FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Rice, EW Johnson, CH Reasoner, DJ AF Rice, EW Johnson, CH Reasoner, DJ TI Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water from coliform enrichment cultures SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTBREAK; STRAIN; ASSAY AB Environmental water samples were seeded with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the bacterium was recovered using a traditional coliform enrichment procedure followed by selective plating on sorbitol MacConkey agar and biochemical and serological characterization. Assays for beta-glucuronidase and glutamate decarboxylase were found to be useful procedures for screening suspected isolates. The organism was not recovered in a survey of various water samples. RP Rice, EW (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 23 IS 3 BP 179 EP 182 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VG847 UT WOS:A1996VG84700012 PM 8862024 ER PT J AU Adler, V Dolan, LR Kim, J Pincus, M Barrett, JC Ronai, Z AF Adler, V Dolan, LR Kim, J Pincus, M Barrett, JC Ronai, Z TI Changes in jun N-terminal kinase activation by stress during aging of cultured normal human fibroblasts SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE cellular aging; stress response; jun N-terminal kinases ID SENESCENT HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; HUMAN-DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS; REPLICATIVE SENESCENCE; BINDING-ACTIVITY; DNA-SYNTHESIS; IN-VITRO; TRANSCRIPTION; CELLS; AP-1; AGE AB The molecular changes associated with the aging process include the reduced activity of transcription factors (such as AP-1) and an impaired response to stress, which has been well documented in the case of the heat-shock (HS) response. Using human diploid fibroblasts of early and late passages as an in vitro model for aging, we elucidated changes in the activation of jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), which play an important role in the mammalian stress response. We Sound that early-passage cells exhibited a greater degree of JNK activation in response to HS and ultraviolet (UV) C light treatments than did late-passage cells. Decreased JNK activation was dependent on the number of passages but was not affected by varying doses of UV irradiation. Analysis of protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and src-related tyrosine kinases revealed no decreased activities in aged cells, indicating a selective rather than generalized decrease in kinase activities during aging. A further understanding of this impaired activation of JNK may provide insights into the mechanisms of stress response and cellular aging. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 AMER HLTH FDN,MOL CARCINOGENESIS PROGRAM,VALHALLA,NY 10595. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,BROOKLYN,NY. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,MOL CARCINOGENESIS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. OI RONAI, ZEEV/0000-0002-3859-0400 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0899-1987 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1 BP 8 EP 12 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199609)17:1<8::AID-MC2>3.0.CO;2-F PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA VP108 UT WOS:A1996VP10800002 PM 8876670 ER PT J AU Dellarco, VL JacobsonKram, D AF Dellarco, VL JacobsonKram, D TI New approaches for cancer identification and risk assessment SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN GENETIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 MICROBIOL ASSOCIATES INC,ROCKVILLE,MD. RP Dellarco, VL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1110 J9 MUTAT RES-REV GENET JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Genet. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 365 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/S0165-1110(96)90008-1 PG 2 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VP854 UT WOS:A1996VP85400001 ER PT J AU Wiltse, J Dellarco, VL AF Wiltse, J Dellarco, VL TI US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment: Past and future SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN GENETIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; cancer; carcinogen ID CHRONIC TOXICITY; VINYL-ACETATE; ONCOGENICITY; RAT AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recently proposed new guidelines to update and replace the 1986 USEPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Today, there is a better understanding of the variety of modes by which carcinogens can operate that did not exist when the 1986 USEPA guidelines were published, Many laboratories are adding new test protocols in their programs directed at questions concerning the mechanisms of action of carcinogens. In response to the evolving science of carcinogenesis, the new guidelines provide an analytical framework for incorporating all relevant biological information and recognizing a variety of situations regarding cancer risk, In addition, the guidelines are flexible enough to allow consideration of future scientific advances. C1 US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8601, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1110 J9 MUTAT RES-REV GENET JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Genet. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 365 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 3 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0165-1110(96)90009-3 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VP854 UT WOS:A1996VP85400002 PM 8898986 ER PT J AU Hudnell, HK Skalik, I Otto, D House, D Subrt, P Sram, R AF Hudnell, HK Skalik, I Otto, D House, D Subrt, P Sram, R TI Visual contrast sensitivity deficits in Bohemian children SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Meeting of the International-Neurotoxicology-Association CY JUN 25-30, 1995 CL PORT LUDLOW, WA DE air pollution; visual contrast sensitivity; color vision; mercury ID MICROELECTRONICS WORKERS; DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA; MAGNOCELLULAR DEFECT; DYSFUNCTION AB Visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) tests have been used successfully in medical diagnosis and subclinical neurotoxicity detection. This paper reports VCS measurements in three studies of children in the Czech Republic. Study 1 compared children in standard schools and schools for the learning disabled. Studies 2 and 3 compared children in Teplice, an area in which soft-brown coal combustion produced high levels of pollutants (e.g. Hg, As, SO2, NOx, and aromatic hydrocarbons), with children in areas of low air pollution, Znojmo and/or Prachatice. It was hypothesized that in utero exposure to the combustion products disrupted neurological development (Sram, 1991). The VCS test (Stereo Optical Co.) consisted of circular fields containing sinusoidal gratings at 5 spatial frequencies (1.5-18 cycles/degree) and various levels of contrast. Subjects indicated orientation of the gratings by pointing left, up, or right. Visual acuity and VCS were measured in each eye of 74 children in Study 1, 327 second-grade children in Study 2, and 426 fourth-grade children in Study 3. Hair samples were collected in Studies 2 and 3 and analyzed for Hg and As content. Children attending schools for the learning disabled scored significantly lower than controls on VCS, whereas visual acuity was normal. The deficit was greatest at mid- to high spatial frequency. In Study 2, significant VCS deficits were seen in exposed second-grade children at low to mid-spatial frequency even though visual acuity was slightly above control level. Regression analyses showed that VCS had no relationship to As, but a significant negative correlation with hair Hg was observed in the exposed district. However current Hg levels were higher in Prachatice. VCS deficits were not observed in the fourth-grade students of Teplice in Study 3. The results of Study 1 indicated that behavioral VCS testing in field studies is practical in young, non-English speaking children, and suggested that vision may be compromised in learning-disabled children. Studies 2 and 3 indicated that at these levels, current Hg body-burdens are poor predictors of VCS. If the VCS deficits seen in Study 2 were related to prenatal exposures, the results of Study 3 suggest that they represent a developmental delay. A longitudinal-study design is needed to address this issue. (C) 1996 Inter Press, Inc. C1 REG INST HYG, USTI NAD LABEM, CZECH REPUBLIC. RP Hudnell, HK (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, NTD, MD-74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X EI 1872-9711 J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FAL-WIN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3-4 BP 615 EP 628 PG 14 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WP102 UT WOS:A1996WP10200007 PM 9086482 ER PT J AU Wyeth, G AF Wyeth, G TI Regulatory competition and the takings clause SO NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE EXACTIONS; ECONOMIC-ANALYSIS; COMPENSATION; LAW; REFLECTIONS; CONSTRAINT; FEDERALISM; DELAWARE; EXIT; PAID RP Wyeth, G (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 59 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTHWESTERN UNIV PI CHICAGO PA SCHOOL OF LAW OFFICE OF LEGAL PUBLICATIONS 357 EAST CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611-3069 SN 0029-3571 J9 NORTHWEST U LAW REV JI Northwest. Univ. Law Rev. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 91 IS 1 BP 87 EP 143 PG 57 WC Law SC Government & Law GA VX320 UT WOS:A1996VX32000002 ER PT J AU Jeffrey, WH Aas, P Lyons, MM Coffin, RB Pledger, RJ Mitchell, DL AF Jeffrey, WH Aas, P Lyons, MM Coffin, RB Pledger, RJ Mitchell, DL TI Ambient solar radiation-induced photodamage in marine bacterioplankton SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; OZONE DEPLETION; PYRIMIDINE(6-4)PYRIMIDONE PHOTOPRODUCTS; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; BACTERIAL BIOMASS; EXCISION-REPAIR; DNA; PHYTOPLANKTON; GROWTH; CELLS AB There has been much recent concern about the effects of increased UV radiation at certain locations on the earth's surface. There have been extensive studies of ultraviolet radiation effects on phytoplankton and primary production, yet the effects of UVB upon bacterioplankton have been largely overlooked, Bacteria play a central role in the cycling of nutrients and energy flow to higher trophic levels, serving as both mineralizers and secondary producers that are consumed by higher organisms, We have begun to investigate the induction of DNA photodamage by UVB in marine planktonic communities using a highly specific radioimmunoassay to measure cyclobutane pyrimidine diners in samples collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico. DNA damage in the bacterioplankton size-fraction (<0.8 mu m) was greater than in the larger eukaryotic size fraction (>0.8 mu m <120 mu m) in 9 of 10 samples, Diel patterns of dimer accumulation and repair were observed in surface waters over a 48 h period in the bacterioplankton size fraction and in the larger eukaryotic plankton size fraction, Depth profiles of DNA damage in the bacterioplankton size fraction appear to be dependent on surface water mixing, Damage was greatest in surface waters, decreased with depth and could be detected to 10 m in calm seas, No net accumulation of damage was observed in moderate seas, even at the surface, Solar radiation was found to inhibit significantly both H-3-thymidine and C-14-leucine incorporation. Ultraviolet B was responsible for approximately bah of the total inhibition of H-3-thymidine incorporation, UVA contributing the other half of the inhibition, The vast majority of C-14-leucine incorporation inhibition was due to UVB, suggesting that protein synthesis is less affected by UVA. The results demonstrate that direct measures of DNA damage can be made of indigenous planktonic communities and that bacterioplankton are highly susceptible to UVB damage and may serve as a more sensitive indicator of UVR stress than other microorganisms. C1 US EPA,GULF BREEZE,FL. MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,SMITHVILLE,TX. RP Jeffrey, WH (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,11000 UNIV PKWY,PENSACOLA,FL 32514, USA. NR 54 TC 99 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 BP 419 EP 427 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03086.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VG533 UT WOS:A1996VG53300005 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Metcalf, JL AF Cummings, AM Metcalf, JL TI Effect of surgically induced endometriosis on pregnancy and effect of pregnancy and lactation on endometriosis in mice SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ESTROGEN; TISSUE; MODEL; RATS AB Endometriosis, a disease of women and nonhuman primates in which endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, can be mimicked surgically in rats and mice, The disease is related to infertility in women, and surgical induction of endometriotic lesions reduces fertility in rats according to some studies. Conversely, pregnancy appears to have a beneficial effect on endometriosis in women and some rat studies, Our objective was to evaluate a new mouse model of surgically induced endometriosis with respect to the effects of pregnancy on endometriosis and the effects of endometriosis on pregnancy, Female B6C3F1 mice were divided into four groups. Those in Group A and B underwent induction surgery for endometriosis and hemi-ovariectomy, those in Group C underwent sham surgery and hemi-ovariectomy, and animals in Group D received no surgery at all, Three weeks later, Group A, C, and D were bred. Eighteen days later one half of the dams in Groups A, B, and C only were sacrificed, and evaluations included endometriotic lesion diameter, number of pups, fetal weight, and various organ weights, The remaining darns delivered, and, 18 days after parturition, dams and pups were sacrificed, Evaluations included gestation length and those listed above, Endometriotic lesion diameter was significantly reduced in pregnant animals when compared with nonpregnant controls, but the reduction was not a full regression, Lactation returned the mean lesion diameter to prepregnancy dimensions, When effects of endometriosis on pregnancy were evaluated, no effects on the litter size, pup weight, or gestation length were found, but trends toward increased resorptions and malformations were evident. Thus, in the mouse model of induced endometriosis, pregnancy produced a significant reduction in endometriotic lesion diameter while fertility was largely unaffected by the surgically induced endometriosis. The mouse model of endometriosis thus appears more resistant than the rat model to effects of endometriosis on fertility. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,ENDOCINE BRACH,MD-72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 212 IS 4 BP 332 EP 337 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA VC993 UT WOS:A1996VC99300005 PM 8751990 ER PT J AU Metcalf, JL Laws, SC Cummings, AM AF Metcalf, JL Laws, SC Cummings, AM TI Methoxychlor mimics the action of 17 beta-estradiol on induction of uterine epidermal growth factor receptors in immature female rats SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EGF receptor; methoxychlor; estrogen; rat uterine; estrogenic pesticide ID DECIDUAL CELL RESPONSE; ESTROGEN; BINDING; STIMULATION; UTERUS; TRACT AB Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R) have been implicated as mediators for estrogen induced cellular growth, This study examines whether the action of the estrogenic pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) parallels the action of 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)) on uterine EGF-R, Administration of 20 mu g E(2)/sexually immature female rat increased I-125-EGF binding to membranes extracted from whole uteri 175% over endogenous levels, while 500 mg MXC/kg led to a 156% increase, E(2) in both 20 and 40 mu g/rat doses and 500 mg MXC/kg led to maximal stimulation over endogenous levels, 12-h posttreatment, Rats were treated with E(2), MXC, or vehicle plus 100 mu g actinomycin-D (ACT-D) or 100 mu g cycloheximide (CYCLO) per rat to determine if mRNA transcription and translation are involved in the increased EGF-R binding following estrogenic treatment, Only ACT-D inhibited the estrogenic stimulation of EGF-R binding, resulting in a 44% decrease when given concurrently with E(2) or MXC, suggesting transcription is required, Additionally, ACT-D decreased endogenous receptor levels by 55%. No other differences were detected, When EGF-R binding data were analyzed by the method of Scatchard, both E(2) and MXC, at maximal dosages, elevated uterine EGF-R binding sites by over 200% after 12 h as measured by maximal binding (B-max) with no significant difference in dissociation constant (K-d) values, These results demonstrate that both E(2) and MXC can stimulate the number of EGF-R binding sites without significantly altering the receptor binding affinity (K-d). Further, this stimulation is time dependent and is affected by dose. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 10 IS 5 BP 393 EP 399 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(96)00085-8 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA VJ224 UT WOS:A1996VJ22400005 PM 8888411 ER PT J AU Linker, L AF Linker, L TI Models of the Chesapeake Bay SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Linker, L (reprint author), US EPA,CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM OFF,MODELING SUBCOMM,ANNAPOLIS,MD, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 37 IS 9 BP 49 EP & PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA VH646 UT WOS:A1996VH64600008 ER PT J AU Fingas, MF Li, K Ackerman, F Campagna, PR Turpin, RD Getty, SJ Soleki, MF Trespalacios, MJ Wang, ZD Pare, J Belanger, J Bissonnette, M Mullin, J Tennyson, EJ AF Fingas, MF Li, K Ackerman, F Campagna, PR Turpin, RD Getty, SJ Soleki, MF Trespalacios, MJ Wang, ZD Pare, J Belanger, J Bissonnette, M Mullin, J Tennyson, EJ TI Emissions from mesoscale in situ oil fires: The mobile 1991 experiments SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE in situ burning; burn emissions; oil burning; oil fires AB A series of 14 mesoscale burns were conducted in 1991 to study various aspects of oil burning in situ. Extensive sampling and monitoring of these burns were conducted to determine the emissions. This was done at two downwind ground stations, one upwind ground station and in the smoke plume using a blimp and a remote-controlled helicopter. Particulate samples in air were taken and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PAHs were found to be lower in the soot than in the starting oil. Metals in the oil were found concentrated in the residue and could not be measured in soot samples using conventional industrial hygiene sampling techniques, Particulates in the air were measured by several means and found to be greater than recommended exposure Levels only up to 150 m downwind at ground level. Combustion gases including carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide did not reach exposure level maximums. These gases were emitted over a broad area around the fire and are not directly associated with the plume trajectory. Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions are extensive from fires, but the levels are less than those emitted from a non-burning test spill. Over 50 compounds were identified and quantified, several at possible levels of concern up to 200 m downwind. Water under the burns was analyzed; no analytes of concern could be found at the detection levels of the methods. The burn residue was analyzed for the same compounds as the air particulate samples. The residue contained elevated amounts of metals, PAHs were at a lower concentration in the residue than in the starting oil, however there is a slight differential concentration increase in some higher molecular weight species. Overall, indications from these mesoscale trials are that emissions from in situ burning are low in comparison to other sources of emissions and result in concentrations of air contaminants that are below exposure limits beyond 500 m downwind. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM,EDISON,NJ. REAC,EDISON,NJ. MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERV,HERNDON,VA. RP Fingas, MF (reprint author), ENVIRONM CANADA,ENVIRONM TECHNOL CTR,EMERGENCIES SCI DIV,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0H3,CANADA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 3 IS 3 BP 123 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(96)00018-7 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA XK344 UT WOS:A1996XK34400004 ER PT J AU Couch, JA AF Couch, JA TI Continuing development of fish species as additional experimental models in cancer research SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Couch, JA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 24 IS 5 BP 602 EP 602 PG 1 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA VR345 UT WOS:A1996VR34500010 PM 8923682 ER PT J AU Fass, S Dincher, ML Reasoner, DJ Gatel, D Block, JC AF Fass, S Dincher, ML Reasoner, DJ Gatel, D Block, JC TI Fate of Escherichia coli experimentally injected in a drinking water distribution pilot system SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biofilm; drinking water; distribution system; E-coli; injured bacteria ID POTABLE WATER; BIOFILMS; CONSUMPTION; BACTERIA; GROWTH AB Detection of coliforms and E. call in drinking water distribution systems can be explained by accidental contaminations and/or growth of these bacteria in the network. This last point still remaining debatable, an experiment was carried out with two E. call strains (E. coli O126:B16 and one isolated from a drinking water distribution system) separately injected in a drinking water distribution pilot plant continuously fed with drinking water. The work aimed to study (i) the partition of the injected bacteria between the water phase and the indigenous biofilm phase and (ii) the kinetic of disappearance or growth of these bacteria. Depending on the strain, 1-50% of injected bacteria adsorbed within a few hours to the indigenous bacterial biofilm. During the first 5-7 days, both E. coli populations behaved similarly: the total number of injected bacteria decreased more quickly than the theoretical washout (death, lysis, predation,...). Then the number of these bacteria slowly increased and at day 9-12, the number of recoverable injected bacteria became higher than the predictable number calculated from the theoretical washout. This result clearly proves that both E. coli strains are able to grow at 20 degrees C in the absence of residual chlorine in a distribution network system largely colonized with an autochthonous population. However, colonization of the network by E. coli strains was only partial and transient. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 FAC PHARM NANCY, LAB SANTE & ENVIRONM, GIP STELOR, NANCIE, F-54000 NANCY, FRANCE. US EPA, OFF RES & DEV, NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. CO GEN EAUX, F-92982 PARIS, FRANCE. NR 23 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2215 EP 2221 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(96)00100-5 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA VM119 UT WOS:A1996VM11900035 ER PT J AU Strong, MJ Garruto, RM Joshi, JG Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ AF Strong, MJ Garruto, RM Joshi, JG Mundy, WR Shafer, TJ TI Can the mechanisms of aluminum neurotoxicity be integrated into a unified scheme? SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Research Issues in Aluminum Toxicity Workshop CY JUL, 1995 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA ID INDUCED NEUROFIBRILLARY DEGENERATION; CHOLINE-ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; AVOIDANCE-RESPONSE ACQUISITION; NICTITATING-MEMBRANE RESPONSE; CALCIUM-CHANNEL CURRENTS; CHROMATIN BOUND ALUMINUM; RAT-BRAIN; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS; PROTEIN-KINASE AB Regardless of the host, the route of administration, or the speciation, aluminum is a potent neurotoxicant. In the young adult or developmentally mature host, the neuronal response to Al exposure can be dichotomized on morphological grounds. In one, intraneuronal neurofilamentous aggregates are formed whereas in the other, significant neurochemical and neurophysiological perturbations are induced without neurofilamentous aggregate formation. Evidence is presented that the induction of neurofilamentous aggregates is a consequence of alterations in the posttranslational processing of neurofilament (NF), particularly with regard to phosphorylation state. Although Al has been reported to impact on gene expression, this does not appear to be critical to the induction of cytoskeletal pathology. In hosts responding to Al exposure without the induction of cytoskeletal pathology, impairments in glucose utilization, agonist-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation, free radical-mediated cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, reduced cholinergic function, and altered protein phosphorylation have been described. The extent to which these neurochemical modifications correlate with the induction of a characteristic neurobehavioral state is unknown. In addition to these paradigms, Al is toxic in the immediate postnatal interval. C1 UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT CLIN NEUROL SCI,LONDON,ON N6A 3K7,CANADA. NINCDS,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT BIOCHEM,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; Strong, Michael/H-9689-2012; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 107 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD AUG 30 PY 1996 VL 48 IS 6 BP 599 EP 613 DI 10.1080/009841096161096 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VE144 UT WOS:A1996VE14400008 PM 8772801 ER PT J AU Carlson, JE Ehrlich, A Nagle, JC Poirier, MR Schauer, TM Young, JA Nabirahni, DM AF Carlson, JE Ehrlich, A Nagle, JC Poirier, MR Schauer, TM Young, JA Nabirahni, DM TI Managing an environmental disaster - The chemical spill. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BROBECK PHLEGER & HARRISON,LLP,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105. US EPA,OFF GEN COUNSEL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. SETON HALL UNIV,SCH LAW,NEWARK,NJ 07102. PACE UNIV,PLEASANTVILLE,NY. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 1 EP CHAL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501140 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, J Wolf, C Lambright, C Laws, S Kelce, W AF Gray, LE Ostby, J Wolf, C Lambright, C Laws, S Kelce, W TI Effects of estrogenic, antiandrogenic and dioxin-like synthetic chemicals on mammalian sexual differentiation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 4 EP TOXI PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501040 ER PT J AU Speth, TF Summers, RS AF Speth, TF Summers, RS TI Evaluating membrane foulants from conventionally-treated drinking waters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 6 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501633 ER PT J AU Walker, JM AF Walker, JM TI EPA regulations and other related stakeholder activities affecting the agricultural use of by-products and wastes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 4204,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 7 EP FERT PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501788 ER PT J AU Frierson, MR Namboodiri, K Johnson, J Bradbury, SP AF Frierson, MR Namboodiri, K Johnson, J Bradbury, SP TI A Web-based electronic structure database for industrial chemicals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 LOCKHEED MARTIN SERV GRP INC,NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR,BAY CITY,MI 48708. US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 32 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501419 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT Williamson, TC AF Anastas, PT Williamson, TC TI The green chemistry challenge. