino]phosphinothioyl]oxy]benzoate) using absorption data from whole animal studies, in vitro and in vivo metabolism and enzyme inhibition data. The model shows that at low dose rates the rat, guinea pig, and dog are capable of metabolizing and eliminating isofenphos without producing large decreases in acetylcholinesterase activity by DNIO (des N-isopropyl isofenphos oxon). At high dose rates metabolism by liver microsomal P-450 enzymes result in the continued production of DNIO, and 100% inhibition of the enzyme. Studies with the dog and guinea pig show that these animals are capable of directly hydrolyzing the isopropyl benzoic acid ester of isofenphos thereby reducing the amount of isofenphos available for conversion to 10 and DNIO, while OP-hydrolases in the rat, guinea pig and dog remove IO and DNIO from tissues. The dog is also capable of hydrolyzing the benzoic acid esters of des N-isopropyl isofenphos (DNI) and isofenphos oxon (IO), thereby reducing the amount of DNIO formed. The acids of isofenphos, DNI and 10 are eliminated in urine. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,INST TOXICOL & ENVIRONM HLTH,DAVIS,CA 95616. OCCIDENTAL CHEM CORP,NIAGARA FALLS,NY 14302. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Knaak, JB (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT MOL BIOSCI,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3449-3 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 643 BP 206 EP 228 PG 23 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BG42D UT WOS:A1996BG42D00016 ER PT S AU Brown, RN AF Brown, RN BE Blancato, JN Brown, RN Dary, CC Saleh, MA TI Symbolic solutions of small linear physiologically based pharmacokinetic models useful in risk assessment and experimental design SO BIOMARKERS FOR AGROCHEMICALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society on Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem AB Symbolic solutions of the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describing linear physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models yield qualitative and quantitative information about target organ dose beyond that provided by general purpose ODE algorithms. Symbolic tools simplify model formulation, manipulation and solution; yield accurate, efficient and robust solutions; and provide improved diagnostic tools for regulatory risk assessment and management. An intuitive terminology, physiologically consistent system matrix factorization and mathematically efficient matrix normalization for a previously studied Li-compartment prototype (P4) is introduced to clarify physiological structure, simplify symbolic solution and facilitate extensions to an 8-compartment (P8) model. Using area under the concentration curve (AUC) for target organ dose, the classical scalar formula (AUC = CL(-1)A(0)) is generalized to P4 and P8. Determinant expansions simplify system inversion, and AUC and steady-state concentration formulas for bolus and infusion inputs. Biomonitoring formulas for reconstruction of external exposure from internal dose are given. Comparative toxicology formulas are derived for route-to-route exposure extrapolation of dose, for efficient body burden biomonitoring and parameter estimation, and for identification of dominant subpathways. RP Brown, RN (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,944 E HARMON,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3449-3 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 643 BP 242 EP 255 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BG42D UT WOS:A1996BG42D00018 ER PT S AU Hagstrom, BL Brown, RN Blancato, JN AF Hagstrom, BL Brown, RN Blancato, JN BE Blancato, JN Brown, RN Dary, CC Saleh, MA TI Comparison of symbolic, numerical area under the concentration curves of small linear physiologically based pharmacokinetic models SO BIOMARKERS FOR AGROCHEMICALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society on Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem AB Using the area under the concentration curve (AUC) dose metric common in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for human risk assessment, this paper compares recently developed exact symbolic solutions for linear PBPK models with conventional approximate numerical solutions. Comparisons are given for both 4 and 8-compartment PBPK models (P4 and P8). Relative error comparisons are presented for all exposure route, target organ, combinations for P4 and P8. AUC formulas are decomposed into the sum of independent toxic pathways, each pathway the product of 3 physiologically meaningful symbolic factors. The effect of extreme parameter perturbations upon relative error is explored and user options for recovering accuracy are discussed. The complementary role of symbolic and numerical solutions is emphasized. RP Hagstrom, BL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,944 E HARMON,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3449-3 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 643 BP 256 EP 269 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BG42D UT WOS:A1996BG42D00019 ER PT J AU Sadik, OA VanEmon, JM AF Sadik, OA VanEmon, JM TI Applications of electrochemical immunosensors to environmental monitoring SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th World Congress on Biosensors CY 1996 CL BANGKOK, THAILAND ID GLUCOSE-OXIDASE; POLYMERS; IMMUNOASSAYS; POLYPYRROLE; SENSORS; WATER AB This paper discusses basic electrochemical immunoassay technology. Factors limiting the practical application of antibodies to analytical problems are also presented. It addresses the potential use of immunoassay methods based on electrochemical detection for the analysis of environmental samples. It provides examples for the detection and quantitation of environmental samples using conducting electroactive polymers (CEPs). CEP-based immunosensing systems are compared with conventional environmental immunoassay procedures. The advantages of using these types of sensors for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective analysis of pesticides and toxic chemicals are analysed and discussed. CEP-based immunosensing technology might eventually be used for continuous monitoring of effluents such as waste streams to determine compliance with regulations. CEP-based sensors are suitable for monitoring ground-water, waste stream effluents, agricultural run-offs and for monitoring the effectiveness of remediation, or for other situations where a real-time monitoring capability is desired. RP Sadik, OA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CRD,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PY 1996 VL 11 IS 8 BP AR1 EP AR11 PG 11 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UN103 UT WOS:A1996UN10300018 ER PT J AU Ward, TR Mundy, WR AF Ward, TR Mundy, WR TI Organophosphorus compounds preferentially affect second messenger systems coupled to M2/M4 receptors in rat frontal cortex SO BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE brain; muscarinic receptor subtypes; cAMP; chlorpyrifos; parathion; malathion ID MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS; HIGH-AFFINITY; ADENYLATE-CYCLASE; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; AGONIST BINDING; CYCLIC-AMP; BRAIN; RELEASE; PARAOXON; ANTICHOLINESTERASES AB Recent reports indicate that organophosphate insecticides, In addition to inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, can bind directly at a subset of muscarinic receptors, which also bind cis-methyldioxolane with high affinity. Muscarinic receptors are known to act through at least two second messenger systems, either the stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover (mediated through the M1 and M3 receptor subtypes) or the inhibition of cAMP formation (mediated through the M2 and M4 receptor subtypes). We have investigated the action of the active forms of parathion, malathion, and chlorpyrifos (paraoxon, malaoxon, and chlorpyrifos oxon, respectively) on these second messenger systems in cortical slices from adult male Long-Evans rats. Paraoxon, malaoxon, and chlorpyrifos oxon (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect on cAMP formation was blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine (10 mu M). These results suggest that paraoxon, malaoxon, and chlorpyrifos oxon can act as agonists at the M2 and/or M4 subset of muscarinic receptors. In addition, chlorpyrifos may have another site of action. In contrast, none of the organophosphates had any effect on basal or carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The differential activity on these two second messenger systems make it unlikely that the observed effects on cAMP formation are due to increases in endogenous acetylcholine resulting from inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. RP Ward, TR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 39 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0361-9230 J9 BRAIN RES BULL JI Brain Res. Bull. PY 1996 VL 39 IS 1 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1016/0361-9230(95)02044-6 PG 7 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA TK635 UT WOS:A1996TK63500008 PM 8846108 ER PT J AU Lewis, CA Lester, NP Bradshaw, AD Fitzgibbon, JE Fuller, K Hakanson, L Richards, C AF Lewis, CA Lester, NP Bradshaw, AD Fitzgibbon, JE Fuller, K Hakanson, L Richards, C TI Considerations of scale in habitat conservation and restoration SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Science and Management for Habitat Conservation and Restoration Strategies (HabCARES) in the Great Lakes CY NOV, 1994 CL KEMPENFELT, CANADA ID LAKES; DISTURBANCE; DEPOSITION; PATTERN; ECOLOGY AB Space and time function together to shape communities and ecosystems. As a result, the definition of scale of observation is critical to the design of successful habitat conservation and restoration strategies. Traditionally, aquatic habitat studies were focused on small spatial and temporal scales such as a stream site or reach. Present challenges for managers of large systems such as the Great Lakes include dealing with a variety of stresses acting together at different spatial and temporal scales and understanding how fragmented patches of habitat interact to create ecological change at a larger scale. The design of effective habitat management strategies will require increased attention to the scale-related problems presented by large systems. These problems include the appropriate scale of observation relative to habitat management objectives, the linkages among habitat structures and processes, the need for comprehensive baseline studies, and monitoring at multiple scales. New methods for dealing with these problems, particularly on lake systems, are required. Long-term financial commitment within agencies, and collaboration among agencies that share management responsibilities for habitat will assist in addressing these scale-related issues. C1 ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,MAPLE,ON L6A 1S9,CANADA. UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT ENVIRONM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND. UNIV GUELPH,DEPT RURAL PLANNING & DEV,GUELPH,ON N1G 2M7,CANADA. US EPA,GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF,CHICAGO,IL 60604. UPPSALA UNIV,INST EARTH SCI,S-75236 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. UNIV MINNESOTA,NAT RESOURCES RES INST,DULUTH,MN 55811. RP Lewis, CA (reprint author), ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,FISH & WILDLIFE BRANCH,300 WATER ST,PETERBOROUGH,ON K9J 8M5,CANADA. NR 19 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 21 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1996 VL 53 SU 1 BP 440 EP 445 DI 10.1139/cjfas-53-S1-440 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VK062 UT WOS:A1996VK06200039 ER PT J AU Garry, VF Tarone, RE Long, L Griffith, J Kelly, JT Burroughs, B AF Garry, VF Tarone, RE Long, L Griffith, J Kelly, JT Burroughs, B TI Pesticide appliers with mixed pesticide exposure: G-banded analysis and possible relationship to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID 7-14 TRANSLOCATIONS; CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS; NONRANDOM OCCURRENCE; FRAGILE SITES; LYMPHOCYTES; INVERSION; CULTURES; ANGELMAN; CELL AB To further investigate the possible relationships between agricultural pesticide exposure and the increased risk of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma among farm workers in the north central United States, we performed G-banded chromosome analyses of peripheral blood from workers classified according to primary types of pesticide exposure: herbicides (n = 20), insecticides (n = 18), fumigants (n = 23), and occupationally unexposed controls (n = 33). Significantly increased rearrangement frequencies were demonstrated in fumigant and insecticide appliers compared to control subjects. At certain chromosome bands there were significant excesses of breaks observed in pesticide appliers, but no breaks were observed in controls. Some of these bands contained genes with potential implications for cancer risk, including oncogenes and genes involved in tumor suppression and apoptosis. Of particular interest with regard to lymphoma risk were the excess rearrangements and breaks involving band 14q32 in fumigant appliers and the excess breaks involving band 18q21 in herbicide appliers; translocations linking 14q32 and 18q21 are the most common rearrangements observed in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. The potential pathobiological relevance of these cytogenetic events warrants additional investigation at the molecular level. C1 NCI,BETHESDA,MD 20892. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FAMILY PRACTICE & COMMUNITY HLTH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP Garry, VF (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,LAB ENVIRONM MED & PATHOL,STONE LAB 1,421 29TH AVE SE,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414, USA. NR 39 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 11 EP 16 PG 6 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TP311 UT WOS:A1996TP31100003 PM 8770460 ER PT S AU Miller, DB O'Callaghan, JP AF Miller, DB O'Callaghan, JP BE Ali, SF Takahashi, Y TI Neurotoxicity of d-amphetamine in the C57BL/6J and CD-1 mouse - Interactions with stress and the adrenal system SO CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: COCAINE, IBOGAINE, AND SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse - Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines CY JUN 29-30, 1995 CL NIIGATA, JAPAN SP Int Soc Neurochem, Niigata Univ, Niigata City, Niigate Prefecture Med Assoc, Niigate Prefecture, Denkaseiken Ltd, Jujisawa Pharm Co, Perkin Elmer Japan, ABI Div, Ikeda Med Electr Co, Kyowa Hakko Co, Sumitomo Pharm Co, Pfizer Pharm Co, Brain Res Inst, Dept Neuropharm, Colleagues, Niigate Univ Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Colleagues, Servier Amer, Matsuhama Hosp, Seki Hosp, Itsukamachi Hosp, Shima Hosp, Natl Saigata Hosp, Niigata & Niitsu Shinai Hosp, Suehirobashi Hosp, Tamiya Hosp, Mishima Hosp, Sagatasoh Hosp, Murakami Hosp, Haryugaoka Hosp, Ohshima Hosp, Nagaoka Hoyoin Hosp, Usuki Hosp, Lizuka Hosp, Kurokawa Hosp, Inazuki Hosp, Sanko Hosp, Minamihama Hosp, Aska Hoyoen Hosp, Hoshi Hosp, Ichiyokai Hosp, Arita Hosp, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res ID BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION; SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES; LOCOMOTOR RESPONSE; CORTICOSTERONE; TEMPERATURE; MICE; 3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; SECRETION C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Miller, DB (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Miller, Diane/O-2927-2013; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-036-0 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 801 BP 148 EP 167 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17438.x PG 20 WC Substance Abuse; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Substance Abuse; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BK04B UT WOS:000070968400012 PM 8959030 ER PT S AU O'Callaghan, JP Rogers, TS Rodman, LE Page, JG AF O'Callaghan, JP Rogers, TS Rodman, LE Page, JG BE Ali, SF Takahashi, Y TI Acute and chronic administration of ibogaine to the rat results in astrogliosis that is not confined to the cerebellar vermis SO CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: COCAINE, IBOGAINE, AND SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse - Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines CY JUN 29-30, 1995 CL NIIGATA, JAPAN SP Int Soc Neurochem, Niigata Univ, Niigata City, Niigate Prefecture Med Assoc, Niigate Prefecture, Denkaseiken Ltd, Jujisawa Pharm Co, Perkin Elmer Japan, ABI Div, Ikeda Med Electr Co, Kyowa Hakko Co, Sumitomo Pharm Co, Pfizer Pharm Co, Brain Res Inst, Dept Neuropharm, Colleagues, Niigate Univ Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Colleagues, Servier Amer, Matsuhama Hosp, Seki Hosp, Itsukamachi Hosp, Shima Hosp, Natl Saigata Hosp, Niigata & Niitsu Shinai Hosp, Suehirobashi Hosp, Tamiya Hosp, Mishima Hosp, Sagatasoh Hosp, Murakami Hosp, Haryugaoka Hosp, Ohshima Hosp, Nagaoka Hoyoin Hosp, Usuki Hosp, Lizuka Hosp, Kurokawa Hosp, Inazuki Hosp, Sanko Hosp, Minamihama Hosp, Aska Hoyoen Hosp, Hoshi Hosp, Ichiyokai Hosp, Arita Hosp, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res ID QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS; PARASAGITTAL ZONES; REACTIVE GLIOSIS; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUROFILAMENT; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; MOUSE; BRAIN; DRUG C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. So Res Inst, Dept Toxicol, Birmingham, AL 35255 USA. RP O'Callaghan, JP (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 FU NIDA NIH HHS [1Y01DA-30063, NIDA 1-9302] NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-036-0 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 801 BP 205 EP 216 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17443.x PG 12 WC Substance Abuse; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Substance Abuse; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BK04B UT WOS:000070968400017 PM 8959035 ER PT J AU Mallick, SK AF Mallick, SK TI Design of solids separation processes consisting of identical stages SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE process design; process simulation; process analysis; solids separation process; separation with recycle; mineral processing ID CIRCUIT ANALYSIS; OPTIMIZATION AB The separation of the constituent minerals of an ore is never achieved in one stage. It is carried out in multiple stages incorporating recycling of streams to increase the recovery of the required mineral. This paper outlines a methodology for designing a separation process system consisting of nonsharp separation stages and involving recycles and mixtures instead of pure component as products. For given technical and economic criteria the regions of optimal configurations on the grade versus flowrate diagram have been recognised. This diagram is used for the selection of the optimal circuit configuration for given feed flow, feed composition and separation characteristics. The minimum economically processable grade of the feed has been identified. This allows a decision to be made about an ore deposit as to whether it carries potential value for further processing or not. The maximum economically achievable grade has also been identified. This places a limit on the upgrading of the product for maximum profit. The paper reports a number of case studies from the View point of application perspective, using the grade-flowrate diagram, and compares this work with the work of Chan and Prince. This comparison provides essentially the same results as the work of Chan and Prince. Sensitivity analysis in regard to the use of parameter values is another key aspect of this paper. The effects of various technical and economical parameters on the grade-flowrate diagram have been studied in this particular paper. Results obtained from different case studies show that the present study offers an effective means for design engineers to make an initial selection of a process configuration for stagewise separation processes prior to the detailed flowsheet design. C1 Monash Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Mallick, SK (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Sustainable Technol Div, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0098-6445 J9 CHEM ENG COMMUN JI Chem. Eng. Commun. PY 1996 VL 147 BP 157 EP 181 DI 10.1080/00986449608936502 PG 25 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA YY473 UT WOS:000072150100012 ER PT J AU Hassan, SM Garrison, AW AF Hassan, SM Garrison, AW TI Distribution of chromium species between soil and porewater SO CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY LA English DT Article DE chromium(III); chromium(VI); adsorption; soil; porewater ID CR(VI); REDUCTION; OXIDATION; CHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTS; WETLAND; WASTE; ACID AB Batch experiments were carried out using three soils representing different geologic parts of the continental USA to identify processes influencing partitioning and interconversion of chromium species in soil porewaters. The partition coefficient (Kd) of each of the two main species, Cr(lll) and Cr(VI), was calculated for each soil using adsorption isotherms measured after an equilibration time of 6 hours for the former species and 48 hours for the latter at the natural conditions of the soils. Cr(VI) in porewater was measured directly by ion chromatography, while total chromium was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). Total chromium in the soil solids was measured by ICP-AES after microwave assisted digestion. The magnitude of the Kd values are much lower for Cr(VI), ranging from less than 1 to about 50 L kg(-1). For Cr(III), the Kd values range from about 850 to 5,600 L kg(-1). The effects of the initial porewater concentration of the chromium species, the equilibration time, and the pH, Eh and ion concentration of the porewater on the Kd values were investigated; the results are discussed relative to the differences in physical and chemical properties of the soils. Cr(lll). concentration in porewater increase!; as pH decreases, but Cr(VI) increases as pH increases. The sorption of Cr(lll) decreases with increased porewater concentration of cations, but increased concentration of common anions has slight effect on the sorption of Cr(VI) anions. The Kd values of both Cr(lll) and Cr(VI) depend on equilibration time because of the kinetics of interconversion of species upon reaction with the soil and the resultant change in total chromium in the porewater with time. Cr(lll) added to porewater reacts rapidly with the soil through adsorption and/or precipitation; some is then oxidized by Mn(IV)-containing minerals within a few hours, liberating both Cr(VI) and Mn(ll) into the porewater. The yield of Cr(VI) can reach significant levels relative to the 100 mu g L(-1) drinking water standard, and the Cr(VI) disappears from porewater at a very slow rate compared to the disappearance of Cr(lll). C1 US EPA,DYNCORP,ATHENS,GA. RP Hassan, SM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. OI Hassan, Sayed/0000-0003-4713-0892 NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI NORTHWOOD PA PO BOX 81, NORTHWOOD, MIDDX, ENGLAND HA6 3DN SN 0954-2299 J9 CHEM SPEC BIOAVAILAB JI Chem. Speciation Bioavail. PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3-4 BP 85 EP 103 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WH922 UT WOS:A1996WH92200004 ER PT J AU Lee, CW Ryan, JV Hall, RE Kryder, GD Springsteen, BR AF Lee, CW Ryan, JV Hall, RE Kryder, GD Springsteen, BR TI Effects of copper contamination on dioxin emissions from CFC incineration SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts CY JUN 05-07, 1995 CL UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA SP NIEHS, Sandia Natl Lab, Livermore, EPA, CRWI, Lockheed Martin, MIT, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hoth HO UNIV CALIF BERKELEY DE chlorofluorocarbon incineration; dioxin emissions; wall contamination effect ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; FLY-ASH AB A test program was developed and implemented for investigating the effects of copper contamination on dioxin emissions from incinerating chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Experiments were performed using a turbulent flame reactor (TFR) with a capacity of 21 kW to investigate the effect of copper contamination in the combustor refractory on dioxin emissions. Distillate fuel oil doped with copper naphthenate was fired, followed by a copper nitrate solution which was injected into the TFR fired by natural gas, with 1 g/hr copper injection rate for a total of 20 hours prior to the incineration of the unused, pure CFC-12 (8.7 vol% CFC-12, 92.3 vol% propane fuel). High dioxin emissions (454 ng/dscm total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) were observed. Subsequent firing of the TFR with the propane fuel for 54 hours reduced the dioxin emissions to about 386 ng/dscm during the following CFC-12 incineration test. The test results suggest that high dioxin emissions could be caused by a strong promotional effect when highly chlorinated wastes, such as CFCs, are incinerated in a facility on which the refractory is contaminated with trace levels of copper from the previous treatment of a cooper-containing waste. Incineration tests were also performed on a recovered CFC-11,refrigerant which contains 5 vol% residual oil (with 4 ppm copper contaminant in the oil). The test results show that the level of copper contaminant contained in the recovered CFC-11 is insufficient to cause dioxin emissions. The high levels (>99.999%) of destruction efficiency and the low levels of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) emissions from the incineration of the recovered CFC-11 are found to be very similar to those from the incineration of unused, pure CFCs. C1 ENERGY & ENVIRONM RES CORP,IRVINE,CA 92718. RP Lee, CW (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT & CONTROL DIV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 116 IS 1-6 BP 455 EP 478 DI 10.1080/00102209608935558 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WY158 UT WOS:A1996WY15800019 ER PT J AU Linak, WP Ryan, JV Wendt, JOL AF Linak, WP Ryan, JV Wendt, JOL TI Formation and destruction of hexavalent chromium in a laboratory swirl flame incinerator SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts CY JUN 05-07, 1995 CL UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA SP NIEHS, Sandia Natl Lab, Livermore, EPA, CRWI, Lockheed Martin, MIT, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hoth HO UNIV CALIF BERKELEY DE waste incineration; chromium speciation; hexavalent chromium; metal transformations ID METALS AB The partitioning of chromium (Cr) in combustion systems was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical predictions were based on chemical equilibrium, and suggested that hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] was favored by the presence of chlorine (Cl), and diminished by the presence of sulfur (S). Experimental studies employed a 59 kW laboratory-scale combustor with a swirling natural gas diffusion flame through which aqueous Cr solutions were sprayed. Three types of experimental data were obtained. First, and most important, the overall Cr(VI) fraction of the total Cr in the exhaust was measured as a function of initial Cr valence [trivalent (III) or hexavelent], and Cl and S concentrations. Second, the size segregated distribution of Cr(VI) in the exhaust was explored for the Cr(III) waste feed with and without Cl and S. Third, the influence of waste feed Cr valence on the exhaust aerosol particle size distribution was determined. Analytical determinations of Cr(VI) and total Cr are described. Results show that, for the high temperature, highly turbulent, gas-phase incinerator conditions examined, the relative ratio of Cr(VI)/total Cr is unaffected by the initial Cr valence of the waste, and ranged from near zero to approximately 8%, depending on the presence of S or Cl. Cl addition increased the fraction of Cr(VI) found in small particles (smaller than approximately 1.1 mu m) from approximately 30 to 70%. In contrast to the chemical analysis, the particle size distribution (PSD) measurements indicate that the initial form of the Cr waste does influence the resultant PSD. This mechanism is not well understood, but a possible explanation is that at combustion temperatures the Cr speciation chemistry is equilibrium controlled, while the PSD is determined by the aerosol dynamics which are dependent on physical transformations and specific chemical pathways. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT CHEM & ENVIRONM ENGN,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT & CONTROL DIV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 21 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 116 IS 1-6 BP 479 EP 498 DI 10.1080/00102209608935559 PG 20 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WY158 UT WOS:A1996WY15800020 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Linak, WP Wendt, JOL AF Lemieux, PM Linak, WP Wendt, JOL TI Waste and sorbent parameters affecting mechanisms of transient emissions from rotary kiln incineration SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts CY JUN 05-07, 1995 CL UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA SP NIEHS, Sandia Natl Lab, Livermore, EPA, CRWI, Lockheed Martin, MIT, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hoth HO UNIV CALIF BERKELEY DE waste incineration; rotary kiln; transient behavior; organic emissions; modeling ID LIQUID WASTES; OPERATING-CONDITIONS; BATCH INCINERATION; IN-DEPTH; EXIT; SIMULATOR; XYLENE; SCALE; RATES; PUFFS AB When ''containerized'' liquid wastes, bound on sorbents, are introduced into a rotary kiln in batch mode, transient phenomena involving heat transfer into, and waste mass transfer out of, the sorbent can promote the rapid release of waste vapor into the kiln. This rapid vapor release can cause depletion of available oxygen, and the formation of a ''puff'' which can result in a temporary failure of the incinerator system. A systematic study has been completed examining the effect of waste and sorbent properties on the magnitudes of transient puffs in a laboratory scale rotary kiln simulator. Of primary importance were waste boiling point and waste stoichiometric oxygen requirement. Of secondary importance were sorbent parameters such as bulk void fraction, and the fraction of the adsorbed waste that was contained within the individual sorbent particles. A theoretical model that utilizes a vaporization/surface renewal approach can be used as a guide to explain experimental results for several wastes on sawdust and corncob sorbents. Resin sorbents, on the other hand, are extremely effective at controlling puffs because they appear to be able to bind the liquid waste tightly to the sorbent in such a way that it is not released by a vaporization process. This non-physical waste release process is not described by the current model. In general, the results suggest that the practice of limiting containerized waste feed rates based on the heat of combustion of a given container be modified to provide feed rate limitations based on the stoichiometric oxygen requirements and boiling point of waste in a given container. This modified practice may enable containerized waste feed rates to be optimized, with a view to minimizing both the transient load on the afterburner and the transient emissions from the stack. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT CHEM & ENVIRONM ENGN,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 116 IS 1-6 BP 499 EP 515 DI 10.1080/00102209608935560 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WY158 UT WOS:A1996WY15800021 ER PT J AU Linak, WP Wendt, JOL AF Linak, WP Wendt, JOL TI Nitrogen oxide/chlorine interactions in a laboratory swirl flame combustor SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NOX; chlorine; interactions; practical combustors ID CHLORINE INHIBITION; FUEL SULFUR; CO; EMISSIONS AB An experimental and theoretical investigation was conducted examining the effect of chlorine (Cl) on nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions from a practical combustor. Experiments consisted of both parametric and detailed studies on an 82 kW rated swirl flame laboratory combustor. Theoretical efforts consisted of detailed kinetic modeling using validated kinetic mechanisms obtained from the literature. Both the experimental and theoretical work led to essentially negative results, namely, that NO/Cl interactions are unlikely to influence NO emissions under most conditions of interest. Kinetic modeling provided useful insight and was able to simulate trends revealed by the data. Additional calculations from kinetic modeling then suggested that Cl might enhance staging effectiveness, under severely reducing primary stage conditions. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT ENVIRONM CHEM & ENGN,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Linak, WP (reprint author), US EPA,COMBUST RES BRANCH,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,MD-65,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 115 IS 1-3 BP 69 EP 82 DI 10.1080/00102209608935523 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA WF998 UT WOS:A1996WF99800003 ER PT J AU Simpson, DG Carroll, RJ Xie, MG Guth, DJ AF Simpson, DG Carroll, RJ Xie, MG Guth, DJ TI Weighted logistic regression and robust analysis of diverse toxicology data SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-THEORY AND METHODS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Institute-of-Mathematical-Statistics Central Regional Meeting in Honor of Robert V Hogg CY MAY 14-17, 1995 CL IOWA CITY, IA SP Inst Math Stat DE binary response; combining information; environmental statistics; generalized estimating equation; toxicology ID LONGITUDINAL DATA; MODELS AB Simpson, Carroll, Zhou and Guth (1996) developed an ordinal response regression approach to meta-analysis of data from diverse toxicology studies, applying the methodology to a database of acute inhalation studies of tetrachloroethylene. We present an alternative analysis of the same data, with two major differences: (1) interval censored scores are assigned worst-case values, e.g., a score known to be in the interval [0, 1] is set equal to 1; and (2) the response is reduced to a binary response (adverse, nonadverse). We explore the stability of the analysis by varying a robustness parameter and graphing the curves traced out by the estimates and confidence intervals. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. NATL INST STAT SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OI Simpson, Douglas/0000-0002-0500-9675 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0361-0926 J9 COMMUN STAT THEORY JI Commun. Stat.-Theory Methods PY 1996 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2615 EP 2632 DI 10.1080/03610929608831859 PG 18 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA VR355 UT WOS:A1996VR35500011 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW AF Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW TI Life after death: Lignin-humic relationships reexamined SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE lignin; humic substances; biodegradation; soil ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; STATE C-13 NMR; CUO-OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; FOREST SOILS; FULVIC-ACID; SELECTIVE PRESERVATION; RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS AB In the last decade, application of modern degradative and nondegradative analysis techniques to both lignin of living plants and humic substances of soil has demonstrated characteristic similarities in the structures of these two types of natural polymers. Recognition of the similarities resulted in a revival of an earlier hypothesis concerning the genesis of soil organic matter from the aromatic parts of wood and nonwoody plants. The hypothesis assumes functionalization and restructuring but not complete depolymerization of lignin during its biotransformation into humic and fulvic acids in the environment. The biotransformation process results in the preservation of certain structural features during the humification of dead plants. A genetic approach is useful in the analyses of structure, morphology, and chemical reactivity of humic substances. RP US EPA, ECOSYST RES DIV, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, 960 COLL STN RD, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. NR 238 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1064-3389 EI 1547-6537 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 26 IS 2 BP 95 EP 153 PG 59 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UN143 UT WOS:A1996UN14300001 ER PT J AU Rubes, J Lowe, X Cassel, M Moore, D Perreault, S Slott, V Evenson, D Zudova, Z Borkovec, L Selevan, S Wyrobek, AJ AF Rubes, J Lowe, X Cassel, M Moore, D Perreault, S Slott, V Evenson, D Zudova, Z Borkovec, L Selevan, S Wyrobek, AJ TI Sperm aneuploidy in smokers and nonsmokers living in the Teplice district of the Czech Republic SO CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 VET RES INST,CS-62132 BRNO,CZECH REPUBLIC. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. INST HYG,BRNO,CZECH REPUBLIC. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0171 J9 CYTOGENET CELL GENET JI Cytogenet. Cell Genet. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 240 EP 241 PG 2 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VT858 UT WOS:A1996VT85800085 ER PT S AU DeVito, SC AF DeVito, SC BE DeVito, SC Garrett, RL TI General principles for the design of safer chemicals: Toxicological considerations for chemists SO DESIGNING SAFER CHEMICALS: GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Session on Designing Safer Chemicals, at the 208th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Chem Soc ID METABOLISM RELATIONSHIPS SMR; ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS SAR; RAT-LIVER SLICES; BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE; QUINONE METHIDES; ORGANOSILANE INSECTICIDES; ALIPHATIC-ACIDS; TOXIC POTENCY; VALPROIC ACID; MECHANISMS AB The evolution of pollution prevention and green chemistry has given a new challenge to chemists. In addition to the traditional aspects of chemical design, which focus largely on commercial usefulness and ease of synthesis, modern day chemists are now expected to develop commercial chemical substances that are safe to human health and the environment as well. The most effective way for chemists to meet this challenge is to design chemicals such that they will have minimal toxicity. This paper discusses several approaches that can be used by chemists to design safer chemical substances. Theses approaches include: reducing absorption; understanding toxic mechanisms; using structure-activity relationships, retrometabolism, and isosterism; eliminating the need for associated toxic substances; and identifying equally useful, less toxic substitutes of another chemical class. Specific examples of the successful commercial application of these approaches are presented. This paper provides chemists with a strategic framework for the rational design of safer chemicals from the standpoint of pollution prevention and green chemistry. RP DeVito, SC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,MAIL CODE 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 95 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3443-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 640 BP 16 EP 59 PG 44 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG22P UT WOS:A1996BG22P00002 ER PT S AU Lai, DY Woo, YT Argus, MF Arcos, JC AF Lai, DY Woo, YT Argus, MF Arcos, JC BE DeVito, SC Garrett, RL TI Cancer risk reduction through mechanism-based molecular design of chemicals SO DESIGNING SAFER CHEMICALS: GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Session on Designing Safer Chemicals, at the 208th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Chem Soc ID CARCINOGENICITY; MUTAGENICITY; METABOLISM; ACTIVATION; ARYLAMINES; AMINES; DYES AB Increased understanding of the mechanistic basis of chemical carcinogenesis and the relationship between molecular structure and carcinogenic activity provides opportunities not only for identifying suspect carcinogens but also for designing chemicals with lower carcinogenic potential. One of the chemical classes in which the structural and molecular basis of carcinogenicity is the most clearly understood is the aromatic amines. This paper summarizes the bioactivation mechanisms and structural criteria for aromatic amine carcinogenesis; a strategic approach of risk reduction through mechanism-based molecular design of aromatic amine dyes with lower carcinogenic potential is discussed. With our increasing knowledge of the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships, it should be possible to develop safer products for other chemical classes using similar molecular design approaches. C1 TULANE UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. RP Lai, DY (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,MAIL CODE 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3443-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 640 BP 62 EP 73 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG22P UT WOS:A1996BG22P00003 ER PT S AU Boethling, RS AF Boethling, RS BE DeVito, SC Garrett, RL TI Designing biodegradable chemicals SO DESIGNING SAFER CHEMICALS: GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Session on Designing Safer Chemicals, at the 208th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc ID CATIONIC SURFACTANTS AB One way to reduce pollution at the source is to design safer chemicals. Chemicals that persist in the environment remain available to exert toxic effects and may bioaccumulate. Since microbial degradation is the major loss mechanism for most organic chemicals in soil, water and sewage treatment, biodegradability should be included as a factor in product design along with function and economics. Biodegradability has been an important design consideration for down-the-drain consumer products like laundry detergents for more than 40 years, but not for chemicals used mainly in commerce. The relationship between molecular structure and biodegradability is generally well enough understood to make its application feasible in product design. We must extend the benign by design concept to commercial chemicals because (i) production volume and thus release may increase with time; (ii) new uses may develop and with them, the potential for greater release; (iii) we cannot know in advance all of the possible toxic effects of released chemicals. By designing a chemical such that it will biodegrade more readily to nontoxic products, the risks posed by the chemical to human health and the environment are reduced. RP Boethling, RS (reprint author), US EPA, OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX, MAIL CODE 7406, 401 M ST SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3443-4 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1996 VL 640 BP 156 EP 171 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG22P UT WOS:A1996BG22P00008 ER PT S AU Newsome, LD Nabholz, JV Kim, A AF Newsome, LD Nabholz, JV Kim, A BE DeVito, SC Garrett, RL TI Designing aquatically safer chemicals SO DESIGNING SAFER CHEMICALS: GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Session on Designing Safer Chemicals, at the 208th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Chem Soc ID TOXICITY; FISH; QSAR; ELECTROPHILE; MECHANISMS; NARCOSIS; SAR AB Aquatic species are essential components of aquatic ecosystems. Chemical substances that are toxic to aquatic organisms can disrupt aquatic food webs and threaten the survival of other parts of these systems, i.e., birds and mammals. Elucidation of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the toxic effects caused by commercial chemical substances on aquatic species has led to a better understanding of the relationship between aquatic toxicity, chemical structure, and physicochemical properties, and provides a rational basis for designing environmentally safer chemicals. This chapter discusses the SARs of aquatic toxicity for a variety of industrial chemicals that include among others dyes, polymers, and surfactants, and provides insight into how substances can be redesigned or structurally modified such that aquatic toxicity is reduced. RP Newsome, LD (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,HLTH & ENVIRONM REV DIV,MAIL CODE 7403,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3443-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 640 BP 172 EP 192 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG22P UT WOS:A1996BG22P00009 ER PT S AU DeVito, SC AF DeVito, SC BE DeVito, SC Garrett, RL TI Designing safer nitriles SO DESIGNING SAFER CHEMICALS: GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Session on Designing Safer Chemicals, at the 208th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Chem Soc ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE; ALIPHATIC NITRILES; ACUTE TOXICITY; LYSYL OXIDASE; BETA,BETA'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE IDPN; NEUROTOXIC AMINONITRILES; OLFACTORY TOXICITY; INHIBITION; RAT AB Nitriles represent an important class of chemical substances that have broad commercial utility. A comprehensive search and review of the literature to identify studies pertaining to toxic effects caused by nitriles revealed that certain nitriles are acutely toxic (lethal) or may produce osteolathyrism. A retrospective analysis of these studies, particularly those that describe toxic mechanisms and provide structure-activity relationship data, enabled an understanding of why certain nitriles are highly toxic while others are not. From this understanding, structural modifications that reduce toxicity became apparent. This paper describes how safer (less toxic) nitriles can be designed. Chemists who design nitriles will find this paper useful for designing safer, commercially efficacious nitriles. The general approach and strategy described herein for the design of safer nitriles can be used for the design of safer substances belonging to other chemical classes as well. RP DeVito, SC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,MAIL CODE 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 111 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3443-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 640 BP 194 EP 223 PG 30 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG22P UT WOS:A1996BG22P00010 ER PT S AU Telliard, WA AF Telliard, WA BE McKim, FM TI Use of immunoassay in a regulatory framework SO DIAGNOSTICS IN CROP PRODUCTION SE BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Diagnostics in Crop Production CY APR 01-03, 1996 CL UNIV WARWICK, COVENTRY, ENGLAND SP Brit Crop Protect Council, Assoc Appl Biologists, Brit Soc Plant Pathol, ZENECA Agrochem HO UNIV WARWICK RP Telliard, WA (reprint author), US EPA,ENGN & ANAL DIV 4303,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL PI FARNHAM PA 49 DOWNING ST, FARNHAM, SURREY, ENGLAND GU9 7PH SN 0306-3941 BN 0-948404-95-7 J9 BCPC SYMP SER PY 1996 IS 65 BP 325 EP 332 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture; Microbiology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Microbiology GA BF55B UT WOS:A1996BF55B00049 ER PT J AU Daniel, FB Robinson, M Olson, GR Page, NP AF Daniel, FB Robinson, M Olson, GR Page, NP TI Toxicity studies of epichlorohydrin in Sprague-Dawley rats SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTS AB Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received epichlorohydrin via gavage in distilled water for 10 consecutive days at dose levels of 3, 7, 19, and 46 mg/kg-day, and for 90 days at dose levels of 1, 5, and 25 mg/kg-day. Epichlorohydrin did not adversely effect mortality, but toxicity, at the higher doses, was evident by: 1) losses in body weight gain and organ weights, 2) reductions in food and water consumption, and 3) in the hematological and microscopic examinations in both study periods. Significant decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels were found in the high dose level in males after 10 and 90 days. Dose-related increases in kidney and liver weights were observed in both sexes at 25 mg/kg-day in the 90-day study and in various organs for both 19 and 46 mg/kg-day in the 10-day study. Histopathological examination identified the forestomach as the primary target organ for both sexes and in both studies with significant dose-related increases in mucosal hyperplasia (acanthosis) and hyperkeratosis. Based on the data presented, a lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for oral exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to epichlorohydrin is 3 mg/kg-day for 10 days and 1 mg/kg-day is suggested as the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for a 90 day oral exposure. These conclusions were the same whether the lesions were analyzed for each sex individually or whether the data in each study was pooled. C1 PATHOL ASSOCIATES INT,W CHESTER,OH 45069. PAGE ASSOCIATES,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20878. RP Daniel, FB (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1996 VL 19 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 58 DI 10.3109/01480549609002195 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UQ005 UT WOS:A1996UQ00500003 PM 8804552 ER PT J AU Velazquez, SF Schoeny, R Rice, GE Cogliano, VJ AF Velazquez, SF Schoeny, R Rice, GE Cogliano, VJ TI Cancer risk assessment: Historical perspectives, current issues, and future directions SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PROLIFERATOR-INDUCED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; CELL-PROLIFERATION; SODIUM SACCHARIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; LIVER-TUMORS; B6C3F1 MICE; TEST SYSTEM; MALE-RATS; RAS GENE C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Velazquez, SF (reprint author), TOXICOL EXCELLENCE RISK ASSESSMENT,CINCINNATI,OH, USA. NR 106 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1996 VL 19 IS 3 BP 161 EP 185 DI 10.3109/01480549608998233 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VT027 UT WOS:A1996VT02700004 PM 8933022 ER PT J AU Houk, VS Waters, MD AF Houk, VS Waters, MD TI Genetic toxicology and risk assessment of complex environmental mixtures SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CARCINOGENIC POTENCY DATABASE; MOTOR-VEHICLE EMISSIONS; LUNG-CANCER MORTALITY; PAPER-MILL EFFLUENT; DNA ADDUCTS; INDUSTRIAL-WASTES; ACTIVITY PROFILES; XUAN-WEI; ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY; ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES RP Houk, VS (reprint author), US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 103 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1996 VL 19 IS 3 BP 187 EP 219 DI 10.3109/01480549608998234 PG 33 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VT027 UT WOS:A1996VT02700005 PM 8933023 ER PT J AU Kimmel, CA AF Kimmel, CA TI Developmental toxicity risk assessment: Consensus building, hypothesis formulation, and focused research SO DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Arkansas Toxicology Symposium CY NOV 10-11, 1994 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR ID FETAL WEIGHT; WORKSHOP; MALFORMATIONS; EXPOSURE; INVITRO; MODELS; MICE RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8602,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 51 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0360-2532 J9 DRUG METAB REV JI Drug Metab. Rev. PY 1996 VL 28 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 103 DI 10.3109/03602539608993993 PG 19 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UJ032 UT WOS:A1996UJ03200007 PM 8744591 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA AF Tilson, HA TI Evolution and current status of neurotoxicity risk assessment SO DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Arkansas Toxicology Symposium CY NOV 10-11, 1994 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM; MANGANESE EXPOSURE; INDEXES; RFD RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 47 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0360-2532 J9 DRUG METAB REV JI Drug Metab. Rev. PY 1996 VL 28 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 139 DI 10.3109/03602539608993995 PG 19 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UJ032 UT WOS:A1996UJ03200009 PM 8744593 ER PT B AU Nitze, W AF Nitze, W BE Wharton, JJ TI Environmental technology and the future SO EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND GLOBAL CHANGE DECISION MAKING, 1995: A NATIONAL PARTNERSHIP, VOL V: UNDERSTANDING EARTH: RETROSPECTIVES AND VISIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference in Celebration of the 25th Anniversary of Earth Day on Understanding Earth - Retrospectives and Visions CY APR 05-06, 1995 CL ANN ARBOR, MI SP NASA, NOAA, Natl Sci Fdn, Environm Res Inst Michigan C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INST MICHIGAN PI ANN ARBOR PA PO BOX 134001, ANN ARBOR, MI 48113-4001 BN 0-9603590-4-4 PY 1996 BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA BF64V UT WOS:A1996BF64V00020 ER PT B AU Nestor, DV Pasurka, CA AF Nestor, DV Pasurka, CA GP ORG ECON COOPERAT DEV TI The US environmental protection industry: A proposed framework for assessment SO ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY: THE WASHINGTON MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Environment Industry Expert Meeting CY OCT 13-14, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, US Dept Commerce, US EPA C1 US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Pasurka, Carl/H-8996-2016 OI Pasurka, Carl/0000-0001-9846-1507 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-14768-3 PY 1996 BP 225 EP 247 PG 23 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BG24X UT WOS:A1996BG24X00015 ER PT J AU Chang, JCS Foarde, KK VanOsdell, DW AF Chang, JCS Foarde, KK VanOsdell, DW TI Assessment of fungal (Penicillium chrysogenum) growth on three HVAC duct materials SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Many building investigators have documented fungal biocontamination in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) ducts. It has been suggested that emissions of spores and volatile organic compounds from the growing fungi may contribute to poor indoor air quality and result in adverse health effects. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of three types of ventilation duct materials (fibrous glass ductboard, galvanized steel, and insulated flexible duct) to fungal (P. chrysogenum) growth. Each sample was inoculated with spores of P. chrysogenum and incubated in a static chamber controlled at 97% relative humidity (RH) and 21 degrees C for six weeks. Culturable spores on each sample were enumerated before and after incubation to determine the extent of fungal amplification, The results indicated that, of the newly purchased duct materials, only the flexible duct supported moderate growth of P. chrysogenum. No fungal growth was detected on the fibrous glass and galvanized steel. The number of culturable spores on galvanized steel even decreased during the test period. Wetting the clean duct samples with sterile water did not increase amplification of the P. chrysogenum over the level seen without the wetting. Soiling the samples with dust collected from residential heating and air-conditioning systems enhanced the susceptibility of all three duct materials to fungal growth; however, at different levels of soiling. At a moderate level (0.4-0.7 mg cm(-2)) of soiling, growth occurred on the fibrous glass ductboard and the flexible duct, but not the galvanized steel, At a markedly higher level (9-18 mg cm(-2)) of soiling, growth was seen on the galvanized steel as well. The results of these experiments suggest that dust accumulation and/or high humidity should be properly controlled in any HVAC duct to prevent the growth of P. chrysogenum. RP Chang, JCS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 4 BP 425 EP 431 DI 10.1016/0160-4120(96)00030-X PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UV214 UT WOS:A1996UV21400005 ER PT J AU Keller, JL AF Keller, JL TI Building radon-resistant homes in the US: Strategy for the dissemination of the EPA model standards for control of radon in new residential buildings SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Keller, JL (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR 6604J,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1996 VL 22 SU 1 BP S1099 EP S1103 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00225-5 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XK592 UT WOS:A1996XK59200143 ER PT J AU Menetrez, MY Mosley, RB Snoddy, R Brubaker, SA AF Menetrez, MY Mosley, RB Snoddy, R Brubaker, SA TI Evaluation of radon emanation from soil with varying moisture content in a soil chamber SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on The Natural Radiation Environment (NRE-VI) CY JUN 05-09, 1995 CL MONTREAL, CANADA AB The EPA chamber (2 x 2 x 4 m long) was constructed to study convective and diffusive soil gas movement under known conditions of Ra-226 and Rn-222 concentration, moisture, density, soil constituent, and physical response to pressure variation. The radon emanation rates of soil are known to depend strongly on the moisture content of the soil. Because the moisture content varies greatly with depth in the EPA's soil chamber (from saturated at the bottom to nearly dry at the top), it is not possible to fully understand the radon distribution within the chamber without knowing the emanation rate as a function of moisture. Soil radon concentrations vary in the chamber from 7.4 kBq m(-3), near the soil surface, to 86.2 kBq m(-3), at the chamber bottom. This paper describes measurements of the emanation coefficient and diffusion of radon in soil contained in the chamber, using a wide range of moisture contents. In addition, equal amounts of well-mixed oven-dried soil were placed in 20 L aluminized gas-sampling bags, and, after approximately 1 month of in-growth, radon samples were taken, after which water was added, and another period of in-growth and sampling followed. The emanation coefficients and radon concentrations in the gas bag experiment were observed to increase with increasing moisture content and then decrease before reaching saturated conditions. The emanation and diffusion effects on the radon concentration soil gradient were identified for this sandy soil having approximately 200 Bq kg(-1) radium and a soil density of 1682 kg m(-3). Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Menetrez, MY (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1996 VL 22 SU 1 BP S447 EP S453 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XK592 UT WOS:A1996XK59200063 ER PT J AU Mosley, RB Snoddy, R Brubaker, SA Brown, J AF Mosley, RB Snoddy, R Brubaker, SA Brown, J TI Experimental evaluation of geometrical shape factors for short cylindrical probes used to measure soil permeability to air SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on The Natural Radiation Environment (NRE-VI) CY JUN 05-09, 1995 CL MONTREAL, CANADA ID INDOOR AB Permeability of soil has become recognized as an important parameter in determining the rate of transport and entry of radon from the soil into indoor environments. This parameter is usually measured in the field by inserting a cylindrical tube with a short porous section into the soil and measuring the Bow rates that result from a range of applied pressures, A variety of mathematical relationships have been used to analyze the resulting data It is demonstrated that a commonly used mathematical approximation to describe flow through porous cylinders breaks down when the lengths of the cylinders approach their radii. It is also shown that this problem can be avoided by approximating short porous cylinders as ellipsoids, This study compared side-by-side measurements of soil permeability for a number of porous cylinders and spheres with different sizes and orientations. It is shown that all the data can be analyzed with a single curve when the appropriate shape factors (geometrical factor that describes the shape and size of the porous section of the probe) are used. This study also looked at the effects of moisture profile in the soil on the permeability obtained by different measurement methods. It is shown that the effective permeability (equivalent value for a uniform, isotropic medium) in the soil differs by two orders of magnitude in a 1-m deep soil column when the measurement locations differ by only 35 cm. The effective permeability was obtained by inverting the arithmetic average of the reciprocal values of the position-dependent permeability. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Mosley, RB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1996 VL 22 SU 1 BP S509 EP S520 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XK592 UT WOS:A1996XK59200071 ER PT J AU Mosley, RB Menetrez, MY Snoddy, R Brubaker, SA AF Mosley, RB Menetrez, MY Snoddy, R Brubaker, SA TI The influences of diffusion and advective flow on the distribution of radon activity within USEPA's soil chamber SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on The Natural Radiation Environment (NRE-VI) CY JUN 05-09, 1995 CL MONTREAL, CANADA ID TRANSPORT; BASEMENT; HOUSES; ENTRY AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) soil chamber was designed to study the production and transport of radon and other potential indoor air pollutants originating in the soil. This paper presents an analysis of steady-state diffusion in the soil for two different conditions of moisture. The model accounts for multiphase emanation and transport. When the position dependence of the moisture profile was taken into account, the model and measurements agreed well (average deviations of 5% - 13%). Non-steady-state measurements are also discussed. Diffusion plays an important role in radon transport even for this relatively high permeability (3 x 10(-11) m(2)) soil. The implication is that diffusion plays an important role in transporting radon to a point near the building shell even though the entry mechanism by which radon penetrates the shell may primarily be advective flow. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Mosley, RB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1996 VL 22 SU 1 BP S521 EP S533 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XK592 UT WOS:A1996XK59200072 ER PT J AU Nutley, EV Tcheong, AC Allen, JW Collins, BW Ma, M Lowe, XR Bishop, JB Moore, DH Wyrobek, AJ AF Nutley, EV Tcheong, AC Allen, JW Collins, BW Ma, M Lowe, XR Bishop, JB Moore, DH Wyrobek, AJ TI Micronuclei induced in round spermatids of mice after stem-cell treatment with chloral hydrate: Evaluations with centromeric DNA probes and kinetochore antibodies SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE mouse; spermatid; micronuclei; chloral hydrate; centromere; kinetochore; FISH; chromosome-specific DNA probes; X chromosome; cot-1 DNA ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MOUSE BONE-MARROW; MALE GERM-CELLS; FLUORESCENCE INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; CHEMICALLY-INDUCED ANEUPLOIDY; RADIATION-INDUCED MICRONUCLEI; CHINESE-HAMSTER CELLS; GAMMA-SATELLITE DNA; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES AB The chromosomal effects of chloral hydrate (CH) on germ cells of male mice were investigated using two methods to detect and characterize spermatid micronuclei (SMN): (a) anti-kinetochore immunofluorescence (SMN-CREST) and (b) multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes for centromeric DNA and repetitive sequences on chromosome X (SMN-FISH). B6C3F1 mice received single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 82.7, 165.4, or 413.5 mg/kg and round spermatids were sampled at three time intervals representing cells treated in late meiosis, early meiosis, or as spermatogonial stem cells. No increases in the frequencies of SMN were detected for cells treated during meiosis using either SMN-CREST or SMN-FISH methods. After spermatogonial stem-cell treatment, however, elevated frequencies of SMN were detected by both methods. With SMN-FISH, dose trends were observed both in the frequencies of spermatids containing micronuclei and in the frequency of spermatids carrying centromeric label. These findings corroborate the recent report by Alien and colleagues [Alien JW et al.(1994): Mutat. Res. 323:81-88] that CH treatment of spermatogenic stem cells induced SMN. Furthermore, our findings suggest that chromosomal malsegregation or loss may occur in spermatids long after CH treatment of stem cells. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of action of the CH effect on stem cells and to determine whether similar effects are induced in human males treated with CH. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Y01-ES-10203-00] NR 64 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 80 EP 89 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:2<80::AID-EM3>3.0.CO;2-I PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VM419 UT WOS:A1996VM41900003 PM 8844988 ER PT J AU Bishop, JB Dellarco, VL Hassold, T Ferguson, LR Wyrobek, AJ Friedman, JM AF Bishop, JB Dellarco, VL Hassold, T Ferguson, LR Wyrobek, AJ Friedman, JM TI Aneuploidy in germ cells: Etiologies and risk factors SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material DE toxicology; disease; genetics; reproduction; development ID BALANCED TRANSLOCATION; CYTOGENETICS; PREGNANCY; MICE AB A 2 1/2-day workshop on germ cell aneuploidy was convened September 11-13, 1995 at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina to discuss current understandings of the etiology and origin of human aneuploidy, especially in regard to potential environmental causes, and to identify gaps in our research knowledge. The workshop was designed to facilitate interactions among research experts conducting studies on the fundamental biology of chromosomal movement and segregation, on aneuploidy as a human clinical problem, and on toxicological aspects of aneuploidy induction. Overview presentations provided perspectives on aneuploidy as a human clinical problem, the genetics of aneuploidy, and the issues of concern in toxicological testing and regulatory risk assessment. The four choirs introduced the topics for each of their workgroups, setting the stage for subsequent, in-depth discussions on (1) chromosome mover components, (2) altered recombination, (3) parental age effects, and (4) differential chromosome susceptibility. From these discussions, gaps in our research knowledge related to the role of the environment in the etiology of aneuploidy and associated molecular, cellular, and genetic processes involved were identified, and will be used to establish a research agenda for filling those gaps. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(star) C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT GENET,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,CTR HUMAN GENET,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. UNIV HOSP CLEVELAND,CLEVELAND,OH. AUCKLAND MED SCH,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT MED GENET,VANCOUVER,BC,CANADA. RP Bishop, JB (reprint author), NIEHS,POB 12233,A2-10,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. RI Ferguson, Lynnette/F-5989-2011 NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 159 EP 166 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VR377 UT WOS:A1996VR37700001 PM 8908176 ER PT J AU Ferguson, LR Allen, JW Mason, JM AF Ferguson, LR Allen, JW Mason, JM TI Meiotic recombination and germ cell aneuploidy SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Germ Cell Aneuploidy CY SEP 11-13, 1995 CL NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC HO NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI DE recombination; meiosis; aneuploidy ID SISTER-CHROMATID COHESION; DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS; SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX DAMAGE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE-II; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER FEMALES; MICROTUBULE MOTOR PROTEIN; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; CROSSING-OVER; MEIOSIS-I AB Data on human trisomic conceptuses suggest that the extra chromosome commonly has a maternal origin, and the amount and position of crossing-over on nondisjoined chromosomes is commonly altered. These observations may provide important clues to the etiology of human germ cell aneuploidy, especially in regard to evaluating whether environmental factors play a role. There is concordance of effects of environmental agents on fungi, plants, and animals, which suggests that the overall process of meiosis is well conserved and that chemical and physical agents con affect meiotic recombination, leading to aneuploidy. It seems likely that meiosis in humans will fit the general pattern of meiosis in terms of sensitivity to radiation and chemicals. Thus studies on other organisms provide some insight into the procedures necessary for obtaining useful human date. For example, frequencies of spontaneous meiotic recombination ore not uniform per physical length in Drosophila, and different regions of a chromosome respond differently to treatment. Treatments that relieve constraints on the distribution of meiotic exchange, without changing greatly the overall frequency of exchange, may increase the number of univalents and give the impression that there are chromosome-specific responses. Recombination studies that monitor one or a few relatively short genetic regions may also give a false impression of the effects of a treatment on recombination. In addition, meiotic mutants in Saccharomyces and Drosophila highlight a number of processes that are important for production of an exchange event and the utility of that event in the proper segregation of both homologues and sisters. They also suggest that tests for pairing at pachytene, chiasmata at diplotene, and genetic crossing-over may give different results. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc(star) C1 NIEHS,MOL GENET LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV AUCKLAND,SCH MED,CANC RES LAB,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND. US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Ferguson, Lynnette/F-5989-2011 NR 178 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 192 EP 210 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VR377 UT WOS:A1996VR37700005 PM 8908180 ER PT J AU Gorelick, NJ Tindall, KR Glickman, BW AF Gorelick, NJ Tindall, KR Glickman, BW TI Introduction: State of the art in transgenic animals in mutation research SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material ID LACL C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,LAB ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT BIOL,VICTORIA,BC,CANADA. RP Gorelick, NJ (reprint author), PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,IVORYDALE TECH CTR,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,5299 SPRING GROVE AVE,CINCINNATI,OH 45217, USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 295 EP 298 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XK218 UT WOS:A1996XK21800001 PM 8991056 ER PT J AU deBoer, JG Mirsalis, JC Provost, GS Tindall, KR Glickman, BW AF deBoer, JG Mirsalis, JC Provost, GS Tindall, KR Glickman, BW TI Spectrum of mutations in kidney, stomach, and liver from lacl transgenic mice recovered after treatment with tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Satellite Meeting on the State of the Art in Transgenic Animals in Mutation Research, at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY 1996 CL VANCOUVER ISL, CANADA SP Environm Mutagen Soc DE Big Blue(R); mutational spectra; DNA sequencing; tissue specificity; mutational frequency ID FLAME-RETARDANT; REACTIVE METABOLITE; COVALENT BINDING; PROLIFERATION; MUTAGENICITY; GENOTOXICITY; PHOSPHATE; INVITRO; RAT AB The flame retardant tris (2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (TDBP), once used in cotton sleepware for children, is presently banned from commerce. it produces tumors in rodents in both a sex- and tissue-specific manner. The kidney is the main target for tumor formation in male and female rats, as well as in male mice. In contrast, tumors are formed in the liver of female animals. We have used lacl transgenic male B6C3F1 mice (Big Blue(R)) to examine the induction of mutation in kidney, liver, and stomach after exposure to 150 mg/kg (2 days), 300 mg/kg (4 days), and 600 mg/kg (4 days) of TDBP. At the highest dose, the mutant frequency was approximately 50% above control values in the kidney (P < 0.01). A smaller increase was observed in the liver (P = 0.07), while no increase was seen in the stomach (P = 0.28). Sequence analysis of the recovered mutants showed a TDBP-specific change in mutation spectrum in kidney, which was not observed in liver and stomach. In kidney, a dose-dependent decrease in G:C --> A:T transitions, including at 5'-CpG3' sites, was observed. This was accompanied by an increase in the loss of single G:C base pairs from approximately 3% to 15%. These results illustrate both the sensitivity and specificity of the lacl transgenic system in the analysis of tissue-specific mutation. This study also reinforces the importance of examining mutational spectra when mutant induction levels are low. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 SRI INT, MENLO PK, CA 94025 USA. STRATOGENE INC, LA JOLLA, CA USA. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, LAB ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENIS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. RP deBoer, JG (reprint author), UNIV VICTORIA, DEPT BIOL, CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, VICTORIA, BC V8W 3N5, CANADA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-35365] NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 418 EP 423 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XK218 UT WOS:A1996XK21800017 PM 8991072 ER PT J AU Fuscoe, JC Afshari, AJ George, MH DeAngelo, AB Tice, RR Salman, T Allen, JW AF Fuscoe, JC Afshari, AJ George, MH DeAngelo, AB Tice, RR Salman, T Allen, JW TI In vivo genotoxicity of dichloroacetic acid: Evaluation with the mouse peripheral blood micronucleus assay and the single cell gel assay SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE dichloroacetic acid; micronucleus essay; genotoxicity; anti-kinetochore antibody; chlorination by-products; single cell gel assay ID BONE-MARROW ERYTHROCYTES; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DNA STRAND BREAKS; MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; DRINKING-WATER; LIVER INVIVO; TOXICITY; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; METABOLITES; CARCINOGENICITY AB Chlorination is a widely used method for disinfection of drinking water supplies. Reaction of chlorine with naturally present organic compounds con result in toxic by-products. One major disinfection byproduct from the chlorination of drinking water is dichloroacetic acid (DCA). This chemical has been shown to be carcinogenic in rodents, yet little genotoxicity data are available to assess the possible role of DNA and/or chromosomol damage in this process. We have used the peripheral blood erythrocyte micronucleus (MN) assay and the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) technique to investigate the in vivo genotoxicity of DCA in bone marrow and blood leukocytes, respectively. The MN assay detects chromosome breakage and/or malsegregation, while the SCG assay detects DNA damage (e.g., single strand breaks, alkali-labile sites, crosslinking). Mice were exposed to this compound in drinking water, available ad libitum, for vp to 31 weeks. Our results show a smell but statistically significant dose-related increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) after subchronic exposure to DCA for 9 days. In addition, at the highest dose of DCA tested (3.5 g/l), a small but significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) was detected following exposure for greater than or equal to 10 weeks. Coadministration of the antioxidant vitamin E did not affect the ability of DCA to induce this damage, indicating that the small induction of MN by DCA was probably not due to oxidative damage. Based on the lock of any difference observed in the proportion of kinetochore-positive micronuclei between the treated and control animals, we interpret the induced MN as arising from clastogenic events. The SCG technique suggested the presence of DNA crosslinking in blood leukocytes in mice exposed to 3.5 g/l DCA for 28 days. These data provide evidence that DCA may be an extremely weak inducer of chromosome damage when provided to mice in drinking water under conditions which lead to increased levels of tumors. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 INTEGRATED SYST LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. AL-AZHAR UNIV,CAIRO,EGYPT. RP Fuscoe, JC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,MD-68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 48 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1996 VL 27 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA TY421 UT WOS:A1996TY42100001 PM 8625942 ER PT J AU Woo, YT Lai, DY Argus, MF Arcos, JC AF Woo, YT Lai, DY Argus, MF Arcos, JC TI Carcinogenicity of organophosphorus pesticides/compounds: An analysis of their structure-activity relationships SO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS-PART C OF JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH LA English DT Review ID MUTAGENICITY; INDUCTION C1 TULANE UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. RP Woo, YT (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7403,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 92 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1059-0501 J9 ENVIRON CARCIN ECO R JI Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxical. Rev.-Pt. C J. Env. Sci. Health PY 1996 VL 14 IS 1 BP 1 EP 42 PG 42 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UR057 UT WOS:A1996UR05700001 ER PT J AU Lai, DY Woo, YT Argus, MF Arcos, JC AF Lai, DY Woo, YT Argus, MF Arcos, JC TI Carcinogenic potential of organic peroxides: Prediction based on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and mechanism based short-term tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS-PART C OF JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH LA English DT Review ID FREE-RADICAL FORMATION; BENZOYL PEROXIDE; HA-RAS; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; TUMOR PROMOTION; CELLS; HYDROPEROXIDES; KERATINOCYTES; HYDROCARBONS C1 TULANE UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. RP Lai, DY (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT & PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 50 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1059-0501 J9 ENVIRON CARCIN ECO R JI Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxical. Rev.-Pt. C J. Env. Sci. Health PY 1996 VL 14 IS 1 BP 63 EP 80 PG 18 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UR057 UT WOS:A1996UR05700003 ER PT S AU VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL AF VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI Environmental immunochemistry: Responding to a spectrum of analytical needs SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA AB The field of environmental immunochemistry brings together several specialties, including analytical chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and environmental engineering. This multidisciplinary nature is both a benefit and a confusion to practitioners, rewarding a mastery of several scientific skills with the excitement of innovative technology. Environmental immunochemistry can be as simple as a disposable immunoassay test kit or as complex as an integrated system that employs immunochemical techniques as a component of a multistep process. The growing regulatory and user acceptance of immunochemical methods for dozens of regulated compounds ensures the continued growth in this technology - at the lab bench, at the hazardous waste site, and beyond. Applications are widespread, including determination of agricultural runoff assessment of human and ecological exposure, quantification of food and pharmaceutical purity, and groundwater monitoring. C1 LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SYST,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP VanEmon, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 2 EP 8 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00001 ER PT S AU VanEmon, JM LopezAvila, V AF VanEmon, JM LopezAvila, V BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI Immunoaffinity extraction with on-line liquid chromatography mass spectrometry SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA ID SAMPLE PRETREATMENT; COLUMN; IMMOBILIZATION; ANTIBODIES; DESORPTION; PRECOLUMN; SUPPORTS; SYSTEM; URINE AB Sample preparations are crucial to the success of all analytical methods. However, sample preparation is often labor-intensive and the rate limiting step of the overall analytical scheme. Certain immunochemical procedures can perform difficult separations, making subsequent analysis simpler and ensuring the specificity of the results. Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) is based on the ability of antibodies to extract target analytes, even from complex environmental or biological matrices. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) can be coupled to IAC for a complete extraction-detection system. Customized IACs for plasma urine, water, and milk are discussed in this paper. Portable detection methods which may be suitable to site characterization are described, including capillary electrochromatography coupled with laser-induced fluorescence (CEC/LIF) detection. C1 MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,MOUNTAIN VIEW,CA 94043. RP VanEmon, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 74 EP 88 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00008 ER PT S AU Sadik, OA VanEmon, JM AF Sadik, OA VanEmon, JM BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI A status report on electroanalytical techniques for immunological detection SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA ID ELECTROCHEMICAL ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; ELECTRODES; POLYMERS; IMMUNOSENSOR; ANTIBODIES; CAPILLARY; SENSORS AB Immunoassays are commonly used for the detection of low levels of a specific target analyte or group of analytes. The search for new nonradioactive detection methods has resulted in a plethora of immunoassay techniques utilizing different types of labels, the most common being enzymes. Electrochemical immunoassays are based on modifications of enzyme immunoassays with the enzyme activities being determined potentiometrically or amperometrically. Other nonradioactive assays have been designed which are not adapted from spectrophotometric detection methods. Each of these assays, including electrochemical enzyme immunoassays, is discussed briefly in this chapter. In addition, various electrochemical immunosensors reported recently and focuses on the use of electropolymerized conducting polymers (CPs) in amperometric immunochemical sensors are discussed. An electrochemical immunosensor is described for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls using a CP-based immunosensor. The sensor produced adequate linear response characteristics and sensitivities that are comparable with results obtained using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. RP Sadik, OA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 127 EP 147 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00012 ER PT S AU Humphrey, A AF Humphrey, A BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI An evaluation of a pentachlorophenol immunoassay soil test kit SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA AB Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been used extensively as a preservative in the wood treating industry. Nearly 1,400 wood preserving sites exist in the United States, 56 appear on the National Priority List (NPL) and hundreds more may have been abandoned. This study was conducted to determine effective utilization of the EnSys, Inc. semi-quantitative immunoassay test kits for on-site screening where PCP soil contamination is a, concern. Analytical results from the kit and a Gas Chromatograph/Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) instrument were compared to ascertain if the kits were performing to manufacturer's claims. The GC/FID data were compared to GC/Mass Spectrometer (MS) data to assure its quality. Statistical analyses were performed both on the kit and GC/FID data to compare extraction efficiencies, develop possible explanatory models, determine dilution errors, and identify sources of variation inherent in the kit itself. In order to identify possible sources of error in the kit, the time component and the quantitation ranges developed by the manufacturer that are associated with its operating procedures were examined. Errors associated with kit operation and temperature were also considered. Statistical analyses indicated a statistically significant (p = 0.03) higher extraction efficiency by the laboratory method vs. the kit method; no statistically appropriate model could fit the GC/FID with the kit data; no statistically significant difference (p = 0.28) was observed between the GC/FID and the GC/MS data; and a good linear relationship was evident between the GC/FID and GC/MS data (r(2) = 0.89). The EnSys, Inc. PCP semiquantitative immunoassay test kits appear to be an effective screening tool for PCP soil contamination determination when utilized properly. Recommendations are made to ensure more reliable data and improve the kit's performance and similar immunoassay field screening kits. RP Humphrey, A (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,2890 WOODBRIDGE RD,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 191 EP 214 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00018 ER PT S AU Sutton, DW VanEmon, JM AF Sutton, DW VanEmon, JM BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI An immunochemistry forum: A proposal for an immunochemistry web site SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA AB In response to requests for an easily accessible source of information about immunochemical methods, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada, has been investigating possible electronic resources. This paper discusses these efforts and the current endeavor to develop this access under the umbrella of the EPA Office of Research and Development structure for technical information on Internet gateways. We illustrate a prototype Immunochemistry Forum World Wide Web page and related information links such as a list of commercially available immunoassays and vendors; A User's Guide to Environmental Immunochemical Analysis; an immunochemistry bibliography of the Characterization Research Division, Las Vegas, Immunochemistry Program; and a Fact Sheet about immunochemical techniques and method development The discussion provides information about possible alternatives for the proposed Immunochemistry Forum link and the kind of information that may be added. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Sutton, DW (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SYST,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 216 EP 226 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00019 ER PT S AU Coakley, WA Andreas, CM Jacobowitz, SM AF Coakley, WA Andreas, CM Jacobowitz, SM BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI Quality assurance indicators for immunoassay test kits SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA AB Increasing costs associated with environmental site investigations have led to the emergence of various field screening techniques to streamline the process and help reduce analytical costs. In keeping with this trend, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Environmental Response Team (ERT), is currently employing immunoassay test kits at a variety of sites. Critical to using these test kits are the Quality Assurance (QA) indicators used to establish data of known and acceptable quality. When considering QA indicators of confidence for the test kits, consider both generic and core indicators. Generic indicators are requirements which are common to all analytical data-generation methods. Core indicators are method-specific requirements established just for the immunoassay test kits. Criteria must be included as part of the QA evaluation when determining overall quality of the data. This paper discusses how to apply these QA indicators to generate data of known and acceptable quality for immunoassay test kits. C1 ROY F WESTON INC,REAC,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP Coakley, WA (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE CTR,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 254 EP 264 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00022 ER PT S AU Gerlach, RW VanEmon, JM AF Gerlach, RW VanEmon, JM BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI Maximizing information from field immunoassay evaluation studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA ID DETECTION LIMITS; CALIBRATION AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory agencies are beginning to accept data from environmental immunoassay field evaluation studies. This paper focuses on practical problems and suggested solutions to a variety of statistical and data analysis issues related to analytical method evaluation problems encountered with environmental immunoassays. We propose that multiple estimates of performance parameters be obtained from independent parts of an evaluation whenever possible, and that confidence intervals or range estimates are better descriptors of expected performance than point estimates. Methods for minimizing false negative and false positive rates are discussed and guidance is provided when calculating confidence intervals of small rates and proportions. Examples using nonlinear calibration curves and limits of detection demonstrate the importance of understanding experimental design and variance sources when interpreting field evaluation results. Experimental factors and scientific assumptions must match statistical assumptions in order to produce results which correctly characterize an evaluation. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Gerlach, RW (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SYST,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 265 EP 284 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00023 ER PT J AU Vinson, TS Kolchugina, TP Andrasko, KA AF Vinson, TS Kolchugina, TP Andrasko, KA TI Greenhouse gas mitigation options in the forest sector of Russia: National and project level assessments SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Methods for Assessing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation for Countries with Economies in Transition CY JUN 13-16, 1995 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP US Country Studies Program, OECD, US EPA DE greenhouse gas mitigation; forest sector; Russia; carbon sequestration ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION; CARBON; BIOMES AB Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options in the Russian forest sector include: afforestation and reforestation of unforested/degraded land area; enhanced forest productivity; incorporation of nondestructive methods of wood harvesting in the forest industry; establishment of land protective forest stands; increase in stand age of final harvest in the European part of Russia; increased fire control; increased disease and pest control; and preservation of old growth forests in the Russian Far-East, which are presently threatened. Considering the implementation of all of the options presented, the GHG mitigation potential within the forest and agroforestry sectors of Russia is approximately 0.6-0.7 Pg C/yr or one hall of the industrial carbon emissions of the United States. The difference between the GHG mitigation potential and the actual level of GHGs mitigated in the Russian forest sector will depend to a great degree on external financing that may be available. One possibility for external financing is through joint implementation (JI). However, under the JI process, each project will be evaluated by considering a number of criteria including also the difference between the carbon emissions or sequestration for the baseline (or reference) and the project case, the permanence of the project, and leakage. Consequently, a project level assessment must appreciate the near-term constraints that will face practitioners who attempt to realize the GHG mitigation potential in the forest and agroforestry sectors of their countries. C1 US EPA,CLIMATE CHANGE DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Vinson, TS (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENVIRONM ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PY 1996 VL 20 SU 1 BP S111 EP S118 DI 10.1007/BF01204199 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TW622 UT WOS:A1996TW62200014 ER PT J AU Weber, DE McKenney, CL MacGregor, MA Celestial, DM AF Weber, DE McKenney, CL MacGregor, MA Celestial, DM TI Use of artificial sediments in a comparative toxicity study with larvae and postlarvae of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE fenvalerate; larval development; pesticide ID FENVALERATE; BIOCONCENTRATION; PERMETHRIN; CHEMICALS; FIELD; WATER AB An artificial sediment was tested for use in evaluating the potential hazard of toxicants on benthic organisms. The seawater-sediment system was assessed by use of the pyrethroid insecticide, fenvalerate, as the model toxicant for testing with larvae of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, an ecologically important estuarine species. The sediment was prepared from commercially available components, and mixed with the toxicant to provide concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 mu g fenvalerate kg(-1) dry sediment in 20 ppt seawater. Sediment free of the insecticide served as the control. Throughout the study, fenvalerate was not detected in the water column, but was measured in sediment at the nominal concentration of 100 mu g kg(-1). The P. pugio population was adversely affected by fenvalerate. The effect occurred at metamorphosis, when larvae changed from pelagic individuals to benthic organisms. At this period, larvae were in direct contact with sediment. A portion of the population was tolerant of the insecticide. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 ANALYT TECHNOL INC, PENSACOLA, FL 32514 USA. RP Weber, DE (reprint author), US EPA, 1 SABINE ISL DR, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1996 VL 93 IS 2 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1016/0269-7491(96)00035-8 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM822 UT WOS:A1996VM82200003 PM 15091351 ER PT J AU Pyle, SM Nocerino, JM Deming, SN Palasota, JA Palasota, JM Miller, EL Hillman, DC Kuharic, CA Cole, WH Fitzpatrick, PM Watson, MA Nichols, KD AF Pyle, SM Nocerino, JM Deming, SN Palasota, JA Palasota, JM Miller, EL Hillman, DC Kuharic, CA Cole, WH Fitzpatrick, PM Watson, MA Nichols, KD TI Comparison of AAS, ICP-AES, PSA, and XRF in determining lead and cadmium in soil SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Samples from a hazardous waste site contaminated with lead and cadmium were analyzed by four independent laboratories, each using a different technique: atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, (ICP-AES), and potentiometric stripping analysis(PSA). The four data sets were retrospectively analyzed to (1) establish the magnitudes of uncertainty in the measurements, (2) evaluate the comparability of the four instrumental methods, and (3) determine if any significant correlations existed between individual sets of data, In general, the four techniques gave comparable results for the analysis of lead and cadmium, with the best agreement between PSA and AAS. Concentrations determined by PSA were higher than those measured by ICP-AES, AAS, and XRF, while concentrations determined by XRF were lower than or equal to recoveries determined by ICP-AES and AAS. Principal component analysis determined that the two major principal components in the sample space of the data set were analyte concentration and sample preparation. The ICP-AES data were used to look for correlations among other elements in the samples. it was shown that concentrations of four of these elements (aluminum, zinc, iron, and calcium) were significantly higher than 19 other elements determined by ICP-AES. Principal component analysis on those 19 elements showed a first-component variation attributable to an analyte concentration effect and a second-component variation attributable to an analyst-day effect. C1 UNIV HOUSTON,DEPT CHEM,HOUSTON,TX 77204. LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. ECOL & ENVIRONM INC,DALLAS,TX 75201. US EPA,DALLAS,TX 75202. RP Pyle, SM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ANALYT SCI,944 E HARMON AVE,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 12 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 204 EP 213 DI 10.1021/es9502482 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TN497 UT WOS:A1996TN49700050 ER PT J AU Huggett, RJ AF Huggett, RJ TI A risk-based approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Huggett, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 3 EP 3 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1:ARBA>2.3.CO;2 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UC277 UT WOS:A1996UC27700002 ER PT J AU Kendall, RJ Lacher, TE Bunck, C Daniel, B Driver, C Grue, CE Leighton, F Stansley, W Watanabe, PG Whitworth, M AF Kendall, RJ Lacher, TE Bunck, C Daniel, B Driver, C Grue, CE Leighton, F Stansley, W Watanabe, PG Whitworth, M TI An ecological risk assessment of lead shot exposure in non-waterfowl avian species: Upland game birds and raptors SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE environmental risk assessment; lead shot; wildlife; non-waterfowl; shooting sports ID KESTRELS FALCO-SPARVERIUS; RINGED TURTLE DOVES; CHRONIC DIETARY LEAD; MOURNING DOVES; SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA; STREPTOPELIA-RISORIA; SHOOTING-RANGE; JAPANESE-QUAIL; BALD EAGLES; INGESTION AB There is increasing concern that birds in terrestrial ecosystems may be exposed to spent lead shot. Evidence exists that upland birds, particularly mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), ingest spent lend shot and that raptors ingest lead shot by consuming wounded game. Mortality, neurological dysfunction, immune suppression, and reproductive impairment are documented effects of exposure to lead in birds. An ecological risk assessment on the impact of lead shot exposure in upland birds was conducted and is presented in the context of the new United States Environmental Protection Agency's Ecological Risk Assessment Paradigm. A considerable amount of spent lead shot is released into the environment each year from shooting and hunting. Doves collected from fields that are cultivated to attract mourning doves for hunting activities show evidence of ingestion of spent lead shot. Because lead can cause both acute and chronic toxicity if ingested by birds, and because there is evidence of widespread deposition of lead shot in terrestrial ecosystems, concern for impacts on upland game birds and raptors seems warranted. Although this ecological risk assessment does not clearly define a significant risk of lead shot exposure to upland game birds, this issue merits continued scrutiny to protect our upland game bird and raptor resources. C1 CLEMSON UNIV, ARCHBOLD TROP RES CTR, CLEMSON, SC 29634 USA. NATL BIOL SERV, BIOMONITORING ENVIRONM STATUS & TRENDS PROGRAM, WASHINGTON, DC 20240 USA. US EPA, ECOL MONITORING RES DIV, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH FISHERIES, NATL BIOL SERV, WASHINGTON COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, SEATTLE, WA 98107 USA. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN, WESTERN COLL VET MED, CANADIAN COOPERAT WILDLIFE HLTH CTR, SASKATOON, SK S7N 5B4, CANADA. NEW JERSEY DIV FISH GAME & WILDLIFE, OFF FISH & WILDLIFE HLTH & FORENS, LEBANON, NJ 08833 USA. DOW CHEM CO USA, HLTH & ENVIRONM SCI, MIDLAND, MI 48674 USA. US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP Kendall, RJ (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV, INST WILDLIFE & ENVIRONM TOXICOL, POB 709, 1 TIWET DR, PENDLETON, SC 29670 USA. NR 108 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 7 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 4 EP 20 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0004:AERAOL>2.3.CO;2 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UC277 UT WOS:A1996UC27700003 ER PT S AU Walker, JD AF Walker, JD BE LaPoint, TW Price, FT Little, EE TI Testing decisions of the TSCA interagency testing committee for chemicals on the Canadian environmental protection act domestic substances list and priority substances list: Di-tert-butylphenol, ethyl benzene, brominated flame retardants, phthalate esters, chloroparaffins, chlorinated benzenes, and anilines SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: 4TH VOL SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Transboundary Issues in Pollution - Air, Surface, and Groundwater CY APR 11-13, 1994 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA SP ASTM Comm E47 Biol Effect & Environm Fate DE Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); TSCA Interagency Testing Committee (ITC); chemical testing; priority testing list; Canada; aquatic toxicity; bioconcentration; chemical fate; di-tert-butylphenol; ethyl benzene; brominated flame retardants; phthalate esters; chloroparaffins; chlorinated benzenes; anilines C1 US EPA,TSCA INTERAGCY TESTING COMM,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-1998-4 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1996 VL 1262 BP 18 EP 54 DI 10.1520/STP15574S PG 37 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BF40Z UT WOS:A1996BF40Z00002 ER PT S AU Lussier, SM Champlin, D Kuhn, A Heltshe, JF AF Lussier, SM Champlin, D Kuhn, A Heltshe, JF BE Bengtson, DA Henshel, DS TI Mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) life-cycle test: Design comparisons and assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT-FIFTH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment - BioMarkers and Risk Assessment CY APR 03-05, 1995 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Comm E 47 Biol Effects DE mysid; Mysidopsis bahia; life-cycle test; toxicity test methods AB This study examines ASTM Standard E1191-90, ''Standard Guide for Conducting Life-cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids'', 1990, using Mysidopsis bahia, by comparing several test designs to assess growth, reproduction, and survival. The primary objective was to determine the most labor efficient and statistically powerful test design for the measurement of statistically detectable effects on biologically sensitive endpoints. Five different test designs were evaluated varying compartment size, number of organisms per compartment, and sex ratio. Results showed that while paired organisms in the ASTM design had the highest rate of reproduction among designs tested, no individual design had greater statistical power to detect differences in reproductive effects. Reproduction was not statistically different between organisms paired in the ASTM design and those with randomized sex ratios using larger test compartments. These treatments had numerically higher reproductive success and lower within tank replicate variance than treatments using smaller compartments where organisms were randomized, or had a specific sex ratio. In this study, survival and growth were not statistically different among designs tested. Within tank replicate variability can be reduced by using many exposure compartments with pairs, or few compartments with many organisms in each.;While this improves variance within replicate chambers, it does not strengthen the power of detection among treatments in the test. An increase in the number of true replicates (exposure chambers) to eight will have the effect of reducing the percent detectable difference by a factor of two. The results indicate that, of the five test designs compared, test design two, with randomized sex ratios using larger test compartments, employed the same number of test organisms in fewer compartments, produced good survival and growth, yielded reproduction comparable with the ASTM method, and required less animal handling and monitoring time. We recommend adoption of this test design with the incorporation of an increase in the number of true replicates to eight. RP Lussier, SM (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,ORD,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2031-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1996 VL 1306 BP 257 EP 269 DI 10.1520/STP11713S PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BG83P UT WOS:A1996BG83P00018 ER PT J AU Winnik, W Brumley, WC Betowski, LD AF Winnik, W Brumley, WC Betowski, LD TI Negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of sulfonylurea herbicides SO EUROPEAN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE negative ionization; tandem mass spectrometry; sulfonylurea herbicides; fast atom bombardment; FAB; negative-ion FAB-MS; linked-scan; triethylenetetramine; 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol ID RESIDUE ANALYSIS AB Seven sulfonylurea herbicides were studied using negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). The spectra were characteristic of the structure of the examined herbicides with fragmentation at the sulfonylurea bridge representing both aromatic moieties. The fragmentation pattern was established based on the FAB-B/E mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry linked-scan spectra. Background-subtracted negative ion FAB-MS spectra of the herbicides exhibit [M-1](-) peaks and their fragmentation products. Application of triethylenetetramine as a FAB matrix resulted in enhanced fragmentation. The 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol FAB spectra typically exhibited high-abundance [M-1](-) peaks and fewer fragment peaks. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IM PUBLICATIONS PI W SUSSEX PA 6 CHARLTON MILL, CHARLTON, CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO18 0HY SN 1356-1049 J9 EUR MASS SPECTROM JI Eur. Mass Spectrom. PY 1996 VL 2 IS 1 BP 43 EP 47 DI 10.1255/ejms.78 PG 5 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA UV669 UT WOS:A1996UV66900006 ER PT B AU Hausker, K AF Hausker, K BE White, JC TI The United States action plan - An overview SO EVALUATING CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS: NATIONAL ACTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Evaluation Climate Change Action Plans - National Actions for International Commitment CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Automobile Manufacturers Assoc, Amer Gas Assoc, Edison Elect Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, Niagara Mohawk Power Corp, USDA, Econ Res Serv, US DOE, US EPA, Air & Energy Policy Div, World Resources Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Alliance Save Energy, Amer Assoc Adv Sci, Amer Council Energy Efficient Econ, Climate Inst, Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Environm Canada, Environm & Energy Study Inst, Environm Def Fund, Friends Earth, Global Climate Change Digest, Global Climate Coalit, Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Natl Rural Elect Cooperat Assoc, Nat Resources Def Council, Princeton Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, Smithsonian Inst, Soc Amer Forests, Solar Energy Ind Assoc, State & Territorial Air Pollut Program Adm, Assoc Local Air Pollut Control Off, Union Concerned Scientists, US Agency Int Dev, USDA Global Change Program, Univ Maryland College Pk, Ctr Global Change, World Meteorol Org, World Wildlife Fund C1 US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45219-7 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1996 VL 53 BP 35 EP 39 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BG45T UT WOS:A1996BG45T00006 ER PT B AU Herman, P AF Herman, P BE White, JC TI Industrial demand - The Climate Wise Program SO EVALUATING CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS: NATIONAL ACTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Evaluation Climate Change Action Plans - National Actions for International Commitment CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Automobile Manufacturers Assoc, Amer Gas Assoc, Edison Elect Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, Niagara Mohawk Power Corp, USDA, Econ Res Serv, US DOE, US EPA, Air & Energy Policy Div, World Resources Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Alliance Save Energy, Amer Assoc Adv Sci, Amer Council Energy Efficient Econ, Climate Inst, Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Environm Canada, Environm & Energy Study Inst, Environm Def Fund, Friends Earth, Global Climate Change Digest, Global Climate Coalit, Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Natl Rural Elect Cooperat Assoc, Nat Resources Def Council, Princeton Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, Smithsonian Inst, Soc Amer Forests, Solar Energy Ind Assoc, State & Territorial Air Pollut Program Adm, Assoc Local Air Pollut Control Off, Union Concerned Scientists, US Agency Int Dev, USDA Global Change Program, Univ Maryland College Pk, Ctr Global Change, World Meteorol Org, World Wildlife Fund C1 US EPA,CLIMATE WISE PROGRAM,OPPE,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45219-7 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1996 VL 53 BP 113 EP 117 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BG45T UT WOS:A1996BG45T00018 ER PT B AU Hogan, KB AF Hogan, KB BE White, JC TI EPA's programs for cost-effectively reducing methane emissions and emissions of other greenhouse gasses SO EVALUATING CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS: NATIONAL ACTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Evaluation Climate Change Action Plans - National Actions for International Commitment CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Automobile Manufacturers Assoc, Amer Gas Assoc, Edison Elect Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, Niagara Mohawk Power Corp, USDA, Econ Res Serv, US DOE, US EPA, Air & Energy Policy Div, World Resources Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Alliance Save Energy, Amer Assoc Adv Sci, Amer Council Energy Efficient Econ, Climate Inst, Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Environm Canada, Environm & Energy Study Inst, Environm Def Fund, Friends Earth, Global Climate Change Digest, Global Climate Coalit, Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Natl Rural Elect Cooperat Assoc, Nat Resources Def Council, Princeton Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, Smithsonian Inst, Soc Amer Forests, Solar Energy Ind Assoc, State & Territorial Air Pollut Program Adm, Assoc Local Air Pollut Control Off, Union Concerned Scientists, US Agency Int Dev, USDA Global Change Program, Univ Maryland College Pk, Ctr Global Change, World Meteorol Org, World Wildlife Fund C1 US EPA,METHANE & CLIMATE BRANCH,OFF AIR & RADIAT,GLOBAL CHANGE DIV 6202J,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45219-7 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1996 VL 53 BP 133 EP 138 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BG45T UT WOS:A1996BG45T00023 ER PT B AU Nitze, W AF Nitze, W BE White, JC TI Setting goals under the UN framework convention on climate change - Closing remarks SO EVALUATING CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS: NATIONAL ACTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Evaluation Climate Change Action Plans - National Actions for International Commitment CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Automobile Manufacturers Assoc, Amer Gas Assoc, Edison Elect Inst, Elect Power Res Inst, Niagara Mohawk Power Corp, USDA, Econ Res Serv, US DOE, US EPA, Air & Energy Policy Div, World Resources Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Alliance Save Energy, Amer Assoc Adv Sci, Amer Council Energy Efficient Econ, Climate Inst, Cornell Univ, Ctr Environm, Environm Canada, Environm & Energy Study Inst, Environm Def Fund, Friends Earth, Global Climate Change Digest, Global Climate Coalit, Natl Council Paper Ind Air & Stream Improvement Inc, Natl Rural Elect Cooperat Assoc, Nat Resources Def Council, Princeton Univ, Ctr Energy & Environm Studies, Smithsonian Inst, Soc Amer Forests, Solar Energy Ind Assoc, State & Territorial Air Pollut Program Adm, Assoc Local Air Pollut Control Off, Union Concerned Scientists, US Agency Int Dev, USDA Global Change Program, Univ Maryland College Pk, Ctr Global Change, World Meteorol Org, World Wildlife Fund C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45219-7 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1996 VL 53 BP 243 EP 248 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BG45T UT WOS:A1996BG45T00042 ER PT J AU Watson, SM Kroutil, RT Traynor, CA Edgerton, ES Bowser, JJ Zweidinger, RB Olson, RN Dalley, RP Bone, WJ Price, R AF Watson, SM Kroutil, RT Traynor, CA Edgerton, ES Bowser, JJ Zweidinger, RB Olson, RN Dalley, RP Bone, WJ Price, R TI Remote-sensing and in-situ atmospheric chemistry studies with the use of a manned hot air balloon platform SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric chemistry; in situ measurements; remote-sensing measurements; chemical effluents; vertical profiling ID TRANSFORM INFRARED INTERFEROGRAMS AB Tethered and free-flying manned hot air balloons have been demonstrated as platforms for various remote-sensing and in situ atmospheric chemistry measurements. These platforms are comparatively inexpensive to operate; do not cause atmospheric disturbances, as do higher speed platforms; and are extremely stable and free of the vibrations inherent in aircraft structures. The equipment operated on the balloons in connection with these experiments includes FTIR spectrometers, video recording equipment, ozone and nitrogen oxide analyzers, SUMMA canisters, annular denuders, fine particle mass samplers, trace metal samplers, and gas and aerosol phase mercury samplers. The Lagrangian- and Eulerian-type atmospheric chemistry experiments conducted on and from the balloon included chemical effluents characterization, vertical profiling and transport of criteria pollutants in the Utah urban areas, and atmospheric mercury studies in the Florida Everglades. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 TSUE, 412 TEST WING, DET 1, HILL AFB, UT 84056 USA. UNIV UTAH, CTR ENVIRONM TECHNOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA. USA EDGEWOOD RES, CTR DEV & ENGN, ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MD USA. DARPA HIGH PERFORMANCE COMP APPLICAT, ARLINGTON, VA 22204 USA. ESE ENVIRONM INC, DURHAM, NC 27713 USA. US EPA, NERL, ERC, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. DEPT ENVIRONM QUAL, DIV AIR QUAL MONITORING SECT, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84101 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1996 VL 1 IS 1 BP 13 EP 22 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA WY378 UT WOS:A1996WY37800003 ER PT J AU Koglin, EN AF Koglin, EN TI Advancing the use of field analytical technologies through communication SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1996 VL 1 IS 2 BP 65 EP 66 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA WY379 UT WOS:A1996WY37900001 ER PT J AU Wang, J Kane, SA Liu, J Smyth, MR Rogers, K AF Wang, J Kane, SA Liu, J Smyth, MR Rogers, K TI Mushroom tissue-based biosensor for inhibitor monitoring SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tissue electrode; inhibition; tyrosinase; mushroom; biosensor ID BIOELECTRODE; ELECTRODE AB A mushroom-carbon paste tissue electrode was used for amperometric measurements of inhibitors of tyrosinase. Measurements are carried out in the presence of the catechol substrate. The influence of the tissue loading and location in the plant are explored, and possible response mechanisms are discussed. The resulting inhibitor biosensor is inexpensive, characterized by high sensitivity and speed, offers micromolar detection limits, and requires no incubation period. Flow injection monitoring of diethyldithiocarbamate, benzoic acid and thiourea is illustrated. Such inhibition tissue electrode holds great promise for field monitoring of pollutants. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. DUBLIN CITY UNIV,SCH CHEM SCI,DUBLIN 9,IRELAND. US EPA,EXPOSURE RES PROGRAM,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RI Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU FACULTY FOOD TECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY PI ZAGREB PA UNIV ZAGREB, KACIECEVA 23, 41000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 1330-9862 J9 FOOD TECHNOL BIOTECH JI Food Technol. Biotechnol. PD JAN-APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 51 EP 55 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XJ813 UT WOS:A1996XJ81300006 ER PT B AU Brown, S Shvidenko, AZ Galinski, W Houghton, RA Kasischke, ES Kauppi, P Kurz, WA Nalder, IA Rojkov, VA AF Brown, S Shvidenko, AZ Galinski, W Houghton, RA Kasischke, ES Kauppi, P Kurz, WA Nalder, IA Rojkov, VA BE Apps, MJ Price, DT TI WG2 summary: Forests and the global carbon cycle: Past, present, and future role SO FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST MANAGEMENT AND THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SERIES I, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Role of Global Forest Ecosystems and Forest Resource Management in the Global Cycle CY SEP 12-16, 1994 CL BANFF, CANADA SP NATO C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,US EPA,DEPT FORESTRY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 11 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY BN 3-540-60684-X J9 NATO ASI SER SER I PY 1996 VL 40 BP 199 EP 208 PG 10 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BF93A UT WOS:A1996BF93A00017 ER PT J AU Chapin, RE Stevens, JT Hughes, CL Kelce, WR Hess, RA Daston, GP AF Chapin, RE Stevens, JT Hughes, CL Kelce, WR Hess, RA Daston, GP TI Endocrine modulation of reproduction SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYPOTHALAMIC ARCUATE NUCLEUS; SERTOLI-CELL PROLIFERATION; MICRODISSECTED BRAIN-AREAS; INCREASED TESTIS GROWTH; AGING FEMALE RATS; SPERM PRODUCTION; NEONATAL-HYPOTHYROIDISM; ADULT-RATS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; BINDING-SITES AB The ability of foreign compounds to affect the functioning of various endocrine systems is currently thought responsible for a wide variety of effects. The presentations in this symposium reviewed the evidence for and against the involvement of endocrine systems in several different aspects of reproduction. The mechanism behind the ability of a triazine herbicide to cause enhanced appearance of mammary tumors in one strain of female rats is reviewed by Stevens. The data suggest that enhanced aging, not direct mammary modulation, is responsible. Dietary phytoestrogens, the mediators of their actions, their effects in various biological systems, and the relationships between phytoestrogen producers and consumers are all provocatively and succinctly reviewed by Hughes. Kelce presents the strategy used to dissect the mode and mechanisms of action of a fungicide that opened a new awareness in reproductive toxicology: the possibility of xenobiotics being antiandrogens. Finally, to heighten our understanding of the interplay among hormonal systems in vivo, Hess reviews the data that show that androgens are not the only hormones important in the development of the male reproductive system: the pituitary is shown to play a critical role at specific stages of development. The breadth of these presentations, and the implications of their findings, should make us pause and realize how much there is still to discover about the interaction between the reproductive system and anthropogenic compounds. C1 CIBA GEIGY CORP,CROP PROTECT DIV,DEPT TOXICOL,GREENSBORO,NC. WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,DEPT COMPARAT MED,COMPARAT MED CLIN RES CTR,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27109. WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27109. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET BIOSCI,URBANA,IL 61801. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,CINCINNATI,OH 45239. RP Chapin, RE (reprint author), NIEHS,NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM,REPROD TOXICOL GRP,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 87 TC 55 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0001 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TQ836 UT WOS:A1996TQ83600001 PM 8838635 ER PT J AU Burleson, GR Lebrec, H Yang, YG Ibanes, JD Pennington, KN Birnbaum, LS AF Burleson, GR Lebrec, H Yang, YG Ibanes, JD Pennington, KN Birnbaum, LS TI Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on influenza virus host resistance in mice SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDOTOXIN HYPERSENSITIVITY; INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; AH LOCUS; EXPOSURE; INFECTION; SUPPRESSION; SERUM; "2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes numerous immunotoxic effects including thymic involution and an immunosuppression of nonspecific as well as specific cell- and humoral-mediated immunity. TCDD administration to laboratory animals also results in a decreased resistance to numerous bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Effects on virus host resistance appear to be among the most sensitive effects of TCDD immunotoxicity. However, previous studies have not achieved a no effect level. The present studies utilized an influenza virus host resistance model in mice to quantify the sensitivity of this model to TCDD and to determine the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of TCDD for influenza virus, Results indicated that a single dose of TCDD at 0.10, 0.05, or 0.01 mu g/kg resulted in an increased mortality to Hong Kong influenza virus when mice were challenged 7 days after TCDD administration. Increased mortality was not correlated with increased virus titers in the lungs. TCDD at 0.005 or 0.001 mu g/kg had no effect on influenza-induced mortality. TCDD alone did not affect thymus weight at any dose administered in this study. TCDD also did not alter the virus-enhanced increase in lung weight:body weight ratio nor the virus-induced decrease in thymus weight. Thus, low levels of TCDD exposure lead to enhanced mortality to influenza virus; however, the mechanism of this effect remains to be elucidated. Nonetheless, enhanced mortality to influenza virus in mice following a single dose of 10 ng TCDD/kg represents the most sensitive adverse effect yet reported for TCDD. (C) 1996 society of Toxicology C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 48 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 40 EP 47 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0004 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TQ836 UT WOS:A1996TQ83600004 PM 8838638 ER PT J AU Genter, MB Owens, DM Carlone, HB Crofton, KM AF Genter, MB Owens, DM Carlone, HB Crofton, KM TI Characterization of olfactory deficits in the rat following administration of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (Dichlobenil), 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile, or methimazole SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERBICIDE DICHLOBENIL; MUCOSAL DAMAGE; NASAL TISSUES; TOXICITY; MICE; EPITHELIUM; EXPRESSION; SYSTEM; DEGENERATION; REGENERATION AB The histopathology of the olfactory mucosal lesion associated with ip administration of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) and 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) has been well documented, Whether there is an olfactory deficit associated with the partial loss of the olfactory mucosa (localized around the dorsal medial meatus of the nasal cavity) has yet to be determined, Dichlobenil (100 mg/kg) or IDPN (200 mg/ kg) was administered ip to adult male Long-Evans rats previously trained in an olfactory task to find a food pellet buried in approximately 7.5 cm of bedding in a 0.61 x 1.2 x 0.61-m Plexiglass chamber, As a positive control, another group received 300 mg/kg ip of 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (methimazole), a dosing regimen which destroys nearly all of the olfactory mucosa. All three compounds caused a transient increase in the mean latency to find the pellet, with the magnitude of the effect positively correlated with the extent of the olfactory lesion, In order to determine whether these deficits resulted from olfactory dysfunction or impaired cognitive function (a deficit previously attributed to IDPN exposure), another group of rats was dosed as above and tested in another spatial memory task, the Morris water maze (MWM), which is less dependent upon olfactory function, No performance deficit was detected in the MWM, These data suggest that the transient olfactory deficit in the dichlobenil-, IDPN-, and methimazole-treated rats is attributable to defective olfactory function. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT TOXICOL, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-00044, ES-07046] NR 49 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 71 EP 77 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0007 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TQ836 UT WOS:A1996TQ83600007 PM 8838641 ER PT J AU Wiester, MJ Stevens, MA Menache, MG McKee, JL Gerrity, TR AF Wiester, MJ Stevens, MA Menache, MG McKee, JL Gerrity, TR TI Ozone uptake in healthy adult males during quiet breathing SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE; LUNG; RESPONSES; REMOVAL; RATS AB Experimental measurements of ozone (O-3) uptake are needed for validation of dosimetry model parameters and in predictions as well as for determining factors affecting uptake and for making comparisons between subpopulations or across species, In this study, 10 healthy adult male subjects were exposed to 0.3 ppm O-3 while seated and breathing naturally through the nose or mouth, Total respiratory tract O-3 uptake, spontaneous breathing parameters, and respiratory gas exchange were measured for 10 min under steady-state conditions. The exposure protocol was replicated in each subject approximately 2 weeks after the first visit, On each visit, health exams were performed and spirometric lung measurements were obtained. The experimental design provided comparisons of total O-3 uptake during nasal and oral breathing, differences in uptake in an individual at two time points, and an examination of between-subject variability in O-3 uptake. Exposure to O-3 had no effect on the breathing parameters or gas exchange, Oral and nasal breathing frequency averaged 16.2 +/- 1.1 (SE) and 16.0 +/- 1.2 breaths per minute with tidal volumes averaging 651 +/- 46 and 669 +/- 67 ml, respectively, A significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found for the minute volume during resting breathing with the percentage of uptake. The percentage of O-3 uptake was consistently higher (p = 0.02) during oral breathing (76.5% +/- 3.3) than during nasal breathing (73.1% +/- 3.0) although this difference may not be biologically significant. The variability in percentage of uptake between subjects was substantial with calculated uptakes ranging from 51 to 96%, a difference of about 45%. Variability in percentage of uptake for an individual was less with the maximal difference between the first and second visits being about 20%; the average difference, however, was only about 3%, We conclude that total percentage of O-3 uptake is approximately 75% in adult males during resting breathing. It is slightly greater during oral than during nasal breathing, will vary considerably among subjects, and is moderately reproducible within a subject. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,CTR EXTRAPOLAT MODELING,DURHAM,NC 27710. RP Wiester, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,MD-82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 102 EP 109 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0011 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TQ836 UT WOS:A1996TQ83600011 PM 8838645 ER PT B AU Westlin, PR Segall, RR AF Westlin, PR Segall, RR GP GAS PROCESSORS ASSOC TI Update on the compliance assurance monitoring rule development SO GAS PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION - SEVENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 75th Annual Convention of the Gas-Processors-Association CY MAR 11-13, 1996 CL DENVER, CO SP Gas Processors Assoc C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GAS PROCESSORS ASSOC PI TULSA PA 6526 E 60TH ST, TULSA, OK 74145 PY 1996 BP 180 EP 181 PG 2 WC Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA BF87L UT WOS:A1996BF87L00026 ER PT S AU Anastas, PT Williamson, TC AF Anastas, PT Williamson, TC BE Anastas, PT Williamson, TC TI Green chemistry: An overview SO GREEN CHEMISTRY: DESIGNING CHEMISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Green Chemistry - Designing Chemistry for the Environment, at the 208th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-25, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc ID ENANTIOSELECTIVE HYDROGENATION REACTIONS; NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC-SUBSTITUTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; C2-SYMMETRICAL BIS(PHOSPHOLANES); NITROBENZENE; BIOCATALYSIS; URETHANES; ALCOHOLS; AMINES AB Green Chemistry is an approach to the synthesis, processing and use of chemicals that reduces risks to humans and the environment. Many innovative chemistries have been developed over the past several years that are effective, efficient and more environmentally benign. These approaches include new syntheses and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The benefits to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in society in general. RP Anastas, PT (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,MAIL CODE 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 66 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3399-3 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 626 BP 1 EP 17 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BF19B UT WOS:A1996BF19B00001 ER PT S AU Webster, LC Anastas, PT Williamson, TC AF Webster, LC Anastas, PT Williamson, TC BE Anastas, PT Williamson, TC TI Environmentally benign production of commodity chemicals through biotechnology - Recent progress and future potential SO GREEN CHEMISTRY: DESIGNING CHEMISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Green Chemistry - Designing Chemistry for the Environment, at the 208th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-25, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc ID PLASMID-BASED BIOCATALYSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CLOSTRIDIUM-THERMOCELLUM; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; KLEBSIELLA-OXYTOCA; MICROBISPORA-BISPORA; CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; HEMOGLOBIN GENE AB The United States chemical industry has raised the standard of living in America and has contributed enormously to the country's economic vitality in the twentieth century, but this success has come at a price to the environment. Plentiful and cheap, petroleum has been the dominant feedstock for chemical manufacturing since World War II. Biotechnology has been increasingly investigated as an alternative and has the potential to impact the chemical industry substantially. From its use of renewable, non-toxic biomass in place of petroleum, to the fermentation of genetically engineered microorganisms and novel processing techniques, the development of biotechnology methods for chemical manufacture is quietly taking place. This chapter will discuss some of these emerging technologies including the conversion of cellulose to glucose, the use of microbes as biocatalysts, metabolic pathway engineering, aromatic chemical pathways, bioprocessing, and the use of catalytic antibodies. C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 56 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3399-3 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 626 BP 198 EP 211 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BF19B UT WOS:A1996BF19B00015 ER PT B AU Kovalick, WW Steimle, R AF Kovalick, WW Steimle, R BE Kobus, H Barczewski, B Koschitzky, HP TI Public and private initiatives to develop ground water remediation technologies in the US SO GROUNDWATER AND SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION: RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR IN-SITU TECHNOLOGIES SE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Groundwater and Subsurface Remediation - Research Strategies for In-situ Technologies CY SEP 26-27, 1995 CL UNIV STUTTGART, STUTTGART, GERMANY HO UNIV STUTTGART C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY BN 3-540-60916-4 J9 ENVIRONM ENGN PY 1996 BP 289 EP 297 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA BG45Q UT WOS:A1996BG45Q00019 ER PT S AU LopezAvila, V Benedicto, J Beckert, WF AF LopezAvila, V Benedicto, J Beckert, WF BE Meyer, MT Thurman, EM TI In situ derivatization-supercritical fluid extraction method for the determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in soil samples SO HERBICIDE METABOLITES IN SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Herbicide Metabolites in Surface Water and Groundwater at the 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc AB This paper describes an in-situ derivatization/supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedure for 11 chlorophenoxy acid herbicides from a soil matrix. Soil samples (freshly spiked or spiked and weathered soils) are amended with pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) and triethyl amine (TEA), prior to SFE, and are pressurized (static) with supercritical carbon dioxide at 400 atm/100 degrees C for 60 min. During this time, the acids are converted to their corresponding PFB esters, which are very soluble in carbon dioxide, and thus, easily extracted from the soil matrix. During a 30-min dynamic extraction, the esters are collected in acetone or on a C-18-bonded silica trap and subsequently rinsed off the trap with acetone. The acetone extract is subjected to silica chromatography to remove the excess reagents and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Single-laboratory data and some results of a collaborative study are presented here. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP LopezAvila, V (reprint author), CALIF OPERAT,MIDWEST RES INST,555-C CLYDE AVE,MT VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3405-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 630 BP 63 EP 76 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BF94W UT WOS:A1996BF94W00006 ER PT S AU Barrett, MR AF Barrett, MR BE Meyer, MT Thurman, EM TI The environmental impact of pesticide degradates in groundwater SO HERBICIDE METABOLITES IN SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Herbicide Metabolites in Surface Water and Groundwater at the 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc ID BOUND RESIDUE FORMATION; WESTERN TENNESSEE SOIL; C-14 ATRAZINE; LOAM SOIL; PRODUCTS; HYDROXYATRAZINE; METABOLITES; DEETHYLATRAZINE; MOVEMENT; WATER AB Pesticide environmental fate and ground-water monitoring studies often only analyze for residues of parent. Yet available environmental fate data for many pesticide degradates indicate a higher propensity to leach in soil than the respective parent compound. Even in cases where no mobile degradate has been found to accumulate in soil to any great extent (generally true with s-triazine and acetanilide herbicides, for example), the existence of a chemically stable molecular ''core'' is an indicator that some degradates could reach ground water. Recent studies with atrazine and alachlor have demonstrated that quantities of degradates in ground water may exceed (sometimes by a great amount) the quantities of the parent compound. Ground-water monitoring for newer, low-rate pesticides such as sulfonylurea herbicides and their degradates is almost nonexistent. These low-rate herbicides have environmental fate properties indicating they may be more mobile in soil than some pesticides that have already been found to impact ground water at numerous locations. In cases where degradates are found to be of toxicological significance, use limitations might be needed to mitigate impact of the degradates on ground water. RP Barrett, MR (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 47 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3405-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 630 BP 200 EP 225 PG 26 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BF94W UT WOS:A1996BF94W00016 ER PT B AU Kruger, M Forinash, E AF Kruger, M Forinash, E GP AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS TI Final WIPP compliance criteria (40 CFR PART 194) SO HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT, 1996 . LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management CY APR 29-MAY 03, 1996 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Amer Nucl Soc AB The purpose of the meeting presentation is for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide an up-re-date status of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Compliance Criteria rulemaking (40 CFR part 194). As of January 1996 (the time of this summary), the final rule has cleared the Office of Management and Budget (Oh-IB) review process pursuant to Executive Order 12866. It is not appropriate for the Agency to discuss the final contents of 40 CFR 194 until the rule is signed by the EPA Administrator; however, this summary will discuss, in general terms, the status of the rulemaking. It is expected that the final rule will be signed prior to the meeting, so derailed information can be provided during the oral presentation. RP Kruger, M (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST,NW 6602-J,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 BN 0-7844-0169-1 PY 1996 BP 224 EP 225 PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BH12H UT WOS:A1996BH12H00077 ER PT B AU Weinstock, L Clark, RL AF Weinstock, L Clark, RL GP AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS TI The national academy of sciences report and environmental radiation standards for Yucca Mountain SO HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT, 1996 . LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management CY APR 29-MAY 03, 1996 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Amer Nucl Soc AB The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the responsibility of setting environmental standards for the potential repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The Agency is formulating those standards. The background, status, and next steps are reviewed. RP Weinstock, L (reprint author), US EPA,RADIAT PROTECT DIV,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR 6602J,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 BN 0-7844-0169-1 PY 1996 BP 267 EP 268 PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BH12H UT WOS:A1996BH12H00092 ER PT S AU Thorn, KA Goldenberg, WS Younger, SJ Weber, EJ AF Thorn, KA Goldenberg, WS Younger, SJ Weber, EJ BE Gaffney, JS Marley, NA Clark, SB TI Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances - Comparison of nucleophilic addition, enzyme-, and metal-catalyzed reactions by N-15 NMR SO HUMIC AND FULVIC ACIDS: ISOLATION, STRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Humic and Fulvic Acids - Isolation, Structure, and Environmental Role, at the 210th ACS National Meeting CY AUG 20-24, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Chem Soc ID C-13 NMR; AROMATIC-AMINES; SOIL; 3,4-DICHLOROANILINE; OLIGOMERIZATION; 4-CHLOROANILINE; OXIDATION; MANGANESE; QUINONES; HUMUS AB The covalent binding of N-15-labelled aniline, in the presence and absence of catalysis by horseradish peroxidase and birnessite, to the fulvic and humic acids isolated from the MSS Elliot silt loam soil, has been examined by a combination of liquid and solid state N-15 NMR. In the absence of catalysts, aniline undergoes nucleophilic addition reactions with the carbonyl functionality of the fulvic and humic acids and becomes incorporated in the form of anilinohydroquinone, anilinoquinone, anilide, heterocyclic, and imine nitrogens. In the presence of peroxidase and birnessite, aniline undergoes free radical coupling reactions together with nucleophilic addition reactions with the fulvic and humic acids. Among the condensation products unique to the catalyzed reactions are azobenzene nitrogens, iminodiphenoquinone nitrogens, and nitrogens tentatively assigned as imidazole, oxazole, pyrazole, or nitrile. The incorporation of aniline into the organic matter of the whole Elliot silt loam soil and the IHSS Pahokee peat most closely resembles the noncatalyzed nucleophilic addition reactions, as determined by solid state N-15 NMR. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CHEM,BOULDER,CO 80309. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Thorn, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,MAIL STOP 408,5293 WARD RD,ARVADA,CO 80002, USA. NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3468-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 651 BP 299 EP 326 PG 28 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG78B UT WOS:A1996BG78B00019 ER PT S AU Rice, GE Lyon, BF Keating, M AF Rice, GE Lyon, BF Keating, M BE Chetty, PRK Jackson, WD TI Predicted fate and transport of mercury emitted from utility boilers in the local atmosphere SO IECEC 96 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 31ST INTERSOCIETY ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERSOCIETY ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING CONFERENCE (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC 96) CY AUG 11-16, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP IEEE, Electron Devices Soc, IEEE, Aerosp Electr Syst Soc, Natl Capital Area Council C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 1089-3547 BN 0-7803-3547-3 J9 PROC IECEC PY 1996 BP 2150 EP 2155 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BG49K UT WOS:A1996BG49K00379 ER PT S AU LopezAvila, V Charan, C VanEmon, J AF LopezAvila, V Charan, C VanEmon, J BE Beier, RC Stanker, LH TI Supercritical fluid extraction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay applications for determination of pesticides in soil and food SO IMMUNOASSAYS FOR RESIDUE ANALYSIS: FOOD SAFETY SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Immunoassays for Residue Analysis - Food Safety, at the 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agr & Food Chem AB This paper describes the use of off-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of nine pesticides (alachlor, aldicarb, atrazine, carbaryl, carbendazim, carbofuran, cyanazine, 2,4-D, and metolachlor) in soil and food matrices. Soil samples (freshly spiked or spiked and aged soils) were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide containing 10 percent methanol (as modifier) at a flow rate of approximately 2 mL/min. The extraction conditions were: pressure, 450 atm; temperature, 80 degrees C; and extraction time, 30 min (dynamic). Food samples consisting of baby food and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS) samples were extracted at lower pressures and temperatures (150 atm, 70 degrees C) but for a longer period of time (15 min static and 60 min dynamic) and without the modifier to avoid extraction of the fat present in these samples. Acetonitrile was used as matrix modifier in the food extractions. In both cases, the extracted material was collected in reagent water. The benefits of SFE-ELISA include replacement of harmful organic solvents used in extraction, quick extractions with a relatively inexpensive extractant, reduced number of steps in the determination of the target compounds, and sensitive and relatively inexpensive assays. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP LopezAvila, V (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,555-B CLYDE AVE,MOUNTAIN VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3379-9 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 621 BP 439 EP 449 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA BF24E UT WOS:A1996BF24E00035 ER PT B AU Manzanilla, E AF Manzanilla, E BE Eaton, DJ TI The future for state and federal partnerships in the environment SO IMPACTS OF TRADE AGREEMENTS OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL LAWS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Impacts of Trade Agreements on State and Provincial Laws CY NOV 10, 1995 CL AUSTIN, TX SP Univ Texas Austin, United States Mexican Poplicy Studies Program, Natl Conf State Legislators, Off Texas Attorney Gen, Western Governors Assoc C1 US Embassy Mexico City, US EPA, Environm Attache, Laredo, TX 78044 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LYNDON B JOHNSON SCH PUBLIC AFFAIRS PI AUSTIN PA UNIV TEXAS AUSTIN, PO BOX Y, UNIV STN, AUSTIN, TX 78713-8925 USA BN 0-89940-325-5 PY 1996 BP 68 EP 70 PG 3 WC International Relations; Public Administration SC International Relations; Public Administration GA BX05G UT WOS:000184083200016 ER PT J AU Sabaliunas, D Ellington, J Lekevicius, R AF Sabaliunas, D Ellington, J Lekevicius, R TI Alkaline and neutral hydrolysis of four phenylurea herbicides SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phenylurea herbicides; fenuron; monuron; diuron; chloroxuron hydrolysis ID PERSPECTIVES AB The kinetics of hydrolysis of four phenylurea herbicides - fenuron, monuron, diuron and chloroxuron - were measured in aqueous alkaline solutions at temperatures of 64 degrees C and 84 degrees C and extrapolated to 25 degrees C. At hydroxide concentrations greater than or equal to 8.6 x 10(-4) mol l(-1), alkaline hydrolysis dominates but the reaction does not obey second-order kinetics and approaches a maximum value at concentrations > 0.1 mol l(-1). The kinetic data support a mechanism of reaction proposed previously for the alkaline hydrolysis of trichloro- and trifluoroaceranilides. The mechanism is a hydroxide-ion-promored equilibrium formation of a reactive tetrahedral intermediate anion that can either revert to the starting compound, decompose to products, or react with a second hydroxide to form a dianion prior to decomposition to products. Statistical analysis of the data suggests that the break-down of the reactive intermediate proceeds entirely via the path in which a second hydroxide removes a proton from the intermediate to yield a dianion that decomposes, whereas the path in which the intermediate breaks down without the assistance of OH- is of no kinetic importance, even at hydroxide concentrations as low as 0.00086 mol l(-1). Our hydrolysis rate constant measurements suggest that neutral hydrolysis is a major route of environmental degradation of the herbicides. The half-lives in years of the four ureas at 25 degrees C and pH 7 are estimated to be 89 for fenuron, 66 for monuron, 41 for diuron, and 41 for chloroxuron. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM RES,ATHENS,GA 30605. VILNIUS STATE UNIV,FAC NAT SCI,LT-2009 VILNIUS,LITHUANIA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1996 VL 64 IS 2 BP 123 EP 134 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VN133 UT WOS:A1996VN13300004 ER PT J AU Bursey, JT Tondeur, Y Coppedge, EA Johnson, LD AF Bursey, JT Tondeur, Y Coppedge, EA Johnson, LD TI Extraction and recovery of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from modified method 5 sampling train particulate matter SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated dibenzodioxins; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; hazardous waste incinerators; filters ID FLY-ASH AB Because of the extreme toxicity of certain polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) isomers, there is widespread concern regarding effective sampling and analysis for these compounds. One stationary source which raises concern is the effluent of hazardous waste incinerators where PCDDs/PCDFs may be formed during thermal destruction of hazardous waste. Particulate material in incinerator flue gas is collected on a quartz fiber filter in the sampling train recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for collection of PCDDs and PCDFs. These halogenated organic compounds are recovered from the filter and from the sorbent of the sampling train by extraction with an organic solvent. To evaluate the effectiveness of this extraction process, a spiking study was performed using filters from various stationary sources. In comparing recoveries from particulate-laden filters to recoveries from spiked clean filters, no significant compound losses can be attributed to the particulate matter interactions in these samples. A modified sampling method has been written to address concerns about potential problems with recovery of PCDDs/PCDFs from particulate-laden sampling train filters. C1 RTP INC,TRIANGLE LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Bursey, JT (reprint author), RADIAN CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1996 VL 62 IS 1 BP 35 EP 41 DI 10.1080/03067319608027050 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UU645 UT WOS:A1996UU64500003 ER PT J AU Johnson, LD Fuerst, RG Foster, AL Bursey, JT AF Johnson, LD Fuerst, RG Foster, AL Bursey, JT TI Replacement of charcoal sorbent in the sampling of volatile organics from stationary sources SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sampling; emissions; organics; sorbents; VOST AB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 0030 for sampling volatile organics from stationary sources (VOST) specifies the use of petroleum-based charcoal in the second sorbent tube. Charcoal has proven to be a marginal performer as a sampling sorbent, partly due to inconsistency in analyte recovery. In addition, commercial availability of petroleum charcoal for VOST tubes has been variable. tack of data on comparability and variability of charcoals for VOST application has created uncertainty when other charcoals are substituted. Five potential sorbent replacements for charcoal in Method 0030 were evaluated along with a reference charcoal. Two of the sorbents tested. Ambersorb XE-340 and Tenax GR, did not perform well enough to qualify as replacements. Three candidates, Anasorb 747, Carbosieve S-III and Kureha Beaded Activated Charcoal, performed adequately, and produced statistically equivalent results. Because Anasorb 747 exhibited an excellent combination of performance, availability, and cost, it was selected for use in field tests to follow this study. C1 RADIAN CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Johnson, LD (reprint author), US EPA,SOURCE METHODS RES BRANCH,METHODS RES & DEV DIV,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 231 EP 244 DI 10.1080/03067319608028136 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UT968 UT WOS:A1996UT96800005 ER PT J AU Martonen, T Zhang, ZQ Yang, YD AF Martonen, T Zhang, ZQ Yang, YD TI Particle diffusion with entrance effects in a smooth-walled cylinder SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CYLINDRICAL PIPE; DEPOSITION; AEROSOLS; AIRWAYS AB This work describes convective particle diffusion from developing flows in smooth-walled tubes and presents a closed-form solution for particle deposition efficiencies. The mathematical model is used to simulate inhaled particles in human airways for applicability to aerosol therapy (the treatment of lung diseases) and inhalation toxicology (the risk assessment of air pollutants). Momentum and concentration equations initially written in cylindrical coordinates were simplified by a scaling technique and solved analytically. A general velocity profile within the boundary layer of developing flow was determined based on the reduced momentum equation. A concentration boundary layer equation, different from Ingham's (1991) approach, was solved. Core flow acceleration was allowed in the airway lumen outside the boundary layer. Scale analyses demonstrated that the magnitude of the radial convection term in the particle concentration equation was quite small relative to both the longitudinal convection term and the effect of curvature (i.e., 1/r term where r is tube radius). Therefore, it could be neglected, especially for flow in airways of small dimensions. The effects of core flow acceleration were negligible for particle diffusion studies pertinent to airways of the human lung. Our predictions were between 3% and 75% greater than the corresponding theoretical results of Ingham (1991) for various Schmidt numbers and were, therefore, in better agreement with the experimental results of Cohen and Asgharian (1990). Consideration of the effects of tube curvature contributed significantly to the improved accuracy of our model. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT MECH ENGN & APPL MECH,KINGSTON,RI 02881. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Martonen, T (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 17 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 27 IS 1 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1016/0021-8502(95)00530-7 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TT401 UT WOS:A1996TT40100011 ER PT J AU Dippold, JS Arlian, LG Rapp, CM Chang, JS AF Dippold, JS Arlian, LG Rapp, CM Chang, JS TI Dust mites' survival at high temperatures. SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 97 IS 1 BP 166 EP 166 PN 3 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA TV536 UT WOS:A1996TV53600166 ER PT J AU Dufour, AP AF Dufour, AP TI Water microbiology SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article RP Dufour, AP (reprint author), US EPA,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 79 IS 1 BP 262 EP 263 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW175 UT WOS:A1996TW17500062 ER PT J AU Chiu, N OrmeZavaleta, J Chiu, A Chen, C DeAngelo, A Brattin, W Blancato, J AF Chiu, N OrmeZavaleta, J Chiu, A Chen, C DeAngelo, A Brattin, W Blancato, J TI Characterization of cancer risk associated with exposure to chloroform SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART C-ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID FEMALE B6C3F(1) MICE; INDUCED HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION; REGENERATIVE CELL-PROLIFERATION; MALE F344 RATS; DRINKING-WATER; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; LIVER CARCINOGENESIS; AD-LIBITUM; CORN-OIL; TOXICITY C1 US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. ROY F WESTON INC, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP Chiu, N (reprint author), US EPA, OFF SCI & TECHNOL 4304, 401 M ST SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. OI Blancato, Jerry/0000-0002-7023-5767 NR 51 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1059-0501 EI 1532-4095 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL C JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. C-Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. PY 1996 VL 14 IS 2 BP 81 EP 104 DI 10.1080/10590509609373483 PG 24 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VQ214 UT WOS:A1996VQ21400001 ER PT J AU Fairchild, DJ McCormick, JH AF Fairchild, DJ McCormick, JH TI Effects of temperature on hatching and development of (Gymnocephalus cernuus) SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ruffe; temperature; fish eggs; development; survival ID ST-LOUIS RIVER; LAKE-SUPERIOR; RUFFE AB The ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) was introduced into the estuary of the St. Louis River at the western end of Lake Superior in about 1986 and is now the numerically dominant trawl-caught fish in this ecosystem. To learn more about the early life history of this new North America species, we incubated ruffe embryos at 6, 11, 16, and 21 degrees C. In this way we determined the effects of temperature on hatching success, rates of development, the times from fertilization to hatching, and from fertilization to swim-up stage. After cooling from 13-16 degrees C and subsequent incubation at 6 degrees C few embryos hatched and no normal larvae were produced. At 11, 16, and 21 degrees C, hatching success ranged from 49-58%, and 66% of those that hatched survived to swim-up. The mean time from fertilization to hatching was 29, 11, 6 and 4 days at 6, 11, 16, and 21 degrees C, respectively. The time from fertilization to swim-up was 26, 14, and 9 days at 11, 16, and 21 degrees C, respectively. We believe the information provided will be of value to those interested in the basic environmental biology of this new species to North America, and to those natural resource managers responsible for wafers where this species is or will become present. This new information will aia natural resource managers in planning chemical control strategies so as to avoid scheduling treatment when the ruffe's resistant egg stage may be extant, and also in aiding them to know when greater caution should be enforced so as to avoid extending their range through entrainment of the vulnerable swim-up larvae, e.g., during ships ballasting, with the possible consequence of transport to new sites of invasion. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ECOL EFFECTS RES LAB,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 1 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UE692 UT WOS:A1996UE69200011 ER PT J AU Sierszen, ME Keough, JR Hagley, CA AF Sierszen, ME Keough, JR Hagley, CA TI Trophic analysis of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and white perch (Morone americana) in a Lake Superior coastal food web, using stable isotope techniques SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ruffe; yellow perch; white perch; food web; isotope studies; Lake Superior ID YELLOW PERCH; CARBON ISOTOPES; 2 PERCIDS; FLUVIATILIS; FLAVESCENS; DIET; COMPETITION; DELTA-C-13; ECOSYSTEMS; DIGESTION AB We examined the trophic roles of two nonindigenous species, ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and white perch (Morone americana), in the food web of a western Lake Superior coastal wetland, using stable isotope techniques. The delta(15)N signature of ruffe was similar to published values for YOY yellow perch (Perca Flavescens), and intermediate to those of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), a benthivore, and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), a planktivore. Ruffe of all sizes sampled had an approximately 4 parts per thousand enrichment in N-15 over published values for benthos, and a 3 parts per thousand N-15 enrichment over values for plankton. A 3-4 parts per thousand difference is consistent with commonly reported shifts in delta(15)N signature between food and prey. These results suggest that ruffe in this food web feed on both benthos and plankton. White perch undergo ontogenetic shifts in nitrogen isotope signature similar to those reported earlier for yellow perch, and appear to become piscivorous by the time they are 25 cm long. Our data suggest that interactions between ruffe and yellow perch could represent a competitive bottleneck. If yellow perch are able to grow large enough to become piscivorous, they should be able to escape competition with ruffe. In contrast, white perch appear to have the potential to compete with yellow perch throughout their lives. C1 NO PRAIRIE SCI CTR,NATL BIOL SERV,JAMESTOWN,ND 58401. UNIV MINNESOTA,SEA GRANT INST,DULUTH,MN 55812. RP Sierszen, ME (reprint author), US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 51 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 436 EP 443 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VC212 UT WOS:A1996VC21200026 ER PT J AU Adamkus, VV AF Adamkus, VV TI The US EPA and science in the Great Lakes - Comment SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material RP Adamkus, VV (reprint author), US EPA,GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 491 EP 492 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VC212 UT WOS:A1996VC21200031 ER PT J AU Fox, R Tuchman, M AF Fox, R Tuchman, M TI The assessment and remediation of contaminated sediments (ARCS) program SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF,CHICAGO,IL 60604. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 493 EP 494 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VQ491 UT WOS:A1996VQ49100001 ER PT J AU Burton, GA Ingersoll, CG Burnett, LC Henry, M Hinman, ML Klaine, SJ Landrum, PF Ross, P Tuchman, M AF Burton, GA Ingersoll, CG Burnett, LC Henry, M Hinman, ML Klaine, SJ Landrum, PF Ross, P Tuchman, M TI A comparison of sediment toxicity test methods at three Great Lake Areas of Concern SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; fresh water bioassay; toxicity; sediments ID RIVER; WATER AB The significance of sediment contamination is often evaluated using sediment toxicity (bioassay) testing. There are relatively few ''standardized'' test methods for evaluating sediments. Popular sediment toxicity methods examine the extractable water (elutriate), interstitial water or whole (bulk) sediment phases using test species spanning the aquatic food chain from bacteria to fish. The current study was designed to evaluate which toxicity tests were most useful in evaluations of sediment contamination at three Great Lake Areas of Concern. Responses of 24 different organisms including fish, mayflies, amphipods, midges, cladocerans, rotifers, macrophytes, algae, and bacteria were compared using whole sediment or elutriate toxicity assays. Sediments from several sites in the Buffalo River Calumet River (Indiana Harbor), and Saginaw River were rested as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Project. Results indicated several assays to be sensitive to sediment toxicity and able to discriminate between differing levels of toxicity. Many of the assay responses were significantly correlated to other toxicity responses and were similar based on factor analysis. For most applications, a test design consisting of two To three assays should adequately detect sediment toxicity, consisting of various groupings of the following species: Hyalella azteca, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chironomus riparius, Chironomus tentans, Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas, Hexagenia bilineata, Diporeia sp., Hydrilla verticillata, or Lemna minor. C1 NATL BIOL SERV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. UNIV MINNESOTA,NATL BIOL SERV,ST PAUL,MN 55108. MEMPHIS STATE UNIV,MEMPHIS,TN 38152. NOAA,GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM RES LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. US EPA,GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF,CHICAGO,IL 60604. RP Burton, GA (reprint author), WRIGHT STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM QUAL,DAYTON,OH 45435, USA. RI Klaine, Stephen/C-5352-2011; Burton, Glenn/Q-9714-2016 OI Burton, Glenn/0000-0002-8660-6294 NR 31 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 495 EP 511 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VQ491 UT WOS:A1996VQ49100002 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT SchubauerBerigan, MK Dierkes, JR AF Ankley, GT SchubauerBerigan, MK Dierkes, JR TI Application of toxicity identification evaluation techniques to pore water from Buffalo River sediments SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Buffalo River; sediment; toxicity; toxicity identification evaluation; ammonia; metals ID LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; QUALITY CRITERIA; EFFLUENT; AMMONIA; TOXICANTS; MIXTURES; METALS; DIAZINON; PH AB To identify contaminants responsible for toxicity of sediments from the Buffalo River, toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) were conducted with interstitial (pore) water from several sites. Initial toxicity of the samples was determined using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia, and TIE analyses were conducted with the most sensitive of the two species at a particular site. Fathead minnows were more sensitive than C. dubia to pore water from five surficial samples, and TIE results suggested that under our test conditions ammonia was the primary toxicant to the fish. In contrast, C. dubia were more sensitive than fathead minnows to pore water from a sample comprised of deeper sediments at a site that corresponded with one of the surficial samples. Pore water from the deep sediment also was significantly more toxic to both species than the five surficial samples. In this instance, metals (predominantly copper, zinc, and lead) appeared to be most important in determining pore water toxicity to the cladoceran. Based on these analyses, there appear to be both quantitative and qualitative differences in toxicity/toxicants between surficial and deep sediments in the Buffalo River. This is an important consideration in identifying possible remedial strategies involving removal/management of existing (surficial) sediments. C1 ASCI CORP, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. RI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/B-3149-2009 OI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/0000-0002-5175-924X NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 534 EP 544 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VQ491 UT WOS:A1996VQ49100005 ER PT J AU Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Fairchild, JF Haverland, PS Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE Mount, DR LaPoint, TW Burton, GA Swift, MC AF Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Fairchild, JF Haverland, PS Ingersoll, CG Kemble, NE Mount, DR LaPoint, TW Burton, GA Swift, MC TI Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Oligochaeta; Chironomidae; Great Lakes; sediment quality triad; sediment contaminants ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; LARVAE DIPTERA; CHIRONOMID LARVAE; HEAVY-METALS; BIOTIC INDEX; DEFORMITIES; POLLUTION; INSECT; ZOOPLANKTON; INDICATORS AB Sediments in many Great Lakes harbors and tributary rivers are contaminated. As part of the USEPA's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediment (ARCS) program, a number of studies were conducted to determine the nature and extent of sediment contamination in Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC). This paper describes the composition of benthic invertebrate communities in contaminated sediments and is one in a series of papers describing studies conducted to evaluate sediment toxicity from three AOC's (Buffalo River, NY; Indiana Harbor, IN; Saginaw River, MI), as part of the ARCS Program. Oligochaeta (worms) and Chironomidae (midge) comprised over 90% of the benthic invertebrate numbers in samples collected from depositional areas. Worms and midge consisted of taxa identified as primarily contaminant tolerant organisms. Structural deformities of mouthparts in midge larvae were pronounced in many of the samples. Goad concurrence was evident between measures of laboratory toxicity, sediment contaminant concentration, and benthic invertebrate community composition in extremely contaminated samples. However in moderately contaminated samples, less concordance was observed between the benthos community composition and either laboratory toxicity test results or sediment contaminant concentration. Laboratory sediment toxicity tests may better identify chemical contamination in sediments than many commonly used measures of benthic invertebrate community composition. Benthic measures may also reflect other factors such as habitat alteration. Evaluation of non-contaminant factors are needed to better interpret the response of benthic invertebrates to sediment contamination. C1 US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV DULUTH,DULUTH,MN 55804. CLEMSON UNIV,PENDLETON,SC 29670. WRIGHT STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM QUAL,DAYTON,OH 45435. UNIV MINNESOTA,MONTICELLO ECOL RES STN,MONTICELLO,MN 55362. RP Canfield, TJ (reprint author), NATL BIOTECHNOL CTR,MIDWEST SCI CTR,4200 NEW HAVEN RD,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. RI Burton, Glenn/Q-9714-2016 OI Burton, Glenn/0000-0002-8660-6294 NR 68 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 28 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 565 EP 583 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VQ491 UT WOS:A1996VQ49100008 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, CG Haverland, PS Brunson, EL Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Henke, CE Kemble, NE Mount, DR Fox, RG AF Ingersoll, CG Haverland, PS Brunson, EL Canfield, TJ Dwyer, FJ Henke, CE Kemble, NE Mount, DR Fox, RG TI Calculation and evaluation of sediment effect concentrations for the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus riparius SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE toxicity; sediment; Great Lakes; thresholds; amphipods; midges; chironomids; Hyalella ID CLARK-FORK RIVER; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; QUALITY CRITERIA; TOXICITY; MONTANA AB Procedures are described for calculating and evaluating sediment effect concentrations (SECs) using laboratory data on the toxicity of contaminants associated with field-collected sediment to the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus riparius. SECs are defined as the concentrations of individual contaminants in sediment below which toxicity is rarely observed and above which toxicity is frequently observed. The objective of the present study was to develop SECs to classify toxicity data for Great Lake sediment samples rested with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus riparius. This SEC database included samples from additional sites across the United States in order to make the database as robust as possible. Three types of SECs were calculated from these data: (1) Effect Range Low (ERL) and Effect Range Median (ERM), (2) Threshold Effect Level (TEL) and Probable Effect Level (PEL), and (3) No Effect Concentration (NEC). We were able to calculate SECs primarily for total metals, simultaneously extracted metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ranges of concentrations in sediment were too narrow in our database to adequately evaluate SECs for butyltins, methyl mercury, polychlorinated dioxins and furans, or chlorinated pesticides. About 60 to 80%, of the sediment samples in the database are correctly classified as toxic or nor toxic depending on type of SEC evaluated. ERMs and ERLs are generally as reliable as paired PELs and TELs at classifying both toxic and non-toxic samples in our database. Reliability of the SECs in terms of correctly classifying sediment samples is similar between ERMs and NECs; however, ERMs minimize Type I error (false positives) relative to ERLs and minimize Type II error (false negatives) relative to NECs. Correct classification of samples can be improved by using only the most reliable individual SECs for chemicals (i.e., those with a higher percentage of correct classification). SECs calculated using sediment concentrations normalized to total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations did not improve the reliability compared to SECs calculated using dry-weight concentrations. The range of TOC concentrations in our database was relatively narrow compared to the ranges of contaminant concentrations. Therefore, normalizing dry-weight concentrations to a relatively narrow range of TOC concentrations had little influence on relative concentrations of contaminants among samples. When SECs are used to conduct a preliminary screening to predict the potential for toxicity in the absence of actual toxicity testing, a low number of SEC exceedances should be used to minimize the potential for false negatives; however, the risk of accepting higher false positives is increased. C1 US EPA, MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV DULUTH, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF, CHICAGO, IL 60604 USA. RP Ingersoll, CG (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV, MIDWEST SCI CTR, 4200 NEW HAVEN RD, COLUMBIA, MO 65201 USA. OI Henke, Chris/0000-0003-4958-4126 NR 43 TC 84 Z9 104 U1 3 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 602 EP 623 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VQ491 UT WOS:A1996VQ49100011 ER PT J AU Gailani, J Lick, W Ziegler, CK Endicott, D AF Gailani, J Lick, W Ziegler, CK Endicott, D TI Development and calibration of a fine-grained sediment transport model for the Buffalo River SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Buffalo River; hydrodynamic modeling; sediments; transport; resuspension ID LOWER FOX RIVER; FRESH-WATER; RESUSPENSION; SAGINAW AB A numerical model of the transport and fate of sediments in the Buffalo River (New York) was developed. The model framework consists of two-dimensional, vertically-integrated, time-dependent hydrodynamic and transport sub-models coupled with a three-dimensional, time-dependent sub-model of the sediment bed and its properties. The three-dimensional sediment bed model was necessary to accurately model bed properties that vary both spatially and temporally. Sediment settling speeds, resuspension parameters, and bed properties required by the model were directly measured or estimated from laboratory and field tests. Measured flow rates and suspended solids concentrations were used to estimate model loads. Numerical simulations of the Buffalo River were conducted to predict sediment transport over five time periods varying from three to six months in duration. Predicted sediment deposition and erosion patterns were compared to field measurements taken at seven transects across the river at the beginning and end of each time period simulated. The model successfully predicted sediment transport for the range of environmental conditions observed during the study period. An accurate sediment transport model is an important tool in, for instance, evaluating the remediation of in-place pollutants. C1 ASCI CORP,LARGE LAKES RES STN,GROSSE ILE,MI 48138. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MECH & ENVIRONM ENGN,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. US EPA,LARGE LAKES RES STN,GROSSE ILE,MI 48138. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 765 EP 778 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VQ491 UT WOS:A1996VQ49100022 ER PT J AU DeVault, DS Hesselberg, R Rodgers, PW Feist, TJ AF DeVault, DS Hesselberg, R Rodgers, PW Feist, TJ TI Contaminant trends in lake trout and walleye from the Laurentian Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE lake trout; walleye; Great Lakes; PCBs; DDT ID SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; MICHIGAN; PCBS; SALMON; WATERS AB Trends in PCBs, DDT, and other contaminants have been monitored in Great Lakes lake trout and walleye since the 1970s using composite samples of whole fish. Dramatic declines have been observed in concentrations of PCB, Sigma DDT, dieldrin, and oxychlordane, with declines initially following first order loss kinetics. Mean PCB concentrations in Lake Michigan lake trout increased from 13 mu g/g in 1972 to 23 mu g/g in 1974, then declined to 2.6 mu g/g by 1986. Between 1986 and 1992 there was little change in concentration, with 3.5 mu g/g observed in 1992. Sigma DDT in Lake Michigan trout followed a similar trend, decreasing from 19.2 mu g/g in 1970 to 1.1 mu g/g in 1986, and 1.2 mu g/g in 1992. Similar trends were observed for PCBs and Sigma DDT in lake trout from Lakes Superior, Huron and Ontario, Concentrations of both PCB and Sigma DDT in Lake Erie walleye declined between 1977 and 1982, after which concentrations tr,ere relatively constant through 1990. When originally implemented it was assumed that trends in the mean contaminant concentrations in open-lake fish would serve as cost effective surrogates to trends in the water column. While water column data are still extremely limited it appears that for PCBs in lakes Michigan and Superior, trends in lake trout do reasonably mimic those in the water column over the long term. Hypotheses to explain the trends in contaminant concentrations are briefly reviewed, The original first order loss kinetics used to describe the initial decline do not explain the more recent leveling of contaminant concentrations. Recent theories have examined the possibilities of multiple contaminant pools. We suggest another hypothesis, that changes in the food web may have resulted in increased bioaccumulation. However, a preliminary exploration of this hypothesis using a change point analysis was inconclusive. C1 NATL BIOL SURVEY,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,ANN ARBOR,MI 48108. LIMNO TECH INC,ANN ARBOR,MI 48108. RP DeVault, DS (reprint author), US EPA,GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF,77 W JACKSON ST,CHICAGO,IL 60604, USA. NR 29 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 23 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 4 BP 884 EP 895 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WD853 UT WOS:A1996WD85300010 ER PT J AU Nunez, C McMinn, B Vitas, J AF Nunez, C McMinn, B Vitas, J TI Barriers to the use of radiation-curable adhesives in the coated and laminated substrate manufacturing industry SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE pollution prevention; adhesives; radiation-curable coatings; electron beam; ultraviolet AB The Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPR) is investigating the barriers to the use of radiation-cured technology in the coated and laminated substrate manufacturing industry, This paper presents information gathered from radiation-curable coating and equipment suppliers as well as technical publications. The focus of this project was to investigate the use of radiation-curable coatings as an alternative to conventional solvent-based coatings used in the coated and laminated substrate manufacturing industry. Data obtained included material inputs, equipment, output characteristics, emissions, and waste. Information was gathered to compare process and cost impacts to evaluate the technical, educational, and economic barriers to radiation-curable coatings for this industry. Pollution prevention/source reduction research opportunities were also identified. C1 TRC ENVIRONM CORP,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27514. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 45 IS 1 BP 59 EP 78 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00081-X PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TN802 UT WOS:A1996TN80200004 ER PT J AU Haines, JR Wrenn, BA Holder, EL Strohmeier, KL Herrington, RT Venosa, AD AF Haines, JR Wrenn, BA Holder, EL Strohmeier, KL Herrington, RT Venosa, AD TI Measurement of hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations by a 96-well plate most-probable-number procedure SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MPN; hydrocarbon-degraders; crude oil; tetrazolium; INT ID MICROORGANISMS; ENUMERATION; MARINE AB A 96-well microtiter plate most-probable-number (MPN) procedure was developed to enumerate hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, The performance of this method, which uses number 2 fuel oil (F2) as the selective growth substrate and reduction of iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT) to detect positive wells, was evaluated by comparison with an established 24-well microtiter plate MPN procedure (the Sheen Screen), which uses weathered North Slope crude oil as the selective substrate and detects positive wells by emulsification or dispersion of the oil, Both procedures gave similar estimates of the hydrocarbon-degrader population densities in several oil-degrading enrichment cultures and sand samples from a variety of coastal sites, Although several oils were effective substrates for the 96-well procedure, the combination of F2 with INT was best, because the color change associated with INT reduction was more easily detected in the small wells than was disruption of the crude oil slick, The method's accuracy was evaluated by comparing hydrocarbon-degrader MPNs with heterotrophic plate counts for several pure and mixed cultures, For some organisms, it seems likely that a single cell cannot initiate sufficient growth to produce a positive result, Thus, this and other hydrocarbon-degrader MPN procedures might underestimate the hydrocarbon-degrading population, even for culturable organisms. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Haines, JR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 20 TC 63 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 17 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL JI J. Indust. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 16 IS 1 BP 36 EP 41 DI 10.1007/BF01569919 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TY357 UT WOS:A1996TY35700006 PM 8820018 ER PT J AU Becker, S AF Becker, S TI Lung macrophage-epithelial cell interactions in respiratory syncytial virus infection. SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 1996 SU S BP 299 EP 299 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA VE906 UT WOS:A1996VE90600299 ER PT J AU Chanda, SM Mortensen, SR Padilla, S AF Chanda, SM Mortensen, SR Padilla, S TI Carboxylesterase: A factor in modifying the neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos. SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PENDLETON,SC 29670. CLEMSON UNIV,TIWET,PENDLETON,SC 29670. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1996 VL 66 SU 1 BP S16 EP S16 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA TY002 UT WOS:A1996TY00200061 ER PT J AU Mortensen, SR Chanda, SM Padilla, S AF Mortensen, SR Chanda, SM Padilla, S TI Age-related sensitivity to the anticholinesterase pesticide chlorpyrifos: Studies on the developmental changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and A-esterase (arylesterase) activities. SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PENDLETON,SC 29670. CLEMSON UNIV,TIWET,PENDLETON,SC 29670. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1996 VL 66 SU 1 BP S17 EP S17 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA TY002 UT WOS:A1996TY00200065 ER PT J AU Mundy, WR Ward, TR Freudenrich, T Shafer, TJ AF Mundy, WR Ward, TR Freudenrich, T Shafer, TJ TI Pb2+ alters protein kinase C activity isolated from rat brain and in primary neuronal cultures SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1996 VL 66 SU 1 BP S61 EP S61 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA TY002 UT WOS:A1996TY00200242 ER PT J AU Thurnau, RC Manning, JA AF Thurnau, RC Manning, JA TI Low temperature desorption applications of a direct-fired rotary kiln incinerator SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB High temperature incineration has been associated with the emission of some undesirable pollutants, namely dioxin and toxic metals. Because temperature appears to be a primary force in the generation of these pollutants, the EPA Office of Research and Development conducted a set of low temperature desorption experiments on a conventional pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator to determine its treatment effectiveness for a synthetic waste stream. The objective of the low temperature treatment test program was to research the global effects of five parameters believed to be of primary importance to the effectiveness of organic decontamination and toxic metal partitioning. The parameters studied were soil moisture/volatile content, treatment temperature, treatment time, solid bed depth, and degree of solid agitation. A series of twelve tests was performed under different operating conditions to determine: the relationship between kiln exit gas temperature and soil treatment temperature; that treatment temperature was a critical parameter for remediation; that treatment time after achieving equilibrium temperature was important; that moisture affected the treatment effectiveness; that feed rate affected decontamination performance; and that agitation did not affect performance. C1 US EPA,CTR ENVIRONM RES INFORMAT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Thurnau, RC (reprint author), US EPA,THERMAL DESTRUCT BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 12 EP 19 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TN477 UT WOS:A1996TN47700002 ER PT J AU Eaton, WC Jaffe, LB Rickman, EE Jayanty, RKM Wilshire, FW Knoll, JE AF Eaton, WC Jaffe, LB Rickman, EE Jayanty, RKM Wilshire, FW Knoll, JE TI Validation of a test method for collection and analysis of chloroform emissions from stationary sources SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB A test method based upon the adsorption of chloroform onto charcoal was evaluated for the collection and analysis of chloroform emissions from stationary sources. In this method, a source gas sample is pulled through adsorption tubes containing activated charcoal (to adsorb the chloroform), and chloroform is extracted from the charcoal with a hexane/methanol mixture. The extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Procedures in Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 301 were utilized to test the suitability of the method under field conditions at two sampling sites (paper mills). EPA Method 301 requires that four separate trains (''quad train'') operate simultaneously in each run. During each run, two of the four sampling trains were spiked with a known amount of gaseous chloroform. The quad train sampling was performed six or more times. In the first field test, the stack emissions of chloroform were approximately 300 ppm, the mean spike recovery was 82%, the precision of the method for unspiked samples was within 5%, and the sampling bias was -43 ppm. Modifications were made to the sampling method and the spike gas introduction system. The revised method was then tested at a second field site which had chloroform emissions of approximately 220 ppm. The mean spike recovery improved to 95%, the unspiked sample precision was within 5%, and the sampling bias improved to -8.5 ppm. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 66 EP 71 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TN477 UT WOS:A1996TN47700009 PM 28064840 ER PT J AU Shusterman, D Alexeeff, G Hargis, C Kaplan, J Sato, R Gelb, A Becker, C Benowitz, N Gillen, M Thollaug, S Balmes, J AF Shusterman, D Alexeeff, G Hargis, C Kaplan, J Sato, R Gelb, A Becker, C Benowitz, N Gillen, M Thollaug, S Balmes, J TI Predictors of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide exposure in smoke inhalation patients SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLASGOW AREA; FIRE DEATHS; VICTIMS; INJURY; INTUBATION AB Objective: A prospective study of civilian (nonfirefighter) smoke inhalation patients was carried out to test the hypotheses that: 1) absorption of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide from smoke can be predicted by clinical examination and historical data; and, more specifically 2) a history of exposure to burning synthetic polymers is an important predictor of systemic cyanide levels. Methods: The study was conducted over a three-year period at six urban hospitals. Patients with or without burns who were exposed to smoke within five hours of hospital arrival were sampled for carboxyhemoglobin, whole blood cyanide, urine cotinine and urine creatinine. Controls consisted of a smaller group of smoking status-matched, nonsmoke-exposed burn patients. Analysis: Historical information was obtained on SMOKING status, FIRETYPE (structural vs other), MATERIAL burned (natural vs synthetic) and LAGTIME (from exposure to sampling). A smoke inhalation SCORE (0-10) was assigned to each case, based on physical examination findings and changes on chest X ray, and carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide levels were entered into various multivariate linear regression models. Results: A total of 40 cases and 9 controls were recruited, ranging in age from 15 to 92 years. Thirty-four cases were discharged alive and six expired in-hospital. Observed carboxyhemoglobin levels ranged from 1.2% to 41.6% in cases (mean 8.6%), and from 0.5 to 7.3% in controls (mean 2.9%). Observed cyanide levels ranged fr om nondetectable (< 0.05 mu g/mL) to 2.79 mu g/mL in cases (mean 0.25 mu g/mL), and from nondetectable to 0.11 mu g/mL in controls (mean 0.03 mu g/mL). Among cases, linear regression models explained up to 35% of the observed variance in carboxyhemoglobin levels (p < 0.001) and up to 48% of the variance in cyanide levels (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: SCORE was the strongest predictor of both carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide levels; LAGTIME also explained significant variance for[log-transformed] carboxyhemoglobin. Historical factors, such as FIRETYPE, MATERIAL, and SMOKING status, did not explain significant variance in most of the statistical models employed. C1 US EPA,BERKELEY,CA. HIGHLAND GEN HOSP,OAKLAND,CA. ALTA BATES COMMUNITY HOSP,BERKELEY,CA. BROOKSIDE HOSP,SAN PABLO,CA. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DENVER,CO. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Shusterman, D (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DIV ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED,BOX 0843,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0731-3810 J9 J TOXICOL-CLIN TOXIC JI J. Toxicol.-Clin. Toxicol. PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 61 EP 71 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TU978 UT WOS:A1996TU97800012 PM 8632515 ER PT J AU Keough, JR Sierszen, ME Hagley, CA AF Keough, JR Sierszen, ME Hagley, CA TI Analysis of a Lake Superior coastal food web with stable isotope techniques SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN ISOTOPES; CARBON ISOTOPES; MYSIS-RELICTA; ECOSYSTEMS; MICHIGAN; PHYTOPLANKTON; ALGAE; FLOW; SEDIMENTS; ANIMALS AB Food-web components of a Lake Superior coastal wetland and adjacent offshore waters were examined with stable isotope ratio techniques for carbon and nitrogen. We found distinct carbon isotope ratio signatures for organisms collected in the wetland and from offshore. Both food-web groups seemed to be based on carbon fixed by phytoplankton. Compared to offshore organisms, the wetland food web was depleted in C-13. We found the nitrogen isotope ratio signatures to be enriched in N-15 by similar to 3 parts per thousand at each succeeding trophic level in both wetland and lake samples. No evidence of a direct energy link between the abundant macrophyte biomass in the wetland and the fisheries food web was found. The carbon ratio of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) exhibited a shift from a wetland signature in young-of-the-year to an offshore signature in juveniles and adults. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) young-of-the-year exhibited a planktivorous delta(15)N signature, while adults were enriched in N-15. Both examples illustrate the utility of stable isotope ratio techniques in confirming feeding shifts associated with growth and habitat change. C1 NATL BIOL SERV,LAFAYETTE,LA 70506. US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. UNIV MINNESOTA,SEA GRANT INST,DULUTH,MN 55812. NR 49 TC 117 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 35 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 41 IS 1 BP 136 EP 146 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA UC907 UT WOS:A1996UC90700013 ER PT B AU Ross, NP Curtis, C Garetz, W Leonard, E AF Ross, NP Curtis, C Garetz, W Leonard, E BE Grossblatt, N TI Measurement of environmental quality in the United States SO LINKING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY'S ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS SE NATIONAL FORUM ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GOALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Forum on Science and Technology Goals - Environment CY AUG 21-24, 1995 CL NATL ACAD SCI & ENGN, ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR, IRVINE, CA SP Natl Res Council, Carnegie Corp New York HO NATL ACAD SCI & ENGN, ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR RP Ross, NP (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY & PLANNING,ENVIRNOM INFORMAT & STAT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACADEMY PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, PO BOX 285, WASHINGTON, DC 20055 BN 0-309-05578-4 J9 NAT F SCI TECH GOAL PY 1996 BP 135 EP 178 PG 44 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH03Z UT WOS:A1996BH03Z00011 ER PT B AU Wise, J Truitt, P AF Wise, J Truitt, P BE Grossblatt, N TI Review of proposed national environmental goals SO LINKING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY'S ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS SE NATIONAL FORUM ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GOALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Forum on Science and Technology Goals - Environment CY AUG 21-24, 1995 CL NATL ACAD SCI & ENGN, ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR, IRVINE, CA SP Natl Res Council, Carnegie Corp New York HO NATL ACAD SCI & ENGN, ARNOLD & MABEL BECKMAN CTR RP Wise, J (reprint author), US EPA,REG 9,SAN FRANCISCO,CA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACADEMY PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, PO BOX 285, WASHINGTON, DC 20055 BN 0-309-05578-4 J9 NAT F SCI TECH GOAL PY 1996 BP 431 EP 436 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH03Z UT WOS:A1996BH03Z00023 ER PT J AU Abdelrhman, MA Paul, JF Davis, WR AF Abdelrhman, MA Paul, JF Davis, WR TI Analysis procedure for and application of a device for simulating sediment entrainment SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COHESIVE SEDIMENTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; COMBINED WAVE; FRESH-WATER; BOTTOM; RESUSPENSION AB The problem of estimating entrainment rates for cohesive bed sediments has been approached. An analysis procedure was developed for characterizing entrainment of cohesive bed sediments using a device called a Particle Entrainment Simulator (PES), which simulates bed shear effects on sediment entrainment. While most of the available techniques to calculate entrainment rates are based on theoretical parameterizations using the flow field, the PES technique and its method of analysis provide a tool to directly measure entrainment, under controlled laboratory settings, representative of existing or predicted conditions of bed stress, sediment compaction and cohesion, and (if any) bioturbation. The analysis procedure calculates entrainment rates using data generated from experiments conducted on sediment cores with the PES. The procedure was applied to determine entrainment rates for two different marine sites. The first, in Puget Sound, was used to validate the procedure with field data for a tidally-dominated period of time. Entrainment rates were calculated at a second site on Hudson Shelf Valley where storm generated wave and current effects are important. Suspended sediment concentration distributions in the water column were calculated at both sites using PES-generated entrainment-stress functions. Good agreement was reached between the calculated and observed suspended sediment concentrations at 5 m above the bed for the Puget Sound application. Observations were not available for suspended sediment concentration comparisons for the Hudson Shelf Valley application. RP Abdelrhman, MA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 129 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 350 DI 10.1016/0025-3227(96)83352-4 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA TV774 UT WOS:A1996TV77400009 ER PT B AU Gunsalus, IC AF Gunsalus, IC BE Nakazawa, T Furukawa, K Haas, D Silver, S TI Pseudomonas: A century of biodiversity SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PSEUDOMONADS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Pseudomonads - Molecular Biology and Biotechnology CY AUG, 1995 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN RP Gunsalus, IC (reprint author), US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 BN 1-55581-104-3 PY 1996 BP 8 EP 21 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA BG92N UT WOS:A1996BG92N00002 ER PT S AU Matten, SR Lewis, PI Tomimatsu, G Sutherland, DWS Anderson, N ColvinSnyder, TL AF Matten, SR Lewis, PI Tomimatsu, G Sutherland, DWS Anderson, N ColvinSnyder, TL BE Brown, TM TI The US Environmental Protection Agency's role in pesticide resistance management SO MOLECULAR GENETICS AND EVOLUTION OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ACS Agrochemicals-Division Special Conference VI on Molecular Genetics and Ecology of Pesticide Resistance CY JUN 18-23, 1995 CL BIG SKY, MT SP Amer Chem Soc, Agrochem Div, Cotton Inc, Fungicide Resistance Action Comm, Herbicide Resistance Action Comm, Insecticide Resistance Action Comm AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has historically considered pesticide resistance management as an important component of environmentally sound pest management practices. However, EPA does not have an official policy or standard data requirements in place. This paper will consider: (1) how the Agency has considered pesticide resistance management under the Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) when making emergency exemption decisions (e.g., oxytetracycline), special review decisions (e.g., EBDCs), and registration decisions (e.g., synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, and plant-pesticides producing Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins); and (2) how the Agency is continuing to evaluate and refine the role pesticide resistance management has in the Agency's regulatory decisions. C1 US EPA,SPECIAL REVIEW & REREGISTRAT DIV 7508W,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,BIOPESTICIDES & POLLUT PREVENT DIV 7501W,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,BIOL & ECON ANAL DIV 7503W,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Matten, SR (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM FATE & EFFECTS DIV 7507C,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3453-1 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 645 BP 243 EP 253 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Entomology SC Agriculture; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Entomology GA BG49B UT WOS:A1996BG49B00024 ER PT B AU Todd, AH AF Todd, AH BE Neary, D Ross, KC Coleman, SS TI Watershed rehabilitation: A program for Lake Tahoe SO NATIONAL HYDROLOGY WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS - WATERSHEDS IN THE NINETIES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Hydrology Workshop - Watersheds in the Nineties CY APR 27-MAY 01, 1992 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Exptl Stn C1 US EPA,CHESAPEAKE BAY LIASON,ANNAPOLIS CITY MARINA,ANNAPOLIS,MD. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 J9 USDA ROCKY PY 1996 VL 279 BP 178 EP 186 PG 9 WC Forestry; Water Resources SC Forestry; Water Resources GA BG16H UT WOS:A1996BG16H00026 ER PT J AU Cohn, J MacPhail, RC AF Cohn, J MacPhail, RC TI Acute trimethyltin exposure produces nonspecific effects on learning in rats working under a multiple repeated acquisition and performance schedule SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trimethyltin; learning; GFAP; glial fibrillary acidic protein; rats ID RADIAL-ARM MAZE; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS; BEHAVIORAL-TOXICOLOGY; 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; REINFORCEMENT; TRIALKYLTINS; TRIETHYLTIN; IMPAIRMENT AB Acute trimethyltin exposure produces nonspecific effects on learning in rats working under a multiple repeated acquisition and performance schedule. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 18(1) 99-111,.1996.-Previous research has explored the adverse effects of trimethyltin (TMT) on learning and memory in laboratory animals. Virtually all studies of TMT effects on learning have not, however, included appropriate controls to establish a selective effect on learning. This experiment investigated the effects of TMT on the repeated acquisition (learning) and performance of response sequences. Adult male Long-Evans rats, maintained at 300 g b.wt., were trained with food reinforcement under a multiple repeated acquisition (RA) and performance (P) schedule. The RA component required rats to learn a different three-member response sequence during each session (Center Right Left, RLC, RCL, LCR, or LRC); the correct response sequence remained constant in the P component (CLR). RA and P components alternated twice during a session. Rats were given 0, 4, or 8 mg/kg TMT IV after 30 sessions of stable baseline performance, and an additional 40 sessions were conducted following TMT. Prior to TMT, all groups maintained comparable accuracy levels in both RA and P components. Following TMT, significant decreases in both accuracy and response rate were obtained in the 8 mg/kg group. Thereafter, response rate and accuracy both recovered to near baseline levels, although large individual differences were observed. No selective effects of TMT were obtained on RA when compared to P. These data suggest that TMT-induced impairments on learning may be due to a generalized performance decrement rather than a specific effect on learning. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Cohn, J (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,NEUROTOXICOL DIV MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 99 EP 111 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(95)02028-4 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA TX486 UT WOS:A1996TX48600012 PM 8700049 ER PT B AU McElroy, JL AF McElroy, JL GP AMER METEOROL SOC TI Characterization of urban diffusion: Reflection and re-examination SO NINTH JOINT CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint American-Meteorological-Society/Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology CY JAN 28-FEB 02, 1996 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Air & Waste Management Assoc C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 PY 1996 BP 10 EP 13 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BF41R UT WOS:A1996BF41R00003 ER PT B AU Chu, SH AF Chu, SH GP AMER METEOROL SOC TI Separation of phase and magnitude errors in model performance evaluation SO NINTH JOINT CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint American-Meteorological-Society/Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology CY JAN 28-FEB 02, 1996 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Air & Waste Management Assoc C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 PY 1996 BP 502 EP 505 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BF41R UT WOS:A1996BF41R00114 ER PT B AU Eckhoff, PA Braverman, TN AF Eckhoff, PA Braverman, TN GP AMER METEOROL SOC TI Development and application of a refined roadway intersection model, CAL3QHCR SO NINTH JOINT CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint American-Meteorological-Society/Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology CY JAN 28-FEB 02, 1996 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Air & Waste Management Assoc C1 US EPA,EMISS MONITORING & ANAL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 PY 1996 BP 617 EP 621 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BF41R UT WOS:A1996BF41R00140 ER PT B AU Chu, SH AF Chu, SH GP AMER METEOROL SOC TI ROM 2.2 model performance in the July 3-11, 1988 ozone episode SO NINTH JOINT CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY WITH A&WMA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Joint American-Meteorological-Society/Air-and-Waste-Management-Association Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology CY JAN 28-FEB 02, 1996 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Air & Waste Management Assoc C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 PY 1996 BP 636 EP 641 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BF41R UT WOS:A1996BF41R00144 ER PT B AU Dressing, SA AF Dressing, SA BE vanDunne, JM TI The US EPA programmes and policies regarding non-point source pollution SO NON-POINT SOURCE RIVER POLLUTION: CASE OF THE RIVER MEUSE: TECHNICAL, LEGAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ASPECTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Rotterdam Conference on Non-Point Source Water Pollution - The Case of the River Meuse CY 1995 CL ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SP Municipal Rotterdam, Minist Housing Spatial Planning & Environm, Rotterdam, Vereniging Trustfonds Erasmus Univ Rotterdam RP Dressing, SA (reprint author), US EPA,NONPOINT SOURCE CONTROL BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL PI 2508 CN THE HAGUE PA PO BOX 85889, 2508 CN THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS BN 90-411-0910-2 PY 1996 BP 231 EP 245 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BJ07B UT WOS:A1996BJ07B00014 ER PT B AU Kimmel, CA AF Kimmel, CA BE Cicolella, A Hardin, B Johanson, G TI Reproductive and developmental effects of diethylene and triethylene glycol (methyl-, ethyl-) ethers SO OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - RISK MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, VOL 2, ISSUE 1-6, 1996: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HEALTH HAZARDS OF GLYCOL ETHERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Health Hazards of Glycol Ethers CY APR 19-21, 1994 CL PONT A MOUSSON, FRANCE SP Natl Inst Safety Res, France, NIOSH, NIOH, WHO, Int Agcy Res Canc Commiss European Communities, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, Int Occupat Hygiene Assoc, Swedish Work Environm Fund, NIH NIEHS, US EPA, Minist Res & Univ Educ, France, INSERM, France, French Occupat Med, French Comm Hlth Educ, City Nancy, Reg Lorraine DE glycol ethers; diethylene glycol ethers; triethylene glycol ethers; reproductive toxicity; developmental toxicity; risk assessment C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBL PI READING PA P O BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL BN 9-919875-20-5 PY 1996 BP 131 EP 151 PG 21 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BF72T UT WOS:A1996BF72T00014 ER PT B AU Smialowicz, RJ AF Smialowicz, RJ BE Cicolella, A Hardin, B Johanson, G TI The immunotoxicity of 2-methoxyethanol and its metabolites SO OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - RISK MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, VOL 2, ISSUE 1-6, 1996: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HEALTH HAZARDS OF GLYCOL ETHERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Health Hazards of Glycol Ethers CY APR 19-21, 1994 CL PONT A MOUSSON, FRANCE SP Natl Inst Safety Res, France, NIOSH, NIOH, WHO, Int Agcy Res Canc Commiss European Communities, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, Int Occupat Hygiene Assoc, Swedish Work Environm Fund, NIH NIEHS, US EPA, Minist Res & Univ Educ, France, INSERM, France, French Occupat Med, French Comm Hlth Educ, City Nancy, Reg Lorraine DE 2-methoxyethanol; 2-methoxyacetic acid; methoxyacetaldehyde; immunotoxicity; 2-methoxyethyl acetate C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBL PI READING PA P O BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL BN 9-919875-20-5 PY 1996 BP 269 EP 274 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BF72T UT WOS:A1996BF72T00023 ER PT J AU Sigleo, AC AF Sigleo, AC TI Biochemical components in suspended particles and colloids: Carbohydrates in the Potomac and Patuxent Estuaries SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE suspended particles; colloids; carbohydrates; DOG; TOC; Potomac Estuary; Patuxent Estuary ID AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTH-SEA; BACTERIAL UTILIZATION; PLANKTON BLOOM; NATURAL-WATERS; RIVER WATER; CELL-WALLS; PHYTOPLANKTON; SUGARS AB Carbohydrates were measured in suspended particles (> 0.4 mu m) and colloids over a 187 km segment of the Potomac Estuary and during a summer dinoflagellate bloom in the Patuxent Estuary (U.S.A.). The average carbohydrate composition of suspended particles was 43 +/- 18% glucose, 13 +/- 7% galactose, 11 +/- 4% rhamnose, 9 +/- 4% Fucose, 9 +/- 4% xylose, 9 +/- 4% mannose and 5 +/- 1% arabinose. C/N ratios in suspended particles and colloids averaged 9.3 +/- 2, a value typical of single-cell organisms. Colloid-sized (2 nm to 0.4 mu m) carbohydrate concentrations ranged from 125 to 255 mu g l(-1) in the Potomac Estuary and up to 576 mu g l(-1) during a dinoflagellate bloom in the Patuxent Estuary. Colloid carbohydrates contained 15 +/- 5% glucose, 21 +/- 3% galactose, 14 +/- 3% rhamnose, 16 +/- 4% fucose, 16 +/- 2% xylose, 9 +/- 2% mannose, 7 +/- 2% arabinose, and 4 +/- 1% ribose. The colloidal material isolated by ultrafiltration comprised up to 70% by weight of the dissolved organic matter (DOC). Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd RP Sigleo, AC (reprint author), US EPA,2111 SE MARINE SCI DR,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 65 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 83 EP 93 DI 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00003-4 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UZ805 UT WOS:A1996UZ80500008 ER PT B AU Pepelko, WE AF Pepelko, WE BE Mauderly, JL McCunney, RJ TI Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of biochemically inert insoluble particles by the EPA using rat inhalation data SO PARTICLE OVERLOAD IN THE RAT LUNG AND LUNG CANCER: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Particle Overload in the Rat Lung and Lung Cancer - Implications for Human Risk Assessment CY MAR 29-30, 1995 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP MIT, Environm Med Serv, US Carbon Black Ind, Environm Hlth Assoc, European Comm Assessment Biol Effects Carbon Black HO MIT C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 4 JOHN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1N 2ET BN 1-56032-543-7 PY 1996 BP 169 EP 180 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BF46R UT WOS:A1996BF46R00011 ER PT B AU Vu, VT AF Vu, VT BE Mauderly, JL McCunney, RJ TI Use of hazard and risk information in risk management decisions: Solid particles and fibers under EPA's TSCA and EPCRA SO PARTICLE OVERLOAD IN THE RAT LUNG AND LUNG CANCER: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Particle Overload in the Rat Lung and Lung Cancer - Implications for Human Risk Assessment CY MAR 29-30, 1995 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP MIT, Environm Med Serv, US Carbon Black Ind, Environm Hlth Assoc, European Comm Assessment Biol Effects Carbon Black HO MIT C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 4 JOHN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1N 2ET BN 1-56032-543-7 PY 1996 BP 181 EP 191 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BF46R UT WOS:A1996BF46R00012 ER PT B AU Chen, CW Oberdorster, G AF Chen, CW Oberdorster, G BE Mauderly, JL McCunney, RJ TI Selection of models for assessing dose-response relationships for particle-induced lung cancer SO PARTICLE OVERLOAD IN THE RAT LUNG AND LUNG CANCER: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Particle Overload in the Rat Lung and Lung Cancer - Implications for Human Risk Assessment CY MAR 29-30, 1995 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP MIT, Environm Med Serv, US Carbon Black Ind, Environm Hlth Assoc, European Comm Assessment Biol Effects Carbon Black HO MIT C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 4 JOHN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1N 2ET BN 1-56032-543-7 PY 1996 BP 259 EP 278 PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA BF46R UT WOS:A1996BF46R00015 ER PT S AU FennerCrisp, PA AF FennerCrisp, PA BE Reddy, JK Suga, T Mannaerts, GP Lazarow, PB Subrammani, S TI Regulatory implications: US Environmental Protection Agency SO PEROXISOMES: BIOLOGY AND ROLE IN TOXICOLOGY AND DISEASE SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Peroxisomes - Biology and Role in Toxicology and Disease CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 1995 CL ASPEN, CO SP New York Acad Sci, Int Human Frontiers Sci Program, Ono Pharm Co Ltd, Dow Chem Co, NIH, Sankyo Co Ltd, Bayer Yakuhin Ltd, Daiichi Pharm Co Ltd, Fujisawa Pharm Co Ltd, ICI, Kissei Pharm Co Ltd, Parke Davis Pharm Res, Shionogi & Co Ltd, Taisho Pharm Co Ltd, Teijin Ltd, Yamanouchi Pharm Co Ltd, Beckman Instruments, Chugai Pharm Co Ltd, Ciba Geigy, Dainippon Pharm Co Ltd, Eli Lilly & Co, Fdn Belge Rech, Fujirebio Inc, Fuji yakuhin Co Ltd, GD Searle Res & Dev, Hoechst Japan Ltd, Kabi Pharmacia K K, Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Lederle Japan Ltd, Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd Natl Ltd, Merck & Co, Mitsubishi Chem Corp, Nemoto & Co Ltd, New Drug Dev Res Ctr Inc, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co Ltd, Nippon Chemiphar Co Ltd, Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd, Pfizer Inc, Sandoz Pharm Ltd, Shiseido Co Ltd, Soc Gen, Taiho Pharm Co Ltd, Coca Cola Co, Green Cross Corp, Tsumura & Co, Warner Lambert K K, Zeneca, Amer Express, Oce RP FennerCrisp, PA (reprint author), US EPA, OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS 7501C, 401 M ST SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 0-89766-968-1 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 804 BP 636 EP 640 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb18650.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BH28R UT WOS:A1996BH28R00048 PM 8993578 ER PT B AU Levine, TE AF Levine, TE BE Foy, CL Fritchard, DW TI The regulation of inert ingredients in the United States SO PESTICIDE FORMULATION AND ADJUVANT TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Formulations Forum 94 International Symposium on Pesticide Formulation and Adjuvant Technology CY JUN 30-JUL 01, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Int Specially Prod RP Levine, TE (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 BN 0-8493-7678-5 PY 1996 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Entomology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Engineering; Entomology GA BG89N UT WOS:A1996BG89N00001 ER PT J AU Williams, GM Whysner, J Ames, B Boyle, P Doull, J Greim, H Hayashi, Y Hill, RN Kimbrough, RD Krewski, D Kroes, R Monson, R Munro, IC Rajewsky, MF Scheuplein, RJ Sugimura, T Swenberg, JA Travis, CC Sieber, S AF Williams, GM Whysner, J Ames, B Boyle, P Doull, J Greim, H Hayashi, Y Hill, RN Kimbrough, RD Krewski, D Kroes, R Monson, R Munro, IC Rajewsky, MF Scheuplein, RJ Sugimura, T Swenberg, JA Travis, CC Sieber, S TI The use of mechanistic data in the risk assessments of ten chemicals: An introduction to the chemical-specific reviews SO PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Review DE DNA reactivity; epigenetic effects; risk assessment; cancer mechanism; threshold AB The International Expert Panel on Carcinogen Risk Assessment of the American Health Foundation has planned, directed and reviewed in depth analyses of mechanistic data for 10 rodent carcinogens. The purpose of this review was to illustrate the use of mechanistic data in carcinogen risk assessment. The mechanisms by which a chemical produces cancer in rodents provided important information for determining whether or not humans would be at risk at low exposure levels. For epigenetic (non-DNA-reactive) carcinogens, current exposure levels for these chemicals below a threshold do not pose a risk. For DNA-reactive agents at sufficient exposures, humans would be expected to be at risk. However, protective mechanisms may lower the expected risk, especially at low-level exposures. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. EUROPEAN INST ONCOL,MILAN,ITALY. UNIV KANSAS,MED CTR,KANSAS CITY,KS 66103. UNIV MILAN,MILAN,ITALY. SOC RADIAT & ENVIRONM RES,MUNICH,GERMANY. NATL INST HLTH SCI,TOKYO,JAPAN. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. INST EVALUATING HLTH RISKS,WASHINGTON,DC. HLTH & WELF CANADA,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. UNIV UTRECHT,NL-3508 TC UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. CANTOX INC,MISSISSAUGA,ON,CANADA. UNIV ESSEN GESAMTHSCH,SCH MED,ESSEN,GERMANY. WEINBERG CONSULTING GRP,WASHINGTON,DC. NATL CANC CTR,TOKYO 104,JAPAN. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN. NATL CANC INST,BETHESDA,MD. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT,NL-3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. RP Williams, GM (reprint author), AMER HLTH FDN,TOXICOL & RISK ASSESSMENT PROGRAM,1 DANA RD,VALHALLA,NY 10595, USA. NR 7 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0163-7258 J9 PHARMACOL THERAPEUT JI Pharmacol. Ther. PY 1996 VL 71 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VH867 UT WOS:A1996VH86700002 ER PT J AU Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB LewisBevan, L AF Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB LewisBevan, L TI The effect of crowding in the bay/fjord region on the structure and reactivities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites: Quantum mechanical studies SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds / 2nd Biennial Meeting of International-Society-for-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Compounds CY SEP 19-22, 1995 CL BELGIRATE, NOVARA, ITALY SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds DE crowded bay region; quantum mechanics; electrostatic interaction ID DIOL EPOXIDES; BENZOPHENANTHRENE; AM1 AB Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a crowded bay region, like benzo[c]phenanthrene, are nonplanar molecules with two helical structures. The bay region diol-epoxides of these PAHs retain the helical structure and therefore have twice as many possible conformations as the diol-epoxides of planar PAHs. Using quantum mechanical methods, it is shown that the conformation where the epoxide oxygen is near the distal ring is more stable than the conformation where it is away. The most stable syn- and anti- diastereomers for the diol-epoxides of five PAHs are computed. Computation of the electrostatic interaction between the epoxide group and the distal ring suggests that it provides the additional stabilization. Comparison is made between planar and nonplanar PAHs and between molecules where the crowding is due to a ring CH or a methyl group. These results suggest that the molecular electrostatic potential in the bay region can effect molecular reactivity. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,ECD,BPB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1996 VL 11 IS 1-4 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1080/10406639608544671 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WF432 UT WOS:A1996WF43200030 ER PT J AU Fu, PP Zhan, DJ vonTungeln, LS Yi, P Qui, FY HerrenoSaenz, D Lewtas, J AF Fu, PP Zhan, DJ vonTungeln, LS Yi, P Qui, FY HerrenoSaenz, D Lewtas, J TI Comparative formation of DNA adducts of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mouse and rat liver microsomes and cytosols SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds / 2nd Biennial Meeting of International-Society-for-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Compounds CY SEP 19-22, 1995 CL BELGIRATE, NOVARA, ITALY SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds DE DNA adducts; 1-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene; 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene; 1-nitro-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene; 3-nitro-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene; P-32-postlabeling ID 1-NITROBENZOPYRENE; 3-NITROBENZOPYRENE; NITROREDUCTION; MUTAGENICITY AB We have characterized the DNA adducts of a series of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) formed under anaerobic conditions in vitro. Although the DNA adducts of nitro-PAHs formed through enzymatic nitroreduction are generally the C8-deoxyguanosyl adducts, nitroreduction of 1-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (1-nitro-BaP), 3-nitro-BaP, and two derivatives in the presence of calf thymus DNA resulted in the N-2-deoxyguanosyl adducts with the deoxyguanosyl moiety remote from the reaction site. Two DNA adducts of this type were also formed from 1-nitropyrene as minor products. These DNA adducts were formed from anaerobic incubation with rat and mouse liver microsomes and cytosols in the presence of calf thymus DNA. Our results suggest that biological formation of this type of DNA adduct is independent of the enzymatic system, but dependent on the geometric structure and/or electronic features of the nitro-PAH molecules. C1 NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. UNIV PUERTO RICO,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN JUAN,PR 00936. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,GENET BIOASSAY BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1-4 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1080/10406639608034696 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WD676 UT WOS:A1996WD67600025 ER PT J AU Binkova, B King, L Lewtas, J AF Binkova, B King, L Lewtas, J TI DNA adducts formed in vitro from fractionated extract of urban air particles SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds / 2nd Biennial Meeting of International-Society-for-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Compounds CY SEP 19-22, 1995 CL BELGIRATE, NOVARA, ITALY SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds DE urban air particles; fractionation; DNA adducts; P-32-postlabeling ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; P-32 POSTLABELING ANALYSIS; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; CANCER RISK; AMBIENT AIR; GENOTOXICITY; PARTICULATE; SEPARATION; EXPOSURES AB This study is a part of an ongoing interdisciplinary project on the health effects of air pollution (Teplice Program) in the highly polluted district of Teplice, Northern Bohemia. In our previous studies we found the relationship between DNA adduct levels detected in white blood cells of selected Teplice population and personal exposure to PAH associated with respirable particles. In this pilot study we used P-32-postlabeling assay for DNA adduct detection in an in vitro model system for evaluation of genotoxic activity of fractionated urban air extractable organic matter (EOM). To identify some of the specific DNA adducts formed we coupled TLC with HPLC analysis of labeled adducts. The urban air particles were collected by high-volume sampler during January-March 1992 in Teplice. EOM was extracted by dichlormethane (DCM) and crude extract was fractionated into five fractions to obtain a gross partition of different chemical classes. Fractions were incubated with calf thymus DNA (dose 100 mu g/ml incubate) under oxidative and reductive conditions using two metabolic activation system: 1) an oxidative rat liver S9 system (S9) and 2) a reductive xanthine oxidase catalyzed system (XO). The different DNA adduct patterns and levels were determined using S9 and XO-mediated metabolism followed by postlabeling with both nuclease P1 and butanol extraction enrichment procedures for all fractions examined. The moderately polar fraction (DCM) contained over 50% of the total DNA adduct forming activity both without and with S9 activation. The highly polar fraction (methanol) contained about 60% of the DNA adduct forming activity under reductive conditions. Some of the main distinct DNA adducts obtained with S9 and XO mediated metabolism were tentatively identified by HPLC comparing with standards of PAH- and nitro-PAH DNA adducts. C1 CAS,REG INST HYG CENT BOHEMIA,LAB GENET EXOTOXICOL,PRAGUE,CZECH REPUBLIC. CAS,INST EXPT MED,PRAGUE,CZECH REPUBLIC. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1-4 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1080/10406639608034703 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WD676 UT WOS:A1996WD67600032 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Ross, JA Stoner, GD Mass, MJ AF Nesnow, S Ross, JA Stoner, GD Mass, MJ TI Tumorigenesis of carcinogenic environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in strain A/J mice: Linkage to DNA adducts and mutations in oncogenes SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds / 2nd Biennial Meeting of International-Society-for-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Compounds CY SEP 19-22, 1995 CL BELGIRATE, NOVARA, ITALY SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds DE carcinogenesis; oncogenes; DNA adducts ID MOUSE LUNG; TUMORS AB Five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP) were examined for their lung tumorigenic activities in strain A/J mice, their ability to form DNA adducts in lung tissues, and their ability to mutate the Ki-ras oncogene in tumors. PAHs were administered by i.p. injection to male strain A/J mice and sacrificed after 8 months. The dose response data for each PAH was modeled to obtain potency values relative to B[a]P. DNA adducts were measured by P-32-postlabeling on DNA from lungs of mice treated with these PAHs, and all PAHs were found to adduct to guanine. Ki-ras codon 12 mutation analysis of PAH induced tumor DNA indicated high proportions of TGT mutations from B[a] P, B [b]F, and 5MC induced tumors and CGT mutations from CPP tumors. DBA produced no mutations in Ki-ras codon 12 above spontaneous levels. We conclude from the BNA adduct and Ki-ras mutation studies that bay region diol-epoxide-2'-deoxyguanosine PAH-DNA adducts are associated with the TGT mutations, and cyclopenta-ring oxide-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts are associated with the CGT mutations. C1 US EPA,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT PREVENT MED,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1-4 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1080/10406639608034705 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WD676 UT WOS:A1996WD67600034 ER PT J AU Ross, JA Nelson, GB Rabinowitz, JR Stoner, GD Nesnow, S Mass, M AF Ross, JA Nelson, GB Rabinowitz, JR Stoner, GD Nesnow, S Mass, M TI Time-integrated DNA adduct levels and relative tumorigenic potencies of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in strain A/J mouse lung SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds / 2nd Biennial Meeting of International-Society-for-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Compounds CY SEP 19-22, 1995 CL BELGIRATE, NOVARA, ITALY SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds DE DNA adducts; carcinogenesis; dibenz[a,h]anthracene; benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[b]fluoranthene; 5-methylchrysene; 3-methylcholanthrene; cyclopenta[cd]pyrene AB We have investigated the induction of DNA adducts and adenomas in the lungs of strain A/J mice following the i.p. administration of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), 5-methylchrysene (5-MeC), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP). All of the PAH induced lung adenomas, with relative tumor potency rankings as a function of administered dose: DBA = 3-MC > 5-MeC > CPP > B[a]P > B[b]F. DNA adducts reached maximal levels between 3 and 7 days after injection, followed by a gradual decrease. The time-integrated DNA adduct level (TIDAL) was calculated by numerically integrating the areas under the adduct persistence curves extrapolated out to 240 days for each PAH at each dose level. Tumorigenic potencies as a function of TIDAL values for 5-MeC, B[a]P, B[b]F, and CPP were all equal, while 3-MC was 2.6-fold more potent and DBA was 25.8-fold more potent. C1 US EPA,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH MD 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OHIO STATE UNIV,ARTHUR JAMES CANC HOSP,DEPT PREVENT MED,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1-4 BP 267 EP 274 DI 10.1080/10406639608034706 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WD676 UT WOS:A1996WD67600035 ER PT J AU OMalley, VP Stark, A Abrajano, TA Hellou, J Winsor, L AF OMalley, VP Stark, A Abrajano, TA Hellou, J Winsor, L TI Tracing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment using C-13/C-12 ratios SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds / 2nd Biennial Meeting of International-Society-for-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Compounds CY SEP 19-22, 1995 CL BELGIRATE, NOVARA, ITALY SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; carbon isotope ratios (C-13/C-12); gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry; source tracing ID RECENT SEDIMENTS; CARBON AB The origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) input sources to the sediments of three study sites was elucidated using the isotopic composition and the molecular abundance of individual 3-, 4- and 5-ring PAH in two component mixing calculations. PAH inputs to the St. John's Harbour mainly consisted of a mixture of petroleum and combustion-derived sources with vehicular emissions being the most important combustion input source. Combustion-derived sources of PAH were also apparent in the Conception Bay sediments, however, the presence of a source possibly of petroleum or diagenetic origin was also evident in these sediments. PAH inputs to most sites along the International segment of the St. Lawrence River consisted of mixtures of combustion and petroleum-derived contributions. However, inputs to the Prescott-Ogdenburg sediment were mainly of petroleum origin while inputs to the Brockville sediments were from combustion-derived sources with evidence of strong local point sources dominating in this area. C1 MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,DEPT EARTH SCI,ST JOHNS,NF A1B 3X5,CANADA. FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,SCI BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,ST JOHNS,NF A1C 5X1,CANADA. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1996 VL 9 IS 1-4 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1080/10406639608031206 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WD674 UT WOS:A1996WD67400012 ER PT J AU Farland, WH AF Farland, WH TI Cancer risk assessment: Evolution of the process SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th Anniversary Symposium of the American-Health-Foundation - Toward Optimal Health: Examining Goals for Nutrition and the Environment CY NOV 16-17, 1994 CL TARRYTOWN, NY SP Amer Hlth Fdn C1 US EPA,OFF HLTH & ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 1 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 24 EP 25 DI 10.1006/pmed.1996.0009 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA UD442 UT WOS:A1996UD44200008 PM 8778755 ER PT S AU Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA Brockman, HE AF Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA Brockman, HE BE Stewart, BW McGregor, D Kleihues, P TI Interpretation of short-term test data: implications for assessment of chemopreventive activity SO PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOPREVENTION SE IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IARC Conference on Principles of Chemoprevention CY NOV 10-16, 1995 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Int Agcy Res Canc AB The same short-term tests that have been used extensively to identify mutagens and potential carcinogens are increasingly being used to identify antimutagens and potential anticarcinogens. It is not yet known whether the inhibition of carcinogen-induced mutation is a good indicator of anticarcinogenicity, as the available data on the inhibition of both carcinogenicity and mutagenicity in vivo are still quite incomplete. Furthermore, in vitro tests will detect only those compounds that show an effect that is demonstrable in vitro, such as direct inhibition of the metabolism of the carcinogen or inactivation of the carcinogen by direct reaction. Thus it is essential to confirm putative antimutagenic activity observed in vitro through the use of animal models. Indeed, the interpretation of antimutagenicity data from short-term tests must be subjected to all of the considerations that apply in the interpretation of mutagenicity test results. Moreover, the experimental variable of the antimutagens used must be considered in addition to the variables of the mutagens and short-term tests used. To analyse published results on antimutagens in shortterm tests, we have developed the concept of activity profile listings and plots for antimutagens - an approach already used successfully for mutagenicity data. The activity profiles permit rapid visualization of considerable data and experimental parameters, including the inhibition as well as enhancement of mutagenic activity. Here we focus on the use of this methodology to interpret antimutagenicity data for retinol and chlorophyllin against several classes of mutagens in short-term tests. RP Waters, MD (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT AGENCY RESEARCH CANCER PI LYONS PA 150, COURS ALBERT THOMAS, 69372 LYONS, FRANCE SN 0300-5038 BN 92-832-2139-7 J9 IARC SCI PUBL PY 1996 IS 139 BP 313 EP 332 PG 20 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics GA BJ53S UT WOS:A1996BJ53S00027 PM 8923041 ER PT S AU Duncan, PB Hooten, AJ AF Duncan, PB Hooten, AJ BE Rice, SD Spies, RB Wolfe, DA Wright, BA TI Influence of residual and applied oil on intertidal algal recruitment SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL SYMPOSIUM SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium CY FEB 02-05, 1993 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Amer Fisheries Soc, Alaska Chapter, Alaska Sea Grant Program C1 US EPA,SEATTLE,WA 98101. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0892-2284 BN 0-913235-95-4 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1996 VL 18 BP 238 EP 248 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Fisheries; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Zoology GA BG35Z UT WOS:A1996BG35Z00015 ER PT B AU Ketellapper, VL Williams, LO AF Ketellapper, VL Williams, LO BE Bell, RS Cramer, MH TI The control of acid mine drainage at the Summitville mine superfund site SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP 96) CY APR 28-MAY 02, 1996 CL KEYSTONE, CO SP Environm & Engn Geophys Soc AB The Summitville Mine Superfund Site is located about 25 miles south of Del Norte Colorado, in Rio Grande County. Occurring at an average elevation of 11,500 feet in the San Juan Mountain Range, the mine site is located two miles east of the Continental Divide. Mining at Summitville has occurred since 1870. The mine was most recently operated by Summitville Consolidated Mining Company, Inc. (SCMCI) as an open pit gold mine with extraction by means of a cyanide leaching process. In December of 1992, SCMCI declared bankruptcy and vacated the mine site. At that time, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took over operations of the water treatment facilities to prevent a catastrophic release of cyanide and metal-laden water from the mine site. Due to high operational costs of water treatment (approximately $50,000 per day), EPA established a goal to minimize active water treatment by reducing or eliminating acid mine drainage (AMD). All of the sources of AMD generation on the mine site were evaluated and prioritized. Of the twelve areas identified as sources of AMD, the Cropsy Waste Pile, the Summitville Dam Impoundment, the Beaver Mud Dump, the Reynolds and Chandler adits, and the Mine Pits were consider to be the most significant contributors to the generation of metal-laden acidic (low pH) water. A two part plan was developed to control AMD from the most significant sources. The first part was initiated immediately to control AMD being released from the Site. This part focused on improving the efficiency of the water treatment facilities and controlling the AMD discharges from the mine drainage adits. The discharges from the adits was accomplished by plugging the Reynolds and Chandler adits. The second part of the plan was aimed at reducing the AMD generated in groundwater and surface water runoff from the mine wastes. A lined and capped repository located in the mine pits for acid generating mining waste and water treatment plant sludge was found to be the most feasible alternative. Beginning in 1993, mining wastes which were the most significant sources of AMD were being excavated and placed in the Mine Pits. In November 1995, all of the waste from these sources had been excavated and placed in the the Mine Pits. This paper discusses EPA's overall approach to stabilize on-site sources sufficiently such that aquatic, agricultural, and drinking water uses in the Alamosa watershed are restored and/or maintained with minimal water treatment. RP Ketellapper, VL (reprint author), US EPA,REG 8,999 18TH ST,SUITE 500,DENVER,CO 80202, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 PY 1996 BP 303 EP 311 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BJ30J UT WOS:A1996BJ30J00030 ER PT B AU Whitford, WG MartinezMeza, E deSoyza, A AF Whitford, WG MartinezMeza, E deSoyza, A BE Barrow, JR McArthur, ED Sosebee, RE Tausch, RJ TI Morphological variation in creosotebush, Larrea tridentata: Effects on ecosystem properties SO PROCEEDINGS: SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT INTERMOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Shrubland Ecosystem Dynamics in a Changing Environment CY MAY 23-25, 1995 CL LAS CRUCES, NM SP Shrub Res Consortium, Intermountain Res Stn, New Mexico State Univ, USDA Agr Res Serv, Natl Sci Fdn AB Morphological characteristics of creosotebush canopies (angle of exterior stems), size of Litter layer and sub-canopy soil chemistry were measured on several sites on the Jornada Experimental Range. Soils under canopies of inverted cone shaped shrubs had little or no litter layer and significantly lower total soil nitrogen and soil carbon than soils under canopies of hemispherically shaped shrubs. In Death Valley, creosotebushes growing in braided washes were predominately hemispherical in shape and those growing on a dry bajada were predominately inverted cone shaped. The morphological characteristics of creosotebushes appear to vary with soil type and with mean annual rainfall. The proportional distribution of different morphotypes of creosotebush affects the heterogeneity of creosotebush dominated ecosystems. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV INTERMOUNTARIN RESEARCH STN PI OGDEN PA FEDERAL BLDG, 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 J9 USDA INTERM PY 1996 VL 338 BP 195 EP 198 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BG78V UT WOS:A1996BG78V00035 ER PT B AU Wiedeman, A AF Wiedeman, A BE Reed, M Johnsen, S TI Regulation of produced water by the US Environmental Protection Agency SO PRODUCED WATER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Produced Water Seminar CY SEP 25-28, 1995 CL TRONDHEIM, NORWAY C1 US EPA,OFF WATER,ENGN & ANAL DIV,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45308-8 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1996 VL 52 BP 27 EP 41 PG 15 WC Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BG55F UT WOS:A1996BG55F00004 ER PT B AU Tellez, G Khandan, N AF Tellez, G Khandan, N BE Reed, M Johnsen, S TI Biological treatment process for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from oilfield produced waters SO PRODUCED WATER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Produced Water Seminar CY SEP 25-28, 1995 CL TRONDHEIM, NORWAY C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,US EPA,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45308-8 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1996 VL 52 BP 499 EP 507 PG 9 WC Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BG55F UT WOS:A1996BG55F00045 ER PT J AU Srzic, D Martinovic, S Tolic, LP Kezele, N Kazazic, S Senkovic, L Shevchenko, SM Klasinc, L AF Srzic, D Martinovic, S Tolic, LP Kezele, N Kazazic, S Senkovic, L Shevchenko, SM Klasinc, L TI Laser desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometry of natural polymers SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Workshop on ICR CY SEP 04-06, 1995 CL UNIV BREMEN, BREMEN, GERMANY HO UNIV BREMEN AB Natural polymers, humic acid and lignins, were investigated by laser desorption (LD) Fourier transform mass spectrometry. In the vapor phase under LD conditions only positive ions of humic acid were observed up to m/z 700. Under the same conditions all the lignins investigated prefer to form negative ions of the individual oligomers at well defined mass spacings and with a distribution from m/z several hundred to 3000. Three sequences with Delta m approximate to 444 confirm the existence of stable trimer building blocks in the coniferous lignins. C1 US EPA,NERL,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA. RP Srzic, D (reprint author), RUDJER BOSKOVIC INST,ZAGREB 10001,CROATIA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1996 VL 10 IS 5 BP 580 EP 582 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA UE449 UT WOS:A1996UE44900015 ER PT J AU Gordon, SM Callahan, PJ Kenny, DV Pleil, JD AF Gordon, SM Callahan, PJ Kenny, DV Pleil, JD TI Direct sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds in air by membrane introduction and glow discharge ion trap mass spectrometry with filtered noise fields SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID INVERSE FOURIER-TRANSFORM; TRIPLE QUADRUPOLES; AMBIENT AIR; PARAMETERS; IONIZATION; WATER AB Two direct air sampling interfaces have been evaluated in the laboratory for monitoring toxic air pollutants in real time by ion trap mass spectrometry in both single mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) modes. The mass spectrometer is the research-grade Finnigan MAT ion trap (ITMS(TM)) equipped with the Teledyne filtered noise field (FNF) module to eject unwanted ions and isolate only. ions of interest. This results in enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for analyte ions of interest. MS/MS operation, for characterization of individual compounds with high sensitivity and specificity, is achieved by applying a supplementary RF signal to the end-caps of the ion trap. The direct air sampling interfaces are a semi-permeable helium-purged tubular membrane and an atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization (ASGDI) source. Nonpolar and polar volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are measured at trace levels in air, using an environmental test chamber as the source of the target compound mixtures at known concentrations. Experiments conducted with the combination systems permit a comparison of the two direct air sampling interfaces for monitoring VOCs continuously in real time and illustrate the power of the FNF method to isolate ions with unit mass resolution and to perform MS/MS measurements. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Gordon, SM (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,505 KING AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43201, USA. NR 44 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1996 VL 10 IS 9 BP 1038 EP 1046 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA UY327 UT WOS:A1996UY32700007 ER PT J AU Serrano, J Palmeira, CM Wallace, KB Kuehl, DW AF Serrano, J Palmeira, CM Wallace, KB Kuehl, DW TI Determination of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in biological tissue by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; ORGAN DNA; 8-HYDROXYGUANINE; 8-HYDROXY-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE AB A method based on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of the frequency of formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (80HdGuo), a biomarker of oxidative damage to DNA, has been developed, This analytical technique has the advantage over gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry of not requiring analyte derivatization, and over LC combined with ultraviolet and electrochemical detection of being chemospecific. The method was evaluated by determining increased frequency of formation of 80HdGuo in male Sprague-Dawley rats given a single intraperitoneal dose of Adriamycin(R) compared to control rats, Detection of one oxidized deoxyguanosine per 5 x 10(5) deoxyguanosines was readily achieved. C1 US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,DULUTH,MN 55812. OI Palmeira, Carlos/0000-0002-2639-7697 NR 16 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1996 VL 10 IS 14 BP 1789 EP 1791 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(199611)10:14<1789::AID-RCM752>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA VW107 UT WOS:A1996VW10700013 PM 8953779 ER PT B AU McKiel, MC AF McKiel, MC GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS INC TI ISO 14000: A model for new partnerships SO REGULATORY ISSUES IN THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY: HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Regional Technical Conference of the Philadelphia Section of Society-of-Plastics, Inc on Regulatory Issues in the Plastics Industry - Health, Safety and the Environment CY SEP 17-18, 1996 CL CHERRY HILL, NJ SP Soc Plast Engineers Inc, Philadelphia Sect RP McKiel, MC (reprint author), US EPA,EPA STAND NETWORK,WASHINGTON,DC 20406, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 PY 1996 BP 59 EP 59 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BJ08T UT WOS:A1996BJ08T00007 ER PT B AU Atkinson, C AF Atkinson, C GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS INC TI The United States Environmental Protection Agency Waste Minimization Plan SO REGULATORY ISSUES IN THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY: HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Regional Technical Conference of the Philadelphia Section of Society-of-Plastics, Inc on Regulatory Issues in the Plastics Industry - Health, Safety and the Environment CY SEP 17-18, 1996 CL CHERRY HILL, NJ SP Soc Plast Engineers Inc, Philadelphia Sect RP Atkinson, C (reprint author), US EPA,REG 3,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 PY 1996 BP 65 EP 66 PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BJ08T UT WOS:A1996BJ08T00009 ER PT B AU Nitze, W AF Nitze, W BE Rashish, PS TI The role of environmental policies in transatlantic trade and investment SO REPORT OF THE NOVEMBER 1995 FIFTH ANNUAL SEMINAR ON TRADE AND INVESTMENT: BUILDING BLOCKS FOR A TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMIC AREA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual Seminar on Trade and Investment - Building Blocks for a Transatlantic Economic Area CY APR, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP European Inst C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN INSTITUTE PI WASHINGTON PA 5225 WISCONSIN AVE, NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20015-2014 BN 1-88660-702-8 PY 1996 BP 36 EP 39 PG 4 WC International Relations SC International Relations GA BJ77L UT WOS:A1996BJ77L00010 ER PT B AU Brady, DJ AF Brady, DJ BE Maxwell, WHC Preul, HC Stout, GE TI EPA's Watershed Protection Approach: 1991-1996: The next measures of progress SO RIVERTECH '96 - 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEW/EMERGING CONCEPTS FOR RIVERS, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2: CELEBRATING THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF IWRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on New/Emerging Concepts for Rivers (RIVERTECH96), Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of IWRA CY SEP 22-26, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Int Water Resources Assoc, Univ Illinois Urbana Champaign, Univ Illinois Chicago, Univ Cincinnati, Marquette Univ, Metropolitan Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago, Water Dept Chicago, Illinois Dept Nat Resources, US Geol Survey, Harza Engn, Chicago, Ill RP Brady, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI URBANA PA 205 N MATHEWS AVE, URBANA, IL 61801 PY 1996 BP 190 EP 195 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BG72S UT WOS:A1996BG72S00028 ER PT B AU Brady, DJ AF Brady, DJ BE Maxwell, WHC Preul, HC Stout, GE TI Ecological restoration and the Clean Water Act SO RIVERTECH '96 - 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEW/EMERGING CONCEPTS FOR RIVERS, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2: CELEBRATING THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF IWRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on New/Emerging Concepts for Rivers (RIVERTECH96), Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of IWRA CY SEP 22-26, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Int Water Resources Assoc, Univ Illinois Urbana Champaign, Univ Illinois Chicago, Univ Cincinnati, Marquette Univ, Metropolitan Reclamat Dist Greater Chicago, Water Dept Chicago, Illinois Dept Nat Resources, US Geol Survey, Harza Engn, Chicago, Ill RP Brady, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION PI URBANA PA 205 N MATHEWS AVE, URBANA, IL 61801 PY 1996 BP 786 EP 789 PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA BG72S UT WOS:A1996BG72S00114 ER PT J AU Dutta, BK Ji, WC Sikdar, SK AF Dutta, BK Ji, WC Sikdar, SK TI Pervaporation: Principles and applications SO SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION METHODS LA English DT Review ID ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURES; ION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES; DIFFUSIVE PERMEATION RATES; ORGANIC LIQUID-MIXTURES; SILICONE-RUBBER MEMBRANES; POLY(GAMMA-METHYL L-GLUTAMATE) MEMBRANE; FILLED POLYMERIC MEMBRANES; AROMA COMPOUND RECOVERY; COMPOSITE MEMBRANES; POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) C1 CERAMEM CORP,WALTHAM,MA 02134. US EPA,NRMRL,SUSTAINABLE TECHNOL DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Dutta, BK (reprint author), UNIV CALCUTTA,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CALCUTTA,W BENGAL,INDIA. NR 282 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 24 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0360-2540 J9 SEPAR PURIF METHOD JI Sep. Purif. Methods PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 131 EP 224 DI 10.1080/03602549608001294 PG 94 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XJ032 UT WOS:A1996XJ03200002 ER PT B AU Martonen, T Hwang, D Guan, X Fleming, J AF Martonen, T Hwang, D Guan, X Fleming, J BE Cerrolaza, M Jugo, D Brebbia, CA TI Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the human lung: An overview SO SIMULATION MODELLING IN BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Simulation Modelling in Bioengineering CY OCT 23-25, 1996 CL MERIDA, VENEZUELA SP Wessex Inst Technol, Univ Los Andes, Bioengineering Ctr, Venezuela DE fluid dynamics; numerical methods; human lung AB Mathematical models describing the behavior and fate of inhaled particles have important applications to inhalation toxicology and aerosol therapy. Since particles are entrained and transported by inhaled air, their trajectories will be affected by the very nature of an airstream which, in turn, will be affected by the actual morphology of the lung. A mathematical model which calculates the deposition patterns of inhaled particles has been presented. Future models will naturally depend on the quality and quantity of morphological data available as input for supercomputer algorithms describing human airways. To develop advanced models, we are performing experimental studies using fiberoptic bronchoscopy to obtain data with heretofore unavailable resolution of airway morphology. Herein, we provide an overview of key components of a research program which is an international, multidisciplinary collaboration. A key question that we shall raise is: will the character of the input data available to describe airway structures dictate whether a modeler should employ the finite difference method (FDM), the finite element method (FEM) or the boundary element method (BEM) to simulate airflow within the lung? RP Martonen, T (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON, HANTS, ENGLAND S04 2AA BN 1-85312-455-9 PY 1996 BP 69 EP 78 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Mechanics; Physiology SC Engineering; Mechanics; Physiology GA BG92K UT WOS:A1996BG92K00006 ER PT B AU Spiegel, RJ Kern, EC AF Spiegel, RJ Kern, EC BE CampbellHowe, R WilkinsCrowder, B TI Pollution reduction capability of photovoltaic systems: Recent results SO SOLAR '96 - THE 1996 AMERICAN SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS OF LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1996 American-Solar-Energy-Society Annual Conference - Sundancin in the Smokies (Solar 96) CY APR 13-18, 1996 CL ASHEVILLE, NC SP Amer Solar Energy Soc AB The U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) began a program in August 1992 to demonstrate the capability of grid-connected PV (photovoltaic) systems as a pollution mitigating energy replacement for fossil fuels. The approach has been to install and monitor PV systems located on building (residential, commercial, and military) rooftops across the U.S. The economic viability of the PV systems is enhanced because they compete with the retail price of electric power rather than the utility avoided cost price. As of December 1995, 28 PV systems have been installed with 4 additional systems to be installed within the next year. The systems range in size from 4 to 18 kW. The project tracks (on a site-by-site basis) avoided emissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), and particulates. Electric utilities provide hourly records of the load-following power plants as well as emissions data for the generating mix. These values are correlated on a real time basis with the PV systems' electrical output to determine the avoided emissions. For the first 16 PV systems monitored, yearly reductions of CO2, NOx, SO2, and particulate emissions are approximately 600 to 2300, 0.2 to 16, 0.1 to 9, and 0.02 to 0.6 kg/kW of PV system rating, respectively. The variances in numbers are caused by varying solar irradiance from site to site and also by different fuels being used by the various utilities. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY INC PI BOULDER PA 2400 CENTRAL AVE, SUITE G-1, BOULDER, CO 80301 BN 0-89553-168-2 PY 1996 BP 8 EP 11 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BJ08G UT WOS:A1996BJ08G00002 ER PT B AU Taylor, SD Straw, P AF Taylor, SD Straw, P GP SOC TECH COMMUN TI Designing multi-platform online help: A demonstration SO STC 1996 PROCEEDINGS - 43RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE: EVOLUTION/REVOLUTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 43rd Annual Conference of the Society-for-Technical-Communication - Evolution/Revolution CY MAY 05-09, 1996 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Soc Tech Commun C1 US EPA,OFF ENFORCEMENT & COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION PI ARLINGTON PA 901 N STUART ST, SUITE 904, ARLINGTON, VA 22203-1854 BN 0-914548-89-1 PY 1996 BP 335 EP 335 PG 1 WC Communication SC Communication GA BF86Z UT WOS:A1996BF86Z00142 ER PT B AU Kimm, VJ AF Kimm, VJ GP IEEE TI Program management in a period of strategic realignment: A practitioner's perspective SO TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND PUBLIC DECISIONS - 1996 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1996 International Symposium on Technology and Society - Technical Expertise and Public Decisions CY JUN 21-22, 1996 CL PRINCETON UNIV, WOODROW WILSON SCH PUBLIC & INT AFFAIRS, PRINCETON, NJ SP Princeton Univ, IEEE, Soc Social Implicat Technol HO PRINCETON UNIV, WOODROW WILSON SCH PUBLIC & INT AFFAIRS C1 UNIV SO CALIF,SCH PUBL ADM,US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20004. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 BN 0-7803-3346-2 PY 1996 BP 544 EP 548 DI 10.1109/ISTAS.1996.541194 PG 5 WC Public Administration SC Public Administration GA BG09Z UT WOS:A1996BG09Z00084 ER PT B AU Gerson, DJ Wood, SE AF Gerson, DJ Wood, SE BE Gerson, DJ TI RADIUS phase II - The RADIUS Testbed System SO TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION, 24TH AIPR WORKSHOP SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th AIPR Workshop on Tools and Techniques for Modeling and Simulation CY OCT 11-13, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, AIPR Execut Comm DE image understanding; site models; imagery analysis; photo interpretation; detection and counting C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20505. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2018-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1996 VL 2645 BP 62 EP 69 DI 10.1117/12.233051 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BF18T UT WOS:A1996BF18T00007 ER PT B AU Dyer, RS Duffey, RB Moskowitz, PD Penzin, RA Ruksha, VV Tumparov, AA Gussgard, KA AF Dyer, RS Duffey, RB Moskowitz, PD Penzin, RA Ruksha, VV Tumparov, AA Gussgard, KA GP EUROPEAN NUCLEAR SOC TI Plans to upgrade and expand the low-level liquid radioactive waste treatment facility at Murmansk, Russia SO TOPSEAL '96 -INTERNATIONAL TOPICAL MEETING: DEMONSTRATING THE PRACTICAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL, VOL II: POSTER PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International TOPical Meeting on Demonstrating the Practical Achievements of Nuclear Waste Management and Disposal CY JUN 09-12, 1996 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SP European Nucl Soc, Swedish Nucl Soc C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI BERN PA BELPSTRASSE 23 PO BOX 5032, BERN, SWITZERLAND BN 3-9520691-2-4 PY 1996 BP 96 EP 99 PG 4 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BF98L UT WOS:A1996BF98L00021 ER PT J AU Nostrandt, AC Shafer, TJ Mundy, WR Padilla, S AF Nostrandt, AC Shafer, TJ Mundy, WR Padilla, S TI Inhibition of rat brain phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C by aluminum: Regional differences, interactions with aluminum salts, and mechanisms SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS; DIALYSIS ENCEPHALOPATHY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CORTICAL SLICES; METABOLISM; ACCUMULATION; INVITRO; CALCIUM AB We have shown previously that aluminum chloride (AlCl3, 10-500 mu M) inhibits hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C(PI-PLC) in a concentration-dependent manner. In the present study, we characterize further the effects of aluminum on PI-PLC. A comparison of different brain regions and liver revealed varying basal PI-PLC specific activities, as well as differential susceptibility to inhibition by 100 mu M AlCl3. The hippocampus had the highest specific activity of PI-PLC, followed by striatum, frontal cortex, cerebellum, and liver. PI-PLC inhibition by 100 mu M AlCl3 was greatest in the liver, followed by cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, and striatum. Moreover, 100 mu M AlCl3 or aluminum lactate (Al(lac)) were similarly effective at inhibiting PI-PLC activity in rat cortical tissue. Addition of AlCl3 (100 mu M) decreased PI-PLC activity at CaCl2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 mM; however, AlCl3 did not affect the shape of the calcium concentration curve, suggesting that aluminum does not inhibit PI-PLC activity by interference with the cofactor, calcium. AlCl3 (100 mu M) did inhibit rat cortical PI-PLC hydrolysis of PIP2 in a competitive manner. These results demonstrate some regional/tissue differences in PI-PLC activity and its sensitivity to aluminum, and effects of AlCl3 and Al(lac) consistent with the effects previously noted in PI turnover in brain slices. Furthermore, our results suggest that competitive inhibition of PLC-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis by aluminum is a potential mechanism by which aluminum may cause the disruptions phosphoinositide signaling which have been reported following in vivo and in vitro exposure. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, NEUROTOXICOL DIV MD74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, CURRICULUM TOXICOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 60 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 136 IS 1 BP 118 EP 125 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0014 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TR059 UT WOS:A1996TR05900014 PM 8560464 ER PT J AU Cox, C Hee, SSQ Lynch, DW AF Cox, C Hee, SSQ Lynch, DW TI Urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) as the major urinary marker of carbon disulfide vapor exposure in rats SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID WORKERS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g; 60 per exposure group) were exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) air concentrations of 0, 50, 150, and 500 ppm(v/v)for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week over six months. Following the exposures, nine rats from each exposure group had four sets of cumulated urines collected (between 0-8, 8-16, 16-24, and 24-48 hr). The urinary parameters measured were: 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), total thioethers (TE), and the compounds responsive to the iodine-azide (IA) test. Urinary TTCA elimination obeyed pseudo-first-order, one-compartment model kinetics of half-time (t(0.5)) 5.2 +/- 0.3 hr up to 16 hr of collection. The elimination of TE within 16 hr had a t(0.5) of 8.5 +/- 0.6 hr. TTCA, IA, and TE were correlated highly in the first 16 hr. After 16 hr, the t(0.5) for TE lengthened to 13.1 hr. At CS2 concentrations of 50, 150, and 500 ppm, the respective t(0.5) for IA-responsive compounds were 12.6, 6.1, and 4.4 hr. TTCA had the highest correlation coefficient and p-value relative to CS2 exposure concentration, and also was the most sensitive, precise, and selective urinary marker. C1 DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,CTR ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,SCH PUBL HLTH,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH. US EPA,NATL AIR & RADIAT ENVIRONM LAB,MONTGOMERY,AL. NIOSH,RA TAFT LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 81 EP 92 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UL031 UT WOS:A1996UL03100005 PM 8713716 ER PT J AU Hartig, PC Cardon, MC Rosen, MB Chernoff, N Schmid, JE Kawanishi, CY AF Hartig, PC Cardon, MC Rosen, MB Chernoff, N Schmid, JE Kawanishi, CY TI In situ hybridization and oligomer probes: Evaluation of gene expression during development SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article ID HOMEOBOX GENES; RETINOIC ACID; P-33 AB Alteration of gene expression can result in numerous pathologies, including proliferative diseases, functional deficits, and developmental defects. Recent studies have suggested that changes in the expression domains of Homeotic (Hox) genes during development are associated with the induction of chemically induced developmental anomalies. Before meaningful data on the alteration of gene expression can be obtained, the heterogeneity of normal expressions within a species must be evaluated. In situ hybridization is a powerful technique that can detect perturbations in the spatial and/or temporal expression of genes. The hybridization protocol described here utilizes P-33 end-labeled, single-stranded DNA oligomeric nucleotides. Some of the technical advantages to this approach are that (1) DNA probes are not sensitive to RNase, (2) the probes are based on published sequences and are chemically synthesized, (3) probes are end-labeled utilizing a terminal transferase reaction, producing probes of high specific activity and uniform length, (4) expression patterns of spliced genes can be easily evaluated by synthesizing probes specific to different areas of the gene relative to the splice site, (5) probes do not require the use of strong reducing agents, and (6) the technique can be used on tissue embedded in paraffin and avoids the use of frozen sections. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in this paper by the analysis of expression of Hoxa-7 during normal development of the CD-1 mouse embryo. RP Hartig, PC (reprint author), US EPA,MAIL DROP 67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JAN-MAR PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 13 EP 22 DI 10.3109/15376519609045909 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UB588 UT WOS:A1996UB58800002 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Brumley, WC AF Grange, AH Brumley, WC TI Determining elemental compositions from exact masses and relative abundances of ions SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB A new scanning strategy permits on-line determination of exact masses and relative abundances of ions produced from analytes as they are separated chromatographically and analyzed by a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Tentative identifications of compounds based on library matches of their background subtracted mass spectra can now be confirmed or refuted by applying 6 criteria based on the molecular ion (M), M + 1, and M + 2 mass peak profiles, This article reviews the technique, demonstrates its most common application, and lists some of its other uses. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), LOCKHEED ENGN SYST & TECHNOL,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 12 EP 17 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(96)88032-0 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TQ445 UT WOS:A1996TQ44500010 ER PT J AU Donegan, KK Schaller, DL Stone, JK Ganio, LM Reed, G Hamm, PB Seidler, RJ AF Donegan, KK Schaller, DL Stone, JK Ganio, LM Reed, G Hamm, PB Seidler, RJ TI Microbial populations, fungal species diversity and plant pathogen levels in field plots of potato plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var tenebrionis endotoxin SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE plant microbiology; genetically engineered plants; risk assessment; Bacillus thuringiensis toxin ID TRANSGENIC PLANTS; INSECT CONTROL; PROTEIN; CROPS; PERFORMANCE; RESISTANCE; TOBACCO; GENE AB The environmental release of genetically engineered (transgenic) plants may be accompanied by ecological effects including changes in the plant-associated microflora. A field release of transgenic potato plants that produce the insecticidal endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Bit) was monitored for changes in total bacterial and fungal populations, fungal species diversity and abundance, and plant pathogen levels. The microflora on three phenological stages of leaves (green, yellow and brown) were compared over the growing season (sample days 0, 21, 42, 63 and 98) for transgenic potato plants, commercial Russet Burbank potato plants treated with systemic insecticide (Di-Syston) and commercial Russet Burbank potato plants treated with microbial Btt (M-Trak). In addition, plant and soil assays were performed to assess disease incidence of Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., Verticillium dahliae, potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY). Few significant differences in phylloplane microflora among the plant types were observed and none of the differences were persistent. Total bacterial populations on brown leaves on sample day 21 and on green leaves on sample day 42 were significantly higher on the transgenic potato plants. Total fungal populations on green leaves on sample day 63 were significantly different among the three plant types; lowest levels were on the commercial potato plants treated with systemic insecticide and highest levels were on the commercial potato plants treated with microbial Btt. Differences in fungal species assemblages and diversity were correlated with sampling dates, but relatively consistent among treatments. Alternaria alternata, a common saprophyte on leaves and in soil and leaf litter, was the most commonly isolated fungus species for all the plant treatments. Rhizosphere populations of the soilborne pathogens Pythium spp., Fusarium spp. and V. dahliae did not differ between the transgenic potato plants and the commercial potato plants treated with systemic insecticide. The incidence of tuber infection at the end of the growing season by the plant pathogen V. dahliae was highest for the transgenic potato plants but this difference was related to longer viability of the transgenic potato plants. This difference in longevity between the transgenic potato plants and the commercial + systemic insecticide potato plants also made comparison of the incidence of PVY and PLRV problematic. Our results indicate that under field conditions the microflora of transgenic Btt-producing potato plants differed minimally from that of chemically and microbially treated commercial potato plants. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. OREGON STATE UNIV,RES & EXTENS CTR,HERMISTON,OR 97838. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Donegan, KK (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 36 TC 60 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 13 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0962-8819 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1007/BF01979919 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TT630 UT WOS:A1996TT63000004 ER PT J AU Guenther, A Greenberg, J Harley, P Helmig, D Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Geron, C AF Guenther, A Greenberg, J Harley, P Helmig, D Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Geron, C TI Leaf, branch, stand and landscape scale measurements of volatile organic compound fluxes from US woodlands SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Traveling Workshop on Interactive Environmental Effects on Forest Stands CY JAN 27-FEB 07, 1995 CL NEW ZEALAND SP Int Union Forest Res Org DE biogenic emission model; diurnal variation; hexenol derivatives; isoprene; monoterpenes; sesquiterpenes; spatial variation ID HYDROCARBONS; ISOPRENE AB Natural volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes were measured in three U.S. woodlands in summer 1993. Fluxes from individual leaves and branches were estimated with enclosure techniques and used to initialize and evaluate VOC emission model estimates. Ambient measurements were used to estimate above canopy fluxes for entire stands and landscapes. The branch enclosure experiments revealed 78 VOCs. Hexenol derivatives were the most commonly observed oxygenated compounds. The branch measurements also revealed high rates of isoprene emission from three genera of plants (Albizia, Chusqua and Mahonia) and high rates of moneterpene emission from three genera (Atriplex Chrysthamnus and Sorbus) for which VOC emission rates have not been reported. Measurements on an additional 34 species confirmed previous results. Leaf enclosure measurements of isoprene emission rates from Quercus were substantially higher than the rates used in existing emission models. Model predictions of diurnal variations in isoprene fluxes were generally within +/- 35% of observed flux variations. Measurements with a fast response analyzer demonstrated that 60 min is a reasonable time resolution for biogenic emission models. Average daytime stand scale (hundreds of m) flux measurements ranged from about 1.3 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for a shrub oak stand to 1.5-2.5 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for a mixed forest stand. Morning, evening and nighttime fluxes were less than 0.1 mg C m(-2) h(-1). Average daytime landscape scale (tens of km) flux measurements ranged from about 3 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for a shrub oak-aspen and rangeland landscape to about 7 mg C m(-2) h(-1) for a deciduous forest landscape. Fluxes predicted by recent versions (BEIS2, BEIS2.1) of a biogenic emission model were within 10 to 50% of observed fluxes and about 300% higher than those predicted by a previous version of the model (BEIS). C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Guenther, A (reprint author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM,POB 3000,BOULDER,CO 80307, USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983 NR 21 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 9 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 16 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 24 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TT024 UT WOS:A1996TT02400004 ER PT B AU Lewis, CW AF Lewis, CW BE Allegrini, I DeSantis, F TI Receptor methods for VOC source apportionment in urban environments SO URBAN AIR POLLUTION: MONITORING AND CONTROL STRATEGIES SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCES INSTITUTE SERIES, SER 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Monitoring and Control Strategies for Urban Air Pollution CY OCT 09-15, 1994 CL CTR ETTORE MAIORANA, ERICE, ITALY SP NATO HO CTR ETTORE MAIORANA C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY BN 3-540-60707-2 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1996 VL 8 BP 225 EP 234 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BF91Y UT WOS:A1996BF91Y00018 ER PT B AU Vallero, DA AF Vallero, DA BE Allegrini, I DeSantis, F TI Exposure assessment methodologies for humans and ecosystems SO URBAN AIR POLLUTION: MONITORING AND CONTROL STRATEGIES SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCES INSTITUTE SERIES, SER 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Monitoring and Control Strategies for Urban Air Pollution CY OCT 09-15, 1994 CL CTR ETTORE MAIORANA, ERICE, ITALY SP NATO HO CTR ETTORE MAIORANA C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN 33 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY BN 3-540-60707-2 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1996 VL 8 BP 449 EP 466 PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BF91Y UT WOS:A1996BF91Y00036 ER PT J AU Dye, JA Morgan, KT Neldon, DL Tepper, JS Burleson, GR Costa, DL AF Dye, JA Morgan, KT Neldon, DL Tepper, JS Burleson, GR Costa, DL TI Characterization of upper respiratory disease in rats following neonatal inoculation with a rat-adapted influenza virus SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE influenza virus; nasal cavity; neonatal rats ID AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS; A VIRUS; NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION; NEUTRAL ENDOPEPTIDASE; BRONCHIAL REACTIVITY; INFECTION; CHILDREN; CELLS; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Neonatal F344 rats were infected with a rat-adapted influenza virus (RAIV) to use as a potential model to study the combined effects of air pollutant exposure with early life respiratory viral infections. Initially, 6-day-old pups were intranasally inoculated with RAIV or medium alone, and nasal and lower respiratory tract (LRT) tissues were assessed histologically at 1, 3, 6, and 13 days postinoculation (DPI). Immunologic assessments included thymic lymphocyte quantification and anti-RAIV immunoglobulin production. Pups then received two inoculations (at 6 and 30 days of age), with histologic and immunologic assessment 6 and 13 days after the second inoculation and bronchoprovocation testing 5-8 weeks later. Following the single RAIV inoculation, IgM and IgG(1) measurements increased at 6, 11, and 15 DPI, with IgG(1) being greater at 11 and 15 DPI. Nasal lesions were evident as early as 1 DPI and primarily involved the anterior dorsal medial meatus and adjacent dorsal atrio- and nasoturbinates. Alterations included epithelial cell exfoliation and necrosis, mild erosions, suppurative and nonsuppurative inflammation, intraepithelial neutrophil accumulations, and intraluminal exudate. By 3 DPI, olfactory epithelial damage was multifocal or locally diffuse, with degeneration of sensory cells and variable inflammation. By 13 DPI, lesions were essentially repaired. Minimal changes were apparent in the LRT despite evidence of viral replication in the lungs 24 hours after inoculation (>3 log(10) plaque-forming units/lung). Pups reinoculated with RAIV at 30 days of age did not develop significant histologic lesions, nor did they exhibit increased airway responsiveness when assessed as young adults. In spite of their immature immune status at the time of initial infection, 13 days after the second RAIV inoculation, IgG(1) increased substantially. Thus, neonatal RAIV infection resulted in acute nasal epithelial injury and inflammation, alterations that may allow subsequent evaluation of viral disease-air pollutant interactions. C1 CIIT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Dye, JA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPTL TOXICOL DIV,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,MD-82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 33 IS 1 BP 43 EP 54 PG 12 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA TR220 UT WOS:A1996TR22000005 PM 8826005 ER PT J AU Barker, JR Herstrom, AA Tingey, DT AF Barker, JR Herstrom, AA Tingey, DT TI Formaldehyde: Environmental partitioning and vegetation exposed SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID EMISSIONS; AMBIENT; AIR; METHANOL; CALIFORNIA; CARBONYLS; VEHICLE; SMOG AB The combustion of methanol fuels and methyl-t-butyl-ether (MTBE) may result in the release of significantly more formaldehyde into the environment than from the use of conventional fuels. The concern is that increased levels of atmospheric formaldehyde may be detrimental to vegetation. Models were used to simulate the environmental partitioning of formaldehyde and to compare changes in its atmospheric concentrations for three vehicle/fuel scenarios within the South Coast Air Quality Management District, California, USA. Scenario 1 assumed that all vehicles were powered with conventional fuels. Scenario 2 assumed that light- and medium-duty vehicles were flexible-fueled and powered with 100% methanol fuel (M100). Scenario 3 assumed that light- and medium-duty vehicles were dedicated M100 vehicles. The simulations predict that 96.2, 2.2, and 1.6% of ambient formaldehyde partitioned to the air, soil, and water, respectively. Scenario 2 represents the greatest risk to vegetation because atmospheric formaldehyde concentrations could reach 90 ppb. Formaldehyde concentrations in scenario 3 were the lowest and would not exceed 20 ppb. Atmospheric formaldehyde at concentrations that may occur with methanol flexible-fueled vehicles could affect certain plant species according to limited data from the literature. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Barker, JR (reprint author), US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 1-4 BP 71 EP 91 DI 10.1007/BF00279146 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UE411 UT WOS:A1996UE41100005 ER PT J AU Vesper, SJ DonovanBrand, R Paris, KP AlAbed, SR Ryan, JA DavisHoover, WJ AF Vesper, SJ DonovanBrand, R Paris, KP AlAbed, SR Ryan, JA DavisHoover, WJ TI Microbial removal of lead from solid media and soil SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METALS; ACCUMULATION AB We have isolated a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain designated CHL004 which is able to remove lead from solidified media and soil. The process for testing removal was generally the same for all experiments. A piece of sterile filter paper was placed on the surface of a plate containing solidified media and lead carbonate or lead contaminated soil and incubated at 29 degrees C for 30 days. Lead was removed from yeast malt plates but generally not from R2A plates. Dextrose was shown to be a critical component in the YM; without it almost no lead was removed. Sucrose, maltose and lactose could not be substituted for the dextrose although these carbon sources allowed for survival and growth of the isolate. In order to study the initial kinetics of lead uptake, lead nitrate was used in an aqueous environment. The rate of uptake of lead nitrate by CHL004 was very rapid initially then decreased greatly. Sodium azide treated cells did not remove lead. The removal of lead from an urban soil was affected by the pH of the soil. The pH of the soil in YM was 6.9 and 3.3% of the total lead in the soil was removed. When the pH was adjusted to a pH of 5, 8% of the total lead was removed but at a pH of 6, 6.4% was removed. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CTR HILL FAC,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Vesper, SJ (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CTR HILL FAC,CINCINNATI,OH 45224, USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 1-4 BP 207 EP 219 DI 10.1007/BF00279157 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UE411 UT WOS:A1996UE41100016 ER PT S AU Koechling, MT Shukairy, HM Summers, RS AF Koechling, MT Shukairy, HM Summers, RS BE Minear, RA Amy, GL TI Effect of ozonation and biotreatment on molecular size and hydrophilic fractions of natural organic matter SO WATER DISINFECTION AND NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER: CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter - Characterization and Control, at the 210th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 23-24, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem ID DBP FORMATION; SPECIATION; BIODEGRADATION; PRECURSORS; PRODUCTS AB The impact of ozonation and ozonation combined with biotreatment on the molecular size (MS) distribution, hydrophilicity, chlorine reactivity and chemical composition of a groundwater natural organic matter was investigated. Chlorination of isolated fractions was conducted under constant precursor concentrations and chlorination conditions. In the untreated solution, the <1K MS fraction was the most reactive to chlorination and the nonhumic fraction showed the highest bromine incorporation. Ozonation caused a shift to smaller MS and hydrophilic fractions, and from a polyaromatic nature to a polysaccharidal and proteinaecous nature, as measured by pyrolysis-GC/MS analyses but did not affect the disinfection by-product (DBP) specific yield in the larger MS fractions. It did cause a shift towards more bromosubstituted DBPs. Subsequent biotreatment was most effective in dissolved organic carbon removal for the <1K MS fraction, but did not exhibit selective DBP precursor removal in any fraction. C1 US EPA,POST GRAD RES PROGRAM,OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Koechling, MT (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,POB 210071,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3464-7 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 649 BP 196 EP 210 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA BG76C UT WOS:A1996BG76C00013 ER PT J AU Allen, HE Hansen, DJ AF Allen, HE Hansen, DJ TI The importance of trace metal speciation to water quality criteria SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE copper; criteria; metals; model; speciation; water quality ID CONDITIONAL STABILITY-CONSTANTS; COPPER COMPLEXATION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NATURAL-WATERS; RAINBOW-TROUT; TOXICITY; CAPACITY; BINDING; PH; HETEROGENEITY AB Because the bioavailability of a trace metal, and consequently its toxicity, is dependent on the physical and chemical form of the metal, we have presented a detailed assessment of how speciation of copper would be expected to affect its toxicity. Principles of chemical speciation are applied to demonstrate that inorganic forms will be in constant proportion to each other and to free copper ion during the course of the titration of a sample of natural water with copper or in the various treatments in a toxicity test conducted at constant pH and alkalinity. Binding of copper to dissolved organic matter or to suspended particulate matter may render the copper nonbioavailable. We have considered a simple complexation model to describe the complexation of copper to soluble ligands. Naturally occurring dissolved organic matter is present at concentrations only slightly greater than that of copper. Consequently, titration of water with copper results in a nonlinear relationship between the concentration of copper present as free copper ion plus inorganic copper species. The effects of stability constant of the complex, concentration of ligand, and the total copper concentration are evaluated. We have related bioavailable copper to the concentration of free copper ion plus inorganic copper complexes, which is valid if the pH and alkalinity of the waters used to develop a criteria are not different. On the basis of limited field data for the complexation of copper in Narragansett Bay water, we do not expect that significant differences in water quality criteria (WQC) would result if the criteria were to be based on free copper ion plus inorganic copper complexes rather than total copper concentrations. We examined the effect of speciation of copper in different waters as related to empirical or theoretically calculated water effect ratios (WER). We show that, on the basis of sound chemical principles, it would be expected that the most sensitive organisms would have the greatest WER. This prediction is confirmed by the empirical observations available. For insensitive organisms, knowledge of the concentration of ligand is sufficient to reasonably predict the WER. However, for the more sensitive organisms that give higher WERs, it is necessary to measure or calculate the speciation of copper to predict the WER. Use of predicted WERs may replace use of empirically derived WERs as is now part of regulatory guidance for derivation of site-specific WQC, if correspondence has been demonstrated. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Allen, HE (reprint author), UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,NEWARK,DE 19716, USA. RI Cheng, Jason/A-9296-2010 NR 45 TC 190 Z9 211 U1 6 U2 78 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 68 IS 1 BP 42 EP 54 DI 10.2175/106143096X127307 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA TR066 UT WOS:A1996TR06600007 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC AF Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC TI Effect of pollution on marine organisms SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NOAA,SEATTLE,WA. PTI ENVIRONM SERV,BELLEVUE,WA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH,DEPT BIOL,LONG BEACH,CA 90840, USA. NR 158 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 1996 VL 68 IS 4 BP 784 EP 796 DI 10.2175/106143096X135650 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UX253 UT WOS:A1996UX25300038 ER PT J AU Crabtree, KD Ruskin, RH Shaw, SB Rose, JB AF Crabtree, KD Ruskin, RH Shaw, SB Rose, JB TI The detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in cistern water in the US Virgin Islands SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cistern water; protozoa; Cryptosporidium; Giardia; US Virgin Islands ID DRINKING-WATER; PARVUM OOCYSTS; SUPPLIES; VIABILITY; RISK AB Most homes and public facilities in the U.S. Virgin Islands use a roof catchment system to obtain drinking water. Because water is so scarce throughout the islands, every building (except those federally owned) are required to have a cistern. Rainwater is collected in the cisterns and is subject to contamination from enteric pathogens found in the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and concentrations of human enteric protozoa in cisterns originating from animal fecal contamination. Volumes of 4001 of water were filtered from nine private and four public cisterns four times over a 1-year period for a total of 44 samples. After processing the Alter, the entire volume was examined using Cryptosporidium and Giardia specific antibodies and epifluorescence microscopy to determine levels of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. One or both of the protozoa were found in 81% of the public cisterns and this was statistically significant (P = 0.005) when compared to the private cisterns where 47% of the samples were positive. Cryptosporidium was found statistically more often in the 44 samples than Giardia. In addition, the use of a polyclonal antibody for Cryptosporidium which is genera-specific, also detected oocysts statistically more often than a monoclonal antibody which was more species-restrictive to C. parvum, which is associated with disease in humans, suggesting that non-mammalian oocysts were found more frequently in cistern waters. Levels ranged from 1 to 10 organisms/1001 with one sample at 70 oocysts. These levels are associated with estimated daily risks of 10(-2) to 10(-4) and are well above acceptable guidance as described for safe drinking water in the United States. On occasion high levels of heterotrophic bacteria (9.9 x 10(5) CFU/ml) and total coliforms (> 2000 CFU/100 ml) were also detected in these waters. A statistically significant correlation was found between the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (r = 0.47853, P = 0.0008). The results of this study show that Cryptosporidium and Giardia, as well as bacteria, are present in these waters at levels which may involve significant public health risks. Public cistern systems are of particular concern because of the high percentage which were contaminated and the greater number of people exposed. C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. UNIV VIRGIN ISL,ST THOMAS,VI 00802. US EPA,REG 2,NEW YORK,NY. NR 33 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 208 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00100-Y PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA TG772 UT WOS:A1996TG77200026 ER PT J AU Cheng, JY Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Cheng, JY Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in the presence of sulfide minerals under anoxic conditions SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Biennial Conference of the International-Association-on-Water-Quality CY JUN 23-28, 1996 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE SP Int Assoc Water Qual DE abiotic reduction; 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene; 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene; anoxic; 2,4-dinitrotoluene; minerals; sulfide ID IRON AB Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in the presence of sulfide minerals has been investigated under anoxic conditions at 35 degrees C. 2,4-DNT was abiotically reduced to 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) in the presence of high concentration of sulfide (0.84 mM). No abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT was observed in the presence of low sulfide concentration (0.42 mM). The rate and the extent of the abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT were increased with an increase in sulfide concentration. Sulfide served as an electron donor for the reduction of 2,4-DNT. The 2-nitro group was preferentially reduced, making the 2-A-4-NT:4-A-2-NT ratio in the final products 2:1. The addition of iron, nickel, and cobalt minerals significantly enhanced the abiotic reduction. The FeS, NiS, and CoS solids formed in the serum bottles catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT preferentially to 4-A-2-NT. MnS and CuS solids also catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT to 4-A-2-NT. but did not change the overall reduction of 2,4-DNT. However, the presence of calcium, zinc, and magnesium minerals impeded 2,4-DNT reduction. The calcium, zinc, and magnesium ions have a high affinity to sulfide, inactivating sulfide as an electron donor for the chemical reduction of 2,4-DNT. Copyright (C) 1996 IAWQ. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 34 IS 10 BP 25 EP 33 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA WC230 UT WOS:A1996WC23000005 ER PT J AU Brady, DJ AF Brady, DJ TI The watershed protection approach SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International IAWQ Specialized Conference and Symposia on Diffuse Pollution CY AUG 13-18, 1995 CL BRNO, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Int Assoc Water Qual DE water quality; water quality management AB The Water Protection Approach (WPA) by USEPA is outlined. The historical development of the approach is of an old date, starting since 1980. Definition of the approach and experience to date is summarized. It is not a new programm, but a new way of thinking about how environmental programs have to be managed. Copyright (C) 1996 IAWQ. RP Brady, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,CHICAGO,IL, USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4-5 BP 17 EP 21 DI 10.1016/0273-1223(96)00208-9 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA UW049 UT WOS:A1996UW04900004 ER PT J AU Davenport, TE Phillips, NJ Kirschner, BA Kirschner, LT AF Davenport, TE Phillips, NJ Kirschner, BA Kirschner, LT TI The watershed protection approach: A framework for ecosystem protection SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International IAWQ Specialized Conference and Symposia on Diffuse Pollution CY AUG 13-18, 1995 CL BRNO, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Int Assoc Water Qual DE ecosystem protection; ecosystem management; watershed protection AB From the ecosystem protection cocept the watershed protection approach is derived and its implementation by EPA outlined. Copyright (C) 1996 IAWQ. C1 INT JOINT COMMISS,WINDSOR,ON N9A 6T3,CANADA. NAT RESOURCE CONSERVAT SERV,CONSERVAT TECHNOL INFORMAT CTR,USDA,W LAFAYETTE,IN. RP Davenport, TE (reprint author), US EPA,CHICAGO,IL, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4-5 BP 23 EP 26 DI 10.1016/0273-1223(96)00209-0 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA UW049 UT WOS:A1996UW04900005 ER PT J AU Brady, DJ AF Brady, DJ TI Basic comparison of structure and functioning of legislative, governmental and non-governmental bodies for water quality management in the USA and the CR: An American view SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International IAWQ Specialized Conference and Symposia on Diffuse Pollution CY AUG 13-18, 1995 CL BRNO, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Int Assoc Water Qual DE legislation; water quality; water quality management AB The structure and function of water quality management systems in USA and CR are compared and the basic principles of the Water Protection Approach used by US EPA outlined. Copyright (C) 1996 IAWQ. RP Brady, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,CHICAGO,IL, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4-5 BP 27 EP 30 DI 10.1016/0273-1223(96)00210-7 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA UW049 UT WOS:A1996UW04900006 ER PT J AU Crook, J Surampalli, RY AF Crook, J Surampalli, RY TI Water reclamation and reuse criteria in the US SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse CY OCT 17-20, 1995 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Int Assoc Water Qual, EU, EUREAU, FAO, WHO DE health standards; microbiological limits; reclaimed water; regulations; standards; wastewater reuse; water quality criteria; water reclamation; water reuse; water reuse criteria AB Increasing demands on water resources for domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural purposes have made water reclamation and reuse an attractive option for conserving and extending available water supplies. Also, many water reuse projects are implemented to eliminate a source of contamination in surface waters or as a least-cost alternative to meeting stringent discharge requirements. Reclaimed water applications range from pasture irrigation to augmentation of potable water supplies. Water reclamation and reuse criteria are principally directed at health protection, There are no federal regulations governing water reuse in the U.S.; hence, the regulatory burden rests with the individual states, This has resulted in differing standards among states that have developed criteria. This paper summarizes and compares the criteria from some states that have developed comprehensive regulations. Guidelines published by the US, EPA and the rationale behind them are presented for numerous types of reclaimed water applications. Copyright (C) 1996 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS 66117. RP Crook, J (reprint author), BLACK & BEATCH,100 CAMBRIDGE PK DR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02140, USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 44 U1 5 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1996 VL 33 IS 10-11 BP 451 EP 462 DI 10.1016/0273-1223(96)00448-9 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA VB133 UT WOS:A1996VB13300049 ER PT J AU Che, YS Huang, JS Barnard, W Li, YH AF Che, YS Huang, JS Barnard, W Li, YH TI Photoinduced dimerization of thymine in microemulsion for UVB radiation exposure measurements SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE thymine; dosimeter for UVB radiation; photoinduced dimerization ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; NALIDIXIC-ACID; DOSIMETER; FILM AB A dosimeter for UVB radiation was developed based on photoinduced dimerization of thymine in microemulsion. The UV absorption change of the dosimeter can be monitored spectroscopically. The sensitivity of the dosimeter can be adjusted by varying the local concentration of thymine in the microemulsion while keeping the overall concentration the same. Thus, the dosimeter can be used to measure a wide range of radiation doses with a set of tailored sample conditions. The use of such a dosimeter can provide a parameter that indicates an accumulative irradiation effect on human skin. The dosimeter potentially can be used in the development of a simplified UVB radiation index that is correlated with the permanent skin damage rather than just erythema. C1 CLARKSON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,POTSDAM,NY 13699. US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD DEC 29 PY 1995 VL 318 IS 1 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00429-7 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TP972 UT WOS:A1995TP97200009 ER PT J AU Dyer, RS DeRosa, CT AF Dyer, RS DeRosa, CT TI Session summary: Chemical mixtures - Defining the problem SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; chemical mixtures; chemical exposure C1 US PHS,DIV TOXICOL,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Dyer, RS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-51A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 109 EP 110 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03204-S PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400002 ER PT J AU Simmons, JE AF Simmons, JE TI Chemical mixtures: Challenge for toxicology and risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; risk assessment; chemical interactions ID 25 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS; COMPLEX WASTE MIXTURES; INDUSTRIAL-WASTES; B6C3F1 MICE; GENOTOXICITY; LETHALITY; EXPOSURE AB It is now well-recognized that human environmental exposures are not to single chemicals. Rather, humans are exposed, either concurrently or sequentially, to multiple chemicals. Challenges that chemical mixtures pose for risk assessment and toxicology are presented. Challenge areas include increasing the peer-reviewed publication of human studies, improving access to peer-reviewed data and examining multiple target organs. Two difficult challenges are development of a common, consistent language and the use of appropriate and innovative experimental designs and analyses. The challenge of elucidation of mechanism(s) offers a rational basis for extrapolation across dose levels, exposure durations and exposure routes as well as to other species and to other similar chemicals. Of particular importance is focusing effort on those areas of investigation where answers have the greatest potential for reducing uncertainty in risk assessments for chemical mixtures and on those chemical mixtures and multiple chemical exposures that have the greatest potential impact on human health. A particularly fruitful area for future investigation is determination of the likelihood of nonadditive interactions in humans exposed to multiple chemicals at environmental exposure levels. RP Simmons, JE (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MD-74, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 49 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03205-T PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400003 PM 8571350 ER PT J AU Teuschler, LK Hertzberg, RC AF Teuschler, LK Hertzberg, RC TI Current and future risk assessment guidelines, policy, and methods development for chemical mixtures SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; risk assessment; hazard index; dose addition; response addition; interactions data AB Humans are typically exposed to low doses of combinations of chemicals rather than to one or two chemicals at a time, yet most of the available toxicity data provide information on single chemicals or binary pairs, rather than on whole mixtures. The use of existing interactions study data for the quantitative risk assessment of chemical mixtures is problematic. These studies generally lack the necessary statistical characterizations to be useful in quantitative risk assessment procedures. The U.S. EPA developed guidelines for risk assessment for chemical mixtures in 1986 and is currently in the process of making revisions. Significant advances have been made in both the theoretical development and application of procedures such as dose addition, response addition, toxicity equivalence factors, comparative potency and interactions data characterizations. Details on the current revisions to the guidelines are given, along with information on the research efforts that have influenced these revisions or that represent future directions in chemical mixtures risk assessment. RP Teuschler, LK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 17 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 137 EP 144 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03207-V PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400005 PM 8571352 ER PT J AU Svendsgaard, DJ Greco, WR AF Svendsgaard, DJ Greco, WR TI Session summary: Experimental designs, analyses and quantitative models SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; risk assessment; mathematical modelling ID AGENTS C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ROSWELL PK CANC INST,BUFFALO,NY 14263. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 157 EP 160 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03209-X PG 4 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400007 ER PT J AU Kodell, RL Ahn, H Chen, JJ Springer, JA Barton, CN Hertzberg, RC AF Kodell, RL Ahn, H Chen, JJ Springer, JA Barton, CN Hertzberg, RC TI Upper bound risk estimates for mixtures of carcinogens SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE additivity; bootstrap; conservatism; likelihood ratio; Monte Carlo; multistage model AB The excess cancer risk that might result from exposure to a mixture of chemical carcinogens usually is estimated with data from experiments conducted on individual chemicals. An upper bound on the total excess risk is estimated commonly by summing individual upper bound risk estimates. The degree to which this approach might overstate the true risk associated with the mixture has not been evaluated previously. This paper reports the-results of a Monte Carlo simulation study on the degree of reduction in conservatism that might be achieved using alternative methods for calculating mixture upper bounds. An unexpected finding is that for chemicals that exhibit strongly linear dose-response relationships, the summing of multistage-model-based upper bounds on excess risk can be anti-conservative, that is, it can provide less than the nominal 100(1 - alpha)% coverage. C1 US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Kodell, RL (reprint author), US FDA,NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,BIOMETRY BRANCH,HFT-20,3900 NCTR RD,JEFFERSON,AR 72079, USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03213-Y PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400011 PM 8571357 ER PT J AU Evans, MV Mathews, HB AF Evans, MV Mathews, HB TI Session summary: Toxicokinetic interactive mechanisms SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical exposure; chemical mixtures; toxicokinetics; mathematical models C1 NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Evans, MV (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPTL TOXICOL BRANCH,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 209 EP 210 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03214-Z PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400012 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ Plaa, GL AF Kavlock, RJ Plaa, GL TI Session summary: Toxicodynamic interactive mechanisms SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; risk assessment; toxicodynamics; interactive mechanisms C1 UNIV MONTREAL,DEPT PHARMACOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3C 3J7,CANADA. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 235 EP 236 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03218-5 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400016 ER PT J AU Schoeny, R Zenick, H AF Schoeny, R Zenick, H TI Session summary: Interspecies extrapolation SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE interspecies extrapolation; tissue slices; pesticides C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB MD 87,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Schoeny, R (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 283 EP 284 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03223-3 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400021 ER PT J AU Koren, HS Lippmann, M AF Koren, HS Lippmann, M TI Session summary: Chemical mixtures and the respiratory system SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; respiratory system; environmental epidemiologist C1 NYU,INST ENVIRONM MED,MED CTR,TUXEDO PK,NY 10987. RP Koren, HS (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 305 EP 306 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03226-6 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400024 ER PT J AU Gerrity, TR AF Gerrity, TR TI Regional deposition of gases and particles in the lung: Implications for mixtures SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particle deposition; dosimetry; particles; ozone ID OZONE EXPOSURE; CLEARANCE; HUMANS AB Considerations of the health effects of pollutant mixtures usually focus on the interactions of biochemically-induced events. For example, the effect of metabolic enzyme induction by one pollutant on the subsequent effect of another pollutant is often considered. Another important aspect of mixture interactions is the modulating effects exposure to one pollutant can have on the dosimetry of another pollutant and, indirectly, on the effects of the other pollutant. Dose-modulating effects may be particularly important when considering effects of inhaled mixtures on the lung. In this paper, the specific case of O-3-induced changes on the human lung and the resulting effects on inhaled particle dose are considered as a specific example. Ozone has multiple effects on the lung ranging from alterations in pulmonary function to effects on lung defense mechanisms such as mucociliary transport of particles, and alveolar macrophage engulfment and translocation. To better understand how the O-3-induced changes can affect particle dosimetry, the basic concepts of particle dosimetry are considered first. Then the specific O-3-induced effects on the human lung are considered in the context of the factors governing inhaled particle dose. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 327 EP 334 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03229-9 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400027 PM 8571369 ER PT J AU Davis, ME MacPhail, RC AF Davis, ME MacPhail, RC TI Session summary: Target organ interactions SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; target organ interactions; PB-PK modeling; chemical toxicity C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Davis, ME (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,ROBERT C BYRD HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,POB 9223,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 343 EP 344 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03231-4 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400029 ER PT J AU Rebert, CS Schwartz, RW Svendsgaard, DJ Pryor, GT Boyes, WK AF Rebert, CS Schwartz, RW Svendsgaard, DJ Pryor, GT Boyes, WK TI Combined effects of paired solvents on the rat's auditory system SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mixtures; hearing loss; trichloroethylene; toluene; xylene; chlorobenzene ID TOLUENE-INDUCED OTOTOXICITY; SENSORY-EVOKED POTENTIALS; FREQUENCY HEARING-LOSS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; EXPOSURE; STYRENE; INHALATION; RESPONSES AB A number of volatile organic solvents have been shown to be ototoxic to rats, but there is little information regarding how solvents might act in this way when encountered in combination. To examine this issue, male Long Evans rats were exposed by inhalation to pairs of solvents known to be ototoxic when administered individually; those reported on here are trichloroethylene + toluene, mixed xylenes + trichloroethylene, xylenes + chlorobenzene, and chlorobenzene + toluene. Rats were exposed 8 h/day for 5 consecutive days, using complementary proportions of isoeffective concentrations of the solvents alone. Hearing was assessed by brainstem-evoked response audiometry. The effects were as predicted by a linear dose-addition model, indicating additive rather than synergistic or antagonistic interactions at the concentrations studied. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Rebert, CS (reprint author), SRI INT,DEPT NEUROSCI LA117,333 RAVENSWOOD AVE,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 345 EP 354 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03232-5 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400030 PM 8571371 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD AF Abbott, BD TI Review of the interaction between TCDD and glucocorticoids in embryonic palate SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dioxin; TCDD; glucocorticoid; Ah receptor; palate ID INDUCED CLEFT-PALATE; RECEPTOR MESSENGER-RNA; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN; ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; AH-RECEPTOR; SECONDARY PALATE; DOWN-REGULATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; DIOXIN RECEPTOR; HEPATOMA-CELLS AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that produces adverse biological effects including developmental toxicity and teratogenesis. In the mouse embryo, TCDD induces cleft palate and hydronephrosis. The synthetic glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone (HC), induces cleft palate and a potent, synergistic interaction has been observed between TCDD and HC in C57BL/6N embryonic mice. The morphology and etiology of TCDD- and HC-induced clefts are distinctly different with formation of small palatal shelves following HC exposure and failure of normally-sized shelves to fuse after TCDD treatment. Each exposure also alters expression of several growth factors. When EGF, TGFG alpha, EGF receptor, and the TGF beta's are considered as a combinatorial, interacting set of regulators, TCDD and HC each produce a unique pattern of increased and/or decreased expression across the set. The interaction of HC and TCDD results in a cleft palate whose etiology most closely resembles that observed after HC exposure, i.e. small palatal shelves. HC + TCDD-exposure also produces a pattern of growth factor expression which closely resembles that seen after HC. Both TCDD and HC act through receptor-mediated mechanisms and each compound has its own receptor. The Ah receptor (AhR) binds TCDD and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds HC. On gestation day (GD) 14, in the embryonic palate exposed to TCDD, the AhR was downregulated and the GR expression increased. Conversely, following HC exposure, the GR was downregulated and AhR levels were elevated. HC + TCDD produced increased expression of both receptors and this pattern would be predicted to produce HC-like clefts as the GR-mediated responses would result in small palatal shelves. The observed cross-regulation of the receptors is believed to be important in the synergistic interaction between TCDD and HC for the induction of cleft palate. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, DEV TOXICOL DIV MD67, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 73 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 365 EP 373 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03234-7 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400032 PM 8571373 ER PT J AU Mumtaz, MM Waters, MD AF Mumtaz, MM Waters, MD TI Session summary: Emerging issues and future directions SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; risk assessment; toxicity C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Mumtaz, MM (reprint author), AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV TOXICOL,E-29,1600 CLIFTON RD,BLDG 4,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 387 EP 389 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03236-9 PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400034 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS DeVito, MJ AF Birnbaum, LS DeVito, MJ TI Use of toxic equivalency factors for risk assessment for dioxins and related compounds SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; toxic equivalency factors (TEFs); 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); polychlorinated dibenzofurans; polychlorinated biphenyls; polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AH-RECEPTOR; RAT-LIVER; MICE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; DIBENZOFURANS; POTENCIES; CONGENERS; PCDFS AB TCDD is the most toxic member of a class of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that are structurally related, have a similar mechanism of action, and cause the same spectrum of responses. Because of the need to assess the risk from complex mixtures of-these chemicals, the international community has adopted an interim approach that assigns relative potency factors to this family of chemicals, based on a comparison with the potency of TCDD. Each chemical that fits the criteria for this class is assigned a toxic equivalency factor, TEF, which is some fraction of that of TCDD. The total toxic equivalency of a mixture, TEQ, is the sum of the weighted potency of each compound in the mixture. Although there may be some variability between different responses in the determination of a TEF value for a compound, endpoint-specific TEFs are usually very similar. There may also be some species differences in TEFs. Again, if pharmacokinetic factors are taken into account, they are usually relatively minor. TEFs based on intake values may also exhibit some differences when compared to those based on target tissue concentrations. Using scientific judgment and a broad data base, interim TEF values have been recommended for PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs. Using such values, the TEF approach has been successful at predicting the toxicity of real world mixtures. Ongoing studies from our laboratory have validated the approach for synthetic mixtures that approximate congener ratios found in food samples. Whether non-additive interactions occur with nondioxin-like compounds found in environmentally relevant concentrations remains to be determined. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD66, EXPTL TOXICOL DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 57 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 391 EP 401 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03237-A PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400035 PM 8571375 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Ross, JA Stoner, GD Mass, MJ AF Nesnow, S Ross, JA Stoner, GD Mass, MJ TI Mechanistic linkage between DNA adducts, mutations in oncogenes and tumorigenesis of carcinogenic environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in strain A/J mice SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carcinogenesis; oncogenes; DNA adducts; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; MOUSE SKIN; LUNG-TUMORS; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; DIHYDRODIOLS; DIBENZANTHRACENE; BENZOFLUORANTHENE; BENZACEANTHRYLENE; BENZOPYRENE AB Five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP) were examined for their lung tumorigenic activities in strain A/J mice, their ability to form PAH-DNA adducts in lung tissues, and their ability to mutate the Ki-ras oncogene in PAH-induced tumors. PAHs dissolved in tricaprylin were administered by single intraperitoneal injection to male strain A/J mice (20 mice/dose) at doses up to 200 mg/kg depending on the PAH. Animals were sacrificed 8 months later and the lungs removed, fixed, and surface adenomas enumerated. DBA produced maximal tumor multiplicity at the highest dose, 10 mg/kg, giving 32.2 lung adenomas per mouse. At 100 mg/kg, B[a]P, B[b]F, 5MC, and CPP gave 12.8, 5.3, 93.1, and 32.2 lung adenomas per mouse, respectively. The dose response data for each PAH was fit to y = 0.6 + bx(1.6), where y is the observed mean lung adenomas per mouse at dose x (in mg/kg), 0.6 is the observed background of lung adenomas per mouse, and b is the fitted constant representing the potency of each PAH. Statistical analysis indicated that the fit of the data to the equation was extremely high with adjusted R(2) values > 0.985 and small fit standard errors. Based on this equation, the relative potencies of B[b]F, DBA, 5MC, and CPP compared to B[a]P were PAH (relative activity): DBA (118); 5MC (8.8); CPP (2.9); B[a]P (1.0); B[b]F (0.43). DNA adducts were measured by P-32-postlabeling techniques on DNA from lungs of mice treated with these PAHs. Adducts identified by cochromatography with standards were: from B[a]P, 7R,8S,9S-trihydroxy-10R-(N-2-2'-deoxyguanosyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-B[a]P, and two adducts resulting from the metabolic activation of 9-hydroxy-B[a]P and trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-B[a]P; from B[b]F, 5-hydroxy-B[b]F-9,10-diol-11,12-oxide-2'-deoxyguanosine; from DBA, three adducts from the metabolic activation of trans,trans-3,4,10,11,-tetrahydroxy-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-DBA and two anti-DBA-3,4-diol-1,2-oxide-N-2-[2'-deoxyguanosine] adducts; from 5MC, 1R,2S,3S-trihydroxy-4-(N-2-2'-deoxyguanosyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5MC; from CPP, four CPP-3,4-oxide-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts. Ki-ras codon 12 mutation analysis of PAH-induced tumors was performed using PCR and dideoxy sequencing methods. Mutations from lung tumors from tricaprylin-treated mice were GGT --> GAT, GGT --> CGT, and GGT --> GTT. DBA produced no mutations in Ki-ras codon 12 above spontaneous levels. High proportions (greater than or equal to 50%) of GGT --> TGT mutations from B[a]P, B[b]F and 5MC induced tumors and GGT --> CGT mutations from CPP tumors were observed and were statistically significant compared to mutations in tricaprylin control tumors. We conclude from the DNA adduct and Ki-ras mutation studies that bay region diol-epoxide-2'-deoxyguanosine PAH-DNA adducts are associated with the GGT --> TGT mutations, and cyclopenta-ring oxide-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts associated with the GGT --> CGT mutations. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV, ARTHUR JAMES CANC HOSP, DEPT PREVENT MED, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. RP US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH MD68, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 34 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 403 EP 413 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03238-B PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400036 PM 8571376 ER PT J AU Sexton, K Beck, BD Bingham, E Brain, JD DeMarini, DM Hertzberg, RC OFlaherty, EJ Pounds, JG AF Sexton, K Beck, BD Bingham, E Brain, JD DeMarini, DM Hertzberg, RC OFlaherty, EJ Pounds, JG TI Chemical mixtures from a public health perspective: The importance of research for informed decision making SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mixtures; risk assessment; regulatory decision making; research needs ID COMPLEX-MIXTURES; AIR-POLLUTANTS; RISK AB When considered from a public health perspective, the central question regarding chemical mixtures is deceptively simple: Are current approaches to risk assessment for chemical mixtures affording effective (adequate) and efficient (cost-effective) protection for members of our society? Answering this question realistically depends on an understanding of the hierarchical goals of public health (i.e. prevention, intervention, treatment) and an accurate evaluation of the extent to which these goals are being achieved. To allow decision makers to make informed judgments about the health risks of chemical mixtures, adequate scientific knowledge and understanding must be available to support risk assessment activities, which are an integral part of the regulatory decision making process. Designing and implementing relevant research depends on the existence of a feedback loop between researchers and regulators, where the information needs of regulators influence the nature and direction of research and the information and understanding generated by researchers improves the scientific basis for public health decisions. A clear, consistent, commonly accepted taxonomy for describing important mixture-related phenomena is a key factor in creating and maintaining the necessary feedback loop. Ultimately, both researchers and regulators share a common goal with regard to chemical mixtures; improving the state-of-the-science so that we can make informed decisions about protecting public health. A survey of research issues and needs that are crucial to attaining this goal is presented. C1 GRADIENT CORP,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,WASTE MANAGEMENT DIV HLTH ASSESSMENT,ATLANTA,GA 30365. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. WAYNE STATE UNIV,INST CHEM TOXICOL,DETROIT,MI 48201. RP Sexton, K (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOX 807 UMHC,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA. OI Pounds, Joel/0000-0002-6616-1566 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 429 EP 441 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03240-G PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400038 PM 8571378 ER PT J AU FARLAND, WH VAUGHNDELLARCO, V AF FARLAND, WH VAUGHNDELLARCO, V TI ANIMAL TESTING AND EPA SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP FARLAND, WH (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVAN SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1333 H ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 22 PY 1995 VL 270 IS 5244 BP 1907 EP & PG 0 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA TL420 UT WOS:A1995TL42000005 PM 8533076 ER PT J AU PERGANTIS, SA HEITHMAR, EM HINNERS, TA AF PERGANTIS, SA HEITHMAR, EM HINNERS, TA TI MICROSCALE FLOW-INJECTION AND MICROBORE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY VIA A HIGH-EFFICIENCY NEBULIZER SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LEAD ISOTOPE RATIOS; SEA-WATER; SAMPLE INTRODUCTION; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; MODIFIED SIMPLEX; OPTIMIZATION; REFLECTIONS; DEPOSITION; SPECIATION; MERCURY AB A high-efficiency nebulizer has been used for coupling microscale now injection and microbore high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The microscale now injection system was configured to minimize band broadening between the injection valve and the nebulizer, and it was evaluated for now rates between 20 and 120 mu L/min. Various materials, including certified reference materials, were analyzed for their arsenic and lead contents, Separation of arsenic species was carried out on microbore liquid chromatography columns. The absolute detection limits (femtogram range) for various arsenic compounds were excellent compared with those obtained previously by using conventional column (1 mL/min eluent now) high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Other advantages of this system include use of small sample volumes (less than or equal to 1 mu L), the resulting minimization of sample matrix introduction into the plasma, and reduced waste generation compared with conventional ICPMS sampling systems. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RI Pergantis, Spiros/D-4022-2009; OI Pergantis, Spiros A./0000-0002-9077-7870 NR 31 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 67 IS 24 BP 4530 EP 4535 DI 10.1021/ac00120a016 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TK585 UT WOS:A1995TK58500016 ER PT J AU Smith, KR Kuch, PJ AF Smith, KR Kuch, PJ TI What we know about opportunities for intergovernmental institutional innovation: Policy issues for an industrializing animal agriculture sector SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Agricultural-Association CY AUG 06-09, 1995 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Agr Assoc C1 US EPA,OFF POLICY ANAL,WATER & AGR POLICY DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,HENRY A WALLACE INST ALTERNAT AGR,POLICY STUDIES PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1244 EP 1249 DI 10.2307/1243355 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA UA027 UT WOS:A1995UA02700029 ER PT J AU INGHAM, ER DOYLE, JD HENDRICKS, CW AF INGHAM, ER DOYLE, JD HENDRICKS, CW TI ASSESSING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SOIL FOODWEB AND A STRAIN OF PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED TO DEGRADE 2,4-D SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INTRODUCED MICROORGANISMS; SOIL ECOLOGY; 2,4-D; PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA; NITROGEN CYCLING; SOIL RESPIRATION ID 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; MICROBIAL RELEASE; HUMIC-ACID; BACTERIA; SURVIVAL; BIOMASS; MOISTURE; GROWTH; CARBON; GENE AB The addition of nonindigenous microorganisms to soil can alter the structure of the soil foodweb and, consequently, the manner in which nutrients cycle through soil. Alterations in the cycling of nutrients through soil may, in turn, affect the growth, reproduction, and competitive ability of the vegetative community. To assess the effects of introduced organisms on soil foodwebs, a xeric soil was amended with 500 mu g(-1) of the herbicide 2,4-D and inoculated with either the genetically engineered organisms (GEM) Pseudomonas putida PP0301 (pRO103) or P. putida PP0301 (the wild-type strain), as well as controls where no 2,4-D was added. Plasmid pRO 103 contains constitutively expressed genes that encode for the mineralization of phenoxyacetate and the partial degradation of 2,4-D. Soil for this study was collected from the same site as the soil used in previous studies, but was not amended with glucose. Degradation of 2,4-D was not detected during the course of this study, although isolates of P. putida PPO301 (pRO103) obtained from soil amended with 2,4-D at the end of the study were able to catabolize phenoxyacetate in pure culture, suggesting that they retained the constitutive pathway for the partial degadation of 2,4-D. In all treatments amended with 2,4-D (with or without added PPO301(pRO103) or PPO301), active fungal biomass, active bacterial biomass, plate count estimates of bacteria, numbers of nitrifying bacteria, and numbers of flagellates and amoebae decreased. In soil without 2,4-D treatment and inoculated with the GEM, PPO301(pRO103), active fungal biomass and total fungal biomass was reduced relative to that inoculated with PPO301. Increases in protozoan biomass were clearly evident in unamended soil inoculated with either PPO301(pRO103) or PPO301. The GEM had no continuing effects on the structure and function of the soil foodweb relative to the wild-type strain, in contrast to previous studies where 2,4-D was degraded and the fungal community was affected throughout the experiment. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP INGHAM, ER (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 47 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 2 IS 4 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.1016/0929-1393(95)00059-X PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TK218 UT WOS:A1995TK21800006 ER PT J AU MELAS, D KAMBEZIDIS, HD WALMSLEY, JL MOUSSIOPOULOS, N BORNSTEIN, RD KLEMM, O ASIMAKOPOULOS, DN SCHIERMEIER, FA AF MELAS, D KAMBEZIDIS, HD WALMSLEY, JL MOUSSIOPOULOS, N BORNSTEIN, RD KLEMM, O ASIMAKOPOULOS, DN SCHIERMEIER, FA TI REPORT OF MEETING - NATO/CCMS PILOT-STUDY WORKSHOP ON AIR-POLLUTION TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION OVER COASTAL URBAN AREAS SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material DE COASTAL URBAN AREA; AIR POLLUTION TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION AB The NATO/CCMS Pilot Study ''Air pollution transport and diffusion over coastal urban areas'' held an international workshop in Athens, 3-5 May 1993. The objective of this workshop was to develop guidelines for a reference experiment in a coastal urban area. It was intended that the guidelines would be sufficiently general that they could be applied to any coastal urban area, but Athens was borne in mind as a suitable candidate location. On the first day of the workshop, invited speakers delivered their lectures on different issues of dispersion in urban coastal areas. The second day was devoted to discussions in working groups focusing On key issues, such as, emissions' inventory, meteorological measurements, surface pollutant concentration measurements, aircraft measurements, remote sensing and model evaluation. On the final half-day the rapporteur from each working group reported on its work. Their reports are briefly summarized in the present paper. C1 ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM NATL OBSERV ATHENS,INST METEOROL & PHYS,NATO,CCMS PILOT STUDY,GR-11810 ATHENS,GREECE. ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV,DOWNSVIEW,ON M3H 5T4,CANADA. ARISTOTELIAN UNIV THESSALONIKI,HEAT TRANSFER & ENVIRONM ENGN LAB,GR-54006 THESSALONIKI,GREECE. SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT METEOROL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192. FRAUNHOFER INST ATMOSPHAR UMWELTFORSCH,D-82491 GARMISCH PARTENKI,GERMANY. UNIV ATHENS,METEOROL LAB,GR-10680 ATHENS,GREECE. US EPA,NOAA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP MELAS, D (reprint author), ARISTOTELIAN UNIV THESSALONIKI,ATMOSPHER PHYS LAB,GR-54006 THESSALONIKI,GREECE. RI Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 29 IS 24 BP 3713 EP 3718 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00132-I PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TH069 UT WOS:A1995TH06900011 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ AF Bushnell, PJ TI Overt orienting in the rat: Parametric studies of cued detection of visual targets SO BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL ATTENTION; VISUOSPATIAL ATTENTION; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; LESIONS; SYSTEM AB Covert shifts of visual attention in space have been quantified by measuring the effects of visual cues on the detection of visual targets in humans and monkeys maintaining visual fixation. These observations of ''covert orienting'' have provided important information regarding the neurobiology of visual attention in primates. This article describes a cued spatial target detection task for physically unrestrained rats. Valid cues (spatially contiguous with the target) enhanced target detection, and invalid cues (spatially discontiguous with the target) degraded target detection. Both visual and auditory cues were effective. These validity effects could not be explained by stimulus additivity or response preparation mechanisms, whereas a cue-independent ''alerting effect'' appeared to reflect response preparation. The effects compare favorably with primate work and suggest that this method may enable assessment of visual attention shifts in rats. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD 74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 28 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 SN 0735-7044 J9 BEHAV NEUROSCI JI Behav. Neurosci. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 109 IS 6 BP 1095 EP 1105 DI 10.1037/0735-7044.109.6.1095 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA TK946 UT WOS:A1995TK94600007 PM 8748960 ER PT J AU BOENING, D HENDRICKS, CW ROSSIGNOL, AM AF BOENING, D HENDRICKS, CW ROSSIGNOL, AM TI AUTOMATED RESPIROMETER METHOD FOR MICROBIAL TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF LOW-LEVEL ZINC CONTAMINATION IN SOIL SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB CORVALLIS,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. ICF KAISER ENGINEERS,PORT ORCHARD,WA. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT PUBL HLTH,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 55 IS 6 BP 817 EP 824 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RZ117 UT WOS:A1995RZ11700005 PM 8601059 ER PT J AU Wilson, R Cataldo, A Andersen, CP AF Wilson, R Cataldo, A Andersen, CP TI Determination of total nonstructural carbohydrates in tree species by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLATINUM-ELECTRODES; CARBON ALLOCATION; PONDEROSA PINE; SWEET CHERRY; OZONE; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; EXPOSURE; PATTERNS AB Tracing shifts in carbohydrate pools has become an important tool for studying the integration of plant responses to natural and anthropogenic stresses on tree species. As a result, the need for a rapid and sensitive analytical technique to measure the components in the total nonstructural carbohydrate pool in various plant tissues has increased. In this paper we report carbohydrate data for five species that were obtained using a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography method that uses an alkaline, isocratic mobile phase (160 mM NaOH) with triple-pulsed amperometric detection. This approach has been applied to the analysis of sugar alcohols, monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other oligosaccharides in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and other species roots, branches, stems, and needles. The results show the range of tissue concentrations found and suggest the usefulness of the anion-exchange method for the routine quantification of the total nonstructural carbohydrate pool in trees with minimal sample preparation and cleanup. Base-line resolution of the soluble carbohydrates was accomplished in less than 13 min. The chromatographic analysis of starch as glucose was complete in less than 4 min. Electrochemical detection enabled selectivity of the carbohydrates and higher sensitivity over the conventional colorimetric assays or high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection. The minimum levels of quantification were 4.5 ng for myo-inositol, 4.6 ng for sorbitol, 4.5 ng for glucose and fructose, 17.1 ng for sucrose, and 29.7 ng for raffinose. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 29 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2022 EP 2028 DI 10.1139/x95-218 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TL790 UT WOS:A1995TL79000014 ER PT J AU Ubeda, A Trillo, MA House, DE Blackman, CF AF Ubeda, A Trillo, MA House, DE Blackman, CF TI A 50 Hz magnetic field blocks melatonin-induced enhancement of junctional transfer in normal C3H/10T1/2 cells SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID PINEAL HORMONE MELATONIN; BREAST-CANCER-CELLS; INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; CARCINOGENESIS; PROLIFERATION; INHIBITION; MECHANISM; EXPOSURE; CULTURE AB There is strong evidence that pineal melatonin is involved in controlling neoplastic processes, We have reported that physiological, but not pharmacological or sub physiological, concentrations of melatonin enhance intercellular communication in normal C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts, Gap junctional intercellular communication intervenes in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, and seems to play a crucial role in suppression of tumor promotion, A number of in vivo studies have shown that extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) can act as cancer promoters or co-promoters, III vitro, 60 Hz MF have been reported to block melatonin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation in human breast cancer cells, The mechanisms responsible for the observed interactions of MF at the cellular level remain unknown, In the present study melatonin was added to confluent fibroblasts at a concentration of 10(-10) M, Twenty-seven hours later, a fluorescent dye was scrape-loaded into groups of cells and the transfer of the dye to adjacent cells through gap junctions was quantified. Under these conditions melatonin induced a significant increase of dye transfer; this increase was not observed when the cultures were exposed to the MF for 30 min before the scrape-load assay was performed. This finding reinforces previously reported results suggesting that the in vivo oncostatic action of melatonin could be exerted, in part, through modulation of the levels of gap junctional intercellular communication. Also, the data indicate that ELF-MF could counteract the melatonin-induced enhancement of junctional transfer. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Ubeda, A (reprint author), HOSP RAMON Y CAJAL,DEPT INVEST,E-28034 MADRID,SPAIN. NR 45 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD DEC PY 1995 VL 16 IS 12 BP 2945 EP 2949 DI 10.1093/carcin/16.12.2945 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TL668 UT WOS:A1995TL66800009 PM 8603468 ER PT J AU Mumford, JL Li, XM Hu, FD Lu, XB Chuang, JC AF Mumford, JL Li, XM Hu, FD Lu, XB Chuang, JC TI Human exposure and dosimetry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from Xuan Wei, China with high lung cancer mortality associated with exposure to unvented coal smoke SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY; MOUSE SKIN; INDOOR COAL; WORKERS; 1-HYDROXYPYRENE; COMBUSTION; COKE; EMISSIONS; EXCRETION; AIR AB The lung cancer mortality rate in Xuan Wei (XW) county, China, is 5-fold the national average of China; the rate for women is the highest in China, Xuan Wei residents have been exposed to unvented coal or wood smoke during cooking or heating in homes. This study investigated indoor air exposure and dosimetry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in XW residents using smoky coal, Indoor air particles collected during cooking in four XW homes using smoky coal were analyzed for PAHs by GC/MS, Urine samples from 16 XW non-smoking women and six XW smoking men, eight Kunming non-smoking controls and four non-smoking Chinese American controls were analyzed for PAHs and hydroxy-PAHs by CC/Ms, The results showed that XW residents were exposed to PAHs at occupational levels. The potent carcinogen, dibenzo[alpha,l] pyrene (4.9 +/- 1.3 mu g/m(3)) was found in the indoor air of the XW homes. The levels of urinary hydroxy-PAH were higher than those of the parent compounds in most subjects, indicating that most PAHs were metabolized, In urine, the mean levels of 9-hydroxy Bar (Bar) and BaP are 1.5 +/- 0.5 mu mol/mol creatinine and 0.5 +/- 0.3 mu m/mol for XW men, 1.9 +/- 0.9 mu m/mol and 0.5 +/- 0.3 mu m/mol for XW women, In general, the levels of PAH metabolites in urine were higher in the XW residents than in Kunming and Chinese American controls; however only the concentrations of 9-hydroxy Bar in XW women showed statistically significant difference from the Kunming controls (P < 0.05 by ranking test). The mean levels of 3 methylated-PAHs analyzed were 4.8-fold higher than that of the parent PAHs in XW subjects, This is consistent with previous findings that alkylated PAHs are the major mutagens in the XW indoor air and may be etiologically important in XW lung cancer. C1 INST ENVIRONM HLTH & ENGN,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. YUNNAN PROV PEOPLES HOSP,KUNMING,YUNNAN,PEOPLES R CHINA. BATTELLE MEM INST,COLUMBUS,OH 43201. XUAN WEI HOSP,XUAN WEI,YUNNAN,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Mumford, JL (reprint author), US EPA,MD 58C,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 140 Z9 144 U1 2 U2 15 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD DEC PY 1995 VL 16 IS 12 BP 3031 EP 3036 DI 10.1093/carcin/16.12.3031 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TL668 UT WOS:A1995TL66800022 PM 8603481 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Air pollution control escalate equipment costs SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,OFF AIR QUAL PLANNING & STANDARDS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MCGRAW HILL INC PI NEW YORK PA 1221 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10020 SN 0009-2460 J9 CHEM ENG-NEW YORK JI Chem. Eng. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 102 IS 12 BP 88 EP 95 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA TK882 UT WOS:A1995TK88200014 ER PT J AU Prah, JD Kehrl, H Ball, B Ashley, D AF Prah, JD Kehrl, H Ball, B Ashley, D TI Olfactory manifestations of multiple chemical sensitivity SO CHEMICAL SENSES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. CDC,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0379-864X J9 CHEM SENSES JI Chem. Senses PD DEC PY 1995 VL 20 IS 6 BP 230 EP 230 PG 1 WC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences; Physiology SC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA TM989 UT WOS:A1995TM98900236 ER PT J AU Willingham, FF Cohen, KL Coggins, JM Tripoli, NK Ogle, JW Goldstein, GM AF Willingham, FF Cohen, KL Coggins, JM Tripoli, NK Ogle, JW Goldstein, GM TI Automatic quantitative measurement of ocular hyperemia SO CURRENT EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE blood vessels; conjunctiva; hyperemia; image analysis; redness; human ID CONTACT-LENS WEARERS; CONJUNCTIVAL HYPEREMIA; EYE REDNESS; IRRITATION AB Evaluation of ocular hyperemia has been an important assessment in research studies of effects of contact lenses, medications, and pollutants on the eye. Hyperemia has been difficult to quantitate objectively. The purpose of this study was to validate a computer based image analysis system to quantitate hyperemia automatically and objectively in pixelated images of the external eye using two measures, the percent of the red color, RR, and the fraction of pixels which are blood vessels, VA. Validation was against an established photographic reference scale of ocular hyperemia and against the clinical pharmacologic effects of 0.5% dapiprazole hydrochloride, known to increase hyperemia, and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride, known to decrease hyperemia. Color transparencies from the reference scale were converted to digital images. Temporal and nasal regions of the external eye were imaged directly to magnetic disk before and after pharmacologic intervention. Custom software automatically excluded unwanted regions, and quantitative image analysis produced RR and VA. RR and VA were each correlated with the reference scale. For each region and for each pharmacologic intervention, the mean RR and the mean VA, respectively, were compared at time zero and at a mean elapsed time of 713 +/- 47 a. RR and VA consistently increased as the hyperemia in the reference scale increased. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.98 and 0.99, respectively, (p < 0.01). At 713 +/- 47 s after each pharmacologic intervention, RR and VA increased and decreased as expected (p < 0.001). Thus, this study successfully validated the methodology against expert clinical judgment and was able to measure automatically and objectively clinical changes in ocular hyperemia. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT COMP SCI,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,CHAPEL HILL,NC. OI Willingham, Field/0000-0002-7071-3001 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0271-3683 J9 CURR EYE RES JI Curr. Eye Res. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1101 EP 1108 DI 10.3109/02713689508995816 PG 8 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA TM991 UT WOS:A1995TM99100006 PM 8974839 ER PT J AU Harris, PJ AF Harris, PJ TI Water quality impacts from on site waste disposal systems to coastal areas through groundwater discharge SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE contaminated groundwater; on-site disposal systems; nutrient enrichment; nonpoint source pollution AB This report summarizes research studies linking on-site waste disposal systems (OSDS) to pathogen and nutrient concentrations in groundwater with the potential to impact coastal embayments. Few studies connect OSDS to coastal water quality. Most studies examined pathogen and nutrient impacts to groundwater and omitted estimations of contaminants discharged to surface water. The majority of studies focused on nitrogen, with little information on pathogens and even less on phosphorus. Nitrogen discharged from OSDS poses the greatest threat to water quality. Vertical distance of septic tank infiltration system from the water table, septic system design, and siting remain the key components in minimizing potential impacts from OSDS for control of both pathogens and nutrients. The most comprehensive information connecting nutrient contributions from OSDS to surface water quality was the study conducted on Buttermilk Bay in Massachusetts where 74% of nitrogen to the bay was attributed to onsite disposal systems. In conclusion, further studies on the viability and transport of pathogens and nutrients through the groundwater aquifer and across the groundwater/surface-water interface are needed. Additional research on the importance of septic system design on the availability of contaminants to groundwater as well as the minimum distance between the septic system and water table necessary to protect groundwater are also indicated. RP Harris, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,REG 10,GROUND WATER SECT WD-133,1200 6TH AVE,SEATTLE,WA 98101, USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0177-5146 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 26 IS 4 BP 262 EP 268 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA TL315 UT WOS:A1995TL31500008 ER PT J AU SCHLEKAT, CE SCOTT, KJ SWARTZ, RC ALBRECHT, B ANTRIM, L DOE, K DOUGLAS, S FERRETTI, JA HANSEN, DJ MOORE, DW MUELLER, C TANG, A AF SCHLEKAT, CE SCOTT, KJ SWARTZ, RC ALBRECHT, B ANTRIM, L DOE, K DOUGLAS, S FERRETTI, JA HANSEN, DJ MOORE, DW MUELLER, C TANG, A TI INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON OF A 10-DAY SEDIMENT TOXICITY TEST METHOD USING AMPELISCA-ABDITA, EOHAUSTORIUS-ESTUARIUS AND LEPTOCHEIRUS-PLUMULOSUS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE AMPELISCA ABDITA; EOHAUSTORIUS ESTUARIUS; LEPTOCHEIRUS PLUMULOSUS; INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON ID SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; AMPHIPOD; CONTAMINATION AB Estuarine and marine amphipods have been chosen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use in standardized 10-d sediment toxicity tests. An interlaboratory comparison (round robin) was conducted to evaluate the precision of these methods. This comparison included three species, Ampelisca abdita, Eohaustorius estuarius, and Leptocheirus plumulosus. Each species was exposed for 10 d under static, nonrenewal conditions to four sediment treatments using standardized, species-specific test protocols by at least six independent facilities. Sediment treatments were selected for each species to include one negative control sediment and three contaminated sediments. Highly contaminated sediment from Black Rock Harbor (BRH), Connecticut, was diluted with species-specific, noncontaminated control sediment, creating test sediments that ranged in relative contamination from low to high. Laboratories showed strong, logical agreement in rank survival for all species, with control sediment consistently exhibiting the highest survival, and sediment with the greatest proportion of BRH consistently exhibiting the lowest survival. Although instances of considerable interlaboratory variability occurred, laboratories showed acceptable survival and variability in control sediments, significant agreement in ranking sediment toxicity, and agreement in the categorization of sediments as toxic or nontoxic for all three species. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,DIV ENVIRONM RES & DEV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NEWPORT,OR 97365. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. BATTELLE MARINE SCI LAB,SEQUIM,WA 98382. AQUA SURVEY INC,FLEMINGTON,NJ 08822. US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM SCI LAB,EDISON,NJ 08837. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. USA,CORPS ENGINEERS,ENVIRONM LAB,WES,VICKSBURG,MS 39180. EVS ENVIRONM CONSULTANTS,N VANCOUVER,BC V7P 2R4,CANADA. ENVIRONM CANADA,BEDFORD INST OCEANOG,DARTMOUTH,NS B2Y 4A2,CANADA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 14 IS 12 BP 2163 EP 2174 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[2163:ICOADS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TH135 UT WOS:A1995TH13500021 ER PT J AU ZABEL, EW COOK, PM PETERSON, RE AF ZABEL, EW COOK, PM PETERSON, RE TI POTENCY OF 3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL (PCB-126), ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD), TO PRODUCE LAKE TROUT EARLY LIFE-STAGE MORTALITY SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; INTERACTIONS; LAKE TROUT; EARLY LIFE STAGE ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; 2,3,7,8-TCDD; INDUCTION; PCDDS; PCDFS AB Newly fertilized lake trout (Salvelinus namaycrush) eggs were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), or their combination, and sac fry mortality was used to determine toxic potencies. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) for PCB 126 was 0.0030. The dose-response curve for the PCB 126/TCDD mixture based on TCDD toxic equivalents was not significantly different from that for TCDD alone, suggesting additivity between the two congeners in causing sac fry mortality. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH PHARM,MADISON,WI 53706. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 14 IS 12 BP 2175 EP 2179 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[2175:POPPAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TH135 UT WOS:A1995TH13500022 ER PT J AU Rayburn, JR Friedman, M Bantle, JA AF Rayburn, JR Friedman, M Bantle, JA TI Synergistic interaction of glycoalkaloids alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine on developmental toxicity in Xenopus embryos SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERATOGENESIS ASSAY-XENOPUS; POTATO GLYCOALKALOIDS; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; FETAX; ALKALOIDS AB The embryo toxicities of two major potato glycoalkaloids, alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, were examined individually and in mixtures using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus. Calculations of toxic units (TUs) were used to assess possible antagonism, synergism or response addition of several mixtures ranging from approximately 3:1 to 1:20 TUs of alpha-chaconine to alpha-solanine. Some combinations exhibited strong synergism in the following measures of developmental toxicity: (a) 96-hr LC(50), defined as the median concentration causing 50% embryo lethality; (b) 96-hr EC(50) (malformation), defined as the concentration causing 50% malformation of the surviving embryos; and (c) teratogenic index which is equal to LC(50)/EC(50) (malformation). The results indicated that each of the mixtures caused synergistic mortality or malformation Furthermore, these studies suggested that the synergism observed for a specific mixture cannot be used to predict possible synergism of other mixtures with different ratios of the two glycoalkaloids; toxicities observed for individual glycoalkaloids may not be able to predict toxicities of mixtures; and specific combinations found in different potato varieties need to be tested to assess the safety of a particular cultivar. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY & HLTH RES UNIT,ALBANY,CA 94710. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. NR 24 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 1013 EP 1019 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(95)00081-X PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA TL611 UT WOS:A1995TL61100003 PM 8846996 ER PT J AU Rayburn, JR Bantle, JA Qualls, CW Friedman, M AF Rayburn, JR Bantle, JA Qualls, CW Friedman, M TI Protective effects of glucose-6-phosphate and NADP against alpha-chaconine-induced developmental toxicity in Xenopus embryos SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METABOLIC-ACTIVATION SYSTEM; TERATOGENESIS ASSAY-XENOPUS; FETAX AB In previous studies a metabolic activation system (MAS) composed of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver microsomes led to an apparent reduction of potato glycoalkaloid developmental toxicity in the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). The reasons for this reduction were investigated in this study. The effect of the exogenous MAS on glycoalkaloid developmental toxicity was examined in two experiments in which a concentration series of alpha-chaconine was tested with a MAS with and without a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) generator system consisting of NADPH, oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADP), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The NADPH generator system and each of its individual components were tested ata single high concentration of alpha-chaconine to evaluate their potential effects on toxicity. The findings indicated that the protective effect of the MAS was not the result of detoxification by microsomal enzyme systems, but was caused by two components of the NADPH generator system, namely NADP and G6P. G6P was more protective of alpha-chaconine-induced toxicity than NADP at the concentrations tested. Thus, FETAX with a MAS must be performed with appropriate controls that take into account the possible interactions with individual components of the system. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. USDA ARS,WESSEX REG MED ONCOL UNIT,FOOD SAFETY & HLTH RES UNIT,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 1021 EP 1025 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(95)00080-1 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA TL611 UT WOS:A1995TL61100004 PM 8846997 ER PT J AU Bull, RJ Birnbaum, LS Cantor, KP Rose, JB Butterworth, BE Pegram, R Tuomisto, J AF Bull, RJ Birnbaum, LS Cantor, KP Rose, JB Butterworth, BE Pegram, R Tuomisto, J TI Water chlorination: Essential process or cancer hazard? SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; DRINKING-WATER; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; WASHINGTON COUNTY; RISK ASSESSMENT; BLADDER-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; BY-PRODUCTS; CARCINOGENICITY; MARYLAND AB Chlorine has been successfully used for the control of waterborne infectious disease for nearly a century. In the 1970s it was found that chlorine reacted with natural organic matter present in surface waters to produce disinfection by-products (DBP). Concern focused initially on the trihalomethanes (THM), but a wide variety of DBPs are now known to result from chlorination. Chlorination of drinking water has been one of the most effective public health measures ever undertaken. There are a number of alternatives to chlorination that are in active use in many parts of the world, but the risks associated with their by-products are even less well established than for chlorination. Moreover, the use of these alternatives vary in their effectiveness and some require greater sophistication in their application. This can mean less protection to public health as a result of inappropriate application and control. Therefore, hazards associated with the use of such a clearly beneficial process as chlorination must be carefully considered not only in an absolute sense, but also in the context of alternative approaches for producing a safe drinking water. The key question is whether the hazards associated with by-products have been sufficiently well established to warrant regulations that will undoubtedly have both positive and negative impacts on the public health. This symposium examined the toxicological and epidemiological data on chemical hazards associated with chlorination and attempted to measure this hazard against competing microbial risks, The first presentation discussed the available analytical epidemiological studies, A second presentation dealt with the importance of chlorination to the prevention of waterborne infectious disease, Pharmacokinetic, mechanistic, and modeling information on the prototypical DBP, chloroform, were discussed and contrasted with data on brominated THMs to determine if it was scientifically appropriate to regulate THMs as a single toxicological class. The fifth presentation dealt with the carcinogenic properties of a potent mutagen that is produced by chlorination. The final presentation discussed the haloacetates, carcinogenic DBPs whose concentrations approach and occasionally exceed those of the THMs. Clearly, there is a need to carefully weigh these different types and sometimes competing risks when considering the delivery of drinking water to ever-increasing populations for which there are finite sources of fresh water. (C) 1995 Society of Toxicology C1 US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NCI, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. UNIV S FLORIDA, DEPT MARINE SCI, ST PETERSBURG, FL 33701 USA. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NATL PUBL HLTH INST, DIV ENVIRONM HLTH, KUOPIO, FINLAND. RP Bull, RJ (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LAB, DEPT HLTH RISK ASSESSMENT, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 63 TC 133 Z9 136 U1 2 U2 42 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 28 IS 2 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1006/faat.1995.1156 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TL885 UT WOS:A1995TL88500001 PM 8835225 ER PT J AU PULS, RW PAUL, CJ AF PULS, RW PAUL, CJ TI LOW-FLOW PURGING AND SAMPLING OF GROUND-WATER MONITORING WELLS WITH DEDICATED SYSTEMS SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB A field study was conducted to assess purging requirements for dedicated sampling systems in conventional monitoring wells and for pumps encased in short screens and buried within a shallow sandy aquifer. Low-flow purging methods were used, and wells were purged until water quality indicator parameters (dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, turbidity) and contaminant concentrations (chromate, trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene) reached equilibrium. Eight wells, varying in depth from 4.6 to 15.2 m below ground surface, were studied. The data show that purge volumes were independent of well depth or casing volumes. Contaminant concentrations equilibrated with less than 7.5 L of purge volume in all wells. Initial contaminant concentration values were generally within 20 percent of final values. Water quality parameters equilibrated in less than 10 L in all wells and were conservative measures for indicating the presence of adjacent formation water. Water quality parameters equilibrated faster in dedicated sampling systems than in portable systems and initial turbidity levels were lower. RP PULS, RW (reprint author), US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,SUBSURFACE SYST BRANCH,DIV RES,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 0 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 7 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI COLUMBUS PA 2600 GROUND WATER WAY, COLUMBUS, OH 43219 SN 0277-1926 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD WIN PY 1995 VL 15 IS 1 BP 116 EP 123 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1995.tb00509.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA QL709 UT WOS:A1995QL70900008 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, LD FUERST, RG LOGAN, TJ MIDGETT, MR PETERSON, MR ALBRITTON, J JAYANTY, RKM AF JOHNSON, LD FUERST, RG LOGAN, TJ MIDGETT, MR PETERSON, MR ALBRITTON, J JAYANTY, RKM TI DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF HYDROGEN-CHLORIDE EMISSION POTENTIAL OF INCINERATOR FEED MATERIALS SO HAZARDOUS WASTE & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB A laboratory method was developed to provide an estimate of the amount of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas formed during waste incineration. The method involves heating the waste sample to 900 degrees C in a tube furnace, removing particles from the resulting gases by filtration, collecting HCl gas in a water-filled impinger, and measuring the collected HCl as chloride using ion chromatography. The original goal of this project was to develop and evaluate a method that would allow determining, in the laboratory, the amount of HCl formed upon full-scale incineration of a given hazardous waste feed material. Although the laboratory equipment and procedures performed as designed, the data show that results are very sensitive to materials of construction of the furnace zone, availability of hydrogen, and probably other factors that are difficult to translate accurately from laboratory to full-scale equipment. In particular, the incomplete and variable conversion of inorganic chlorine compounds during incineration makes estimating HCl formation from a real waste highly unreliable. This same variable conversion of inorganic chlorides also makes using any so-called total organochlorine analysis results extremely undependable for estimating HCl emissions. This paper describes the test method developed, the evaluation experiments performed, and the basis for the conclusion that the method is not applicable to accurate prediction of hydrogen chloride emissions from hazardous waste incinerators. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP JOHNSON, LD (reprint author), US EPA,DIV METHODS RES & DEV,SOURCE METHODS RES BRANCH,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0882-5696 J9 HAZARD WASTE HAZARD JI Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. PD WIN PY 1995 VL 12 IS 1 BP 61 EP 69 DI 10.1089/hwm.1995.12.61 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QV765 UT WOS:A1995QV76500007 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, AB Proffitt, D Fortune, CR AF Lindstrom, AB Proffitt, D Fortune, CR TI Effects of modified residential construction on indoor air quality SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE residential indoor air quality; volatile organic compounds; low-emission building materials ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; EXPOSURE; EMISSIONS; BENZENE; HOMES AB Indoor air quality (IAQ) was assessed in homes in an experimental community of single-family dwellings that had been built with materials chosen for low pollutant emission and other modified design features to provide enhanced residential indoor air quality. The IAQ was measured in six of these experimental homes and also tit three conventionally built homes of similar size and price range. The IAQ was assessed shortly after construction before the houses were occupied and again after each of the houses had been occupied for five months. Before occupancy, there were higher levels of airborne particles and of some volatile organic compounds in the conventional homes than in the experimental homes. During occupancy, benzene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, and o-xylene were all higher in the conventional homes, but dichloromethane, Freon 11, and trichlorethylene were higher in the experimental homes. In the conventional homes, mean level of benzene and chloroform increased, whereas methylchloroform and toluene levels decreased from preoccupancy to occupancy. In the experimental homes, dichloromethane increased, and m- and p-xylene and o-xylene decreased from preoccupancy to occupancy. The results suggest that attached garages, geographical siting, and occupants' activities substantially influenced the IAQ in these homes. The enhanced indoor air quality homes tested in this study were judged to be at least partially effective, with the most obvious sustained IAQ benefits being related to the lack of an attached garage. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Lindstrom, AB (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 258 EP 269 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00005.x PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TL609 UT WOS:A1995TL60900005 ER PT J AU Henschel, DB AF Henschel, DB TI Re-entrainment and dispersion of exhausts from indoor radon reduction systems: Analysis of tracer gas data SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE radon; mitigation; active soil depressurization; exhaust re-entrainment; exhaust dispersion AB Tracer gas studies were conducted around four model houses in a wind tunnel, and around one house in the field, to quantify re-entrainment and dispersion of exhaust gases released from residential indoor radon reduction systems. Reentrainment tests in the field suggest that active soil depressurization systems exhausting at grade level can contribute indoor radon concentrations 3 to 9 times greater than systems exhausting at the eave. With a high exhaust concentration of 37,000 Bq/m(3), the indoor contribution from eave exhaust reentrainment may be only 20% to 70% of the national average ambient level in the U.S. (about 14 Bq/m(3)), while grade-level exhaust may contribute 1.8 times the ambient average. The grade-level contribution would drop to only 0.18 rimes ambient if the exhaust were 3, 700 Bq/m(3). Wind tunnel rests of exhaust dispersion outdoors suggest that grade-level exhaust can contribute mean concentrations beside houses averaging 7 times greater than exhaust at the eave, and 25 to 50 times greater than exhaust midway up the roof slope. With 37,000 Bq/m(3) in the exhaust, the highest mean concentrations beside the house could be less than or equal to the ambient background level with eave and mid-roof exhausts, and 2 to 7 times greater than ambient with grade exhausts. RP Henschel, DB (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB MD45,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 270 EP 284 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00006.x PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TL609 UT WOS:A1995TL60900006 ER PT J AU Selgrade, MJK Gilmour, MI Yang, YG Burleson, GR Hatch, GE AF Selgrade, MJK Gilmour, MI Yang, YG Burleson, GR Hatch, GE TI Pulmonary host defenses and resistance to infection following subchronic exposure to phosgene SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INHALATION; RATS AB Acute exposure to phosgene, a toxic gas widely used in industrial processes, decreases resistance to bacteria in mice and rats and enhances susceptibility to B16 tumor cell challenge in mice. These effects appear to De due to impaired alveolar macrophage and natural killer (NK) cell activity, respectively. In this study effects of repeated phosgene exposures on bacterial infection and NK activity were determined. Rats were exposed for 4 or 12 wk, 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, to 0.1 or 0.2 ppm phosgene or 2 days/wk to 0.5 ppm and infected by aerosol with Streptococcus zooepidemicus immediately after the last exposure. An additional group was also infected after 4 wk of recovery following the 12-wk exposure regimens. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was assessed 0, 6, and 24 h postinfection for bacteria and inflammatory cells. Differential cell counts in BAL and pulmonary NK activity were also determined in uninfected rats 18 h after the last exposure. All phosgene exposures impaired clearance of bacteria from the lungs and caused an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in BAL of infected rats. Effects in the 0.5 ppm exposure group were greatest, and were significantly different from those in the 0.2 ppm exposure group, although the product of concentration x time was the same. BAL cell counts and bacterial clearance were normal in rats assessed 4 wk after the 12-wk phosgene exposures. Bacterial clearance and the PMN response to infection following repeated exposure were similar to those observed after a single exposure; that is, for these endpoints, effects due to repetitive exposure were neither additive nor attenuated. In contrast, NK activity was suppressed only at the 0.5 ppm level, and the magnitude of suppression was much less than that following acute exposure, suggesting that attenuation of this effect did occur with repeated exposure. The data indicate that susceptibility to streptococcal infection is a sensitive endpoint for phosgene toxicity following subchronic exposure. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 7 IS 9 BP 1257 EP 1268 DI 10.3109/08958379509029716 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TM070 UT WOS:A1995TM07000005 ER PT J AU WANG, JZ SUMMERS, RS MILTNER, RJ AF WANG, JZ SUMMERS, RS MILTNER, RJ TI BIOFILTRATION PERFORMANCE .1. RELATIONSHIP TO BIOMASS SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; DRINKING-WATER; FILTRATION; FILTERS; CARBON AB A phospholipid analytical technique was used to measure the amount of biomass attached to the surfaces of drinking water filter media. The method was reproducible and able to detect significant differences in biomass concentrations in different filters and at various depths within filters. The amount of attached biomass decreased as filter depth increased, suggesting that most removal of natural organic matter occurred at the top of the biofilters. The results show that granular activated carbon media were able to hold more biomass than were anthracite and sand media and that concentrations of biomass in anthracite-sand filters were lower with chlorine in the backwash water. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP WANG, JZ (reprint author), LOUISVILLE WATER CO,435 S 3RD ST,LOUISVILLE,KY 40202, USA. NR 32 TC 93 Z9 102 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 87 IS 12 BP 55 EP 63 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TJ880 UT WOS:A1995TJ88000011 ER PT J AU MILTNER, RJ SUMMERS, RS WANG, JZ AF MILTNER, RJ SUMMERS, RS WANG, JZ TI BIOFILTRATION PERFORMANCE .2. EFFECT OF BACKWASHING SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID FILTERS AB In a biological dual-media (anthracite-sand) filter, backwashing with nonchlorinated water did not affect the biomass attached to the media at the top of the filter or the control of total organic DBPs. Backwashing a similar concentrations of biomass attached to the media at the top of the filter and lower steady-state removal of the same parameters. A loss of some of the attached biomass at the top of the filter occurred immediately after backwashing with chlorinated, water, but later in the filter cycle the biomass recovered to its prebackwashing concentration. Concurrent with the loss of biomass was an increase in the concentrations of ozone DBPs in the filter effluent: these also recovered to prebackwashing concentrations later in the filter cycle. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. LOUISVILLE WATER CO,LOUISVILLE,KY 40206. RP MILTNER, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 16 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 87 IS 12 BP 64 EP 70 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TJ880 UT WOS:A1995TJ88000012 ER PT J AU Lay, JC Berry, CR Kim, CS Bennett, WD AF Lay, JC Berry, CR Kim, CS Bennett, WD TI Retention of insoluble particles after local intrabronchial deposition in dogs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mucociliary clearance; tracheal mucus velocity; airway; technetium-99m-labeled sulfur colloid; imaging; microspray nozzle; bronchoscopy ID MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE; LUNG CLEARANCE; AIRWAYS; BRONCHOSCOPY; EPITHELIUM; TRACHEA AB Recent studies have challenged the generally accepted hypothesis that bronchial particle clearance is complete within 24-48 h postdeposition. We studied bronchial retention of inert particles using a bronchoscope and microspray nozzle to localize deposition in a bronchus while avoiding alveolar deposition. Six-microliter aliquots (444 kBq) of submicrometer (number mean diameter = 0.22 mu m, geometric standard deviation = 1.75) technetium 99m-labeled (Tc-99m) sulfur colloid (SC) particles (n = 6) or the unbound radiolabel Tc-99m-pertechnetate ((TcO4-)-Tc-99m; n = 3) were sprayed onto a 5-mm-diam bronchus in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Radioactivity at the deposition site and clearance pathway was monitored externally with a gamma camera beginning immediately postspray. Bronchial retention of SC was 8.5 +/- 2.4 and 1.5 +/- 0.7% at 3 and 24 h postspray, respectively. Tracheal mucus velocity was measured at 10.4 +/- 2.2 mm/min. For comparison, clearance of inhaled submicrometer SC particles was also measured in the same dogs. Retention of inhaled aerosolized SC (peripheral lung deposition) was 98.1 +/- 1.1 and 76.3 +/- 1.8% at 3 and 24 h, respectively. (TcO4-)-Tc-99m cleared from the bronchi slightly more rapidly than did SC. Radioactivity was readily detected in the blood after deposition of (TCO4-)-T-99m but not Of SC. Thus SC cleared by mucociliary transport, whereas (TcO4-)-Tc-99m cleared predominantly by transepithelial absorption. We conclude that clearance of submicrometer particles from a 5-mm conducting airway is very nearly complete by 24 h, with similar to 92% of the clearance occurring within the first 3 h postdeposition. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CLIN RES BRANCH,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT PHYSIOL SCI & RADIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27606. RP Lay, JC (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CB 7310,US EPA HUMAN STUDIES FACIL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. RI Lay, John/A-6380-2012 NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 79 IS 6 BP 1921 EP 1929 PG 9 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA TM779 UT WOS:A1995TM77900013 PM 8847254 ER PT J AU EATON, RW CHAPMAN, PJ AF EATON, RW CHAPMAN, PJ TI FORMATION OF INDIGO AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS FROM INDOLECARBOXYLIC ACIDS BY AROMATIC ACID-DEGRADING BACTERIA - CHROMOGENIC REACTIONS FOR CLONING GENES ENCODING DIOXYGENASES THAT ACT ON AROMATIC-ACIDS SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TOL PLASMID; BENZOIC ACID; CATABOLISM; METABOLISM; STRAIN; NAPHTHALENE; TOLUENE; PATHWAY AB The p-cumate-degrading strain Pseudomonas putida F1 and the m- and p-toluate-degrading strain P. putida mt-2 transform indole-2-carboxylate and indole-3-carboxylate to colored products identified here as indigo, indirubin, and isatin. A mechanism by which these products could be formed spontaneously following dioxygenase-catalyzed dihydroxylation of the indolecarboxylates is proposed. Indolecarboxylates were employed as chromogenic substrates for identifying recombinant bacteria carrying genes encoding p-cumate dioxygenase and toluate dioxygenase. Dioxygenase gene-carrying bacteria could be readily distinguished as dark green-blue colonies among other colorless recombinant Escherichia coli colonies on selective agar plates containing either indole-2-carboxylate or indole-3-carboxylate. RP EATON, RW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GULF ECOL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 45 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 177 IS 23 BP 6983 EP 6988 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TG224 UT WOS:A1995TG22400040 PM 7592495 ER PT J AU LI, XS SHAO, ZM SHEIKH, MS EISEMAN, JL SENTZ, D JETTEN, AM CHEN, JC DAWSON, MI AISNER, S RISHI, AK GUTIERREZ, P SCHNAPPER, L FONTANA, JA AF LI, XS SHAO, ZM SHEIKH, MS EISEMAN, JL SENTZ, D JETTEN, AM CHEN, JC DAWSON, MI AISNER, S RISHI, AK GUTIERREZ, P SCHNAPPER, L FONTANA, JA TI RETINOIC ACID NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-BETA INHIBITS BREAST-CARCINOMA ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT GROWTH SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAMMARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; CANCER CELLS; LUNG-CANCER; TERATOCARCINOMA CELLS; EXPRESSION; GENE; DIFFERENTIATION; ALPHA; PROLIFERATION; GAMMA AB Retinoids modulate cellular proliferation and mediate gene function through a series of nuclear receptors. The retinoic acid nuclear receptor beta (RAR beta) plays an important role in the differentiation of a number of cell types. We now demonstrate that RAR beta expression is confined to normal mammary tissue and is not expressed in either immortalized normal or malignant cell lines. Treatment of RAR beta-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells with 1 mu M all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) significantly inhibited monolayer growth of the cells which express recombinant RAR beta. RAR beta-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells formed significantly smaller and fewer colonies in soft agar than the mock-transfected cells. Addition of 1 mu M RA stimulated colony size and number in the RAR beta-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast to the RAR beta-expressing cells, colony formation by the RAR alpha-expressing cells was similar to the mock-transfected controls and the addition of 1 mu M RA to the RAR alpha-transfected cells inhibited colony formation. While demonstrating decreased colony formation in agar, RAR beta-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells failed to exhibit decreased growth in SCID mice. Our results show that RAR beta functions as a negative regulator of growth in breast epithelial cells. In addition, the growth of these cells is differentially regulated by RAR alpha and RAR beta which is most likely the result of the modulation of different genes. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,CTR CANC,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV ONCOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. VET ADM MED CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,PULM PATHOBIOL LAB,CELL BIOL SECT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. SRI INT,DIV LIFE SCI,MENLO PK,CA 94025. OI Jetten, Anton/0000-0003-0954-4445; Fontana, Joseph/0000-0003-3829-3358 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA51993, CA63335] NR 57 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-9541 J9 J CELL PHYSIOL JI J. Cell. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 165 IS 3 BP 449 EP 458 DI 10.1002/jcp.1041650302 PG 10 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA TG931 UT WOS:A1995TG93100001 PM 7593223 ER PT J AU BRUMLEY, WC AF BRUMLEY, WC TI TECHNIQUES WITH POTENTIAL FOR HANDLING ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; INDIRECT FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONTAINING AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS RP BRUMLEY, WC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,DIV CHARACTERIZAT RES,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 210 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 670 EP 685 PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TF777 UT WOS:A1995TF77700002 ER PT J AU Toth, GP Christ, SA McCarthy, HW Torsella, JA Smith, MK AF Toth, GP Christ, SA McCarthy, HW Torsella, JA Smith, MK TI Computer-assisted motion analysis of sperm from the common carp SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carp; sperm motility; computer-assisted semen analysis; videomicroscopy ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SPERMATOZOA MOTILITY; CYPRINUS-CARPIO; SEMEN; INITIATION; EXPOSURE; EPICHLOROHYDRIN; PARAMETERS; OSMOLALITY; MOVEMENT AB Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) technology was applied to the measurement of sperm motility parameters in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Activated sperm. were videotaped at 200 frames s(-1) and analysed with the CellTrak/S CASA research system. The percentage of motile cells and both sperm head curvilinear velocity and straight-line velocity were measured following exposure of carp sperm to three predilution conditions and activation in media of differing ionic strengths and osmotic pressures. The highest percentage of motile sperm was obtained following predilution of sperm in seminal plasma and activation in Na-HEPES buffer pH 8.0. This level of motility was equalled after predilution in 200 mM KCl for 2 h. Straight-line velocities and curvilinear velocities of 130 mu m s(-1) and 210 mu m s(-1) respectively, were observed. Duration of motility was higher under seminal plasma predilution conditions (over 50% motile sperm at 55 s post-activation). The application provides a sound basis for the assessment of sperm characteristics in fish. (C) 1995 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles C1 US DOE,OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC,OAK RIDGE,TN. TECHNOL APPL INC,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Toth, GP (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,ECOL MONITORING RES DIV,CELLULAR & BIOCHEM MARKERS BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 33 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 47 IS 6 BP 986 EP 1003 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb06023.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA TP036 UT WOS:A1995TP03600006 ER PT J AU Cox, LH AF Cox, LH TI Network models for complementary cell suppression SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE disclosure limitation; linear programming; statistical disclosure; tabular data AB Complementary cell suppression is a method for protecting data pertaining to individual respondents from statistical disclosure when the data are presented in tabular form. Several mathematical methods for complementary suppression have been proposed in the statistical literature; some have been implemented in large-scale data processing environments by national statistical agencies. Each method has either theoretical or computational limitations. This article presents solutions to the complementary cell suppression problem based on linear optimization over a mathematical network. These methods are shown to be optimal for certain problems and to offer theoretical and practical advantages, including comprehensiveness, comprehensibleness, and computational efficiency. RP Cox, LH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MD-75,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 15 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER STATIST ASSN PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 90 IS 432 BP 1453 EP 1462 DI 10.2307/2291538 PG 10 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA TK534 UT WOS:A1995TK53400033 ER PT J AU EYRE, RJ STEVENS, DK PARKER, JC BULL, RJ AF EYRE, RJ STEVENS, DK PARKER, JC BULL, RJ TI ACID-LABILE ADDUCTS TO PROTEIN CAN BE USED AS INDICATORS OF THE CYSTEINE S-CONJUGATE PATHWAY OF TRICHLOROETHENE METABOLISM SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID COVALENT BINDING; CARCINOGEN TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DNA INVITRO; INVIVO; RATS; MICE; TRICHLOROACETATE; DICHLOROACETATE; MACROMOLECULES; NEPHROTOXICITY AB Covalent binding of radiolabel to tissue proteins following [C-14]trichloroethene (TRI) exposure has been used as a measure of TRI activation. Cross binding of C-14 label does not differentiate between alternate routes of metabolism and can be confounded when there is significant metabolic incorporation of radiolabel. We examined the covalent association of C-14 label to hepatic and renal proteins in male F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following oral treatment with [C-14]TRI and three metabolites of TRI: [C-14]trichloroacetate (TCA), [C-14]dichloroacetate (DCA) and [C-14]dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC) in vivo. Association of radiolabel from [C-14]TRI with hepatic proteins reached a maximum at 2 and 4 h in moose and rat hepatic proteins, respectively. Association of radiolabel with renal proteins reached a maximum at 8 h in both species. An approach was developed based upon formation of protein adducts that release acetate and monochloroacetate (MCA) on acid hydrolysis. These adducts were found to be specifically associated with the activation of DCVC to reactive intermediates. Acetate and MCA were identified by using two different conditions of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation with differing selectivity. Diethylmaleate and aminooxyacetic acid pretreatment inhibited the formation of these adducts from TRI, consistent with requirements for glutathione and P-lyase. No evidence of these adducts was detected following [C-14]TCA and [C-14]DCA treatment. Renal acid-labile adduct formation from 25 mg/kg DCVC was approximately 12-fold greater in male B6C3F1 mice than in male F344 rats. They accounted for 7.8 and 4.6% of the total adducts to renal protein in rats and mice, respectively. Acid-labile adducts formed from 1000 mg/kg TRI were approximately two times greater in mice than rats. In this case, they accounted for 1.4 and 3.3% of the total adduct formed in renal proteins from TRI (corrected for metabolic incorporation), respectively. This greater dilution of adducts associated with DCVC in renal proteins of the rat suggests that covalent binding of TRI has less specificity for the DCVC pathway in rats than in mice. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, DIV HLTH, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, PHARMACOL TOXICOL GRAD PROGRAM, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD DEC PY 1995 VL 46 IS 4 BP 443 EP 464 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TK076 UT WOS:A1995TK07600004 PM 8523471 ER PT J AU EYRE, RJ STEVENS, DK PARKER, JC BULL, RJ AF EYRE, RJ STEVENS, DK PARKER, JC BULL, RJ TI RENAL ACTIVATION OF TRICHLOROETHENE AND S-(1,2-DICHLOROVINYL)-L-CYSTEINE AND CELL PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES IN THE KIDNEYS OF F344 RATS AND B6C3F1 MICE SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATE BETA-LYASE; REGIOISOMERIC MERCAPTURIC ACIDS; URINARY METABOLITE; MOUSE KIDNEY; CYSTEINE; NEPHROTOXICITY; TOXICITY; IDENTIFICATION; MUTAGENICITY; LOCALIZATION AB Covalent binding of reactive intermediates formed by renal beta-lyase activation of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) has been suggested to be responsible for the greater renal sensitivity of rats than mice to the carcinogenic effects of chronic treatment with trichloroethene (TRI). Previous work demonstrated that the activation of DCVC results in acid-labile adducts to protein that can be distinguished from adducts formed by other pathways of TRI metabolism. By analyzing acid-labile adduct formation, the relationship between DCVC formation and activation from TRI and increases in rates of cell division in the kidneys of male F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice could be investigated. The delivered dose of DCVC from an oral dose of 1000 mg/kg TRI was approximately six times greater in rats than mice. However, renal activation of DCVC in mice was approximately 12 times greater than in rats. Therefore, the overall activation of TRI was about two times greater in mice than rats. induction of cell replication in liver and kidney following doses of 1, 5, or 25 mg/kg DCVC or 1000 mg/kg TRI was also measured through the use of miniosmotic pumps that delivered BrdU subcutaneously for 3 d. Acid-labile adduct formation from DCVC and TRI displayed a consistent relationship with increased cell replication in mice and between mice and rats. Both cell replication and acid-labile adduct formation in rats given 25 mg/kg DCVC were approximately equal to that observed in mice given 1 mg/kg. Increased cell replication was not observed in rats receiving 1 or 5 mg/kg DCVC or 1000 mg/kg TRI, nor were there histological signs of nephrotoxicity. Thus, net activation of TRI by the cysteine S-conjugate pathway was found to be greater in mice than rats and these findings appeared related to differences in cell proliferative responses of the kidneys of the two species. Based on these data, it would appear that other factors must contribute to the greater sensitivity of the rat to the induction of renal carcinogenesis by TRI. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, DIV HLTH, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, PHARMACOL TOXICOL GRAD PROGRAM, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD DEC PY 1995 VL 46 IS 4 BP 465 EP 481 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TK076 UT WOS:A1995TK07600005 PM 8523472 ER PT J AU ZHOU, XH MARONPOT, RR HEDLUND, LW COFER, GP JOHNSON, GA AF ZHOU, XH MARONPOT, RR HEDLUND, LW COFER, GP JOHNSON, GA TI DETECTION OF BROMOBENZENE-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS USING MAGNETIC-RESONANCE MICROSCOPY SO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE MR MICROSCOPY; IN VIVO HISTOLOGY; HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS ID INDUCED LIVER-DAMAGE; MR MICROSCOPY; DIFFUSION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SPECTROSCOPY; NMR; RAT AB The authors used magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy to assess hepatic tissue damage induced by bromobenzene both in living rats and in fixed rat liver tissues, Experiments were conducted at 7 Tesla on three groups of Fisher rats treated with bromobenzene at a single dose of 68, 135, and 269 mg/kg, respectively, Optical microscopy of hematoxylin and eosin stained sections showed liver damage only at the highest dose, whereas with MR microscopy, tissue alterations were detected at all three doses both in vivo and ex vivo, The contrast mechanism of the superior sensitivity of MR microscopy is believed to be related to the changes in local diffusion coefficients that accompany cellular degeneration and death, although other contrast mechanisms may also be involved, The superior sensitivity of MR microscopy, as demonstrated in this study, has many implications for potential use of MR techniques to perform in vivo histology. C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT RADIOL,CTR VIVO MICROSCOPY,DURHAM,NC 27710. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. OI Hedlund, Laurence/0000-0001-5275-0397; Johnson, G.Allan/0000-0002-7606-5447 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R02 ES04187]; PHS HHS [P41 05959] NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0740-3194 J9 MAGNET RESON MED JI Magn.Reson.Med. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 34 IS 6 BP 853 EP 857 DI 10.1002/mrm.1910340610 PG 5 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA TH396 UT WOS:A1995TH39600009 PM 8598812 ER PT J AU PENNYPACKER, KR LENNARD, DE HUDSON, PM HONG, JS MCMILLIAN, MK AF PENNYPACKER, KR LENNARD, DE HUDSON, PM HONG, JS MCMILLIAN, MK TI BASAL EXPRESSION OF 35 KDA FOS-RELATED ANTIGEN IN OLFACTORY-BULB SO MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Note DE AP-1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; KAINATE; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; DNA BINDING ID AP-1 DNA-BINDING; KAINIC ACID; INDUCTION; REGENERATION; NEURONS; BRAIN AB Recently, there have been a number of reports showing a long-term increased expression of fos-related antigens (fra), molecular weight of 35 kDa, after brain injury or chronic treatment of rats with various drugs. We report elevated basal levels of this transcription factor in the olfactory bulb relative to other brain regions. The expression of this protein is further enhanced in the olfactory bulb as long as 3 months after a single injection of kainate, an effect similar to that we previously observed in the hippocampus. The AP-1 DNA binding activity in olfactory bulb from kainate-treated rats contains fra and jun immunoreactivity suggesting that the 35 kDa fra dimerizes with jun protein, probably junD, to bind to AP-1 sites. Elevated basal levels of this transcription factor in the olfactory bulb appear to be related to the constant reinnervation and synaptogenesis which occurs in this brain region. The 35 kDa fra may be involved in long-term genomic program changes required to adapt to an altered biochemical environment. C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,ENVIRONM NEUROSCI LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RI Pennypacker, Keith/I-5092-2012 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-328X J9 MOL BRAIN RES JI Mol. Brain Res. PD DEC 1 PY 1995 VL 34 IS 1 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00164-N PG 5 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA TF868 UT WOS:A1995TF86800018 PM 8750873 ER PT J AU FULCHER, KD WELCH, JE KLAPPER, DG OBRIEN, DA EDDY, EM AF FULCHER, KD WELCH, JE KLAPPER, DG OBRIEN, DA EDDY, EM TI IDENTIFICATION OF A UNIQUE MU-CLASS GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE IN MOUSE SPERMATOGENIC CELLS SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE FIBROUS SHEATH; TESTES; GENE EXPRESSION; SPERMATOGENESIS ID MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ROUND SPERMATIDS; FIBROUS SHEATH; MESSENGER-RNA; SERTOLI CELLS; RAT-BRAIN; LOCALIZATION; TESTIS; DNA AB The fibrous sheath is a major cytoskeletal structure in the principal piece of the mammalian sperm flagellum. Two peptide sequences obtained from a tryptic digest of mouse fibrous sheath proteins exhibited high homology with mu-class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Using a DNA probe amplified from degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers predicted from these two peptide sequences, a similar to 1.1 kb cDNA clone for fibrous sheath component 2 (Fsc2) was isolated which had 84% nucleic acid and 89% amino acid sequence identity with a previously reported mu-class human GST gene (hGSTM3; Campbell et al., 1990: J Biol Chem 265:4188-9193). Sequences corresponding to those of the two fibrous sheath peptides were present in the protein encoded by the Fsc2 cDNA. Northern analysis with the full length Fsc2 cDNA detected a similar to 1.1 kb mRNA in 12 of 15 somatic tissues examined, as well as in testis and isolated spermatogenic cells. However, 5'(nt -96 to 12) or 3' (nt 637 to 808) Fsc2 probes, containing mostly noncoding sequences, detected a similar to 1.1 kb mRNA abundant in testis and isolated spermatogenic cells, but absent or present at low levels in somatic tissues. Northern analysis with RNA from testes of mice of different postnatal ages and purified spermatogenic cell populations indicated that this transcript is first present during the meiotic phase of germ cell development. These results suggest that a previously unreported mu-class GST gene (mGSTM5*) is expressed at a specific time during the development of spermatogenic cells in the mouse. Immunoblot analysis indicated that a mu-class GST protein is associated with the fibrous sheath, suggesting that it becomes an integral part of the mouse sperm cytoskeleton. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIEHS,LRDT,GAMETE BIOL SECT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. POINT LOMA NAZARENEN COLL,DEPT SCI BIOL,SAN DIEGO,CA. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,REPROD BIOL LABS,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PEDIAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA16086]; NICHD NIH HHS [P30-HD-18968, HD-26485, R01 HD026485] NR 48 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 42 IS 4 BP 415 EP 424 DI 10.1002/mrd.1080420407 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA TH643 UT WOS:A1995TH64300006 PM 8607970 ER PT J AU Andersen, CP Rygiewicz, PT AF Andersen, CP Rygiewicz, PT TI Allocation of carbon in mycorrhizal Pinus ponderosa seedlings exposed to ozone SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE carbon allocation; Hebeloma crustuliniforme; ozone; Pinus ponderosa ID TAEDA L SEEDLINGS; SOIL MG STATUS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION; ACIDIC PRECIPITATION; CONIFEROUS SEEDLINGS; ROOT SYSTEMS; DOUGLAS-FIR; SOLUTION PH; GROWTH AB The effect of ozone on tree growth and metabolism has been studied widely. Despite the research emphasis, relatively little is known about how the below-ground component responds when shoots are exposed to ozone, even though evidence suggests that ozone can affect roots more than shoots. Understanding how ozone affects carbohydrate allocation throughout the plant is essential to understanding the mechanisms of response to ozone. The purpose of this study was to follow the allocation and metabolism of carbon in a Pinus ponderosa Laws. Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.: St. Amans) Quel seedling system under ozone stress. The hypothesis that ozone affects carbon transport below ground and overall sink strength of roots similarly in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings was tested. To test the hypothesis, a unique culturing system was used to quantify carbon movement to all components of the symbiosis and to construct an overall budget for carbon for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Fluxes of CO2 and carbon allocation were followed by measuring instantaneous CO2 flux and by C-14 labelling. Two experiments were conducted that differed in their total ozone exposure (39.3 ppm h in expt 1, and 58.1 ppm h in expt 2). Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased CO2 assimilation rates (A) and A/R (R = shoot respiration) ratios in both experiments compared with non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Ozone exposure in expt 2 significantly decreased the A/R ratio (P less than or equal to 0.003) in both mycorrhizal treatments. Below-ground respiration was significantly greater in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal seedlings in both experiments, and was not affected by ozone exposure. Intact, extramatrical hyphal respiration was lower by 33 % in seedlings exposed to ozone, but differences were not statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.167). Mycorrhizal seedling roots reached maximum respiratory (CO2)-C-14 release rates c. 5 h and > 20 h earlier than non-mycorrhizal seedlings in expts 1 and 2, respectively, suggesting accelerated transport of C-14 below ground in mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings also exhibited greater rates of C-14 release below ground than non-mycorrhizal controls. The maximum rate of respiratory release of (CO2)-C-14 below ground was significantly reduced by exposure to ozone in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments. Ozone significantly reduced C-14 activity in the fungus of mycorrhizal plants. This constitutes the first report of an ozone-induced reduction in carbon allocation to the fungal symbiont in a mycorrhizal association. The results suggest a substantial impact of ozone on the carbon balance of the mycorrhiza; however, there was no evidence to suggest that mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal ponderosa pine seedlings responded differently to ozone stress. RP Andersen, CP (reprint author), US EPA,CORVALLIS ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 44 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 11 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 131 IS 4 BP 471 EP 480 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03084.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TP673 UT WOS:A1995TP67300006 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Yamauchi, H Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Yamauchi, H Thomas, DJ TI Comparative in vitro methylation of trivalent and pentavalent arsenicals SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; THIOLS; RAT; GLUTATHIONE; METABOLISM; EXCRETION; ARSENATE; INVITRO; MODEL; MICE AB The time course and extent of methylation of 1 mu M arsenite (iAs(III)), arsenate (iAs(V)), methylarsenite (MeAs(III)), methylarsenate (MeAs(V)), and MeAs(III)-diglutathione complex (MeAs(III)(GS)(2)) were examined in an in vitro assay system that contained rat liver cytosol. Precursor arsenicals and methylated metabolites were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG-AAS). More than 90% of iAs(III) was converted to a dimethylated species (Me(2)As) during a 90-min incubation at 37 degrees C; the amount of monomethylated metabolite was maximal at 15 min. In contrast, only 40% of iAs(V) was dimethylated during a 90-min incubation. Comparison of the yields of methylated species in the whole in vitro assay system as determined by HG-AAS and in an ultrafiltrate prepared from the in vitro assay system as determined by TLC indicated that nearly 70% of the dimethylated metabolite (possibly Me(2)As(III)) that was produced during a 90-min incubation was bound to proteins (>10 kDa). The percentage of protein-bound arsenic in the assay system incubated at 0 degrees C with trivalent arsenicals was three-to fivefold greater than the binding of corresponding pentavalent species. This indicated that both iAs(III) and trivalent organoarsenicals interact avidly with proteins. Both MeAs(III) prepared by metabisulfte-thiossulfate reduction of MeAs(V) and a MeAs(III)(GS)2 were quantitatively converted to Me(2)As during 90-min incubation. In contrast, only 3% of MeAs(V) was dimethylated during this interval. These results suggest that trivalent arsenicals are preferred substrates for methylation reactions and that the reduction of As from pentavalent to trivalent states may be a critical step in the control of the rate of metabolism of As. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ST MARIANNA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PUBL HLTH,KAWASAKI,KANAGAWA,JAPAN. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Styblo, M (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514, USA. NR 29 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 135 IS 2 BP 172 EP 178 DI 10.1006/taap.1995.1220 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TN623 UT WOS:A1995TN62300002 PM 8545824 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Sailstad, DM Doerfler, DL Selgrade, M AF Veronesi, B Sailstad, DM Doerfler, DL Selgrade, M TI Neuropeptide modulation of chemically induced skin irritation SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; SUBSTANCE-P BINDING; NEUROGENIC PLASMA EXTRAVASATION; PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS; RAT SKIN; PROTEIN EXTRAVASATION; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS; MAMMALIAN TACHYKININS; CONTACT SENSITIZERS; NEUROKININ-A AB This study addresses the hypothesis that the early symptoms of chemically induced skin irritation are neurally mediated. Several approaches were used to affect nerve transmission in adult Balb/c female mice. These included general anesthesia (i.e., sodium pentobarbital), systemic capsaicin treatment, and pretreatment with specific pharmacological antagonists of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA). After these treatments, a strongly irritating dose of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was applied to the ear and its swelling was measured over several postexposure times as an index of tissue irritation. Ear swelling in Nembutal (30 mg/kg)-anesthetized mice was depressed 62 and 76% at 4 and 24 hr postexposure compared to DNFB-treated unanesthetized animals measured at the same time points. Multiple injections of capsaicin (cumulative dose 30 mg/kg) depressed DNFB-ear swelling relative to non-capsaicin, DNFB-treated controls by 15, 40 (ip), and 44 and 43% (sc) at 4 and 24 hr postexposure, respectively. In mice exposed to acute or multiple injections of the SP antagonist CP-96,345 before DNFB application, ear swelling was depressed (relative to DNFB-treated animals) by 64 and 36% (acute, sc, 10 mg/kg) and 91 and 88% (multiple, ip, cumulative 35 mg/kg) at 0.5 and 1 hr postexposure, respectively. Mice exposed to the NKA antagonist, SR 48958, alone and in combination with the SP antagonist CP-96,345 were also examined after DNFB application. Ear swelling was diminished in mice pretreated with the NKA antagonist (1.0 mg/kg) by 17, 24, 34, and 40% at 0.5, 1, 4, and 24 hr postexposure. When used in combination with the SP antagonist, DNFB-induced ear swelling was reduced by 95% compared to unantagonized, DNFB-exposed mice at the 0.5- and 1-hr time points and remained significantly depressed by 33 and 468 at 4 and 24 hr postexposure. Taken in concert, these data suggest that neuropeptides, especially the tachykinins SP and NKA, modulate the early stages of chemically induced skin irritation. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LABS,EXPTL TOXICOL DIV,IMMUNOTOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LABS,RES & ADMIN SUPPORT DIV,BIOMETRY BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,CELLULAR & MOLEC TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 53 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 135 IS 2 BP 258 EP 267 DI 10.1006/taap.1995.1232 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TN623 UT WOS:A1995TN62300014 PM 8545836 ER PT J AU Bromberg, PA Koren, HS AF Bromberg, PA Koren, HS TI Ozone-induced human respiratory dysfunction and disease SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 02-06, 1995 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Boeing Co, NIEHS, NIH, Soc Toxicol, USA, Dow Chem, FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NHLBI, Sanofi Winthrop Inc, USA Med Res & Med Command, US DOE, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, BP Amer Inc, Battelle Mem Inst, Battelle Pacific NW Labs, Burroughts Wellcome Fund, Bristol Myers Squibb, DowElanco, ECETOC, Eli Lilly & Co, Genentech Inc, Hoffmann LaRoche, Johnson & Johnson, Nutrasweet, Owens Corning, Rhone Poulenc Inc, Schering Plough Res Inst, Atlantic Richfield Co, CanTox Incorp, Coca Cola Co, Colgate Palmolive, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, DuPont, Eastman Kodak Co, Hoechst Celanese, NIH, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble, R J Reynolds Tobacco Co, Syntex Corp, TSI Corp, Warner Lambert, Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab & Safety Med Grp, Alcon Labs, BP Goodrich Co, FMC Corp, Rhone Poulenc Rorer, Marck Res Labs, Rohm & Hass Co, Searle, SmithKline Beecham Pharm DE ozone; lung inflammation; bronchial C-fibers; lung function; respiratory health effects ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; EPITHELIAL-CELL LINE; AIR-POLLUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; ACUTE INHALATION; PPM OZONE; EXPOSURE; INFLAMMATION; LUNG; RESPONSES AB Exercising volunteers exposed in chambers to as little as 80 ppb O-3 for several hours exhibit impaired lung function and irritative lower airway symptoms. Comparable changes occur among children and young adults exposed to summer smog containing O-3. Intensity of the response is reproducible but varies widely among individuals. The (reversible) decrements in vital capacity are due to involuntary inhibition of deep inspiration probably mediated by nociceptive bronchial C-fibers that may be stimulated by local prostaglandin release, and can be modulated by appropriate pharmacologic agents. A second characteristic response to low O-3 levels is mucosal neutrophilic inflammation probably mediated by phospholipid-derived products and by epithelial cell-derived chemokines and cytokines, but poorly correlated with lung function changes. Fluctuations in ambient O-3 levels are associated with acute respiratory health effects in exposed populations but concomitant acid aerosol pollution is an important confounder. Whether irreversible impairment of lung function occurs among residents of chronically high ozone-pollution areas is debated. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Bromberg, PA (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CB 7310,104 MASON FARM RD,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04951] NR 57 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 82-3 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03565-6 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TU514 UT WOS:A1995TU51400046 PM 8597070 ER PT J AU Kimmel, CA Kavlock, RJ Allen, BC Faustman, EM AF Kimmel, CA Kavlock, RJ Allen, BC Faustman, EM TI The application of benchmark dose methodology to data from prenatal development toxicity studies SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 02-06, 1995 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Boeing Co, NIEHS, NIH, Soc Toxicol, USA, Dow Chem, FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NHLBI, Sanofi Winthrop Inc, USA Med Res & Med Command, US DOE, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, BP Amer Inc, Battelle Mem Inst, Battelle Pacific NW Labs, Burroughts Wellcome Fund, Bristol Myers Squibb, DowElanco, ECETOC, Eli Lilly & Co, Genentech Inc, Hoffmann LaRoche, Johnson & Johnson, Nutrasweet, Owens Corning, Rhone Poulenc Inc, Schering Plough Res Inst, Atlantic Richfield Co, CanTox Incorp, Coca Cola Co, Colgate Palmolive, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, DuPont, Eastman Kodak Co, Hoechst Celanese, NIH, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble, R J Reynolds Tobacco Co, Syntex Corp, TSI Corp, Warner Lambert, Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab & Safety Med Grp, Alcon Labs, BP Goodrich Co, FMC Corp, Rhone Poulenc Rorer, Marck Res Labs, Rohm & Hass Co, Searle, SmithKline Beecham Pharm DE benchmark dose; developmental toxicity; risk assessment ID MODEL AB The benchmark dose (BMD) concept was applied to 246 prenatal-developmental toxicity (DT) datasets from government, industry and commercial laboratories. Five modeling approaches were used, 2 generic and 3 specific to DT models. BMDs for both quantal and continuous data were compared with statistically derived no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) to determine similarities. Quantal (Q) endpoints included litter responses (e.g., one or more dead or malformed implants), and QBMDs were calculated using a Q Weibull (QW) model. Two types of continuous (C) data were modeled, the proportion of implants affected per litter, and the change in fetal weight (both mean and distribution); continuous power (CP) and DT models were used to calculate CBMDs. QBMDs for a 5% change in response (QBMD(05)) were 6-fold lower, on average, than the corresponding NOAEL. CBMD(05)s on average were similar to the corresponding NOAELs, and CBMD(05)s from different models were similar to each other. Including litter size but not threshold improved the fit of the DT models, For fetal weight data, specific cutoff values were used to calculate BMDs that were similar on average to the corresponding NOAELs: (1) changes from the control mean (5% of the mean, 25th percentile of the control distribution, or a decrease of 0.5 standard deviation), and (2) a 5 or 10% decrease in the proportion of fetuses below the 5th or 10th percentile, respectively, of the control distribution. These results support the use of BMDs as providing a more consistent basis for risk assessment than do NOAELs. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ICF KAISER,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27560. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,SEATTLE,WA 98195. CTR CHILD DEV & MENTAL RETARDAT,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8602,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 82-3 BP 549 EP 554 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03500-1 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TU514 UT WOS:A1995TU51400081 PM 8597108 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS AF Birnbaum, LS TI Developmental effects of dioxins and related endocrine disrupting chemicals SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 02-06, 1995 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Boeing Co, NIEHS, NIH, Soc Toxicol, USA, Dow Chem, FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NHLBI, Sanofi Winthrop Inc, USA Med Res & Med Command, US DOE, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, BP Amer Inc, Battelle Mem Inst, Battelle Pacific NW Labs, Burroughts Wellcome Fund, Bristol Myers Squibb, DowElanco, ECETOC, Eli Lilly & Co, Genentech Inc, Hoffmann LaRoche, Johnson & Johnson, Nutrasweet, Owens Corning, Rhone Poulenc Inc, Schering Plough Res Inst, Atlantic Richfield Co, CanTox Incorp, Coca Cola Co, Colgate Palmolive, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, DuPont, Eastman Kodak Co, Hoechst Celanese, NIH, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble, R J Reynolds Tobacco Co, Syntex Corp, TSI Corp, Warner Lambert, Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab & Safety Med Grp, Alcon Labs, BP Goodrich Co, FMC Corp, Rhone Poulenc Rorer, Marck Res Labs, Rohm & Hass Co, Searle, SmithKline Beecham Pharm DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); dioxins; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); developmental toxicity; endocrine disruption; receptor-mediated toxicity ID CROSS-SPECIES COMPARISONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; EXPOSURE; RATS; PCB; 3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL; DIFFERENTIATION; CONGENERS; TOXICITY; INVITRO AB Alteration of hormones has long been known to affect development. TCDD and related PHAHs modulate the levels of many hormonal systems. Dioxins cause a spectrum of morphological and functional developmental deficits. Fetotoxicity, thymic atrophy, and structural malformations are often noted. Delayed genitourinary tract effects have been observed, and recent studies reported behavioral effects. Highly exposed human offspring have exhibited developmental problems as well. Recently, hormonal and neurological abnormalities have been reported in infants from the general population. The complex alteration of multiple endocrine systems is likely associated with the spectrum of adverse developmental effects caused by dioxin and related compounds. RP Birnbaum, LS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPTL TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 60 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 82-3 BP 743 EP 750 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03592-3 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TU514 UT WOS:A1995TU51400107 PM 8597137 ER PT J AU Bogdanffy, MS Jarabek, AM AF Bogdanffy, MS Jarabek, AM TI Understanding mechanisms of inhaled toxicants: Implications for replacing default factors with chemical-specific data SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 02-06, 1995 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Boeing Co, NIEHS, NIH, Soc Toxicol, USA, Dow Chem, FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NHLBI, Sanofi Winthrop Inc, USA Med Res & Med Command, US DOE, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, BP Amer Inc, Battelle Mem Inst, Battelle Pacific NW Labs, Burroughts Wellcome Fund, Bristol Myers Squibb, DowElanco, ECETOC, Eli Lilly & Co, Genentech Inc, Hoffmann LaRoche, Johnson & Johnson, Nutrasweet, Owens Corning, Rhone Poulenc Inc, Schering Plough Res Inst, Atlantic Richfield Co, CanTox Incorp, Coca Cola Co, Colgate Palmolive, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, DuPont, Eastman Kodak Co, Hoechst Celanese, NIH, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble, R J Reynolds Tobacco Co, Syntex Corp, TSI Corp, Warner Lambert, Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab & Safety Med Grp, Alcon Labs, BP Goodrich Co, FMC Corp, Rhone Poulenc Rorer, Marck Res Labs, Rohm & Hass Co, Searle, SmithKline Beecham Pharm DE nose; lung; inhalation toxicity; risk assessment; dosimetry modeling ID NASAL CAVITY; AIR-FLOW; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; METABOLISM; RAT; TOXICOLOGY; BIOTRANSFORMATION; DEPOSITION; DOSIMETRY; RELEVANCE AB Assessing risk of inhaled materials is a challenging endeavor because of the profound interspecies differences in respiratory tract anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. Recent advances in the availability of mechanistic data and mathematical models for describing dosimetry behavior of particles and gases has lead to improvements in default approaches to risk assessment of inhaled materials. An overview of some of the more well-understood differences between species in factors controlling dosimetry and response, and the default approach of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that accounts for many of these factors, are presented. The default methodology also creates a framework which inhalation toxicologists can use to direct research at reducing uncertainty in risk assessments that might otherwise be handled through default uncertainty factors. The optimal approach to risk assessment is to develop chemical-specific mode of action and dosimetry data that can be used quantitatively to replace the entire default approach. The toxicology of vinyl acetate and recent efforts to develop data to supplant assumptions made in the default approach are presented. The conclusion is drawn that the future of inhalation toxicity risk assessment lies in reducing uncertainties associated with interspecies extrapolation and that to do this effectively requires approaches to toxicology that are outside of routine testing paradigms, and are aimed at elucidating mechanisms of action through hypothesis-driven research. C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT MD52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Bogdanffy, MS (reprint author), DUPONT CO INC,HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED,POB 50,NEWARK,DE 19714, USA. NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 82-3 BP 919 EP 932 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03603-2 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TU514 UT WOS:A1995TU51400130 PM 8597163 ER PT J AU Wyzga, RE Folinsbee, LJ AF Wyzga, RE Folinsbee, LJ TI Health effects of acid aerosols SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition - Science and Policy: Acid Reign 95 CY JUN 26-30, 1995 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Swedish Environm Res Inst, Provincial Govt Goteborg, Provincial Govt Bohus Ian DE health; air pollution; acidity ID SULFURIC-ACID; ASTHMATIC VOLUNTEERS; RESPIRATORY RESPONSES; CONTROLLED EXPOSURES; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; OZONE; FOG; BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; INHALATION AB Earlier in this century, a number of severe episodes clearly demonstrated that air pollution can affect human health; these included documented increases in mortality and morbidity. Although health was clearly affected during these episodes and acidity is a candidate for the responsible agent, it has been difficult to ascertain which agents were involved. In the past several years extensive research was launched to learn the significance of acidic aerosols on human health. The question of a health threat from acid aerosols was first raised by epidemiology studies, but results of the body of epidemiological evidence collected to date have been mixed. Even when a study finds evidence of a response to exposures involving high ambient acidity levels, it is usually difficult to know which agent or agents are responsible for causing the effects noted. High levels of acidic aerosols are nearly always accompanied by high levels of other air pollutants which may have known or suspected effects on the respiratory tract. For this reason, an understanding of the potential mechanisms of acid aerosol health effects needs supporting evidence from the laboratory, where exposures to various agents can be controlled. To date, this supporting evidence includes demonstration of physiological responses at acidity levels greater than those that exist in the ambient environment. A limited number of studies have considered responses at levels more characteristic of ambient exposures; these studies demonstrate little physiological response, probably due to the airways' ability to buffer acidity at low concentration. Although there is some evidence of impaired mucociliary clearance and modest changes in lung function, there is no evidence of airway inflammation or altered non-specific bronchial responsiveness as a result of acid aerosol exposure. The possibility that acid aerosols may potentiate responses to other pollutants remains a subject of interest. The potential existence of a group of individuals who are exquisitely sensitive to low acid concentrations requires further investigation. Recent epidemiology results are broadening the perspective from a focus on acidity per se to a focus on fine particulate matter, of which particulate acidity is but a subset. These studies find a consistent statistical association between various health responses, including mortality, and ambient measures of particulates, even at locations where levels of acidity are very low and at locations where current U.S. air quality standards are satisfied. There is at present no biological explanation for these associations. C1 US EPA,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Wyzga, RE (reprint author), ELECT POWER RES INST,3412 HILLVIEW AVE,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 85 IS 1 BP 177 EP 188 DI 10.1007/BF00483699 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UB051 UT WOS:A1995UB05100019 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL AF Stoddard, JL TI Episodic acidification during snowmelt of high elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition - Science and Policy: Acid Reign 95 CY JUN 26-30, 1995 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Swedish Environm Res Inst, Provincial Govt Goteborg, Provincial Govt Bohus Ian DE Sierra Nevada; alpine lakes; episodic acidification; nitrate; sulfate ID ALPINE BASIN; CHEMISTRY; PRECIPITATION AB Atmospheric loads to dilute lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California are very low, and fall almost entirely as snow. When acidic anions preferentially elute from melting snow, these low loads may nontheless be enough to acidify low ANC lakes. Two of the ten lakes included in the Sierra Episodes Study are discussed here: High Lake, the only lake in the study to become acidic during snowmelt; and Treasure Lake, typical of the remainder of the lakes. All lakes exhibited increases in NO3- concentrations during early snowmelt these were accompanied by increases in base cations, primarily Ca2+. In the first few days of snowmelt, NO3- concentrations at High Lake increased more rapidly than concentrations of base cations, resulting in ANC values below zero. Export of both NO3- and SO42- from the watersheds exceeded the inputs from the snowpack, suggesting that other sources (e.g., watershed minerals, stored inputs from the previous summer, transformations of other inputs) of these anions are important. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 11 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 353 EP 358 DI 10.1007/BF00476854 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UB053 UT WOS:A1995UB05300012 ER PT J AU Evans, CD Davies, TD Wigington, PJ AF Evans, CD Davies, TD Wigington, PJ TI Assessing the contribution of individual dissolved ions to depressions in acid neutralising capacity of streams in the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains, New York SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition - Science and Policy: Acid Reign 95 CY JUN 26-30, 1995 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Swedish Environm Res Inst, Provincial Govt Goteborg, Provincial Govt Bohus Ian DE episodic acidification; Acid Neutralising Capacity; Episodic Response Project ID ALUMINUM; SULFUR; SOIL; SNOWMELT; ONTARIO; FOREST; LAKES; RAIN AB Methods for quantifying the influence of different ions on depressions in ANC, based on those used by Molot et al. (1989), have been employed on streams in the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains of New York Streams were intensively monitored during the Episodic Response Project of the US EPA. Baseflow values were determined for each variable, and for each low-ANC sample the proportion of ANC depression (relative to baseflow) contributed by each ion was calculated In the Catskill streams Ca2+ dilution and NO; increases were major causes of ANC depression; SO42- dilution and Al mobilisation increased ANC. In the Adirondack streams Ca2+ and Na+ dilution,and NO3- and SO42-. increases, all contributed to ANC depressions. Inter-stream differences in results were linked to differences in stream acidity, in both regions Ca2+ dilution dominated ANC depressions in circumneutral streams, whereas NO; increases were dominant in acidic streams. Organic anions contributed more to ANC depressions in acidic streams. Al buffering, was negligible in circumneutral streams, but more than halved ANC depressions in the most acidic stream. Individual base cation behaviour differed widely, suggesting that caution should be used when treating them as a uniform group. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Evans, CD (reprint author), UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH ENVIRONM SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND. RI Evans, Christopher/F-2087-2010 OI Evans, Christopher/0000-0002-7052-354X NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 425 EP 432 DI 10.1007/BF00476866 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UB053 UT WOS:A1995UB05300024 ER PT J AU Holland, D Simmons, C Smith, L Cohn, T Baier, G Lynch, J Grimm, J Oehlert, G Lindberg, S AF Holland, D Simmons, C Smith, L Cohn, T Baier, G Lynch, J Grimm, J Oehlert, G Lindberg, S TI Long-term trends in NADP/NTN precipitation chemistry data: Results of different statistical analyses SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition - Science and Policy: Acid Reign 95 CY JUN 26-30, 1995 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Swedish Environm Res Inst, Provincial Govt Goteborg, Provincial Govt Bohus Ian DE long-term trends; sulfate; statistical models ID SULFATE AB This paper summarizes the results of four statistical approaches for the estimation of long-term trends (1983-92) in sulfate concentration data from 90 monitoring sites across the United States. Least squares regression models and nonparametric techniques were applied to these data. Sulfate concentrations were found to be generally decreasing on the order of 0-4% at most sites. There was general agreement that trends were significant in the Great Lakes, Pacific northwest, and southwest regions. Although strengths and weaknesses are described for each approach, all of these approaches are useful for long-term trend estimation. Visualization techniques are recommended for displaying trend patterns and associated levels of statistical significance. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US GEOL SURVEY,RESTON,VA 22092. PENN STATE UNIV,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. UNIV MINNESOTA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. RP Holland, D (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 595 EP 601 DI 10.1007/BF00476894 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UB053 UT WOS:A1995UB05300052 ER PT J AU Heagle, AS Miller, JE Chevone, BI Dreschel, TW Manning, WJ Cool, PMM Morrison, CL Neely, GE Rebbeck, J AF Heagle, AS Miller, JE Chevone, BI Dreschel, TW Manning, WJ Cool, PMM Morrison, CL Neely, GE Rebbeck, J TI Response of a white clover indicator system to tropospheric ozone at eight locations in the United States SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition - Science and Policy: Acid Reign 95 CY JUN 26-30, 1995 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP Swedish Environm Protect Agcy, Swedish Environm Res Inst, Provincial Govt Goteborg, Provincial Govt Bohus Ian DE tropospheric ozone; white clover; air pollution; biomonitor ID TALL FESCUE PASTURE AB A white clover (Trifolium repens L.) system using measured biomass to indicate effective concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O-3) has been developed. The system utilizes the relative response of an O-3-sensitive clone (NC-S) and an O-3-resistant clone (NC-R) grown in 15-liter pots. Forage (leaves, stems and flowers) is cut, dried, and weighed at 28-day intervals. Forage dry weight ratios (NC-S/NC-R) for individual or multiple harvests indicate O-3 concentrations during growth. In, 3 years of testing in open-top field chambers at Raleigh. North Carolina, O-3 always decreased growth of NC-S more than that of NC-R and the NC-S/NC-R ratio routinely decreased as the O-3 concentration increased. A national field test was performed in 1993 and 1994 to determine if the clover system can account for effects of climatic variables on clover growth per-se, and if climatic variables affect the relative response of the two clones to O-3. Eight locations (Corvallis, Oregon; Kennedy Space Center, Florida; Delaware, Ohio; Amherst, Massachusetts; Blacksburg, Virginia; Raleigh, North Carolina; Riverside, California; San Bernardino mountains. California) provided large differences in O-3 concentrations and climate. The NC-SINC-R forage ratios for three consecutive 28-day manuscript. Ratios were generally highest where mean O-3 concentrations were lowest (Oregon and Florida), lowest where mean O-3 concentrations were highest (both California locations), and intermediate at other locations. C1 VIRGINIA TECH,BLACKSBURG,VA. NASA,KENNEDY SPACE CTR,FL. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,AMHERST,MA 01003. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR. USDA,FOREST SERV,DELAWARE,OH. RP Heagle, AS (reprint author), USDA,ARS,RALEIGH,NC, USA. OI Dreschel, Thomas/0000-0003-2211-5733 NR 15 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 85 IS 3 BP 1373 EP 1378 DI 10.1007/BF00477173 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UD335 UT WOS:A1995UD33500056 ER PT J AU Holland, CC Honea, JE Gwin, SE Kentula, ME AF Holland, CC Honea, JE Gwin, SE Kentula, ME TI Wetland degradation and loss in the rapidly urbanizing area of Portland, Oregon SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE land use; Portland, Oregon, palustrine emergent marsh, wetland management, wetlands; urban, wetland ecology, wetland loss ID USA AB An inventory was conducted of small (less than or equal to 2 ha) freshwater wetlands composed of some combination of open water and emergent marsh in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon to (1) document changes in the wetland resource since the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was conducted (1981/1982 aerial photograph dates) and (2) identify patterns in wetland loss and degradation over a 10-year period in a rapidly urbanizing area. Wetlands identified on NWI maps were visited during summer 1992, and data on the location, wetland type, and surrounding land use or the cause of loss were collected. Of the 233 wetlands identified by NWI in 1981/1982, approximately 40% had been destroyed by human activities or were missing due to drought. Although conversion to urban land uses was the predominant cause of wetland loss from human activities, agricultural conversion accounted for about 31%. Drier-end wetlands (e.g., seasonally flooded) were missing from the landscape most frequently. Of the 141 wetlands still existing, 25% were severely degraded by human activities. Approximately half of those wetlands not severely degraded were affected by noise, and about 40% were disturbed, primarily by grazing and littering. We suggest that because land uses change quickly in rapidly urbanizing areas, leading to increased pressures to convert wetlands, resource agencies and urban planners should conduct similar inventories in other metropolitan areas. Then, demographic projections could be used in conjunction with information on patterns in wetland loss to identify and prioritize areas for wetland protection before development takes place. RP Holland, CC (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECT RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 25 TC 55 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 20 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1995 VL 15 IS 4 BP 336 EP 345 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TM607 UT WOS:A1995TM60700004 ER PT J AU Adamus, PR AF Adamus, PR TI Validating a habitat evaluation method for predicting avian richness SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE birds; Colorado; diversity; habitat assessment; habitat-relationship models; methods; riparian; wetlands AB A new avian richness evaluation method (AREM) was developed and tested for assessing lowland wetland and riparian habitats of the Colorado Plateau. AREM rapidly scores habitats for avian richness fr om simple observations of habitat characteristics. AREM's predictions were compared with original field data from 76 sites on the Colorado Plateau during the breeding season. Species predictions and detections were highly indicative of the breeding avifauna in regional wetlands studied. AREM has implications for use in mitigation calculations, detection of impaired wetland quality, selection of appropriate indicator species, targeting habitat enhancements, wildlife-based classification of wetland habitats, and assisting strategies for protecting biodiversity. RP Adamus, PR (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1995 VL 23 IS 4 BP 743 EP 749 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA TW251 UT WOS:A1995TW25100034 ER PT J AU Dunnick, JK Hailey, JR AF Dunnick, JK Hailey, JR TI Experimental studies on the long-term effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methylphenidate hydrochloride; ritalin; carcinogenesis; toxicology; F344/N rats; B6C3F1 mice ID DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; RAT-LIVER; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION; ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY; SPONTANEOUS TUMORS; AMPHETAMINE; MICE AB Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of methylphenidate hydrochloride, a drug used in the treatment of attention-deficient disorders, were performed in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. In these studies, methylphenidate hydrochloride was administered for 2 years at doses of 0, 100, 500 or 1000 ppm in the feed to rats and at doses of 0, 50, 250, 500 ppm to mice in groups that consisted of 50 animals/dose/sex/species. The average amount of methylphenidate consumed per day was estimated to be 4-47 mg/kg/day for rats and 5-67 mg/kg/day for mice. Survival was similar in dosed and control groups. An increase in benign tumors of the liver and increased liver weights were observed in male and female mice at the high dose. An increase in hepatoblastomas was also seen in high dose male mice. Methylphenidate was not mutagenic in the Salmonella assay system, and it is hypothesized that this tumorigenic effect might be due to nongenotoxic effects of the chemical such as an increase in cell proliferation. Increased incidences of neoplasms were not seen in rats. However, there was a notable decrease in mammary gland fibroadenomas in female rats and a marginal decrease in benign pheochromocytomas in male rats. Epidemiology studies of methylphenidate have found no evidence of a carcinogenic effect in humans and like our findings in rats, report a less than expected rate of cancers in patients taking methylphenidate. RP Dunnick, JK (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD NOV 30 PY 1995 VL 103 IS 2 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03109-S PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TL731 UT WOS:A1995TL73100001 PM 8545847 ER PT J AU JUNG, M BRUMLEY, WC AF JUNG, M BRUMLEY, WC TI TRACE ANALYSIS OF FLUORESCEIN-DERIVATIZED PHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES BY MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis (HPCE 95) CY JAN 29-FEB 02, 1995 CL WURZBURG, GERMANY ID CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FATTY-ACIDS; WATER; SAMPLES; SOIL AB Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was used for the trace analysis of phenoxy acid herbicides. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with LIF detection, which has not previously been used for pesticide analysis, overcomes the poor sensitivity of on-column UV detection. A novel derivatization procedure was developed which is suitable for nanogram amounts of organic acids. In this procedure, the acids are activated by hydroxybenzotriazol (HOBT) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIG) and reacted with 5-(aminoacetamido)fluorescein in dimethylformamide at ambient temperature. The fluorescent derivatives of all relevant phenoxy acid herbicides were separated in a single run by MEKC. A 488 nm Ar laser line was used for excitation. The reproducibility and reliability of the method were evaluated. The detection limit was 2 fg for a 4-nl injection, but for practical reasons, a minimum of 1 ng per compound should be subjected to the derivatization. The applicability of the described method to the extract of an aqueous sample was demonstrated. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 24 PY 1995 VL 717 IS 1-2 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00504-8 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TJ229 UT WOS:A1995TJ22900032 ER PT J AU HIATT, MH AF HIATT, MH TI VACUUM DISTILLATION COUPLED WITH GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB A procedure is presented that uses a vacuum distillation/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system for analysis of problematic matrices of volatile organic compounds, The procedure compensates for matrix effects and provides both analytical results and confidence intervals from a single sample analysis. Surrogate compounds are used to measure matrix effects relating to boding point and relative volatility and to provide the information necessary to accurately determine analyte concentration, Relative volatility values (alpha) are experimentally determined for 114 organic compounds and are shown to be comparable to gas-water partition coefficients. These compounds include those with boiling points up to 245 degrees C and gas-water partition coefficients less than 15 000, Multiple samples are tested, and the accuracy of determinations is shown to be within 5% for water, soil, and oil matrices, Method detection limits ape below 1 ppb for most analytes studied. RP HIATT, MH (reprint author), US EPA,DIV CHARACTERIZAT RES,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 8 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 67 IS 22 BP 4044 EP 4052 DI 10.1021/ac00118a003 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TD958 UT WOS:A1995TD95800003 ER PT J AU Chen, CL Fuscoe, JC Liu, Q Relling, MV AF Chen, CL Fuscoe, JC Liu, Q Relling, MV TI Etoposide causes illegitimate V(D)J recombinase activity in human lymphoid leukemic cells. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP,DEPT PHARMACEUT SCI,MEMPHIS,TN. UNIV TENNESSEE,ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP,DEPT BIOSTAT,MEMPHIS,TN. UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL PHARM,MEMPHIS,TN. US EPA,NATL HLTH ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 2038 EP 2038 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91002038 ER PT J AU SMITH, PB TIANO, HF NESNOW, S BOYD, MR PHILPOT, RM LANGENBACH, R AF SMITH, PB TIANO, HF NESNOW, S BOYD, MR PHILPOT, RM LANGENBACH, R TI 4-IPOMEANOL AND 2-AMINOANTHRACENE CYTOTOXICITY IN C3H/10T1/2 CELLS EXPRESSING RABBIT CYTOCHROME-P450 4B1 SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CYTOCHROME P450 4B1; CYTOTOXICITY; AROMATIC AMINES; FURANS ID MOUSE EMBRYO FIBROBLASTS; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; POSTCONFLUENCE INHIBITION; MUTAGENIC PRODUCTS; PULMONARY TOXICITY; ADDUCT FORMATION; GENE-TRANSFER; LUNG; DNA; LIVER AB In the present study, retroviral vectors were used to stably transfer and express the cDNA encoding rabbit CYP4B1 in mouse C3H/10T1/2 cells. The replication defective retroviral vector was packaged in the ecotropic packaging cell line, GP + E-86, with infectious titer of similar to 1 x 10(6) cfu/mL. Infection, followed by selection with G418, showed an infection efficiency of approximately 70% for the recipient C3H/10T1/2 cells. Analysis of ten G418 resistant clones showed that the number of vector inserts ranged from 4 to 13 copies per cell genome. Each clone was positive for microsomal CYP4B1 protein as determined by immunoblotting. Cytochrome P450 4B1 activity was assessed by the cytotoxicity of 4-ipomeanol, a known substrate for P450 4B1 and a model compound for chemical-induced injury to the lung. The initial clonigenic assays showed that 100% toxicity occurred in all the clones after a 96-hr exposure to 250 mu M 4-ipomeanol. Parental C3H/10T1/2 cells were resistant to 4-ipomeanol at concentrations as high as 1 mM. Two clones, designated No. 2 and No. 19, differing in levels of P450 4B1 protein, were characterized further for 4-ipomeanol and other chemical toxicities. A concentration-response study indicated 50% cytotoxicity at 4-ipomeanol concentrations of 1.5 mu g/mL for clone No. 2 and 2.5 mu g/mL for clone No. 19. A panel of agents representing the aromatic amines, some of which are known or suspected P450 4B1 substrates, were tested for cytotoxicity in clone No. 2. These agents included 2-aminoanthracene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-aminobiphenyl. Only 2-aminoanthracene gave a clear cytotoxic response reducing the survival fraction of clone No. 2 to 50% at 0.2 mu g/mL while affecting parental cells minimally. In vitro expression of CYP4B1 provides a new experimental system for further elucidating the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of P450 4B1 substrates. C1 NIEHS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NCI, FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR, DRUG DISCOVERY RES & DEV LAB, FREDERICK, MD 21702 USA. RP WAKE FOREST UNIV, BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, MED CTR BLVD, WINSTON SALEM, NC 27157 USA. NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0006-2952 EI 1873-2968 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD NOV 9 PY 1995 VL 50 IS 10 BP 1567 EP 1575 DI 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02029-2 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TJ079 UT WOS:A1995TJ07900005 PM 7503758 ER PT J AU CASTILLEJOS, M GOLD, DR DAMOKOSH, AI SERRANO, P ALLEN, G MCDONNELL, WF DOCKERY, D VELASCO, SR HERNANDEZ, M HAYES, C AF CASTILLEJOS, M GOLD, DR DAMOKOSH, AI SERRANO, P ALLEN, G MCDONNELL, WF DOCKERY, D VELASCO, SR HERNANDEZ, M HAYES, C TI ACUTE EFFECTS OF OZONE ON THE PULMONARY-FUNCTION OF EXERCISING SCHOOLCHILDREN FROM MEXICO-CITY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID 0.12 PPM OZONE; AMBIENT OZONE; RESPIRATORY-FUNCTION; NORMAL-CHILDREN; EXPOSURE; RESPONSES; ADULTS AB The acute effects of ozone (O-3) on the change in lung function before and after exercise was assessed in 22 boys and 18 girls from 7 1/2 to 11 yr of age tested up to eight times over a 1 1/2%-yr period outdoors (under a tarpaulin) at a school in Mexico City. Ozone and particulates were monitored at an adjacent government station, in the school yard, and under the tarp. Subjects were selected to oversample children with chronic respiratory symptoms, although children with active asthma under regular medication or FEV(1) < 80% predicted were excluded. Of the participants, 21 had chronic cough, chronic phlegm, or ever wheeze with colds or apart from colds. Children performed two cycles of treadmill exercise (15 min) and rest (15 min) for a total of 1 h of intermittent exercise. Most subjects attained the target minute ventilation of 35 L/min/m(2). Subjects exercised alternately during low ozone hours (8:00-10:00 A.M.) and during peak O-3 hours (12:00-2:00 P.M.), to assure a range of exposures. On 85% of exercise days, the maximum daily 1-h average for ambient O-3 exceeded the Mexican guideline of 110 parts per billion (ppb). O-3 exposure during the hour of exercise was divided into quintiles, and the response was adjusted for repeated measures, subject having a cold, and prior outdoor exercise. Ambient O-3 in the fifth quintile (mean = 229 ppb) was associated with a percentage change in FVC (-1.43% +/- 0.70), FEV(1) (-2.85% +/- 0.79), FEF(25-75)% (-6.32% +/- 1.87) and FEV(1)/FVC (-1.41% +/- 0.46). The decrements in lung function observed are comparable to those previously reported in children and young adults exercised in exposure chambers with acute but not chronic O-3 exposure. Thus, despite repeated exposure to high levels of O-3 exercising children from Mexico City responded acutely to an hour of exposure to O-3 at levels above 150 ppb. C1 HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,CHANNING LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO,UNIV AUTONOMA METROPOLITANA XOCHIMILCO,SECRETARIA SALUD,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. INST NACL SALUD PUBL,CUERNAVACA,MORELOS,MEXICO. NR 19 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 152 IS 5 BP 1501 EP 1507 PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA TC861 UT WOS:A1995TC86100012 PM 7582284 ER PT J AU NEBEKER, AV SCHUYTEMA, GS OTT, SL AF NEBEKER, AV SCHUYTEMA, GS OTT, SL TI EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON GROWTH AND BIOACCUMULATION IN THE NORTHWESTERN SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA GRACILE SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID XENOPUS-LAEVIS; HEAVY-METALS; TOXICITY; BIOASSAYS AB Tests were conducted to determine the effects of cadmium (Cd) on survival, growth, and bioaccumulation in larvae and metamorphosed juveniles of the Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile. A 96-h LC50 value of 468.4 mu g/L Cd was determined for 3-mo old larvae. Significant adverse effects of Cd (in water) on larval growth were observed at 227.3 mu g/L in a 10-day exposure and at 193.1 mu g/L Cd (LOAEL) in a 24-day exposure; no significant adverse effects were seen at 106.3 mu g/L Cd in the 10-day test and 48.9 mu g/L Cd (NOAEL) in the 24-day test. In the juvenile feeding tests, regurgitation of Cd-spiked food occurred at 5,701 and 2,458 mu g/g Cd, but not at 982 mu g/g. Cadmium tissue bioconcentration values up to 63 times the water concentration were seen in the water/larval tests. No bioaccumulation occurred in the larval and juvenile feeding tests, although similar tissue Cd levels were produced by both water and feeding exposures. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,CORVALLIS ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP NEBEKER, AV (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 W 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 4 BP 492 EP 499 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RW332 UT WOS:A1995RW33200010 ER PT J AU MIDDAUGH, DP WHITING, DD AF MIDDAUGH, DP WHITING, DD TI RESPONSES OF EMBRYONIC AND LARVAL INLAND SILVERSIDES, MENIDIA-BERYLLINA, TO NO-2 FUEL-OIL AND OIL DISPERSANTS IN SEAWATER SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; CRUDE; FISH AB Embryonic inland silversides, Menidia beryllina, in the early blastula stage were exposed to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of No. 2 Fuel oil and the oil dispersants Corexit 7664(R) and 9527(R), singly and in combination. An ordinal ranking system was used to score observed daily craniofacial, cardiovascular, and skeletal responses in control embryos and those exposed to 1%, 10%, and 100% concentrations of the WSF of No. 2 Fuel oil, the dispersants Corexit 7664(R) and 9527(R) applied at the recommended field application concentrations, and the combination of No. 2 Fuel oil and respective dispersants in seawater. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analyses were used to identify statistically significant differences for control embryos and those exposed to No. 2 Fuel oil and dispersants. Embryos exposed to No. 2 Fuel oil in 20 parts per thousand salinity seawater showed significant (alpha less than or equal to 0.01) responses only at the 100% WSF concentration. Corexit 7664(R) tested singly elicited significant responses at 10% and 100% concentrations. When No. 2 Fuel oil and Corexit 7664(R) were combined at recommended field application concentrations of the dispersant, the oil and dispersant mixture resulted in significant (alpha less than or equal to 0.01) responses at 1%, 10%, and 100% exposure concentrations. In contrast, Corexit 9527(R) did not cause significant responses at the three test concentrations of 1%, 10%, and 100% of the recommended field application rate. However, when No. 2 Fuel oil and Corexit 9527(R) were combined in seawater, the 10% and 100% exposure concentrations resulted in statistically significant (alpha less than or equal to 0.01) embryonic responses, relative to controls. Chemical analyses indicated that both dispersants increased the total WSF of No. 2 Fuel oil in seawater. C1 TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP MIDDAUGH, DP (reprint author), US EPA,GULF BREEZE ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 4 BP 535 EP 539 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RW332 UT WOS:A1995RW33200016 ER PT J AU GENTHNER, FJ MIDDAUGH, DP FOSS, SS AF GENTHNER, FJ MIDDAUGH, DP FOSS, SS TI VALIDATION OF EMBRYO TESTS FOR DETERMINING EFFECTS OF FUNGAL PEST-CONTROL AGENTS ON NONTARGET AQUATIC ANIMALS SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CUTICLE AB Developing embryos of the inland silverside fish, Menidia beryllina, and grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, were exposed to conidiospores of the fungal weed control agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene and the entomopathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae. Only Metarhizium anisopliae caused significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) mortalities in the exposed embryos. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides did, however, cause fatal infections in adults when conidia were injected into the peritoneum of fish or the hemocoel of shrimp. RP GENTHNER, FJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 4 BP 540 EP 544 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RW332 UT WOS:A1995RW33200017 ER PT J AU CHU, SH AF CHU, SH TI METEOROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITING PHOTOCHEMICAL POLLUTANT MONITORS SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies CY NOV 08-12, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc, Amer Geophys Union, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem, Amer Assoc Aerosol Res DE AMBIENT OZONE; OZONE METEOROLOGY RELATIONSHIP; OZONE CONDUCIVE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS; CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY; WIND ROSE; PHOTOCHEMICAL POLLUTANTS MONITOR SITING CRITERIA AB Ozone conducive meteorological conditions are identified based on statistics derived from local meteorological data of 31 eastern U.S. cities ina period of ten summers (1981-1990). A method of using ozone conducive meteorological conditions to construct a wind rose to site photochemical pollutant monitors is presented. The approach used to derive ozone conducive criteria appears to be quite robust, suggesting that the method may be applicable to site photochemical pollutant monitors in other areas of the United States. RP CHU, SH (reprint author), US EPA,OFF AIR QUAL PLANNING & STAND,DIV TECH SUPPORT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 21 BP 2905 EP 2913 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00115-F PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TE894 UT WOS:A1995TE89400004 ER PT J AU Couse, JF Curtis, SW Washburn, TF Eddy, EM Schomberg, DW Korach, KS AF Couse, JF Curtis, SW Washburn, TF Eddy, EM Schomberg, DW Korach, KS TI Disruption of the mouse oestrogen receptor gene: Resulting phenotypes and experimental findings SO BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 655th Meeting of the Biochemical-Society CY JUL 18-21, 1995 CL MANCHESTER, ENGLAND SP Biochem Soc ID EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; PROGESTERONE-RECEPTOR; UTERUS; EXPRESSION; CELLS; LACTOTRANSFERRIN; ORGANIZATION; STIMULATION; PROTEIN C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, RECEPTOR BIOL SECT, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB, GAMETE BIOL SECT, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT CELL BIOL, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. OI Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X NR 46 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU PORTLAND PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA THIRD FLOOR, EAGLE HOUSE, 16 PROCTER STREET, LONDON WC1V 6 NX, ENGLAND SN 0300-5127 J9 BIOCHEM SOC T JI Biochem. Soc. Trans. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 23 IS 4 BP 929 EP 935 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA TH865 UT WOS:A1995TH86500048 PM 8654869 ER PT J AU KAWAHARA, FK DAVILA, B ALABED, SR VESPER, SJ IRELAND, JC ROCK, S AF KAWAHARA, FK DAVILA, B ALABED, SR VESPER, SJ IRELAND, JC ROCK, S TI POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) RELEASE FROM SOIL DURING TREATMENT WITH FENTONS REAGENT SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID POLLUTANTS AB Fenton's Reagent was used to treat soil from a wood-treating site in southeastern Ohio which had been contaminated with creosote. Slurries, consisting of 10 g contaminated soil and 30 mL water were treated with 40 mL of Fenton's Reagent (1:1 of 30% H2O2:8.84 mM FeSO4). Concentrations of fourteen PAHs were monitored during 24 hours treatment. In preliminary experiments, we observed a significant increase in the extractibility of the PAHs after 1 hour of treatment. Twelve of the fourteen PAHs showed consistent increases (13 to 56%) in extractibility from soil after one hour of contact time with the Reagent. Only acenaphthylene and acenaphthene showed no increase in extractibility. Electron exchange by structural iron in clay mineral and the swelling of clay layers is proposed as the release mechanism of tightly held PAHs. Results obtained in this study suggest that this treatment may enhance soil remediation. The results also indicate that the PAH analytical method employed may provide inaccurate results in some situations. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP KAWAHARA, FK (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 15 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 1995 VL 31 IS 9 BP 4131 EP 4142 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)80013-B PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TC688 UT WOS:A1995TC68800013 ER PT J AU CASH, GG AF CASH, GG TI CORRELATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKYLPHENOLS WITH THEIR GRAPH-THEORETICAL EPSILON-PARAMETER SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID HENRY LAW CONSTANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS AB For a series of 40 alkylphenols, the graph-theoretical parameter epsilon correlates very closely with physicochemical parameters of interest in predicting environmental toxicity and fate, and especially with logK(OW) (r = 0.998). Possible uses of this correlation are discussed, along with needs for extending the epsilon parameter to other types of molecules. RP CASH, GG (reprint author), US EPA,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW 7403,ENVIRONM EFFECTS BRANCH,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 1995 VL 31 IS 10 BP 4307 EP 4315 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00295-J PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF600 UT WOS:A1995TF60000008 PM 8520930 ER PT J AU VANEMON, JM GERLACH, CL AF VANEMON, JM GERLACH, CL TI THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT FOR THE IMMUNOASSAY SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article C1 LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL,ENVIRONM PROGRAMS OFF,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP VANEMON, JM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV CHARACTERIZAT RES,IMMUNOCHEM PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD NOV PY 1995 VL 25 IS 11 BP 51 EP 54 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA TG241 UT WOS:A1995TG24100016 ER PT J AU GHIO, AJ ROGGLI, VL AF GHIO, AJ ROGGLI, VL TI MYCOTOXINS AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG-DISEASE SO CHEST LA English DT Editorial Material ID PULMONARY C1 DUKE UNIV,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC. DUKE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. RP GHIO, AJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 3 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD NOV PY 1995 VL 108 IS 5 BP 1185 EP 1186 DI 10.1378/chest.108.5.1185-a PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA TD708 UT WOS:A1995TD70800002 PM 7587407 ER PT J AU STEFAN, HG HONDZO, M EATON, JG MCCORMICK, JH AF STEFAN, HG HONDZO, M EATON, JG MCCORMICK, JH TI VALIDATION OF A FISH HABITAT MODEL FOR LAKES SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE FISH; LAKE ECOSYSTEMS; MODEL VALIDATION; OXYGEN; TEMPERATURE ID THERMAL HABITAT; TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; WATER; STRATIFICATION; SIMULATION; BASS AB Water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations in 27 classes of lakes have been hindcast by simulation models and related to presence of coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fishes in 3002 Minnesota lakes. A one-dimensional, dynamic water quality model driven by 25 years of daily weather data was used to model water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles of these lakes. Fish presence data were available for these lakes from the Minnesota Lake Fisheries Data Base. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen criteria derived from a very large United States Environmental Protection Agency fish-temperature database and dissolved oxygen observations were used to define and link simulated water temperatures and dissolved oxygen conditions to suitability of habitats for coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish assemblages. Good agreement was found between fish presence and numerical simulations of fish habitat defined by water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Generally water temperature and DO are good indicators of suitable fish habitat. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP STEFAN, HG (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,ST ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAUL LAB,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414, USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 82 IS 3 BP 211 EP 224 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(94)00099-4 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TA279 UT WOS:A1995TA27900001 ER PT J AU TANNER, DK KNUTH, ML AF TANNER, DK KNUTH, ML TI EFFECTS OF AZINPHOS-METHYL ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF THE BLUEGILL SUNFISH, LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS, IN LITTORAL ENCLOSURES SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; CHLORPYRIFOS; FISH; FOOD; LAKE AB Adult bluegills were exposed to a single application of azinphosmethyl in 12 littoral enclosures in a northern Minnesota pond, Responses measured were adult behavior and spawning, embryo hatchability, larval survival until swim-up, young-of-year (Y-O-Y) growth, and total biomass, Four enclosures each were treated at 1.0 and 4.0 mu g/liter and four remained untreated, The half-life of azinphos-methyl was 2.3 and 2.4 days at each of the two treatment levels, respectively, Quantifiable residues remained in the water for 8 days, Concentrations of 4.0 or 1.0 mu g/liter did not cause any significant long-term (63 day) effects on bluegill reproduction, embryo hatchability, Larval survival, growth, or biomass, Although important bluegill prey such as copepod nauplii and cladocerans were significantly or greatly reduced by Day 7 following treatment, they recovered to levels equal to or greater than some of the control enclosures by Day 35. The apparent lack of significant long-term effects on reproductive success can be partially explained by the relatively short half-life of azinphos-methyl in littoral enclosures. (C) 1995 Academic Press, lnc. RP TANNER, DK (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 32 IS 2 BP 184 EP 193 DI 10.1006/eesa.1995.1101 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TD641 UT WOS:A1995TD64100010 PM 8575365 ER PT J AU Brown, S Gaston, G AF Brown, S Gaston, G TI Use of forest inventories and geographic information systems to estimate biomass density of tropical forests: Application to tropical Africa SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on African Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories and Mitigation Options - Forestry, Land-Use Change, and Agriculture CY MAY 29-JUN 02, 1995 CL JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA SP US Country Studies Program, UNEP AB One of the most important databases needed for estimating emissions of carbon dioxide resulting from changes in the cover, use, and management of tropical forests is the total quantity of biomass per unit area, referred to as biomass density. Forest inventories have been shown to be valuable sources of data for estimating biomass density, but inventories for the tropics are few in number and their quality is poor. This lack of reliable data has been overcome by use of a promising approach that produces geographically referenced estimates by modeling in a geographic information system (GIS). This approach has been used to produce geographically referenced, spatial distributions of potential and actual (circa 1980) aboveground biomass density of all forests types in tropical Africa. Potential and actual biomass density estimates ranged from 33 to 412 Mg ha(-1) (10(6)g ha(-1)) and 20 to 299 Mg ha(-1), respectively, for very dry lowland to moist lowland forests and from 78 to 197 Mg ha(-1) and 37 to 105 Mg ha(-1), respectively, for montane-seasonal to montane-moist forests. Of the 37 countries included in this study, more than half (51%) contained forests that had less than 60% of their potential biomass. Actual biomass density for forest vegetation was lowest in Botswana, Niger, Somalia, and Zimbabwe (about 10 to 15 Mg ha(-1)). Highest estimates for actual biomass density were found in Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Liberia (305 to 344 Mg ha(-1)). Results from this research effort can contribute to reducing uncertainty in the inventory of country-level emission by providing consistent estimates of biomass density at subnational scales that can be used with other similarly scaled databases on change in land cover and use. RP Brown, S (reprint author), US EPA,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2-3 BP 157 EP 168 DI 10.1007/BF00546760 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TP551 UT WOS:A1995TP55100006 PM 24197942 ER PT J AU Freeman, HM AF Freeman, HM TI Pollution prevention: The US experience SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB The article summarizes selected pollution prevention activities and programs at the U.S. EPA, within the private sector, and within various state governments during the period 1988 through 1995 when interest in pollution prevention has been on the rise in the U.S. Included are discussions of various voluntary programs such as the 33/50 Program and the Green Lights Program supported by the EPA. A list of EPA P2 manuals and reports available to the public in included. RP Freeman, HM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 214 EP 219 DI 10.1002/ep.670140408 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900008 ER PT J AU Durham, HB Hooper, AM AF Durham, HB Hooper, AM TI Evaluation of brush plated alloys as substitutes for tank plated hard chromium SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB This paper summarizes results obtained from a test program conducted in cooperation with Tinker Air Force Base (TAFB) in 1993 for the purpose of evaluating the potential of using brush plated alloys as replacements for tanks plated had chromium which is used in the overhaul of jet engines. Test specimens used in this study were fabricated from carbon steel, chromium-based stainless steel, and nickel-based stainless steel. Baseline specimens were tank plated with hard chromium or with a soft nickel capped with hard chromium. The specimens were tested for fatigue, thickness, microhardness, Taber wear, and Falex pin and vee block wear. All tests were conducted in accordance with standard procedures of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Test results obtained from the baseline specimens were compared with those obtained from specimens which had been coated with the three brush plated layered alloy solutions used in this evaluation. Results of this study show that brush plated alloy coatings appear promising as alternatives to tank plated hard chromium. Some data quality problems were encountered during testing, so at this time, definitive statements concerning the use of brush plating alloys as an acceptable alternative to tank plated hard chromium in critical TAFB maintenance, cannot be made. Although these tests results are not positive of TAFB's operation, users of hard chromium tank plating with less critical applications may find brush plated coatings a suitable alternative. RP Durham, HB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 220 EP 223 DI 10.1002/ep.670140409 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900009 ER PT J AU Licis, IJ AF Licis, IJ TI Pollution prevention possibilities for small and medium-sized industries: Analysis of the WRITE projects SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB This paper summarizes the results of the Waste Reduction Innovative Technology Evaluation Program (WRITE), an EPA pilot program with six (6) states and one (1) local government, to identify priority needs at the respective government level, find promising waste minimization technologies and perform an evaluation to determine performance, pollution prevention (P2) impact and costs. The research concentrated on environmental problems and P2 opportunities for small to medium-sized industries, technology at pilot- or full-scale, and use of voluntary business/state/EPA partnerships. A total of 41 technologies were tested and evaluated. The types of industries and processes included were coating, depainting, electronics, metal plating and finishing, painting, surface cleaning, steel and a number of miscellaneous categories. Many of the technology applications evaluated were able to list cost savings coupled with reduced or eliminated waste streams. It was found that technology benefits are largely application specific. However, favorable (or even unfavourable) findings for one application can be useful as a beginning for estimating other beneficial uses. RP Licis, IJ (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 224 EP 231 DI 10.1002/ep.670140410 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900010 ER PT J AU Randall, PM AF Randall, PM TI Mercury reduction in products and processes: A review of the electrical and electronic industries SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY; CADMIUM TELLURIDE; MOVPE; CDXHG1-XTE; GROWTH AB The electrical and electronics industries have significantly reduced the amount of mercury from various products and processes. However, the unique electrome-chanical and photoelectronic properties of mercury and mercury compounds have made replacement of mercury difficult in some applications. This paper identifies many of the source reduction and recycling alternatives for mercury in electrical and electronic applications and reviews the usage trends for mercury in the U.S. Data suggests that U.S. companies have clearly decreased the amount of mercury over the past 10 years; the most significant change has occurred in batteries with a 99% decline in mercury use. For products where the photoelectronic properties of mercury are important (e.g., electric lighting), a recycling infrastructure is developing. One potential problematic area may be the use of mercury in semiconductors where mercury may be difficult to recycle and may generate a large quantity of waste relative to mercury use. RP Randall, PM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Randall, Paul/M-6232-2014 NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 232 EP 239 DI 10.1002/ep.670140411 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900011 ER PT J AU Houthoofd, JM AF Houthoofd, JM TI Pollution prevention applications in construction and water resource management SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB The article discusses selected pollution prevention applications and opportunities in the fields of construction and water resource management, fields with which the term ''pollution prevention'' is not typically associated. The article targets an audience composed of professionals who have an interest in these fields and begins by presenting a brief background on pollution prevention with this audience in mind. How pollution prevention principles and practices may be incorporated into construction and water resource management is then discussed. The main themes touched upon fall into the categories of conservation of resources, thoughtful and efficient design, use of recycled materials in construction, life-cycle considerations, and sustainable development. Several major work areas within the overall scope are selected for more detailed development to demonstrate the application of pollution prevention principles. Areas of emphasis include building design and construction, pavements, wastewater reuse, and pipeline construction. A literature review style is used to briefly present substantial portions of the information. RP Houthoofd, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 254 EP 260 DI 10.1002/ep.670140414 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900014 ER PT J AU Stone, KR Springer, J AF Stone, KR Springer, J TI Review of solvent cleaning in aerospace operations and pollution prevention alternatives SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB This paper examines the use of selected solvents in degreasing, cold cleaning and spot cleaning applications in the aerospace industry, with emphasis on Federal facility operations. Research referenced in this paper is drawn from aerospace industry participants and from research conducted under the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), as well as EPA's Waste Reduction Evaluations At Federal Sites (WREAFS) program. SERDP is a cooperative effort between DoD, DOE and EPA to develop environmental solutions that enhance mission readiness in defence operations. WREAFS, founded in 1988, is an EPA-backed program that works with individual military bases, research centers and Federal facilities to promote pollution prevention opportunities and advance technologies to reduce environmental impacts while enhancing efficiency in Federal operations. With the increasing regulatory pressure preceded by the Clean Air Act, Montreal Protocols and various Executive orders, the use of certain highly effective, but environmentally harmful solvents has been restricted and will likely be further limited in the future. In the aerospace industry, primary solvents are also found on EPA's 33/50 list-often referred to as the ''EPA 17'' list-of hazardous chemicals identified for reductions. With the added concerns of customer demand, market forces and costs, participants in both the private and public sector components of the aerospace industry and operations are moving to find replacements for the targeted chemicals. Various strategies are being considered, both chemical and mechanical in nature. The purpose of this paper will be to select some of the primary solvents and evaluate promising alternative chemicals and cleaning operations currently available. It will also provide a briefing on some alternatives currently being evaluated at Federal facilities. RP Stone, KR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,OFF RES & DEV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 261 EP 265 DI 10.1002/ep.670140415 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900015 ER PT J AU Springer, J Stone, KR AF Springer, J Stone, KR TI A review of pollution prevention depainting alternatives SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB This paper summarizes the technologies and products for paint removal systems for aircraft, vehicles, and equipment, describing the mechanisms by which the technologies operate. The paper also discusses federal regulations that have had an impact on the development of technology in the area of coating removal. Pollution prevention assets and liabilities are presented for each technology and regulatory and other factors that will influence the future direction of coating removal technology development are discussed. RP Springer, J (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 266 EP 272 DI 10.1002/ep.670140416 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900016 ER PT J AU Bridges, JS Hoagland, NT AF Bridges, JS Hoagland, NT TI Using pollution prevention tools for compliance in the federal community SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB In addition to environmental laws, Federal facilities must comply with Presidential Executive Orders, such as Executive Order 12856 which requires Federal facilities to put policies and practices in place in their environmental programs which emphasize pollution prevention as the alternative of ''first choice'' for how they will (1) achieve compliance with new regulations and requirements; (2) ensure compliance with existing regulations and requirements; and (3) return to compliance when violations are identified. This article identifies major environmental laws and executive orders affecting Federal facilities and presents demonstrated pollution prevention techniques and tools that will help Federal facilities with the environmental challenges while meeting mission objectives. RP Bridges, JS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 273 EP 279 DI 10.1002/ep.670140417 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900017 ER PT J AU Olbina, R AF Olbina, R TI Development of a computer supported information system for measuring pollution prevention progress SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB The paper deals with the development of an information system for measuring pollution prevention progress at the industrial production facility level. The design for information systems is presented. Examples of information systems for solving of environmental problems are discussed. A framework of industrial production and waste generation system as a pollution prevention measuring system is outlined. A model of the system is presented and parameters are precisely defined. Cost analysis of the system is also carried out. Based on the model, an information system scheme for measuring pollution prevention progress is shown and its testing in an industrial production facility is discussed. RP Olbina, R (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,POLLUT PREVENT RES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP 280 EP 288 DI 10.1002/ep.670140418 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900018 ER PT J AU Freeman, H AF Freeman, H TI Pollution prevention: A new approach for environmental improvement SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Freeman, H (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,POLLUT PREVENT RES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 4 BP N2 EP N2 DI 10.1002/ep.670140402 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD769 UT WOS:A1995UD76900001 ER PT J AU ANKLEY, GT ERICKSON, RJ PHIPPS, GL MATTSON, VR KOSIAN, PA SHEEDY, BR COX, JS AF ANKLEY, GT ERICKSON, RJ PHIPPS, GL MATTSON, VR KOSIAN, PA SHEEDY, BR COX, JS TI EFFECTS OF LIGHT-INTENSITY ON THE PHOTOTOXICITY OF FLUORANTHENE TO A BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SUNFISH LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; PHOTOINDUCED TOXICITY; SINGLET OXYGEN; ANTHRACENE; DAPHNIA; RADIATION; FISH AB Conceptual models suggest that the toxicity of photoactivated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) should be a direct function both of chemical (PAH) dose and intensity of the ultraviolet (UV) light to which the organism is exposed. However, there have been only limited studies with aquatic organisms to quantify the relationship between PAH dose and UV intensity in producing phototoxicity. In this study, oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) were exposed, via the water, to multiple concentrations of fluoranthene, a PAH known to be phototoxic, and then placed under UV light at three different intensities. The resultant phototoxicity clearly was a function both of PAH dose and light intensity. Time-dependent mortality of the oligochaetes could be accurately predicted through evaluation of the product of fluoranthene dose (in the tissue of the animal) and light intensity to which the organisms were exposed. These results indicate that criteria for phototoxic chemicals should incorporate consideration not only of xenobiotic exposure but also of light intensity in specific aquatic environments. RP ANKLEY, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 29 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 11 BP 2828 EP 2833 DI 10.1021/es00011a019 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TC856 UT WOS:A1995TC85600037 PM 22206531 ER PT J AU MASUNAGA, S WOLFE, NL CARRIERA, L AF MASUNAGA, S WOLFE, NL CARRIERA, L TI TRANSFORMATION OF BENZONITRILES IN ANAEROBIC SEDIMENT AND IN SEDIMENT EXTRACT SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PARASUBSTITUTED BENZONITRILE; TRANSFORMATION; SEDIMENT; SEDIMENT EXTRACT; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP ID RHODOCOCCUS-RHODOCHROUS J1; AROMATIC NITRILES; PURIFICATION; DEGRADATION; MECHANISMS; KINETICS; PRODUCTS; SOIL; J-1 AB Transformations of para-substituted benzonitriles in sediment and in sediment extract were studied. In raw anaerobic sediment, most of the benzonitriles were transformed to benzoic acids without benzamide intermediates. Very slow disappearance of benzonitrile in autoclave-sterilized sediment was explained by the chemical hydrolysis, while relatively rapid decrease in gamma-irradiation-sterilized sediment indicated another abiotic mechanism. Hence, extracted protein fraction from sediment active against benzonitrile was surveyed. The obtained active fraction transformed para-substituted benzonitriles to corresponding benzoic acids without any intermediates, which resembled reported nitrilase enzyme activity. Quantitative structure-reactivity relationship (QSRR) analyses of pam-substituted benzonitrile transformation-rate constants in raw sediment and in sediment extract fraction indicated that both of them had some correlation with hydrophobicity. This contrasted with the chemical hydrolysis of these compounds, which was controlled by electronic substituent constant (Hammett sigma(p)). This was an encouraging sign that the obtained sediment extract fraction is possibly responsible at least for part of the reaction in raw sediment. Various reaction mechanisms are present for degradation of xenobiotics in anaerobic sediment. This study presented the possible abiotic mechanism attributable to protein fraction in sediment. Further studies are necessary to understand the total reaction mechanisms in aquatic sediment. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP MASUNAGA, S (reprint author), NATL INST RESOURCES & ENVIRONM,16-3 ONOGAWA,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. RI Masunaga, Shigeki/F-1315-2011 OI Masunaga, Shigeki/0000-0003-0608-2337 NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1827 EP 1838 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1827:TOBIAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TB369 UT WOS:A1995TB36900004 ER PT J AU GARRISON, AW CIPOLLONE, MG WOLFE, NL SWANK, RR AF GARRISON, AW CIPOLLONE, MG WOLFE, NL SWANK, RR TI ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL MANGANESE TRICARBONYL SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE MMT; DEGRADATION; FATE; K-OW; SOLUBILITY ID REDOX AB Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) has been proposed as an octane booster for unleaded gasoline; such use could result in ecological and human exposure through surface water and groundwater ecosystems. To evaluate the environmental risks from MMT, its environmental fate constants and transformation pathways must be known. Constants for physical parameters that would likely influence MMT fate were collected from the literature or calculated; the compound's octanol/water partition coefficient and water solubility were determined in the laboratory. Experiments were designed to screen MMT for transformation pathways that are significant over environmentally short time frames. The MMT was found to be fairly stable in the dark in aquifer materials and sediments at Various Eh levels; half-lives ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 years in aquifer materials at 25 degrees C. (These matrices were not optimized for biodegradation.) On the other hand, MMT photolyzes rapidly in distilled water; its half-life in midday sunlight in water is approximately 1 min and the disappearance quantum yield is 0.13. Photodegradation products were identified as cyclopentadiene, methyl cyclopentadiene, carbon monoxide, and a manganese carbonyl that readily oxidized to trimanganese tetroxide. C1 TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP GARRISON, AW (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,950 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1859 EP 1864 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1859:EFOMMT]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TB369 UT WOS:A1995TB36900007 ER PT J AU INGERSOLL, CG ANKLEY, GT BENOIT, DA BRUNSON, EL BURTON, GA DWYER, FJ HOKE, RA LANDRUM, PF NORBERGKING, TJ WINGER, PV AF INGERSOLL, CG ANKLEY, GT BENOIT, DA BRUNSON, EL BURTON, GA DWYER, FJ HOKE, RA LANDRUM, PF NORBERGKING, TJ WINGER, PV TI TOXICITY AND BIOACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANTS USING FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATES - A REVIEW OF METHODS AND APPLICATIONS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TOXICITY; BIOACCUMULATION; HYALELLA AZTECA; CHIRONOMUS TENTANS; LUMBRICULUS VARIEGATUS ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; WATER SEDIMENTS; LUMBRICULUS-VARIEGATUS; BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; CHIRONOMUS-TENTANS; HYALELLA-AZTECA; RIVER; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; BIOAVAILABILITY; CADMIUM AB This paper reviews recent developments in methods for evaluating the toxicity and bioaccumulation of contaminants associated with freshwater sediments and summarizes example case studies demonstrating the application of these methods. Over the past decade, research has emphasized development of more specific testing procedures for conducting 10-d toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyaella azteca and the midge Chironomus tentans. Toxicity endpoints measured in these tests are survival for H. azteca and survival and growth for C. tentans. Guidance has also been developed for conducting 28-d bioaccumulation tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, including determination of bioaccumulation kinetics for different compound classes. These methods have been applied to a variety of sediments to address issues ranging from site assessments to bioavailability of organic and inorganic contaminants using field-collected and laboratory-spiked samples. Survival and growth of controls routinely meet or exceed test acceptability criteria. Results of laboratory bioaccumulation studies with L. variegatus have been confirmed with comparisons to residues (PCBs, PAHs, DDT) present from synoptically collected field populations of oligochaetes. Additional method development is currently underway to develop chronic toxicity tests and to provide additional data-confirming responses observed in laboratory sediment tests with natural benthic populations. C1 US EPA,DIV MIDCONTINENT ECOL,DULUTH,MN 55804. WRIGHT STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM QUAL,DEPT BIOL SCI,DAYTON,OH 45435. SAIC CORP,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. NOAA,GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM RES LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. NATL BIOL SERV,SE BIOL SCI CTR,ATHENS FIELD RES STN,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP INGERSOLL, CG (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,CTR MIDWEST SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65201, USA. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010; Burton, Glenn/Q-9714-2016 OI Burton, Glenn/0000-0002-8660-6294 NR 62 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 4 U2 44 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1885 EP 1894 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1885:TABOSC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TB369 UT WOS:A1995TB36900010 ER PT J AU SWARTZ, RC SCHULTS, DW OZRETICH, RJ LAMBERSON, JO COLE, FA DEWITT, TH REDMOND, MS FERRARO, SP AF SWARTZ, RC SCHULTS, DW OZRETICH, RJ LAMBERSON, JO COLE, FA DEWITT, TH REDMOND, MS FERRARO, SP TI SIGMA-PAH - A MODEL TO PREDICT THE TOXICITY OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON MIXTURES IN FIELD-COLLECTED SEDIMENTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SEDIMENT TOXICITY; AMPHIPODS; PAH; TOXIC UNITS ID RHEPOXYNIUS-ABRONIUS; INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; QUALITY CRITERIA; FISH; HARBOR AB The Sigma PAH model estimates the probability of toxicity of PAH-contaminated sediments using a combination of equilibrium partitioning, QSAR, toxic unit, additivity, and concentration-response models. The sediment concentration of organic carbon and 13 PAH (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon) compounds were measured. Interstitial water concentrations (PAH(iw)) of the 13 compounds were predicted by equilibrium partitioning. The 10-d LC50 of each compound in interstitial water (10-d LC50(iw)) was predicted by a QSAR regression of 10-d LC50(iw) (from spiked sediment tests) to K-ow. Toxic unit concentrations of individual compounds (TUi) were predicted as PAH(iw)/10-d LC50(iw). The total number of toxic units of the 13 compounds (Sigma TUi) was calculated assuming the additivity of toxic effects of PAHs. Sigma TUi was used to predict the probability of toxicity to marine and estuarine amphipods using a concentration-response model derived from spiked sediment toxicity tests. The Sigma PAH model was verified by comparing predicted and observed toxicity in field-collected sediment samples. There was 86.6% correspondence and no significant difference between predicted and observed toxicity at PAH-contaminated sites. Ecological-effect levels predicted by the Sigma PAH model correspond with several sediment-quality guidelines. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. ASCI CORP,NEWPORT,OR 97365. RP SWARTZ, RC (reprint author), US EPA,2111 SE MARINE SCI DR,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 40 TC 151 Z9 162 U1 1 U2 32 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1977 EP 1987 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1977:PAMTPT]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TB369 UT WOS:A1995TB36900020 ER PT J AU LINDER, RE KLINEFELTER, GR STRADER, LF NAROTSKY, MG SUAREZ, JD ROBERTS, NL PERREAULT, SD AF LINDER, RE KLINEFELTER, GR STRADER, LF NAROTSKY, MG SUAREZ, JD ROBERTS, NL PERREAULT, SD TI DIBROMOACETIC ACID AFFECTS REPRODUCTIVE COMPETENCE AND SPERM QUALITY IN THE MALE-RAT SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; OZONATION; DICHLOROACETATE; CHLORINATION; DURATION; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; SODIUM AB Recently, we demonstrated with short-duration tests that dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), a commonly occurring by-product of water disinfection, alters sperm morphology and motility in the male rat. These results suggested that the effects of DBAA on sperm quality were likely to compromise reproductive competence of the male rat early in subchronic exposure. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the dose response and time course of alterations in fertility and sperm quality. Proven breeder male rats were gavaged daily with 0, 2, 10, 50, or 250 mg DBAA/kg for up to 79 days; interim and terminal measurements of sperm quality and reproductive outcome were made. Because of the known neurotoxicity of the analogue, dichloroacetic acid, both natural breeding and artificial inseminations were evaluated in untreated females to distinguish between possible behavioral and spermatogenic effects. DBAA compromised male fertility during the second treatment week in naturally bred rats dosed with 250 mg/kg. The early antifertility effect appeared to be the result of behavioral changes since females artificially inseminated with sperm collected on Day 9 successfully produced offspring. However, sperm morphology and motility also were rapidly affected by DBAA treatment so that no offspring via natural insemination and only one litter via artificial insemination were produced subsequent to Day 15. Through 31 days, substantial effects on sperm motility, sperm morphology, and epididymal sperm numbers were observed, but there was no demonstrable effect on serum testosterone or sperm production. Because severe toxicity developed in the group given 250 mg/kg, exposure of these animals was prematurely terminated after 42 doses and their recovery was monitored through a 6-month posttreatment period; decreased testis weights and only limited recovery of reproductive performance were observed. Exposure to 50 mg/kg resulted in moderate changes in sperm morphology and motility and moderate decreases in epididymal sperm counts in rats dosed for 31 or 79 days. However, these males remained fertile, litter size was unaffected, and no paternally mediated developmental defects were noted in their offspring. No effects on sperm quality were detected at dosages of 2 or 10 mg/kg. However, compared to controls, naturally bred DBAA-treated rats tended to have fewer inseminations, fewer copulatory plugs, and fewer multiple litters, suggesting that DBAA may have altered mating behavior at dosages as low as 10 mg/kg. (C) 1995 Society of Toxicology RP LINDER, RE (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,MD 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 28 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1006/faat.1995.1140 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TC225 UT WOS:A1995TC22500002 PM 8566488 ER PT J AU STANTON, ME CROFTON, KM GRAY, LE GORDON, CJ BOYES, WK MOLE, ML PEELE, DB BUSHNELL, PJ AF STANTON, ME CROFTON, KM GRAY, LE GORDON, CJ BOYES, WK MOLE, ML PEELE, DB BUSHNELL, PJ TI ASSESSMENT OF OFFSPRING DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO INHALED METHANOL IN THE RAT SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE; VISUAL-EVOKED-POTENTIALS; PREWEANLING RATS; DELAYED ALTERNATION; NEONATAL EXPOSURE; ACOUSTIC STARTLE; ADULT-RATS; SHORT-TERM; DISCRIMINATION; INHIBITION AB The prospect of widespread human exposure associated with its use as an alternative fuel has sparked concern about the toxic potential of inhaled methanol (MeOH). Previous studies have revealed congenital malformations in rats following inhaled MeOH (Nelson et al. (1985). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 5, 727-736) but these studies did not include postnatal behavioral assessment. In the present study, pregnant Long-Evans rats were placed in exposure chambers containing 15,000 ppm MeOH or air for 7 hr/day on Gestational Days (GD) 7-19. The total alveolar dose of methanol was estimated at about 6.1 g/kg/day, for a total dose of about 42.7 g/kg for the entire study. Maternal body weights were recorded daily and blood methanol concentrations were determined at the end of exposure on GD 7, 10, 14, and 18. Following birth (Postnatal Day 0 [PND 0]), a number of tests were performed at various points in development, including: offspring mortality and body wt (PND 1, 3), motor activity (PND 13-21, 30, 60), olfactory learning (PND 18), behavioral thermoregulation (PND 20-21), T-maze learning (PND 23-24), acoustic startle response (PND 24, 60), reflex modification audiometry (PND 60), pubertal landmarks (PND 31-56), passive avoidance (PND 72), and visual-evoked potentials (PND 160). Maternal blood MeOH levels, measured from samples taken within 15 min after removal from the exposure chamber, declined from about 3.8 mg/ml on the first day of exposure to 3.1 mg/ml on the 12th day of exposure. MeOH transiently reduced maternal body wt (4-7%) on GD 8-10, and offspring BW (5%) on PND 1. No other test revealed significant effects of MeOH. Prenatal exposure to high levels of inhaled MeOH appears to have little effect on this broad battery of tests beyond PND 1 in the rat. (C) 1995 society of Toxicology C1 US EPA,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NSI ENVIRONM SCI INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP STANTON, ME (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 51 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 28 IS 1 BP 100 EP 110 DI 10.1006/faat.1995.1151 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TC225 UT WOS:A1995TC22500013 PM 8566474 ER PT J AU NOAH, TL YANKASKAS, JR CARSON, JL GAMBLING, TM CAZARES, LH MCKINNON, KP DEVLIN, RB AF NOAH, TL YANKASKAS, JR CARSON, JL GAMBLING, TM CAZARES, LH MCKINNON, KP DEVLIN, RB TI TIGHT JUNCTIONS AND MUCIN MESSENGER-RNA IN BEAS-2B CELLS SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Letter ID BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; EXPRESSION; CALCIUM; GENES C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,DEPT MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. TRC ALLIANCE CORP,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL19171] NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI COLUMBIA PA 8815 CENTRE PARK DRIVE SUITE 210, COLUMBIA, MD 21045 SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 31 IS 10 BP 738 EP 740 PG 3 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA TD687 UT WOS:A1995TD68700003 PM 8564059 ER PT J AU MARTONEN, T ZHANG, ZQ YANG, YD AF MARTONEN, T ZHANG, ZQ YANG, YD TI INTERSPECIES MODELING OF INHALED GASES SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT; DEPOSITION; AIRWAYS AB Information concerning factors affecting human inhalation toxicology can be obtained from exposure experiments performed with surrogates such as laboratory rats. An interspecies model simulating mass transport processes is in much demand to aid in the interpretation and extrapolation of the resultant data to human conditions. In this work, the mathematical model developed by Martonen et al. (1995) that describes mass transfer efficiencies of inhaled gases (e.g., ozone) in the human respiratory tract has been adapted to (and subsequently verified for) rat airways. The Weibel (1991) and Yeh et al. (1979) morphologies are used to describe the human and rat lungs, respectively. Enhanced CO2 concentrations in inhalation exposure chambers are used to produce desired breathing patterns in rats that mimic human breathing patterns as functions of increased physical activity levels. Results show that diffusion efficiencies for rats are about 100% higher than for humans in most tracheobronchial airways at corresponding levels of activity. The most suitable approximation of human diffusion efficiency curves at a sedentary condition is attained using a high CO2 concentration (8%) exposure chamber environment in rat experiments. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT MECH ENGN & APPL MECH,KINGSTON,RI 02881. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP MARTONEN, T (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 7 IS 8 BP 1125 EP 1139 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TF141 UT WOS:A1995TF14100001 ER PT J AU CAIRNS, M BARKER, J SHEA, R HAGGERTY, P AF CAIRNS, M BARKER, J SHEA, R HAGGERTY, P TI CARBON DYNAMICS OF MEXICAN TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS - INFLUENCE OF FORESTRY MITIGATION OPTIONS AND REFINEMENT OF CARBONFLUX ESTIMATES SO INTERCIENCIA LA English DT Article DE CARBON FLUX; MEXICO; TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS; FOREST MANAGEMENT; CARBON CYCLE; MITIGATION ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; SINKS; CO2; BIOMASS; DIOXIDE AB Tropical evergreen forests (TEF) of Mexico were deforested al a rate of approximately 206,000 ha/yr with a carbon (C) efflux of nearly 21 Tg/yr between 1980 and 1993. Land formerly occupied by these forests have potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we model two management scenarios in southeast Mexico and their effects on CO2 flux. We also model two scenarios to examine possible adjustments to the region's net C-flux estimate by accounting for regrowth of degraded forests and increase of C stocks in mature forests. Potential TEF distribution in the study area and current forest inventory data from Mexico's National Periodic Forest Inventory are compared to calculate areas available for modeling land-based C flux. The CO2FIX model was used to evaluate potential C sequestration of mahogany plantations. Possible C conservation through reduced deforestation in TEF is evaluated by a simple spreadsheet model, as are improvements to the region's C-flux estimates from degraded land regrowth and C accretion in mature forests. Total C sequestration modeled in the four scenarios accounted for up to 31 Tg/yr. This illustrates the significant impacts that land management may have on carbon balance estimates and accounting for a portion of the missing global carbon sink. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,ODGEN PROFESSIONAL SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP CAIRNS, M (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 60 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 20 IS 6 BP 401 EP & PG 0 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TK173 UT WOS:A1995TK17300015 ER PT J AU FRASER, D DAVIES, C JONES, RT AF FRASER, D DAVIES, C JONES, RT TI CAPITAL NEEDS OF SMALL SYSTEMS SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Over the past two years, the US environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has conducted the first national survey of the infrastructure meeds of community public water supplied. As a part of this survey, USEPA personnel and contractors visited more than 600 small systems to assess capital needs. Small systems were visited in every state, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and Pacific Islands. Native American systems and Alaska Native villages were visited as well. A preliminary analysis of the site visits indicates that (1) many small systems face significant capital improvement needs, (2) small system capital needs often arise as a result of substandard design and construction, and (3) most needs of small systems are associated with potential acute health in anticipation of a state revolving loan fund, USEPA personnel and contractors visited more than 600 small systems to assess how money could best bet allocated. Site visits reaffirmed, as reflected in these photographs, that conditions vary widely from system to system. Equipment at some systems may not be in good condition, like this floating reservoir cover (top left); some systems may dose wells intermittently with chlorine to take care of coliform contamination problems (top right); some service lines consist of garden hoses. C1 CADMUS GRP,WALTHAM,MA 02154. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 87 IS 11 BP 32 EP 38 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TD907 UT WOS:A1995TD90700007 ER PT J AU CAMPBELL, S LYKINS, BW GOODRICH, JA POST, D LAY, T AF CAMPBELL, S LYKINS, BW GOODRICH, JA POST, D LAY, T TI PACKAGE PLANTS FOR SMALL SYSTEMS - A FIELD-STUDY SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER-SYSTEMS AB A joint field study was conducted by AWWA and the Drinking Water Research Division of the US Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate existing small community systems that use package plant technology. Forty-eight package plant systems representing a geographic and technological cross section were evaluated through an examination of historical water quality, financial records, site visits, and analysis of samples of raw and finished water. Most systems were performing adequately; however, a few were not in compliance with standards for turbidity or inorganic contaminants. Standardized levels of operator certification, knowledge and use of technical assistance, and good management practices were lacking in many systems. In addition, several systems would have difficulty complying with parts of the Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rule or the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. C1 AWWA,DENVER,CO 80235. AWWA,BOULDER,CO 80304. RP CAMPBELL, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,DIV WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 87 IS 11 BP 39 EP 47 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TD907 UT WOS:A1995TD90700008 ER PT J AU LYKINS, BW ASTLE, R SCHLAFER, JL SHANAGHAN, PE AF LYKINS, BW ASTLE, R SCHLAFER, JL SHANAGHAN, PE TI REDUCING FLUORIDE BY MANAGED POU TREATMENT SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Through the cooperative efforts of regulatory agencies, utility management, and equipment manufacturers, a small systems demonstration study involving reverse osmosis point-of-use (POU) drinking water units for fluoride reduction has been successfully concluded in Suffolk, Va. This three-year study offers evidence for the regulatory consideration of individual POU treatment units for fluoride reduction in small public water systems if more conventional measures are unavailable. C1 KINETICO INC,NEWBURY,OH 44065. ECOWATER SYST INC,ST PAUL,MN 55164. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP LYKINS, BW (reprint author), US EPA,SYST & FIELD EVALUAT BRANCH,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 87 IS 11 BP 57 EP 65 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TD907 UT WOS:A1995TD90700010 ER PT J AU Slott, VL Jeffay, SC Suarez, JD Barbee, RR Perreault, SD AF Slott, VL Jeffay, SC Suarez, JD Barbee, RR Perreault, SD TI Synchronous assessment of sperm motility and fertilizing ability in the hamster following treatment with alpha-chlorohydrin SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hamster sperm; motility; CASA; fertility; alpha-chlorohydrin ID EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOZOA; MOTION PARAMETERS; RAT SPERMATOZOA; EPICHLOROHYDRIN AB To investigate the relationship between sperm motion parameters and fertilizing ability, a model was developed to assess both of these endpoints synchronously using a toxicant that inhibits sperm motion. alpha-Chlorohydrin (ACH) was administered daily for 4 days to male hamsters at 0, 33, 49, 66, and 83 mg/kg body weight, These males were then allowed a 45-minute breeding period with untreated estrus females on the morning of day 5. One hour after breeding, sperm samples were surgically recovered from the uteri of the females for motility analysis. Six hours later, eggs were flushed from the oviducts and evaluated for fertilization. Cauda epididymal sperm were also collected from the males shortly after breeding. Proportions of motile and progressively motile sperm were manually quantified, and overall sperm velocity and the velocity of representative vigorously swimming sperm in both the uterine and epididymal samples were measured by computer-aided sperm analysis. Significant decreases in in vivo fertilization rates and epididymal sperm motion parameters were observed at 66 and 83 mg/kg ACH, whereas uterine sperm motion was adversely affected at all ACH dosages used. All sperm motion parameters except the percentage of motile sperm in the epididymis were significantly correlated with fertilization rates by both linear and logistic regression. Overall, uterine and epididymal sperm endpoints predicted fertilizing ability comparably well. Stepwise multiple linear regression gave a model containing epididymal sperm velocity (EVCL) and uterine sperm percent motility (UMOT) with an R(2) value of 0.649. Stepwise multiple logistic regression gave models containing EVCL alone and EVCL and UMOT in binary (fertile/infertile) and quantal models, respectively. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 16 IS 6 BP 523 EP 535 PG 13 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TN523 UT WOS:A1995TN52300009 PM 8867601 ER PT J AU Olson, NL Carrell, R Cummings, R Rieck, R Reimer, S AF Olson, NL Carrell, R Cummings, R Rieck, R Reimer, S TI Atomic emission detection for gas chromatographic analysis of nitrogen-containing herbicides in water SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED) system was used to analyze nitrogen-containing herbicides. Two methods of sample preparation were used to demonstrate the system's applicability. Method 1 was U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 507. Method 2 was a modification of EPA Method 507 using larger sample volumes and smaller extract volumes to yield compound detection levels 30 times lower than detection levels from method 1. Analysis of replicate reagent water spikes with method 1 gave analyte recoveries ranging from 82 to 107%, with standard deviations of recovery of not more than 6.7%. Method 2 gave recoveries ranging from 50 to 112%, with a standard deviation of recovery of not more than 33%. A loss in recovery and precision with method 2 compared with method 1 was attributed to loss of more volatile analytes during extract concentration. Selectivity was demonstrated with solvent spiked with fuel oil and atrazine. Response factors generated with the GC-AED system showed compound-independent elemental linearity for analytes, Relative standard deviations of not more than 5.34% were obtained for 3 elements tested: nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine, An elemental calibration mixture was prepared to validate traditional methods of quantitation. Samples were analyzed for nitrogen-containing herbicides, which were quantitated with both an analyte calibration and an elemental calibration, and results were compared. C1 US EPA,REG 10,MANCHESTER ENVIRONM LAB,PORT ORCHARD,WA 98366. RP Olson, NL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE DEPT ECOL,MANCHESTER ENVIRONM LAB,7411 BEACH DR E,PORT ORCHARD,WA 98366, USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 78 IS 6 BP 1464 EP 1473 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW173 UT WOS:A1995TW17300021 PM 8664584 ER PT J AU BROWN, JS GERRITY, TR BENNETT, WD KIM, CS HOUSE, DE AF BROWN, JS GERRITY, TR BENNETT, WD KIM, CS HOUSE, DE TI DISPERSION OF AEROSOL BOLUSES IN THE HUMAN LUNG - DEPENDENCE ON LUNG-VOLUME, BOLUS VOLUME, AND GENDER SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PULMONARY MIXING; BOLUS DISPERSION; LUNG MECHANICS; VENTILATION ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT; DEPOSITION; MODELS AB The dispersion of aerosol boluses in the human lungs has been studied in health and disease, usually as a means of investigating convective mixing. However, there are limited data on the roles of critical factors, such as the volume of inhaled boluses, lung inflation, and gender on dispersion. To examine these factors, we measured the difference in volume variance between exhaled and inhaled boluses (sigma(V)(2)) of a 0.5-mu m aerosol in 11 healthy male and 12 healthy female subjects as a function of tidal volume (V-T = 1,000 and 1,500 ml in females and 1,000 and 2,000 ml in males), bolus penetration volume ((V) over bar(i) at 250-ml increments over each V-T), and bolus volume (target V-Bol = 75, 150, and 300 ml). Analysis of variance showed marginally significant gender effects (P = 0.073) on sigma(V)(2), with sigma(V)(2) greater in males than in females. There was also a significant effect of V-Bol,1 on sigma(V)(2) (P < 0.001). A (V) over bar(i)-dependent mean volume shift between inhaled and exhaled boluses (Delta (V) over bar) was observed at all (V) over bar i except 500 ml. The observation of gender and V-Bol effects and the existence of a nonzero Delta (V) over bar suggest that convective mixing mechanisms other than longitudinal dispersion alone occur in the healthy lung. The lack of V-T dependence suggests a minimal role of lung inflation above functional residual capacity on dispersion. The dependence of sigma(V)(2) on (V) over bar(i)(2) up to 1,750 ml and minimal V-Bol effects demonstrates that convective mixing processes continue far into the gas exchange regions of the lung and support a significant role for axial streaming. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP BROWN, JS (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CB 7310,MED RES BLDG C,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 79 IS 5 BP 1787 EP 1795 PG 9 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA TD929 UT WOS:A1995TD92900051 PM 8594042 ER PT J AU PARSONS, GR KEALY, MJ AF PARSONS, GR KEALY, MJ TI A DEMAND THEORY FOR NUMBER OF TRIPS IN A RANDOM UTILITY MODEL OF RECREATION SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WATER AB We present a simple random utility model of recreation site choice that incorporates an aggregate demand function for number of trips during a season. We derive the trip demand function using conventional demand theory and use it to calculate seasonal welfare changes due to improvements in site characteristics or addition of new sites. The model is based on Bockstael, et al.'s participation function. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP PARSONS, GR (reprint author), UNIV DELAWARE,NEWARK,DE 19716, USA. NR 7 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 3 BP 357 EP 367 DI 10.1006/jeem.1995.1052 PN 1 PG 11 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF837 UT WOS:A1995TF83700007 ER PT J AU Lubinski, BA Davis, WP Taylor, DS Turner, BJ AF Lubinski, BA Davis, WP Taylor, DS Turner, BJ TI Outcrossing in a natural population of a self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID RIVULUS-MARMORATUS; DIFFERENTIATION; DIVERGENCE; DIVERSITY AB Outcrossing has been documented in a natural population of the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic killifish, Rivulus marmoratus. All of the 24 hermaphrodites collected in 1991 on Twin Gays, a small island adjacent to the Belize barrier reef, proved, by direct assay of their progeny, to be multiply heterozygous for mini- and microsatellite loci detected by DNA fingerprinting. The results are strikingly different from those obtained previously with this species, for ail other populations studied have consisted of arrays of homozygous clones. The outcrossing in the population presumably stems from male x hermaphrodite matings. Males of the species are usually rare in nature, but were relatively common on Twin Gays, possibly produced by temperature extremes on the island. Outcrossing in the Twin Gays populations may therefore be the direct result of the environmental induction of males. If true, this would be an example of phenotypic plasticity of almost unprecedented impact. However, there is evidence that social factors, as yet unresolved, may also be important in both the requisites of outcrossing: the induction of males and the reduction of internal self-fertilization in hermaphrodites. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. BREVARD MOSQUITO CONTROL DIST,PALM BAY,FL. NR 27 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 86 IS 6 BP 469 EP 473 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA TL747 UT WOS:A1995TL74700009 ER PT J AU WINNIK, W BRUMLEY, W BETOWSKI, L AF WINNIK, W BRUMLEY, W BETOWSKI, L TI NEGATIVE-ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY OF SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDES SO JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID COLLISION-INDUCED DISSOCIATIONS; RESIDUE ANALYSIS; IONIZATION; PEPTIDES AB Sulfonylurea herbicides have been studied using negative-ion desorption chemical ionization (DCI) mass spectrometry (MS) and DCI-MS/MS techniques. Both [M - H](-) and M(-.) ions were observed in the DCI mass spectra. The collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) spectra were characteristic of the structure of the herbicides examined. The fragmentation pattern was established based on the tandem mass spectra of the in situ deuterated sulfonylureas and on the comparison of the CAD spectra of sulfonylurea fragment ions with the CAD spectra of the ions derived from saccharin (o-benzoic sulfimide) and methyl 2-(aminosulfonyl)beozoate. C1 US EPA,DIV CHARACTERIZAT RES,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1076-5174 J9 J MASS SPECTROM JI J. Mass Spectrom. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1574 EP 1580 DI 10.1002/jms.1190301109 PG 7 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Organic; Spectroscopy SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA TF185 UT WOS:A1995TF18500008 ER PT J AU FREEMAN, JH BARONE, S STANTON, ME AF FREEMAN, JH BARONE, S STANTON, ME TI DISRUPTION OF CEREBELLAR MATURATION BY AN ANTIMITOTIC AGENT IMPAIRS THE ONTOGENY OF EYEBLINK CONDITIONING IN RATS SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CEREBELLUM; ONTOGENY; CONDITIONING; METHYLAZOXYMETHANOL (MAM); ANTIMITOTIC; RAT ID NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; INTERPOSITUS NUCLEUS; PURKINJE-CELLS; MEMORY TRACE; EXPERIMENTAL REORGANIZATION; DELAYED ALTERNATION; REFLEX FACILITATION; NEURONAL RESPONSES; EYELID RESPONSES AB This study represents an attempt to establish a relationship between maturation of the cerebellum and the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning in the rat. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the effects of disrupting cerebellar maturation by neonatal exposure to the antimitotic agent methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning in infant rats, Experiment I demonstrated that neonatal exposure to MAM on Postnatal Day 4 (PND4) and 7 severely disrupted cerebellar maturation, This effect appeared to be specific in that there was no overt dysmorphology in other brain regions, MAM treatment also severely disrupted associative eyeblink conditioning in rats given training on PND24 and 25. However, exposure to MAM had no effect on the unconditioned response, T-maze delayed alternation, or conditioned suppression of ongoing behavior, In Experiment 2, MAM was given on PND4 and 7 and pups were tested behaviorally on PND17-18, 20-21, or 31-32, Cerebellar hypoplasia was most dramatic shortly after exposure, The cerebellar cortex continued to mature after exposure to MAM, but development of morphological endpoints examined here were static from PND19 to 33. Eyeblink conditioning was impaired at all ages, indicating that there was no functional recovery following neonatal exposure to MAM over the age range tested, These experiments suggest that normal cerebellar maturation may be important for the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NATL HLTH & HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 45 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0270-6474 J9 J NEUROSCI JI J. Neurosci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 15 IS 11 BP 7301 EP 7314 PG 14 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA TF264 UT WOS:A1995TF26400030 PM 7472484 ER PT J AU WAYLAND, RH AF WAYLAND, RH TI THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATIONS PERSPECTIVE ON WETLANDS PROTECTION SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP WAYLAND, RH (reprint author), US EPA,OFF WETLANDS OCEANS & WATERSHEDS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 50 IS 6 BP 581 EP 584 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TH302 UT WOS:A1995TH30200002 ER PT J AU CLARK, RM ROSSMAN, LA WYMER, LJ AF CLARK, RM ROSSMAN, LA WYMER, LJ TI MODELING DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM WATER-QUALITY - REGULATORY IMPLICATIONS SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act in 1974 and its Amendments in 1986 (SDWAA) is changing the way water is treated and delivered in the United States. Under the SDWAA the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to regulate chemical contaminants and pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. Emphasis has shifted from a primary concern with treated drinking water to attainment of standards at the point of consumption. Two regulations promulgated under the SDWAA, the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) specify treatment and monitoring requirements that must be met by all public water suppliers. This paper will examine the effect of various system variables on chlorine residual propagation. A recently proposed model (EPANET) will be utilized to examine the extent of fluid velocity and pipe radius on chlorine demand. The effect of these variables on the maintenance of chlorine residuals will be demonstrated. It will be shown that the same variables that affect the propagation of chlorine residual levels can potentially affect disinfection efficacy and the formation of disinfection byproducts. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,ENGRG & COST SECT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. DYNCORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45219. RP CLARK, RM (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 14 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 121 IS 6 BP 423 EP 428 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1995)121:6(423) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TA123 UT WOS:A1995TA12300004 ER PT J AU MAGE, DT DONNER, EM AF MAGE, DT DONNER, EM TI A GENETIC HYPOTHESIS FOR CAUSE OF DEATH DURING THE 1952 LONDON FOG SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID MORTALITY AB Analysis of autopsied cause of death during the London Fog of 1952 indicates that mortality from all respiratory causes, sudden and delayed, had a consistent male fraction of 0.622. Sudden death from heart failure had a similar male fraction of 0.612. However, heart failures after the first day of illness had a male fraction of 0.48. This significant difference in male fraction between sudden (0.61) and delayed (0.48) heart failure suggests different terminal events. Coronary sudden death may be attributable to right-sided heart failure, and the delayed form may be attributable to left-sided failure leading to pulmonary congestion. The male fraction in sudden respiratory and sudden cardiac deaths (0.612) is exactly the same as the male fraction in sudden infant death syndrome - 0.612 - which has been posited as being X-linked. It is hypothesized that the same X-linked gene responsible for the 0.612 male fraction in sudden infant death syndrome may be a factor in the respiratory and sudden cardiac mortalities during the London Fog. C1 CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP MAGE, DT (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND EH1 3AF SN 0306-9877 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PD NOV PY 1995 VL 45 IS 5 BP 481 EP 485 DI 10.1016/0306-9877(95)90227-9 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA TH696 UT WOS:A1995TH69600015 PM 8748092 ER PT J AU BLACKMAN, CF BENANE, SG HOUSE, DE AF BLACKMAN, CF BENANE, SG HOUSE, DE TI ACTION OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE AND METABOLITES ON INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION IS MODULATED BY MELATONIN SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOL PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 SU S BP 1104 EP 1104 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA TF513 UT WOS:A1995TF51301105 ER PT J AU DIX, DJ BOBSEINE, KL ALLEN, JW COLLINS, BW MORI, C NAKAMURA, N POORMANALLEN, P GOULDING, EH EDDY, EM AF DIX, DJ BOBSEINE, KL ALLEN, JW COLLINS, BW MORI, C NAKAMURA, N POORMANALLEN, P GOULDING, EH EDDY, EM TI TARGETED DISRUPTION OF HSP70-2 LEADS TO FAILED MEIOSIS, GERM-CELL APOPTOSIS, AND MALE-INFERTILITY SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. KYOTO UNIV,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. WELLCOME RES LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOL PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 SU S BP 1829 EP 1829 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA TF513 UT WOS:A1995TF51301828 ER PT J AU MORI, C NAKAMURA, N WELCH, JE SHIOTA, K EDDY, EM AF MORI, C NAKAMURA, N WELCH, JE SHIOTA, K EDDY, EM TI EXPRESSION OF MESSENGER-RNA IN THE HUMAN TESTIS FOR UNIQUE TYPE-1 HEXOKINASES LACKING THE PORIN-BINDING DOMAIN SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT ANAT,KYOTO 606,JAPAN. NIEHS,LRDT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,NHEERL,DTD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOL PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 SU S BP 2495 EP 2495 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA TF513 UT WOS:A1995TF51302495 ER PT J AU BALL, LM STOCKING, LM KOHAN, MJ WARREN, SH LEWTAS, J AF BALL, LM STOCKING, LM KOHAN, MJ WARREN, SH LEWTAS, J TI METABOLIC-ACTIVATION OF THE GENOTOXIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 2-NITROFLUORANTHENE AND 3-NITROFLUORANTHENE IN VARIANTS OF SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM TA98 SO MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC-MATTER; O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; 1-NITROPYRENE; DERIVATIVES; RAT; DNA; 2-NITROFLUORANTHENE; NITROPYRENES AB The mutagenic environmental pollutants 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFA) and 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFA), labelled with H-3 and C-14 respectively, were incubated with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, its nitroreductase-deficient variant TA98NR and its O-acetytransferase-deficient variant TA98/1,8-DNP6, to investigate the activity of these metabolic pathways under conditions approximating those of the Ames assay, hence their contribution to mutagenic potency, 2-Aminofluoranthene (2-AFA) was the major metabolite of 2-NFA (4 mu M) in all three TA98 variants, isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and identified by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, 2-AFA was formed more slowly in TA98NR (65 pmol/h/ml resting phase bacterial broth, 1 to 2x10(9) bacteria/ml) than in TA98 (295 pmol/h/ml) or TA98/1,8-DNP6 (82 pmo/h/ml), 2-Acetamidofluoranthene (2-AAFA) was also identified in incubations with TA98 (80 pmol/h/ml), TA98NR (21 pmol/ h/ml), and TA98/1,8-DNP6 (8 pmo/h/ml), 3-Aminofluoranthene (3-AFA, confirmed by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) was formed by all three variants from 3-NFA (4 mu M): TA98, 1.76 nmol/h/ml; TA98NR, 0.55 nmol/h/ml; TA98/1,8-DNP6, 2.93 nmol/h/ml, 3-Acetamidofluoranthene (3-AAFA) was not detected in any of the variants, 3-AFA and 3-AAFA were less mutagenic than 3-NFA, and required S9 for activation, Mutagenicity of 3-NFA relative to initial nitroreduction rate was similar in TA98 and in TA98NR, but almost 10-fold lower in TA98/ 1,8-DNP6; hence O-acetylation considerably enhances the mutagenicity of reduction products of 3-NFA, Mutagenicity of 2-NFA relative to initial nitroreduction rate was similar in TA98 and in TA98/1,8-DNP6; the bacterial genotoxicity of 2-NFA is therefore largely independent of O-acetyltransferase activity, Ratios of mutagenicity to nitroreduction rate were similar in TA98 for 2-NFA and 3-NFA; differences in the potency of these isomers arise primarily from their respective suitabilities as substrates for nitroreductase enzymes. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,GENET BIOASSAY BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ENVIRONM HLTH RES & TESTING INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP BALL, LM (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CB 7400,ROSENAU HALL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0267-8357 J9 MUTAGENESIS JI Mutagenesis PD NOV PY 1995 VL 10 IS 6 BP 497 EP 504 DI 10.1093/mutage/10.6.497 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA TG427 UT WOS:A1995TG42700005 PM 8596468 ER PT J AU WATANABE, T KOHAN, MJ WALSH, D BALL, LM DEMARINI, DM LEWTAS, J AF WATANABE, T KOHAN, MJ WALSH, D BALL, LM DEMARINI, DM LEWTAS, J TI MUTAGENICITY OF NITRODIBENZOPYRANONES IN THE SALMONELLA PLATE-INCORPORATION AND MICROSUSPENSION ASSAYS SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NITRODIBENZOPYRANONE; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; PLATE-INCORPORATION ASSAY; MICROSUSPENSION ASSAY ID COMPLEX-MIXTURES; AMBIENT AIR; NITROARENES AB The mutagenicity of three isomers of nitro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (NDBP), 2-NDBP, 3-NDBP and 4-NDBP, was characterized in the plate-incorporation (PI) and microsuspension (MS) assays using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains in the presence or absence of S9 mix. In both assays, all of the NDBPs showed mutagenicity in every strain. In the absence of S9 mix, TA98 was the strain most sensitive to the mutagenicity of NDBPs. The activity of NDBPs was reduced in TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 strains relative to TA98, suggesting that NDBPs cause frameshift mutation and that nitroreduction by 'classical' nitroreductase and acetylation are significant steps for their metabolic activation. Mutagenic potency of NDBPs in TA98 without S9 mix in the MS assay (2-NDBP 104 300 rev./mu g, 3-NDBP 23 500 rev./mu g, and 4-NDBP 15 300 rev./mu g) was much higher than that in the PI assay (2-NDBP 38 rev./mu g, 3-NDBP 162 rev./mu g, and 4-NDBP 7 rev./mu g). Although additional S9 mix increased the mutagenicity of NDBPs in the PI assay, the mutagenic potency of NDBPs in the MS assay using strains TA98 and TA100 was decreased by the addition of S9 mix. In the PI assay, frameshift and base-substitution activities of both isomers were enhanced by the addition of the pKM101 plasmid, suggesting the induction by these isomers of complex frameshifts (frameshifts with associated base substitutions) in strain TA98. In the PI assay, 2-NDBP generally exhibited more base-substitution than frameshift activity; however, the reverse was true for 3-NDBP. In the MS assay, both isomers exhibited more frameshift than base-substitution activity. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP WATANABE, T (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1218 J9 MUTAT RES-GENET TOX JI Mutat. Res.-Genet. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 345 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/0165-1218(95)90065-9 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA TK667 UT WOS:A1995TK66700001 PM 8524351 ER PT J AU HARRINGTONBROCK, K DOERR, CL MOORE, MM AF HARRINGTONBROCK, K DOERR, CL MOORE, MM TI MUTAGENICITY AND CLASTOGENICITY OF 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE (MX) IN L5178Y/TK+/--3.7.2C MOUSE LYMPHOMA-CELLS SO MUTATION RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCT; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; GENE MUTATION; MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELL; MUTAGEN IN DRINKING WATER; 3-CHLORO-4-(DICHLOROMETHYL)-5-HYDROXY-2(5H)-FURANONE (MX); THYMIDINE KINASE LOCUS ID POTENT BACTERIAL MUTAGEN; DRINKING-WATER; SISTER CHROMATIDS; TK; INVITRO; INVIVO AB 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) was tested without exogenous activation in L5178Y/TK+/--3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells for mutation at the thymidine kinase locus and for clastogenicity. At a concentration of 0.75 mu g/ml, the induced mutant frequency was 1027 per 10(6) survivors (survival=11%). A concentration-related increase of large and small colony mutants was observed, but the majority of the MX induced mutants formed small colonies, consistent with the positive clastogenic response that was observed. MX primarily induced chromatid breaks and rearrangements (30 chromatid and 4 chromosome aberrations per 100 cells) at the 0.75 mu g/ml dose. These studies indicate that MX induces a broad spectrum of genetic damage. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7992 J9 MUTAT RES LETT JI Mutat. Res. Lett. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 348 IS 3 BP 105 EP 110 DI 10.1016/0165-7992(95)00052-6 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA TH909 UT WOS:A1995TH90900002 PM 8524361 ER PT J AU MOSER, VC AF MOSER, VC TI COMPARISONS OF THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITORS USING A NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING BATTERY IN RATS SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS; NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING BATTERY; FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; FOB; MOTOR ACTIVITY; RATS ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; MOUTH MOVEMENTS; HIGH-AFFINITY; ANTICHOLINESTERASES; PARAOXON; CARBARYL; BRAIN; ACETYLCHOLINE; CATECHOLAMINES AB The clinical signs of intoxication produced by cholinesterase inhibitors, many of which are used as pesticides, are considered important information for regulatory purposes. We conducted acute studies of cholinesterase inhibitors to compare their effects as determined by a functional observational battery (FOB) and motor activity. The acute effects of two carbamates (carbaryl, aldicarb) and five organophosphates (OP) (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion, fenthion, and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, or DFP) were evaluated on the day of dosing at the time of peak effect, at 1 and 3 days, and 1 week after dosing (oral gavage, in corn oil). A high dose was selected that produced clear cholinergic signs, and lower doses were chosen to produce a range of effects. Generally all cholinesterase inhibitors produced autonomic signs of cholinergic overstimulation (salivation, lacrimation, and miosis), hypothermia, mild tremors and mouth-smacking (chewing motions), lowered motor activity, decreased tail-pinch response, and altered neuromuscular function (gait changes and increased foot splay). The measures generally found to be most sensitive on the day of dosing were body temperature, motor activity, gait, and the presence of mouth-smacking and fine tremors. However, no single measure was the most sensitive across ail compounds; for example, the lowest dose of fenthion decreased motor activity by 86% but did not alter the tail-pinch response, whereas the lowest dose of parathion did not lower activity but did decrease the tail-pinch response. For some measures, differences in the slopes of the dose-response curves were evident. Many effects were still observed at 24 h, but recovery was apparent for all compounds. Interestingly, residual effects at 72 h were obtained with the carbamates (carbaryl, aldicarb) as well as with the OP fenthion, but not with the other compounds. Thus, the overall clinical picture of toxicity was similar for these cholinesterase inhibitors, but compound-specific differences emerged in terms of the individual measures, dose-response, and time course. RP MOSER, VC (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 40 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 17 IS 6 BP 617 EP 625 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(95)02002-0 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA TJ692 UT WOS:A1995TJ69200003 PM 8747743 ER PT J AU HERR, DW KING, D BARONE, S CROFTON, KM AF HERR, DW KING, D BARONE, S CROFTON, KM TI ALTERATIONS IN FLASH EVOKED-POTENTIALS (FEPS) IN RATS PRODUCED BY 3,3'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE (IDPN) SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE FLASH EVOKED POTENTIAL (FEP); 3,3'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE (IDPN); ORGANONITRILE ID SLOW AXONAL-TRANSPORT; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH; NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS; PATTERN-REVERSAL; BODY-TEMPERATURE; FISCHER-344 RATS; PEAK N160; BETA,BETA'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE; NEUROTOXICITY; INTOXICATION AB Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is a neurotoxicant that produces changes in flash evoked potentials (FEPs) 18 weeks after treatment. We examined dose- and time-related effects of IDPN on FEPs at earlier time points than previously studied (52). Adult male Long-Evans rats were given IDPN (0, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg/day x 3 days, IF) and FEPs were recorded 14 days later. IDPN (400 mg/kg/day) decreased the amplitudes of some of the ''early'' and ''middle'' FEP peaks (N-30 and N-56), and increased the latencies of some early peaks (P-21 and P-46). A separate group of rats was treated with IDPN (0 or 400 mg/kg/day x 3 days, IP) and FEPs were recorded 1, 3, 7, 14, and 35 days later. The latencies of all portions of FEPs were increased by IDPN, with maximal changes occurring at 7 and/or 14 days. The amplitude of the middle portions of FEPs (peaks N-56, P-63, N-70, P-90) were altered as early as day 3, and some changes were observed up to day 14. In contrast, the ''late'' portion of FEPs (peak N-160) was affected at later times (days 14 and 35). Corneal opacities were noted on days 3 and 7, but were largely reversible by day 14. In the time-course study, IDPN decreased colonic temperature on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. The present results suggest that IDPN alters both the early FEP peaks related to the initial afferent sensory volley, and cortical processing associated with the middle and later portions of FEPs. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP HERR, DW (reprint author), US EPA,NAT HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,NTD,NPTB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 69 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 17 IS 6 BP 645 EP 656 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(95)02007-1 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA TJ692 UT WOS:A1995TJ69200006 PM 8747746 ER PT J AU GORDON, CJ AF GORDON, CJ TI FACTORS INFLUENCING DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE-INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA AND HYPERTHERMIA IN THE RAT SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Note DE FEVER; ANTICHOLINESTERASE; HEART RATE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; TELEMETRY ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; BRAIN-AREAS; INHIBITION AB Exposing rats to the anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) causes a transient period of hypothermia followed by a period of hyperthermia lasting approximately 48 h. Because a fever is a predominant thermoregulatory response in humans exposed to anti-ChE pesticides, the hyperthermic response in the rat may be important to understanding the central neural mechanisms of anti-ChEs. The purpose of the present study was to assess the dependence of DFP-induced thermoregulatory changes on basal behavioral and autonomic activity in the rat. Core temperature (T-c), heart rate (HR), and motor activity (MA) were monitored via radiotelemetry in unrestrained rats 24 h prior to and 72 h after administration of the peanut oil vehicle or 1.5 mg/kg DFP. Mean T-c decreased by similar to 4 degrees C by 4 h after DFP, returned to baseline by 27 h, and then remained similar to 0.8 degrees C above control daytime levels during the second day after DFP injection. Correlations of DFP-induced hypothermia and hyperthermia with baseline T-c, HR, and MA were performed. The baseline T-c was inversely correlated with the magnitude of DFP-induced hyperthermia (r(2) = 0.6). DFP-induced hyperthermia was also inversely correlated with baseline HR and MA. The minimum core temperature during DFP-induced hypothermia was directly correlated with the baseline T-c. The inverse pattern between baseline T-c and DFP-induced hyperthermia is similar to that of rats administered endotoxin and other pyrogenic agents. Sixty percent of the variation in DFP-induced hyperthermia, a toxic response seen >48 h after exposure, can be explained by individual differences in baseline T-c. This relationship may be important in understanding the thermoregulatory and metabolic effects of anti-ChE agents. RP GORDON, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 17 IS 6 BP 679 EP 683 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(95)02001-2 PG 5 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA TJ692 UT WOS:A1995TJ69200010 PM 8747750 ER PT J AU Simon, TP Emery, EB AF Simon, TP Emery, EB TI Modification and assessment of an index of biotic integrity to quantify water resource quality in great rivers SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Sustaining the Ecological Integrity of Large Floodplain Rivers - Application of Ecological Knowledge to River Management CY JUL 12-15, 1994 CL LA CROSSE, WI SP Natl Biol Serv, Environm Management Tech Ctr DE index of biotic integrity; multimetrics; fish community assessment; water resource evaluation AB A measure of stream quality, the index of biotic integrity (IBI), was adapted to great rivers (>3226 km(2)) and calibrated using a variety of spatial scales. Fish fauna was sampled at 60 localities within 15 impoundments of the Ohio River drainage, eastern Ohio, West Virginia and Pennsylvania, with boat electroshocker methods during the summers and autumns of 1990-1993 to provide biological information for the IBI. Significant correlation was not found between ecoregion or differing reservoirs; however, the IBI was sensitive to differences in land use and variable industrial and municipal loadings. Species richness, the percentage large river faunal group, the proportion of round-bodied sucker species, the number of centrarchid species, the number of sensitive taxa and the proportion of simple lithophilous spawning species showed the greatest change between riverine and lacustrine habitats within an impoundment. The percentage large river faunal group metric was not significantly different between riverine, transitional and lacustrine habitats; however, the metric reflected significant differences when evaluated with habitat information. The number of centrarchid species was higher in lacustrine habitats, whereas round-bodied sucker species were highest in transitional habitats. The inherent variation of proportional metrics was significantly reduced with the removal of gizzard shad. This modification of the IBI will enhance assessment sensitivity over the original approach designed for wadable streams and rivers. RP Simon, TP (reprint author), US EPA,STAND & ASSESSMENT UNIT,77 W JACKSON BLVD,CHICAGO,IL 60604, USA. RI Simon, Thomas/B-4075-2012; OI Simon, Thomas/0000-0003-4393-4703 NR 0 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 11 IS 3-4 BP 283 EP 298 DI 10.1002/rrr.3450110305 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA TK580 UT WOS:A1995TK58000004 ER PT J AU KLINEFELTER, GR SUAREZ, JD ROBERTS, NL DEANGELO, AB AF KLINEFELTER, GR SUAREZ, JD ROBERTS, NL DEANGELO, AB TI PRELIMINARY SCREENING FOR THE POTENTIAL OF DRINKING-WATER DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS TO ALTER MALE REPRODUCTION SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BROMO-DICHLOROMETHANE; CHLORAL HYDRATE; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; TESTIS; SPERM MOTION ANALYSIS; RAT ID SPERM MOTION PARAMETERS; RAT; CALIFORNIA; EPICHLOROHYDRIN; PRODUCTS; EXPOSURE; MOTILITY AB There is increasing epidemiologic interest in the role drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may play in adverse reproductive outcomes such as inability to conceive, spontaneous abortion, and low birth weight, Although dozens of DBPs already have been identified, only a few studies have attempted to determine whether DBPs alter male reproductive parameters such as testicular and epididymal histology, testicular and epididymal sperm numbers, and epididymal sperm morphology and motility in laboratory animals, In these studies, alterations in epididymal sperm motility seemed to be predictive of more generalized toxicity of the male reproductive system, Because there is a need to prioritize DBPs for thorough reproductive and developmental toxicity testing, preliminary screening for the potential of DBPs to alter reproductive function seems warranted, Here, we elected to examine only cauda epididymal sperm motion parameters and testicular and epididymal histopathology, The effects of exposure to two commonly occurring DBPs, bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and chloral hydrate (CH), via drinking water were evaluated in F344 rats at an interim (52 week) necropsy during cancer bioassay studies, Exposure to 22 and 39 mg/kg BDCM and 55 and 188 mg/kg CH did not produce any systemic toxicity, Histopathologic evaluation revealed no gross lesions in the reproductive organs, and no tumors were detected in any tissues, In contrast, exposure to 39 mg/kg BDCM significantly decreased the mean straight-line, average path, and curvilinear velocities of sperm recovered from the cauda epididymidis. This BDCM exposure shifted the average path velocity distribution to a lower modal velocity range, Exposure to 188 mg/kg CH significantly decreased both the percentage of motile and progressively motile sperm, This CH exposure shifted the straight-line velocity distribution to a lower modal velocity range, These are the first reproductive toxicity data from exposure to BDCM and CH, The observed effects on sperm motion occurred in the absence of carcinogenesis, Because the effects of BDCM on sperm motility occurred at a lower exposure than that of other DBPs that compromise sperm motility, a thorough reproductive evaluation now is underway. RP KLINEFELTER, GR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 20 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 9 IS 6 BP 571 EP 578 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(95)02007-1 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA TG791 UT WOS:A1995TG79100007 PM 8597653 ER PT J AU BAKWIN, PS TANS, PP ZHAO, CL USSLER, W QUESNELL, E AF BAKWIN, PS TANS, PP ZHAO, CL USSLER, W QUESNELL, E TI MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON-DIOXIDE ON A VERY TALL TOWER SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CO2; TROPOSPHERE; EXCHANGE; FOREST AB We present a continuous, 2-year long record of carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratio at three altitudes up to 496 m above the ground on a television transmitter tower in the southeastern United States. The data show strong diurnal and seasonal variations, and large vertical gradients. The diurnal cycles are modulated by surface uptake and release by vegetation and soils, emissions from fossil fuel combustion, and by the diurnal development of the planetary boundary layer. Gradients of 1-2 ppm between 496 m and 51 m are typically observed during summertime afternoons, due to vigorous photosynthetic uptake. With increasing altitude the magnitude of the diurnal cycle is damped, and daily average mixing ratios decrease, caused by coincident changes in the sign and magnitude of the surface flux, and changes in vertical stability of the boundary layer over the course of the day. Measurements at 496 m give an approximate measure (within a few tenths of a ppm) of the afternoon mean mixing ratio in the convective boundary layer. Vertical gradients between 51 m and 496 m are typically close to zero, and monthly mean mixing ratios increase slowly between November and April, indicating that biological activity is minimal during this period. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle of CO2 is larger at the tower site than at marine boundary layer and mountaintop sites which are at nearly the same latitude, because of the proximity of the tower site to terrestrial sources and sinks. Comparison of our continental tower data With data from ''background'' sites should provide a strong constraint for regional and global models of terrestrial CO2 fluxes. We also present data from weekly flask samples taken from the 496 m level and which have been analyzed for methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and the stable isotopes of carbon in CO2 (delta(13)C). The flask data provide further information about the processes that drive observed changes in CO2 mixing ratio at the tower. C1 UNIV COLORADO,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP BAKWIN, PS (reprint author), NOAA,CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 31 TC 102 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 13 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 47 IS 5 BP 535 EP 549 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue5.2.x PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TH996 UT WOS:A1995TH99600002 ER PT J AU MacPhail, RC AF MacPhail, RC TI Critique SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID DFP RP MacPhail, RC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,NEUROTOXICOL DIV MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 23 IS 6 BP 714 EP 715 PG 2 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA TP712 UT WOS:A1995TP71200009 ER PT J AU GOLDEY, ES KEHN, LS REHNBERG, GL CROFTON, KM AF GOLDEY, ES KEHN, LS REHNBERG, GL CROFTON, KM TI EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM ON AUDITORY AND MOTOR FUNCTION IN THE RAT SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; NEONATAL-HYPOTHYROIDISM; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN-DEVELOPMENT; HEARING-LOSS; ADULT-RATS; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; THYROXINE; GROWTH; SERUM AB Deafness is a common result of severe hypothyroidism during development in humans and laboratory animals; however, little is known regarding the sensitivity of the auditory system to more moderate changes in thyroid hormone homeostasis. The current investigation compared the relative sensitivity of auditory function, motor function, and growth to the effects of moderate to severe perinatal hypothyroidism in the rat. Rats received propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 25 ppm from Gestation Day 18 until postnatal day (PND) 21, and the effects on their offspring were evaluated. At 1 ppm, PTU did not affect any of the measured endpoints. Serum thyroxin concentrations were sharply reduced in the 5 and 25 ppm PTU groups at all ages sampled (PND 1, 7, 14, and 21), Marked reductions in serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were also detected for all ages greater than or equal to 7 at 25 ppm PTU, whereas no effects of 5 ppm PTU on serum T3 were apparent until PND 21. Compared to the controls, pups exposed to the highest dose of PTU demonstrated a delay in. eye opening, reduced body weights, decreased and/or delayed preweaning motor activity, and persistent, postweaning hyperactivity. Only slight and transient effects on eye opening and ontogeny of motor activity were seen at the intermediate dose of PTU (5 ppm). Reflex modification audiometry revealed that, compared to controls, adult offspring from the 5 and 25 ppm treatment groups showed dose-dependent auditory threshold deficits (35 to >50 dB) at all frequencies tested (1, 4, 16, 32, and 40 Wt). Such dose-dependent effects indicate that the developing auditory system may be sensitive to mild hypothyroidism, suggesting the possible need for routine audiometric screening for infants and children at risk for iodine deficiency, myxedema, and/or exposure to thyrotoxic environmental agents. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 54 TC 114 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 135 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1006/taap.1995.1209 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TD761 UT WOS:A1995TD76100008 PM 7482541 ER PT J AU GOLDEY, ES KEHN, LS LAU, C REHNBERG, GL CROFTON, KM AF GOLDEY, ES KEHN, LS LAU, C REHNBERG, GL CROFTON, KM TI DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS (AROCLOR-1254) REDUCES CIRCULATING THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS AND CAUSES HEARING DEFICITS IN RATS SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION; THYROXINE; PCB; HYPOTHYROIDISM; METABOLISM; CONGENERS; COCHLEA; 3,4,3',4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL; TRANSPORT; HISTOLOGY AB Developmental hypothyroidism causes growth deficits, motor dysfunction, and hearing disorders in humans and animals. Therefore, environmental toxicants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may secondarily affect these endpoints via thyrotoxicity. In this study, Long-Evans rats were given Aroclor 1254 (po), at 0, 1, 4, or 8 mg/kg from Gestation Day 6 through Postnatal Day (PND) 21. We evaluated the offspring at various age intervals for circulating thyroid hormone concentrations [thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free and total triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4)], body weight, eye opening, survival, motor activity development, auditory startle response, and auditory thresholds. Circulating T4 concentrations were sharply reduced in a dose-dependent fashion in PCB-exposed groups at PND 1, 7, 14, 21, and 30 but recovered to control levels by PND 45. Moderate reductions in T3 concentrations were apparent in the 4 and 8 mg/kg groups on PND 21 and 30. Deficits in body weight gain and early eye opening were apparent in the treated pups; by weaning, pup mortality was 20% in the 4 mg/kg group and 50% at the highest dose. Motor activity was also transiently reduced in 15 day old offspring from the 8 mg/kg group. At this dose, animals showed reduced auditory startle amplitudes at PND 24, but not when tested as adults. Importantly, Aroclor 1254 caused permanent auditory deficits (20-30 dB threshold shift) at the lowest frequency tested (1 kHz) in both the 4 and 8 mg/kg groups, whereas auditory thresholds were not significantly affected at higher frequencies (4, 16, 32, or 40 kHz). These data indicate that while some effects of Aroclor 1254 exposure are dissimilar to drug-induced hypothyroidism (e.g., age of eye opening), effects on hormone levels and body weight are comparable. Detection of auditory deficits in PCB-treated animals is a novel finding and may reflect the effects of thyroid hormone disruption on the development of the cochlea. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 61 TC 214 Z9 218 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 135 IS 1 BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1006/taap.1995.1210 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TD761 UT WOS:A1995TD76100009 PM 7482542 ER PT J AU Brown, BL Allis, JW Simmons, JE House, DE AF Brown, BL Allis, JW Simmons, JE House, DE TI Fasting for less than 24 h induces cytochrome P450 2E1 and 2B1/2 activities in rats SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE CYP 2E1; CYP 2B1/2; F344 rats; fasting; liver microsomes; total organ activity; western blot ID LIVER-MICROSOMES; CALORIC RESTRICTION; FISCHER-344 RAT; INDUCTION; METABOLISM; ETHANOL; ACETONE; DEALKYLATION; OXIDATION; ENZYMES AB Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 activity is induced after 24 h of fasting but no information is available for shorter fasting periods. We investigated the induction of CYP 2E1, 2B1/2 and 1A1 in young adult male F344 rats after 8, 16 and 24 h of fasting compared to control. Liver microsomes were analyzed for the following enzyme activities: p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNP) for CYP 2E1, pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) far CYP 2B1/2 and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) for CYP 1A1. After each fasting interval, the activities per mg microsomal protein for PNP and PROD increased but the activity of EROD remained unchanged. Western blots for CYP 2E1 and CYP 2B1 showed increases comparable to the PNP and PROD activities, respectively. On a whole organ basis, increases were found for PNP and PROD activities, while decreases were found for EROD activity and total microsomal protein. The results are consistent with an induction of CYP 2E1 and CYP 2B1/2 activities after as little as 8 h of fasting. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03407-2 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TK997 UT WOS:A1995TK99700006 PM 8525497 ER PT J AU Carter, JH Carter, HW DeAngelo, AB AF Carter, JH Carter, HW DeAngelo, AB TI Biochemical, pathologic and morphometric alterations induced in male B6C3F1 mouse liver by short-term exposure to dichloroacetic acid SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE dichloroacetic acid; hepatocellular carcinogenesis; drinking water chemicals ID AQUEOUS CHLORINATION; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; DRINKING-WATER; STRAND BREAKS; INDUCTION; DNA; CARCINOGENESIS; MUTAGENICITY; METABOLITES; HYPERPLASIA AB Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a complete hepatocarcinogen and tumor promoter in the male B6C3F1 mouse. Published reports indicate that the compound is non-genotoxic. This study examines possible non-genotoxic (epigenetic) mechanisms by which DCA elicits its carcinogenic response. Correlative biochemical, pathologic and morphometric techniques are used to characterize and quantify the acute, short-term response of hepatocytes in the male B6C3F1 mouse to drinking water containing DCA. Cellularity, [H-3]thymidine incorporation, DNA concentration, nuclear size, and binuclearity are evaluated in terms of level of exposure (0, 0.5 and 5 g/l) and length of exposure to DCA, The dose-related alterations in hepatocytes of animals exposed to DCA for 30 days or less indicate that shortterm exposure to DCA results in inhibition of mitoses, alterations in cellular metabolism and a shift in ploidy class. Thus, DCA carcinogenesis may involve cellular adaptations, development of drug resistance and selection of phenotypically altered cells with a growth advantage. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Carter, JH (reprint author), WOOD HUDSON CANC RES LAB,931 ISABELLA ST,NEWPORT,KY 41071, USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 55 EP 71 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03409-9 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TK997 UT WOS:A1995TK99700008 PM 8525500 ER PT J AU ENRIQUEZ, CE HURST, CJ GERBA, CP AF ENRIQUEZ, CE HURST, CJ GERBA, CP TI SURVIVAL OF THE ENTERIC ADENOVIRUS-40 AND ADENOVIRUS-41 IN TAP, SEA, AND WASTE-WATER SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE SURVIVAL; TAPWATER; WASTE-WATER; SEAWATER; HEPATITIS A; POLIOVIRUS; ADENOVIRUS ID VIRUS; ENTEROVIRUSES; INACTIVATION; GROUNDWATER; HEPATITIS; CHILDREN; TYPE-40; SEWAGE AB The enteric adenoviruses types 40 (Ead 40) and 41 (Ead 41) have emerged as a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, second in importance only to the rotaviruses. The role of the enteric adenoviruses as waterborne pathogens has not been evaluated. This study compared the survival of these agents with poliovirus type 1 (polio 1) and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) in tap water at 4 degrees C, and at room temperature, with polio 1 in primary and secondary wastewater at 4, and 15 degrees C, and in sea water at 15 degrees C. Assays were conducted at regular intervals by the TCID50 method in PLC/PRF/5 cells. The survival of Ead 40 and Ead 41 in primary and secondary wastewater was slightly greater than that of polio 1. However, in tap, and sea water, the enteric adenoviruses were substantially more stable than either polio 1 or HAV. These results suggest that the enteric adenoviruses may survive for prolonged periods in water, representing a potential route of transmission. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP ENRIQUEZ, CE (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 28 TC 122 Z9 122 U1 1 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 11 BP 2548 EP 2553 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00070-2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA RR976 UT WOS:A1995RR97600015 ER PT J AU SHANOFF, B AF SHANOFF, B TI WISCONSIN FLOW-CONTROL OVERRULED SO WORLD WASTES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARGUS BUSINESS PI PITTSFIELD PA PO BOX 5111, PITTSFIELD, MA 01203-9830 SN 0161-035X J9 WORLD WASTE PD NOV PY 1995 VL 38 IS 11 BP 70 EP 70 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA TE034 UT WOS:A1995TE03400014 ER PT J AU BARTOLOTTI, LJ EDNEY, EO AF BARTOLOTTI, LJ EDNEY, EO TI DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY DERIVED INTERMEDIATES FROM THE OH INITIATED ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF TOLUENE SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SMOG AB A series of density functional based quantum mechanical calculations were carried out to identify potential intermediates produced by the OH addition initiated atmospheric photo-oxidation of toluene. The potential for formation was assessed based on the relative stabilities of the assumed products. The calculations are consistent with OH addition occurring mainly at the ortho position, followed by addition of O-2 at the meta position and formation of a bridged structure across the 1-3 position. In addition, the calculations suggest that carbonyl compounds containing epoxide structures may form during the oxidation. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MCNC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP BARTOLOTTI, LJ (reprint author), N CAROLINA SUPERCOMP CTR,MCNC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 6 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 20 PY 1995 VL 245 IS 1 BP 119 EP 122 DI 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00953-2 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA TA474 UT WOS:A1995TA47400021 ER PT J AU DELNOMDEDIEU, M STYBLO, M THOMAS, DJ AF DELNOMDEDIEU, M STYBLO, M THOMAS, DJ TI TIME-DEPENDENCE OF ACCUMULATION AND BINDING OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC ARSENIC SPECIES IN RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES SO CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE ARSENICAL; RABBIT ERYTHROCYTE; UPTAKE; BINDING; P-31-NMR; H-1-NMR ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID; BILIARY-EXCRETION; GLUTATHIONE; MICE; METABOLISM; PENTAVALENT; REDUCTION; TRIVALENT; RAT AB The uptake by rabbit erythrocytes of 0.4 mM arsenite, As(III), arsenate, As(V), monomethyl-arsinate, MMA(V) and dimethylarsonate, DMA(V) were compared over 24 h. In membrane-free hemolysate, the distribution of As between proteins (10 kDa) and ultrafiltrate was determined by ultrafiltration and arsenic species in the ultrafiltrate were identified by thin layer chromatography methods, H-1 spin-echo Fourier transform NMR was used to follow the binding of these arsenic species to glutathione (GSH). P-31-NMR was used to observe their effects on high-energy adenine nucleotide levels (ATP, ADP). These results demonstrate that As(III) readily accumulates in cells, reaches a quasi-plateau at 78% of the total As in the incubation system after 1 h and 88% of the total As after 24 h, On average, 20% of the total erythrocyte As(III) burden is associated with the protein fraction, particularly with hemoglobin (Hb). About 68% of the erythrocyte As(III) burden is bound to GSH. As(III) has no effect on ATP levels during a 5-h incubation. By comparison, As(V) enters erythrocytes more slowly (53% of the total As after 5 h). Erythrocytes take up 81% of the As(V) in the reaction system after a 24 h incubation. Of the total As burden in As(V)-exposed erythrocytes, 22% was associated with the proteins (10 kDa) and possibly reduced to As(III) and 59% was in the ultrafiltrate (8% as As(III) and 51% as As(V)). This finding indicates that, over a 24 h incubation period, the reduction of As(V) to As(III) may account for 30% of the total As in rabbit erythrocytes. As(V) present in the erythrocytes enters the phosphate pool and depletes ATP. In comparison, about 65% of the total MMA(V) or about 44% of the total DMA(V) in the incubation system is taken up by rabbit erythrocytes during a 24 h incubation. Neither organoAs species perturbed the Hb signals observed by spin-echo Fourier transform NMR and the binding to GSH was minimal. Unlike As(V), MMA(V) and DMA(V) do not perturb phosphate metabolism, showing that, despite their pentavalent oxidation state, these arsenic species are not analogs for phosphate. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 50 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-2797 J9 CHEM-BIOL INTERACT JI Chem.-Biol. Interact. PD OCT 20 PY 1995 VL 98 IS 1 BP 69 EP 83 DI 10.1016/0009-2797(95)03636-Z PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TG453 UT WOS:A1995TG45300006 PM 7586052 ER PT J AU WYROBEK, AJ RUBES, J CASSEL, M MOORE, D PERREAULT, S SLOTT, V EVENSON, D ZUDOVA, Z BORKOVEC, L SELEVAN, S LOWE, X AF WYROBEK, AJ RUBES, J CASSEL, M MOORE, D PERREAULT, S SLOTT, V EVENSON, D ZUDOVA, Z BORKOVEC, L SELEVAN, S LOWE, X TI SMOKERS PRODUCE MORE ANEUPLOID SPERM THAN NONSMOKERS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA. VET RES INST,CS-62132 BRNO,CZECH REPUBLIC. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,BROOKINGS,SD. INST HYG,BRNO,CZECH REPUBLIC. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 57 IS 4 SU S BP 737 EP 737 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RW687 UT WOS:A1995RW68700739 ER PT J AU HALM, DR HALM, ST DIBONA, DR FRIZZELL, RA JOHNSON, RD AF HALM, DR HALM, ST DIBONA, DR FRIZZELL, RA JOHNSON, RD TI SELECTIVE STIMULATION OF EPITHELIAL-CELLS IN COLONIC CRYPTS - RELATION TO ACTIVE CHLORIDE SECRETION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ACTIN FILAMENT; BUMETANIDE; CYTOCHALASIN; CYTOSKELETON; PROSTAGLANDIN; RABBIT DISTAL COLON; ULTRASTRUCTURE ID DESCENDING COLON; CL SECRETION; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; ACID-SECRETION; GASTRIC-MUCOSA; DISTAL COLON; CAMP; CYTOCHALASIN; LOCALIZATION; CYTOSKELETON AB Stimulation of Cl secretion by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) was measured as the short-circuit current (I-sc) across isolated epithelium of the rabbit distal colon. Cellular morphology of columnar and goblet cells during secretion was monitored using light and electron microscopy. Stimulation by PGE(2) altered epithelial cell morphology only by a reduction of vacuolar space in the apical pole of crypt columnar cells, consistent with release of vacuole contents. Imaging of isolated crypts using differential interference microscopy confirmed the release of material from columnar cells during the onset of secretion. Inhibition of Cl secretion with the loop diuretic bumetanide did not block vacuole release. The actin filament-disrupting agent, cytochalasin, reduced the PGE(2)-stimulated I-sc by 40% and blocked emptying of the vacuolar space. These electrical and morphological results indicate that the process of active ion secretion is associated with release of the macromolecular contents from apical vacuoles through a mechanism involving the cytoskeleton. In addition, this relationship supports the concept that vacuolated columnar cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn are the cell type that secretes Cl in response to PGE(2). C1 MED UNIV S CAROLINA, DEPT MARINE BIOMED & ENVIRONM SCI, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA. UNIV ALABAMA, DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35294 USA. US EPA, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. RP HALM, DR (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV, DEPT PHYSIOL, 1645 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. FU NIADDK NIH HHS [AM-25788]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-39007, DK-31091] NR 42 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0363-6143 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-CELL PH JI Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 269 IS 4 BP C929 EP C942 PG 14 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA RZ259 UT WOS:A1995RZ25900017 PM 7485463 ER PT J AU NOAH, TL HENDERSON, FW HENRY, MM PEDEN, DB DEVLIN, RB AF NOAH, TL HENDERSON, FW HENRY, MM PEDEN, DB DEVLIN, RB TI NASAL LAVAGE CYTOKINES IN NORMAL, ALLERGIC, AND ASTHMATIC SCHOOL-AGE-CHILDREN SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION; MESSENGER-RNA; MAST-CELL; INTERLEUKIN-8; EXPRESSION; AIRWAY; PROVOCATION; HISTAMINE AB Inflammation can be demonstrated in the airway mucosa of asthmatics, even in the absence of overt symptoms, but the pathogenesis of this chronic inflammation is incompletely defined. It has been suggested that inflammatory cytokines produced by epithelium may play important roles in this process. Therefore, we measured the cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in nasal lavage fluids from school-age children who were (1) ''normal'' (nonallergic/nonasthmatic), (2) allergic to house-dust mite antigen but nonasthmatic (no history of wheezing), or (3) allergic and asthmatic (history of greater than or equal to 10 wheezing episodes). Children underwent a single nasal ravage procedure while asymptomatic and on no anti-inflammatory medications or antihistamines. In addition to cytokine concentrations, cell counts, differentials, albumin, histamine, and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) concentrations were determined in nasal lavage fluids. Significant increases in IL-8 and ECP were observed in asthmatics compared with both normals and allergic nonasthmatics. Overall, IL-8 in nasal lavage fluids correlated significantly with ECP. Allergic nonasthmatics did not have significant increases in cytokines or other mediators compared with normal subjects. Concentrations of IL-6 did not differ significantly among the three groups, and GM-CSF was undetectable in all samples tested. We conclude that increased IL-8 production and eosinophil activation are characteristic of the airways of asthmatic children when asymptomatic, and we speculate that IL-8 plays a role in the maintenance of airway inflammation in asthma. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DIV PEDIAT PULM MED & ALLERGY,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV PEDIAT INFECT DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [1 KO8 HL02802-01] NR 31 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 152 IS 4 BP 1290 EP 1296 PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA RX731 UT WOS:A1995RX73100023 PM 7551384 ER PT J AU PIETARINEN, P RAIVIO, K DEVLIN, RB CRAPO, JD CHANG, LY KINNULA, VL AF PIETARINEN, P RAIVIO, K DEVLIN, RB CRAPO, JD CHANG, LY KINNULA, VL TI CATALASE AND GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE PROTECTION OF HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES DURING OXIDANT EXPOSURE IN-VITRO SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE-MECHANISMS; CULTURED ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; REDOX CYCLE; II CELLS; INJURY; HYPEROXIA; INVITRO; LOCALIZATION; NEUTROPHILS AB Because alveolar macrophages generate and release reactive oxygen metabolites but also contain antioxidative enzymes, they have the potential of either damaging or protecting tissues. We investigated the relative role of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-scavenging antioxidative enzymes in H2O2 disposal and cell protection using freshly isolated (5 h ex vivo) and overnight (24 h ex vivo) cultured human alveolar macrophages. Cell protection was assessed on the basis of maintenance of cellular high-energy phosphates, leakage of intact nucleotides into the extracellular medium, and appearance of the nucleotide catabolic products xanthine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid. To investigate the relative importance of catalase and the glutathione redox cycle, the experiments were conducted in cells pretreated with amino-triazole (ATZ) to inactivate catalase or with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) to inactivate glutathione reductase. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities did not change significantly during overnight culture of the cells. Both freshly isolated and cultured cells consumed exogenous H2O2 mainly by the catalase-dependent pathway. When the cells were exposed to H2O2 (100 mu M), catalase and the glutathione redox cycle equally participated in maintaining cellular high-energy nucleotides. However, when cultured cells were exposed to formylated peptide (FMLP) (10(-7) M), the glutathione redox cycle was responsible for the maintenance of high-energy nucleotides. Furthermore, in both exposures, the glutathione redox cycle was more important in maintaining cell membrane integrity and preventing nucleotide leakage from the cells. Immunocytochemical labeling showed that catalase was primarily localized in the peroxisomal compartment of these cells, In conclusion, the results with FMLP-stimulated cells suggest that in human alveolar macrophages not only catalase but especially the glutathione redox cycle participate in maintaining the cellular integrity of alveolar macrophages during their respiratory burst in vivo. C1 UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT PEDIAT,HELSINKI,FINLAND. UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT PULM MED,HELSINKI,FINLAND. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CHAPEL HILL,NC. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DURHAM,NC. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL42609, P01 HL31992] NR 37 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 13 IS 4 BP 434 EP 441 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA RY419 UT WOS:A1995RY41900007 PM 7546773 ER PT J AU LESLIE, SB ISRAELI, E LIGHTHART, B CROWE, JH CROWE, LM AF LESLIE, SB ISRAELI, E LIGHTHART, B CROWE, JH CROWE, LM TI TREHALOSE AND SUCROSE PROTECT BOTH MEMBRANES AND PROTEINS IN INTACT BACTERIA DURING DRYING SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; LIPID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; FREEZE-DRIED LIPOSOMES; STABILIZATION; POLLEN; SUGARS; PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; PRESERVATION; DESICCATION; SPECTRA AB The microorganisms Escherichia coli DH5 alpha and Bacillus thuringiensis I-ID-I show an increased tolerance to freeze-drying when dried in the presence of the disaccharides trehalose and sucrose. When the bacteria were dried with 100 mM trehalose, 70% of the E. coli and 57% of the B. thuringiensis organisms survived, compared with 56 and 44%, respectively, when they were dried with sucrose. Only 8% of the E. coli and 14% of the B. thuringiensis organisms survived drying without the sugars, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the role of membrane phase transitions in the survival of the organisms during drying and rehydration. Both E. coli and B. thuringiensis showed an increase of 30 to 40 degrees C in the temperature of their phospholipid phase transition when dried without the sugars, while phase transition temperatures of those dried with the sugars remained near those of the hydrated cells. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscope made it possible to investigate the effects of drying on the protein structure in the intact cells. The amide II peak shifts from 1,543 cm(-1) in the hydrated cells to about 1,533 cm(-1) in the cells dried without sugar, There is no shift in the amide II peak when the cells are dried with trehalose or sucrose. We attribute the increased survival to the sugars' ability to lower the membrane phase transition temperature and to protect protein structure in the dry state. In addition to increasing the immediate survival of both species, the addition of trehalose protected the cells from the adverse effects of exposure to light and air while dry, E. coli dried with trehalose and exposed to light and air for 4 h had an increase in CFU of between 2,000 and 4,000 times the number obtained with E. coli dried without trehalose, B. thuringiensis showed an increase in CFU of 150% in samples dried with trehalose compared with samples dried without trehalose. The cells dried with sucrose did not show an increased tolerance to exposure following drying. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL SECT,DAVIS,CA 95616. ISRAEL INST BIOL RES,IL-74100 NESS ZIONA,ISRAEL. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 37 TC 558 Z9 586 U1 7 U2 72 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 61 IS 10 BP 3592 EP 3597 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA RY071 UT WOS:A1995RY07100013 PM 7486995 ER PT J AU GRIFOLL, M SELIFONOV, SA GATLIN, CV CHAPMAN, PJ AF GRIFOLL, M SELIFONOV, SA GATLIN, CV CHAPMAN, PJ TI ACTIONS OF A VERSATILE FLUORENE-DEGRADING BACTERIAL ISOLATE ON POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RING FISSION-PRODUCTS; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; NAPHTHALENE DEGRADATION; GENOTOXIC COMPONENTS; TOLUENE DIOXYGENASE; METABOLISM; HYDROCARBONS; OXIDATION; BIPHENYL; DIBENZOTHIOPHENE AB Pseudomonas cepacia F297 grew with fluorene as a sole source of carbon and energy; its growth yield corresponded to an assimilation of about 40% of fluorene carbon. The accumulation of a ring meta-cleavage product during growth and the identification of 1-indanone in growth media and washed-cell suspensions suggest that strain E297 metabolizes fluorene by mechanisms analogous to those of naphthalene degradation. In addition to fluorene, strain F297 utilized for growth a wide variety of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including naphthalene, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and dibenzothiophene. Fluorene-induced cells of the strain also transformed 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, biphenyl, dibenzofuran, acenaphthene, and acenaphthylene. The identification of products formed from those substrates (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) in washed-cell suspensions indicates that P. cepacia F297 carries out the following reactions: (i) aromatic ring oxidation and cleavage, apparently using the pyruvate released for growth, (ii) methyl group oxidations, (iii) methylenic oxidations, and (iv) S oxidations of aromatic sulfur heterocycles. Strain F297 grew with a creosote-PAC mixture, producing an almost complete removal of all aromatic compounds containing 2 to 3 rings in 14 days, as demonstrated by gas chromatography analysis of the remaining PACs recovered from cultures. The identification of key chemicals confirmed that not only are certain compounds depleted but also the anticipated reaction products are found. C1 UNIV BARCELONA,DEPT MICROBIOL,BARCELONA,SPAIN. UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RI Grifoll, Magdalena/G-1131-2016 NR 55 TC 106 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 61 IS 10 BP 3711 EP 3723 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA RY071 UT WOS:A1995RY07100033 PM 7487007 ER PT J AU RODGERS, MR FLANIGAN, DJ JAKUBOWSKI, W AF RODGERS, MR FLANIGAN, DJ JAKUBOWSKI, W TI IDENTIFICATION OF ALGAE WHICH INTERFERE WITH THE DETECTION OF GIARDIA CYSTS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM OOCYSTS AND A METHOD FOR ALLEVIATING THIS INTERFERENCE SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID VIABILITY; WATER AB Fifty-four algal species were tested for cross-reaction in the American Society for Testing and Materials Giardia/Cryptosporidium indirect immunofluorescence assay, and 24 showed some degree of fluorescence. Two species, Navicula minima and Synechococcus elongatus, exhibited a bright apple green fluorescence. The addition of goat serum to the assay mixture blocked the fluorescence of most nontarget organisms tested and also decreased the background fluorescence. Goat serum did not interfere with the fluorescence of Giardia cysts or Cryptosporidium oocysts or the identification of cyst and oocyst internal structures. RP RODGERS, MR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 12 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 61 IS 10 BP 3759 EP 3763 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA RY071 UT WOS:A1995RY07100043 PM 7487013 ER PT J AU WILSON, NK MCCURDY, TR AF WILSON, NK MCCURDY, TR TI CONCENTRATIONS AND PHASE DISTRIBUTIONS OF NITRATED AND OXYGENATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS IN AMBIENT AIR SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE AMBIENT AIR; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; PAH; NITRATED PAH; NITROARENES; OXYGENATED PAH; PHASE DISTRIBUTION; SAMPLING ARTIFACT ID GAS-PHASE; PARTICULATE MATTER; ORGANIC-MATTER; UPPER SILESIA; NITROARENES; DERIVATIVES; PARTICLES; IDENTIFICATION; QUANTIFICATION; MUTAGENICITY AB The concentrations of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in ambient air, both in the vapor phase and adsorbed on airborne particles, were measured over a 12-month period in Houston, Texas. Seasonal variations in the levels of the target compounds were weakly related to changes in ambient temperature, but more strongly related to fluctuations in the levels of ozone (O-3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Phase distributions of the target compounds were determined by the denuder difference method. These phase distributions varied greatly over 12 months and were related to the molecular sizes, hence vapor pressures, of the compounds, but few significant associations were found between the percentages of compounds present in the vapor phase and ambient temperatures. C1 BATTELLE MEM INST,COLUMBUS,OH 43201. RP WILSON, NK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 41 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 29 IS 19 BP 2575 EP 2584 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00189-6 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA RW918 UT WOS:A1995RW91800002 ER PT J AU FREEMAN, JH CARTER, CS STANTON, ME AF FREEMAN, JH CARTER, CS STANTON, ME TI EARLY CEREBELLAR LESIONS IMPAIR EYEBLINK CONDITIONING IN DEVELOPING RATS - DIFFERENTIAL-EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL LESIONS ON POSTNATAL DAY-10 OR DAY-20 SO BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERPOSITUS NUCLEUS; MEMORY TRACE; INITIAL LOCALIZATION; NEURONAL RESPONSES; MOLECULAR LAYER; PURKINJE-CELLS; YOUNG-RAT; CORTEX; HEMICEREBELLECTOMY; PROJECTIONS AB Experiment 1 demonstrated that the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere is essential for the acquisition of eyeblink conditioning in infant rats and that cerebellar lesions given on Postnatal Day 10 (PND10) produced deficits in eyeblink conditioning when given to either hemisphere. For both hemispheres, lesions that were restricted to the cerebellar cortex produced less severe deficits than lesions that included the deep nuclei. Experiment 2 showed that the age at which the cerebellar lesions occurred determined whether damage to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere impaired conditioning. Lesions of either the ipsilateral or contralateral hemisphere that included the deep nuclei disrupted eyeblink conditioning when given on PND10. In contrast, when lesions were given on PND20, ipsilateral lesions that included the deep nuclei abolished conditioning, while the same lesion given to the contralateral hemisphere had no effect. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Carter, Christy/E-6630-2011 NR 32 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 SN 0735-7044 J9 BEHAV NEUROSCI JI Behav. Neurosci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 109 IS 5 BP 893 EP 902 DI 10.1037//0735-7044.109.5.893 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA RZ773 UT WOS:A1995RZ77300007 PM 8554713 ER PT J AU BURKHART, JG ARMSTRONG, FB EISEN, EJ AF BURKHART, JG ARMSTRONG, FB EISEN, EJ TI A UNIQUE BILIRUBIN-UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY RELATED TO NEONATAL JAUNDICE IN MICE SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE BILIRUBIN-UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY; JAUNDICE; MICE ID GILBERTS SYNDROME; HUMAN-LIVER; MOUSE; RAT; GLUCURONYLTRANSFERASE; HETEROGENEITY; METABOLISM; SEPARATION; CLONING; CDNAS AB This report describes biochemical and cellular characterization of a spontaneous mutation in ICR mice; the mutation has been phenotypically characterized as autosomal recessive jaundice in neonates and juveniles and given the gene symbol hub (J. Hered. 76:441-446, 1985; Mouse Newslett. 73:28, 1985). The results obtained demonstrate that (1) mice homozygous for the mutation are deficient in bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity, and there is no deficiency in heterozygous mice, (2) the deficiency is lifelong, even though the clinical symptom of jaundice is transitory and restricted to neonates or juveniles, (3) bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in mutant and nonmutant mice is similarly induced by triiodothyronine, (4) glucuronidation and xylodation of bilirubin probably occur as the result of separate enzyme forms in mice, and (5) Western analysis using antibody to rat bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase indicates that although there is no electrophoretic mobility difference, there is a diffuse band missing in mutant mice. Hepatic hyperplasia, cytomegaly, single-cell necrosis, and eosinophilic foci are also pleiotropic traits associated with homozygous but not heterozygous hub. The hub/hub mouse will be useful in the study of substrate specificity and regulation within a complex gene family and, perhaps, provide a new and useful animal model for the long-term health effects of deficiency in the metabolism of xenobiotics cleared via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP BURKHART, JG (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM,MD C4-07,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0006-2928 J9 BIOCHEM GENET JI Biochem. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 33 IS 9-10 BP 307 EP 326 DI 10.1007/BF02399930 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA TK388 UT WOS:A1995TK38800003 PM 8748456 ER PT J AU GARLAND, GA GRIST, TA GREEN, RE AF GARLAND, GA GRIST, TA GREEN, RE TI THE COMPOST STORY - FROM SOIL ENRICHMENT TO POLLUTION REMEDIATION SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article RP GARLAND, GA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF SOLID WASTE,5306W,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU JG PRESS PI EMMAUS PA BOX 351, 18 S SEVENTH ST, EMMAUS, PA 18049 SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD OCT PY 1995 VL 36 IS 10 BP 53 EP 56 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA RZ186 UT WOS:A1995RZ18600013 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT SchubauerBerigan, MK Monson, PD AF Ankley, GT SchubauerBerigan, MK Monson, PD TI Influence of pH and hardness on toxicity of ammonia to the amphipod Hyalella azteca SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENT QUALITY CRITERIA; UN-IONIZED AMMONIA; WATER; IDENTIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; METALS; RIVER AB The amphipod Hyalella azteca is frequently used for freshwater sediment tests throughout North America. A common potential toxicant in sediments is ammonia. Our objective was to characterize the influence of two key water quality variables, pH and hardness, on toxicity of ammonia to the amphipod. Ninety-six hour, water-only exposures of H. azteca to ammonia were conducted using three different water types with hardnesses of 42, 100, and 270 mg/L as CaCO3 and three levels of pH (ca. 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5). In the soft water, toxicity of total ammonia was constant across test pH. As water hardness increased, toxicity of ammonia (on a total basis) to the amphipod decreased and became more pH dependent. Our data suggest that in softer water the amphipod was quite sensitive to the ionized (NH4+) form of ammonia. This contrasts with most other species that have been tested, which typically are more sensitive to un-ionized (NH) ammonia than to NH4+. These data provide baseline values for interpreting the possible contribution of ammonia to sediment toxicity in tests conducted with H. azteca and also indicate that in some situations NH4+ may be important in determining ammonia toxicity. C1 MINNESOTA POLLUT CONTROL AGCY,DULUTH,MN 55802. LAKE SUPER RES INST,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/B-3149-2009 OI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/0000-0002-5175-924X NR 39 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 15 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 52 IS 10 BP 2078 EP 2083 DI 10.1139/f95-801 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA TQ594 UT WOS:A1995TQ59400002 ER PT J AU DEMARINI, DM SHELTON, ML LEVINE, JG AF DEMARINI, DM SHELTON, ML LEVINE, JG TI MUTATION SPECTRUM OF CIGARETTE-SMOKE CONDENSATE IN SALMONELLA - COMPARISON TO MUTATIONS IN SMOKING-ASSOCIATED TUMORS SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID OLIGODEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE COLONY HYBRIDIZATION; P53 MUTATIONS; HUMAN BLADDER; REVERTANTS; TOBACCO; BENZOPYRENE; GENOTOXICITY; FRAMESHIFT; CANCER; GENE AB We used colony probe hybridization and polymerase chain reaction/DNA sequence analysis to determine the mutations in similar to 1600 revertants of Salmonella induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) in the presence of S9, CSC induced similar to 80% GC --> TA transversions and similar to 20% GC --> AT transitions at the base-substitution allele (hisG46) in strain TA100. This spectrum was similar to those of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAD) benzo[a]pyrene and various aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl and Glu-P-1, all of which are present in CSC, This spectrum was also similar to that produced by PAHs in other bacteria, mammalian cells, and rodents as well as to that of the p53 gene in lung tumors from smokers. The results in Salmonella are consistent with a role for the PAH component of cigarette smoke in the base-substitution specificity found in the p53 gene of smoking-associated lung tumors, At the frameshift allele in strains TA1538 and TA98, CSC induced only a hotspot 2-base deletion, which is a mutation spectrum that is identical to that induced by the heterocyclic amine pyrolysate products of amino acids, such as Glu-P-1. This is consistent with bioassay-directed fractionation studies showing that aromatic amines account for most of the frameshift specificity of CSC in Salmonella. Rodent and human studies indicate that aromatic amines are responsible for smoking-associated bladder cancer, Repeated freezing and thawing of the CSC samples changed the chemical composition of the mixtures as evidenced by the production of an altered mutation spectrum, This emphasizes the necessity of proper storage and handling of labile complex mixtures, This study (i) confirms our previous studies showing that the mutation spectrum of a complex mixture reflects the dominance of one or a few classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture, and (ii) illustrates the potential of bioassay-directed molecular analysis for identifying the chemical classes in a complex mixture that are responsible for specific classes of mutation and tumor types produced by the mixture. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP DEMARINI, DM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 46 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD OCT PY 1995 VL 16 IS 10 BP 2535 EP 2542 DI 10.1093/carcin/16.10.2535 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TA476 UT WOS:A1995TA47600040 PM 7586163 ER PT J AU ZAROOGIAN, G VOYER, RA AF ZAROOGIAN, G VOYER, RA TI INTERACTIVE CYTOTOXICITIES OF SELECTED ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTANCES TO BROWN CELLS OF MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA SO CELL BIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE FACTOR INTERACTIONS; IN VITRO ASSAY; NEUTRAL RED; TOXICANT MIXTURES; TOXICITY ID AQUATIC POLLUTANTS; CADMIUM; TOXICITY; COPPER; NICKEL AB Toxicities of binary mixtures of CU2+, Cd2+, benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were screened using the in vitro neutral red (NR) assay to test the hypothesis that combined toxicity is more than or less than additive relative to the influence of each mixture constituent on toxicant uptake and brown cell lysosomal membrane stability. Significant cytotoxicity was observed at 25 mu mol/L CU2+, 500 mu mol/L Cd2+ and 25 mu mol/L NEM. B(a)P at 12 mu mol/L exerted no toxicity under the conditions of the assay. Interactions between CU2+ and NEM, between Cd2+ and NEM, and between Cd2+ and B(a)P significantly influenced brown cell survival. Comparison of observed joint toxicity with estimates made using a model of independent joint action indicates that interactive effects are less than additive in character. The 3-way interaction involving CU2+, B(a)P, and NEM also affected brown cell survival to a statistically significant degree. However, the interactive cytotoxicity of this mixture is attributable mainly to the combined effect of CU2+ and NEM. Results also indicate that new hypotheses and additional experimentation are needed to understand the interactive toxicity of mixture constituents. RP ZAROOGIAN, G (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0742-2091 J9 CELL BIOL TOXICOL JI Cell Biol. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 11 IS 5 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1007/BF00757624 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Toxicology SC Cell Biology; Toxicology GA TF118 UT WOS:A1995TF11800003 PM 8608407 ER PT J AU ELSTEIN, KH THOMAS, DJ ZUCKER, RM AF ELSTEIN, KH THOMAS, DJ ZUCKER, RM TI FACTORS AFFECTING FLOW CYTOMETRIC DETECTION OF APOPTOTIC NUCLEI BY DNA ANALYSIS SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE APOPTOSIS; STAINABILITY; THYMOCYTE; CHROMATIN; RIBONUCLEASE ID CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; CELL-DEATH; INTERNUCLEOSOMAL FRAGMENTATION; STRAND BREAKS; THYMOCYTES; ORGANIZATION; ENDONUCLEASE; CONDENSATION; DEGRADATION; DIGESTION AB Apoptotic thymocyte nuclei normally appear on a now cytometric DNA histogram as a subdiploid peak. We observed that addition of a specific RNase A preparation to the detergent-based lysing buffer increased the fluorescence of toxicant-induced apoptotic nuclei to the level of untreated diploid nuclei, The chelating agent EDTA partially inhibited the RNase effect, suggesting contaminating divalent cations may have been involved, Moreover, spectrofluorometric analysis revealed that addition of RNase or divalent cations decreased the amount of DNA present in the lysate, This suggested that the upscale fluorescence shift was due to a decrease in the ability of the lysing buffer to extract DNA, possibly as a result of cation-induced chromatin condensation, rather than increased accessibility of fluorochrome binding sites due to apoptotic degeneration, Moreover, during a 16-h culture, we observed a similar, but time-dependent, upscale shift in the fluorescence of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis either spontaneously or as a result of exposure to 1 mu-M tributyltin methoxide (TBT), 2% ethanol, 2% methanol, or 1 mu M dexamethasone phosphate (DM). This commonality of effect suggests that a similar magnitude of chromatin reorganization occurs in apoptotic cells in prolonged culture regardless of the method of apoptotic induction, These findings should alert investigators to potential inaccuracies in the flow cytometric quantitation of apoptosis in in vitro systems employing prolonged toxicant exposures or complex lysing cocktails that may contain active contaminants. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP ELSTEIN, KH (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL MD67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD OCT 1 PY 1995 VL 21 IS 2 BP 170 EP 176 DI 10.1002/cyto.990210209 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA TA353 UT WOS:A1995TA35300008 PM 8582237 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, BD BIRNBAUM, LS PERDEW, GH AF ABBOTT, BD BIRNBAUM, LS PERDEW, GH TI DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION OF 2 MEMBERS OF A NEW CLASS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS .1. EXPRESSION OF ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR IN THE C57BL/6N MOUSE EMBRYO SO DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; ARYL HYDROCARBON NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR; DIOXIN ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN; KERATINOCYTE CELL-LINE; AH GENE BATTERY; DIOXIN RECEPTOR; CLEFT-PALATE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; DNA RECOGNITION; GROWTH-FACTORS; RETINOIC ACID AB The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor with a basic region/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif. AhR has been sequenced and the functional domains defined and there is information on the formation of complexes with other peptides and interactions with DNA, although these areas continue to be investigated, AhR mediates many biological effects such as developmental toxicity, including induction of cleft palate and hydronephrosis, This regulatory protein is expressed in embryonic liver and has been immunohistochemically localized in cells of human and mouse secondary palate. The expression of AhR in embryonic tissues and its ability to disrupt development suggests a significant role for this protein in development, The present study examines the pattern of AhR expression in the C57BL/6N mouse embryo from gestation days (GD) 10-16, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis. AhR mRNA was localized with S-35-RNA antisense riboprobe (cAh1 probe, 1.8 Kb amino terminal DNA), AhR protein was localized with purified monoclonal antibody (RPT-9) raised against the N-terminal peptide sequence. AhR mRNA and protein were expressed in GD 10-13 neuroepithelium, and as development progressed the levels in brain decreased. GD 10-12 embryos also showed AhR in branchial arches, heart, somites, and liver, AhR protein and mRNA in heart were highest at GD 10-11 and decreased with age. In liver, AhR mRNA and protein levels increased and nuclear localization became more pronounced with gestational age. In GD 14-16 embryos levels in liver and adrenal were highest, but AhR was present in ectoderm, bone, and muscle. AhR expression was specific for both cell type, organ/tissue, and developmental stage, suggesting that this novel ligand-activated transcriptional regulator may be important in normal embryonic development. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FOODS & NUTR,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP ABBOTT, BD (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,DIV DEV TOXICOL MD67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 59 TC 131 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1058-8388 J9 DEV DYNAM JI Dev. Dyn. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 204 IS 2 BP 133 EP 143 PG 11 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology GA RZ506 UT WOS:A1995RZ50600003 PM 8589437 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, BD PROBST, MR AF ABBOTT, BD PROBST, MR TI DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION OF 2 MEMBERS OF A NEW CLASS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS .2. EXPRESSION OF ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR IN THE C57BL/6N MOUSE EMBRYO SO DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR; ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN ID DNA-BINDING; DIOXIN RECEPTOR; CLEFT-PALATE; C-JUN; PROTEIN; TOXICITY; ALTERS; TCDD; "2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AB The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the AhR nuclear translocator protein (ARNT) are basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. The AhR is a ligand-activated partner of the ARNT protein. Both proteins are required to transcriptionally regulate gene expression, ARNT must be complexed to AhR to permit binding to the regulatory DNA sequence. The AhR-ligand complex is known to mediate a range of biological responses, such as developmental toxicity, induction of cleft palate, and hydronephrosis. AhR and ARNT are expressed in human embryonic palatal cells and AhR was recently shown to have a specific developmental pattern of expression in the mouse embryo. In the present study, expression of ARNT is characterized in C57BL/6N mouse embryos from gestation day (GD) 10-16 using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, An affinity purified antibody against human ARNT (1.1 mu g/ml) was detected with an avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex. ARNT mRNA was localized with a S-35-RNA probe from pBM5/NEO-M1-1. Specific spatial and temporal patterns of ARNT expression emerged and mRNA and protein expression correlated. The GD 10-11 embryos showed highest levels of ARNT in neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube, visceral arches, otic and optic placodes, and preganglionic complexes, The heart also had significant expression of ARNT with strong nuclear localization, After GD11, expression in heart and brain declined. In GD 12-13 embryos expression was highest in the liver where expression increased from GD 12-16. At GD 15-16 the highest levels of ARNT occurred in adrenal gland and liver, although ARNT was also detected in submandibular gland, ectoderm, tongue, bone, and muscle. In all of these tissues ARNT was cytoplasmic as well as nuclear, except in some of the cortical adrenal cells in which ARNT was strongly cytoplasmic with little or no nuclear localization. These specific patterns of ARNT expression, which differ in certain tissues from the expression of AhR, suggest that ARNT may have additional roles in normal embryonic development. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,STRUCT BIOL & MOLEC MED LAB,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP ABBOTT, BD (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,DIV DEV TOXICOL MD67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA28868] NR 33 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1058-8388 J9 DEV DYNAM JI Dev. Dyn. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 204 IS 2 BP 144 EP 155 PG 12 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology GA RZ506 UT WOS:A1995RZ50600004 PM 8589438 ER PT J AU HEPPELL, SA DENSLOW, ND FOLMAR, LC SULLIVAN, CV AF HEPPELL, SA DENSLOW, ND FOLMAR, LC SULLIVAN, CV TI UNIVERSAL ASSAY OF VITELLOGENIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE VITELLOGENIN; UNIVERSAL ASSAY; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; XENOBIOTICS; MONOCLONAL; IMMUNOASSAY; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; BIOMARKER; POLYCLONAL; HORMONE MIMICS ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; EGG-YOLK PROTEINS; HOMOLOGOUS RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; CROSS-REACTIVITY; IMMUNOASSAY; EVOLUTION AB Vitellogenin (VTG), the serum phospholipoglycoprotein precursor to egg yolk, is potentially an ideal biomarker for environmental estrogens. This study was undertaken to develop antibodies against conserved regions on the VTG molecule that could form the basis for establishing bioassays to detect estrogen exposure in any oviparous vertebrate. We developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against purified rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) VTG and selected for the property of specifically recognizing VTG purified from two phylogenetically distant vertebrates, trout and striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting indicated that these mAbs specifically recognize purified VTG and VTG or other estrogen-inducible proteins in plasma or serum from representative species of four vertebrate classes (fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds). Ail of the mAbs generated were IgM class. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against a synthetic consensus peptide representing the conserved N-terminal amino acid sequence of VTG. The results of Western blotting indicate that this antiserum specifically recognizes VTG in plasma or serum from teleost fish of diverse families. it was used to detect VTG in Western blots of serum from brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) with cancer (hepatocellular and cholangio-carcinoma) collected from a contaminated industrial site outside of their normal vitellogenic season. Our results indicate that it is feasible to generate antibodies capable of recognizing VTG without regard to species and that development of a universal VTG assay is an achievable goal. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32610 USA. US EPA, GULF BREEZE, FL USA. RI Sullivan, Craig/B-3863-2014 OI Sullivan, Craig/0000-0002-3609-9458 NR 39 TC 194 Z9 204 U1 5 U2 32 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 103 SU 7 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.2307/3432500 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TG782 UT WOS:A1995TG78200003 PM 8593883 ER PT J AU BIRNBAUM, LS AF BIRNBAUM, LS TI DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF DIOXINS SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Estrogens in the Environment, III - Global Health Implications CY JAN 09-11, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC DE TCDD; DIOXINS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; GROWTH DYSREGULATION ID EPITHELIAL-CELL DIFFERENTIATION; TCDD ALTERS; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; C57BL/6N MICE; RETINOIC ACID; CLEFT-PALATE; AH-RECEPTOR; MALE-RATS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE AB The potent developmental toxicity of dioxin in multiple species has been known for a number of years. However, recent studies have indicated that dioxin also induces functional developmental defects, many of which are delayed. Subtle structural deficits, not detectable at birth, have also been described in multiple species and in both sexes. Certain defects have been reported not only in animals but also in children prenatally exposed to complex mixtures containing dioxinlike compounds. None of the effects can be attributed to modulation of any one endocrine system. For example, dioxin does not bind to the estrogen receptor, but it can cause effects that are both estrogenic and antiestrogenic. However, viewing dioxin and related compounds as endocrine disruptors that may alter multiple pathways sheds some light on the complexities of this potent class of growth dysregulators. RP BIRNBAUM, LS (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-66,ROOM L-318,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 81 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 103 SU 7 BP 89 EP 94 DI 10.2307/3432515 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TG782 UT WOS:A1995TG78200018 PM 8593882 ER PT J AU Field, MS Wilhelm, RG Quinlan, JF Aley, TJ AF Field, MS Wilhelm, RG Quinlan, JF Aley, TJ TI An assessment of the potential adverse properties of fluorescent tracer dyes used for groundwater tracing SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID RHODAMINE-WT; SECTION-5; TSCA; SAR AB The potential ecotoxicity of fluorescent dyes used in tracing, and their possible effects on human health, were evaluated by reviewing available toxicological information for 12 dyes fluorescein, Lissamine Flavine FF, Rhodamine WT, Rhodamine B, Sulpho Rhodamine G, Sulpho Rhodamine B, eosin, pyranine, Phorwite BBH Pure, Tinopal 5BM GX, Tinopal CBS-X, and Diphenyl Brilliant Flavine 7GFF - and a dye-intermediate, amino G acid. This evaluation used available toxicological information, test data on analogous substances, and mathematical expressions for biological activity. Based on set criteria for human health and acute ecotoxicity, the evaluation indicated that these tracers have low to moderate levels of concern. The use of these tracers for the study of groundwater flow is appropriate if consideration is given to the overall human health and environmental effects. Their use in the environment requires tracer concentrations not exceeding 1-2 mg 1(-1) persisting for a period in excess of 24 h in the groundwater at the point of groundwater withdrawal or discharge. A simple calculated potential dose was used in a comparison of the estimated acute toxicity of Rhodamine WT in rats to the known acute oral toxic dose in humans for several known acutely toxic chemicals. This comparison showed that none of the fluorescent dyes evaluated would present an acutely toxic threat at or substantially above the recommended 2 mg 1(-1) concentration. RP Field, MS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8603,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. OI Field, Malcolm/0000-0002-8350-417X NR 39 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 5 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 1 BP 75 EP 96 DI 10.1007/BF00547128 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TP550 UT WOS:A1995TP55000007 PM 24197914 ER PT J AU LOPEZAVILA, V BENEDICTO, J CHARAN, C YOUNG, R BECKERT, WF AF LOPEZAVILA, V BENEDICTO, J CHARAN, C YOUNG, R BECKERT, WF TI DETERMINATION OF PCBS IN SOILS SEDIMENTS BY MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION AND GC/ECD OR ELISA SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Note AB Extraction of PCBs from soils/sediments with hexane-acetone using microwave energy followed by analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay could be used as a fast, relatively inexpensive screening/monitoring method if a number of samples are confirmed by GC/ECD. C1 US EPA,DIV CHARACTERIZAT RES,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP LOPEZAVILA, V (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,625-B CLYDE AVE,MT VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 12 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 29 IS 10 BP 2709 EP & DI 10.1021/es00010a037 PG 0 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RY885 UT WOS:A1995RY88500056 PM 22191976 ER PT J AU WALKER, JD SMOCK, WH AF WALKER, JD SMOCK, WH TI CHEMICALS RECOMMENDED FOR TESTING BY THE TSCA INTERAGENCY TESTING COMMITTEE - A CASE-STUDY OF OCTAMETHYLCYCLOTETRASILOXANE SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT; BIOCONCENTRATION; FATE C1 ENVIRONM HLTH & SAFETY COUNCIL,WASHINGTON,DC. RP WALKER, JD (reprint author), US EPA,TSCA INTERAGCY TESTING COMM 7401,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1631 EP 1634 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1631:CRFTBT]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RV709 UT WOS:A1995RV70900001 ER PT J AU SCHMIEDER, P LOTHENBACH, D TIETGE, J ERICKSON, R JOHNSON, R AF SCHMIEDER, P LOTHENBACH, D TIETGE, J ERICKSON, R JOHNSON, R TI [H-3] 2,3,7,8-TCDD UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION KINETICS OF MEDAKA (ORYZIAS-LATIPES) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE GENERATOR COLUMN; BCF; GROWTH DILUTION; DIOXIN; MEDAKA ID RAINBOW-TROUT; BIOCONCENTRATION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; SOLUBILITY; GILLS; FISH; BIOAVAILABILITY; 2,3,7,8-TCDD; DYNAMICS; TOXICITY AB Uptake and elimination rate constants for [H-3]-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ([H-3]TCDD) were estimated by exposing medaka (Oryzias latipes) to [H-3]TCDD in flowing water with no solvent carriers. Uptake was determined from body burdens measured on exposure days 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 12. Elimination was quantified from whole fish after 28, 90, and 175 d in uncontaminated water. Medaka accumulated [H-3]TCDD at a rapid rate, achieving residues 24,000 times the water concentration after 12d, with no indication of approach to steady state. After 6 months in uncontaminated water, the pg TCDD/g decreased by 69%, much of the decrease due to growth dilution as evidenced by only a 47% decrease in the pg TCDD/fish. Uptake and elimination rate constants (2,300 ml/g/d and 0.0045/d, respectively) were estimated by fitting a one-compartment, linear, mass-balance model to the data, adjusting for growth rate. The experimental design, including solvent-free delivery of [H-3]TCDD, exposure at concentrations below maximum water solubility, and measurement of fish growth and lipid content during a 6-month elimination phase, resulted in a predicted steady-state bioconcentration factor (BCF) for medaka of 510,000, a number considerably higher than previously reported for dioxin BCFs. Kinetic parameters were used to successfully predict TCDD BCF in medaka exposed independently. RP SCHMIEDER, P (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1735 EP 1743 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1735:HUAEKO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RV709 UT WOS:A1995RV70900014 ER PT J AU SUN, K KRAUSE, GF MAYER, FL ELLERSIECK, MR BASU, AP AF SUN, K KRAUSE, GF MAYER, FL ELLERSIECK, MR BASU, AP TI PREDICTING CHRONIC LETHALITY OF CHEMICALS TO FISHES FROM ACUTE TOXICITY TEST DATA - THEORY OF ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PREDICTION; CHRONIC TOXICITY; FISHES; LETHALITY; ACCELERATED LIFE TEST ID RISK ANALYSIS; ENDPOINTS; SURVIVAL AB A method for modeling aquatic toxicity data based on the theory of accelerated life testing is presented, and a procedure for maximum likelihood fitting the proposed model is developed. The procedure is computerized as software, which can predict chronic lethality of chemicals using data from acute toxicity tests. A database of various chemicals and fish species was analyzed. When the calculated values of prediction were compared to the maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations obtained from actual chronic toxicity experiments, the new technique provided accurate predictions. Problems in using the ''maximum acceptable toxicant concentration'' and applications of the proposed method are discussed. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV MISSOURI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 14 IS 10 BP 1745 EP 1752 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1745:PCLOCT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RV709 UT WOS:A1995RV70900015 ER PT J AU EVANS, MV ANDERSEN, ME AF EVANS, MV ANDERSEN, ME TI SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND THE DESIGN OF GAS UPTAKE INHALATION STUDIES SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; METABOLISM; CONSTANTS; RATS AB Gas uptake studies analyzed by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been used to estimate metabolic parameters for many volatiles. The metabolic constants for a saturable pathway (V-max, mg/h; and K-m, mg/L) and for a first-order process (K-l, h(-1)) are typically inferred from the decline in chemical concentration observed in closed chamber exposures. Sensitivity analysis was used to quantify the identifiability of these metabolic parameters with PBPK models for three compounds: chloroform (V-max = 2.25 mg/h), dichloromethane (V-max = 1.33 mg/h), and carbon tetrachloride (V-max = 0.11 mg/h). Further sensitivity analysis related the increased ability to estimate V-max for chloroform and dichloromethane with their higher metabolic rates, indicating the value of V-max to be an important determinant in its identifiability. The optimal experimental concentration needed for estimating V-max was lower for carbon tetrachloride (12-18 ppm) than for either chloroform (740-770 ppm) or dichloromethane (680-740 ppm), and was shown to increase as a function of V-max. In addition to V-max, blood/air and fat/air partition coefficients were found to be important determinants of sensitivity to V-max estimation. Three-dimensional sensitivity surfaces were generated in order to study the combined effect of initial chamber concentration and partition coefficients on identifiability of V-max. Within the range of parameters investigated (blood/air partition was varied between 1 and 100; the fat/air partition was varied between 1 and 800), increased sensitivity toward V-max was achieved as the blood partition increased and the fat partition decreased in value. In summary, sensitivity analysis was useful in selecting appropriate initial concentrations for identifying kinetic constants and provided increased understanding of factors determining the applicability of gas uptake techniques for assessing rates of metabolism with various volatiles. C1 ICF ENERGY & ENVIRONM,KS CRUMP DIV,MORRISVILLE,NC. RP EVANS, MV (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,ETD,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,MAIL DROP 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 17 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 7 IS 7 BP 1075 EP 1094 PG 20 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TC003 UT WOS:A1995TC00300003 ER PT J AU ROBERSON, JA CROMWELL, JE KRASNER, SW MCGUIRE, MJ OWEN, DM REGLI, S SUMMERS, RS AF ROBERSON, JA CROMWELL, JE KRASNER, SW MCGUIRE, MJ OWEN, DM REGLI, S SUMMERS, RS TI THE D/DBP RULE - WHERE DID THE NUMBERS COME FROM SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Because of the difficulties in balancing chemical and microbial risks in drinking water, a negotiated rule-making process was used to develop the proposed Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products (D/DBP) Rule, the proposed Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, and the proposed Information Collection Rule. During the process, negotiators were aided by the Technologies Working Group, which quantified the costs and benefits of various treatment alternatives. This article summarizes the technical analyses of D/DBP exposure reductions and the national compliance costs that were developed to support the negotiated rule-making process. C1 APOGEE RES INC,SPECIAL STUDIES,BETHESDA,MD 20814. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF,LA VERNE,CA 91750. MCGUIRE ENVIRONM CONSULTANTS INC,SANTA MONICA,CA 90402. MALCOLM PIRNIE INC,CARLSBAD,CA 92009. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP ROBERSON, JA (reprint author), AWWA,REGULATORY AFFAIRS,1401 NEW YORK AVE NW,SUITE 640,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 87 IS 10 BP 46 EP 57 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TA118 UT WOS:A1995TA11800007 ER PT J AU CONNOLLY, JP COFFIN, RB AF CONNOLLY, JP COFFIN, RB TI MODEL OF CARBON CYCLING IN PLANKTONIC FOOD WEBS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID ALGAL EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCTS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; FREE AMINO-ACIDS; BACTERIAL UTILIZATION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ISOTOPE-DILUTION; MARINE COPEPOD; PHYTOPLANKTON; RATES; BACTERIOPLANKTON AB A mathematical model of carbon fluxes through the heterotrophic microbial food web is developed from a synthesis of laboratory and field research. The basis of the model is the segregation of organic carbon into lability classes that are defined by bioassay experiments. Bacteria, phytoplankton, three trophic levels of zooplankton, and dissolved organic carbon (DOG) and particulate organic carbon (POC) are modeled. The descriptions of bacterial growth and utilization of the various classes of substrate were treated as ''universal constants'' in the application of the model to three distinct ecosystems, ranging from oligotrophic to highly eutrophic. The successful application of the model to these diverse ecosystems supports the basic validity of the description of the microbial food web and the dynamics of carbon flux. The model indicates that the dynamics of bacteria and protozoan zooplankton production govern the rates of oxidation of carbon entering the water column. Explicit consideration of these groups would improve the capability of eutrophication models to predict dissolved oxygen dynamics, particularly when projecting responses to loading changes. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP CONNOLLY, JP (reprint author), HYDROQUAL INC,1 LETHBRIDGE PLAZA,MAHWAH,NJ 07430, USA. NR 71 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1995 VL 121 IS 10 BP 682 EP 690 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:10(682) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RV791 UT WOS:A1995RV79100002 ER PT J AU ROSSMAN, LA UBER, JG GRAYMAN, WM AF ROSSMAN, LA UBER, JG GRAYMAN, WM TI MODELING DISINFECTANT RESIDUALS IN DRINKING-WATER STORAGE TANKS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Note ID QUALITY AB The factors leading to the loss of disinfectant residual in well-mixed drinking-water storage tanks are studied. Equations relating disinfectant residual to the disinfectant's reaction rate, the tank volume, and the fill and drain rates are presented. An analytical solution for the minimum disinfectant residual in the tank under constant inflow/outflow conditions is found. It shows that significant disinfectant loss begins when the product of disinfectant decay constant and the refill time for an empty tank exceeds 0.1, and that disinfectant residuals are relatively insensitive to the fraction of total volume devoted to emergency storage. A second, numerical solution to the model is developed to account for the fact that tank fill and drain rates are constrained by system demand patterns, pump capacity, and pump scheduling. Results show that pulsed or periodic pumping during a portion of the day can maintain much higher disinfectant residuals than continuous pumping can. However, such pumping policies require additional pump capacity and operating storage volume. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. WM GRAYMAN CONSULTING ENGINEERS,CINCINNATI,OH 45229. RP ROSSMAN, LA (reprint author), US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,26 WML KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI uber, james/E-7189-2010 NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1995 VL 121 IS 10 BP 752 EP 755 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:10(752) PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RV791 UT WOS:A1995RV79100013 ER PT J AU Conrath, SM Kolb, L AF Conrath, SM Kolb, L TI The health risk of radon SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Although radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, second only to cigarette smoking, many members of the public are not aware that radon is one of the most serious environmental cancer risks in the U.S. Based on extensive data from epidemiological studies of underground mines, radon has been classified as a known human carcinogen. In contrast to most pollutants, the assessment of human risk from radon is based on human occupational exposure data rather than animal data. That radon causes lung cancer has been well established by the scientific community. We know more about radon than most other cancer causing environmental carcinogens. While there are some uncertainties involved when estimating radon risk to the public, it is important to recognize that the risk information is based on human data and that the uncertainties have been addressed in the risk assessment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the number of annual U.S. lung cancer deaths due to residential radon exposures is approximately 14,000 with an uncertainty range of 7,000 to 30,000. The abundant information on radon health risks that supports EPA's risk assessment indicates that recommendations for public action by the federal government and other public health organizations constitute prudent public policy. RP Conrath, SM (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 58 IS 3 BP 24 EP 26 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TT118 UT WOS:A1995TT11800005 ER PT J AU Ott, WR AF Ott, WR TI Human exposure assessment: The birth of a new science SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; INDOOR-OUTDOOR RELATIONSHIPS; PERSONAL EXPOSURES; NEW-JERSEY; DRINKING-WATER; BREATH CONCENTRATIONS; ACTIVITY PATTERNS; EXHALED BREATH; NORTH-CAROLINA C1 US EPA,NATL ENVIRONM EXPOSURE LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 102 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 449 EP 472 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TV010 UT WOS:A1995TV01000001 PM 8938244 ER PT J AU McCurdy, T AF McCurdy, T TI Estimating human exposure to selected motor vehicle pollutants using the NEM series of models: Lessons to be learned SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Motor Vehicle Pollution Symposium, at the ISEE/ISEA Joint Conference 1994 CY SEP 18-21, 1994 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP ISEE, ISEA AB This paper reviews the use of exposure modeling by the Ambient Standards Branch (ASB) of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. The Branch uses exposure assessments to evaluate health risks associated with attainment of alternative National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). This paper examines the history of the NAAQS Exposure Model (NEM) and probabilistic NEM (pNEM) models and the role that they have played in NAAQS reviews of lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. Trends in how the following substantive issues were addressed in the NEM series of models are reviewed: (1) exposure and dose metrics; (2) microenvironmental (mu e) concentration estimation; and (3) human activity and breathing rate simulation. In response to an outside peer review of its recent exposure assessments, ASB is deemphasizing modeling the entire population in favor of limited modeling of narrowly defined ''sensitive groups.'' In addition, ASB increasingly is focusing its exposure assessments on those human activities that lead to high intake dose, or high intake dose rate. Examples are provided that highlight these changes in emphasis. RP McCurdy, T (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE & FIELD RES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 49 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 533 EP 550 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TV010 UT WOS:A1995TV01000005 PM 8938248 ER PT J AU MAU, RE BOULOS, PF CLARK, RM GRAYMAN, WM TEKIPPE, RJ TRUSSELL, RR AF MAU, RE BOULOS, PF CLARK, RM GRAYMAN, WM TEKIPPE, RJ TRUSSELL, RR TI EXPLICIT MATHEMATICAL-MODELS OF DISTRIBUTION STORAGE WATER-QUALITY SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID NETWORKS; SYSTEMS AB Explicit analytical mathematical models for use in water-quality simulation studies and management of distribution-system storage are developed, The proposed models can be used effectively for investigating the mixing characteristics of tanks and subsequent effects on water quality, and can directly supplement any of the existing distribution-system water-quality simulators; These models are formulated analytically from mass-balance principles, where specific hydrodynamic processes are modeled conceptually. The resulting models are simple to understand and implement and are well suited to the needs of those practicing engineers who wish to write and run their own programs. The performance of the models is illustrated by application to actual tank data taken from a previous paper. Enhancement of distribution-system water-quality management is a principal benefit of the developed models. C1 MONTGOMERY WATSON,WATER DISTRIBUT TECHNOL,PASADENA,CA. US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. WALTER M GRAYMAN CONSULTING ENGR,CINCINNATI,OH 45229. MONTGOMERY WATSON,TECHNOL,PASADENA,CA 91101. MONTGOMERY WATSON,CORP DEV,PASADENA,CA 91101. RP MAU, RE (reprint author), MONTGOMERY WATSON,DEPT MUNICIPAL SERV,301 N LAKE AVE,SUITE 400,PASADENA,CA 91101, USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1995 VL 121 IS 10 BP 699 EP 709 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:10(699) PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA RW509 UT WOS:A1995RW50900003 ER PT J AU GABELE, P AF GABELE, P TI EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM IN-USE ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This study examines exhaust emissions from II vehicles tested on compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, ethanol, and reformulated gasoline fuels (22 vehicle/fuel combinations). The paper highlights ozone precursor and toxic emissions. Emission rates from some of the presumably well-maintained, low-mileage test vehicles were higher than expected, but fuel effects were consistent with findings of similar studies. Aggregate toxic and non-methane organic emission rates from the variable/flexible fuel vehicles were higher with alcohol fuels than with reformulated gasoline. Lower specific reactivities for emissions with the alcohol fuels offset this negative trait. Specific reactivities of the organic emissions with the alternative fuels were consistently lower than those with the gasoline blends. Compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas fuels had the lowest values. Although specific reactivities were expected to vary from fuel-to-fuel, they also varied considerably from vehicle-to-vehicle. RP GABELE, P (reprint author), US EPA,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS RES BRANCH,MD-46,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 770 EP 777 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TB416 UT WOS:A1995TB41600002 ER PT J AU MCCLENNY, WA OLIVER, KD DAUGHTREY, EH AF MCCLENNY, WA OLIVER, KD DAUGHTREY, EH TI ANALYSIS OF VOCS IN AMBIENT AIR USING MULTISORBENT PACKINGS FOR VOC ACCUMULATION AND SAMPLE DRYING SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS AB Solid multisorbent packings have been characterized for trapping and release efficiency of trace (10-20 ppbv in humidified zero air) volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The use of a two-stage trapping system reduces sample water content typically by more than 95.5% while maintaining a trapping and release efficiency of 100% for 49 VOCs, including eight water-soluble VOCs, Three combinations of primary tube and focusing tube are examined in detail by using an atomic emission detector to monitor hydrogen as an indication of residual water vapor, and to monitor either chlorine, bromine, or carbon for target VOCs. Linearity of response to individual VOCs, the presence of artifacts, and a laboratory monitoring application are also discussed. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP MCCLENNY, WA (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,MONITORING METHODS RES SECT,MD-44,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 11 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 792 EP 800 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TB416 UT WOS:A1995TB41600006 ER PT J AU SORIAL, GA SMITH, FL SUIDAN, MT BISWAS, P BRENNER, RC AF SORIAL, GA SMITH, FL SUIDAN, MT BISWAS, P BRENNER, RC TI EVALUATION OF TRICKLE-BED BIOFILTER MEDIA FOR TOLUENE REMOVAL SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WASTE GASES; DICHLOROMETHANE AB In this research, pilot-scale trickle bed biofilter systems have been analyzed to determine their effectiveness in controlling toluene in waste gas streams. These studies evaluated two synthetic microbial attachment media-a monolithic channelized medium and a pelletized ceramic medium. Operational parameters considered included toluene loading, empty bed residence time (EBRT), temperature, and long-term operation. The channelized medium provided 99% removal efficiency for a toluene loading of 0.725 kg COD/m(3)-day during the initial stages. However, continuous operation resulted in reduced and erratic efficiencies, due to air channeling caused by random plugging. After biomass accumulated within the channels and was subsequently removed by hosing, performance of the channelized medium never regained the previous levels. Similarly, the pelletized medium exhibited consistently good performance until the accumulation of excess biomass in the medium interstices also caused overall performance to deteriorate. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,BIOSYST ENGN SECT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP SORIAL, GA (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 23 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 1 U2 9 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 801 EP 810 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TB416 UT WOS:A1995TB41600007 ER PT J AU SIMMONS, JE MCDONALD, A SEELY, JC SEY, YM AF SIMMONS, JE MCDONALD, A SEELY, JC SEY, YM TI POTENTIATION OF CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE HEPATOTOXICITY BY INHALED METHANOL - TIME-COURSE OF INJURY AND RECOVERY SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ALCOHOL; PRETREATMENT; LETHALITY; RATS AB Increases in the use of methanol (MeOH) as a transportation fuel would result in greater potential for inhalation exposure. Because oral exposure to MeOH potentiates the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), we examined the ability of inhaled MeOH to potentiate CCl4 hepatotoxicity and the time course of injury and recovery. Adult male F-344 rats were exposed to 0 or to 10,000 ppm MeOH by inhalation for 6 h and gavaged with 0.075 ml CCl4/kg 24 h later. Hepatotoxicity was assessed 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 61 d after CCl4 exposure. For CCl4 alone, hepatotoxicity was most severe at 0.5 and 1 d, when minimal centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis and predominately mild centrilobular hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration occurred. By d 3, the livers from the CCl4 rats were histologically normal. For MeOH + CCl4, peak severity of hepatic injury was at 1 and 1.5 d, when moderate centrilobular necrosis and moderate/marked centrilobular degeneration occurred. MeOH + CCl4 resulted in serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) that were increased, relative to CCl4 alone, 171- and 113-fold, respectively, on d 1, and 166- and 140-fold, respectively, on d 1.5. Significant serum elevations in MeOH + CCl4 rats, relative to CCl4 alone rats, were present until d 7 and d 15 for AST and ALT, respectively. By d 3 and d 7, degeneration and necrosis, respectively, due to MeOH + CCl4 were essentially resolved. On d 7, the MeOH + CCl4 hepatic injury consisted mainly of chronic inflammation and centrilobular fibrosis. By d 30, the livers of MeOH + CCl4 rats were histologically normal. These data demonstrate that inhaled MeOH potentiates the hepatotoxicity of orally ingested CCl4, increasing the severity of CCl4 hepatotoxicity as well as the time required for recovery. C1 PATHCO INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP SIMMONS, JE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 46 IS 2 BP 203 EP 216 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA RZ405 UT WOS:A1995RZ40500006 PM 7563218 ER PT J AU SMITH, DB CLARK, RM PIERCE, BK REGLI, S AF SMITH, DB CLARK, RM PIERCE, BK REGLI, S TI AN EMPIRICAL-MODEL FOR INTERPOLATING C-CENTER-DOT-T VALUES FOR CHLORINE INACTIVATION OF GIARDIA-LAMBLIA SO JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article AB The 1986 Amendments to the US Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWAA) require the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to promulgate drinking water regulations that specify disinfection and/or treatment for surface water supplies. These regulations taken together are called the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), Unfiltered systems are required to demonstrate that disinfection alone achieves the minimum performance requirements through the attainment of minimum C . t values [the product of disinfectant concentration (mg/L) and disinfectant contact (min)], Equations have been developed to estimate C . t values based on animal infectivity and excystation data. These C . t values are contained in the Guidance Document for the SWTR at discrete Values for pH, temperature, chlorine concentration and inactivation level. Both the equations and the published values have proven inadequate for direct use in most operating situations. Generally, treatment systems operate at levels other than the specified levels, making use of the published values difficult. Therefore, a new set of equations were developed to assist drinking water utilities in applying the C . t concept. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. BATTELLE MEM INST,ARLINGTON,VA 22201. US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP SMITH, DB (reprint author), S CENT CONNECTICUT REG WATER AUTHOR,WATER QUAL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SUPPLY RES T JI J. Water Supply Res. Technol.-Aqua PD OCT PY 1995 VL 44 IS 5 BP 203 EP 211 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TB443 UT WOS:A1995TB44300001 ER PT J AU SEIDLER, RJ FREDRICKSON, JK AF SEIDLER, RJ FREDRICKSON, JK TI INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON MOLECULAR MICROBIAL ECOLOGY SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RP SEIDLER, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, 200 SW 35TH ST, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 4 IS 5 BP 533 EP 534 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00253.x PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA TC430 UT WOS:A1995TC43000001 ER PT J AU ZUELKE, KA PERREAULT, SD AF ZUELKE, KA PERREAULT, SD TI CARBENDAZIM (MBC) DISRUPTS OOCYTE SPINDLE FUNCTION AND INDUCES ANEUPLOIDY IN HAMSTERS EXPOSED DURING FERTILIZATION (MEIOSIS-II) SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE EMBRYO; PRONUCLEUS; MICROTUBULES; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS ID MOUSE OOCYTES; MICROTUBULE CONFIGURATIONS; INVITRO DEVELOPMENT; NUCLEAR LAMINS; DNA-SYNTHESIS; HUMAN-SPERM; GERM-CELLS; ABNORMALITIES; REQUIREMENTS; MEMBRANE AB Peri-fertilization exposure to Carbendazim (MBC; a microtubule poison) induces infertility and early pregnancy loss in hamsters. Presently, both in vivo and in vitro techniques were employed to characterize the effects of MBC on cellular aspects of fertilization in hamsters. Exposure to MBC during either in vivo or in vitro fertilization (IVF) induced identical morphological abnormalities in the maternal chromatin of zygotes and embryos. These abnormalities included either multiple second polar bodies (PB2), and/or multiple small female pronuclei (PN), or meiotic arrest. Multiple PB2, multiple female PN, multiple PB2 with multiple female PN, or meiotic arrest were exhibited by approximately 31%, 15%, 12%, and 2% of the in vivo zygotes; and 3%, 16%, 36%, and 20% of IVF zygotes, respectively. The effects of MBC persisted to day 2 of pregnancy as indicated by decreased (P < 0.05) embryo development to the two-cell stage and the presence of micronuclei in 6% of two-cell embryos from MBC-treated females. Immunofluorescence analysis of microtubules (MTs) confirmed that MBC disrupted spindle MTs during IVF. Numerical chromosome analysis revealed that a single dose of MBC administered during in vivo fertilization induced aneuploidy in the resulting pronuclear-stage zygotes. The present data point to two mechanisms by which peri-fertilization MBC exposure may induce early pregnancy loss: 1) arrested meiosis with no zygotic cleavage; or 2) induction of zygotic aneuploidy with subsequent developmental arrest. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RI Zuelke, Kurt/H-8609-2013 NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 42 IS 2 BP 200 EP 209 DI 10.1002/mrd.1080420209 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA RW936 UT WOS:A1995RW93600008 PM 8562065 ER PT J AU KRISHNA, CR KLEIN, RC JONES, KW CLESCERI, NL STERN, EA AF KRISHNA, CR KLEIN, RC JONES, KW CLESCERI, NL STERN, EA TI HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC MATERIALS - THE NEW-YORK NEW-JERSEY METROPOLITAN REGION SO MOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,BROOKHAVEN RENSSELAER ENVIRONM PARTNERSHIP,UPTON,NY 11973. BROOKHAVEN RENSSELAER ENVIRONM PARTNERSHIP,TROY,NY. US EPA,REG 2,NEW YORK,NY. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL PI NEW YORK PA BOX 1094 ONE GUSTAVE L LEVY PLACE ATTN: CIRCULATION ASST, NEW YORK, NY 10029-6574 SN 0027-2507 J9 MT SINAI J MED JI Mt. Sinai J. Med. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 BP 375 EP 379 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TD103 UT WOS:A1995TD10300008 PM 7500968 ER PT J AU LOWE, X COLLINS, B ALLEN, J TITENKOHOLLAND, N BRENEMAN, J VANBEEK, M BISHOP, J WYROBEK, AJ AF LOWE, X COLLINS, B ALLEN, J TITENKOHOLLAND, N BRENEMAN, J VANBEEK, M BISHOP, J WYROBEK, AJ TI ANEUPLOIDIES AND MICRONUCLEI IN THE GERM-CELLS OF MALE-MICE OF ADVANCED AGE SO MUTATION RESEARCH-DNAGING GENETIC INSTABILITY AND AGING LA English DT Article DE AGED MOUSE; SPERM; FISH; ANEUPLOIDY; MICRONUCLEUS; KINETOCHORE ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MATERNAL AGE; FEMALE MICE; CHROMOSOME; FREQUENCY; MOUSE; DNA; MEN; LYMPHOCYTES; SPERMATOZOA AB The objective of this research was to determine whether the frequencies of chromosomally defective germ cells increased with age in male laboratory mice. Two types of chromosomal abnormalities were characterized: (1) testicular spermatid aneuploidy (TSA) as measured by a new method of multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes specific for mouse chromosomes X, Y and 8, and (2) spermatid micronucleus (SMN) analyses using anti-kinetochore antibodies. B6C3F1 mice (aged 22.5 to 30.5 months, heavier than controls but otherwise in good health) showed significant similar to 2.0 fold increases in the aneuploidy phenotypes X-X-8, Y-Y-8, 8-8-X and 8-8-Y with the greatest effects appearing in animals aged greater than 28 months. No age effect was observed, however, in X-Y-8 hyperhaploidy. Major age-related increases were seen in Y-Y-8 and X-X-8 hyperhaploidies suggesting that advanced paternal age is associated primarily with meiosis II rather than meiosis I disjunction errors. A similar to 5 fold increase was also found in the frequency of micronucleated spermatids in aged mice when compared with young controls. All micronuclei detected in the aged animals lacked kinetochore labeling, suggesting that they either did not contain intact chromosomes or the chromosomes lacked detectable kinetochores. The findings of the TSA and SMN assays are consistent with meiotic or premeiotic effects of advanced age on germ cell chromosomes, but there were differences in the age dependencies of aneuploidy and micronuclei. In summary, advanced paternal age may be a risk factor for chromosomal abnormalities (both aneuploidy and structural abnormalities) in male germ cells. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [YO1-ES-10203-00] NR 60 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8734 J9 MUTAT RES-DNAGING G JI Mutat. Res. DNAging Genet. Instabil. Aging PD OCT PY 1995 VL 338 IS 1-6 BP 59 EP 76 DI 10.1016/0921-8734(95)00012-U PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA RX779 UT WOS:A1995RX77900009 PM 7565883 ER PT J AU MCCLINTOCK, JT SCHAFFER, CR SJOBLAD, RD AF MCCLINTOCK, JT SCHAFFER, CR SJOBLAD, RD TI A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF THE MAMMALIAN TOXICITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS-BASED PESTICIDES SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; MAMMALIAN TOXICITY; PATHOGENICITY; BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES ID SUBSP ISRAELENSIS; TOXIN AB The extensive mammalian toxicity studies performed to support the safety of Bacillus thuringiensis-containing pesticides clearly demonstrate that the tested isolates are not toxic or pathogenic. Toxicity studies submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency to support the registration of B. thuringiensis subspecies have failed to show any significant adverse effects in body weight gain, clinical observations, or upon necropsy. Infectivity/pathogenicity studies have shown that the intact rodent immune system responds as expected to eliminate B. thuringiensis gradually from the body after oral, pulmonary or intravenous challenge. Similar clearance patterns were observed with B. subtilis and B. sphaericus, which also were non-toxic to test animals. The results also indicate that the currently used protocols for toxicity/pathogenicity evaluations of microorganisms in laboratory animals have provided useful and necessary information for risk assessment. The study results raise the issue, however, of whether some reduced set of toxicity/pathogenicity studies could be required for new B. thuringiensis isolates of already registered subspecies, and whether this reduced data set would also apply to subspecies not yet registered as pesticidal active ingredients. RP MCCLINTOCK, JT (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,DIV BIOPESTICIDES & POLLUT PREVENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 50 TC 98 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 2 BP 95 EP 105 DI 10.1002/ps.2780450202 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA RZ985 UT WOS:A1995RZ98500001 ER PT J AU ELVIDGE, CD YUAN, D WEERACKOON, RD LUNETTA, RS AF ELVIDGE, CD YUAN, D WEERACKOON, RD LUNETTA, RS TI RELATIVE RADIOMETRIC NORMALIZATION OF LANDSAT MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER (MSS) DATA USING AN AUTOMATIC SCATTERGRAM-CONTROLLED REGRESSION SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB A relative radiometric normalization (RRN) based on an Automatic Scattergram-Controlled Regression (ASCR) has been developed to create radiometrically comparable multispectral data sets, compensating for radiometric divergence present in images acquired under different illumination, atmospheric, or sensor conditions. The ASCR procedure locates the statistical centers for stable land and stable water data clusters using the near-infrared date 1 versus date 2 scattergrams to establish an initial regression line. Thresholds are placed about the initial line to select a ''no-change'' pixel set, which is used in the regression analysis of each band to derive gains and off sets for the radiometric normalization. The ASCR procedure was designed for preparing large numbers of multitemporal Landsat data sets for digital detection of land-cover change. C1 NEVADA AGR EXPT STN,RENO,NV 89506. DESERT RES INST,CTR BIOL SCI,LAS VEGAS,NV 89132. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP ELVIDGE, CD (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506, USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 7 TC 101 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 61 IS 10 BP 1255 EP 1260 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA RX962 UT WOS:A1995RX96200008 ER PT J AU HARVEY, T MAHAFFEY, KR VELAZQUEZ, S DOURSON, M AF HARVEY, T MAHAFFEY, KR VELAZQUEZ, S DOURSON, M TI HOLISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT - AN EMERGING PROCESS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHYLMERCURY; MERCURY; IRAQ AB A holistic risk assessment (HRA) strategy is proposed as an alternative, inclusive paradigm which builds upon the traditional risk assessment process described by the National Academy of Sciences. This proposed process expands beyond the traditional process in that it: (i) includes parallel and integrated assessments for ecological risk and human health risks; (ii) recognizes the presence of competing risks that may arise from implementation of risk management decisions; (iii) is an iterative and nonsequential process that highlights the importance of risk characterization and the need for comparisons; (iv) has focus on presenting a series of risk choices that take into consideration parameters specific to exposed populations and ecosystems; and (v) involves communication as the first step between risk assessors and risk managers, with subsequent communication of the results of the assessment to clients and the public. This HRA strategy is illustrated by a case study on methyl mercury. Specific research is proposed for future improvements in this area. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. RP HARVEY, T (reprint author), US EPA,CIN,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 62 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2 BP 110 EP 117 DI 10.1006/rtph.1995.1076 PG 8 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TC391 UT WOS:A1995TC39100002 PM 8577946 ER PT J AU BLAIR, A BURG, J FORAN, J GIBB, H GREENLAND, S MORRIS, R RAABE, G SAVITZ, D TETA, J WARTENBERG, D WONG, O ZIMMERMAN, R AF BLAIR, A BURG, J FORAN, J GIBB, H GREENLAND, S MORRIS, R RAABE, G SAVITZ, D TETA, J WARTENBERG, D WONG, O ZIMMERMAN, R TI GUIDELINES FOR APPLICATION OF METAANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FORMALDEHYDE EXPOSURE; CANCER; METAANALYSIS; FARMERS; BIAS; RISK AB The use of meta-analysis in environmental epidemiology can enhance the value of epidemiologic data in debates about environmental health risks. Meta-analysis may be particularly useful to formally examine sources of heterogeneity, to clarify the relationship between environmental exposures and health effects, and to generate information beyond that provided by individual studies or a narrative review. However, meta-analysis may not be useful when the relationship between exposure and disease is obvious, when there are only a few studies of the key health outcomes, or when there is substantial confounding or other biases which cannot be adjusted for in the analysis. Recent increases in the use of meta-analysis in environmental epidemiology have highlighted the need for guidelines for the application of the technique, Guidelines, in the form of desirable and undesirable attributes, are presented in this paper for various components of a metaanalysis including study identification and selection; data extraction and analysis; and interpretation, presentation, and communication of results, Also discussed are the appropriateness of the use of meta-analysis in environmental health studies and when metaanalysis should or should not be used. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc C1 ILSI,RSI,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. AGCY TOX SUBST DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA. NCI,BETHESDA,MD 20892. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH PUBL HLTH,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. MED COLL WISCONSIN,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226. MOBIL OIL CORP,PRINCETON,NJ 08540. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. UNION CARBIDE CORP,DANBURY,CT. ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH SCI INST,PISCATAWAY,NJ. APPL HLTH SCI,SAN MATEO,CA. NYU,NEW YORK,NY 10012. NR 32 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2 BP 189 EP 197 DI 10.1006/rtph.1995.1084 PG 9 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TC391 UT WOS:A1995TC39100010 PM 8577954 ER PT J AU DEJONGH, J DEVITO, M DILIBERTO, J VANDENBERG, M BIRNBAUM, L AF DEJONGH, J DEVITO, M DILIBERTO, J VANDENBERG, M BIRNBAUM, L TI THE EFFECTS OF 2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL COTREATMENT ON THE DISPOSITION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN IN MICE SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN 2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL; TOXICOKINETIC INTERACTIONS; HEPATIC CYP1A2 BINDING ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DIBENZOFURANS PCDFS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; CYTOCHROME P-450D; DIOXINS PCDDS; RATS; PHARMACOKINETICS; EXCRETION; LIVER; TCDD AB Two groups of C57BL/6J mice received a single oral dose of 1 nmol/kg 2,3,7,8-[H-3]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alone or in combination with 300 mu mol/kg 2,2',4,4',5,5 '-hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB). The disposition of TCDD in liver, fat, skin, spleen, lung and blood was studied at days 3, 7, 13 and 34 after dosage. HxCB cotreatment increased hepatic TCDD levels and, consequently, significant increases of the liver/fat distribution ratio were observed. HxCB cotreatment did not significantly affect TCDD levels in fat or other tissues. The elimination rates of TCDD were not influenced by HxCB cotreatment in any of the tissues. It is concluded that HxCB cotreatment alters the body distribution of TCDD in mice but does not influence the elimination rate of TCDD. C1 US EPA,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV UTRECHT,TOXICOL RES INST,3508 TD UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 F32 ESO5600-01] NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 80 IS 1-3 BP 131 EP 137 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03387-Z PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TC888 UT WOS:A1995TC88800018 PM 7482580 ER PT J AU McGee, JK Evans, MV Crank, WD AF McGee, JK Evans, MV Crank, WD TI A versatile gas uptake inhalation system used in pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of volatile organic compounds SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE pharmacokinetics; gas uptake inhalation chambers; gas chromatography; physiological measurements; volatile organic compounds; Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) ID DILUTED SIDESTREAM SMOKE; REFERENCE CIGARETTE; KINETIC CONSTANTS; RATS; MODULATION; EXPOSURE; CHAMBER AB This paper describes an automated gas uptake system for pharmacokinetic research with volatile organic compounds, designed to operate within the parameters maintained during conventional whole-body inhalation exposures according to the Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) guidelines, Benefits are twofold: (1) to ensure that animals are tested under the same widely accepted guidelines, and (2) to minimize the number of animals required to perform a study, by allowing direct comparison of results from gas uptake studies with results from other inhalation toxicology studies and use of animals from gas uptake experiments for postexposure toxicological testing, Other features implemented in the chamber design improve the ease of use and productivity of the system, These include provisions to adapt the apparatus for use in different pharmacokinetic experimental protocols, automation of data acquisition and oxygen control during exposures, and automated calculation of exposure summary statistics and graphics using a spreadsheet program, The automation system reduces the labor hours required to perform a gas uptake experiment by approximately one-half. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MECH ENGN,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP McGee, JK (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 199 EP 212 DI 10.3109/15376519509084027 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TN365 UT WOS:A1995TN36500001 ER PT J AU SHANOFF, B AF SHANOFF, B TI A DISPOSAL CONTRACT GONE AWRY SO WORLD WASTES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARGUS BUSINESS PI PITTSFIELD PA PO BOX 5111, PITTSFIELD, MA 01203-9830 SN 0161-035X J9 WORLD WASTE PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 10 BP 112 EP 112 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA RY728 UT WOS:A1995RY72800016 ER PT J AU CHU, SH AF CHU, SH TI PARTITION OF PHASE AND MAGNITUDE CONTRIBUTIONS IN RESIDUAL VARIANCE ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID QUALITY AB This paper presents a method that can decompose the total residual variance between the observations and numerical model predictions into two components: one due to the pure magnitude differences and the other due to the spatial and temporal mismatches, or the so-called ''phase errors.'' Quantitative separation of these two components makes it possible to explicitly estimate their individual contributions to residual variabilities in numerical model predictions. The influence of random fluctuations in the data on residual variance between the observed and predicted fields has been simulated and discussed. It is found that random fluctuations on the average increase the residual variance through essentially the artificial phase errors which they create. The major impact of random fluctuations, however, occurs when the true observed and predicted fields are nearly in phase. Assuming the signal-to-noise ratio to be greater than 4.5, the simulation results suggest that for the proportion Q of the residual sum of squares attributable to spatial and temporal mismatches to exceed 0.71, it would strongly suggest that a real (spatial and/or temporal) phase error may exist. In numerical modeling, large Q coupled with large residual variance but small mean residual is often a reflection of compensating errors arising from physical discrepancies such as inaccurate simulation of dynamic transport or improper source allocations. Thus this method provides an additional tool to diagnose the underlying problems of model predictions. RP CHU, SH (reprint author), US EPA, OFF AIR QUAL PLANNING & STAND, DIV EMISS MONITORING & ANAL, MD-14, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1995 VL 100 IS D9 BP 18639 EP 18649 DI 10.1029/95JD01225 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA RV887 UT WOS:A1995RV88700002 ER PT J AU HILL, BH PERROTTE, WT AF HILL, BH PERROTTE, WT TI MICROBIAL COLONIZATION, RESPIRATION, AND BREAKDOWN OF MAPLE LEAVES ALONG A STREAM-MARSH CONTINUUM SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE LEAF LITTER BREAKDOWN; MACROINVERTEBRATE COLONIZATION; MICROBIAL COLONIZATION; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; STREAM-MARSH CONTINUUM ID LEAF DECOMPOSITION; WOODLAND STREAM; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; FOREST STREAM; RATES; PHOSPHORUS; ECOSYSTEMS; DYNAMICS AB Breakdown rates, macroinvertebrate and bacterial colonization, and microbial respiration were measured on decaying maple (Acer saccharum) leaves at three sites along a stream-marsh continuum. Breakdown rates (-k+/-SE) were 0.0284+/-0.0045 d(-1) for leaves in a high-gradient, non-tidal stream; 0.0112+/-0.0019 d(-1) for leaves at the confluence of the stream with a tidal, freshwater marsh; and 0.0062+/-0.0009 d(-1) for leaves in the tidal, freshwater marsh. Breakdown rates were significantly faster (ANCOVA, F<0.008) at the high-gradient, non-tidal stream site and at the tidal stream site than in the tidal marsh. Macroinvertebrate density on decaying leaves was low at all sites (<7 organisms g(-1) AFDM leaf mass) and was dominated by chironomids and amphipods. Bacterial density on decaying leaves ranged from 8.56 x 10(8) CFU g(-1) AFDM leaf mass to 13.38 x 10(8) CFU g(-1) AFDM. Cumulative microbial respiration, calculated as the product of mean respiration on a sampling date, days in the interval preceding the sampling date, and hours per day, accounted for 34.3+/-6.0%, 53.0+/-4.8%, and 51.5+/-7.9% of the leaf mass loss (as carbon) at these sites. Although the breakdown rate was fastest at the non-tidal stream site, significantly less leaf mass was lost through microbial respiration. Most mass loss from leaves at this site was probably due to physical processing associated with stream habitats. C1 MARIST COLL,DIV SCI,POUGHKEEPSIE,NY 12601. RP HILL, BH (reprint author), US EPA,3411 CHURCH ST,CINCINNATI,OH 45244, USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 8 PY 1995 VL 312 IS 1 BP 11 EP 16 DI 10.1007/BF00018882 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA TJ783 UT WOS:A1995TJ78300002 ER PT J AU MITTELMAN, A LIN, D AF MITTELMAN, A LIN, D TI INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMISTRY SO CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC-SUBSTITUTION; HYDROGEN; NITROBENZENE C1 US EPA,EETD OPPT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP MITTELMAN, A (reprint author), TECH RESOURCES INT,3202 TOWER OAKS BLVD,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852, USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PI LONDON PA 14 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1X 8PS SN 0009-3068 J9 CHEM IND-LONDON JI Chem. Ind. PD SEP 4 PY 1995 IS 17 BP 694 EP 696 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA RU036 UT WOS:A1995RU03600008 ER PT J AU SANDERSON, WT BIAGINI, R TOLOS, W HENNINGSEN, G MACKENZIE, B AF SANDERSON, WT BIAGINI, R TOLOS, W HENNINGSEN, G MACKENZIE, B TI BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF COMMERCIAL PESTICIDE APPLICATORS FOR URINE METABOLITES OF THE HERBICIDE ALACHLOR SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CREATININE; EXPOSURE AB Alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-[methoxymethyl] acetanilide), the active ingredient in several trade name herbicides, is absorbed through the skin and readily excreted in the urine as conjugated metabolites. This paper presents the results of a study to measure alachlor metabolites in the urine of commercial pesticide applicators who were applying alachlor to corn and soybean crops under normal work conditions. Three spot urine samples, collected at the beginning and end of the work shift and the morning after the exposure survey, were collected from 20 applicators, 7 hauler-mixers, and 8 controls. Each sample was analyzed using both a competitive, solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Although the urine metabolite concentrations measured by ELISA were consistently higher than the respective HPLC measurements, a high correlation (r = 0.90) was observed between the ELISA and HPLC measurements. The controls, with little exposure to alachlor, had metabolite levels below or near the lower limits of detection for each analysis technique. Similar urine metabolite concentrations were observed for the applicators and hauler-mixers, suggesting similar work exposures. The average postexposure urine concentrations were not correlated with the amount of alachlor handled and applied, suggesting that other factors, such as work practices, are greater determinants of absorbed doses of alachlor. C1 NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. US EPA,DENVER,CO 80202. RP SANDERSON, WT (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 56 IS 9 BP 883 EP 889 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1995)056<0883:BMOCPA>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RT901 UT WOS:A1995RT90100005 PM 7677069 ER PT J AU SCHULMAN, S CANADA, A WINSETT, D COSTA, D AF SCHULMAN, S CANADA, A WINSETT, D COSTA, D TI ADVERSE-EFFECTS OF HYPEROXIA ON NEONATAL GUINEA-PIG LUNG-FUNCTION SO ANESTHESIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0003-3022 J9 ANESTHESIOLOGY JI Anesthesiology PD SEP PY 1995 VL 83 IS 3A SU S BP A1204 EP A1204 PG 1 WC Anesthesiology SC Anesthesiology GA RX685 UT WOS:A1995RX68501204 ER PT J AU GRIFOLI, M SELIFONOV, SA CHAPMAN, PJ AF GRIFOLI, M SELIFONOV, SA CHAPMAN, PJ TI TRANSFORMATION OF SUBSTITUTED FLUORENES AND FLUORENE ANALOGS BY PSEUDOMONAS SP STRAIN F274 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID ANGULAR DIOXYGENATION; ETHER BONDS; OXIDATION; DIBENZOFURAN; METABOLISM; DIBENZOTHIOPHENE; IDENTIFICATION; DEGRADATION; CARBAZOLE; CLEAVAGE AB Pseudomonas sp. strain F274, previously shown to catabolize fluorene via fluorenone and its angular dioxygenation, 2'3'-dihydroxy-2-carboxybiphenyl, phthalate, and protocatechuate, was examined for its ability to transform substituted fluorenes and S- and N-heterocyclic analogs. Halogen- and methyl-substituted fluorenes were metabolized to correspondingly substituted phthalates via attack on the unsubstituted ring. fn the case of 1-methylfluorene, initial oxidation of the methyl group to carboxyl prevented all other transformations but 9-monooxygenation. This strain also oxidized the S-heteroatoms and benzylic methylenic groups of fluorene analogs. No angular dioxygenation of S- and N-heterocycles was observed. C1 UNIV BARCELONA,DEPT MICROBIOL,E-08028 BARCELONA,SPAIN. UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT BIOCHEM,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RI Grifoll, Magdalena/G-1131-2016 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 61 IS 9 BP 3490 EP 3493 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA RT798 UT WOS:A1995RT79800051 PM 16535132 ER PT J AU CHANG, JCS FOARDE, KK VANOSDELL, DW AF CHANG, JCS FOARDE, KK VANOSDELL, DW TI GROWTH EVALUATION OF FUNGI (PENICILLIUM AND ASPERGILLUS SPP) ON CEILING TILES SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE BIOCONTAMINANT; MOLD; STATIC CHAMBER; MOISTURE; MATERIAL ID HUMIDITY; TEMPERATURE AB The potential for fungal (Penicillium and Aspergillus spp.) growth on four different types of ceiling tiles was evaluated in static chambers. It was found that even new ceiling tiles could support fungal growth when at equilibrium with a relative humidity (RH) as low as 85% and corresponding moisture content (MC) greater than 2.2%. Used ceiling tiles appeared to be more susceptible to fungal growth than new ones. In the 70% RH chamber with wetted tiles under slow-drying, non-equilibrium conditions, fungi could still proliferate as long as the moisture level in the ceiling tiles was adequate. Fungal growth could be limited if the wetted ceiling tiles were dried quickly and thoroughly. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP CHANG, JCS (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 29 IS 17 BP 2331 EP 2337 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00062-4 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA RT643 UT WOS:A1995RT64300012 ER PT J AU SOMERVILLE, MC EVANS, EG AF SOMERVILLE, MC EVANS, EG TI EFFECT OF SAMPLING FREQUENCY ON TREND DETECTION FOR ATMOSPHERIC FINE MASS SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ATMOSPHERIC FINE PARTICLE MASS; TREND TEST; AUTOCORRELATION; SAMPLING FREQUENCY; EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT SAMPLES ID UNITED-STATES; VISIBILITY; QUALITY; ORIGIN AB A time series model was fitted by site to atmospheric fine particle mass data collected on a daily basis at several sites of the Eastern Fine Particle Visibility Network. The estimated parameters from the model fitting were used in evaluating the effect of different sampling frequencies on the sensitivity of a trend test. The presence of autocorrelation in the data was confirmed and indicates some degree of temporal redundancy in the fine particle mass data. This redundancy was quantified in terms of relative variances of annual means computed for different sampling frequencies and in terms of power curves for a trend test. A diminishing return in terms of power of the trend test was seen for increasing investments in sampling effort. As an example, an increase in sampling rate from once every two days to once every day resulted in a maximum increase in the probability of detecting a trend of 0.04 for the scenarios examined in this report. Thus, sampling frequency can be reduced from once per day to once every other day without a major penalty in terms of decreased power. In general, power of the trend test was insensitive to sampling frequency for short (less than 5 yr) or long (greater than 15 yr) time horizons. However, there were substantial trade-offs between sampling frequency and power of the test for intermediate time horizons (between 5 and 15 yr). C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP SOMERVILLE, MC (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,2 TRIANGLE DR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 29 IS 18 BP 2429 EP 2438 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00193-3 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA RU977 UT WOS:A1995RU97700004 ER PT J AU SNYDER, RD PULLMAN, J CARTER, JH CARTER, HW DEANGELO, AB AF SNYDER, RD PULLMAN, J CARTER, JH CARTER, HW DEANGELO, AB TI IN-VIVO ADMINISTRATION OF DICHLOROACETIC ACID SUPPRESSES SPONTANEOUS APOPTOSIS IN MURINE HEPATOCYTES SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Note ID RAT-LIVER; CELL-DEATH; PHENOTYPIC-EXPRESSION; DRINKING-WATER; STRAND BREAKS; ALTERED FOCI; MOUSE-LIVER; DNA; METABOLITES; INDUCTION AB Spontaneous apoptosis in hepatocytes of male B6C3F1 mice that received dichloroacetic acid (DCA) in their drinking water for 5-30 days (28-58 days of life) was examined as part of ongoing studies to determine the molecular basis of the hepatocarcinogenicity of this nongenotoxic water chlorination by-product, DCA at 0.5 and 5.0 g/liter, significantly reduced apoptosis relative to untreated controls in a dose-dependent fashion. Regression analysis indicated that apoptosis declined over the 30-day period in the livers of control, age-paired animals receiving no drug. Animals receiving low-dose DCA exhibited a similar, although quantitatively depressed, trend line, whereas animals receiving high-dose DCA showed maximal depression of apoptosis at 5 days, which was sustained throughout the course of the 30-day period. These studies suggest that DCA has the ability to down-regulate apoptosis in murine liver. When taken together with previous data demonstrating DCA-dependent decrease in labeling index in these same livers, these data further support the hypothesis that the carcinogenic mechanism of DCA may involve suppression of the ability of the liver to remove initiated cells by apoptosis rather than by induction of selective proliferation of initiated cells. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. WOOD HUDSON CANC RES LAB,NEWPORT,KY 41071. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 55 IS 17 BP 3702 EP 3705 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA RR739 UT WOS:A1995RR73900005 PM 7641179 ER PT J AU SAVELA, K KING, L GALLAGHER, J LEWTAS, J AF SAVELA, K KING, L GALLAGHER, J LEWTAS, J TI P-32 POSTLABELING AND HPLC SEPARATION OF DNA-ADDUCTS FORMED BY DIESEL EXHAUST EXTRACTS IN-VITRO AND IN MOUSE SKIN AND LUNG AFTER TOPICAL TREATMENT SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ENGINE LUBRICATING OILS; CHROMATOGRAPHIC-SEPARATION; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; THIN-LAYER; MICE; RATS; IDENTIFICATION; BENZOPYRENE; DERIVATIVES AB Diesel exhaust extracts contain many carcinogenic compounds which have been shown to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)- and nitrated PAH-DNA adducts in rodent skin and lung. The aim of this study was to characterize by P-32-postlabeling. TLC and HPLC the primary postlabeled PAH-DNA adduct(s) formed in vitro and in vivo by diesel extracts. The diesel particle extracts had known concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthenes (B[b,j, k]F) and chrysene, DNA adducts were analyzed in calf thymus DNA incubated in vitro with PAHs activated by S9 mix and in skin and lung DNA from topically treated mice. The main diesel-derived DNA adduct formed in vitro and in vivo did not co-migrate on HPLC and large TLC plates with (+/-)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti BPDE)-, B[b]F-,B[j]F-, B[k]F- or chrysene-DNA adduct standards. By co-chromatography DNA adducts formed by chrysene from both in vitro and in vivo samples were identified. Nissan diesel extract containing higher PAH concentrations than Volkswagen automobile extract formed skin DNA adducts that co-migrated with chrysene- and anti BPDE-DNA-derived adducts. We conclude that the use of a highly sensitive P-32-postlabeling method combined with HPLC improves the identification of PAH adducts formed by complex mixtures such as diesel exhaust extracts. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. INST OCCUPAT HLTH,SF-00250 HELSINKI,FINLAND. RP SAVELA, K (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 36 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD SEP PY 1995 VL 16 IS 9 BP 2083 EP 2089 DI 10.1093/carcin/16.9.2083 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA RV296 UT WOS:A1995RV29600012 PM 7554058 ER PT J AU WALLER, CL MCKINNEY, JD AF WALLER, CL MCKINNEY, JD TI 3-DIMENSIONAL QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS OF DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS - MODEL VALIDATION AND AH RECEPTOR CHARACTERIZATION SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; MOLECULAR-FIELD ANALYSIS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BINDING-SITES; RAT-LIVER; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; REGRESSION; MECHANISM; COMFA AB In the present study we have utilized comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship paradigm, to explore the physicochemical requirements for binding to the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Recent developments by Gillner et al. [(1993) Mol. Pharmacol. 44, 336-345] prompted us to review and revise our previous CoMFA/QSAR model [Waller, C. L., and McKinney, J. D. (1992) J. Med. Chem. 36, 3660-3666] to include a structurally-diverse training set of Ah receptor ligands ranging in size from naphthalene to indolo[3,2-b]carbazole nuclei. An exhaustive validation process utilizing external test sets and hierarchical cluster analysis routines was employed during model construction and is discussed herein. The limitations of the approach presented herein are discussed with respect to predictive ability of the CoMFA/QSAR models, which is demonstrated to be dependent on a balance between structural diversity and redundancy in the molecules comprising the training set. The results of our modified CoMFA/QSAR model are consistent with and unify all previously established structure-activity relationships established for less structurally-diverse training sets of Ah receptor ligands. As a result of the more complete nature of the series of molecules under examination in the present study, the CoMFA/QSAR steric and electrostatic field contour plots as well as the essential and excluded volume plots provide for a more detailed characterization of the molecular binding domain of the Ah receptor. The implications of the CoMFA/QSAR model presented herein are explored with respect to quantitative hazard identification of potential toxicants. RP WALLER, CL (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 31 TC 132 Z9 138 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 8 IS 6 BP 847 EP 858 DI 10.1021/tx00048a005 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA RU205 UT WOS:A1995RU20500005 PM 7492734 ER PT J AU MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y HWANG, D FLEMING, JS AF MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y HWANG, D FLEMING, JS TI COMPUTER-SIMULATIONS OF HUMAN LUNG STRUCTURES FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS SO COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE LUNG STRUCTURES; COMPUTER SIMULATIONS; AEROSOL THERAPY ID METERED DOSE INHALER; DEPOSITION PATTERNS; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; TERBUTALINE SULFATE; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; POWDER INHALER; HUMAN AIRWAYS; INHALATION; PENETRATION AB Knowledge of the structure of the human lung has salient health effects applications. The clinical issues encompass: (1) aerosol therapy, the targeted delivery of inhaled particles to enhance the efficacies of pharmacologic drugs; and (2) nuclear medicine, where planar gamma camera imaging, Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) assess the distribution patterns of radiolabeled diagnostic particles and Eases. If the resolution of such images could be enhanced, medical regimens would greatly benefit. Therefore, the focused objective of our work was to develop 3-D mathematical descriptions of the complex airway networks within the lung. A Silicon Graphics workstation was used to depict the daedal structures. The computer-generated color illustrations presented herein are intended to complement medical investigations. They will assist the clinician by serving as templates for the lung and, thereby, providing a real basis for the analysis of relatively abstract images. The illustrations identify individual airways and could be of great importance to physicians in the treatment of airway diseases occurring at well defined locations (e.g, bronchogenic carcinomas). To demonstrate that computers can be actively integrated into medical research and practice we have addressed SPECT images of a subject. Computer templates will aid future clinical investigators in two major ways: (1) the interpretation of planar gamma camera, SPECT and PET images; and (2) the design of drug testing protocols using inhalation exposures. Considering their usefulness for demonstration, the lung simulations have the potential of playing a substantive role in education. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. MCNC,N CAROLINA SUPERCOMP CTR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. SOUTHAMPTON GEN HOSP,DEPT NUCL MED,SOUTHAMPTON SO9 4XY,HANTS,ENGLAND. RP MARTONEN, TB (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0010-4825 J9 COMPUT BIOL MED JI Comput. Biol. Med. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 25 IS 5 BP 431 EP & DI 10.1016/0010-4825(95)00027-2 PG 0 WC Biology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA TF920 UT WOS:A1995TF92000001 PM 8575158 ER PT J AU ANDREWS, SJ FREEMAN, JH CARTER, CS STANTON, ME AF ANDREWS, SJ FREEMAN, JH CARTER, CS STANTON, ME TI ONTOGENY OF EYEBLINK CONDITIONING IN THE RAT - AUDITORY FREQUENCY AND DISCRIMINATION-LEARNING EFFECTS SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPONSES; AVERSION; DISRUPT; MEMORY AB The present study sought to determine whether acoustic properties of the auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) or the use of a discrimination learning procedure would alter the emergence of eyeblink conditioning between postnatal Days 17 and 24 (Days 17-24) in the rat. In Experiment 1, we employed a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design, involving pitch of the auditory CS (2.8, 5.0, and 9.0 kHz), training condition (paired vs. unpaired), and age (Days 17 or 24). Associative learning was evident at all tone frequencies on Day 24, but increased across frequencies on Day 17, although large age differences in conditioning remained at all tone frequencies. In Experiment 2, rat pups were trained to discriminate 2.8 versus 9.0-kHz tones on Day 17 or Day 24. Eyeblink conditioning increased with tone frequency on Day 24 but discriminative conditioning failed to appear on Day 17. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of auditory system maturation in the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning. (C) 1995 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA,HERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RI Carter, Christy/E-6630-2011 NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0012-1630 J9 DEV PSYCHOBIOL JI Dev. Psychobiol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 28 IS 6 BP 307 EP 320 DI 10.1002/dev.420280602 PG 14 WC Developmental Biology; Psychology SC Developmental Biology; Psychology GA RR172 UT WOS:A1995RR17200001 PM 7589817 ER PT J AU HARTLEY, TW AF HARTLEY, TW TI ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE - AN ENVIRONMENTAL CIVIL-RIGHTS VALUE ACCEPTABLE TO ALL WORLD VIEWS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS LA English DT Discussion AB In accordance with environmental injustice, sometimes called environmental racism, minority communities are disproportionately subjected to a higher level of environmental risk than other segments of society. Growing concern over unequal environmental risk and mounting evidence of both racial and economic injustices have led to a grass-roots civil rights campaign called the environmental justice movement. The environmental ethics aspects of environmental injustice challenge narrow utilitarian views and promote Kantian rights and obligations. Nevertheless, an environmental justice value exists in all ethical world views, although it involves a concept of equitable distribution of environmental protection that has been lacking in environmental ethics discussion. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP HARTLEY, TW (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH NAT RESOSURCES & ENVIRONM,430 E UNIV,DANA BLDG,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA. NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY INC PI DENTON PA UNIV NORTH TEXAS, DEPT PHILOSOPHY, PO BOX 13496, DENTON, TX 76203-3496 SN 0163-4275 J9 ENVIRON ETHICS JI Environ. Ethics PD FAL PY 1995 VL 17 IS 3 BP 277 EP 289 PG 13 WC Ethics; Environmental Studies SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RK781 UT WOS:A1995RK78100004 ER PT J AU GOLDMAN, LR AF GOLDMAN, LR TI CHILDREN - UNIQUE AND VULNERABLE - ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS FACING CHILDREN AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESPONSE SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Preventing Child Exposures to Environmental Hazards - Research and Policy Issues CY MAR 18-19, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, NIEHS, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hlth Superfund Basic Res Program, Calif Dept Hlth Serv, W Alton Jones Fdn, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, US EPA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, David and Lucile Packard Fdn, Calif Public Hlth Fdn, Impact Assessment Inc, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Teratol Soc DE US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; DDT/DDE; VINCLOZOLIN; ESTROGEN; ANDROGEN; ALDICARB; DIAZINON; MERCURY; ACRODYNIA ID ASTHMA AB Children may be more susceptible to exposures to environmental toxins than adults and may be more vulnerable to their effects. Because of this. the health care community and those responsible for children need to be alert to possible environmental factors in identifying and responding to the health problems of children. Their focus should be on the causes of the health problem. emphasizing environmental sources, and not on simply treating the symptoms. RP GOLDMAN, LR (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,401 M ST SW,TS7101,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 16 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 103 SU 6 BP 13 EP 18 DI 10.2307/3432338 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TB481 UT WOS:A1995TB48100003 PM 8549460 ER PT J AU TILSON, HA AF TILSON, HA TI THE CONCERN FOR DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY - IS IT JUSTIFIED AND WHAT IS BEING DONE ABOUT IT SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Preventing Child Exposures to Environmental Hazards - Research and Policy Issues CY MAR 18-19, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, NIEHS, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hlth Superfund Basic Res Program, Calif Dept Hlth Serv, W Alton Jones Fdn, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, US EPA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, David and Lucile Packard Fdn, Calif Public Hlth Fdn, Impact Assessment Inc, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Teratol Soc DE DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TESTING GUIDELINES; ANIMAL-TO-HUMAN EXTRAPOLATION ID ACRYLAMIDE AB In general, it is believed that the possibility of an adverse developmental outcome following conception is relatively high. In most cases, the cause of the defect is not clear, although exposure to chemical agents at a critical period during development has been proposed to play a significant role. Consequently. regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) have promulgated testing guidelines for assessing developmental neurotoxicity of chemicals in animal testing protocols. Concerns have been expressed about the use of behavioral tests to evaluate chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity, since some investigators believe that they lack predictive validity for human developmental neurotoxicity. Other investigators have indicated that results from such studies are difficult to interpret because of a lack of standardization and sensitivity of the tests. Furthermore, it has been argued that the developing organism is not especially sensitive to chemicals or, if effects are observed, the developing organism is capable of compensating for the deficit. Recent research. however. has adequately demonstrated that developing organisms are especially vulnerable to chemical agents if the exposure occurs at a critical period during development, while other studies have supported the assumption that functional or behavioral effects observed in animal models can be extrapolated to humans. These findings support the routine assessment of chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity using functional end points and suggest that currently available methods could be used to determine more precisely the mechanism of chemical-induced developmental defects. RP TILSON, HA (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 103 SU 6 BP 147 EP 151 DI 10.2307/3432365 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TB481 UT WOS:A1995TB48100030 PM 8549464 ER PT J AU FENNERCRISP, PA AF FENNERCRISP, PA TI PESTICIDES - THE NAS REPORT - HOW CAN THE RECOMMENDATIONS BE IMPLEMENTED SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Preventing Child Exposures to Environmental Hazards - Research and Policy Issues CY MAR 18-19, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, NIEHS, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hlth Superfund Basic Res Program, Calif Dept Hlth Serv, W Alton Jones Fdn, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, US EPA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, David and Lucile Packard Fdn, Calif Public Hlth Fdn, Impact Assessment Inc, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Teratol Soc DE INFANTS AND CHILDREN; PESTICIDES; RISK ASSESSMENT; DIETARY EXPOSURE; TOXICITY TESTING; RESIDUES IN FOOD; FOOD CONSUMPTION RP FENNERCRISP, PA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS 7501C,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 103 SU 6 BP 159 EP 162 DI 10.2307/3432367 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TB481 UT WOS:A1995TB48100032 PM 8549466 ER PT J AU MAHAFFEY, KR AF MAHAFFEY, KR TI NUTRITION AND LEAD - STRATEGIES FOR PUBLIC-HEALTH SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Preventing Child Exposures to Environmental Hazards - Research and Policy Issues CY MAR 18-19, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, NIEHS, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hlth Superfund Basic Res Program, Calif Dept Hlth Serv, W Alton Jones Fdn, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, US EPA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, David and Lucile Packard Fdn, Calif Public Hlth Fdn, Impact Assessment Inc, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Teratol Soc DE LEAD; LEAD POISONING; PEDIATRICS; NUTRITION; CALCIUM; IRON; PREVENTION ID IRON-DEFICIENT INFANTS; ROS 17/2.8 CELLS; CALCIUM-METABOLISM; COLLAGEN-SYNTHESIS; ABSORPTION; CHILDREN; RETENTION; EXPOSURE; HUMANS; FOOD C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 59 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 103 SU 6 BP 191 EP 196 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TB481 UT WOS:A1995TB48100038 PM 8549473 ER PT J AU SONAWANE, BR AF SONAWANE, BR TI CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN HUMAN-MILK - AN OVERVIEW SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Preventing Child Exposures to Environmental Hazards - Research and Policy Issues CY MAR 18-19, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, NIEHS, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hlth Superfund Basic Res Program, Calif Dept Hlth Serv, W Alton Jones Fdn, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, US EPA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, David and Lucile Packard Fdn, Calif Public Hlth Fdn, Impact Assessment Inc, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Teratol Soc DE BREAST FEEDING; PESTICIDES; ORGANOHALOGENS; LIPOPHILIC CHEMICALS; INFANTS AND CHILDREN; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA); ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES ID HUMAN-BREAST MILK; POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; HUMAN EXPOSURE; FOLLOW-UP; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; HEXACHLOROBENZENE AB This review contains a succinct overview of the nature and extent of the problem of contamination of human milk with environmental and occupational chemicals, excluding drugs. Factors influencing the levels of contaminants in breast milk are discussed. Also, data on major chemicals of concern with potential health risk(s) to the general population and risk-benefit considerations are dealt with briefly. Based on the available data on the subject, research needs have been identified and policy recommendations are suggested. RP SONAWANE, BR (reprint author), US EPA,RES & DEV,OFF HLTH & ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 79 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 103 SU 6 BP 197 EP 205 DI 10.2307/3432374 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TB481 UT WOS:A1995TB48100039 PM 8549474 ER PT J AU KOREN, HS AF KOREN, HS TI ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CRITERIA AIR-POLLUTANTS AND ASTHMA SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Preventing Child Exposures to Environmental Hazards - Research and Policy Issues CY MAR 18-19, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Childrens Environm Hlth Network, NIEHS, Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Public Hlth Superfund Basic Res Program, Calif Dept Hlth Serv, W Alton Jones Fdn, Med Univ S Carolina, Environm Hazards Assessment Program, US EPA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, David and Lucile Packard Fdn, Calif Public Hlth Fdn, Impact Assessment Inc, March Dimes Birth Defects Fdn, Teratol Soc DE ASTHMA; AIR POLLUTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CONTROLLED EXPOSURE; INFLAMMATION; OZONE; PM(10); SOX; NOX ID PPM NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; SULFURIC-ACID AEROSOLS; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; DOSE-RESPONSE; RESPIRATORY ILLNESS; INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION; BRONCHIAL REACTIVITY; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; DAILY MORTALITY AB The evidence that asthma is increasing in prevalence is becoming increasingly compelling. This trend has been demonstrated not only in the United States, but also in the United Kingdom, New Zealand. Australia, and several other Western countries. In the United States. the increase is largest in the group under 18 years of age. There is mounting evidence that certain environmental air pollutants are involved in exacerbating asthma. This is based primarily on epidemiologic studies and more recent clinical studies. The U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 provides special consideration to the class of outdoor air pollutants referred to as criteria pollutants. including O-3, sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), NOx, CO, and Pb. Standards for these pollutants are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency with particular concern for populations at risk. Current evidence suggests that asthmatics are more sensitive to the effects of O-3, SO2, PM, and NO2, and are therefore at risk. High SO2 and particulate concentrations have been associated with short-term increases in morbidity and mortality in the general population during dramatic air pollution episodes in the past. Controlled exposure studies have dearly shown that asthmatics are sensitive to low levels of SO2. Exercising asthmatics exposed to SO2 develop bronchoconstriction within minutes. even at levels of 0.25 ppm. Responses are modified by air temperature. humidity, and exercise level. Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that exposure to PM is strongly associated with morbidity and mortality in the general population and that hospital admissions for bronchitis and asthma were associated with PM(10) levels. In controlled clinical studies, asthmatics appear to be no more reactive to aerosols than healthy subjects. Consequently. it is difficult to attribute the increased mortality observed in epidemiologic studies to specific effects demonstrated in controlled human studies. Epidemiologic studies of hospital admissions for asthma have implicated O-3 as contributing to the exacerbation of asthma, however, most study designs could not separate the O-3 effects from the concomitant effects of acid aerosols and SO2. Controlled human clinical studies have suggested that asthmatics have similar changes in spirometry and airway reactivity in response to O-3 exposure compared to healthy adults. However, a possible role of O-3 in worsening atopic asthma has recently been suggested in studies combining allergen challenge following exposure to O-3. Attempts at identification of factors that predispose asthmatics to responsiveness to NO2 has produced inconsistent results and requires further investigation. In summary. asthmatics have been shown to be a sensitive subpopulation relative to several of the criteria pollutants. Further research linking epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic approaches is required to better understand and characterize the risk of exposing asthmatics to these pollutants. RP KOREN, HS (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,MASON FARM RD,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 106 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 103 SU 6 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.2307/3432379 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TB481 UT WOS:A1995TB48100044 PM 8549479 ER PT J AU DEVITO, MJ BIRNBAUM, LS FARLAND, WH GASIEWICZ, TA AF DEVITO, MJ BIRNBAUM, LS FARLAND, WH GASIEWICZ, TA TI COMPARISONS OF ESTIMATED HUMAN-BODY BURDENS OF DIOXINLIKE CHEMICALS AND TCDD BODY BURDENS IN EXPERIMENTALLY EXPOSED ANIMALS SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS ID GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; AH-RECEPTOR; MALE-RATS; TOXICITY; 2,3,7,8-TCDD AB Humans are exposed to mixtures of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and the potential health effects of these exposures are uncertain. A subset of this class of compounds produce similar spectra of toxicity in experimental animals as does 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and these chemicals have been classified as ''dioxins.'' In this study, we compared the body burdens of dioxins that produce effects in experimental animals to body burdens associated with these effects in humans. Human body burdens were estimated from lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of dioxins, assuming dioxins are equally distributed in body fat and an adult has 22% body fat. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) method was used to calculate body burdens of dioxins in humans. These calculations included dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. In the general population, average background concentrations were estimated at 58 ng TCDD equivalents (TEQ)/kg serum lipid, corresponding to a body burden of 13 ng TEQ/kg body weight. Populations with known exposure to dioxins have body burdens of 96-7,000 ng TEQ/kg body weight. For effects that have been clearly associated with dioxins, such as chloracne and induction of CYP1A1, humans and animals respond at similar body burdens. Induction of cancer in animals occurs at body burdens of 944-137,000 ng TCDD/kg body weight, while noncancer effects in animals occur at body burdens of 10-12,500 ng/kg. Available human data suggest that some individuals may respond to dioxin exposures with cancer and noncancer effects at body burdens within one to two orders of magnitude of chose in the general population. C1 US EPA,OFF HLTH & ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED,DEPT ENVIRONM MED,ROCHESTER,NY 14642. RP DEVITO, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1F32 ESO5600-01] NR 113 TC 134 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 103 IS 9 BP 820 EP 831 DI 10.2307/3432395 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA RV844 UT WOS:A1995RV84400017 PM 7498094 ER PT J AU BENNER, BA WISE, SA CURRIE, LA KLOUDA, GA KLINEDINST, DB ZWEIDINGER, RB STEVENS, RK LEWIS, CW AF BENNER, BA WISE, SA CURRIE, LA KLOUDA, GA KLINEDINST, DB ZWEIDINGER, RB STEVENS, RK LEWIS, CW TI DISTINGUISHING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION ACID MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS USING RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF DIMETHYLPHENANTHRENE ISOMERS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; COMPONENTS; PARTICLES; TRACERS; SMOKE; AIR AB As part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Air Cancer Project, air particulate matter samples collected in Boise, ID, were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) and apportioned between their two main sources: residential wood combustion (RWC) and motor Vehicle (MV) emissions. The technique used for distinguishing the source contributions involved comparison of the concentration of 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (1,7-DMP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emitted primarily by burning soft woods (e.g., pines), with that of a PAH emitted in modest concentrations by both RWC and MV sources, 2,6-dimethylphenanthrene (2,6-DMP). These results were then compared with the mean 1,7-DMP/2,6-DMP ratio of 48 samples collected in a roadway tunnel, with any enrichment in the Boise sample ratios over the mean tunnel ratio attributable to the RWC source. These resulting RWC contributions were compared with fraction RWC results obtained by radiocarbon measurements (C-14/C-13 C-13) of the same extracts from Boise, with generally good correlations between the two techniques observed, suggesting that the methods are comparable when used to distinguish emissions of MVs from RWC of soft woods. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP BENNER, BA (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 39 TC 121 Z9 126 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 29 IS 9 BP 2382 EP 2389 DI 10.1021/es00009a034 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RT053 UT WOS:A1995RT05300047 PM 22280282 ER PT J AU MASUNAGA, S WOLFE, NL HAYASE, K AF MASUNAGA, S WOLFE, NL HAYASE, K TI HYDROLYSIS OF PARASUBSTITUTED BENZONITRILES IN WATER SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BENZONITRILE; BENZAMIDE; BENZOIC ACID; HYDROLYSIS; STRUCTURE-REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP ID DEGRADATION; SOIL AB The transformation of para-substituted benzonitriles was studied in buffered distilled water. The elevated temperature experiments revealed that benzonitriles are hydrolyzed to the corresponding benzoic acids through benzamide intermediates. For 4-chlorobenzonitrile, the pseudo-first-order rate constants adhered to the Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 40.5 kJ . mol(-1) and collision frequency of ln 6.23 x 10(4). Alkaline hydrolysis was dominant at pH values above 8, while neutral hydrolysis was important between pH 5 and 7. The quantitative structure-reactivity relationship (QSRR) analysis of 14 para-substituted benzonitriles showed that the first-order rate constants obtained in phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) at 85 degrees C, based on a combination of neutral and alkaline hydrolysis, were correlated with Hammett sigma(p) constants. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. HIROSHIMA UNIV,FAC INTEGRATED ARTS & SCI,HIGASHIHIROSHIMA,HIROSHIMA 724,JAPAN. RP MASUNAGA, S (reprint author), NATL INST RESOURCES & ENVIRONM,16-3 ONOGAWA,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. RI Masunaga, Shigeki/F-1315-2011 OI Masunaga, Shigeki/0000-0003-0608-2337 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1457 EP 1463 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1457:HOPBIW]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RP448 UT WOS:A1995RP44800004 ER PT J AU BRODERIUS, SJ KAHL, MD HOGLUND, MD AF BRODERIUS, SJ KAHL, MD HOGLUND, MD TI USE OF JOINT TOXIC RESPONSE TO DEFINE THE PRIMARY-MODE OF TOXIC ACTION FOR DIVERSE INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC-CHEMICALS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE JOINT TOXICITY; MODE OF TOXIC ACTION; ISOBOLE DIAGRAMS; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; FATHEAD MINNOWS ID RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; FATHEAD MINNOW; FISH; PHENOLS; UNCOUPLERS; MIXTURES; NARCOSIS AB An important aspect of understanding how multiple toxicants jointly act involves defining the primary mode of toxic action for the chemicals of interest. We have explored the use of 96-h acute toxicity tests with juvenile fathead minnows and primarily binary chemical mixtures to define the primary acute mode of toxic action for diverse industrial organic chemicals. Our investigation mainly considered the two special cases of noninteractive joint action known as concentration (simple similar) and response (independent) addition. The different forms of joint toxicity with binary mixtures were graphically illustrated by isobole diagrams. Designated as the mode of action-specific reference toxicants were 1-octanol, phenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. It was observed from binary isobole diagrams that a chemical with a similar primary mode of toxic action to that of a reference toxicant would display a concentration-addition type of joint action with the reference toxicant over the entire mixture ratio range. Dissimilar chemicals with very steep concentration-response curves generally showed an interaction that was less-than-concentration additive, but consistently demonstrated a joint toxicity that was greater than predicted by the response-addition model. The more-than-concentration additive and complex isoboles that are indicative of interactive toxicity were not commonly observed in our experiments. C1 ASCI CORP,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP BRODERIUS, SJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 49 TC 141 Z9 162 U1 1 U2 42 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 14 IS 9 BP 1591 EP 1605 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[1591:UOJTRT]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RP448 UT WOS:A1995RP44800020 ER PT J AU FENNERCRISP, PA AF FENNERCRISP, PA TI URINARY-BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP FENNERCRISP, PA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS 7501C,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 33 IS 9 BP 699 EP 699 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(95)94593-7 PG 1 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA RY163 UT WOS:A1995RY16300001 ER PT J AU BURIN, GJ GIBB, HJ HILL, RN AF BURIN, GJ GIBB, HJ HILL, RN TI HUMAN BLADDER-CANCER - EVIDENCE FOR A POTENTIAL IRRITATION-INDUCED MECHANISM SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID URINARY-TRACT INFECTION; SPINAL-CORD INJURY; SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA; PARAPLEGIC PATIENTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CLONAL ORIGIN; RISK-FACTORS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; METAPLASIA; RATS C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBSTANCES,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 86 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 33 IS 9 BP 785 EP 795 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(95)00045-4 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA RY163 UT WOS:A1995RY16300009 PM 7557751 ER PT J AU BURIN, GJ CLAYSON, DB COHEN, SM DESESSO, JM ELLWEIN, LB FISHBEIN, L FREDERICK, C GIBB, H GORELICK, NJ HARD, GC HILL, RN KING, C LORENTZEN, RJ OYASU, R RICE, JM SANDUSKY, C WANG, CY WARD, JM AF BURIN, GJ CLAYSON, DB COHEN, SM DESESSO, JM ELLWEIN, LB FISHBEIN, L FREDERICK, C GIBB, H GORELICK, NJ HARD, GC HILL, RN KING, C LORENTZEN, RJ OYASU, R RICE, JM SANDUSKY, C WANG, CY WARD, JM TI URINARY-BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS - IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-PROLIFERATION; RATS; MELAMINE; MICE C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL & MICROBIOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. MITRE CORP,MCLEAN,VA 22101. NEI,BETHESDA,MD 20892. PRINCETON SCI PUBLISHING CO,PRINCETON,NJ. ROHM & HAAS CO,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19105. US EPA,OFF HLTH & ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. AMER HLTH FDN,NEW YORK,NY 10017. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. MICHIGAN CANC FDN,DETROIT,MI 48201. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. NORTHWESTERN UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,EVANSTON,IL 60208. RP BURIN, GJ (reprint author), TECHNOL SCI GRP INC,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 33 IS 9 BP 797 EP 802 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA RY163 UT WOS:A1995RY16300010 ER PT J AU NAROTSKY, MG WELLER, EA CHINCHILLI, VM KAVLOCK, RJ AF NAROTSKY, MG WELLER, EA CHINCHILLI, VM KAVLOCK, RJ TI NONADDITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY IN MIXTURES OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE, DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE, AND HEPTACHLOR IN A 5X5X5 DESIGN SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVIVO TERATOLOGY SCREEN; CHEMICALS; MICE AB In order to identify nonadditive effects on development, three compounds were combined using five dosages of each agent (a 5 x 5 x 5 full-factorial design). Trichloroethylene (TCE), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and heptachlor (HEPT), in corn oil, were administered by gavage to Fischer-344 rats on Gestation Days 6-15. Dose levels were 0, 10.1, 32, 101, and 320 mg/kg/day for TCE; 0, 24.7, 78, 247, and 780 mg/kg/day for DEHP; and 0, 0.25, 0.8, 2.5, and 8 mg/kg/day for HEPT. The dams were allowed to deliver and their pups were weighed and examined postnatally. Maternal death showed no main effects but DEHP and HEPT were synergistic. For maternal weight gain on Gestational Days 6-8, main effects for all three agents were observed, as well as TCE-DEHP synergism, and DEHP-HEPT antagonism. Maternal weight gain on Gestational Days 6-20 adjusted for lifter weight showed main effects for TCE and HEPT, but no interactions. Main effects for all three agents were evident for full-litter resorptions and prenatal loss. The HEPT main effects were unexpected and were interpreted as reflecting potentiation by HEPT of the other agents. For full-litter loss, the TCE-HEPT and DEHP-HEPT interactions were antagonistic, perhaps due to a ''ceiling'' effect. For prenatal loss, the TCE-DEHP interaction was synergistic. Postnatal loss showed DEHP and HEPT main effects but no interactions. Analysis of pup weights on Day 1 revealed TCE and DEHP main effects and DEHP-HEPT antagonism; on Day 6, DEHP and HEPT main effects, DEHP-HEPT antagonism, and TCE-DEHP synergism were evident. Microphthalmia and anophthalmia incidences revealed TCE and DEHP main effects but no interactions. This extensive examination of a full-factorial design elucidates the complexities of studying and interpreting mixture toxicity. The data are available for further analysis. (C) 1995 Society of Toxicology C1 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,MED COLL VIRGINIA,DEPT BIOSTAT,RICHMOND,VA 23298. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP NAROTSKY, MG (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,MD-67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 30 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 27 IS 2 BP 203 EP 216 DI 10.1006/faat.1995.1125 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RU766 UT WOS:A1995RU76600006 PM 8529815 ER PT J AU CUMMINGS, AM METCALF, JL AF CUMMINGS, AM METCALF, JL TI EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE, AND METHOXYCHLOR ON SURGICALLY INDUCED ENDOMETRIOSIS IN RATS SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Note ID DECIDUAL CELL RESPONSE; FEMALE RATS AB Endometriosis is a disease of women where endometrial tissue is found growing at ectopic sites. While evidence suggesting a role for the ovarian hormones in endometriosis exists, no complete studies of the roles of estrogen and progesterone have heretofore been performed. Also, if estrogen has a role in the growth and/or maintenance of endometriosis, it is likely that the proestrogenic pesticide, methoxychlor (MXC), might also have such an effect. Sixty rats underwent surgery on Day 0 to induce endometriosis. On Day 21, all rats were ovariectomized. During surgery, the diameters of all endometriotic implants (which were fully developed) were measured. Starting on Day 21, groups of rats were treated daily, for 3 weeks, with (a) vehicle; (b) estrone, 1 mu g/rat, E; (c) progesterone, 2 mg/rat, P; (d) E + P, 1 mu g + 2 mg; (e) MXC, 250 mg/kg; or (f) MXC + P, 250 mg/kg + 2 mg/rat. On Day 42, all rats were killed, and the diameters of all endometriotic sites were measured. While no differences in diameter were found across groups prior to ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus treatment altered the growth of endometriotic tissue. Progesterone and vehicle treatments produced results that were identical: regression of endometriotic sites. Both estrogen and MXC treatments maintained endometriotic site size at a level greater than that in the vehicle-treated group. The combination of progesterone with either estrone or MXC did not alter the effect of either chemical. We conclude that while estrogen promotes the growth of endometriosis, progesterone either produces regression or fails to maintain the sites. MXC, at a relatively high dose, supports the development of endometriosis. Concurrent progesterone treatment does not modulate the effects of estrone or MXC. These results suggest that exposure of women to high doses of MXC may exacerbate the development of endometriosis or contribute to its recurrence. (C) 1995 Society of Toxicology C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP CUMMINGS, AM (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 27 IS 2 BP 287 EP 290 DI 10.1006/faat.1995.1135 PG 4 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RU766 UT WOS:A1995RU76600016 PM 8529825 ER PT J AU SHAFER, TJ MUNDY, WR AF SHAFER, TJ MUNDY, WR TI EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM ON NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION - MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DISRUPTION OF PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS SO GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Review DE ALUMINUM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; NEUROTOXICITY; PHOSPHOINOSITIDES; PHOSPHOLIPASE C ID PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; CORTICAL SLICES; RAT-BRAIN; INHIBITION; RECEPTOR; INVITRO; CELLS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; ACTIVATION; METABOLISM AB 1. Aluminum is neurotoxic in humans and animals and alters formation of inositol phosphate (IF) second messengers following in vivo or in vitro exposure. 2. Several components of the IP signalling system including G-proteins, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca2+ homeostasis are susceptible to inhibition/disruption by aluminum compounds. 3. Recent evidence suggests that, despite its effects on other components, competitive inhibition by aluminum of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis by PI-PLC underlies its effects on agonist-stimulated IP generation. RP SHAFER, TJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-3623 J9 GEN PHARMACOL JI Gen. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 26 IS 5 BP 889 EP 895 DI 10.1016/0306-3623(94)00296-Y PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA RE709 UT WOS:A1995RE70900002 PM 7557263 ER PT J AU MACLER, BA AF MACLER, BA TI DEVELOPING A NATIONAL DRINKING-WATER REGULATION FOR DISINFECTION OF GROUND-WATER SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material AB The Safe Drinking Water Act directs EPA to promulgate requirements for disinfection of ground water-based drinking water systems. The Ground water Disinfection Rule regulatory workgroup, made up of representatives from EPA, the states, and other interested parties, is actively considering the issues for the wide range of elements necessary to ensure a regulation that will protect public health and can be feasibly implemented. This regulation is likely to require disinfection of ground water sources and systems found to be contaminated or vulnerable to contamination. RP MACLER, BA (reprint author), US EPA,75 HAWTHORNE ST,W-6-1,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI COLUMBUS PA 2600 GROUND WATER WAY, COLUMBUS, OH 43219 SN 0277-1926 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 1995 VL 15 IS 4 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1995.tb00555.x PG 8 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA TF344 UT WOS:A1995TF34400005 ER PT J AU Cho, JS Ellett, D AF Cho, JS Ellett, D TI Soil air permeability measurement with a transient pressure buildup method SO HAZARDOUS WASTE & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID ZONE AB An analytical solution for transient pressure change in a single venting well was derived from mass conservation of air, Darcy's law of flow in porous media, and the ideal gas law equation of state. Slopes of plots of P-w(2) against In (t+Delta t)/Delta t similar to Horner's plot were used to estimate the permeability in the vicinity of the well. The idea was tested using: equipment driven manually into subsurface soil to determine the soil-air permeability without an extensive investment of time and with minimal site disturbance. Tests were run at four locations in a tight clay formation. Soil-air permeabilities obtained from this method were found to be consistent and compatible with those of similar types of soil. RP Cho, JS (reprint author), US EPA,RSKERL,919 KERR RES DR,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 7 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0882-5696 J9 HAZARD WASTE HAZARD JI Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. PD FAL PY 1995 VL 12 IS 4 BP 365 EP 371 DI 10.1089/hwm.1995.12.365 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TP788 UT WOS:A1995TP78800006 ER PT J AU Kendall, DS Schoenwald, SD Siao, M Hendricks, S AF Kendall, DS Schoenwald, SD Siao, M Hendricks, S TI The determination of sulfur and chlorine in used oil by x-ray fluorescence, ICP and ion chromatography SO HAZARDOUS WASTE & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB Methods for the determination of total sulfur and chlorine in used oil were evaluated and compared using actual waste oil samples. Oxygen bomb combustion was followed by either ion chromatographic determination of sulfate and chloride or determination of sulfur by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy. Total sulfur and chlorine were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy in samples prepared by fivefold dilution in mineral spirits. Oxygen bomb combustion and XRF gave results with good precision, and, by comparison with each other, very little bias. Problems with the settling of particulates in the XRF analyses were largely overcome by using a thin layer method for sample presentation to the spectrometer. Due to the presence of particulates and emulsified water, the determination of sulfur and chlorine in used oil is more difficult than in pristine oil. Bomb combustion, when followed by IC or ICP, and XRF have been shown to be satisfactory analytical methods for determining total sulfur and chlorine in used or waste oil. RP Kendall, DS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL ENFORCEMENT INVEST CTR,DENVER FED CTR,BLDG 53,BOX 25227,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0882-5696 J9 HAZARD WASTE HAZARD JI Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. PD FAL PY 1995 VL 12 IS 4 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1089/hwm.1995.12.373 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TP788 UT WOS:A1995TP78800007 ER PT J AU NAGDA, NL KOONTZ, MD KENNEDY, PW AF NAGDA, NL KOONTZ, MD KENNEDY, PW TI SMALL-CHAMBER AND RESEARCH-HOUSE TESTING OF THE ADHESIVE EMISSIONS SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE MODELING; MULTICHAMBER; MODEL EVALUATION; SMALL CHAMBER; RESEARCH HOUSE; TOLUENE EMISSIONS AB The objective of this study was to compare measured indoor air concentrations of toluene, from an adhesive used in installing floor tiles, with concentrations estimated from a multi-chamber indoor air quality model. Measurements of toluene emissions li om floor adhesive with and without tiles covering the adhesive were made using a small chamber. Emission data from the chamber measurements were used as input to the indoor air quality model. The modeling results were compared with concentrations of toluene measured in a research house when adhesive was applied in a bedroom a the house. Three zones of the house were defined for modeling purposes the bedroom in which the adhesive was applied the remainder of the upstairs area, and the downstairs area. Zone-specific volumes and infiltration/exfiltration and interzonal airflows measured during and after adhesive application were also used as model inputs. Relatively good correspondence between measured and model concentrations was obtained, particularly in the bedroom where the adhesive was applied. Modeled concentrations were fairly sensitive to the input matrix of airflow rates. C1 GEOMET TECHNOL INC, GERMANTOWN, MD 20874 USA. US EPA, OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP NAGDA, NL (reprint author), ENERGEN CONSULTING INC, 19900 WILD CHERRY LANE, GERMANTOWN, MD 20874 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 5 IS 3 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00005.x PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RV746 UT WOS:A1995RV74600005 ER PT J AU MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y HWANG, D FLEMING, JS AF MARTONEN, TB YANG, Y HWANG, D FLEMING, JS TI COMPUTER-MODEL OF HUMAN LUNG MORPHOLOGY TO COMPLEMENT SPECT ANALYSES SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIO-MEDICAL COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE LUNG MORPHOLOGY; SPECT ANALYSIS; COMPUTER SIMULATION ID METERED DOSE INHALER; CLINICAL EFFICACY; DEPOSITION; INHALATION; PARTICLES; DELIVERY; DRUG; METHACHOLINE; TERBUTALINE; AEROSOL AB Aerosol therapy protocols could be improved if inhaled pharmacologic drugs were selectively deposited within the human lung. The targeted delivery to specific sites, such as receptors and sensitive airway cells, would enhance the efficacies of airborne pharmaceuticals. The high spatial discrimination of deposition patterns of inhaled particles can be determined via Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT). However, major problems continue to compromise SPECT protocols. Our work focuses on two issues: how can the spatial discrimination be improved; and how are the images to be interpreted? We present a methodology, described by a mathematical model and supercomputer code, for systematically slicing through the human lung in a prescribed manner that is conducive to implementation into SPECT analyses. The lung is divided into concentric shells, or annuli, and the airway generation-by-generation composition of the respective shells determined. This identification was accomplished by superimposing the new shell structure with the 3-D branching network presented by Martonen et al. [23]. Perhaps the key aspect of the model-code is that the supercomputer is instructed to determine the 3-D spatial coordinates of each of the airways (over 16 million) of the lung with respect to the clinician-selected contours of shells within the lung. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. MCNC,N CAROLINA SUPERCOMP CTR,ENVIRONM PROGRAMS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. SOUTHAMPTON GEN HOSP,DEPT NUCL MED,SOUTHAMPTON SO9 4XY,HANTS,ENGLAND. RP MARTONEN, TB (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0020-7101 J9 INT J BIOMED COMPUT JI Int. J. Bio-Med. Comput. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 40 IS 1 BP 5 EP 16 DI 10.1016/0020-7101(95)01106-O PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Medical Informatics GA TD301 UT WOS:A1995TD30100002 PM 8557404 ER PT J AU FARLAND, WH AF FARLAND, WH TI REGULATING RISK SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP FARLAND, WH (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD FAL PY 1995 VL 12 IS 1 BP 6 EP 7 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA TB409 UT WOS:A1995TB40900004 ER PT J AU DONIGER, D PETTI, C AF DONIGER, D PETTI, C TI REGULATING RISK SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP DONIGER, D (reprint author), US EPA,OFF AIR & RADIAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD FAL PY 1995 VL 12 IS 1 BP 8 EP 9 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA TB409 UT WOS:A1995TB40900007 ER PT J AU JURANEK, DD ADDISS, DG BARTLETT, ME ARROWOOD, MJ COLLEY, DG KAPLAN, JE PERCIASEPE, R ELDER, JR REGLI, SE BERGER, PS AF JURANEK, DD ADDISS, DG BARTLETT, ME ARROWOOD, MJ COLLEY, DG KAPLAN, JE PERCIASEPE, R ELDER, JR REGLI, SE BERGER, PS TI CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS AND PUBLIC-HEALTH - WORKSHOP REPORT SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER-SUPPLIES; SURFACE-WATER; GIARDIA; OUTBREAK AB Representatives from 40 states and from regulatory and public health agencies, water utilities, and advocacy groups met last year to discuss prevention and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis. Workgroups addressed surveillance systems and epidemiologic study designs, public health responses when oocysts are detected in drinking water, cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals, and water sampling methods and interpretation of results. The groups defined problems associated with these issues and developed strategies that could be used initially to manage these problems. An outgrowth of the workshop has been the formation of the Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis, which holds regular teleconferences, In addition, several task forces are working to address strategies proposed in this report. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. US EPA,OFF WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,REGULATORY MANAGEMENT BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP JURANEK, DD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,MS-F22,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 87 IS 9 BP 69 EP 80 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA RU888 UT WOS:A1995RU88800009 ER PT J AU Liu, Y LopezAvila, V Alcaraz, M Beckert, WF AF Liu, Y LopezAvila, V Alcaraz, M Beckert, WF TI Capillary gas chromatography atomic emission detection method for the determination of pentylated organotin compounds: Interlaboratory study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; SPECIATION; SPECTROMETRY AB A capillary gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED) method was developed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas, NV, for determination of selected organotin compounds. Here we report on an interlaboratory study to establish whether these compounds can reliably be detected and quantitated by this method and to establish the interlaboratory precision and accuracy with currently available instrumentation. A blind, balanced-replicate design was selected for this study, based on a recommendation of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. Ten laboratories volunteered for this study. Each laboratory received 5 calibration standards (pentylated organotin compounds), 3 pentylated soil or sediment extracts (prepared in our laboratory by an in situ complexation/supercritical fluid extraction method), and 1 pentylation blank. The participating laboratories analyzed the extracts according to our instructions and submitted the data to us for statistical analysis. Of 720 individual sample results, the number of outliers identified with the Cochran test was 60 (8.3%). Two laboratories accounted for most of the outliers, Results indicate that good chromatographic performance was achieved regardless of the type of injection inlet; however, electronic pressure control was needed to achieve acceptable chromatography for tetracyclohexyltin and tetraphenyltin. The intralaboratory precisions of the GC-AED method ranged from 1.3 to 22% relative standard deviation (RSD), depending on the compound. The interlaboratory method precisions ranged from 11 to 40% RSD over the concentration range tested. C1 MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,MT VIEW,CA 94043. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 1995 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1275 EP 1285 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TV259 UT WOS:A1995TV25900024 ER PT J AU GERRITY, TR BISCARDI, F STRONG, A GARLINGTON, AR BROWN, JS BROMBERG, PA AF GERRITY, TR BISCARDI, F STRONG, A GARLINGTON, AR BROWN, JS BROMBERG, PA TI BRONCHOSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF OZONE UPTAKE IN HUMANS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE OZONE DOSIMETRY; HEALTH EFFECTS OF OZONE ID RESPIRATORY APPLICATIONS; GASEOUS-POLLUTANTS; REGIONAL UPTAKE; LUNG; SENSITIVITY; EXERCISE; ANALYZER; EXPOSURE; REMOVAL; MODEL AB Measurements of ozone uptake efficiency in the human respiratory tract provide critical information toward understanding ozone dose-response characteristics. We measured ozone uptake efficiency by different regions of the respiratory tract between the mouth and bronchus intermedius in 10 healthy, resting, nonsmoking male and female subjects. The distal end of a bronchoscope was sequentially positioned at the bronchus intermedius (BI), main carina (CAR), upper trachea, and above the vocal cords. Ozone concentration was measured continuously at each sight using a rapid-responding ozone analyzer. During sampling subjects breathed through a mouthpiece connected to a pneumotachograph at a paced rate of 12 breaths/min. Integration of the product of the flow and ozone concentrations during inspiration and expiration provided the ozone mass passing each anatomic location during each phase of respiration. On inspiration the uptake efficiencies of ozone by structures between the mouth and each location j (E(m-j)) were 0.176 +/- 0.037 (SE), 0.271 +/- 0.024, 0.355 +/- 0.030, and 0.325 +/- 0.031 for above the vocal cords, upper trachea, CAR, and BI, respectively. A significant effect of location on E(m-j) was found by analysis of variance (P < 0.0002). Pairwise comparisons showed that E(m-j) increased as the lung penetration increased except between CAR and BI, which was not significantly different. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,CLIN RES BRANCH,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 3 BP 852 EP 860 PG 9 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA RV192 UT WOS:A1995RV19200026 PM 8567528 ER PT J AU CASH, GG AF CASH, GG TI HEATS OF FORMATION OF POLYHEX POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS FROM THEIR ADJACENCY MATRICES SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TOPOLOGICAL ORGANIC-CHEMISTRY; KEKULE STRUCTURES; GRAPH-THEORY; INDEXES; ALKANES AB Graph-theoretical indices derived from adjacency matrices were tested as predictors of standard heats of formation for a set of 153 polyhex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In particular, the determinants and principal eigenvalues of the sums of adjacency and distance matrices, which were calculable from the adjacency matrices, were examined. The determinant was equal to zero for approximately 40% of the dataset and was therefore not suitable as a predictor. The principal eigenvalue, however, appeared to encode information not found in the Kekule structure count and other commonly used predictors of Delta H-f(o). A correlation equation using this index, the Kukule structure count, and one other predictor gave r = 0.994 for the entire dataset. RP CASH, GG (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW 7403,ENVIRONM EFFECTS BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1995 VL 35 IS 5 BP 815 EP 818 DI 10.1021/ci00027a004 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA RY173 UT WOS:A1995RY17300004 ER PT J AU SHIM, JS JUNG, JT SOFER, S LAKHWALA, F AF SHIM, JS JUNG, JT SOFER, S LAKHWALA, F TI OXIDATION OF ETHANOL VAPORS IN A SPIRAL BIOREACTOR SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOREACTOR; SPIRAL; ETHANOL; BIOFILTER; VAPORS ID WASTE GASES; DICHLOROMETHANE; REMOVAL; REACTOR; PHENOL AB A fixed film spiral bioreactor containing immobilized activated sludge microorganisms has been used to degrade ethanof vapors. The effect of air flow rate, and ethanol feed concentration on elimination capacity has been investigated. Air flow rate is varied in the range from 2.34 to 40.0 dm(3) min(-1). Ethanol feed concentration is varied in the range from 600 to 7000 ppmv. In the concentration range studied, the elimination capacity increased proportionately with an increase in feed concentration. However, the elimination capacity decreased significantly at flow rates greater than 20 dm(3) min(-1) owing to insufficient residence time. The maximum elimination capacity observed was 185 g ethanol h(-1) m(-3) of reactor volume. Critical ethanol loading, defined as the maximum loading to achieve greater than 99% elimination at various residence times have been determined. These data are extremely useful in designing bioreactors for large scale applications. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,SBP TECHNOL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NEW JERSEY INST TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM ENGN CHEM & ENVIRONM SCI,NEWARK,NJ 07102. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0268-2575 J9 J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT JI J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 64 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 DI 10.1002/jctb.280640109 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering GA RV161 UT WOS:A1995RV16100008 ER PT J AU LOPEZAVILA, V YOUNG, R KIM, R BECKERT, WF AF LOPEZAVILA, V YOUNG, R KIM, R BECKERT, WF TI ACCELERATED EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS USING MICROWAVE-ENERGY SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,DIV CHARACTERIZAT RES,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP LOPEZAVILA, V (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,625-B CLYDE AVE,MT VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 4 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 33 IS 9 BP 481 EP 484 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA RR612 UT WOS:A1995RR61200001 ER PT J AU LYKINS, BW CLARK, RM AF LYKINS, BW CLARK, RM TI US DRINKING-WATER REGULATIONS - TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND COST - CLOSURE SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion RP LYKINS, BW (reprint author), US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,SYST & FIELD EVALUAT BRANCH,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 1995 VL 121 IS 9 BP 679 EP 679 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:9(679) PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RQ388 UT WOS:A1995RQ38800017 ER PT J AU MICKUNAS, DB KANSAL, V TURPIN, RD PRITCHETT, TH AF MICKUNAS, DB KANSAL, V TURPIN, RD PRITCHETT, TH TI AMBIENT AIR MONITORING OF A SARA TITLE-III FACILITY USING THE TAGA(R) 6000E MS/MS SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE TRACE ATMOSPHERIC GAS ANALYZER; MASS SPECTROMETER MASS SPECTROMETER; SARA TITLE III FACILITY; AMBIENT AIR MONITORING AB SARA Title III legislation requires facilities to report the quantities of regulated chemicals that are used on site in an effort to determine the chemicals' fate. One pathway by which a chemical may leave a facility is through volatilization into the atmosphere. These chemical emissions pollute the environment and may be a potential health problem. The TAGA(R) 6000E was used to investigate a specific site for chemical losses due to volatilization by analyzing the ambient air on and off the facility's property. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP MICKUNAS, DB (reprint author), ROY F WESTON INC,REAC,GSA RARITAN DEPOT,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 54 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00025-P PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RN691 UT WOS:A1995RN69100005 ER PT J AU MICKUNAS, DB ZARUS, GM TURPIN, RD CAMPAGNA, PR AF MICKUNAS, DB ZARUS, GM TURPIN, RD CAMPAGNA, PR TI REMOTE OPTICAL SENSING INSTRUMENT MONITORING TO DEMONSTRATE COMPLIANCE WITH SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE ACTION LIMITS DURING CLEANUP OPERATIONS AT UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUS-WASTE SITES SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE REMOTE OPTICAL SENSING; OP-FTIR; OP-UV; CLEANUP OPERATIONS AB Remote optical sensing (ROS) is an emerging analytical technique. ROS provides the capability to remotely monitor and measure trace atmospheric gases by transmitting a beam of radiation across a parcel of air several hundred meters in length (e.g., open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The information gained from these measurements can be used to calculate emission rates from sources, which can be modeled to determine downwind air quality impacts. Traditionally, two monitoring methods were available to estimate air quality impacts: receptor measurements and source measurements, Receptor measurements are air monitoring or sampling methods that directly determine concentrations at downwind locations of concern (e.g., absorbent tubes collected at a school). Source measurements are air monitoring or sampling at or immediately downwind of a source to determine an emission rate (e.g., stack sampling at a facility). This emission rate is then used for estimating concentrations at downwind locations of concern. The path-integrated approach has been utilized at Superfund sites to examine source emission impacts during full-scale remediation operations and during pilot-scale studies. The emission rates for the various compounds were modeled to determine if health-based action levels for the targeted compounds were exceeded at designated distances downwind of the monitoring. Utilization of ROS during these types of operations provided near real-time data to demonstrate compliance with short-term exposure action limits. The data were also used to determine the overall daily average fence line concentration and compare it with longer-term, exposure-based action limits. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP MICKUNAS, DB (reprint author), ROY F WESTON INC,REAC,GSA RARITAN DEPOT,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00026-Q PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RN691 UT WOS:A1995RN69100006 ER PT J AU SCHUETZ, SP SOLINSKI, PJ MICKUNAS, DB HUMPHREY, AM TURPIN, RD AF SCHUETZ, SP SOLINSKI, PJ MICKUNAS, DB HUMPHREY, AM TURPIN, RD TI COMPARISON OF DATA QUALITY PRODUCED BY AN ON-SITE FIELD GC/MS AND AN OFF-SITE PERMANENT LABORATORY GC/MS - SUPPORT OF A CLEANUP ACTION AT AN INACTIVE DRUM RECYCLING FACILITY SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY; FIELD ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION; DRUM RECYCLING FACILITY; CLEANUP ACTION AB Remediation activities require reliable analytical data when removal and treatment operations are being performed. Traditionally, quality information was only available from established laboratories at off-site locations. Although the assay results were accurate and precise, turnaround time was not prompt. The delay of these results has resulted in the site work not being as efficient or effective as could be. Recently, great strides have been made in field analytical equipment, which has been designed to provide data of similar quality as permanent laboratories. To examine this point, samples were collected at a site undergoing remediation for analysis both on site and at a permanent laboratory. The data generated from a field transportable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) was compared to that produced by a GC/MS stationed in a fixed laboratory, The field transportable GC/MS was established on site and analyzed air samples collected on charcoal adsorbent tubes. Additional collocated air samples were collected for analysis by a GC/MS located in a permanent laboratory. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP SCHUETZ, SP (reprint author), ROY F WESTON INC,REAC,GSA RARITAN DEPOT,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00027-R PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RN691 UT WOS:A1995RN69100007 ER PT J AU BERNICK, MB CAMPAGNA, PR AF BERNICK, MB CAMPAGNA, PR TI APPLICATION OF FIELD-PORTABLE X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETERS FOR FIELD-SCREENING AIR MONITORING FILTERS FOR METALS SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE FIELD-PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE; AIR FILTERS; METALS; PERSONNEL MONITORING; NIOSH METHOD 7300; THIN FILMS AB Field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) spectrometers have been successfully used for on-site rapid characterization of hazardous metallic waste sites. The Outokumpu Electronics, Inc. (OEI), X-MET 880 and the Spectrace Instruments, Inc., Spectrace model 9000 FPXRF spectrometers' ability to analyze filters used in monitoring air quality was evaluated. The instruments differ in their energy resolving power and calibration methodology. Both instruments, representing two different analytical techniques, performed similarly. Typical method detection and quantitation limits, results of an accuracy check, conformational laboratory chemical analysis and results of a blind performance evaluation are presented. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP BERNICK, MB (reprint author), ROY F WESTON INC,REAC,GSA RARITAN DEPOT,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 8 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 99 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00029-T PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RN691 UT WOS:A1995RN69100009 ER PT J AU BERNICK, MB KALNICKY, DJ PRINCE, G SINGHVI, R AF BERNICK, MB KALNICKY, DJ PRINCE, G SINGHVI, R TI RESULTS OF FIELD-PORTABLE X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF METAL CONTAMINANTS IN SOIL AND SEDIMENT SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE FIELD-PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE; METALS IN SOIL; ON-SITE IN-SITU METALS; LEAD; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS AB The US Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Response Team (US EPA/ERT) has extensively used held-portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) instruments for analyzing metals in soils and sediments at hazardous waste sites nationwide. The US EPA/ERT has used the Outokumpu Electronics Inc. (OEI) model X-MET 880 and the Spectrace Instruments model 9000 FPXRF analyzers. Instrument calibration methods, precision and detection limits are discussed. Both in-situ and prepared soil analysis are described. A statistical comparison of slopes (regression coefficients) is presented comparing AA/in-situ FPXRF and AA/prepared sample FPXRF regression results for data from a battery breakage and scrap metal site. The instruments' analytical capabilities are demonstrated by measurements of chemically analyzed samples from a variety of soil and waste matrices. Additionally, the US EPA's Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures for FPXRF analysis of soil and sediment samples is presented. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP BERNICK, MB (reprint author), ROY F WESTON INC,REAC,GSA RARITAN DEPOT,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00030-X PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RN691 UT WOS:A1995RN69100010 ER PT J AU BERNICK, MB GETTY, D PRINCE, G SPRENGER, M AF BERNICK, MB GETTY, D PRINCE, G SPRENGER, M TI STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF FIELD-PORTABLE X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE SOIL PREPARATION METHODS SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE; SOIL; METALS; IN-SITU XRF AB Traditional laboratory X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis has utilized sample preparation methods because the fixed nature of the instruments and absence of a surface probe precluded in-situ soil and sediment analysis. Currently, several field-portable XRF (FPXRF) instruments feature surface probes providing the option of in-situ soil and sediment analysis. In-situ FPXRF analysis can be a cost-effective near-real-time method to increase sampling densities due to the simplicity of the sample preparation. The following is a comprehensive statistical evaluation using current US EPA quality assurance guidelines for lead (Pb) data from a battery breakage site and zinc (Zn) and Pb data from a scrap metal site. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP BERNICK, MB (reprint author), ROY F WESTON INC,REAC,GSA RARITAN DEPOT,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 43 IS 1-2 BP 111 EP 116 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00031-O PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RN691 UT WOS:A1995RN69100011 ER PT J AU GARDNER, GR HARSHBARGER, JC LAKE, JL SAWYER, TK PRICE, KL STEPHENSON, MD HAAKER, PL TOGSTAD, HA AF GARDNER, GR HARSHBARGER, JC LAKE, JL SAWYER, TK PRICE, KL STEPHENSON, MD HAAKER, PL TOGSTAD, HA TI ASSOCIATION OF PROKARYOTES WITH SYMPTOMATIC APPEARANCE OF WITHERING SYNDROME IN BLACK ABALONE HALIOTIS-CRACHERODII SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GASTROPOD; HALIOTIS CRACHERODII; PROKARYOTE; RICKETTSIALES; INTESTINAL METAPLASIA; MYOPATHY; ABALONE WITHERING SYNDROME ID MASS MORTALITY; RICKETTSIAE; INFECTION; DISEASES; OYSTERS AB Withering syndrome (WS) is an epizootic fatal wasting disease that is devastating California Channel Island populations of black abalone Haliotis cracherodii. Our studies suggest a strong pathogen-disease association. The pathogen is an intracellular prokaryote that infects epithelial cells lining the gut and enzyme secreting cells of the digestive diverticula. It multiplies by binary fission in round to oval, basophilic, membrane-bound colonies teeming in the cytoplasm. Infection of the digestive diverticula is accompanied by a complete loss of digestive enzyme granules and metaplasia of enzyme secretory cells to a morphology similar to epithelium lining the gut. Extensive infection of digestive diverticular cells and the resultant deficiency in digestive enzymes correlates to the degree of pedal muscle atrophy and the severity of signs associated with WS. Electron microscopically the intracellular pathogen is a rod-shaped, ribosome-rich, gram-negative, prokaryote with a trilaminar cell wall consistent with the order Rickettsiales. Microbiological and protozoological methods produced no patterns that implicated other types of microbes. Chemical analysis of tissue from animals from a population with WS did not support an association between WS and environmental pollutant exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, or chlorinated pesticides. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,REGISTRY TUMORS LOWER ANIM,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. AMER TYPE CULTURE COLLECT,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039. CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,LONG BEACH,CA 90802. RP GARDNER, GR (reprint author), US EPA,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-15641] NR 25 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 66 IS 2 BP 111 EP 120 DI 10.1006/jipa.1995.1072 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA RW507 UT WOS:A1995RW50700003 PM 7594633 ER PT J AU GOMEZ, GG SANDLER, RS SEAL, E AF GOMEZ, GG SANDLER, RS SEAL, E TI HIGH-LEVELS OF INORGANIC SULFATE CAUSE DIARRHEA IN NEONATAL PIGLETS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE INORGANIC SULFATE; NEONATAL PIGLETS; GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS; LIQUID DIETS; SWINE ID PERFORMANCE AB Artificially reared neonatal piglets were used to study the effect of inorganic sulfate on bowel function in human infants. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of high levels of inorganic sulfate on the growth, feed intake and feces consistency of artificially reared piglets, and to determine the dose at which at least 50% of piglets develop nonpathogenic diarrhea. The effect of sulfate level on kidney weight and concentration of inorganic sulfate in urine was also assessed. In each experiment, 40 pigs with an average initial age of 5 d were individually caged and reared with an automatic feeding device. Ten pigs per dietary treatment were fed one of four diets containing the following levels of added inorganic sulfate (mg/L of diet), as anhydrous sodium sulfate (USP): 0, 1200, 1600 and 2000 for Experiment 1 (18-d study), and 0, 1800, 2000 and 2200 for Experiment 2 (16-d study). The levels of added sulfate did not affect (P > 0.05) the growth of piglets, or their feed intake. Whereas 1200 mg added sulfate/L had essentially no effect on feces consistency, levels >1800 mg/L of diet resulted in a persistent, nonpathogenic diarrhea in neonatal piglets. Added sulfate did not affect (P > 0.05) relative kidney weight. Inorganic sulfate in urine reached maximum concentration (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets with 1600 and 1800 mg added sulfate/L in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, but declined at higher levels. The results suggest that the level of added dietary inorganic sulfate at which 50% of piglets develop nonpathogenic diarrhea is between 1600 and 1800 mg/L. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR GASTROINTESTINAL BIOL & DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP GOMEZ, GG (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,BOX 7621,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 125 IS 9 BP 2325 EP 2332 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RR850 UT WOS:A1995RR85000006 PM 7666249 ER PT J AU WATSON, JG THURSTON, G FRANK, N LODGE, JP WIENER, RW MCELROY, FF KLEINMAN, MT MUELLER, PK SCHMIDT, AC LIPFERT, FW THOMPSON, RJ DASGUPTA, PK MARRACK, D MICHAELS, RA MOORE, T PENKALA, S TOMBACH, I VESTMAN, L HAUSER, T CHOW, JC AF WATSON, JG THURSTON, G FRANK, N LODGE, JP WIENER, RW MCELROY, FF KLEINMAN, MT MUELLER, PK SCHMIDT, AC LIPFERT, FW THOMPSON, RJ DASGUPTA, PK MARRACK, D MICHAELS, RA MOORE, T PENKALA, S TOMBACH, I VESTMAN, L HAUSER, T CHOW, JC TI 1995 CRITICAL-REVIEW DISCUSSION - MEASUREMENT METHODS TO DETERMINE COMPLIANCE WITH AMBIENT AIR-QUALITY STANDARDS FOR SUSPENDED PARTICLES SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Discussion ID HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER; INDUSTRIAL-WASTES; DAILY MORTALITY; POLLUTION; ASSOCIATIONS; MUTAGENICITY; MUNICIPAL; EMISSIONS; DENUDER; SYSTEMS C1 NEW YORK INST ENVIRONM MED,TUXEDO PK,NY 10987. US EPA,OFF AIR QUAL PLANNING & STAND,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV CALIF IRVINE,IRVINE,CA 92717. ELECT POWER RES INST,AIR QUAL PROJECT,PALO ALTO,CA 94304. SCHMIDT INSTRUMENT CO,SAN CARLOS,CA 94070. INTERSOC COMM METHODS AIR SAMPLING & ANAL,HARWOOD,TX 78632. TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. FT BEND MED CLIN,HOUSTON,TX 77277. RAM TRAC CORP,SCHENECTADY,NY 12309. WESTAR COUNCIL,PORTLAND,OR 97201. AIR SCI CONSULTANTS INC,BRIDGEVILLE,PA 15017. ENSR CONSULTING & ENGN,CAMARILLO,CA 93012. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. METHODS AIR SAMPLING & ANAL,BOULDER,CO 80302. RP WATSON, JG (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,POB 60220,RENO,NV 89506, USA. RI Watson, John/E-6869-2010 OI Watson, John/0000-0002-1752-6899 NR 64 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 7 U2 24 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 45 IS 9 BP 666 EP 684 PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA RV194 UT WOS:A1995RV19400001 ER PT J AU CARROLL, GJ THURNAU, RC FOURNIER, DJ AF CARROLL, GJ THURNAU, RC FOURNIER, DJ TI MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM A HAZARDOUS-WASTE INCINERATOR EQUIPPED WITH A STATE-OF-THE-ART WET SCRUBBER SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Over a six-week period, eleven tests were performed at the U.S. EPA incineration Research Facility (IRF) in Jefferson, Arkansas to evaluate the fate of trace metals fed to a rotary kiln incinerator equipped with a Calvert Flux-Forcer/Condensation Scrubber pilot plant as the primary air pollution control system (APCS). Test variables were kiln temperature, ranging from 538 degrees C to 927 degrees C; waste feed chlorine content, ranging from O% to 3.4%; and scrubber pressure drop, ranging from 8.2 kPa to 16.9 kPa. Mercury was among the six hazardous constituent trace metals fed to the IRF's pilot-scale rotary kiln incineration system as part of a synthetic waste feed. This paper focuses on the test results solely with respect to mercury. As expected, mercury behaved as a very volatile metal throughout the tests; it was not detected in any kiln ash samples. Scrubber collection efficiency for mercury ranged from 67% to > 99%, averaging 87%; this was somewhat lower than expected and may be attributable to low scrubber loadings. The ability to collect and analyze representative scrubber water samples appears to have been affected by the waste feed chlorine content; detection of mercury at higher concentrations during high waste-chlorine-content tests is thought to be largely the result of the formation of mercuric chloride, a more water-soluble species, during those tests. As a result, no firm conclusions may be drawn regarding the true impact of waste feed chlorine content on mercury partitioning to the scrubber water. As expected, no significant relationship was observed between kiln exit-gas temperature and mercury partitioning, nor was there a significant relationship with scrubber pressure drop. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,MT VIEW,CA. RP CARROLL, GJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 5 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 45 IS 9 BP 730 EP 736 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA RV194 UT WOS:A1995RV19400007 ER PT J AU MAGE, DT AF MAGE, DT TI THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (TSP) AND BRITISH SMOKE MEASUREMENTS IN LONDON - DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE-MODEL SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DUST AB This article develops an empirical relationship between the British Smoke (BS) measurement, coefficient of haze (CoH), and Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) for London winter periods of the early 1950s and 1960s. A bounded nonlinear model of form BS = TSP3/(TSP2 + [200 mu g/m(3)](2)) fits the available BS/TSP data and meets the urban boundary conditions that BS --> 0 as TSP --> 0, and BS --> TSP as TSP --> infinity. A derivation is presented for the form of the equation from basic principles. Equations of a similar form may be useful on a site- and season-specific basis for developing relations between other fractions of PM. RP MAGE, DT (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 45 IS 9 BP 737 EP 739 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA RV194 UT WOS:A1995RV19400008 ER PT J AU SHOEMAKER, EM RODDY, DJ MOORE, CB PFEILSTICKER, R CURLEY, CL DUNKELMAN, T KUERZEL, K TAYLOR, M SHOEMAKER, C DONNELLY, P AF SHOEMAKER, EM RODDY, DJ MOORE, CB PFEILSTICKER, R CURLEY, CL DUNKELMAN, T KUERZEL, K TAYLOR, M SHOEMAKER, C DONNELLY, P TI IMPACT CRATER IDENTIFIED ON THE NAVAJO NATION NEAR CHINLE, ARIZONA SO METEORITICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US GEOL SURVEY,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. LOWELL OBSERV,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,CTR METEORITE STUDIES,TEMPE,AZ 85287. NAVAJO ENVIRONM PROTECT AGCY,WINDOW ROCK,AZ 86515. US EPA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105. ECOL & ENVIRONM INC,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105. NO ARIZONA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU METEORITICAL SOC PI FAYETTEVILLE PA DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 SN 0026-1114 J9 METEORITICS JI Meteoritics PD SEP PY 1995 VL 30 IS 5 BP 578 EP 579 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA RR518 UT WOS:A1995RR51800207 ER PT J AU BARONE, S STANTON, ME MUNDY, WR AF BARONE, S STANTON, ME MUNDY, WR TI NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF NEONATAL TRIETHYLTIN (TET) EXPOSURE ARE EXACERBATED WITH AGING SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING LA English DT Article DE DELAYED ALTERNATION; WATER MAZE; GFAP; TIMMS HISTOCHEMISTRY; IMAGE ANALYSIS ID WORKING MEMORY; DENTATE GYRUS; DELAYED ALTERNATION; BEHAVIORAL TOXICITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; ADULT-RAT; PERFORMANCE; SYNAPSES; LESIONS; BRAIN AB Neonatal Long-Evans rats dosed with TET (5 mg/kg; IP) or saline on postnatal day (PND) 10 were examined across the life span for neural damage and performance on spatial learning tasks. A subset of rats were sacrificed to assess early damage with Nissl-staining, Timm's histochemistry, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry 2, 7, or 14 days after dosing. Littermates were tested behaviorally in a T-maze spatial delayed alternation task on PND 23 or PND 90, and in a Morris water maze place learning task at 3, 12, or 24 months postdosing and then sacrificed for histological analysis. In neonatal rats, histological analysis indicated gliosis in discrete cortical regions, loss of Nissl-stained neurons in the hippocampal formation, entorhinal cortex and piriform cortex, and loss of Timm's staining in the entorhinal cortex. The behavioral assessment at PND 23 indicated a significant impairment in the T-maze. However, no significant impairments were observed in the T-maze at 3 months or the water maze at 3 or 12 months postdosing. At 24 months, TET-treated rats showed significant deficits in acquisition and retention of the water maze task compared with age-matched controls. Both groups of 24 months old rats were significantly impaired compared with young controls. At 24 months, there was a general age-related decrease in the optical density of Timm's staining in cortical regions (9%), compounded by a further decrease in the entorhinal cortex and outer molecular Layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in TET treated rats (30%). These data indicate that early developmental exposure to an organometal resulted in morphological damage that was apparent behaviorally only during early postnatal development and with advanced aging. RP BARONE, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 53 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0197-4580 J9 NEUROBIOL AGING JI Neurobiol. Aging PD SEP-OCT PY 1995 VL 16 IS 5 BP 723 EP 735 DI 10.1016/0197-4580(95)00089-W PG 13 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA RW793 UT WOS:A1995RW79300001 PM 8532105 ER PT J AU GUILARTE, TR KUHLMANN, AC OCALLAGHAN, JP MICELI, RC AF GUILARTE, TR KUHLMANN, AC OCALLAGHAN, JP MICELI, RC TI ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF PERIPHERAL BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTORS IN TRIMETHYLTIN-EXPOSED RAT-BRAIN - A BIOMARKER OF NEUROTOXICITY SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PERIPHERAL BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTORS; PK11195; GFAP; TRIMETHYLTIN; BIOMARKER; RAT BRAIN ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; HIGH-AFFINITY BINDING; REACTIVE GLIOSIS; NEURONAL DAMAGE; SITES; LIGANDS; AUTORADIOGRAPHY; LOCALIZATION; STRIATUM AB We have used the binding of the selective, high affinity, isoquinoline carboxamide, [H-3]-PK11195, to measure the levels of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors (PER) in the brain of rats exposed to the well characterized neurotoxicant trimethyltin (TMT). The results demonstrate that autoradiograms of saggital sections of rats injected with a 8 mg/kg TMT dose, express a high level of [H-3]-PK11195 binding in brain regions known to be damaged by TMT. The highest level of [H-3]-PK11195 binding in the TMT-exposed rats occurred in the CA3/CA4 subfield of the hippocampus, followed by the primary olfactory cortex, the posteriomedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex. These findings are consistent with the neuropathology of TMT in rats. The increase in [H-3]-PK11195 binding in the brain of TMT-exposed rats was significant at 7 days after injection and remained elevated up to 42 days after exposure, the last time point measured in the study. This pattern is very similar to that observed for levels of the astrocyte intermediate filament protein, GFAP. The enhanced binding of [H-3]-PK11195 in TMT-exposed rats was the result of a significant increase (p < 0.005) in the number of PBR with no change in affinity. The B-max for [H-3]-PK11195 binding in hippocampi from TMT-treated rats at 4 weeks post-injection was 606 +/- 25 (n = 4) fmoles/mg protein and 329 +/- 41 (n = 4) fmoles/mg protein for control. These findings suggest that the quantitative assessment of [H-3]-PK11195 binding to PBR in the brain could represent a potential biomarker for assessing chemical-induced neurotoxicity. Since this ligand has been labeled with single photon (I-123) or positron emitting (C-11, F-18) radioisotopes, it can potentially be used with non-invasive imaging techniques such as Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for human studies. (C) 1995 Infox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP GUILARTE, TR (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,615 N WOLFE ST,ROOM 2001,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES03819, ES07062] NR 34 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FAL PY 1995 VL 16 IS 3 BP 441 EP 450 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TD091 UT WOS:A1995TD09100005 PM 8584276 ER PT J AU BARONE, S HERR, DW CROFTON, KM AF BARONE, S HERR, DW CROFTON, KM TI EFFECTS OF 3,3'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE ON THE PERIPHERAL STRUCTURES OF THE RAT VISUAL-SYSTEM SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RETINAL DEGENERATION; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; GFAP ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; AXONAL-TRANSPORT; BETA,BETA'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE; DEGENERATION; DAMAGE; IDPN; CYTOCHROME-P450; NEUROTOXICITY; METABOLISM; EXPRESSION AB Adult male Long-Evans rats received 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN; 400 mg/kg i.p.) and were killed one day after one dose, or one, three, seven, thirty-five, or seventy day(s) following 3 consecutive daily doses for histological analysis of the eye. Histological alterations in visual structures were not observed before one day after the third dose of IDPN. Samato-dendritic swelling of cells in the inner nuclear (IN) layer was seen prior to retinal detachment (1 day after cessation of dosing) followed by progressive retinal degeneration (35 and 70 days). IDPN exposure resulted in opacification of the cornea and vascular hemorrhaging into the subretinal space (3 days) followed by complete detachment of the retina (7 days). The corneal opacification was transient and resolved by 14 days post-treatment. The retina underwent complete spontaneous reattachment between 35 and 10 days after IDPN administration. A subsequent experiment was performed to characterize the dose-response of IDPN on retinal histology, 2 weeks after the last dose (0, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg x 3 days). In the dose-response experiment, retinal detachment and degeneration in the IN layer were only apparent in the 400 mg/kg dose group. However, increased GFAP immunoreactivity in the retina was observed in the 200 mg/kg dose group without overt retinal pathology. Results indicate that the corneal opacification, vascular hemorrhaging, and detached retinae recovered in a time-dependant manner, while neurodegeneration of the visual retina was progressive, even after the retina had reattached. The present study indicates that this toxicant may have direct effects on both neural and nonneural structures, and characterizes the time-course and dose-response of histopathological changes in the retina. (C) 1995 Intox Press, Inc. RP BARONE, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CELLULAR & MOLEC TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 57 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FAL PY 1995 VL 16 IS 3 BP 451 EP 467 PG 17 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TD091 UT WOS:A1995TD09100006 PM 8584277 ER PT J AU APPLE, ME HARLIN, MM AF APPLE, ME HARLIN, MM TI INHIBITION OF TETRASPORE ADHESION IN CHAMPIA-PARVULA (RHODOPHYTA) SO PHYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID RED ALGA; CYTOCHALASIN TREATMENT; CELL; CALCIUM; DIATOM; ULTRASTRUCTURE; GLYCOPROTEIN; TUNICAMYCIN; EXPRESSION; SECRETION AB Tetraspores of the marine red alga Chmapia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey attached initially to plastic or glass coverslips by extracellular mucilage. Following germination, adhesive rhizoids provided further anchorage. When newly released, floating tetraspores were exposed to cycloheximide, tunicamycin, sodium molybdate or Con A: adhesion was inhibited. These results indicate that proteins, glycoproteins, sulphated polysaccharides, and alpha-D-mannose or alpha-D-glucose respectively are all necessary for adhesion. When the biosynthesis inhibitors or Con A were added to attached tetraspores, they did not detach. This suggests that adhesion is not maintained via synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins or sulphated polysaccharides and that alpha-D-mannosee or alpha-D-glucose maintain adhesion by contacting the substrate and are therefore unavailable to Con A. Newly released, floating tetraspores killed with H2SO4 or sodium azide did not attach; therefore viability is necessary for this process. On the other hand, attached tetraspores did not detach when killed with sodium azide or de-ionized water, but dead sports detached when their mucilage was damaged by H2SO4. The mucilage can be disrupted by enzymes, as tetraspores detached in the presence of the enzymes beta-galactosidase, protease, cellulase, a-amylase, hyaluronidase, sulphatase, and mannosidase. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT BOT,KINGSTON,RI 02881. RP APPLE, ME (reprint author), US EPA,200 SO W 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT PHYCOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA NEW BUSINESS OFFICE, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0031-8884 J9 PHYCOLOGIA JI Phycologia PD SEP PY 1995 VL 34 IS 5 BP 417 EP 423 DI 10.2216/i0031-8884-34-5-417.1 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA RX993 UT WOS:A1995RX99300007 ER PT J AU HSU, KF SULLIVAN, DA AF HSU, KF SULLIVAN, DA TI HOW TO ACCESS TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION SO POLLUTION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ATTIC DATABASE SYST,EDISON,NJ. RP HSU, KF (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AARP,SENIOR ENVIRONM EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM,EDISON,NJ, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAHNERS-DENVER PUBLISHING CO PI HIGHLANDS RANCH PA 8773 S RIDGELINE BLVD, HIGHLANDS RANCH, CO 80126-2329 SN 0032-3640 J9 POLLUT ENG JI Pollut. Eng. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 27 IS 9 BP 40 EP 42 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RR833 UT WOS:A1995RR83300005 ER PT J AU NESTOR, DV PASURKA, CA AF NESTOR, DV PASURKA, CA TI ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING AND INDICATORS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION ACTIVITIES SO REVIEW OF INCOME AND WEALTH LA English DT Article AB In this paper, we define environmental protection (EP) activities in the context of an input-output (I-O) framework. The U.S. I-O table is adjusted to separate inputs purchased by various economic sectors to abate pollution. We use I-O concepts and the I-O matrix adjusted for EP activities to derive a matrix of inputs to EP activities, which is independent of the matrix of inputs to traditional economic activities. This matrix is the basis for deriving measures of the economic importance of EP activities, including the size of EP activities relative to GNP and direct employment and indirect employment attributable to EP activities. RP NESTOR, DV (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Pasurka, Carl/H-8996-2016 OI Pasurka, Carl/0000-0001-9846-1507 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSN RES INCOME WEALTH PI NEW YORK PA NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 269 MERCER ST ROOM 700, NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0034-6586 J9 REV INCOME WEALTH JI Rev. Income Wealth PD SEP PY 1995 IS 3 BP 265 EP 287 PG 23 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA RV498 UT WOS:A1995RV49800002 ER PT J AU COTRUVO, JA AF COTRUVO, JA TI CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP COTRUVO, JA (reprint author), US EPA,DIV CHEM SCREENING & RISK ASSESSMENT,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVAN SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1333 H ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 269 IS 5228 BP 1205 EP 1205 DI 10.1126/science.7652564 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA RR842 UT WOS:A1995RR84200010 PM 7652564 ER PT J AU ROGERS, JM TAUBENECK, MW DASTON, GP SULIK, KK ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH JANKOWSKI, MA KEEN, CL AF ROGERS, JM TAUBENECK, MW DASTON, GP SULIK, KK ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH JANKOWSKI, MA KEEN, CL TI ZINC-DEFICIENCY CAUSES APOPTOSIS BUT NOT CELL-CYCLE ALTERATIONS IN ORGANOGENESIS-STAGE RAT EMBRYOS - EFFECT OF VARYING DURATION OF DEFICIENCY SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DNA FRAGMENTATION; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE TERATOGENESIS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; IRON OVERLOAD; FOOD-INTAKE; DEATH; DISTRIBUTIONS; ENDONUCLEASE; AGENTS AB Zinc deficiency is teratogenic in all species in which it has been examined. Zinc is an essential component of enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, and may play an as yet undetermined role in apoptosis. To further our understanding of the role of zinc in normal development, we examined cell death and cell cycle parameters in embryos of pregnant rats fed a zinc-deficient diet for 2 to 10 days (0.5 mu g zinc/g diet; zinc-adequate diet was 25 mu g zinc/g). To elucidate sensitive periods of development and susceptible cell populations, darns were fed the zinc-deficient diet from gestation day 1, 3, 7, or 9 and killed on day 11. Embryos were examined for morphology and developmental stage. From each litter, 2-3 embryos were stained with Nile blue sulfate (NBS) to visualize cell death, 3 embryos were frozen for flow cytometric cell cycle analysis and cell counts, and selected embryos were preserved for histological examination. Dams fed the zinc-deficient diet for more than 3 days reduced their food intake through gestation day 8 but increased food intake on day 9. Maternal plasma zinc dropped to 10-25% of control levels in the zinc-deficient groups. Zinc deficiency from gestation day 1 or 3 resulted in two categories of affected litters on day 11. One category had embryos which were morphologically normal but displayed extensive NBS staining in the visceral arches, neural tube, and somites. The second category had developmentally retarded or maldeveloped embryos which showed little NBS staining. Zinc deficiency from gestation day 7 produced cell death in the posterior dorsal midline in the area of premigratory neural crest cells, which was confirmed by histological examination. Zinc deficiency from gestation day 9 did not affect morphology or NBS staining. Percentages of cells in the G(0)/G(1), S, and G(2)M phases of the cell cycle on gestation day 11, determined by flow cytometry, were similar to controls in all groups. This study shows that as few as 4 days of maternal zinc deficiency can produce excess embryonal cell death, and that neural crest cells maybe particularly sensitive. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NUTR,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DAVIS,CA 95616. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45239. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP ROGERS, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV REPROD TOXICOL,DEV BIOL BRANCH MD67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIAAA NIH HHS [AA08204] NR 51 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD SEP PY 1995 VL 52 IS 3 BP 149 EP 159 DI 10.1002/tera.1420520307 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA TH322 UT WOS:A1995TH32200006 PM 8638255 ER PT J AU SEXTON, K REITER, LW ZENICK, H AF SEXTON, K REITER, LW ZENICK, H TI RESEARCH TO STRENGTHEN THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT - A SURVEY OF THE CONTEXT AND RATIONALE FOR MECHANISTICALLY BASED METHODS AND MODELS SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BBDR; DEFAULT ASSUMPTIONS; UNCERTAINTY; PBPK; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCIENCE POLICY ID METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; CARCINOGENS; MITOGENESIS AB Assessment of health risks is an integral part of regulatory decision-making that occurs at the interface between science (e.g. facts) and policy (e.g. values). Because existing scientific knowledge and understanding are often inadequate to answer the most critical risk-related questions, regulatory agencies have developed sets of formalized 'science policies' to extrapolate from existing data to real-life events and situations. These science policies, as, for example, the use of default assumptions or exposure scenarios, can introduce significant uncertainties into the final risk estimate. We survey the rationale for research to reduce extrapolation-related uncertainties, focusing specifically on the need to develop mechanistically based methods and models, including test methods to identify and characterize health effects, integrated human exposure models, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP SEXTON, K (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PUBL HLTH,CTR HLTH,POB 807,UMHC,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA. NR 62 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 20 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03033-C PG 18 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TA562 UT WOS:A1995TA56200002 PM 7482561 ER PT J AU RHOMBERG, L AF RHOMBERG, L TI USE OF QUANTITATIVE MODELING IN METHYLENE-CHLORIDE RISK ASSESSMENT SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PHARMACOKINETICS; DOSIMETRY; CROSS-SPECIES EXTRAPOLATION; MECHANISTIC MODELS; ALLOMETRIC SCALING ID BODY SIZE; PHYSIOLOGICAL TIME; PHARMACOKINETICS; METABOLISM; BIOLOGY; EXTRAPOLATION; LONGEVITY AB The benefits of basing quantitative risk assessment on measures of 'internal dose', i.e. target organ exposures as estimated, for instance, by pharmacokinetic models, have been extensively discussed. Recasting risk assessment methods at the level of internal dose raises novel issues, however, some of which are explored by examining the 1987 revision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of its cancer risk assessment for inhaled methylene chloride, which was based on the 1987 pharmacokinetic model results of Andersen and coworkers. The internal dose measure was the daily amount of methylene chloride metabolized by a glutathione-S-transferase pathway per 1 of target organ (liver and lung). Owing to high-dose saturation of a competing detoxification reaction, this metabolic activation is less-than-proportionally active at low exposure levels. For a given inhalation exposure, humans have relatively less metabolic activation than do mice, but this is shown to be a foreseeable consequence of their relatively lower breathing rate, a cross-species difference already accounted for in standard EPA methodology. Indeed, many species differences in the rates and tempos of physiological processes evince regular 'scaling' relationships across differently sized mammals. EPA's practice of scaling carcinogen doses by body surface area for cross-species extrapolation, often viewed as a correction for metabolic activation, is shown to be more reasonably regarded as an accommodation for the more general species variation in the pace of physiological processes underlying both pharmacokinetics and the carcinogenic response to internal doses. Under this view, the issue of cross-species dose scaling is not obviated by the use of pharmacokinetics. C1 US EPA,OFF HLTH & ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 57 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 114 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03039-I PG 20 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TA562 UT WOS:A1995TA56200008 PM 7482565 ER PT J AU DEVITO, MJ BIRNBAUM, LS AF DEVITO, MJ BIRNBAUM, LS TI DIOXINS - MODEL CHEMICALS FOR ASSESSING RECEPTOR-MEDIATED TOXICITY SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIOXINS; AH RECEPTOR; RISK ASSESSMENT ID EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; AH-RECEPTOR; MALE-RATS; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; CANCER MORTALITY; CELL-LINE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; BINDING; TCDD; EXPOSURE AB Dioxins and related compounds are chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons that are persistent in both environmental and biological samples. Many members of this class of compounds produce a similar spectrum of toxicity which is mediated by interaction with the Ah receptor. The toxic effects of these chemicals can best be described by their actions as growth dysregulators. Dioxins disrupt normal homeostatic processes that tightly regulate cellular growth and differentiation. Disruption in these processes produce a variety of toxicities and pathologies. The available data indicate that humans are sensitive to the toxic effects of these chemicals. Clearer definition of human responses and the body burdens associated with such effects requires more research. Comprehensive risk assessments of dioxins should include all Ah receptor ligands such as the halogenated dibenzofurans and biphenyls. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 72 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03040-M PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TA562 UT WOS:A1995TA56200009 PM 7482546 ER PT J AU DRAGAN, YP HULLY, J BAKER, K CROW, R MASS, MJ PITOT, HC AF DRAGAN, YP HULLY, J BAKER, K CROW, R MASS, MJ PITOT, HC TI COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL PARAMETERS OF THE MOOLGAVKAR-VENZON-KNUDSON INCIDENCE FUNCTION FOR THE STAGES OF INITIATION AND PROMOTION IN RAT HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PGST; PLACENTAL GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE ID ENZYME-ALTERED FOCI; GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; MULTISTAGE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; LIVER-CELLS; GST-P; PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; PLACENTAL FORM; HEPATIC FOCI; CARCINOGENESIS AB Mathematical descriptions of complex biological phenomena, such as cancer, require an experimental format that faithfully recapitulates the biological process. In addition, the biological process must dictate the parameters in the mathematical formula. Evidence from the epidemiology of several human cancers and from experimental carcinogenesis in several organ systems indicates that cancer is a multistage process. The initiation-promotion-progression format of experimental carcinogenesis mimics the development of cancer in humans and other animals. In rats, the altered hepatic focus model of hepatocarcinogenesis has been well characterized and, coupled with the method of quantitative stereology, permits accurate determination of the number and the volume fraction of such altered foci per liver. The placental isozyme of glutathione S-transferase (PGST) is reportedly the best single marker of preneoplasia in the rat liver. Recently, single hepatocytes expressing PGST have been proposed as putatively initiated cells. Quantitation of individual hepatic cells and altered hepatic foci expressing PGST in the livers of rats subjected to an initiation-promotion protocol permits determination of the congruence of the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (MVK) model with experimental data. The best fit of the MVK model for the preneoplastic stages of hepatocarcinogenesis assumes that all hepatocytes are susceptible and that single hepatocytes expressing PGST are the initiated cell population for the focal lesions that express PGST. Further refinement of the initiation-promotion-progression model to permit accurate quantitation of early malignant conversion should allow a more complete analysis of the congruence of the MVK model for human cancer risk determination. In addition, the MVK model may be extended to other model systems and to human cancers in which early preneoplasia can be quantitated. Furthermore, the use of a more biologically based risk-assessment protocol, such as the MVK model rather than the stochastic one-hit model presently used, would permit incorporation of the present knowledge on the pathogenesis of cancer. To apply experimental data to a mathematical model that reflects the biological processes underlying human cancer development will require integration of the cell kinetics and experimental data to a mathematical model that reflects the biological processes underlying human cancer development including the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the treatment chemicals. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,MCARDLE LAB CANC RES,MADISON,WI 53706. US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 65 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 161 EP 175 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03045-H PG 15 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TA562 UT WOS:A1995TA56200014 PM 7482551 ER PT J AU SHUEY, DL SETZER, RW LAU, C ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH NAROTSKY, MG KAVLOCK, RJ ROGERS, JM AF SHUEY, DL SETZER, RW LAU, C ZUCKER, RM ELSTEIN, KH NAROTSKY, MG KAVLOCK, RJ ROGERS, JM TI BIOLOGICAL MODELING OF 5-FLUOROURACIL DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 5-FLUOROURACIL; 5-FU; MECHANISMS; MECHANISTIC MODELING; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; BIOLOGICALLY-BASED DOSE-RESPONSE ID KINETIC-MODEL; RAT AB A biologically-based dose-response (BBDR) model is a mathematical description of the biological events leading to expression of a toxic response. As an alternative to current approaches in non-cancer risk assessment, such models will reduce uncertainty in that they will provide a more comprehensive description of toxicity. We are involved in construction of a BBDR model for the developmental toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the rat using multiple approaches. First, to identify critical events in the pathogenesis of 5-FU developmental toxicity, thymidylate synthetase (TS) inhibition and alterations in cell cycle kinetics and growth were examined in embryos following maternal administration of 5-FU on day 14 of gestation. A dose-related decline in TS activity was observed within I h; however, maximal inhibition and recovery were similar at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg. Dose-dependent cell cycle alterations were observed within 4 h after exposure and were maximal at 8 h. Hindlimb growth reduction was observed 24 h after exposure to 40 mg/kg, but not at lower doses. At term hindlimb defects were observed at doses above 30mg/kg. An integrated dose-response model for hindlimb defects was derived from empirical relationships among these events. The resultant dose-response somewhat over-predicted the developmental toxicity of 5-FU, although results of a Monte Carlo simulation indicated that these data were not incompatible with model predictions. Overall, the results suggest that TS inhibition is a key component of the mechanism of 5-FU developmental toxicology, but the model does not capture all of the critical events in the induction of hindlimb defects. A preliminary mechanistic model for the inhibition of embryonic TS, DNA synthesis and cell cycle following maternal exposure to 5-FU, independently derived from literature data to further examine the potential role of this pathway in its developmental toxicity, predicted a dose-response for TS inhibition and DNA synthesis that closely reflected the observed patterns. These results further suggest that TS inhibition, resultant deficits in DNA synthesis and cell cycle perturbations represent a critical mechanistic pathway in the developmental toxicity of 5-FU. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP SHUEY, DL (reprint author), ROHM & HAAS CO,DEPT TOXICOL,727 NORRISTOWN RD,SPRING HOUSE,PA 19477, USA. OI Setzer, Rhyne/0000-0002-6709-9186 NR 23 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 213 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03049-L PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TA562 UT WOS:A1995TA56200018 PM 7482555 ER PT J AU PADILLA, S AF PADILLA, S TI REGULATORY AND RESEARCH ISSUES RELATED TO CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES; CARBAMATE PESTICIDES; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION, BRAIN; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION, BLOOD; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION, CORRELATION; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS, RISK ASSESSMENT ID ADULT-RATS; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; TOXICITY; INSECTICIDES; SOMAN AB Assessing the neurotoxic potential of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides should be greatly facilitated by the knowledge that the mechanism of action of these insecticides is presumed to be the inhibition of cholinesterase, the enzyme which controls the levels of neurotransmitter, acetycholine. Although the inhibition of cholinesterase activity is the recognized mechanism of action, many questions remain regarding the use of cholinesterase inhibition data as a critical effect for establishing risk of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Specifically, questions have arisen regarding whether blood cholinesterase inhibition correlates with inhibition in target tissues (e.g. brain or muscle) and whether cholinesterase inhibition in any tissue correlates with the adverse clinical and behavioral effects produced by exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Studies in our laboratory indicate that blood cholinesterase inhibition in both acute and subchronic dosing regimens correlates with inhibition in other tissues, if measurements are taken at the appropriate times. Moreover, there is evidence in the literature and from our laboratory that cholinesterase inhibition correlates with the emergence and severity of clinical signs of poisoning by cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. RP PADILLA, S (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 215 EP 220 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03050-P PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TA562 UT WOS:A1995TA56200019 PM 7482556 ER PT J AU SETZER, RW GRAY, LE AF SETZER, RW GRAY, LE TI BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM SPONSORED BY THE HEALTH-EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY OF THE US ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION-AGENCY NOVEMBER 1-4, 1993 - PREFACE SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP SETZER, RW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 1 PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP R9 EP R10 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)90029-J PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TA562 UT WOS:A1995TA56200001 ER PT J AU VANDENBERG, JJ AF VANDENBERG, JJ TI RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH - AN ESSENTIAL LINK SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT; RESEARCH; RISK MANAGEMENT AB Regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, use health risk assessment information in developing pollution control regulations and for setting regulatory and research priorities. The risk assessment process, however, is hampered by limitations in test methods, in models for exposure and dose-response, and by chemical-specific data gaps. The research/risk assessment/risk management framework provides opportunities for targeting and coordinating research to add;ess these limitations. Enhanced communication among researchers, risk assessors and risk managers to foster better development and use of scientific information indecision making, and incentives for interdisciplinary research efforts, are needed. RP VANDENBERG, JJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Vandenberg, John/0000-0003-2619-9460 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03352-L PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600006 PM 7570653 ER PT J AU WAGNER, PM NABHOLZ, JV KENT, RJ AF WAGNER, PM NABHOLZ, JV KENT, RJ TI THE NEW CHEMICALS PROCESS AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION-AGENCY (EPA) - STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS FOR HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS (SAR); HAZARD ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT ID METABOLISM RELATIONSHIPS SMR; HEALTH-HAZARDS; PREDICTION AB Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) does not require any toxicity testing as a prerequisite for submission of a Premanufacturing Notice (PMN) for a new chemical. In order to compensate for the lack of actual test data, a process involving structure-activity relationships (SAR) for assessing hazard potential was constructed. The hazard assessment is then coupled with an estimation of potential exposure to determine potential risk. This process involves the use of multiple interdisciplinary teams that work within a 90-day time frame to complete approximately 2000 risk assessments per year. C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DIV CHEM SCREENING & RISK ASSESSMENT 7402,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP WAGNER, PM (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW 7403,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 67 EP 73 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03358-R PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600012 PM 7570675 ER PT J AU HOANG, KCT AF HOANG, KCT TI PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS - MATHEMATICAL FUNDAMENTALS AND SIMULATION IMPLEMENTATIONS SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; COMPUTER SIMULATIONS ID TRANSPORT AB This review paper gives an overview of the building blocks of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and their implementation using computer facilities. The approach focuses on the development of a PBPK model with the most important and appropriate limiting steps for the conditions and exposure scenarios under study. In this approach, the assumptions made in constructing the set of equations, as well as the fitting of variables to specific experimental results, need to be accounted for when making extrapolation to other conditions. A well-constructed PBPK model should account for all possible ranges of extrapolation from the development stages so that appropriate experimental studies and assumptions can be designed to handle the intended applications. Two common assumptions are revisited: the flow-limited assumption and the metabolic clearance using Michaelis-Menten kinetics assumption. Computer hardware and software requirements for implementing PBPK models are briefly reviewed. RP HOANG, KCT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03361-N PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600015 PM 7570678 ER PT J AU KOHN, MC AF KOHN, MC TI ACHIEVING CREDIBILITY IN RISK ASSESSMENT MODELS SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE PBPK MODELS; VALIDATION OF MODELS; RISK ASSESSMENT ID MECHANISTIC MODEL; GENE-EXPRESSION; PHARMACOKINETICS; LIVER; RAT; 1,3-BUTADIENE; RECEPTOR AB Validation of a mathematical model requires demonstrating that a model is free of mathematical errors (internal consistency), is sensitive to large but not small errors or uncertainties in parameter values (verifiability and robustness), reproduces experimental observations on the system being modeled (external consistency), and leads to testable predictions of the system's biological properties. To be heuristically valid, a model also must be a realistic representation of the actual biological system. Only then would the model's predictions be credible to the wider community of biological scientists who would use the model for risk assessment and dose or species extrapolation. Owing to incomplete data, most current dosimetric models are insufficiently realistic to pass this test of credibility. Enhancements to such models that would help achieve credibility are presented, and suggestions are offered for institutionalizing realistic modeling practices in risk assessment. RP KOHN, MC (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,QUANTITAT & COMPUTAT BIOL LAB,POB 12233,MAIL DROP A3-06,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 114 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03362-O PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600016 PM 7570646 ER PT J AU RICHARD, AM AF RICHARD, AM TI ROLE OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY IN SUPPORT OF HAZARD IDENTIFICATION (ID) - MECHANISM-BASED SARS SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR MODELING; MECHANISM-BASED STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY; SAR; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; MODEL; ENERGIES; TOXICITY; CYTOCHROME-P-450; HYDROPHOBICITY; HYDROXYLATION; REACTIVITIES; CARCINOGENS; POTENTIALS AB A mechanism-based structure-activity relationship (SAR) study examines the structural basis for a chemical/biological activity by targeting a single or a few stages in a postulated mechanism of action. Computational chemistry approaches provide a valuable complement to experiment for probing such associations, but require a highly focused viewpoint that neglects much of the full biological and chemical interaction problem. Research questions are formulated in terms of fundamental structure and reactivity properties and are designed to test key assumptions of a postulated mechanism of activity. The results of such studies can aid in the generation of new hypotheses, suggest new experiments, and provide scientific rationale for extrapolation in hazard identification (ID). Toxicologists and computational chemists bring very different, yet complementary viewpoints, approaches: and expertise to bear on the hazard ID problem. However, improved communication and interaction between these two groups is needed to most productively address hazard ID issues. RP US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD68, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 EI 1879-3169 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 115 EP 122 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03363-P PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600017 PM 7570648 ER PT J AU MUMTAZ, MM KNAUF, LA REISMAN, DJ PEIRANO, WB DEROSA, CT GOMBAR, VK ENSLEIN, K CARTER, JR BLAKE, BW HUQUE, KI RAMANUJAM, VMS AF MUMTAZ, MM KNAUF, LA REISMAN, DJ PEIRANO, WB DEROSA, CT GOMBAR, VK ENSLEIN, K CARTER, JR BLAKE, BW HUQUE, KI RAMANUJAM, VMS TI ASSESSMENT OF EFFECT LEVELS OF CHEMICALS FROM QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (QSAR) MODELS .1. CHRONIC LOWEST-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL (LOAEL) SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (QSAR) MODELING; CHRONIC TOXICITY ASSESSMENT; LOWEST-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL (LOAEL) ID CARCINOGENICITY; SHAPE AB With the multitude of new chemicals being synthesized and the paucity of long-term test data on chemicals that could be introduced into the environment, innovative approaches must be developed to determine the health and environmental effects of chemicals. Research was conducted to employ quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques to study the feasibility of developing models to estimate the noncarcinogenic toxicity of chemicals that are not addressed in the literature by relevant studies. A database of lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) was assembled by extracting toxicity information from 104 U.S. EPA documents, 124 National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program (NCI/NTP) reports, and 6 current reports from the literature. A regression model, based on 234 chemicals of diverse structures and chemical classes including both alicyclic and aromatic compounds, was developed to assess the chronic oral LOAELs in rats. The model was incorporated into an automated computer package. Initial testing of this model indicates it has application to a wide range of chemicals. For about 55% of the compounds in the data set, the estimated LOAELs are within a factor of 2 of the observed LOAELs. For over 93%, they are within a factor of 5. Because of the paucity or absence of long-term toxicity data, the public health and risk assessment community could utilize such QSAR models to determine initial estimates of toxicity for the ever-increasing numbers of chemicals that lack complete pertinent data. However, this and other such models should be used only by expert toxicologists who must objectively look at the estimates thus generated in light of the overall weight of evidence of the available toxicologic information of the subject chemical(s). C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. HLTH DESIGNS INC,ROCHESTER,NY. UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,GALVESTON,TX 77550. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 131 EP 143 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03365-R PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600019 PM 7570650 ER PT J AU JARABEK, AM AF JARABEK, AM TI THE APPLICATION OF DOSIMETRY MODELS TO IDENTIFY KEY PROCESSES AND PARAMETERS FOR DEFAULT DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT APPROACHES SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING; DOSIMETRY; RISK ASSESSMENT; INTERSPECIES SCALING; UNCERTAINTY ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT; RISK ASSESSMENT; DIBASIC ESTERS; DEPOSITION; HUMANS; RAT AB Mathematical dosimetry models should improve the accuracy of various extrapolations required in dose-response assessment because they include explicit descriptions of the major mechanistic determinants of the exposure-dose-response continuum. The availability of these anatomic and physiologic parameters for different mammalian species (including humans) and the physicochemical parameters for individual chemicals is an important consideration in the formulation of model structures and the application of simplifying assumptions to develop default models. A framework is presented that includes iterative development of model structures as more data become available. Development of the default dosimetry adjustments for interspecies extrapolation used in the inhalation reference concentration (RfC) methods of the U,S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is discussed as an example of iterative model development, a process intended to ensure that model structures are commensurate with available data, The framework also aids evaluation of different model structures and can be applied to identify key parameters, Examples are provided to illustrate how insight on the key mechanistic determinants of exposure-dose-response can guide interpretation of data in the absence of comprehensive model structures, identify gaps in the database for a given chemical, or direct data gathering for chemicals that are yet to enter production. RP JARABEK, AM (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,MD-52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 171 EP 184 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03368-U PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600022 PM 7570654 ER PT J AU WOO, YT LAI, DY ARGUS, MF ARCOS, JC AF WOO, YT LAI, DY ARGUS, MF ARCOS, JC TI DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP RULES FOR PREDICTING CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF CHEMICALS SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS; EXPERT SYSTEM; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION; RISK ASSESSMENT ID SAR ANALYSIS; TSCA AB Since the inception of Section 5 (Premanufacturing/Premarketing Notification, PMN) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis has been effectively used by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Structure Activity Team (SAT) in the assessment of potential carcinogenic hazard of new chemicals for which test data are not available. To capture, systematize and codify the Agency's predictive expertise in order to make it more widely available to assessors outside the TSCA program, a cooperative project was initiated to develop a knowledge rule-based expert system to mimic the thinking and reasoning of the SAT. In this communication, we describe the overall structure of this expert system, discuss the scientific bases and principles of SAR analysis of chemical carcinogens used in the development of SAR knowledge rules, and delineate the major factors/rules useful for assessing the carcinogenic potential of fibers, polymers, metals/metalloids and several major classes of organic chemicals. An integrative approach using available short-term predictive tests and non-cancer toxicological data to supplement SAR analysis has also been described. RP WOO, YT (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW 7403,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 19 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 219 EP 228 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03373-S PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600027 PM 7570659 ER PT J AU BRADBURY, SP AF BRADBURY, SP TI QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT - AN OVERVIEW OF PREDICTIVE AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS; MODE OF TOXIC ACTION; AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ID ACUTE TOXICITY SYNDROMES; RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; FATHEAD MINNOW; FISH; CHEMICALS; MECHANISMS; MIXTURES; ALCOHOLS AB In the field of aquatic toxicology, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) have developed as scientifically credible toot for predicting the toxicity of chemicals when little or no empirical data are available. A fundamental understanding of toxicological principles has been considered an important component to the acceptance and application of QSAR approaches as biologically relevant in ecological risk assessments. As a consequence, there has been an evolution of QSAR development and application from that of a chemical-class perspective to one that is more consistent with assumptions regarding modes of toxic action. In this review, techniques to assess modes of toxic action from chemical structure are discussed, with consideration that toxicodynamic knowledge bases must be clearly defined with regard to exposure regimes, biological models/endpoints and compounds that adequately span the diversity of chemicals anticipated for future applications. With such knowledge bases, classification systems, including rule-based expert systems, have been established for use in predictive aquatic toxicology applications. The establishment of QSAR techniques that are based on an understanding of toxic mechanisms is needed to provide a link to physiologically based toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic models, which can provide the means to extrapolate adverse effects across species and exposure regimes. RP BRADBURY, SP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV MID CONTINENT ECOL,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 39 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 229 EP 237 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03374-T PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600028 PM 7570660 ER PT J AU DURKIN, P HERTZBERG, R STITELER, W MUMTAZ, M AF DURKIN, P HERTZBERG, R STITELER, W MUMTAZ, M TI THE IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF INTERACTION PATTERNS SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Decision Support Methodologies for Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Substances CY OCT 18-20, 1993 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, EPA, Halogenated Solvents Ind Alliance, NCI, NIEHS, NLM, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Armstrong Lab DE TOXICOLOGIC INTERACTIONS; ANTAGONISM; SYNERGISM; MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS AB This paper presents a method for identifying and assessing the significance of interaction patterns among various chemicals and chemical classes of importance to regulatory toxicologists. To this end, efforts were made to assemble and evaluate experimental data on toxicologically significant interactions, to use this information to characterize the consistency of toxicological interactions, and to define classes of compounds that display similar toxicological interactions, The motivation for this effort is to be able to propose hypotheses, which can be validated by experimentation, on how 2 or more chemicals will interact. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. SYRACUSE RES CORP,DIV CHEM HAZARD ASSESSMENT,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV TOXICOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP DURKIN, P (reprint author), SYRACUSE ENVIRONM RES ASSOCIATES INC,201 W GENESSE ST,SUITE 154,FAYETTEVILLE,NY 13066, USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 79 IS 1-3 BP 251 EP 264 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03376-V PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA RW526 UT WOS:A1995RW52600030 PM 7570663 ER PT J AU Kupferle, MJ Chen, TC Gallardo, VJ Lindberg, DE Bishop, PL Safferman, SI Bishop, DF AF Kupferle, MJ Chen, TC Gallardo, VJ Lindberg, DE Bishop, PL Safferman, SI Bishop, DF TI Anaerobic pretreatment of hazardous waste leachates in publicly owned treatment works SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE adsorption; anaerobic treatment; granular activated carbon; hazardous waste; leachate; pretreatment; regeneration ID GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON; BED REACTOR; ADSORPTION; BIOREGENERATION; REGENERATION; DEGRADATION; REMOVAL; PHENOL; FILTER; WATER AB Feasibility studies have been completed for an anaerobic pretreatment system designed to treat hazardous waste leachates in publicly owned treatment works. The system was designed to mitigate many of the problems associated with conventional aerobic treatment of these wastes and other types of dilute waterborne hazardous wastes. In this new approach, a contact/sorption stage consisting of an expanded bed of granular activated carbon (GAC) with an attached anaerobic biomass was used as a pretreatment device after primary clarification before the aerobic treatment portion of the plant. This sorption stage was intended to reduce pass-through of toxics, retaining them for subsequent treatment in a separate anaerobic stabilization reactor. The organic-rich GAC/biomass bed from the sorption stage was exchanged with stabilized GAC/biomass from the anaerobic stabilization stage, conserving the GAC in the system. Two 87-L/d bench-scale systems were operated for 332 days, one treating unspiked primary effluent and one treating primary effluent spiked with 5% landfill leachate and 14 hazardous organic compounds. In the spiked system, removals in the sorption stage were the highest for the aromatic compounds. Five of the six aromatics added were removed at over 95% and the sixth, phenol, had an 85% removal. Removals of chlorinated aliphatic compounds ranged from 52% for methylene chloride to 95% for trichloroethylene. Removals of phthalate compounds were approximately 60%. Removals of ketones ranged from 24% for acetone to 93% for methyl isobutyl ketone. Chemical oxygen demand removals remained at 40% to 50% throughout the year-long study in both systems. C1 UNIV DAYTON,DAYTON,OH 45469. US EPA,BIOSYST BRANCH,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Kupferle, MJ (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,POB 210071,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1995 VL 67 IS 6 BP 910 EP 920 DI 10.2175/106143095X133130 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UM357 UT WOS:A1995UM35700005 ER PT J AU POURMOGHADDAS, H STEVENS, AA AF POURMOGHADDAS, H STEVENS, AA TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRIHALOMETHANES AND HALOACETIC ACIDS WITH TOTAL ORGANIC HALOGEN DURING CHLORINATION SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS; THMS; HAAS; TOX ID PRODUCTS AB The effects of bromide ion, pH and reaction time on the formation of four trihalomethanes, nine haloacetic acids and total organic halogens in chlorinated drinking water have been investigated. In this extensive study, the relationships of total trihalomethanes and total haloacetic acids with total organic halogen have been evaluated. The study determined the concentration range of nine haloacetic acids and four trihalomethanes as percentage of total organic halogen. The results showed that the percentage of total organic halogen made up of total trihalomethanes plus total haloacetic acids significantly increases with increasing bromide ion concentrations and pH. These observations suggest that both a higher bromide concentration and pH cause the formation of mainly brominated trihalomethanes with the reduction of haloacetic acids which could be identified and quantified by current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methods. C1 US EPA,OFF GROUNDWATER & DRINKING WATER,CINCINNATI,OH. RP POURMOGHADDAS, H (reprint author), UNIV MED SCI,FAC PHARM,ESFAHAN,IRAN. NR 14 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD SEP PY 1995 VL 29 IS 9 BP 2059 EP 2062 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00026-H PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA RH945 UT WOS:A1995RH94500007 ER PT J AU HICKMAN, HL AF HICKMAN, HL TI COMPARING INTEGRATED COMPONENTS SO WORLD WASTES LA English DT Article AB The United States must establish the boundaries for analyzing integrated waste management needs. Until that is done, we will keep comparing apples to truck axles. C1 US EPA,OFF SOLID WASTE,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARGUS BUSINESS PI PITTSFIELD PA PO BOX 5111, PITTSFIELD, MA 01203-9830 SN 0161-035X J9 WORLD WASTE PD SEP PY 1995 VL 38 IS 9 BP 48 EP 48 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA RU414 UT WOS:A1995RU41400015 ER PT J AU WONG, CI KELCE, WR SAR, M WILSON, EM AF WONG, CI KELCE, WR SAR, M WILSON, EM TI ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST VERSUS AGONIST ACTIVITIES OF THE FUNGICIDE VINCLOZOLIN RELATIVE TO HYDROXYFLUTAMIDE SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FLUTAMIDE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; LIGAND-BINDING DOMAIN; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION; MUTATION; CELLS; SPECIFICITY; HYDROLYSIS; STEROIDS; HORMONE; CANCER AB The mechanism of antiandrogenic activity of vinclozolin (3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-5-vinyloxazolidine-2,4-dione), a dicarboximide fungicide under investigation for its potential adverse effects on human male reproduction, was investigated using recombinant human androgen receptor (AR). The two primary metabolites of vinclozolin in plants and mammals are Mi (2-[[3,5-dichlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy]-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid) and M2 (3',5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide). Both metabolites, in a dose-dependent manner, target AR to the nucleus and inhibit androgen-induced transactivation mediated by the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. M2 is a 50-fold more potent inhibitor than M1 and only 2-fold less than hydroxyflutamide. In the presence of dihydrotestosterone (50 nM), M2 (0.2-10 mu M) inhibits androgen-induced AR binding to androgen response element DNA. In the absence of dihydrotestosterone, concentrations of 10 mu M M2 Or hydroxyflutamide promote AR binding to androgen response element DNA and activation of transcription. Agonist activities of M2 and hydroxyflutamide occur at 10-fold lower concentrations with the mutant AR (Thr(877) to Ala) endogenous to LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. The results indicate that androgen antagonists can act as agonists, depending on ligand binding affinity, concentration, and the presence of competing natural ligands. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,REPROD BIOL LABS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PEDIAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD16910, P30-HD18968]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS17479] NR 29 TC 251 Z9 256 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD AUG 25 PY 1995 VL 270 IS 34 BP 19998 EP 20003 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA RQ991 UT WOS:A1995RQ99100050 PM 7650017 ER PT J AU ZHAN, DJ HERRENOSAENZ, D CHIU, LH VONTUNGELN, LS WU, YS LEWTAS, J FU, PP AF ZHAN, DJ HERRENOSAENZ, D CHIU, LH VONTUNGELN, LS WU, YS LEWTAS, J FU, PP TI SEPARATION OF P-32 LABELED 3',5'-BISPHOSPHATE NUCLEOTIDES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON ANTI-DIOL-EPOXIDES AND DERIVATIVES SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION; DNA ADDUCTS; LIVER-MICROSOMES; REVERSED-PHASE; BENZOPYRENE; METABOLISM; 7-METHYLBENZOPYRENE; 1-NITROBENZOPYRENE; SENSITIVITY; ASSAY AB P-32-Postlabeling-HPLC is a highly sensitive analytical method for identification of chemical-modified DNA adducts isolated from samples obtained from experimental animals or humans exposed to carcinogenic chemicals. To determine optimal P-32-postlabeling-HPLC conditions for efficient separation, we report here the use of ten diol-epoxide-modified 3',5'-bisphosphate deoxynucleotides derived from benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), nitrated BaP, and related compounds. After testing ODS-modified, C-4-modified, phenyl-modified, diphenyl-modified, and cyclodextrin-bonded reversed-phase HPLC columns, we found that the Vydac diphenyl-modified column can efficiently separate these 3',5'-bisphosphate deoxynucleotides. The results suggest that P-32-postlabeling-HPLC is a potentially useful methodology for detecting environmental carcinogens that can be metabolized to diol-epoxides. The relationships between the structures of anti-diol-epoxides and HPLC retention order are also discussed. C1 US FDA,NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. HUNGKUNG JR COLL NURSING & MED TECHNOL,DEPT IND HYG,TAICHUNG,TAIWAN. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 25 PY 1995 VL 710 IS 1 BP 149 EP 157 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00290-4 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA RU449 UT WOS:A1995RU44900014 ER PT J AU BREEN, JJ ANASTAS, PT AF BREEN, JJ ANASTAS, PT TI DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT - CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SAFER FUTURE SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DIV ECON EXPOSURE & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 7 EP IEC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601972 ER PT J AU SHACKELFORD, W AF SHACKELFORD, W TI TOMORROWS TOOL KIT FOR TODAYS CHEMIST SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL DATA PROC DIV,SCI COMP BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 13 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601443 ER PT J AU KARICKHOFF, SW CAREIRRA, LA HILAL, SH AF KARICKHOFF, SW CAREIRRA, LA HILAL, SH TI PREDICTION OF POLLUTANT PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES BY COMPUTER (SPARC) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 19 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601449 ER PT J AU HILAL, SH CARREIRA, LA KARICKHOFF, SW AF HILAL, SH CARREIRA, LA KARICKHOFF, SW TI ESTIMATION OF IONIZATION PK(A) IN THE GAS-PHASE AND IN ARBITRARY SOLVENTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 27 EP COMP PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601302 ER PT J AU WALLER, CL AF WALLER, CL TI THE ROLE OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY IN THE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION PROCESS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 30 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601460 ER PT J AU KRAUSE, AE BLAND, MH AF KRAUSE, AE BLAND, MH TI INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PUBLIC-EDUCATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,CHICAGO,IL 60604. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 50 EP CHED PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25600574 ER PT J AU BAILEY, GW SHEVCHENKO, SM YU, YS AF BAILEY, GW SHEVCHENKO, SM YU, YS TI COMPUTER RECONSTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30601. US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30601. TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 51 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601480 ER PT J AU BANKER, L AF BANKER, L TI CHROMIUM AIR EMISSIONS STANDARDS FOR HARD CHROMIUM, DECORATIVE CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM ANODIZING SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF AIR QUAL PLANNING & STAND,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 51 EP IEC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25602015 ER PT J AU CARREIRA, LA HILAL, SH KARICKHOFF, SW AF CARREIRA, LA HILAL, SH KARICKHOFF, SW TI CALCULATION OF IONIZATION PK(A) FOR COMPLEX-MOLECULES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30601. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 52 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601481 ER PT J AU OMALLEY, VP ABRAJANO, TA AF OMALLEY, VP ABRAJANO, TA TI STABLE CARBON ISOTOPIC APPORTIONMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PAH IN SEDIMENTS FROM MARINE AND ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,NERL,DIV ECOSYST,ATHENS,GA 30605. FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA,SCI BRANCH,ST JOHNS,NEWFOUNDLAND A1,CANADA. MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,DEPT EARTH SCI,ST JOHNS,NF A1B 3X5,CANADA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 54 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601897 ER PT J AU OMALLEY, VP BURKE, RA SCHLOTZHAUER, WS AF OMALLEY, VP BURKE, RA SCHLOTZHAUER, WS TI DETERMINATION OF THE C-13/C-12 RATIO OF INDIVIDUAL HYDROCARBONS PRODUCED FROM THE PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS MATERIALS USING GC-MS/C/IRMS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30601. US EPA,DIV ECOSYST RES,NERL,ATHENS,GA 30601. USDA,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 59 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601902 ER PT J AU BARROWS, SE CRAMER, CJ ELOVITZ, MS WEBER, EJ AF BARROWS, SE CRAMER, CJ ELOVITZ, MS WEBER, EJ TI PREDICTING REGIOSELECTIVITY IN THE REDUCTION OF POLYNITRO-AROMATICS IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CHEM,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. UNIV MINNESOTA,INST SUPERCOMP,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RI Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011 OI Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 60 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601489 ER PT J AU TELLIARD, WA AF TELLIARD, WA TI AN OVERVIEW OF NPDES COMPLIANCE MONITORING METHODS FOR THE PULP AND PAPER-INDUSTRY SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. DYNCORP ENVIRONM,ALEXANDRIA,VA 22314. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 62 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601491 ER PT J AU WOLFE, NL NZENGUNG, V MAGBANUA, B MCCUTCHEON, S CARREIRA, LH CIPOLLONE, M AF WOLFE, NL NZENGUNG, V MAGBANUA, B MCCUTCHEON, S CARREIRA, LH CIPOLLONE, M TI REACTIONS OF HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS WITH PLANT PLANT ENZYMES SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. DYNCORP INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 68 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25600308 ER PT J AU ZEPP, RG MILLER, WL BOURBONNIERE, RA TARR, MA AF ZEPP, RG MILLER, WL BOURBONNIERE, RA TARR, MA TI INTERACTIONS OF CHANGING SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION AND ORGANIC-MATTER PHOTOOXIDATIONS IN NORTHERN PEATLANDS SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 20 PY 1995 VL 210 BP 69 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA RP256 UT WOS:A1995RP25601498 ER EF