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7406,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 43 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501670 ER PT J AU Anastas, PT Williamson, TC AF Anastas, PT Williamson, TC TI The 1996 Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7406,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 44 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501671 ER PT J AU Xu, N Sewell, GW AF Xu, N Sewell, GW TI Microbial dechlorination of tetrachloroethene under anaerobic environment SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUBSURFACE PROTECT & REMEDIAT DIV,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 48 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501675 ER PT J AU Kaushik, SM Dandge, DK Hewetson, DW Garner, FC York, KR Butler, LC AF Kaushik, SM Dandge, DK Hewetson, DW Garner, FC York, KR Butler, LC TI Diagnose: A system for evaluation of semivolatile organic analyses SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 LOCKHEED MARTIN,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 52 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501679 ER PT J AU Piocos, EA delaCruz, AA AF Piocos, EA delaCruz, AA TI Methods for non-microbial determination of human fecal pollution in water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 66 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500311 ER PT J AU Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM AF Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM TI An immunochemical approach toward class detection of organophosphate pesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 69 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500204 ER PT J AU Weaver, M AF Weaver, M TI Introduction to the Environmental Protection Agency's website. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 80 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501707 ER PT J AU Weaver, M AF Weaver, M TI The environmental protection agency and some chemical and regulatory holdings SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 81 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501708 ER PT J AU Weaver, M AF Weaver, M TI The environmental protection agency and new technology SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 87 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501714 ER PT J AU Williamson, TC AF Williamson, TC TI Green chemistry: A state of the art approach to pollution prevention. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7406,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 87 EP CHED PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500756 ER PT J AU Dong, Y Borgwardt, RH AF Dong, Y Borgwardt, RH TI Biomass reactivity in gasification by the Hynol process. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,DURHAM,NC 27709. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 96 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501906 ER PT J AU Shen, H Pritchard, PH Sewell, GW AF Shen, H Pritchard, PH Sewell, GW TI Microbial treatment of contaminant mixture of chlorinated solvent, aromatic compounds and chromate under anaerobic environments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NRMRL,ADA,OK 74820. NERL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 96 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501723 ER PT J AU Liu, ZB Hutchins, SR Wilson, BH West, CC AF Liu, ZB Hutchins, SR Wilson, BH West, CC TI Sorption of nonionic surfactant triton X-100 onto fuel-contaminated aquifer materials from Eglin AFB, FL SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 99 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501726 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Vance, NC Watrud, LS AF Entry, JA Vance, NC Watrud, LS TI Selection of plants for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with radionuclides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,TERR ECOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 108 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500243 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW AF Hilal, SH Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW TI Vapor pressure, boiling point and activity coefficient calculations by SPARC. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 114 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501499 ER PT J AU Huang, TC Shan, YG Kupferle, M Zhou, Q Zhu, HJ AF Huang, TC Shan, YG Kupferle, M Zhou, Q Zhu, HJ TI A simple, effective and low-cost extraction method for environmental soil analysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 120 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501747 ER PT J AU Shackelford, WM AF Shackelford, WM TI Computer simulations for environmental decision making SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENTERPRISE TECHNOL SERV DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 123 EP CHED PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500792 ER PT J AU Maruya, K Ertel, J Loganathan, B Kannan, K Lee, R Heitmuller, P Macauley, J Summers, K AF Maruya, K Ertel, J Loganathan, B Kannan, K Lee, R Heitmuller, P Macauley, J Summers, K TI Distribution of organic and organometallic compounds in sediments from the Louisianian province SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SKIDAWAY INST OCEANOG,SAVANNAH,GA 31411. GULF ECOL DIV,NATL BIOL SURVEY,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. GULF ECOL DIV,ENVIRONM PROTECT AGCY,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 139 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501766 ER PT J AU Sykora, J Tatarko, M AF Sykora, J Tatarko, M TI Role of radical intermediates in photooxidations of organic substrates in the presence of copper complexes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SLOVAK UNIV TECHNOL BRATISLAVA, DEPT INORGAN CHEM, SK-81237 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA. UNIV VIENNA, INST THEORET CHEM & RADIOCHEM, A-1090 VIENNA, AUSTRIA. UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT CHEM, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 148 EP INOR PN 1 PG 0 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91502269 ER PT J AU Waller, CL AF Waller, CL TI How to validate a QSAR model. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 236 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501621 ER PT J AU Kovalev, VA Bristow, MP AF Kovalev, VA Bristow, MP TI Compensational three-wavelength differential-absorption lidar technique for reducing the influence of differential scattering on ozone-concentration measurements SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article DE lidar; DIAL; ozone; inversion problems; backscattering ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; PROFILES; SYSTEM; RANGE AB A three-wavelength differential-absorption lidar (DIAL) technique for the ultraviolet spectral region is presented that reduces the influence of aerosol differential scattering on measured ozone-concentration profiles. The principal advantage of this approach is that, to a good first approximation, no correction for aerosol differential-extinction and backscattering effects are needed. Therefore, one avoids having to obtain an aerosol extinction-coefficient profile at a reference wavelength; nor does one have to invoke questionable assumptions regarding the spectral dependence of the aerosol total and backscatter coefficients. (C) 1996 Optical Society of America RP Kovalev, VA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD AUG 20 PY 1996 VL 35 IS 24 BP 4790 EP 4797 DI 10.1364/AO.35.004790 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA VC320 UT WOS:A1996VC32000016 PM 21102903 ER PT J AU Kovalev, VA Bristow, MP McElroy, JL AF Kovalev, VA Bristow, MP McElroy, JL TI Nonlinear-approximation technique for determining vertical ozone-concentration profiles with a differential-absorption lidar SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article DE DIAL; ozone concentration; measurement uncertainty ID LOWER STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; BACKSCATTER; AEROSOL; SYSTEM; FILTER AB A new technique is presented for the retrieval of ozone-concentration profiles (O-3) from backscattered signals obtained by a multiwavelength differential-absorption lidar (DIAL). The technique makes it possible to reduce erroneous local fluctuations induced in the ozone-concentration profiles by signal noise and other phenomena such as aerosol inhomogeneity. Before the O-3 profiles are derived, the dominant measurement errors are estimated and uncertainty boundaries for the measured profiles are established. The off- to on-line signal ratio is transformed into an intermediate function, and analytical approximations of the function are then determined. The separation of low- and high-frequency constituents of the measured ozone profile is made by the application of different approximation fits to appropriate intermediate functions. The low-frequency constituents are approximated with a low-order polynomial fit, whereas the high-frequency constituents are approximated with a trigonometric fit. The latter fit makes it possible to correct the measured O-3 profiles in zones of large ozone-concentration gradients where the low-order polynomial fit is found to be insufficient. Application of this technique to experimental data obtained in the lower troposphere shows that erroneous fluctuations induced in the ozone-concentration profile by signal noise and aerosol inhomogeneity undergo a significant reduction in comparison with the results from the conventional technique based on straightforward numerical differentiation. (C) 1996 Optical Society of America RP Kovalev, VA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD AUG 20 PY 1996 VL 35 IS 24 BP 4803 EP 4811 DI 10.1364/AO.35.004803 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA VC320 UT WOS:A1996VC32000018 PM 21102905 ER PT J AU Guenther, A Baugh, W Davis, K Hampton, G Harley, P Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Allwine, E Dilts, S Lamb, B Westberg, H Baldocchi, D Geron, C Pierce, T AF Guenther, A Baugh, W Davis, K Hampton, G Harley, P Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Allwine, E Dilts, S Lamb, B Westberg, H Baldocchi, D Geron, C Pierce, T TI Isoprene fluxes measured by enclosure, relaxed eddy accumulation, surface layer gradient, mixed layer gradient, and mixed layer mass balance techniques SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; WATER-VAPOR; EMISSIONS; MODEL; INVENTORY; FOREST; HEAT AB Isoprene fluxes were estimated using eight different measurement techniques at a forested site near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during July and August 1992. Fluxes from individual leaves and entire branches were estimated with four enclosure systems, including one system that controls leaf temperature and light. Variations in isoprene emission with changes in light, temperature, and canopy depth were investigated with leaf enclosure measurements. Representative emission rates for the dominant vegetation in the region were determined with branch enclosure measurements. Species from six tree genera had negligible Isoprene emissions, while significant emissions were observed for Quercus, Liquidambar, and Nyssa species. Above-canopy isoprene fluxes were estimated with surface layer gradients and relaxed eddy accumulation measurements from a 44-m tower. Midday net emission fluxes from the canopy were typically 3 to 5 mg C m(-2) h(-1), although net isoprene deposition fluxes of -0.2 to 2 mg C m(-2) h(-1) were occasionally observed in early morning and late afternoon. Above-canopy CO2 fluxes estimated by eddy correlation using either an open path sensor or a closed path sensor agreed within +/-5%. Relaxed eddy accumulation estimates of CO2 fluxes were within 15% of the eddy correlation estimates. Daytime isoprene mixing ratios in the mixed layer were investigated with a tethered balloon sampling system and ranged from 0.2 to 5 ppbv, averaging 0.8 ppbv. The isoprene mixing ratios in the mixed layer above the forested landscape were used to estimate isoprene fluxes of 2 to 8 mg C m(-2) h(-1) with mixed layer gradient and mixed layer mass balance techniques. Total foliar density and dominant tree species composition for an approximately 8100 km(2) region were estimated using high-resolution (30 m) satellite data with classifications supervised by ground measurements. A biogenic isoprene emission model used to compare flux measurements, ranging from leaf scale (10 cm(2)) to landscape scale (10(2) km(2)), indicated agreement to within +/-25%, the uncertainty associated with these measurement techniques. Existing biogenic emission models use isoprene emission rate capacities that range from 14.7 to 70 mu g C g(-1) h(-1) (leaf temperature of 30 degrees C and photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) for oak foliage. An isoprene emission rate capacity of 100 mu g C g(-1) h(-1) for oaks in this region is more realistic and is recommended, based on these measurements. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NOAA, DIV ATMOSPHER TURBULENCE & DIFFUS, OAK RIDGE, TN 37830 USA. US EPA, OFF RES & DEV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Guenther, A (reprint author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983 NR 22 TC 123 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D13 BP 18555 EP 18567 DI 10.1029/96JD00697 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VD227 UT WOS:A1996VD22700003 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA Stack, HF Waters, MD AF Jackson, MA Stack, HF Waters, MD TI Genetic activity profiles of anticancer drugs SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE generic activity profile; anticancer drug ID PREDICTING RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE THERAPY; TOPOISOMERASE-II; ACUTE-LEUKEMIA; BREAST-CANCER; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; TOXICITY ASSAYS; DNA; MUTAGENICITY; CHEMICALS AB The results from short-term tests for genetic and related effects, abstracted from the open literature for 36 anticancer drugs, are examined in this review. Data for 27 of these agents are available in the EPA/IARC Genetic Activity Profile (GAP) database. Data summaries, including data listings and activity profiles, are presented for nine anticancer drugs added to the GAP database for this analysis. Genetic toxicity data from the recent literature are included for the additional agents to provide a broader representation of the categories of drugs being evaluated. These categories, based on the chemical mode of action, are covalent and noncovalent DNA-binding drugs, topoisomerase II inhibitors, antimetabolites, mitotic spindle inhibitors, and drugs which affect endocrine function. The qualitative data for all 36 drugs are summarized in this report and findings are presented from pair-wise matching of genetic activity profiles, based on test results in common, for some chemical analogs. The significance of germ cell test results for some of these drugs and their implication in assessing risk of heritable genetic disease are discussed. C1 US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. INTEGRATED SYST LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 79 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 EI 1873-135X J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD AUG 17 PY 1996 VL 355 IS 1-2 BP 171 EP 208 DI 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00028-0 PG 38 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VE166 UT WOS:A1996VE16600010 PM 8781583 ER PT J AU Allis, JW Brown, BL Simmons, JE Hatch, GE McDonald, A House, DE AF Allis, JW Brown, BL Simmons, JE Hatch, GE McDonald, A House, DE TI Methanol potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: The central role of cytochrome P450 SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methanol; CYP 2E1; induction; carbon tetrachloride; enhanced hepatotoxicity; antioxidants ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RAT-LIVER; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; ASCORBIC-ACID; HUMAN-PLASMA; GUINEA-PIGS; ETHANOL; INDUCTION; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DEALKYLATION AB Evidence to explain the enhanced hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) following methanoi exposure by inhalation is presented. Hepatic microsomes prepared from male F344 rats exposed to methanol at concentrations up to 10000 ppm showed increased p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity but no increase in pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase or ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities. Hepatic antioxidant levels, glutathione levels and glutathione-S-transferase activity in methanol-treated animals were not different from controls. In vitro metabolism of CCl4 was also increased in microsomes from methanol-treated animals. Pretreatment with allyl sulfone, a specific chemical inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2E1, abolished the difference in microsomal metabolism between exposed and control animals. This study shows that methanol exposure induces cytochrome P450 2E1, which appears to be the principal toxicokinetic mechanism responsible for the increased metabolism and thus the increased hepatotoxicity of CCl4. RP Allis, JW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 47 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD AUG 16 PY 1996 VL 112 IS 2 BP 131 EP 140 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03366-5 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VJ096 UT WOS:A1996VJ09600004 PM 8814342 ER PT J AU Benane, SG Blackman, CF House, DE AF Benane, SG Blackman, CF House, DE TI Effect of perchloroethylene and its metabolites on intercellular communication in clone 9 rat liver cells SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GAP JUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; DRINKING-WATER; NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; TUMOR PROMOTERS; BY-PRODUCTS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; CARCINOGENESIS AB Cap junction intercellular communication (IC) is thought to be important in chemical carcinogenesis as abnormalities in IC have been found in cancer cells. Perchloroethylene (PERC) is metabolized in rodent liver to dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), which are rodent liver carcinogens. Chloral hydrate (CH) and trichloroethanol (TCEth) are kidney metabolites. We used Lucifer yellow scrape-load dye transfer as a measure of IC to look at the effect of PERC, DCA, TCA, CH, and TCEth on Clone 9 cell cultures (normal rat liver cells). Four independent experiments were performed for each chemical using exposure times of 1, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 168 h. Concentrations for each chemical varied and were based on preliminary data on effect and cytotoxicity. To compare the relative effectiveness of each chemical to cause biological change, we identified the lowest concentration and shortest time to significantly reduce dye transfer. DCA caused a significant change at 10 mM at 6 h; TCA, 1 mM at 1 h; CH and TCEth, 1 mM at 24 h; and PERC, 0.01 mM at 48 h. Over a 24-h treatment period, the relative efficiencies, as defined by the concentration needed to produce 50% reduction in IC, were PERC (0.3 mM) >> TCA (3.8 mM) > TCEth (6.6 mM) = CH (7.0 mM) >> DCA (41 mM). Time-course data indicated that PERC, DCA, and TCA produced reduction in IC in a similar fashion, but 5 mM CH or TCEth exhibited variances from these results and may indicate specific cell responses to these chemicals. The mechanism(s) responsible for inhibition of IC by these structurally related chemicals needs to be established. RP Benane, SG (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD AUG 9 PY 1996 VL 48 IS 5 BP 427 EP 437 DI 10.1080/009841096161168 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VD763 UT WOS:A1996VD76300002 PM 8751833 ER PT J AU Tanner, DK Knuth, ML AF Tanner, DK Knuth, ML TI Effects of esfenvalerate on the reproductive success of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus in littoral enclosures SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PYRETHROID INSECTICIDE; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; AQUATIC MESOCOSMS; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; YELLOW PERCH; TOXICITY; FENVALERATE; SURVIVAL; LAKE; FOOD AB Adult bluegills were exposed to the synthetic pyre throid esfenvalerate, during a reproduction study conducted in six littoral enclosures located in a 2-ha pond near Duluth, Minnesota. Bluegill reproductive success was determined after two applications of esfenvalerate at nominal concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, 0.08, 0.20, 1.0, and 5.0 mu g/L. Responses measured were adult behavior and spawning, embryo hatchability, larval survival until swim-up, young-of-the-year (Y-O-Y) growth, and total biomass. All adult bluegills died within one day following the first application at 5.0 mu g/L. Successful spawning and resulting hatching of offspring were observed at all esfenvalerate concentrations except 5.0 mu g/L. Following exposure at 1.0 mu g/L, spawning was delayed for 15 days and few or no larvae survived. Bluegill Y-O-Y growth was reduced by 62, 57, and 86% in the 0.08, 0.20, and 1.0 mu g/L esfenvalerate treated enclosures. Delayed adult spawning and reduced Y-O-Y growth may result in poor Y-O-Y overwinter survival which would result in a diminished or extirpated year class. RP Tanner, DK (reprint author), US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV DULUTH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 244 EP 251 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VE112 UT WOS:A1996VE11200014 PM 8781076 ER PT J AU Whiting, VK Cripe, GM Lepo, JE AF Whiting, VK Cripe, GM Lepo, JE TI Effects of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, on newly-hatched blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, and other routinely tested estuarine crustaceans SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PENAEUS-DUORARUM; TOXICITY AB This study describes the use of newly hatched larvae of Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) in a 48-h acute toxicity test and compares their sensitivity to two other estuarine crustaceans (Mysidopsis bahia and Palaemonetes pugio) commonly used for evaluation of effects of potentially toxic materials. C. sapidus larvae were twice as sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate as less than or equal to 24-h post-release M. bahia, and five times more sensitive than less than or equal to 24-h-old P. pugio larvae. We found the blue crab toxicity test to be simple, rapid and accurate and it provides low variability and high reproducibility. Since the data indicate high sensitivity of this commercially important species to a reference toxicant and the potential impact on its survival during a critically sensitive developmental stage, we propose future research further evaluating C. sapidus as a potential toxicity test species. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMED,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 293 EP 295 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VE112 UT WOS:A1996VE11200021 ER PT J AU Oliver, KD Adams, JR Daughtrey, EH McClenny, WA Yoong, MJ Pardee, MA AF Oliver, KD Adams, JR Daughtrey, EH McClenny, WA Yoong, MJ Pardee, MA TI Technique for monitoring ozone precursor hydrocarbons in air at photochemical assessment monitoring stations: Sorbent preconcentration, closed-cycle cooler cryofocusing, and GC-FID analysis SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds; ambient air; Stirling cooler; multiadsorbent trap AB An automated gas chromatograph (autoGC) system that may be used to collect and analyze both polar and nonpolar volatile organic compounds in ambient air has been evaluated. This system combines the use of dual multiadsorbent traps for sampling 57 min h(-1) at ambient temperature, a dry helium purge to remove residual water from the sorbents, thermal desorption of analytes onto a Stirling-cooled trap for refocusing, and GC-flame ionization detection (FID). Method detection limits (MDLs), linearity, cleanliness, precision, and accuracy of the autoGC were determined for a set of 57 ozone precursor hydrocarbons. For most of the compounds tested, MDLs were less than 0.40 ppbv, the FID response was linear over the 5-40-ppbv range, and the trap-to-trap precision was +/-10%. This autoGC was found to be a reliable system that would be suitable for use in held sites such as the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations network, which is being implemented in the United States of America. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. XONTECH INC,VAN NUYS,CA 91406. RP Oliver, KD (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 14 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 15 BP 2751 EP 2757 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00371-1 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UN847 UT WOS:A1996UN84700009 ER PT J AU Kashmanian, R AF Kashmanian, R TI Nomenclature counts SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Letter RP Kashmanian, R (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD AUG PY 1996 VL 37 IS 8 BP 18 EP 18 PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA VC229 UT WOS:A1996VC22900016 ER PT J AU Rudd, LE Perry, JJ Houk, VS Williams, RW Claxton, LD AF Rudd, LE Perry, JJ Houk, VS Williams, RW Claxton, LD TI Changes in mutagenicity during crude oil degradation by fungi SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE bioremediation; petroleum; mutagenicity; crude oil degradation; fungal degradation ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SPIRAL SALMONELLA ASSAY; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; CRANKCASE OILS; BIODEGRADATION; METABOLISM; MIXTURES; AIR AB Two fungal strains, Cunninghamella elegans and Penicillium zonatum, that grow with crude oil as a sole carbon source were exposed to three crude oils that exhibit a range of mutagenic activity. At regular time intervals following fungal incubation with the various crude oils, extracts were tested for the presence of mutagenic activity using the spiral Salmonella assay. When the most mutagenic of the oils, Pennsylvania crude oil, was degraded by C. elegans or by P. zonatum, its mutagenicity was significantly reduced; corresponding uninoculated (weathered) controls of Pennsylvania crude remained mutagenic. West Texas Sour crude oil, a moderately mutagenic oil, exhibited little change in mutagenicity when incubated with either C. elegans or P. zonatum. Swanson River Field crude oil from Cook Inlet, Alaska is a slightly mutagenic oil that became more mutagenic when incubated with C. elegans; weathered controls of this oil showed little change in mutagenicity. Mycelial mat weights measured during growth on crude oils increased corresponding to the biodegradation of about 25% of the crude oil. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Rudd, LE (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 38 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 4 BP 335 EP 343 DI 10.1007/BF00115747 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VY775 UT WOS:A1996VY77500007 PM 8987891 ER PT J AU Trebitz, AS Nibbelink, N AF Trebitz, AS Nibbelink, N TI Effect of pattern of vegetation removal on growth of bluegill: A simple model SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY; MYRIOPHYLLUM-SPICATUM; FORAGING EFFICIENCY; LARGEMOUTH BASS; HABITAT USE; PREY; FISH; COMMUNITIES; SIZE AB Clearing channels through dense macrophyte beds so as' to increase the amount of edge habitat has been proposed as a remedy for slow growth of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). However, there is little information to suggest what combination of vegetation, edge, and open-water areas is optimal. Experimental evaluation of the many potential configurations is impractical, so we used a simple simulation model combining bioenergetics, a functional feeding response, and vegetation geometry to assess which vegetation removal strategies are most likely to benefit bluegill. Bluegill feeding and growth rates generally increased in simulations that removed less than half the vegetation, but exactly how much plant removal was optimal depended on the assumed characteristics of the edge habitat. Narrow channels produced the most edge habitat for a given plant removal effort and were most beneficial to bluegill. Clear-cutting large areas created little additional edge habitat, eliminated much invertebrate habitat, and decreased fish growth. We recommend that plant removal to increase bluegill growth be designed to create many narrow channels that total 20-40% of a vegetated area. Given current, incomplete understanding of the spatial characteristics of macrophyte beds, our results provide testable suggestions for appropriate plant harvesting strategies. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR LIMNOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Trebitz, AS (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 53 IS 8 BP 1844 EP 1851 DI 10.1139/cjfas-53-8-1844 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VX383 UT WOS:A1996VX38300017 ER PT J AU Constable, JVH Taylor, GE Laurence, JA Weber, JA AF Constable, JVH Taylor, GE Laurence, JA Weber, JA TI Climatic change effects on the physiology and growth of Pinus ponderosa: Expectations from simulation modeling SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID USE EFFICIENCY; ELEVATED CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; COMPENSATORY RESPONSES; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; OZONE EXPOSURE; STRESSES; DROUGHT AB The TREGRO model was used to simulate the growth response of mature Piizus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. to the interacting effects of changes in CO2 (+200 mu L/L), temperature (+4 degrees C), and O-3 (0.5x, 1x, and 2x ambient). Relative to simulated growth under the base-line climate in Corvallis, Oregon, elevated CO2 and temperature individually increased total-tree biomass gain by 29% and 13%, respectively, but when combined increased biomass gain by 49%. Ozone at all exposures reduced total-tree biomass gain by 1%, 19%, and 39%, respectively, as compared with simulated base-line conditions. Elevated CO2 increased photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance and partially offset growth reductions due to 2 x O-3. Elevated temperature, however, increased both photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and was less effective at mitigating growth reductions due to 2x O-3. Growth at 2x O-3 in elevated CO2 and temperature conditions had little effect on total-tree growth, but decreased fine-root growth by 61%. The simulated changes in stomatal conductance and fine-root biomass are expected to interact with the availability of soil resources to affect tree growth and possibly alter the distribution of Pinus ponderosa. C1 UNIV NEVADA,DEPT ENVIRONM & RESOURCE SCI,RENO,NV 89557. CORNELL UNIV,BOYCE THOMPSON INST PLANT RES,ITHACA,NY 14853. US EPA,NHEERL,WED,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 61 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1315 EP 1325 DI 10.1139/x26-147 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF701 UT WOS:A1996VF70100001 ER PT J AU Clark, CS Weber, JA Lee, EH Hogsett, WE AF Clark, CS Weber, JA Lee, EH Hogsett, WE TI Reductions in gas exchange of Populus tremuloides caused by leaf aging and ozone exposure SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID HYBRID POPLAR LEAVES; BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; BETULA-PENDULA; PLANT-GROWTH; STRESS; LIGHT; O-3; PONDEROSA AB Declines in gas exchange of mature leaves of Populus tremuloides Michx. (quaking aspen) seedlings under four O-3 treatments were-investigated in a 33-d study. Gas exchange fell gradually with time, but under O-3 exposure declines were accelerated. Photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance, and carboxylation efficiency were highly correlated, suggesting a coordinated reduction in the physiological activity of stressed leaves. Intercellular CO2 was not significantly different among treatments, indicating that stomatal opening was not the primary factor in limiting photosynthesis. Analysis of A:C-i response curves revealed that stomatal limitation increased only slightly, while biochemical limitation more than doubled, reaching a maximum of 47.1% by the third week of fumigations. Number of surviving leaves, ratio of surviving leaves to leaves produced, and total leaf area declined with O-3 exposure. Whole-plant response curves were less linear than curves for the oldest subset of leaves because new leaves were produced continuously during the study, resulting in within-plant variation in O-3 exposure. Declines in photosynthesis were greater than leaf area losses when data were expressed as a percentage of the control treatment. These results indicate that exposure to O-3 for a relatively short time severely limits plant carbon gain in a sensitive free-growing species like aspen. C1 US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 35 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1384 EP 1391 DI 10.1139/x26-154 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF701 UT WOS:A1996VF70100008 ER PT J AU Richmond, RE Carter, JH Carter, HW Daniel, FB Deangelo, AB AF Richmond, RE Carter, JH Carter, HW Daniel, FB Deangelo, AB TI Hepatocyte expression of tumor associated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-3) and p21 Ras following diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiation and chronic exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DHEP) SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE; PUTATIVE PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS; GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-TRANSPEPTIDASE; C-HA-RAS; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS; NEOPLASTIC LESIONS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; LIVER; HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AB Phthalate esters such as di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) either promote or inhibit rat liver tumorigenesis depending on the carcinogenesis protocol, In this study, we examined the expression of two histochemical markers, the tumor associated isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-3) and the oncoprotein p21 Ras, in the livers of male F344 rats, The rats were initiated with DEN and further treated with either DEHP (a known inhibitor of hepatocarcinogenesis), phenobarbital (PB, a known promoter of hepatocarcinogenesis), or a combination of DEHP and PB, The studies were designed to examine the expression of these markers in both normal appearing liver and hepatic hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions and to correlate the early expression of the markers at 26 weeks in the normal appearing liver to later tumor incidence at 52 weeks, The expression of each marker was detected by immunohistochemical methods on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections of normal appearing liver or liver lesions, We found that ALDH-3 and p21 expression were significantly enhanced in rats receiving PB after DEN initiation at 26 weeks and that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was likewise increased compared to control or DEN only treated animals, DEN initiation followed by a combination of PB and either 0.1 or 0.5% DEHP significantly reduced ALDH-3 but not p21 Ras expression at 26 weeks compared to DEN plus PB only, These treatment regimens also reduced the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas at 52 weeks, DEN followed by any of the three doses of DEHP without PB resulted in ALDH-3 expression similar to DEN alone, However, p21 Ras expression was significantly increased after these treatments, For all treatment groups, both the early (26 weeks) expression of p21 Ras and ALDH-3 correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma incidence at 52 weeks, However, the correlation between hepatocellular carcinoma and ALDH-3 expression was better than p21 Ras or the other markers we have studied, We concluded that ALDH-3 expression is significantly downregulated after DEHP treatment, and that expression of the isozyme correlated with later hepatocarcinoma incidence and may indicate a significant relationship between ALDH-3 expression and hepatocarcinogenesis during DEHP treatment. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES CTR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NO KENTUCKY UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HIGHLAND HTS,KY 41099. WOOD HUDSON CANC RES LAB,NEWPORT,KY 41071. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 1996 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1647 EP 1655 DI 10.1093/carcin/17.8.1647 PG 9 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VD875 UT WOS:A1996VD87500015 PM 8761421 ER PT J AU Mass, MJ AbuShakra, A Roop, BC Nelson, G Galati, AJ Stoner, GD Nesnow, S Ross, JA AF Mass, MJ AbuShakra, A Roop, BC Nelson, G Galati, AJ Stoner, GD Nesnow, S Ross, JA TI Benzo[b]fluoranthene: Tumorigenicity in strain A/J mouse lungs, DNA adducts and mutations in the Ki-ras oncogene SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; TUMOR INITIATING ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; SKIN; DIHYDRODIOLS; METABOLITES; ACTIVATION; MICE AB The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) is a pervasive constituent of environmental combustion products, We sought to examine the lung tumorigenic activity of B[b]F in strain A/J mice, to study the relationship between formation and decay of B[b]F-DNA adducts and to examine mutations in the Ki-ras proto-oncogene in DNA from B[b]F-induced tumors, Mice were given i.p. injections of 0, 10, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body wt and lung adenomas were scored after 8 months, B[b]F induced significant numbers of mouse lung adenomas in a dose-related fashion, with the highest dose (200 mg/kg) yielding 6.95 adenomas/mouse, with 100% of the mice exhibiting an adenoma, In mice given tricaprylin, the vehicle control, there were 0.60 adenomas/mouse, with 55% of the mice exhibiting an adenoma, Based on dose, B[b]F was less active than benzo[a]pyrene. DNA adducts were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by P-32-post-labeling in lungs of strain A/J mice 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after i.p. injection, Maximal levels of adduction occurred 5 days after treatment with the 200 mg/kg dose group, producing 1230 amol B[b]F-DNA adducts/mu g DNA, The major B[b]F-DNA adduct was identified by co-chromatography as trans-9,10-dihydroxy-anti-11,12-epoxy-5-hydroxy-9,10,11,12-tetra-hydro-B[b]F-deoxyguanosine. Approximately 86% of the tumors had a mutation in codon 12 of the Ki-ras oncogene, as determined by direct DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified exon 1 and single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis, Analysis of the Ki-ms mutation spectrum in 25 of 29 B[b]F-induced tumors revealed the predominant mutation to be a G-->T transversion in the first or second base of codon 12, congruous with the DNA adduct data, Our data are consistent with previous reports in mouse skin implicating a phenolic diol epoxide as the proximate carcinogenic form of B[b]F that binds to guanine. C1 N CAROLINA CENT UNIV,DEPT BIOL,DURHAM,NC 27705. MED COLL OHIO,DEPT PATHOL,TOLEDO,OH 43614. OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Mass, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Ross, Jeffrey/E-4782-2010 OI Ross, Jeffrey/0000-0002-7002-4548 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 1996 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1701 EP 1704 DI 10.1093/carcin/17.8.1701 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VD875 UT WOS:A1996VD87500023 PM 8761429 ER PT J AU Ringold, PL Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Mulder, BS Tolle, T Burnett, K AF Ringold, PL Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Mulder, BS Tolle, T Burnett, K TI Adaptive monitoring design for ecosystem management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,US DEPT INTERIOR,OREGON STATE OFF,PORTLAND,OR 97208. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,PORTLAND,OR 97208. NATL BIOL SERV,US DEPT INTERIOR,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW REG OFF,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP Ringold, PL (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 28 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 12 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 745 EP 747 DI 10.2307/2269479 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200020 ER PT J AU Sram, RJ Benes, I Binkova, B Dejmek, J Horstman, D Kotesovec, F Otto, D Perreault, SD Rubes, J Selevan, SG Skalik, I Stevens, RK Lewtas, J AF Sram, RJ Benes, I Binkova, B Dejmek, J Horstman, D Kotesovec, F Otto, D Perreault, SD Rubes, J Selevan, SG Skalik, I Stevens, RK Lewtas, J TI Teplice program - The impact of air pollution on human health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; air toxics; particulate matter; coal combustion; personal exposure; biomarkers; respiratory effects; lung function; neurobehavioral effects; reproductive effects; pregnancy outcome; semen quality; Eastern Europe; Czech Republic ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; SULFUR-OXIDES; HUMAN SPERM; CHILDREN; LEAD AB The aim of the Teplice Program is to investigate and assess the impact of air pollution on the health of the population in the district of Teplice, Czech Republic. Characterization of the air pollutants demonstrated unusually high concentrations during winter inversions of fine particles dominated by acidic sulfates, genotoxic organic compounds, and toxic trace elements. The major source of airborne fine particles is the burning of coal for healing and power. Human exposure and biomarker studies demonstrated large seasonal variations in air pollution within the Teplice District and higher seasonal average pollution levels than the comparative district, Prachatice. Personal exposures to fine particles and organic carcinogens [e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)] were correlated with excretion of PAH metabolites in urine, several trace metals in blood, and DNA adducts in white blood cells. Respiratory and neurobehavioral studies of school children were conducted using questionnaires and clinical measures. A significantly higher prevalence of adverse respiratory symptoms and decreased lung function were found in the Teplice district than in Prachatice. The neurobehavioral studies indicated significantly higher teacher referrals for clinical assessment in Teplice, but the majority of objective performance measures did not differ. Reproductive studies were conducted in both males and females. A study of the effects of exposure on pregnancy and birth found an excess prevalence of low birth weight and premature births in Teplice; these adverse effects were more common in infants conceived in the winter and whose mothers were smokers. Based on questionnaires and medical examination, the reproductive development of young men was not different between districts and seasons, however, measures of semen quality suggest that exposure to high levels of air pollution are associated with transient decrements in semen quality. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, EPIDEMIOL & BIOMARKER BRANCH, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBL, PRAGUE INST ADV STUDIES, REG INST HYG CENT BOHEMIA, LAB GENET ECOTOXICOL, PRAGUE 14000, CZECH REPUBLIC. ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBL, PRAGUE INST ADV STUDIES, INST EXPT MED, PRAGUE 14000, CZECH REPUBLIC. INST HYG, TEPLICE, CZECH REPUBLIC. VET RES INST, CS-62132 BRNO, CZECH REPUBLIC. US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 54 TC 104 Z9 104 U1 0 U2 11 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 104 SU 4 BP 699 EP 714 DI 10.2307/3432707 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VC106 UT WOS:A1996VC10600001 PM 8879999 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ Daston, GP DeRosa, C FennerCrisp, P Gray, LE Kaattari, S Lucier, G Luster, M Mac, MJ Maczka, C Miller, R Moore, J Rolland, R Scott, G Sheehan, DM Sinks, T Tilson, HA AF Kavlock, RJ Daston, GP DeRosa, C FennerCrisp, P Gray, LE Kaattari, S Lucier, G Luster, M Mac, MJ Maczka, C Miller, R Moore, J Rolland, R Scott, G Sheehan, DM Sinks, T Tilson, HA TI Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: A report of the US EPA-sponsored workshop SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE endocrine disruptors; hormones; risk assessment; carcinogenesis; reproductive toxicity; developmental toxicity; immunotoxicity; neurotoxicity; exposure assessment; research needs ID FISH-EATING BIRDS; CONTAMINANT BIOMONITORING PROGRAM; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; BREAST-CANCER INCIDENCE; LAWRENCE BELUGA WHALES; MINK MUSTELA-VISON; FRESH-WATER FISH; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; RAINBOW-TROUT AB The hypothesis has been put forward that humans and wildlife species have suffered adverse health effects after exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Reported adverse effects include declines in populations, increases in cancers, and reduced reproductive function. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a workshop in April 1995 to bring together interested parties in an effort to identify research gaps related to this hypothesis and to establish priorities for future research activities. Approximately 90 invited participants were organized into work groups developed around the principal reported health effects-carcinogenesis, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity--as well as along the risk assessment paradigm--hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Attention focused on both ecological and human health effects. In general, the group felt that the hypothesis warranted a concerted research effort to evaluate its validity and that research should focus primarily on effects on development of reproductive capability, on improved exposure assessment, and on the effects of mixtures. This report summarizes the discussions of the work groups and details the recommendations for additional research. C1 PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. COLL WILLIAM & MARY,VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCI,WILLIAMSBURG,VA. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NATL BIOL SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. NATL RES COUNCIL,WASHINGTON,DC 20418. DOW CHEM CO USA,MIDLAND,MI 48674. INST EVALUATING HLTH RISKS,WASHINGTON,DC. WORLD WILDLIFE FUND,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,CHARLESTON,SC. US FDA,NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI gray jr, leon earl/0000-0002-1111-4754 NR 193 TC 693 Z9 743 U1 28 U2 217 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 104 SU 4 BP 715 EP 740 DI 10.2307/3432708 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VC106 UT WOS:A1996VC10600002 PM 8880000 ER PT J AU McKinney, JD AF McKinney, JD TI Reactivity parameters in structure-activity relationship-based risk assessment of chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE chemical reactivity; molecular mechanisms; protein binding; risk assessment; structure-activity relationships; toxicity ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; THEORETICAL-MODEL; AH RECEPTOR; KE TEST; TOXICITY; BINDING; CARCINOGENICITY; IDENTIFICATION; HYDROCARBONS AB New approaches to the risk assessment process are needed that might be more definitive and satisfying to the scientific community, interest groups, and the public at large. This commentary an alternative approach that is based on understanding the relationships of chemical and reactivity properties to the toxicokinetic behavior of chemicals in biological systems. This approach is based on the likelihood that there is a limited number of triggering (reactivity) mechanisms by which chemicals can express their toxicity at the molecular level. The fundamental importance of electrophilic character of chemicals as a determinant of their critical reactivities and interactions with biological material in the expression of toxicity is Such an approach also takes advantage of the maturing field of theoretical/computational chemistry in understanding important molecular recognition and reactivity processes (both and quantitatively) for chemicals that can underlie their biological/toxicological activity. A process that permits assessment of reaction equivalents delivered to biological systems hold promise for grouping chemicals by common triggering mechanisms with clearly delineated toxicological endpoints. RP McKinney, JD (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, EXPTL TOXICOL DIV, PHARMACOKINET BRANCH MD 74, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 104 IS 8 BP 810 EP 816 DI 10.2307/3432924 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VE696 UT WOS:A1996VE69600004 PM 8875147 ER PT J AU Garrison, AW Schmitt, P Martens, D Kettrup, A AF Garrison, AW Schmitt, P Martens, D Kettrup, A TI Enantiomeric selectivity in the environmental degradation of dichlorprop as determined by high performance capillary electrophoresis SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; ENANTIOSELECTIVE DEGRADATION; CHIRAL SEPARATION; SASKATCHEWAN SOILS; CYCLODEXTRIN; RESOLUTION; SAMPLES; PERSISTENCE; POLLUTANTS AB The chiral herbicide dichlorprop(2,4-dichlorophenoxy-2-propionic acid), which is sold and applied as the racemic mixture, was observed to degrade completely in soil within 31 days, with a half-life of 6.6 d. Degradation occurred with enantiomeric selectivity, indicating biologically mediated reactivity as opposed to strictly abiotic degradation. The S-(-)-isomer degraded significantly faster (t(1/2) = 4.4 d) than the R-(+)-isomer (t(1/2) = 8.7 d); this is contrary to other published results that show selective degradation of the R-(+)-enantiomer, although in other media. Soil samples taken from a field plot at increasing time intervals after application of Foxtril, a commercial herbicide formulation, were solvent-extracted and analyzed for total dichlorprop by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), using an acetate buffer at pH 4.7. Heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin, a chiral reagent, was then added to the buffer to effect separation of the (+)- and (-)-isomers of dichlorprop. Baseline resolution allowed calculation of relative concentrations (enantiomer ratios) of the two isomers. CZE is a fast and efficient technique for the analysis of ionic organic species (such as the anion of dichlorprop), including their enantiomers, in pesticide formulations as well as in environmental samples. It thus was possible to analyze Foxtril directly after dilution with water for ioxynil (2,6-diiodo-4-cyanophenol) as well as for dichlorprop. Ioxynil also was detected in the soil extract on the day of application. The hydrolysis product [methyl 2-nitro-5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) benzoic acid] of bifenox methyl ester, another herbicide component of Foxtril, was detected in the soil samples taken at 17 and 31 d. C1 GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UNWELT & GESUNDHEIT,INST OKOL CHEM,D-85758 OBERSCHLEISSHEIM,GERMANY. RP Garrison, AW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 36 TC 107 Z9 115 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP 2449 EP 2455 DI 10.1021/es950552v PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA637 UT WOS:A1996VA63700030 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM McKinney, RA Brown, WA AF Burgess, RM McKinney, RA Brown, WA TI Enrichment of marine sediment colloids with polychlorinated biphenyls: Trends resulting from PCB solubility and chlorination SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; PHASE SEPARATION; AQUATIC COLLOIDS; BEDFORD HARBOR; SORPTION; MATTER; TRANSPORT AB Colloids have been shown to significantly affect the bioavailability and transport of anthropogenic contaminants in the environment. In this study, the three phase distributions (i.e., dissolved, colloidal, and particulate) of approximately 75 PCB congeners were measured in a marine sediment core from New Bedford Harbor, MA. These distributions are the first report of colloid-PCB interactions in an environmentally contaminated sediment. Colloids <1.2 mu m in size were isolated from interstitial waters using reverse-phase chromatography with size-selected C-18 Regardless of solubility or chlorination, the majority of PCBs were associated with the particulate phase. PCBs were distributed in filtered interstitial waters between colloidal and dissolved phases as a function of solubility and degree of chlorination. Interstitial dissolved PCB concentrations generally agreed with literature-reported solubilities. The magnitude of colloid-PCB interactions increased with decreasing PCB solubility and increasing PCB chlorination. Di- and trichlorinated PCBs were approximately 40% and 65% colloidally bound, respectively, while tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorinated PCBs were about 80% colloidally bound. As core depth increased,the magnitude of PCB-colloid interactions also increased. The relationships of organic carbon-normalized colloidal partitioning coefficient (K-coc) to K-ow for several PCB congeners were not linear and suggest that interstitial waters were not equilibrated. Possible explanations for disequilibria include slow colloid-PCB sorption kinetics, steric hindrance, and decreased colloid stability. These data support model laboratory studies that found that most nonpolar high molecular weight organic contaminants present in sediment interstitial waters are colloidally bound and not truly dissolved. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,SHALIMAR,FL 32579. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA,AED,NHEERL,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 62 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP 2556 EP 2566 DI 10.1021/es9509137 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA637 UT WOS:A1996VA63700044 ER PT J AU Vaithiyanathan, P Richardson, CJ Kavanaugh, RG Craft, CB Barkay, T AF Vaithiyanathan, P Richardson, CJ Kavanaugh, RG Craft, CB Barkay, T TI Relationships of eutrophication to the distribution of mercury and to the potential for methylmercury production in the peat soils of the everglades SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA EVERGLADES; MICROBIAL RESPIRATION; NORTHERN EVERGLADES; PHOSPHORUS-CONTENT; LARGEMOUTH BASS; LAKE WATER; METHYLATION; FISH; ACCUMULATION; SEDIMENTS AB Elevated mercury concentrations have been reported in fish and wildlife from the Everglades in recent years. The hypothesis that eutrophication caused by the impact of phosphorous- (P) rich agricultural runoff stimulated methylmercury accumulation was put forward because eutrophication had been shown to be a cause for methylmercury accumulation in other ecosystems. We tested this hypothesis by obtaining total mercury (Hg-T) concentrations and accumulation rates and estimating the potential for microbial methylation and methylmercury degradation in peat soils collected along a P gradient in water conservation area 2A (WCA-2A). A negative correlation observed between Hg-T and P concentrations in soils (r(2) = 0.64) was explained by increased peat accretion rates in a nutrient-enriched area (7.1-7.5 mm yr(-1)) as compared to an unenriched area (1.92-2.50 mm yr(-1)), estimated using lead-210 and cesium-137 dating. Total Hg accumulation rates (post-1964) were comparable for the enriched and unenriched sites (29-30 and 29-37 mu g m(-2) yr(-1), respectively). Thus, calculations of Hg-T accumulation rates are confounded by differences in peat accretion rates in the Everglades. Potential rates for both methylation (2.3-48.6 ng g(-1) day(-1)) and demethylation (6.5-113.2 ng g(-1) day(-1)) were higher in samples from WCA-2A than in samples collected in an area of the Everglades that had never been exposed to nutrients. However, trends suggesting the relationships of these activities to the P gradient in WCA-2A were not detected, and methylation to demethylation ratios did not correlate with soil P concentrations. The results suggest that (i) nutrient-enriched agricultural runoff originating upstream of WCA-2A did not contribute significantly to Hg-T built up in the northern Everglades and (ii) eutrophication did not affect the potential for net methylmercury formation in peat soils. C1 US EPA,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. DUKE UNIV,WETLANDS CTR FIELD STN,LOXAHATCHEE,FL 33470. DUKE UNIV,SCH ENVIRONM,WETLANDS CTR,DURHAM,NC 27706. FLORIDA INT UNIV,DRINKING WATER RES INST,MIAMI,FL 33199. NR 47 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP 2591 EP 2597 DI 10.1021/es950941p PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA637 UT WOS:A1996VA63700049 ER PT J AU Burton, GA NorbergKing, T Ingersoll, CG Benoit, DA Ankley, GT Winger, PV Kubitz, J Lazorchak, JM Smith, ME Greer, E Dwyer, FJ Call, DJ Day, KE Kennedy, P Stinson, M AF Burton, GA NorbergKing, T Ingersoll, CG Benoit, DA Ankley, GT Winger, PV Kubitz, J Lazorchak, JM Smith, ME Greer, E Dwyer, FJ Call, DJ Day, KE Kennedy, P Stinson, M TI Interlaboratory study of precision: Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans freshwater sediment toxicity assays SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE round-robin test; ring test; reference toxicant tests ID SYSTEM; WATER AB Standard 10-d whole-sediment toxicity test methods have recently been developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus tentans. An interlaboratory evaluation of method precision was performed using a group of seven to 10 laboratories, representing government, academia, and environmental consulting firms. The test methods followed the EPA protocols for 4-d water-only reference toxicant (KCl) testing (static exposure) and for 10-d whole-sediment testing. Test sediments included control sediment, two copper-containing sediments, and a sediment contaminated primarily with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Reference toxicant tests resulted in H. azteca and C. tentans median lethal concentration (LC50) values with coefficents of variation (CVs) of 15.8 and 19.6%, respectively. Whole sediments which were moderately contaminated provided the best estimates of precision using CVs. Hyalella azteca and C. tentans tests in moderately contaminated sediments exhibited LC50 CVs of 38.9 and 13.5%, respectively. The CV for C. tentans growth was 31.9%. Only 3% (1 of 28) of samples exceeded acceptable interlaboratory precision limits for the H. azteca survival tests. No samples exceeded the intralaboratory precision limit for H. azteca or C. tentans survival tests. However, intralaboratory variability limits for C. tentans growth were exceeded by 80 and 100% of the laboratories for a moderately toxic and control sample, respectively. Interlaboratory variability limits for C. tentans survival were not exceeded by any laboratory. The results showed these test methods to have relatively low variance and acceptable levels of precision in interlaboratory comparisons. C1 US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. NATL BIOL SERV,MIDWEST SCI CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. NATL BIOL SERV,SE BIOL SCI CTR,ATHENS,GA 30602. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E LANSING,MI 48824. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING & SUPPORT LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45244. UNIV WISCONSIN,LAKE SUPER RES INST,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. DYNAMAC CORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45244. ENVIRONM CANADA,CANADA CTR INLAND WATERS,BURLINGTON,ON L7R 4A6,CANADA. EVS CONSULTANTS LTD,N VANCOUVER,BC V7P 2R4,CANADA. WASHINGTON STATE DEPT ECOL,PORT ORCHARD,WA 98366. RP Burton, GA (reprint author), WRIGHT STATE UNIV,INST ENVIRONM QUAL,DAYTON,OH 45435, USA. OI Burton, Glenn/0000-0002-8660-6294; Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 14 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 12 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 8 BP 1335 EP 1343 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1335:ISOPHA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF371 UT WOS:A1996VF37100012 ER PT J AU Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Callaway, JM Winnett, SM AF Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Callaway, JM Winnett, SM TI An analysis of the impacts of public timber harvest policies on private forest management in the United States SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE timber supply; investment; market model AB Past studies of the impacts of changes in public timber harvest have commonly assumed that the extent and intensity of private forest management would remain unchanged in the face of shifting log prices and demand. This study reexamines the issue of public harvest im pacts using a model of intertemporal log markets in which prices, private harvests, and timber management investment are endogenous. The model considers two classes of private owners in nine regions and subdivides the basic timber inventory into a large number of classes that influence yields and costs, including, site quality, species group, and past management. Six product groups are recognized with opportunities for substitution. Given the perfect market and foresight structure of the model, simulation results suggest a far more elastic market response to changes in public cut than found in past studies. Shifts in intertemporal patterns of private investment act to reduce the price and aggregate harvest impacts of public cut changes over time. Underlying these moderated market impacts, however, are larger interregional shifts in harvest and private owner welfare than suggested in earlier analyses. Through changing management investment, including conversion of lands from hardwood to softwood species types, some of the largest economic and biological/ecological impacts may be realized outside of the regions in which public forestlands are concentrated. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PNW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RISO NATL LAB,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK. US EPA,CLIMATE & POLICY ASSESSMENT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Adams, DM (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 30 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 343 EP 358 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VB050 UT WOS:A1996VB05000008 ER PT J AU Smialowicz, RJ Williams, WC Riddle, MM AF Smialowicz, RJ Williams, WC Riddle, MM TI Comparison of the T cell-independent antibody response of mice and rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS; FISCHER-344 RATS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; IMMUNOTOXICITY; MECHANISMS; ANTIGENS; THYMUS; TYPE-1; SERUM; TCDD AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that produces adverse effects on the immune system of experimental animals. In this study, the effect that TCDD has on the antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to the T cell-independent (TI) antigen trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) was compared in adult female B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats. Mice or rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of TCDD at doses ranging from 1 to 30 mu g/kg, 7 days prior to immunization with TNP-LPS by intravenous injection. Three days later body, spleen, thymus, and liver weights were measured and the PFC response to TNP-LPS was determined. Thymus weights were decreased at 10 and 30 mu g TCDD/kg, whereas spleen weights were decreased and liver weights increased in mice dosed at 3, 10, and 30 mu g/kg. Mice dosed at 10 and 30 mu g TCDD/kg had suppressed PFC responses and serum hemagglutination titers. In rats, thymus weights were decreased and liver weights increased at 3, 10, and 30 mu g TCDD/kg; however, the PFC response and serum hemagglutination titers to TNP-LPS were suppressed only at 30 mu g/kg TCDD. TCDD did not affect splenic lymphocyte subsets evaluated by flow cytometry. These results indicate that TCDD suppresses the TI antibody response to TNP-LPS in both B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats, with mice more sensitive to suppression by TCDD than rats. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 293 EP 297 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0133 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VC365 UT WOS:A1996VC36500018 PM 8921333 ER PT J AU Gunnison, AF Hatch, GE Crissman, K Bowers, A AF Gunnison, AF Hatch, GE Crissman, K Bowers, A TI Comparative sensitivity of lactating and virgin female rats to ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; LINOLEATE; HUMANS; NASAL; FLUID; CELLS; ACID AB Studies from this laboratory have shown that lactating rats exhibit a greater inflammatory response to inhaled ozone than age-matched nulligravidous or postlactating rats. One factor contributing to this enhanced response by lactating rats is their greater ventilation, which results in a higher inhaled dose rate. In the study reported here, we investigate the concept that lactating rats are predisposed to ozone-induced inflammation, not only because of their higher ventilation but also because of the inherently greater sensitivity of their tissues. We found that the airways of naive, 13-day postpartum lactating Sprague-Dawley rats have significantly greater numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), a higher protein concentration, and a lower concentration of the antioxidant ascorbic acid than do the airways of virgin females. Lactating rats also have a higher PMN concentration in their circulating blood. These differences in the steady state condition of lactating rats, particularly the airways of the respiratory tract, suggest that predisposition of lactating rats to pulmonary inflammation induced by ozone may be due in part to changes in immunological status during lactation and to the greater propensity of the respiratory tract tissues of lactating rats to respond to stimulation by ozone. We compared the kinetics of airway inflammatory changes detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following acute exposure of lactating and virgin female rats to 0.3 and 0.5 ppm ozone for 6 h, and observed an earlier onset and greater intensity and persistence of the inflammatory response in the lactating animals. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV EXPTL TOXICOL,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP Gunnison, AF (reprint author), NYU,INST ENVIRONM MED,MED CTR,LONG MEADOW RD,TUXEDO PK,NY 10987, USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 8 IS 6 BP 607 EP 623 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VE032 UT WOS:A1996VE03200004 ER PT J AU Hatfield, K Burris, DR Wolfe, NL AF Hatfield, K Burris, DR Wolfe, NL TI Analytical model for heterogeneous reactions in mixed porous media SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID RESIDUAL HYDROCARBON; TRANSPORT; NONEQUILIBRIUM; DEGRADATION; REMEDIATION AB The ''funnel/gate system'' is a developing technology for passive ground-water plume management and treatment. This technology uses sheet pilings as a funnel to force polluted ground water through a highly permeable zone of reactive porous media (the gate) where contaminants are degraded by biotic or abiotic heterogeneous reactions. This paper presents a new analytical nonequilibrium model for solute transport in saturated, nonhomogeneous or mixed porous media that could assist efforts to design funnel/gate systems and predict their performance. The model incorporates convective/dispersion transport, dissolved constituent decay, surface-mediated degradation, and time-dependent mass transfer between phases. Simulation studies of equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport conditions reveal manifestations of rate-limited degradation when mass-transfer times are longer than system hydraulic residence times, or when surface-mediated reaction rates are faster than solute mass-transfer processes (i.e., sorption, film diffusion, or intraparticle diffusion). For example, steady-state contaminant concentrations will be higher under a nonequilibrium transport scenario than would otherwise be expected when assuming equilibrium conditions. Thus, a funnel/gate system may fail to achieve desired ground-water treatment if the possibility of mass-transfer-limited degradation is not considered. C1 ARMSTRONG LAB,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TYNDALL AFB,FL 32403. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Hatfield, K (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT CHEM,QUANTUM THEORY PROJECT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1996 VL 122 IS 8 BP 676 EP 684 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:8(676) PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX941 UT WOS:A1996UX94100002 ER PT J AU Burris, DR Hatfield, K Wolfe, NL AF Burris, DR Hatfield, K Wolfe, NL TI Laboratory experiments with heterogeneous reactions in mixed porous media SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The limited success and high cost of traditional ''active'' ground-water-contaminant plume management efforts (i.e., pump-and-treat systems) has stimulated a search for less expensive ''passive'' plume interception and in-situ treatment technologies. The ''funnel/gate system,'' which uses heterogeneous (surface-mediated) reactions on porous media to degrade dissolved contaminants, is one passive technology under consideration. Research on a heterogeneous reaction is presented in this paper, which can be extended to facilitate the design of engineered porous media systems (i.e., funnel/gates). Results are examined from batch and flow-through column experiments involving nitrobenzene degradation in a surface-mediated reaction with granular metallic iron. A nonequilibrium transport model that incorporates solute mass-transfer resistance near reactive iron surfaces is shown to simulate breakthrough curves (BTCs) from column systems, using model parameters estimated from batch systems. The investigation shows pseudo first-order degradation-rate coefficients increasing with higher solid:liquid ratios and with greater iron concentrations. In addition, nitrobenzene degradation is found to be faster in batch systems than in comparable column systems, indicating the presence of mass-transfer limitations in the how-through systems. Finally, the present study provides insights on conditions pertinent to the design of engineered in-situ treatment zones, such as how mass-transfer, hydraulic, and reaction kinetic conditions affect ground-water-contaminant fate and transport through reactive porous media. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Burris, DR (reprint author), ARMSTRONG LAB,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TYNDALL AFB,FL 32403, USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1996 VL 122 IS 8 BP 685 EP 691 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:8(685) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX941 UT WOS:A1996UX94100003 ER PT J AU Field, R OConnor, TP AF Field, R OConnor, TP TI Swirl technology: Enhancement of design, evaluation, and application SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB While different forms of swirl and vortex technologies have been developed during the last thirty years, their major function has been the dual purpose of how regulation and settleable-solids concentration for combined sewer overflows. A variety of opinions have developed regarding the application of these technologies, which vary from overwhelming support to reservations of their effectiveness. Performance of swirl/vortex devices depends on the settling characteristics of the suspended solids and the fraction of dissolved solids in the storm flow. When correctly installed with other controls of the combined-sewerage or separately sewered storm-water system, swirl/vortex devices can play an important role in combined sewer overflow and storm-water discharge pollution control. Reliable determination of performance depends principally upon accurate sampling techniques, suspended solids and other pollutant analyses, and settling-velocity distribution of the influent and effluent. Simultaneous flow-rate measurement synchronized to sampling times is also necessary. This paper discusses design, evaluation, and application practice enhancements for the use of swirl/vortex technologies as part of a combined sewer overflow and storm-water pollution control system. C1 US EPA,EDISON,NJ 08837. RP Field, R (reprint author), NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,WET WEATHER FLOW RES PROGRAM,CINCINNATI,OH, USA. OI O'Connor, Thomas/0000-0002-5643-644X NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1996 VL 122 IS 8 BP 741 EP 748 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:8(741) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX941 UT WOS:A1996UX94100010 ER PT J AU Kampbell, DH Wiedemeier, TH Hansen, JE AF Kampbell, DH Wiedemeier, TH Hansen, JE TI Intrinsic bioremediation of fuel contamination in ground water at a field site SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE bioremediation; fuel contamination; ground water AB A spill of gasoline occurred at an automobile service station in 1986. Oily phase residue in the subsurface has continued for the past 8 yr to release water soluble fuel hydrocarbons into the aquifer. The site was characterized for implementation of intrinsic remediation. The subsurface was a beach sand with sea shell fragments, The water table was near 1.3 m below ground surface. Surface dimensions over the plume were about 200 m downgradient and 60 m in width. Three points to coincide with direction of ground-water flow were selected in the plume for water quality assessments. Both methane and trimethylbenzene were used as surrogate tracers to normalize loss of contaminants, Aerobic respiration and methanogenesis accounted for most biodegradation obtained, Assimilation capacities of dissolved oxygen, ferrous iron, and methane distributions when compared to BTEX concentrations showed that the ground water has sufficient capacity to degrade all dissolved BTEX before the plume moves beyond 250 m downgradient. Evidence obtained from loss of contaminants, geochemistry, and microbial breakdown chemicals showed that intrinsic bioremediation technology would be a viable option to restore the site. C1 PARSONS ENGN SCI INC,DENVER,CO 80290. USAF,CTR ENVIRONM EXCELLENCE,BROOKS AFB,TX 78235. RP Kampbell, DH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUBSURFACE PROTECT & REMEDIAT DIV,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 3 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2-3 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(96)01753-0 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VG128 UT WOS:A1996VG12800008 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Huffman, GL AF Lee, CC Huffman, GL TI Research on the thermal destruction of wastes SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE thermal destruction; toxic combustion byproduct ID INCINERATION AB In general, toxic combustion byproducts (TCBs) are the unwanted residues remaining in flue gases, combustion ashes, and wastewaters from the operation of an incineration or combustion facility. If a combustor is not well designed and operated, it may emit too high a level of TCBs. Categories of TCBs and some example constituents are as follows: 1. Acid gases: HCl, NOx and SO2; 2. Organics: hydrocarbons such as dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs); 3. Particulates: trace metals (conventional metals and radioactive metals) and soots; 4. Contaminants in ash; and 5. Contaminants in spent wastewater. Pollutants in Category (2) above are generally considered to be the products of incomplete combustion (PICs) in the field of hazardous waste incineration. The issue of TCBs has been one of the major technical and sociological issues surrounding the implementation of incineration as a waste treatment alternative. Because of the complexity and controversy, EPA technologists conceived of and initiated the International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts (ICTCB) to provide a forum for scientists to discuss the issues of and controls for TCBs in 1989. This paper focuses on the review of the 1989 ICTCB (the First ICTCB) activities. The 1991 (the Second), the 1993 (the Third), and the 1995 (the Fourth) ICTCB activities will be reviewed at other times. The objective of these reviews is to discuss: 1. What have we learned from the ICTCB conferences? 2. What can we use from what we have learned? 3. What improvement in the ICTCBs is needed? C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2-3 BP 299 EP 310 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(96)01750-5 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VG128 UT WOS:A1996VG12800015 ER PT J AU Miller, CA Ryan, JV Lombardo, T AF Miller, CA Ryan, JV Lombardo, T TI Characterization of air toxics from an oil-fired firetube boiler SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Tests were conducted on a commercially available firetube package boiler running on #2 through #6 oils to determine the emissions levels of hazardous air pollutants from the combustion of four fuel oils (a #2 oil, a #5 oil, a low sulfur #6 oil, and a high sulfur #6 oil). Measurements of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide stack gas concentrations were made for each oil. Flue gases were also sampled to determine levels of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds and of metals. Analytical procedures were used to provide more detailed information regarding the emissions rates for carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in addition to the standard analyses for volatile and semivolatile organics. Metals emissions were greater than organic emissions for all oils tested, by an order of magnitude. Carbonyls dominated the organic emissions, with emission rates more than double the remaining organics for all four oils tested. Formaldehyde made up the largest percentage of carbonyls, at roughly 50% of these emissions for three of the four oils, and approximately 30% of the carbonyl emissions from the low sulfur #6 oil. Naphthalene was found to be the largest part of the PAH emissions for three of the four oils, with phenanthrene being greatest for the #2 fuel oil. The flue gases were also sampled for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans; however, inconsistent levels were found between repeat tests. For the boiler tested, no single hazardous air pollutant (HAP) was emitted at a rate which would require control under Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The fuel emitting the largest amount of HAPs was the high sulfur #6 oil, which had a total HAP emission rate of less than 100 lb (45 kg)/year, based on operation for a full year at a firing rate of 1.25 x 10(6) Btu/hr (50% load of the unit tested). C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP Miller, CA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AIR POLLUT TECHNOL BRANCH MD65,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 7 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 46 IS 8 BP 742 EP 748 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VB901 UT WOS:A1996VB90100004 PM 28067132 ER PT J AU Melton, LH AF Melton, LH TI Industrial combustion coordinated rulemaking SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material AB The following article is excerpted from the document Industrial Combustion Coordinated Rulemaking - Proposed Organizational Structure ann Process, which is available from the Technology Transfer Network (TTN), a computer bulletin board. To access the TTN, call (919) 541-5742; to obtain help with the TTN, call (919) 541-5384. The Industrial Combustion Coordinated Rulemaking (ICCR) document is evolving, reflecting an ongoing dialogue with various stakeholders; therefore, there may be changes between this article and the ICCR as it is implemented. EPA would like to thank all stakeholders (e.g., representatives from various companies and trade associations, state and local air pollution control agencies, and environmental organizations) who have offered suggestions and comments on development of the ICCR. As mentioned in the implications statement, the overall goal of the ICCR is to develop a unified set of federal air emissions regulations. The proposed ICCR will achieve this goal by: Obtaining active participation from stakeholders, including environmental groups, regulated industries, and state and local regulatory agencies in all phases of regulatory development. Coordinating the schedule and approach for development of regulations under Sections 111, 112, and 129 of the Clean Air Act that affect ICI combustion. Determining the most effective ways to address the environmental issues associated with toxic and criteria pollutants from the range of combustion sources. More effectively considering interactions among the regulations by analyzing the combined benefits and economic impacts of the group of Section 111, 112, and 129 regulations. Considering strategies to simplify the regulations and allow flexibility in the methods of compliance while maintaining full environmental benefits. RP Melton, LH (reprint author), US EPA,OAQPS,EMISS STAND DIV,MD-13,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 46 IS 8 BP 769 EP 777 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VB901 UT WOS:A1996VB90100009 PM 28067136 ER PT J AU Bishop, JM Kaufman, DG Newsow, S Pfeifer, AMA Puck, TT Gilmer, TM LeBoeuf, RA Olden, K Prescott, DM Tennant, R Slaga, T AF Bishop, JM Kaufman, DG Newsow, S Pfeifer, AMA Puck, TT Gilmer, TM LeBoeuf, RA Olden, K Prescott, DM Tennant, R Slaga, T TI Tenth Aspen Cancer Conference: Mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenesis SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT PATHOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, CARCINOGENESIS & METAB BRANCH, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Bishop, JM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, GEORGE WILLIAMS HOOPER FDN, 1542 HSW, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0899-1987 EI 1098-2744 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 175 EP 187 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199608)16:4<175::AID-MC1>3.0.CO;2-F PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA VF010 UT WOS:A1996VF01000001 ER PT J AU Andersen, SO Miller, A AF Andersen, SO Miller, A TI Ozone layer: The road not taken SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 UNIV MARYLAND,CTR GLOBAL CHANGE,COLLEGE PK,MD 20740. RP Andersen, SO (reprint author), US EPA,STRATOSPHER PROTECT DIV,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 382 IS 6590 BP 390 EP 390 DI 10.1038/382390a0 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VA251 UT WOS:A1996VA25100016 ER PT J AU Lackey, RT AF Lackey, RT TI Pacific salmon and the Endangered Species Act SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB There are many ethical, political, and scientific implications surrounding ''endangered species'' making it difficult to discuss reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act without becoming mired in the pro's and con's of various policy choices. The decline of Pacific salmon is used as a case study to evaluate some of the policy debate surrounding reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act. The challenges posed by listing salmon stocks under terms of the Act are such that everyone in the Pacific Northwest is or will be affected. Viewing Pacific salmon as an endangered species policy issue forces us to evaluate the implications of various policy assumptions. All policy choices involve individual and group winners-and losers-both within and between generations. From a biological perspective, it may be that some stocks of Pacific salmon have been supplanted with fish species better adapted to the current aquatic environment in the Pacific Northwest. RP Lackey, RT (reprint author), US EPA,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3 BP 281 EP 284 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM142 UT WOS:A1996VM14200010 ER PT J AU Karabunarliev, S Mekenyan, OG Karcher, W Russom, CL Bradbury, SP AF Karabunarliev, S Mekenyan, OG Karcher, W Russom, CL Bradbury, SP TI Quantum-chemical descriptors for estimating the acute toxicity of electrophiles to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas): An analysis based on molecular mechanisms SO QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS LA English DT Article DE acute fish toxicity; electrophiles; mode of toxic action; molecular mechanism; substructural screens; quantum-chemical descriptors ID AQUATIC TOXICITY; MODEL BUILDERS; PREDICTION; SYSTEM; FISH; POLLUTANTS; NARCOSIS; ALCOHOLS; RULES; GUPPY AB Estimating the toxicity of reactive xenobiotics to aquatic organisms requires physicochemical descriptors of passive transport and chemical reactions with nucleophilic biological ligands. Herein, electrophiles whose toxic action is attributed to nucleophilic substitution (S-N). Michael-type addition and Schiff-base formation were examined. Training sets for each molecular mechanism were generated through substructure search applied to chemicals in a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) database. Based on a delineation of compounds by a presumed molecular mechanism, relationships between modes of toxic action, potency (96-hour LC(50) values) and mechanistically-appropriate quantum-chemical descriptors were explored. Monohalo-C(sp(3)) function which may give rise to S-N reactivity was encountered in 35 compounds. The inclusion of E(LUMO), a nonspecific electrophilicity descriptor, to the generic LC(50) - hydrophobicity relation increased the explained variance from r(2) = 36% to 69%. Eighteen potential Michael-type accepters, mainly acrylates, were identified by the presence of a localized CC double bond at an alpha, beta position to a polar group. Due to different modes of action. the toxic potency of these chemicals varies almost independently of hydrophobicity (r(2) = 0.12). Two additional electronic descriptors that are consistent with the likely molecular mechanism provide a multivariate QSAR with r(2) = 0.78. Forty-five aldehydes and 3 formamides comprised the training set associated with probable Schiff-base mechanism of toxicity. The results suggest a marginal increase of toxic potency from that expected due to narcosis for more electrophilic carbonyl groups. Overall, it was concluded that regressions based on data sets that combine reactive chemicals with narcotics typically require an electronic descriptor in addition to hydrophobicity, even if the compounds all contain a common electrophilic moiety related to the putative specific reaction mechanism. However, without the generation of additional toxicity data from chemical sets that incorporate a broader range of electronic and steric character, it will likely remain extremely difficult to develop a quantitative ability to predict the potency of electrophilic compounds. C1 BOURGAS UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT PHYS, BURGAS 8010, BULGARIA. BOURGAS UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT PHYS CHEM, BURGAS 8010, BULGARIA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. RP Karabunarliev, S (reprint author), EUROPEAN CHEM BUR, JOINT RES CTR, INST ENVIRONM, TP 280, I-21020 ISPRA, ITALY. NR 34 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0931-8771 J9 QUANT STRUCT-ACT REL JI Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 4 BP 302 EP 310 DI 10.1002/qsar.19960150405 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VH384 UT WOS:A1996VH38400004 ER PT J AU Karabunarliev, S Mekenyan, OG Karcher, W Russom, CL Bradbury, SP AF Karabunarliev, S Mekenyan, OG Karcher, W Russom, CL Bradbury, SP TI Quantum-chemical descriptors for estimating the acute toxicity of substituted benzenes to the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS LA English DT Article DE acute fish toxicity; mode of toxic action; benzenes; phenols; anilines; nitrobenzenes; substructure search; acceptor superdelocalizability ID AQUATIC TOXICITY; MODEL BUILDERS; FISH; MECHANISMS; QSAR; PREDICTION; SYSTEM; ELECTROPHILES; POLLUTANTS; NARCOSIS AB Benzene derivatives elicit variable modes of toxic action to fish and, as a result, their toxic potency does not depend exclusively on bioaccumulation. In an attempt to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for acute toxicity across a relatively large and well-defined chemical domain, a series of benzenes extracted from existing collections of toxicity data for guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were studied. The selection of compounds was based on ''prohibited'' substructural screens that represent inherently reactive electrophilic groups or other chemical functions known to induce particular toxic effects. The resultant correlation samples were comprised of 64 and 122 substituted benzenes tested on the guppy and fathead minnow, respectively. The QSAR analysis showed that, for both samples, the toxicodynamic component of the toxic potency is mainly related to the electrophilicity of the aromatic ring in terms of the maximal acceptor superdelocalizability, A(max). By inclusion of A(max) as an additional variable into the generic log LC(50)-log K-ow linear regression, the explained variance increased from 51% to 73% and from 67% to 83% for the guppy and fathead minnow data sets, respectively. The significance of A(max) is interpreted by the fact that it provides a crude differention between benzenes acting through different modes of toxic action. For the guppy sample, a significant three-variable QSAR (R(2) = 0.855) was derived, which employed both maximal acceptor and donor superdelocalizabilities as electronic descriptors and provided a more definite quantitative separation for the benzene derivatives. C1 BOURGAS UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT PHYS, BURGAS 8010, BULGARIA. BOURGAS UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT PHYS CHEM, BURGAS 8010, BULGARIA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. RP Karabunarliev, S (reprint author), EUROPEAN CHEM BUR, JOINT RES CTR, INST ENVIRONM, TP280, I-21020 ISPRA, ITALY. NR 41 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0931-8771 J9 QUANT STRUCT-ACT REL JI Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 4 BP 311 EP 320 DI 10.1002/qsar.19960150406 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VH384 UT WOS:A1996VH38400005 ER PT J AU Dyer, RS Sexton, K AF Dyer, RS Sexton, K TI What can research contribute to regulatory decisions about the health risks of multiple chemical sensitivity? SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd State of the Science Symposium on Multiple Chemical Sensitivities CY OCT 30-NOV 01, 1995 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Johns Hopkins Univ, Off Continuing Med Educ, Int Soc Regulatory Toxicol & Pharmacol, Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Public Hlth, Natl Med Advisory Serv ID SELF-REPORTED ILLNESS; ENVIRONMENTAL ILLNESS; CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE; CASE-DEFINITION; PROVOCATION; SYMPTOMS; DISEASE; SCIENCE; ODORS; FOOD AB Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), which may not be caused by chemicals at all, is a serious medical problem of unknown origin and uncertain etiology that raises many fundamental science and policy questions. Regulators, for example, are confronted with a dilemma: what, if anything, should be done to protect people from the scientifically uncertain health risks of exposures to extremely low levels of environmental chemicals. Regulatory agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, do not have the luxury of waiting until conclusive scientific evidence is available before making a decision; however, our present lack of scientific understanding about MCS is so acute that it is not possible to ascertain whether the cause of MCS-related symptoms is chemical, biological, physical, pyschosocial, or some combination thereof. Nevertheless, many MCS sufferers and advocates for the chemically induced hypothesis are clamoring for regulatory action to reduce putative health risks from very-low-level exposures to chemicals in the environment. Unless steps are taken to improve the quantity and quality of the existing scientific data base, we cannot, with any acceptable degree of certainty, evaluate the extent to which regulatory decisions about MCS are either protective of public health or cost-effective. This article examines how research can strengthen the scientific basis for risk-related decisions about RIGS, and proposes a framework for establishing research directions and priorities. It is argued that high-priority research on MCS is distinguishable by four attributes: (1) results are valuable for risk-related decisions; (2) findings significantly advance scientific knowledge and understanding; and the hypothesis being tested is both (3) biologically plausible and (4) readily testable. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PUBL HLTH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP Dyer, RS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 68 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP S139 EP S151 DI 10.1006/rtph.1996.0090 PN 2 PG 13 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VN671 UT WOS:A1996VN67100022 PM 8921569 ER PT J AU Jin, X Bailey, GW Yu, YS Lynch, AT AF Jin, X Bailey, GW Yu, YS Lynch, AT TI Kinetics of single and multiple metal ion sorption processes on humic substances SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PORE WATER VELOCITY; SOILS; ADSORPTION; ACID AB Single and multiple metal ion reaction processes were studied on humic acids (HA) from various sources, A sequential sampling method (samples periodically removed from the bulk reaction volume) was used. Experimental parameters studied included pH, temperature, HA and peat sources, metal type and concentration,The Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) kinetics approach was used to describe the sorption kinetics of metal ions onto HA. Great differences were found among the metals in the extent of reaction and sorption kinetics, The extent of reaction was Cr(III) > Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Ag(I) > Cd(II) = Co(II) = Li(I) for single metal adsorption and Cr(III) >> Pb(II) > Cu(II) = Ag(I) = Cd(II) = Co(II) Li(I) for multiple metal adsorption on Humic Acid No. 1. The multiple ion sorption kinetics were similar between HA from different sources, For peat reactions, the extent of multiple metal ion sorption was Cr(III) > Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Ag(I) > Co(II) = Cd(II) = Li(I). The sorption rates of all metal ions on HA were very rapid, Most adsorption occurred within 2 minutes, but sorption did not reach equilibrium in 1 day under competitive conditions, The presence of Cr(III) greatly decreased the adsorption of all other metals to the extent that some were not adsorbed at all, For all metal ions studied, less total sorption of each metal ion occurred in the presence of multiple competing ions than with single metal ions. Pearson's Hard Soft Acid Base principles and Klopman's generalized perturbation theory of chemical reactivity generally predicted the sorption preference between metal ions and humic substances,A nonlinearity concept was used to rationalize the use of the LH kinetic model. C1 CHINESE RES INST ENVIRONM SCI,WATER ENVIRONM INST,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. DYNCORP TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Jin, X (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,9600 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 49 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 161 IS 8 BP 509 EP 520 DI 10.1097/00010694-199608000-00006 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VD272 UT WOS:A1996VD27200006 ER PT J AU Hunter, ES Rogers, EH Schmid, JE Richard, A AF Hunter, ES Rogers, EH Schmid, JE Richard, A TI Comparative effects of haloacetic acids in whole embryo culture SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; DRINKING-WATER; MOUSE; CARCINOGENICITY; RATS AB A major class of disinfection by-products in drinking water are the haloacetic acids. Both dichloro- and trichloroacetic acids are teratogenic when administered to rats throughout organogenesis. However, there is little information regarding the developmental toxicity of other haloacetic acids. Therefore, 3-6 somite staged CD-1 mouse embryos were exposed to acetic acid (AA) or mono- (M), di- (D), and tri- (T) substituted fluoro- (F), chloro- (C), or bromo- (B) acetic acids in whole embryo culture in order to evaluate the effects of these agents on development. A 24 hour exposure to the haloacetic acids produced dysmorphogenesis. Effects on neural tube development ranged from prosencephalic hypoplasia to non-closure defects throughout the cranial region. Exposure to the haloacetic acids affected optic development, produced malpositioned and/or hypoplastic pharyngeal arches, and resulted in perturbation of heart development. In order to determine the relative toxicities of these agents, benchmark concentrations were calculated as the lower 95% confidence interval of the concentration that produced a 5% increase in neural tube defects. The benchmark concentrations occurred over a wide range with DFA (5912.6 mu M) and MBA (2.7 mu M) at the extremes. Using the benchmark concentrations to compare the chemicals gives a ranking of the agents in order of increasing potency as: DFA < TFA < DCA < AA < TEA less than or equal to TCA < DBA < MCA < MBA. TCA and DCA have demonstrated ability to disrupt development in vivo but were among the least potent haloacetic acids in vitro. Because of the potential for widespread exposure to haloacetic acids in drinking water and the incomplete toxicity profile of these chemicals, further work on their developmental effects is warranted. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES SUPPORT DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Hunter, ES (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,MD 67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD AUG PY 1996 VL 54 IS 2 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA VV705 UT WOS:A1996VV70500001 PM 8948541 ER PT J AU Branch, S Francis, BM Brownie, CF Chernoff, N AF Branch, S Francis, BM Brownie, CF Chernoff, N TI Teratogenic effects of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in the Swiss Webster mouse SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine (DNA demethylating agent); limb defects; teratogenicity; Swiss Webster (CD-1) mice; intraperitoneal injection ID DNA METHYLATION; GENE; DIFFERENTIATION; 5-AZACYTIDINE; MUTATION; PATTERN; PROTEIN; CLUSTER; EMBRYO; MICE AB 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (d-AZA) replaces cytidine in DNA thereby altering gene expression by passively removing methyl groups. This study determined the temporal patterns of morphological defects induced by d-AZA in mice. The dosages (0, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) were administered by a single i.p. injection on gestational days (GD) 8, 9, 10, or 11. Mice were killed on GD 17 and fetal skeletons examined. The 1.0 mg/kg dose elicited characteristic defects for each treatment day: GD 8, supernumerary ribs, (significantly above background),fused vertebrae and ribs; GD 9, cleft palate and vertebral variations; GD 10 hind limb defects (especially phocomelia); GD 11, digital defects of fore and hindlimbs. The known demethylating ability of d-AZA coupled with the induction of longbone defects only in the hindlimbs suggests that d-AZA may act by disrupting specific hindlimb gene function through DNA hypomethylation. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,INST ENVIRONM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,RALEIGH,NC 27695. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV REPROD TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Branch, S (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT TOXICOL,840 METHOD RD,UNIT 4,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. RI Matthews Branch, Stacy/E-6200-2017 OI Matthews Branch, Stacy/0000-0002-1048-6097 NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 112 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)88183-2 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VF552 UT WOS:A1996VF55200005 PM 8792847 ER PT J AU Willig, S Hunter, DL Dass, PD Padilla, S AF Willig, S Hunter, DL Dass, PD Padilla, S TI Validation of the use of 6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid as a chromogen in the Ellman method for cholinesterase determinations SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Ellman method for cholinesterase determination is a spectrophotometric method which entails the use of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) as a chromogen and records the level of cholinesterase activity as the change in absorbance at 412 nm. Although this procedure commonly poses no problem, an exception arises when analyzing tissues rich in hemoglobin, because hemoglobin also optimally absorbs light at 400-430 nm. Use of 6,6'-dithiodinicotinic acid (DTNA) might be a solution because, like DTNB, it also is a chromogen for sulfhydryl groups, but with an optimal absorption wavelength of 340 nm (ie removed from the hemoglobin absorbance maximum). Our validation studies indicate that although DTNA is a slightly less efficient indicator of sulfhydryl group concentration, DTNA yields similar activity and degree of enzyme inhibition in tissues from control and treated animals. Moreover, because the assay is read at 340 nm instead of 412 nm, the DTNA assay is markedly more sensitive for determining cholinesterase activity in hemoglobin-rich tissues. Since the advantages of the DTNA method far outweigh the disadvantages, it should be regarded as a sensitive and convenient procedure for determining cholinesterase activity, especially in hemoglobin-rich tissues. C1 US EPA,CELLULAR & MOLEC TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MILES INC,DIV AGR,STILWELL,KS 66085. RP Willig, S (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,CLEMSON,SC 29634, USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB KANSAS STATE UNIV PI MANHATTAN PA MANHATTAN, KS 66506 SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 38 IS 4 BP 249 EP 253 PG 5 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA UY308 UT WOS:A1996UY30800001 PM 8829340 ER PT J AU Serkiz, SM Allison, JD Perdue, EM Allen, HE Brown, DS AF Serkiz, SM Allison, JD Perdue, EM Allen, HE Brown, DS TI Correcting errors in the thermodynamic database for the equilibrium speciation model MINTEQA2 SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE MINTEQA2; speciation; log K; thermodynamic database AB The thermodynamic database distributed with the widely used equilibrium speciation model MINTEQA2 contains errors in reactions involving organic ligands. Users of this model should check the log equilibrium constants (log K) supplied with the model's database against constants from critically reviewed compilations. The comparison of constants is not straightforward and may involve one or more data reduction steps, such as correcting the log K to zero ionic strength and to a temperature of 25 degrees C. More importantly, it is necessary to reformulate the reaction from the literature in terms of the same components (reactants) used in MINTEQA2 before making the comparison. Use of the MINTEQA2 model without correcting errors in the database can lead to significantly erroneous results asis shown here for copper-EDTA speciation. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 ALLISON GEOSCI CONSULTANTS INC,FLOWERY BRANCH,GA 30542. WESTINGHOUSE SAVANNAH RIVER CO,AIKEN,SC 29808. GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30332. UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,NEWARK,DE 19716. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 2 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP 1930 EP 1933 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(96)00138-8 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA VB045 UT WOS:A1996VB04500022 ER PT J AU Young, TC Stoddard, JL AF Young, TC Stoddard, JL TI The temporally integrated monitoring of ecosystems (TIME) project design .1. Classification of northeast lakes using a combination of geographic, hydrogeochemical, and multivariate techniques SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ADIRONDACK LAKES; SURFACE WATERS; EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; HYDROLOGIC PATHWAYS; CHEMISTRY; SNOWMELT; STREAMS AB This investigation is part of the Temporally Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems (TIME) project, an effort to meet the difficult challenge of monitoring surface water quality in the northeastern United States for signs of change in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The overall objective of the study was to develop a unified scheme for classifying lakes in the northeast into relatively homogeneous groups and improve the likelihood of detecting water quality trends in the region. The study approach involved combining the best elements of several procedures recently used for defining regional subpopulations of lakes; these were termed the hydrogeochemical model (HM), geographical model (GM), and multivariate statistical model (MSM). Lake and watershed data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Eastern Lake Survey (ELS) were used to evaluate the classification methods and their modifications, After preliminary comparisons were made of the three classification schemes, it was concluded that the resulting subpopulations indicated that there was meaningful similarity among methods but that the significant dissimilarity reflected distinctive attributes of each classification method, These differences were deemed important. accordingly, integration of the methods entailed efforts to preserve parts of each. This was accomplished by assigning each lake of the ELS data set into a lake cluster that bad been defined by jointly applying the HM and GM methods. Subsequently, the jointly classified clusters were aggregated by coupling an application of the MSM (cluster analysis) with subjective judgment regarding termination of the process of cluster formation. This integration of procedures gave rise to nine subpopulations that separated mainly on the basis of hydrogeochemical factors, though geographic influences also were evident in the results, The integrated classification procedure provided an explicit method involving the combination of several kinds of data to yield lake subpopulations. Although the process of integrating this information may stand alone as a useful exercise, the results obtained from the integrated classification model exhibited less dispersion than those formed by the parent procedures. This is an important consideration when subpopulation homogeneity is wanted as a means to improve trend detection. From the view of statistical efficiency, therefore, the integrated procedure may be considered to be more optimal than the parent schemes, When the complexity of the integrated approach is considered, however, we conclude that the next most precise classification scheme, the HM approach, may be preferred over the integrated classification for use in the design of an actual monitoring program. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Young, TC (reprint author), CLARKSON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,WILLIAM J ROWLEY LABS,POTSDAM,NY 13699, USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 8 BP 2517 EP 2528 DI 10.1029/96WR00901 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VA834 UT WOS:A1996VA83400017 ER PT J AU Stoddard, JL Urquhart, NS Newell, AD Kugler, D AF Stoddard, JL Urquhart, NS Newell, AD Kugler, D TI The temporally integrated monitoring of ecosystems (TIME) project design .2. Detection of regional acidification trends SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; ADIRONDACK LAKES; SURFACE WATERS; CHEMISTRY; PATTERNS; SNOWMELT; MODEL AB The Temporally Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems (TIME) project utilizes a hybrid sampling approach to achieve its goal of assessing whether emissions controls, mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, have had their intended effect on lakes and streams. A randomly placed triangular grid is used to select, with known probability, lakes and streams for sampling on either an annual basis (in the case of acid-sensitive sites) or on a 4-year rotation. Data from these sites will be used to detect trends in regional characteristics of the target populations. The ability of TIME to detect trends in acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) and SO42- is dependent on the amount of variability (year-to-year, site-to-site, within-season, and site-by-year interaction) exhibited by the sites. In particular, high levels of year-to-year variability lead to very low power to detect trends. One method to minimize year-to-year variability is to group together sites with similar characteristics. By performing trends tests on seven separate subpopulations the TIME design for northeastern U.S. lakes is predicted to bs able to detect trends of the expected magnitudes in ANC (0.5 mu eq L(-1) yr(-1)) and SO42- (1.2 mu eq L(-1) yr(-1)) with power at or above the 0.90 level and alpha = 0.10. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Stoddard, JL (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. OI Stoddard, John/0000-0002-2537-6130 NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 8 BP 2529 EP 2538 DI 10.1029/96WR00902 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VA834 UT WOS:A1996VA83400018 ER PT J AU Estupinan, JG Raman, S Crescenti, GH Streicher, JJ Barnard, WF AF Estupinan, JG Raman, S Crescenti, GH Streicher, JJ Barnard, WF TI Effects of clouds and haze on UV-B radiation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET; OZONE; WAVELENGTHS; SURFACE AB An experiment was conducted over a B-month period in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, to investigate the effects of clouds and haze on ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Data were collected using a Yankee Environmental Systems UVB-1 pyranometer, an Eppley Laboratory Precision Spectral Pyranometer, and a SCI-TEC Brewer spectrophotometer. Hourly reports of total cloud cover and surface observations of air temperature, dew point temperature, barometric pressure, and visibility from the National Weather Service located at the nearby Raleigh-Durham International Airport were also used in this study. An empirical relationship has been formulated for UV-B attenuation as a function of total solar transmissivity and cloud cover. Cumulus-type clouds were found to attenuate up to 99% of the incoming UV-B radiation during overcast conditions. However, these same clouds were found to produce localized increases of UV-B radiation of up to 27% over timescales less than 1 hour under partly cloudy skies when the direct solar beam was unobstructed. Summer haze was found to attenuate UV-B radiation in the range of 5% to 23% when compared to a clear day in the autumn. In general, total radiation was attenuated more than UV-B radiation under cloudy conditions. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT MARINE EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, AIR RESOURCES LAB, ATMOSPHER SCI MODELLING DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27111 USA. US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, ATMOSPHER PROC RES DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27111 USA. NR 28 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 20 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D11 BP 16807 EP 16816 DI 10.1029/96JD01170 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UY275 UT WOS:A1996UY27500011 ER PT J AU Frazier, JM Mattie, DR Peirano, WB AF Frazier, JM Mattie, DR Peirano, WB TI Summary of the conference on risk assessment issues for sensitive human populations SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Frazier, JM (reprint author), TRI SERV TOXICOL,DAYTON,OH, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 17 PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03387-2 PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VB148 UT WOS:A1996VB14800002 ER PT J AU Cogliano, VJ Hiatt, GFS Den, A AF Cogliano, VJ Hiatt, GFS Den, A TI Quantitative cancer assessment for vinyl chloride: Indications of early-life sensitivity SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Risk Assessment Issues for Sensitive Human Populations CY APR 25-27, 1995 CL DAYTON, OH SP Tri Serv Toxicol, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, ATSDR, Div Toxicol DE vinyl chloride; early-life sensitivity; cancer risk; exposure; risk assessment ID INDUCTION; AGE AB Complementary sources of information are analyzed to characterize the early-life cancer risk from inhaling vinyl chloride. A study of partial-lifetime exposures suggests that the lifetime cancer risk depends on age at exposure, with higher lifetime risks attributable to exposures at younger ages, Studies of newborn animal exposures further demonstrate that a brief exposure in newborns can, by the end of life, induce a higher incidence of tumors compared to long-term exposure occurring later in life, including tumor types not induced by exposure later in life, An empirical, quantitative approach is used to model early-life sensitivity to inhaled vinyl chloride, supplementing conventional approaches for estimating the increased cancer risk from lifetime exposure, A single estimate is not presumed to apply to the entire population; instead, the new approach makes distinctions about the cancer risks for different population segments, This assessment shows one way such information might be analyzed, presented, and used to assess actual exposure situations. C1 US EPA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105. RP Cogliano, VJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 17 PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1-3 BP 21 EP 28 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03390-2 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VB148 UT WOS:A1996VB14800005 PM 8711737 ER PT J AU Cicmanec, JL AF Cicmanec, JL TI Comparison of four human studies of perinatal exposure to methylmercury for use in risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Risk Assessment Issues for Sensitive Human Populations CY APR 25-27, 1995 CL DAYTON, OH SP Tri Serv Toxicol, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, ATSDR, Div Toxicol DE methylmercury; perinatal exposure; comparative human studies; risk assessment AB Newer data from human epidemiologic studies of methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning in which perinatal exposure occurred are available from four distinct populations. The results of an Iraqi grain-consuming population are compared to results from studies performed in fish-consuming groups in the Faroe Islands, the Seychelles Islands and in Peruvian fishing villages. A comparison of the results indicate that the Iraqi population does not represent a sensitive subpopulation within a perinatal group, but rather the relative lower threshold identified from this study was the result of confounders. Use of this benchmark dose for regulatory purposes may place a severe limitations upon fish consumption in the United States that is not fully supported by the scientific data. RP Cicmanec, JL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W ML KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 17 PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1-3 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03373-2 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VB148 UT WOS:A1996VB14800014 PM 8711732 ER PT J AU Sasso, FS Ferraiuolo, R Garetano, G Gursky, E Fagliano, J Pasqualo, J Salkie, R Rotola, J AF Sasso, FS Ferraiuolo, R Garetano, G Gursky, E Fagliano, J Pasqualo, J Salkie, R Rotola, J TI Mercury exposure among residents of a building formerly used for industrial purposes - New Jersey, 1995 (reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 422-424, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,ENVIRONM HLTH SERV,TRENTON,NJ 08625. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,SUPERFUND SITE ASSESSMENT BR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,EXPOSURE INVEST & CONSULTAT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,DIV HLTH ASSESSMENT & CONSULTAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,DIV HLTH EDUC,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,OFF REG OPERAT,REG 2,DIV HLTH STUDIES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Sasso, FS (reprint author), HOBOKEN BOARD HLTH,HOBOKEN,NJ 07030, USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 3 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 1 BP 17 EP 18 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UU439 UT WOS:A1996UU43900009 ER PT J AU Terzieva, S Donnelly, J Ulevicius, V Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Stelma, GN Brenner, KP AF Terzieva, S Donnelly, J Ulevicius, V Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Stelma, GN Brenner, KP TI Comparison of methods for detection and enumeration of airborne microorganisms collected by liquid impingement SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIRECT MICROSCOPIC METHOD; MARINE-BACTERIA; AQUATIC BACTERIA; ACRIDINE-ORANGE; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; RESPIRING BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DRINKING-WATER; AEROSOLS; VIABILITY AB Bacterial agents and cell components can be spread as bioaerosols, producing infections and asthmatic problems. This study compares four methods for the detection and enumeration of aerosolized bacteria collected in an AGI-30 impinger. Changes in the total and viable concentrations of Pseudomonas fluorescens in the collection fluid with respect to time of impingement were determined, Two direct microscopic methods (acridine orange and BacLight) and aerodynamic aerosol-size spectrometry (Aerosizer) were employed to measure the total bacterial cell concentrations in the impinger collection fluid and the air, respectively. These data were compared with plate counts on selective (MacConkey agar) and nonselective (Trypticase soy agar) media, and the percentages of culturable cells in the collection fluid and the bacterial injury response to the impingement process were determined, The bacterial collection rate was found to be relatively unchanged during 60 min of impingement. The aerosol measurements indicated an increased amount of cell fragments upstream of the impinger due to continuous bacterial nebulization, Some of the bacterial clusters, present in the air upstream of the impinger, deagglomerated during impingement, thus increasing the total bacterial count by both direct microscopic methods, The BacLight staining technique was also used to determine the changes in viable bacterial concentration during the impingement process, The percentage of viable bacteria, determined as a ratio of BacLight live to total counts was only 20% after 60 min of sampling. High counts on Trypticase soy agar indicated that most of the injured cells could recover. On the other hand, the counts from the MacConkey agar were very low, indicating that most of the cells were structurally damaged in the impinger. The comparison of data on the percentage of injured bacteria obtained by the traditional plate count with the data on percentage of nonviable bacteria obtained by the BacLight method showed good agreement. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,AEROSOL RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. OI Ulevicius, Vidmantas/0000-0002-3023-0101 FU NIOSH CDC HHS [1 RO1 OH 03244] NR 65 TC 128 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 62 IS 7 BP 2264 EP 2272 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UV792 UT WOS:A1996UV79200010 PM 8779564 ER PT J AU Misra, G Pavlostathis, SG Perdue, EM Araujo, R AF Misra, G Pavlostathis, SG Perdue, EM Araujo, R TI Aerobic biodegradation of selected monoterpenes SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; RADICALS; OH AB Batch experiments were conducted to assess the biotransformation potential of four hydrocarbon monoterpenes (d-limonene, alpha-pinene, gamma-terpinene, and terpinolene) and four alcohols (arbanol, linalool, plinol, and alpha-terpineol) under aerobic conditions at 23 degrees C. Both forest-soil extract and enriched cultures were used as inocula for the biodegradation experiments conducted first without, then with prior microbial acclimation to the monoterpenes tested. All four hydrocarbons and two alcohols were readily degraded. The increase in biomass and headspace CO2 concentrations paralleled the depletion of monoterpenes, thus confirming that terpene disappearance was the result of biodegradation accompanied by microbial growth and mineralization. Plinol resisted degradation in assays using inocula from diverse sources, while arbanol degraded very slowly. A significant fraction of d-limonene-derived carbon was accounted for as non-extractable, dissolved organic carbon, whereas terpineol exhibited a much higher degree of utilization. The rate and extent of monoterpene biodegradation were not significantly affected by the presence of dissolved natural organic matter. C1 GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,ATLANTA,GA 30332. GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30332. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 22 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 5 U2 23 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 45 IS 6 BP 831 EP 838 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VF459 UT WOS:A1996VF45900017 PM 8987470 ER PT J AU Abrams, H Anderson, H Anderson, J Ashford, N Baker, D Beaumont, P Bergeisen, G Bingham, E Castleman, B Catlin, M Christiani, D Commoner, B Colvin, M Cone, J Dement, J Demers, P Egilman, D Epstein, S Feo, O Fleming, L Frank, A FrentzelBeyme, R Frumin, E Frumkin, H Gassert, T Gochfeld, M Goldsmith, D Goldsmith, J Greenberg, M Hay, A Hirzy, W Hessl, S Howard, V Johanning, E Keogh, J Kern, D Kilburn, K Kipen, H LaDou, J Legator, M Lemen, R Levenstein, C Levy, B Mancuso, T Mehlman, M Melius, J Merchant, J Michaels, D Miller, C Mirer, F Montague, P Moses, M Moure, R Muller, R Murray, L Myers, J Needleman, H Orris, P Ozonoff, D Peters, J Plumlee, L Punnett, L Rall, D Reverent, B Richter, E Ringen, K Rinker, J Robbins, A Sekimpi, D Sherman, J Silbergeld, E Silberschmidt, M Silverstein, M Upton, A Quy, V Watterson, A Weeks, J Wegman, D Welch, D Welch, L Wong, R Ziem, G AF Abrams, H Anderson, H Anderson, J Ashford, N Baker, D Beaumont, P Bergeisen, G Bingham, E Castleman, B Catlin, M Christiani, D Commoner, B Colvin, M Cone, J Dement, J Demers, P Egilman, D Epstein, S Feo, O Fleming, L Frank, A FrentzelBeyme, R Frumin, E Frumkin, H Gassert, T Gochfeld, M Goldsmith, D Goldsmith, J Greenberg, M Hay, A Hirzy, W Hessl, S Howard, V Johanning, E Keogh, J Kern, D Kilburn, K Kipen, H LaDou, J Legator, M Lemen, R Levenstein, C Levy, B Mancuso, T Mehlman, M Melius, J Merchant, J Michaels, D Miller, C Mirer, F Montague, P Moses, M Moure, R Muller, R Murray, L Myers, J Needleman, H Orris, P Ozonoff, D Peters, J Plumlee, L Punnett, L Rall, D Reverent, B Richter, E Ringen, K Rinker, J Robbins, A Sekimpi, D Sherman, J Silbergeld, E Silberschmidt, M Silverstein, M Upton, A Quy, V Watterson, A Weeks, J Wegman, D Welch, D Welch, L Wong, R Ziem, G TI Untitled SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. UNIV CALIF IRVINE, CTR ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH, IRVINE, CA 92717 USA. PESTICIDES TRUST, LONDON, ENGLAND. UNIV CINCINNATI, KETTERING LABS, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA. WASHINGTON COMM OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH, WASHINGTON, DC USA. HARVARD UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. CUNY, CTR BIOL NAT SYST, QUEENS COLL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA. DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DIV ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED, DURHAM, NC 27706 USA. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, OCCUPAT HLTH PROGRAM, VANCOUVER, BC V5Z 1M9, CANADA. BROWN UNIV, DEPT COMMUNITY MED, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, CHICAGO, IL 60680 USA. UNIV MIAMI, SCH MED, DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH, CORAL GABLES, FL 33124 USA. UNIV TEXAS, CTR HLTH, DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED, TYLER, TX 75710 USA. UNIV BREMEN, SECT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT EPIDEMIOL, D-2800 BREMEN 33, GERMANY. EMORY UNIV, ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH SCI INST, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ USA. WESTERN CONSORTIUM PUBL HLTH, BERKELEY, CA USA. BEN GURION UNIV NEGEV, ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED SECT, IL-84105 BEER SHEVA, ISRAEL. UNIV LEEDS, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL SCI, LEEDS LS2 9JT, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND. COOK CTY HOSP, DIV OCCUPAT MED, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA. UNIV LIVERPOOL, SCH MED, DEPT FOETAL PATHOL, LIVERPOOL L69 3BX, MERSEYSIDE, ENGLAND. EASTERN NEW YORK OCCUPAT HLTH PROGRAM, NEW YORK, NY USA. UNIV MARYLAND, SCH MED, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA. BROWN UNIV, SCH MED, PROGRAM OCCUPAT MED, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA. UNIV SO CALIF, SCH MED, DIV OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM HLTH, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH, ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH SCI INST, NEWARK, NJ 07103 USA. UNIV TEXAS, MED BRANCH, DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL, GALVESTON, TX 77550 USA. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, DEPT WORK ENVIRONM, LOWELL, MA USA. AMER PUBL HLTH ASSOC, WASHINGTON, DC USA. UNIV PITTSBURGH, GRAD SCH PUBL HLTH, PITTSBURGH, PA USA. UNIV IOWA, ENVIRONM HLTH SCI RES CTR, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA. CUNY, SCH MED, DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH & SOCIAL MED, NEW YORK, NY 10031 USA. UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, SAN ANTONIO, TX USA. UAW, HLTH & SAFETY DEPT, WASHINGTON, DC USA. ENVIRONM RES FDN, ANNAPOLIS, MD USA. PESTICIDE EDUC CTR, SAN FRANCISCO, CA USA. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, DEPT WORK ENVIRONM, LOWELL, MA USA. UNIV BREMEN, CTR SOCIAL POLICY RES, BREMEN, GERMANY. UNIV CAPE TOWN, SCH MED, DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH, ZA-7700 RONDEBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA. UNIV ILLINOIS, SCH PUBL HLTH, GREAT LAKES CTR OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM SAFETY & HLTH, CHICAGO, IL 60680 USA. BOSTON UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, ENVIRONM HLTH SECT, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA. US EPA, OFF RES & DEV, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NIEHS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, HADASSAH SCH PUBL HLTH & COMMUNITY MED, UNIT OCCUPAT & ENVIRONM MED, JERUSALEM, ISRAEL. CTR PROTECT WORKERS RIGHTS, WASHINGTON, DC USA. OSHFA LTD, KAMPALA, UGANDA. WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIV, KALAMAZOO, MI 49008 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, SCH MED, ENVIRONM DEF FUND, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA. VIETNAM NATL UNIV, CTR NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM STUDIES, HANOI, VIETNAM. DE MONTFORT UNIV, CTR ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH, LEICESTER LE1 9BH, LEICS, ENGLAND. GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV, MED CTR, DIV ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED, WASHINGTON, DC 20052 USA. SUNRAY OCCUPAT HLTH CLIN, TORONTO, ON, CANADA. CARL BRO INT, ENERGY WATER & ENVIRONM DIV, GLOSTRUP, DENMARK. NYU, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH, BALTIMORE, MD USA. RP Abrams, H (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT COMMUNITY & FAMILY MED, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 338 EP 340 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VC547 UT WOS:A1996VC54700014 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR Huggett, RJ Olden, K Medford, RL Rosenstock, L Johnson, BL Schultz, WB Hunker, JA AF Goldman, LR Huggett, RJ Olden, K Medford, RL Rosenstock, L Johnson, BL Schultz, WB Hunker, JA TI Untitled - Response 2 SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RP Goldman, LR (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 342 EP 342 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VC547 UT WOS:A1996VC54700016 ER PT J AU Cox, WM Chu, SH AF Cox, WM Chu, SH TI Assessment of interannual ozone variation in urban areas from a climatological perspective SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ambient ozone; meteorological conditions; urban trends analysis; climatology; statistical models AB The frequency distribution of ambient ozone measured in many urban areas of the U.S. varies considerably from year to year, which makes assessment of underlying ozone trends difficult and imprecise. Moreover, these variations can lead to instability in statistical measures used to assess the status of ozone air quality and can create difficulties in designing robust model-based strategies to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NPLAQS). Much of the interannual variation in ozone can be attributed to variations in meteorological conditions that control ozone accumulation. A statistical model that relates daily ozone levels to variations in daily meteorological variables has been proved to be an effective tool for reducing bias and imprecision in ozone trend assessments. By combining the statistical model with climatological data, a method has been developed for calculating the ozone formation potential for those years when ozone measurements were not available. Calculated distributions of annual ozone potential are useful for contrasting the relative severity of recent ozone seasons with ozone potential over the past four decades. The results have implications for the return frequency of the more severe ozone seasons observed in the past decade and for placing recent trends in ozone in historical perspective. RP Cox, WM (reprint author), US EPA,EMISS MODELING & ANAL DIV,MD-14,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 30 IS 14 BP 2615 EP 2625 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00346-0 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UK363 UT WOS:A1996UK36300016 ER PT J AU Mage, DT AF Mage, DT TI Black smoke as a surrogate for PM(10) in health studies SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material RP Mage, DT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MD-56,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 30 IS 14 BP 2647 EP 2648 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00496-3 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UK363 UT WOS:A1996UK36300019 ER PT J AU Wu, JY VanHove, JLK Huang, YS Chen, YT AF Wu, JY VanHove, JLK Huang, YS Chen, YT TI Expression of catalytically active human multifunctional glycogen-debranching enzyme and lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase in insect cells SO BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; glycogen storage disease; glycogen debranching enzyme; acid alpha-glucosidase; Pompe disease ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; SITES AB Glycogen debranching enzyme and acid alpha-glucosdase are responsible for glycogen degradation in human. The formal enzyme is a mulifunctional enzyme with two independenent catalytic activities occuring on a single polypeptide, while the latter is a lysosomal enzyme which matures through extensive glycosylation and phosphorylation and proteolytic processing. Deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme and acid alpha-glucosidase cause glycogen storage disease type III and II, respectively. Baculovirus/insect expression system was used to produce both GDE and GAA. Both enzymes were found to be catalytically and antigenically active. The majority of recombinant GDE is present in the medium (70%). Uptake experiment indicated that GAA produced in the insect cells could not be absorbed into the GSD type II patient fiboblasts through mannose-6-phosphate receptor mediated endocytosis. Uptake experiment combined with immunoblot analysis indicated there are differences in the posttranslational modification and processing between insect cells and mammalian cells. C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV MED GENET,DURHAM,NC 27710. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK390708] NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS AUST PI MARRICKVILLE PA LOCKED BAG 16, MARRICKVILLE NSW 2204, AUSTRALIA SN 1039-9712 J9 BIOCHEM MOL BIOL INT JI Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 755 EP 764 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VA368 UT WOS:A1996VA36800014 PM 8843344 ER PT J AU Wurzelmann, JI Silver, A Schreinemachers, DM Sandler, RS Everson, RB AF Wurzelmann, JI Silver, A Schreinemachers, DM Sandler, RS Everson, RB TI Iron intake and the risk of colorectal cancer SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID DIETARY IRON; GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS; MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; COLON CANCER; BOWEL-CANCER; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; MORTALITY; MICE; PROLIFERATION AB Prospectively gathered data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I and the National Health Evaluation Follow-Up Study were analyzed to evaluate the risk of colorectal cancer due to consumption of iron, Morbidity and mortality data due to colorectal cancer mere available on 14,407 persons first interviewed in 1971 and followed through 1986, A total of 194 possible colorectal cancers occurred in this group over the 15-year period, Subsite analysis showed that the risk of colon cancer due to iron intake was elevated throughout the colon for both men and women, with the highest adjusted risks for the interquartile range seen in the proximal colon for females (relative risk, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.41-1.60), The risk of rectal cancer was not significantly elevated for men or women, Elevated serum iron was also associated with increased risk; however, this effect was strongest in the distal (rather than proximal) colon and was significant only among females (adjusted relative risk, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.92), The mean transferrin saturation was higher among cases than controls (30.7 versus 28.7%), but total iron-binding capacity did not seem to predict the occurrence of colorectal cancer, Proportional hazards models confirmed that the effects of iron and serum iron were not confounded by age, gender, energy consumption, fat intake, or other known risk factors for colorectal cancer, These data suggest that iron may confer an increased risk for colorectal cancer, and that the localizaton of risk may be attributable to the mode of epithelial exposure, It seems that luminal exposure to iron increases risk proximally, whereas humoral exposure increases risk distally, These differences may be due to such factors as oxidation state, binding proteins and the presence of other cofactors such as bile acids, products of bacterial metabolism. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Wurzelmann, JI (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA, DIV DIGEST DIS, CTR GASTROINTESTINAL BIOL & DIS, GEN CLIN RES CTR, CB 7038, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00046]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK34987, T32 DK07364] NR 51 TC 113 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 1055-9965 EI 1538-7755 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 5 IS 7 BP 503 EP 507 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UW619 UT WOS:A1996UW61900003 PM 8827353 ER PT J AU Hsu, KE Sullivan, DA AF Hsu, KE Sullivan, DA TI Access EPA's databases to solve your environmental problems SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS LA English DT Article RP Hsu, KE (reprint author), US EPA,SENIOR ENVIRONM EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM,URBAN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT BRANCH,EDISON,NJ, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0360-7275 J9 CHEM ENG PROG JI Chem. Eng. Prog. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 92 IS 7 BP 70 EP 74 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA UX033 UT WOS:A1996UX03300024 ER PT J AU Schroeder, P AF Schroeder, P TI A carbon budget for Brazil: Influence of future land-use change SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL FORESTS; EASTERN AMAZON; DEFORESTATION; SOILS; IMPACTS; CONSEQUENCES; PARAGOMINAS; VEGETATION; FRONTIER; BIOMASS AB Because of its large area of high C density forests and high deforestation rate, Brazil may play an important role in the global C cycle. The study reported here developed an estimate of Brazil's biotic CO2-C budget for the period 1990-2010. The analysis used a spreadsheet C accounting model based on three major components: a conceptual model of ecosystem C cycling, a recently completed vegetation classification developed from remote-sensing data, and published estimates of C density for each of the vegetation classes, The dynamics of the model came from estimates of disturbance to ecosystems that release C and estimates of recovery from past disturbance that store C. The model was projected into the future with three alternative estimates of the rate of future land use change. Under all three deforestation scenarios Brazil was a C source in the range of about 3-5 x 10(9) MgC over the 20-yr study period. RP Schroeder, P (reprint author), US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP, 200 SW 35TH ST, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUL PY 1996 VL 33 IS 3 BP 369 EP 383 DI 10.1007/BF00142584 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VB197 UT WOS:A1996VB19700009 ER PT J AU Gandy, J Primiano, T Novak, RF Kelce, WR York, JL AF Gandy, J Primiano, T Novak, RF Kelce, WR York, JL TI Differential expression of glutathione S-transferase isoforms in compartments of the testis and segments of the epididymis of the rat SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID ORTHO-CRESYL PHOSPHATE; LEYDIG-CELLS; ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; METABOLIZING ENZYMES; TESTICULAR TOXICITY; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; EFFERENT DUCTS; SUBUNITS; MICE AB Specific cell types of the mammalian testes demonstrate varying susceptibility to toxic insult by chemical agents. The mammalian testis is divided into two major compartments: seminiferous tubules, the site of spermatogenesis, and interstitium, which contains the Leydig cells. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression was examined in isolated compartments of the rat testis and in segments of the epididymis. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of GST class alpha, mu, and pi bands in each of the isolated compartments of the testis, and HPLC analysis of monomeric isoforms provided evidence for differential expression of multiple GST isoforms in testicular compartments. All major isoforms (e.g., forms 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11) were detected in the cytosol of whole testis. Isoform subunit 4 was the major form in the tubule, whereas isoform subunit 11 is the dominant form in the Leydig cells. Isoform subunits 3, 4, and 6 were enriched in the tubules as compared to interstitial or Leydig cells. The preferential action of reproductive toxicants at specific stages of aging may be due to an age-dependent expression of the activating or detoxifying enzymes in the reproductive tract. Therefore, the age-dependent expression of testicular GST isoforms was also examined. Expression of isoform subunits 2 and 4 displayed an age dependence, with the largest increase in these subunits occurring between ages 4 and 15 weeks. Isoform expression did not correlate with serum testosterone levels. HPLC analysis of the GST isoforms in the longitudinal segments of the epididymis and vas deferens revealed differential expression within these segments. Total GST protein and catalytic activity was highest in the caput epididymis and progressively decreased toward the vas deferens. Isoform subunit 2 was the major form expressed in the epididymis. The results of this study indicate that the GSTs are differentially expressed in testicular compartments and epididymal segments, and that this may contribute to susceptibility of different cell types to xenobiotic damage. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DEPT BIOCHEM,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. WAYNE STATE UNIV,INST CHEM TOXICOL,DETROIT,MI 48202. RP Gandy, J (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DIV TOXICOL,MS 638,4301 W MARKHAM,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 05318]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 42620] NR 52 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 7 BP 725 EP 733 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UW900 UT WOS:A1996UW90000005 PM 8818568 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Berry, WJ DiToro, DM Hansen, DJ Hoke, RA Mount, DR Reiley, MC Swartz, RC Zarba, CS AF Ankley, GT Berry, WJ DiToro, DM Hansen, DJ Hoke, RA Mount, DR Reiley, MC Swartz, RC Zarba, CS TI Use of equilibrium partitioning to establish sediment quality criteria for nonionic chemicals: A reply to Iannuzzi et al SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID FIELD-COLLECTED SEDIMENTS; HYALELLA-AZTECA; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; FLUORANTHENE; CARBON; MODEL; DDT C1 US EPA,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ. MANHATTAN COLL,BRONX,NY 10471. SAIC,HACKENSACK,NJ. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,NEWPORT,OR. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 34 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1019 EP 1024 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1019:UOEPTE>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF370 UT WOS:A1996VF37000001 ER PT J AU Jeffers, PM Brenner, C Wolfe, NL AF Jeffers, PM Brenner, C Wolfe, NL TI Hydrolysis of carbon tetrachloride SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbon tetrachloride; hydrolysis; half-life AB New experimental data on the hydrolysis of dilute solutions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) indicate clearly that the reaction is first-order in CCl4, a conclusion contrary to the classic work of Fells and Moelwyn-Hughes. These historical data have been reanalyzed and shown to be consistent with first-order kinetics. A new determination of the Arrhenius parameters confirm an environmental half-life of 40 years for CCl4. C1 SUNY COLL CORTLAND,DEPT CHEM,CORTLAND,NY 13045. RP Jeffers, PM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1064 EP 1065 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1064:SCHOCT>2.3.CO;2 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF370 UT WOS:A1996VF37000007 ER PT J AU Pardue, JH Kongara, S Jones, WJ AF Pardue, JH Kongara, S Jones, WJ TI Effect of cadmium on reductive dechlorination of trichloroaniline SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE heavy metals; reductive dechlorination; halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons; acid-volatile sulfides; chloroanilines ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; HEAVY-METALS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES; ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION; ORGANIC-CARBON; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; ACUTE TOXICITY; MICROORGANISMS; DEHALOGENATION AB The effect of a transition metal, cadmium (Cd), on reductive dechlorination of a model chlorinated organic, 2,3,4-trichloroaniline (2,3,4-TCA), was determined in the laboratory in three anaerobic, hooded soils with varying properties. Dechlorination of 2,3,4-TCA was inhibited over a continuum of pore-water-soluble Cd concentrations (10-200 mu g/L) in mineral-dominated rice paddy and bottomland hardwood soils. In organic-dominated marsh soil, however, a critical inhibitory level of pore-water-soluble Cd (200 mu g/L) was observed. Lower-chlorinated aniline metabolites differed with soluble Cd concentration. Different metabolites (2,3-dichloroaniline and 2-chloroaniline) were observed in some soils as Cd neared the completely inhibitory concentration. Speciation of soluble Cd was necessary to predict whether inhibition would occur, particularly in the presence of high concentrations of organic ligands such as humic acids. Selective extractions and measurement of acid-volatile sulfides provided additional information but did not adequately predict inhibition of dechlorination. These results demonstrate the importance of quantification and speciation of pore-water metal concentrations in predicting potential inhibition of anaerobic biodegradation reactions such as reductive dechlorination. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, WETLAND BIOGEOCHEM INST, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1083 EP 1088 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1083:EOCORD>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF370 UT WOS:A1996VF37000010 ER PT J AU Gao, C Govind, R Tabak, HH AF Gao, C Govind, R Tabak, HH TI Predicting soil sorption coefficients of organic chemicals using a neural network model SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE soil sorption coefficient; neural network; structure-activity relationships ID MOLECULAR TOPOLOGY; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NATURAL SEDIMENTS; POLLUTANTS; BIODEGRADATION; ADSORPTION; WATER AB The soil/sediment adsorption partition coefficient normalized to organic carbon (K-oc) is extensively used to assess the fate of organic chemicals in hazardous waste sites. Several attempts have been made to estimate the value of K-oc from chemical structure or its parameters. The primary purpose of this study was to develop a nonlinear model for estimating K-oc applicable to polar and nonpolar organics based on artificial neural networks using the octanol/water partition coefficient (K-ow) and water solubility (S). An analytic equation was obtained by starting with a neural network, converging the bias and weight values using the available data on water solubility, octanol/water partition coefficient, and the normalized soil/sediment adsorption partition coefficient, and then combining the equations for each node in the final neural network. For the 119 chemicals in the training set, estimates using the neural network equation lie outside the 2 sigma region (the standard deviation for the training set, sigma = 0.52) for only five chemicals, while all the chemicals in the test set lie within the 2 sigma region. it was concluded that the neural network equation outperforms the linear models in fitting the K-oc values for the training set and predicting them for the test set. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,ORD,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1089 EP 1096 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1089:PSSCOO>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF370 UT WOS:A1996VF37000011 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JS Pfleeger, TG Ratsch, HC Hayes, R AF Fletcher, JS Pfleeger, TG Ratsch, HC Hayes, R TI Potential impact of low levels of chlorsulfuron and other herbicides on growth and yield of nontarget plants SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; chlorsulfuron; glyphosate; 2,4-D; reproductive yield ID PESTICIDE USE; COSTS AB The influence of low application rates of chlorsulfuron on the growth and reproduction of four taxonomically diverse plant species (canola, smartweed, soybean, and sunflower) were examined. Exposures examined ranged from 1 x 10(-3) to 8 x 10(-3) of the recommended field rates for cereal crops and were approximately 1,000 times less than the highest exposure recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Each species received a single application at one of three different stages of reproductive development. Effects were determined by measuring the height and yield of mature plants. The comparative effects of four different herbicides (atrazine, chlorsulfuron, glyphosate, and 2,4-D) were determined in the same manner by exposing each test species to a single low dose at one of three critical stages of reproductive development. Chlorsulfuron reduced the yield of all plants tested, with the amount of reduction depending on the time and rate of application. Most noteworthy was its influence on canola and soybean, in which at critical stages in development, applications of 9.2 x 10(-5) and 1.8 x 10(-4) kg/ha, respectively, reduced seed yields (dry wt) to 8 and 1% of those of controls without causing a significant change in vegetative growth. These low application rates are within the range of reported herbicide drift levels and suggest that chlorsulfuron may cause severe reduction in the yields of some nontarget crops if they are subjected to exposure at critical stages of development. Application of other herbicides at comparable rates and stages of plant development had no influence on either canola or soybean. C1 US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Fletcher, JS (reprint author), UNIV OKLAHOMA,DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL,NORMAN,OK 73019, USA. NR 14 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 15 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 1189 EP 1196 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1189:PIOLLO>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF370 UT WOS:A1996VF37000026 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Richards, J Crissman, KM Slade, R Hatch, GE AF Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Richards, J Crissman, KM Slade, R Hatch, GE TI Antioxidants in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells isolated from ozone-exposed normal and ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE alveolar cells; antioxidants; ascorbate deficiency; guinea pigs; ozone ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; HUMAN-PLASMA; RAT LUNG; TOXICITY; GLUTATHIONE; RESPONSES; ACID AB Preview studies have indicated that systemic deficiency in one of the critical antioxidants, ascorbate, does not significantly exacerbate ozone-induced lung injury and changes in lung antioxidants following longer-term exposure. Because alveolar cells encounter the highest ozone dose upon exposure and lack direct blood supply, systemic ascorbate deficiency may exacerbate ozone response on antioxidants within these cells. Female Hartley guinea pigs (30 days old) were fed either a regular guinea pig chow or chow that lacked ascorbate. The dietary regimen was started 1 week prior to exposure, continued through ozone exposure (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 ppm, 23 h/day, 1 week), and during 1 week recovery in clean air following exposure. Immediately after I week of exposure or recovery, lungs were lavaged and cells were counted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Protein, ascorbate, uric acid, total glutathione (GSH), and cu-tocopherol were analyzed in these cells. Ozone caused an increase in total BALF cells and total cellular protein after 0.4 and 0.8 ppm ozone. The increase was more pronounced in ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs. Protein per million cells, however, was not changed by ozone or diet. In ascorbate-sufficient guinea pigs, ascorbate levels were increased only after 0.2 ppm ozone. However, uric acid (at 0.4 and 0.8 ppm ozone) and GSH (at all concentrations of ozone) levels were increased in both dietary groups. Ascorbate deficiency did not affect basal uric acid or GSH levels in BALF cells. There was a small diet-related depletion in cellular alpha-tocopherol. Ozone exposure also decreased alpha-tocopherol regardless of diet. The above changes except for alpha-tocopherol appeared to be reversed after 1 week of recovery in both dietary groups. In summary, ozone is capable of inducing a mechanism that increases antioxidants such as ascorbate, GSH, and uric acid. GSH and uric acid are not affected by ascorbate deficiency, but alpha-tocopherol is depleted. GSH and uric acid may be critical in ozone-induced adaptation during ascorbate deficiency. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,MD 82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU HEMISPHERE PUBL CORP PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 22 IS 4 BP 435 EP 448 DI 10.3109/01902149609046034 PG 14 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA VD720 UT WOS:A1996VD72000004 PM 8872087 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA AF Crofton, KM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA TI The use of uncertainty factors in estimating health risks SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID RFD RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1 BP 126 EP 126 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0114 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UW753 UT WOS:A1996UW75300015 PM 8812253 ER PT J AU Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL AF Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL TI On the degradation of methyl bromide in sea water SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HYDROLYSIS AB Methyl bromide degradation in sea water can be described by a summation of the hydrolysis and chloride ion exchange reactions. Laboratory experiments covered chloride concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mol/l, and temperatures from 20 to 60 degrees C. The first-order hydrolysis rate constant is k(H2O) = (5.7 +/- 0.6) x 10(11) e(-(12455+/-240)/T) sec(-1) and the second-order chloride ion exchange rate constant deduced from the experiments is k(Cl-.) = (1.09 +/- 0.21) x 10(13) e(-(12724+/-560)/T) 1/mol.sec. At a sea water surface temperature of 21.9 degrees C and a chloride concentration of 0.56 mol/l, the calculated degradation half-life of methyl bromide in sea water is 4 days. At 35 degrees C, tau(1/2) = 22 hr. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 1996 VL 23 IS 14 BP 1773 EP 1776 DI 10.1029/96GL01670 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA UV847 UT WOS:A1996UV84700018 ER PT J AU Cairns, MA Barker, JR Shea, RW Haggerty, PK AF Cairns, MA Barker, JR Shea, RW Haggerty, PK TI Carbon dynamics of Mexican tropical evergreen forests: Influence of forestry mitigation options and refinement of carbon-flux estimates SO INTERCIENCIA LA English DT Article DE carbon flux; Mexico; tropical evergreen forests; forest management; carbon cycle; mitigation ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; SINKS; ECOSYSTEMS; CO2; BIOMASS; DIOXIDE; CYCLE AB Tropical evergreen forest (TEF) of Mexico were deforested at a rate of approximately 206,000 ha/yr with a carbon (C) efflux of nearly 21 Tg/yr between 1980 and 1993. Land formerly occupied by these forests have potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we model two management scenarios in southeast Mexico and their effects on CO2 flux. We also model two scenarios to examine possible adjustments to the region's net C-flux estimate by accounting for regrowth of degraded forests and increase of C stocks in Mature forests. Potential TEF distribution in the study area and current forest inventory data from Mexico's National Periodic Forest inventory are compared to calculate areas available for modeling land-based C-flux. The CO2 FIX model was used to evaluate potential C sequestration of mahogany plantations. Possible C conservation through reduced deforestation in TEF is evaluated by a simple spreadsheet model, as are improvements to the region's C-flux estimates form degrade land regrowth and C accretion in mature forests. Total C sequestration modeled in the four scenarios accounted for up to 31 Tg/yr. This illustrates the significant impacts that land management may have on carbon balance estimates and accounting for a portion of missing global carbon sink. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,NATL COUNCIL AIR & STREAM INC,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OGDEN PROFESS SERV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 62 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 216 EP & PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE016 UT WOS:A1996VE01600007 ER PT J AU Boulos, PF Grayman, WM Bowcock, RW Clapp, JW Rossman, LA Clark, RM Deininger, RA Dhingra, AK AF Boulos, PF Grayman, WM Bowcock, RW Clapp, JW Rossman, LA Clark, RM Deininger, RA Dhingra, AK TI Hydraulic mixing and free chlorine residual in reservoirs SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; STORAGE AB An extensive sampling study of reservoir water quality was conducted in Azusa, Calif. Primary emphasis was placed on providing a better understanding of the dynamics of hydraulic mixing and free chlorine residual concentration distribution in the reservoir. The reservoir approached completely mixed behavior with two exceptions: a degree of short-circuiting between the inlet and outlet (which significantly affected the T-10 time) and the presence of a stagnant zone in the center core of the reservoir where there was less mixing, and thus older water. These results support the assumption of stratification or partitioning in reservoirs. Regular field sampling is recommended to facilitate the effective management of distribution system water quality. In particular, interior sampling of reservoirs can provide useful information that could not be inferred otherwise. C1 LIGHT & WATER DEPT,AZUSA,CA 91702. US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. US EPA,ENGN & COST SECT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH PUBL HLTH,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. RP Boulos, PF (reprint author), MONTGOMERY WATSON,WATER DISTRIBUT TECHNOL,300 N LAKE AVE,SUITE 1200,PASADENA,CA 91101, USA. NR 7 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 88 IS 7 BP 48 EP 59 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UX958 UT WOS:A1996UX95800011 ER PT J AU Creed, JT Magnuson, ML Brockhoff, CA Chamberlain, I Sivaganesan, M AF Creed, JT Magnuson, ML Brockhoff, CA Chamberlain, I Sivaganesan, M TI Arsenic determination in saline waters utilizing a tubular membrane as a gas-liquid separator for hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE hydride generation; membrane-based gas-liquid separator; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ID ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; FLOW-INJECTION; TRACE-METALS; ONLINE PRECONCENTRATION; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES; SEA-WATER; FEASIBILITY; ELIMINATION; REDUCTION AB A tubular silicone rubber membrane is evaluated as a gas-liquid separator for the determination of arsenic in saline waters aia HG-ICP-MS. The system was optimized in terms of NaBH4 and HCl concentrations. The intermediate gas and carrier gas were optimized in terms of sensitivity and stability. The pre-reduction of As-V in standard solutions and reference materials was investigated using KI and KI plus ascorbic acid sample treatments. The KI plus ascorbic acid treatment produced a similar response for Asm and As-V independent of the matrix. The KI plus ascorbic acid treated samples could be held for 21 days without significant response changes. The detection limit was 92 pg based on 7 replicate injections of a 400 pg standard. The overall system was evaluated by analysing two reference materials, NASS-4 and SLEW-2. Precision and recovery data were collected on three estuarine samples. C1 US EPA,REG 10,MANCHESTER LAB,PORT ORCHARD,WA. DYNCORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45219. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 28 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 11 IS 7 BP 505 EP 509 DI 10.1039/ja9961100505 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA UY744 UT WOS:A1996UY74400008 ER PT J AU Beihoffer, J Bour, E Lowry, JH Reschl, JJ Seidel, JL Gibson, CP AF Beihoffer, J Bour, E Lowry, JH Reschl, JJ Seidel, JL Gibson, CP TI Identification and determination of the isomeric bromo- and/or chloro-substituted 1,3-dihalo-5,5-dimethylhydantoins used in disinfectants and molluscicides SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID HYDANTOIN DERIVATIVES AB Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (H-1 NMR) was used to identify and quantitate the 4 isomeric bromo- and/or chloro-substituted 1,3-dihalo-5,5-dimethylhydantoins in technical-grade materials used to prepare commercial disinfectants and molluscicides. We found that the technical grades of bromo/chloro-substituted 1,3-dihalo-5,5-dimethylhydantoins are mixtures of the 4 possible isomers, that interconversion among isomers occurs in solution and can be detected by H-1 NMR, and that isomer interconversion occurs over times greater than those of the NMR timescale. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CHEM,OSHKOSH,WI 54901. RP Beihoffer, J (reprint author), US EPA,DENVER FED CTR,NATL ENFORCEMENT INVEST CTR,BLDG 53,BOX 25227,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 4 BP 823 EP 828 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UX853 UT WOS:A1996UX85300003 ER PT J AU Donnelly, JR Grange, AH Herron, NR Nichol, GR Jeter, JL White, RJ Brumley, WC VanEmon, J AF Donnelly, JR Grange, AH Herron, NR Nichol, GR Jeter, JL White, RJ Brumley, WC VanEmon, J TI Modular methodology for determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil as aroclors and individual congeners SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID PCBS; MIXTURES AB A comprehensive screening and confirmatory method was developed for monitoring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), both as Aroclors and as individual congeners, This approach incorporates extraction, extract cleanup, and analysis modules designed to match cost, time, and data quality requirements, Soxhlet, sonication, supercritical fluid, and accelerated solvent extractions were evaluated. Carbon chromatographic cleanup procedures were used for separation of congeners on the basis of ortho substitutions, which permitted calculation of toxicity equivalents. Individual congener determinations, congener total histograms, and peak comparison techniques for Aroclor identification were elaborated by using high and low resolution mass spectrometric data, A screening procedure based on immunoassay using the Ohmicron PCB RaPID Assay(TM) kit gave results comparable to those obtained by gas chromatography with electron capture detection in the range 0.40-230 ppm, when the appropriate Aroclor calibrator was used. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOS RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Donnelly, JR (reprint author), LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 4 BP 953 EP 961 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UX853 UT WOS:A1996UX85300024 PM 8757454 ER PT J AU Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechman, B Reddy, G Robinson, M Torsella, JA Daniel, FB AF Reddy, TV Olson, GR Wiechman, B Reddy, G Robinson, M Torsella, JA Daniel, FB TI Fourteen-day toxicity study of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in Fischer 344 rats SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; nitroaromatic compounds; methemoglobin; subacute toxicity ID TRINITROTOLUENE AB Toxic effects of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) in male and female rats were evaluated by feeding powdered certified laboratory chow diet supplemented with varied concentrations of TNB (0, 50, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 mg kg(-1) diet) for 14 days, Food intake by female rats in 400, 800 and 1200 mg TNB diet groups was reduced and resulted in a significant decrease in absolute body weights (BW). Food and water consumption by male rats in high-dose groups (800 and 1200 mg TNB kg(-1) diet) was also reduced and resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, The calculated average TNB intake (from 1200 mg TNB kg(-1) diet) was 92 mg kg(-1) BW day(-1) for male rats and 80 mg kg(-1) BW day(-1) for females, A decrease in testicular weight in males and an increase in spleen weight of both sexes in high-dose groups was noted, In addition, histopathological examinations revealed that the susceptible organs for TNB toxicity were kidney (hyaline droplets), spleen (extramedullary hematopoiesis), brain (hemorrhage, malacia and gliosis) and testes (seminiferous tubular degeneration), Hematology and clinical chemistry studies indicated a decrease in red blood cell count and hematocrit, a decrease in alkaline phosphatase, an increase in Heinz bodies and increased methemoglobin concentration as compared to controls in both sexes, A lowest observed adverse effect level of 4.41 mg TNB kg(-1) BW day(-1) was established based on the findings of this study. C1 PATHOL ASSOCIATES INC,W CHESTER,OH 45069. USA,BIOMED RES & DEV LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Reddy, TV (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199607)16:4<289::AID-JAT349>3.0.CO;2-I PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VA766 UT WOS:A1996VA76600002 PM 8854214 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, OG Schultz, TW Veith, GD Kamenska, V AF Mekenyan, OG Schultz, TW Veith, GD Kamenska, V TI 'Dynamic' QSAR for semicarbazide-induced mortality in frog embryos SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE QSAR; Xenopus laevis; osteolathyrism; LC(50) ID ACID HYDRAZIDES; OSTEOLATHYRISM; TOXICITY; SYSTEM; FISH AB The conventional quantitative-structure-activity relationship (QSAR) provides only a single three-dimensional (3D) model for a given two-dimensional (2D) item in the modeling process, However, in complex reaction environments with solvents of different polarity, especially biological systems, the molecules can take the form of different conformers depending on the particular interaction, Therefore, chemical behavior, e.g. toxicity, may be considered the integral effect of a set of conformers rather than the property of a single 3D isomer, The 'dynamic' QSAR method is unique in that it provided for the calculation of a set of conformers for 2D representation of each chemical of the series under investigation, Moreover, these conformers can be selected interactively according to the hypothesized mechanism of toxic action, The acute lethality of 36 semicarbazides and thiosemicarbazides, evaluated using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX), was modeled by using the 'dynamic' QSAR method, The assumed mode of action, osteolathyrism, was defined by the failure of connective tissue to polymerize properly due to interference with lysyl oxidase. Conformer screenings were based on parameter distribution according to the frontier orbital energies and volume polarizability, conditioning their reactivity and hydrophobicity, respectively, The best results were obtained by the selection of conformers providing prevailing values of electron acceptor properties, Moreover, the best two-parameter QSARs encompassing all the evaluated compounds incorporate a geometric parameter, the geometric analog of the Wiener topological index, and the local electronic characteristics of the C=O or C=S group, superdelocalizabilities and charges. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. HIGHER INST CHEM TECHNOL,BURGAS 8010,BULGARIA. UNIV WISCONSIN,RES INST,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 355 EP 363 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199607)16:4<355::AID-JAT357>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VA766 UT WOS:A1996VA76600011 PM 8854223 ER PT J AU Matchett, WH Winnik, W Brumley, WC AF Matchett, WH Winnik, W Brumley, WC TI Capillary electrophoretic behavior of seven sulfonylureas SO JOURNAL OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; sulfonylurea herbicides; micellar electrokinetic chromatography; negative ion mass spectrometry; tandem mass spectrometry ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MULTIRESIDUE DETERMINATION; RESIDUE ANALYSIS; HERBICIDES; SOIL; WATER; CHLORSULFURON; METABOLITES AB The electrophoretic behavior of seven sulfonylureas (bensulfuron methyl, sulfometuron methyl, nicosulfuron [accent], chlorimuron ethyl, thifensulfuron methyl [harmony], metsulfuron methyl, and chlorsulfuron) was studied under capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) conditions. Mixtures of these compounds were separated with very high efficiencies (2 x 10(5) theoretical plates) in a running buffer consisting of 3 parts acetate buffer (25 mM, pH 5.0) and 1 part acetonitrile. In this buffer system, acetonitrile was shown to be superior to methanol, acetone, and ethanol as a nonpolar additive, but any of these solvents can be used to reduce electroosmotic flow (EOF) and to obtain adequate separation. On-column detection limits at 214 nM were of the order of 80-100 fM. Micellar agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium cholate (but not monosialoganglioside-G(m1) or starburst dendrimer, generation 2.5) improved separation in phosphate and berate buffers. Implications of these results for the development of methods to detect these compounds on matrices of environmental origin are discussed. In particular, the instability of these compounds in methanol is noted and degradation products are detected using free zone CE. The methanolysis products of sulfometuron are tentatively identified by tandem MS (negative ion conditions) as 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine and 2-carboxymethylbenz(N-carboxymethyl)sulfonamide. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU I S C TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS, INC PI SHELTON PA 30 CONTROLS DR, BOX 828, SHELTON, CT 06484-0828 SN 1079-5383 J9 J CAPILLARY ELECTROP JI J. Capillary Electrophor. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 3 IS 4 BP 199 EP 204 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry GA WV567 UT WOS:A1996WV56700004 PM 9384737 ER PT J AU Carethers, JM Hawn, MT Chauhan, DP Luce, MC Marra, G Koi, M Boland, CR AF Carethers, JM Hawn, MT Chauhan, DP Luce, MC Marra, G Koi, M Boland, CR TI Competency in mismatch repair prohibits clonal expansion of cancer cells treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE DNA repair; cell cycle; hMLH1; cell death; alkylation damage ID METHYLATING AGENTS; O-6-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; DNA; LINE; RESISTANCE; DEFICIENT; DAMAGE; METHYLNITROSOUREA; PROFICIENT AB The phenomenon of alkylaton tolerance has been observed in cells that are deficient in some component of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. An alkylation-induced cell cycle arrest had been reported previously in one MMR-proficient cell line, whereas a MMR-defective clone derived from this line escapes from this arrest. We examined human cancer cell lines to determine if the cell cycle arrest were dependent upon the MMR system, Growth characteristics and cell cycle analysis after MNNG treatment were ascertained in seven MMR-deficient and proficient cell lines, with and without confirmed mutations in hMLH1 or hMSH2 by an in vitro transcription/translation assay. MMR-proficient cells underwent growth arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle after the first S phase, whereas MMR-deficient cells escaped an initial G2 delay and resumed a normal growth pattern. In the HCT116 line corrected for defective MMR by chromosome 3 transfer, the G2 phase arrest lasted more than five days. In another MMR-proficient colon cancer cell line, SW480, cell death occurred five days after MNNG treatment. A competent MMR system appears to be necessary for G2 arrest or cell death after alkylation damage, and this cell cycle checkpoint may allow the cell to repair damaged DNA, or prevent the replication of mutated DNA by prohibiting clonal expansion. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT MED,DIV GASTROENTEROL,SAN DIEGO,CA 92093. UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. ROCHE BIOMED LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,MOLEC CARCINOGENESIS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RI Koi, Minoru/C-3489-2012; Koi, Minoru/G-9197-2014 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA39233, R25 CA57716]; NIDDK NIH HHS [K08 DK002433, K08 DK002433-05, K08 DK02433] NR 43 TC 110 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 222 E 70TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10021 SN 0021-9738 J9 J CLIN INVEST JI J. Clin. Invest. PD JUL 1 PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.1172/JCI118767 PG 8 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA UW362 UT WOS:A1996UW36200028 PM 8690794 ER PT J AU Barker, JR Baumgardner, GA Turner, DP Lee, JJ AF Barker, JR Baumgardner, GA Turner, DP Lee, JJ TI Carbon dynamics of the conservation and wetland reserve programs SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID FOREST MANAGEMENT; UNITED-STATES; STORAGE; TRENDS AB Data from the Conservation (CRP) and Wetland (WRP) Reserve Programs were analyzed to quantify the carbon (C) dynamics of associated cropland converted to grassland or forestland. Land-area enrollments were multiplied by grassland- and forestland-C densities to calculate C pools and fluxes 50 years into the future. The CRP began in 1986 and by 1996 consisted of 14.7 Mha (3.6x10(7) a) of grassland and 1.5 Mha (3.7x10(6) a) of forestland CRP1 scenario simulated the likely outcome of the CRP as contracts expire in 1996 with the return of 8.7 Mha (2.1x10(6) a) of grassland and 0.4 Mha (9.9x10(5) a) of forestland to crop production. CRP2 scenario assumed that the CRP continued with no land being returned to agricultural use. CRP3 scenario was an expansion of CRP2 to include afforestation of 4 Mha (9.9x10(6) a) of new cropland. The WRP began in 1996 with 2 Mha (4.9x10(6) a) of river bottomland taken out of crop production and planted to hardwood trees. Conclusions of the research were (1) that cropland converted to forestland gained C at a rate about 7 times greater than cropland converted to grassland; (2) maintaining the existing CRP grassland will provide a substantial C sequestration potential because of the large area involved; and (3) afforestation of additional cropland would increase the potential to sequester atmospheric C for many years. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 EI 1941-3300 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 340 EP 346 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA UV351 UT WOS:A1996UV35100018 ER PT J AU Shreffler, JH Barnes, HM AF Shreffler, JH Barnes, HM TI Estimation of trends in atmospheric concentrations of sulfate in the northeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AIR-QUALITY; OZONE AB Daily atmospheric concentrations of sulfate collected at six locations in the northeastern United States are regressed against meteorological factors, ozone, seasonal cycles, and time in order to determine if a significant trend in sulfate can be detected. The data used in this analysis were collected during the Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE, 1977-1978) and the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS, 1988-1989). Ozone, specific humidity, and seasonal terms (reflecting the potential of the atmosphere for oxidation of sulfur dioxide) emerged as important explanatory variables. After accounting for the variability explained by environmental factors, the median estimated change in sulfate concentration from the six locations over the Ii-year period is -22% (or -28% if ozone is not used as an explanatory variable). Although there are wide variations among locations, these changes are commensurate with an estimated 25% decline in sulfur emissions in the northeastern U.S. during the same period. These analyses provide insight into methods for detecting reductions in sulfate that may be expected to occur as a result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Uncertainties in the estimates, with consideration of serial correlation in the data, imply a minimum detectable reduction of 10% using this modeling procedure with similar data availability. RP Shreffler, JH (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7 BP 621 EP 630 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UY333 UT WOS:A1996UY33300004 PM 28081389 ER PT J AU Jones, DL Burklin, CE Seaman, JC Jones, JW Corsi, RL AF Jones, DL Burklin, CE Seaman, JC Jones, JW Corsi, RL TI Models to estimate volatile organic hazardous air pollutant emissions from municipal sewer systems SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Emissions from municipal sewers are usually omitted from hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emission inventories. This omission may result from a lack of appreciation for the potential emission impact and/or from inadequate emission estimation procedures. This paper presents an analysis and comparison of the models available to estimate volatile organic HAP (VOHAP) emissions from sewers. Comparisons were made between the different theoretical foundations of the models, as well as between the emissions predicted by the models for a single sewer component. Sewer gas concentrations predicted by the models were also compared to measured sewer gas concentrations reported in the literature. Two of the models were compared in their ability to estimate sewer VOHAP emissions for a large U.S. city using National Pollution Discharge Effluent System data for the influent wastewater to the city's municipal wastewater treatment facilities. This estimate showed that, regardless of the model used, sewer emissions are a potentially significant source of VOHAP emissions in the urban environment. The choice of model, however, is thought to be less critical to sewer emission estimates than the source of sewer wastewater VOHAP concentration data. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV TEXAS,AUSTIN,TX 78712. RP Jones, DL (reprint author), RADIAN INT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC, USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7 BP 657 EP 666 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UY333 UT WOS:A1996UY33300008 PM 28081393 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD AF Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD TI Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess exposures to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) during motor vehicle refueling SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; WATER; AIR; CHLOROFORM; CHAMBER; BLOOD AB Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is added to gasoline (15% by volume) in many areas of the U.S. to help control carbon monoxide emissions from motor vehicles. In this study we present a sampling and analytical methodology that can be used to assess consumers' exposures to MTBE that may result from routine vehicle refueling operations. The method is based on the collection of alveolar breath samples using evacuated one-liter stainless steel canisters and analysis using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with a patented ''valveless'' cryogenic preconcentrator. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, a series of breath samples was collected from two individuals (the person pumping the fuel and a nearby observer) immediately before and for 64 min after a vehicle was refueled with premium grade gasoline. Results demonstrate low levels of MTBE in both subjects' breaths before refueling, and levels that increased by a factor of 35 to 100 after the exposure. Breath elimination models fitted to the post exposure measurements indicate that the half-life of MTBE in the first physiological compartment was between 1.3 and 2.9 min. Analysis of the resulting models suggests that breath elimination of MTBE during the 64 min monitoring period was approximately 115 mu g for the refueling subject while it was only 30 mu g for the nearby observer. This analysis also shows that the post exposure breath elimination of other gasoline constituents was consistent with previously published observations. RP Lindstrom, AB (reprint author), US EPA,NERL,MAIL DROP 56,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7 BP 676 EP 682 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UY333 UT WOS:A1996UY33300010 PM 9028175 ER PT J AU Stetler, RE Williams, FP AF Stetler, RE Williams, FP TI Pretreatment to reduce somatic salmonella phage interference with FRNA coliphage assays: Successful use in a one-year survey of vulnerable groundwaters SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIOPHAGES; WATER AB Somatic salmonella (SS) phages were commonly found in higher numbers than F-specific RNA (FRNA) coliphages in a multi-site survey of contamination-vulnerable groundwaters. The relative abundance of SS phages required that a pretreatment procedure be implemented to reduce the SS phage content of samples before FRNA coliphage assay with Salmonella typhimurium WG49. Pretreatment involved selective SS phage removal by Salm. typhimurium WG45 cells. This pretreatment proved effective in producing interference-free samples throughout the one-year survey period and in seeded evaluation, was shown not to affect the detection of representative FRNA coliphage MS2. During the survey, 30 groundwater sites located in the continental United States, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were examined for FRNA coliphages and SS phages at monthly intervals. FRNA coliphages were detected at six of the 30 sites and in 33 of 329 monthly samples. SS phages were also detected at six sites and in 28 of 329 monthly samples. Five of the phage-positive sites were positive for both phage groups. At those five sites, 58 monthly samples were collected during the survey period. Those 58 samples yielded an average FRNA coliphage concentration of 140 pfu per 100 l of groundwater as compared to an average SS phage concentration of 565 pfu per 100 l of groundwater. Twenty of the 58 samples were positive for both FRNA coliphages and SS phages. In those samples, FRNA coliphages were more abundant in five samples; SS phages were more abundant in 15 samples. Because these results demonstrate that SS phage levels may often exceed FRNA coliphage levels in environmental waters, it is clear that SS phage removal procedures will greatly enhance the effectiveness of the WG49-based FRNA coliphage assay. RP Stetler, RE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,BIOHAZARD ASSESSMENT RES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb00027.x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UX260 UT WOS:A1996UX26000012 PM 8679143 ER PT J AU Williamson, CE Stemberger, RS Morris, DP Frost, TM Paulsen, SG AF Williamson, CE Stemberger, RS Morris, DP Frost, TM Paulsen, SG TI Ultraviolet radiation in North American lakes: Attenuation estimates from DOC measurements and implications for plankton communities SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; LITTLE-ROCK LAKE; UV-B RADIATION; EXPERIMENTAL ACIDIFICATION; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; ZOOPLANKTON; LIGHT; WATER AB Climate warming in North America is likely to be accompanied by changes in other environmental stresses such as UV-B radiation. We apply an empirical model to available DOC (dissolved organic C) data to estimate the depths to which 1% of surface UV-B and UV-A radiation penetrate for several major regions of North America. UV attenuation depths are also estimated from DOC data collected from treatment and reference basins during the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. In some regions of North America 25% of the lakes have 1% attenuation depths for UV-B radiation on the order of 4 m or more (western and northwestern U.S., Newfoundland). In other regions, 75% of the lakes have 1% attenuation depths for UV-B shallower than 0.5 m (Florida, upper midwestern U.S., northwestern Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia). Attenuation depths for UV-A radiation are similar to 2.5 times as deep as those for UV-B. Experimental acidification approximately doubled the estimated 1% attenuation depths Tor UV radiation in Little Rock Lake. The strong dependence of 1% attenuation depth on DOC below the 1-2 mg liter(-1) DOC range suggests that UV attenuation in low DOC lakes is highly sensitive to even very small changes in DOG. We conclude that changes in climate, lake hydrology, acid deposition, and other environmental factors that alter DOC concentrations in lakes may be more important than stratospheric ozone depletion in controlling future UV environments in lakes. C1 DARTMOUTH COLL,DEPT BIOL SCI,HANOVER,NH 03755. UNIV WISCONSIN,TROUT LAKE STN,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR LIMNOL,MADISON,WI 53706. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Williamson, CE (reprint author), LEHIGH UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,31 WILLIAMS DR,BETHLEHEM,PA 18015, USA. NR 71 TC 195 Z9 212 U1 10 U2 42 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1024 EP 1034 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800025 ER PT J AU Stemberger, RS Herlihy, AT Kugler, DL Paulsen, SG AF Stemberger, RS Herlihy, AT Kugler, DL Paulsen, SG TI Climatic forcing on zooplankton richness in lakes of the northeastern United States SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID PLANKTONIC ROTIFERS; WATER; SIZE; SCALES; IMPACT AB The June 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo had a marked cooling on global climate that was evident in the regional air temperatures of the northeastern U.S. This climatic perturbation coincided with the 1991-1994 pilot surveys initiated by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters (EMAP-SW). Regional air and summer profile water temperatures for 1992 were significantly lower (similar to 1-2 degrees C) than in the same July-August sampling period in 1991, 1993, or 1994. Richness of major zooplankton groups such as rotifers and small cladocerans also varied markedly with the 1992 cooling. The median of 323 randomly selected survey lakes had 2-10 additional species of zooplankton per lake in 1992 than in the warmer years of 1991, 1993, or 1994. This response represented an increase of 7-34% in local richness across lakes. Regional richness was also 17-32% higher in the cooler year. ANOVA showed that total zooplankton richness had a highly significant year effect, suggesting a response to annual climatic differences. The difference in total richness in 1992 was attributed primarily to richness of rotifers and small cladocerans. On the other hand, the richness of large cladocerans and copepods did not show significant year effects, suggesting that their responses may occur at time scales that are longer than the temporal scale of this 4-yr survey. These results indicate that local zooplankton richness can be effectively extrapolated to regional scales for the monitoring of lakes to climate change. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,US EPA,NATL HLTH & ECOL EFFECTS RES LAB,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,US EPA,NATL HLTH & ECOL EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR. RP Stemberger, RS (reprint author), DARTMOUTH COLL,DEPT BIOL,HANOVER,NH 03755, USA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1093 EP 1101 PG 9 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800032 ER PT J AU Eaton, JG Scheller, RM AF Eaton, JG Scheller, RM TI Effects of climate warming on fish thermal habitat in streams of the United States SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID FRESH-WATER; TEMPERATURE; BASS; PH AB The effects of climate warming on the thermal habitat of 57 species of fish of the U.S. were estimated using results for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide that were predicted by the Canadian Climate Center general circulation model. Baseline water temperature conditions were calculated from data collected at 1,700 U.S. Geological Survey stream monitoring stations across the U.S. Water temperatures after predicted climate change were obtained by multiplying air temperature changes by 0.9, a factor based on several field studies, and adding them to baseline water temperatures at stations in corresponding grid cells. Results indicated that habitat for cold and cool water fish would be reduced by similar to 50%, and that this effect would be distributed throughout the existing range of these species. Habitat losses were greater among species with smaller initial distributions and in geographic regions with the greatest warming (e.g, the central Midwest). Results for warm water fish habitat were less certain because of the poor state of knowledge regarding their high and low temperature tolerances; however, the habitat of many species of this thermal guild likely will also be substantially reduced by climate warming, whereas the habitat of other species will be increased. C1 DYNTEL CORP,DULUTH,MN. RP Eaton, JG (reprint author), US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Scheller, Robert/B-3135-2009 NR 27 TC 259 Z9 261 U1 11 U2 62 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1109 EP 1115 PG 7 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800034 ER PT J AU Stefan, HG Hondzo, M Fang, X Eaton, JG McCormick, JH AF Stefan, HG Hondzo, M Fang, X Eaton, JG McCormick, JH TI Simulated long-term temperature and dissolved oxygen characteristics of lakes in the north-central United States and associated fish habitat limits SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America CY OCT 24-26, 1994 CL LEESBURG, VA SP Amer Soc Limnol & Oceanog, N Amer Benthol Soc, US EPA, US Geol Survey ID CLIMATE; STRATIFICATION; MODEL AB Water temperatures and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in lakes are related to climate. Temperature and DO in 27 lake classes (3 depth classes x 3 surface area classes x 3 trophic states) were simulated by numerical models with daily weather data input. The weather data used are from the 25-yr period 1955-1979. The lakes and the weather are representative of the north-central U.S. Daily profiles of water temperature and DO concentrations were computed and several temperature and DO characteristics extracted from this information base. Temperature and minimum oxygen requirements for good growth of cold, cool, and warm water fish were then applied to determine the length of the good-growth periods and the relative lake volumes available for good growth. All characteristics are presented in graphical form using lake surface area, maximum lake depth, and Secchi depth as independent variables. The surface area and maximum depth were combined in a lake geometry ratio which is a relative measure of the susceptibility of a lake to stratification; Secchi depth was retained as a measure of lake transparency and trophic state. To determine an effect of latitude, we investigated a southern and northern region separately. The effect of climate change due to a projected doubling of atmospheric CO2 was investigated by applying the output from the GISS 2 x CO2 global circulation model to the lake models. C1 PURDUE UNIV,SCH CIVIL ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. LAMAR UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,BEAUMONT,TX 77710. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP Stefan, HG (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,ST ANTHONY FALLS LAB,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414, USA. NR 29 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 6 U2 21 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPH PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1124 EP 1135 PG 12 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VN458 UT WOS:A1996VN45800036 ER PT J AU George, SE Kohan, MJ Nelson, GM Schlundt, J AF George, SE Kohan, MJ Nelson, GM Schlundt, J TI Determination of potential health effects in the mouse comparing intranasal and peroral exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE LA English DT Article DE intranasal exposure; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; biotechnology agents; Escherichia coli; peroral exposure ID COLONIZATION RESISTANCE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INTESTINAL-TRACT; C3H/HEJ MICE; TRANSLOCATION; ANTIBIOTICS; BACTERIA; SURVIVAL; DEGRADATION; ENDOTOXINS AB Mouse models were developed and evaluated to determine if potential health effects associated with intranasal and peroral exposure to microbial biotechnology agents could be detected. Mice were challenged with two dissimilar microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC869 and Escherichia coli BJ19. Intranasal challenge of mice with 1 . 7 x 10(8) CFU or 1 . 7 x 10(7) CFU of strain AC869 resulted in 100 per cent and 50 per cent mortality respectively. Peroral treatment with strain AC869 caused 33 per cent and 8 per cent mortality upon treatment with 2 . 2 x 10(9) and 2 . 2 x 10(8) CFU respectively. E. coli was not fatal after administration by either exposure route. Recovery of AC869 from lungs, small and large intestines and caecum following intranasal- and peroral-treatment was observed. E. coli BJ19 was recovered from the same four organs following peroral and intranasal challenge. Intranasal challenge resulted in a higher concentration and a longer persistence of strain BJ19 in the intestinal system than direct peroral challenge. In addition, increases in lung weights were associated with strains BJ19 and AC869 treatment. Translocation from the intestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, and spleen and negative effects on tissue and body weights were detectable for both exposure routes and were dependent on the dosed strain. Overall, mice could be used to detect adverse health effects when dosed independently with microbial agents from different genera. C1 NATL FOOD AGCY DENMARK,DK-2860 SOBORG,DENMARK. RP George, SE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Schlundt, Jorgen/0000-0002-3336-2935 NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0891-060X J9 MICROB ECOL HEALTH D JI Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 143 EP 156 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1234-987X(199607)9:4<143::AID-MEH423>3.3.CO;2-1 PG 14 WC Ecology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Immunology; Microbiology GA VT281 UT WOS:A1996VT28100002 ER PT J AU Anger, WK Otto, DA Letz, R AF Anger, WK Otto, DA Letz, R TI Symposium on computerized behavioral testing of humans in neurotoxicology research: Overview of the proceedings SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computerized Behavioral Testing of Humans in Neurotoxicology Research CY JUN 21-23, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Oregon Hlth Sci Univ DE neurotoxicology; computerized behavioral testing; test batteries; neuropsychological methods AB The Symposium on Computerized Behavioral Testing of Humans in Neurotoxicology Research, held in Portland, OR (USA), on June 21-23, 1995, is the subject of the 23 articles in this issue of Neurotoxicology and Teratology. It is the first open forum to focus exclusively on computer-implemented behavioral test methods for neurotoxicology. Both the Symposium and this proceedings have been organized around the topics: new technologies and new batteries, confounders and methodologic factors, special populations (children), sensory and motor testing, clinical applications, and neurotoxicology research. The Symposium emphasized common approaches to computerized testing, highlighted fundamental differences in strategies for the selection of tests, and produced tangible evidence that the NES2 test battery has become a pervasively used instrument for presenting valid tests in human neurotoxicology research. However, the dominant impression drawn from the Symposium is that there is a methodologic vigor in the field of computerized behavioral testing. This is revealed by the appearance of new test batteries, criticism of existing procedures, challenges to the existing order of test selection, and the identification of analytic covariates for commonly used tests. C1 EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Anger, WK (reprint author), OHSU,CROET L606,3181 SW SAM JACKSON PK RD,PORTLAND,OR 97201, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 RO1ES06475-01] NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 4 BP 347 EP 350 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(96)00079-7 PG 4 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA VE057 UT WOS:A1996VE05700002 PM 8866523 ER PT J AU Hudnell, HK Otto, DA House, DE AF Hudnell, HK Otto, DA House, DE TI The influence of vision on computerized neurobehavioral test scores: A proposal for improving test protocols SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computerized Behavioral Testing of Humans in Neurotoxicology Research CY JUN 21-23, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Oregon Hlth Sci Univ DE visual contrast sensitivity; computerized tests; neurobehavior; neurotoxicity; analysis of covariance; microelectronic workers; children; solvents ID FORMER MICROELECTRONICS WORKERS; MEASURING CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT; COLOR; DAMAGE; CHART AB Computerized tests of neurobehavioral function are frequently administered in neurotoxicological studies with little attention given to the optical properties of test stimuli or to the vision of subjects. Yet many test stimuli are small or briefly presented, and test endpoints often involve short reaction times. Stimulus detection and reaction time are known to be strongly dependent upon stimulus luminance, contrast, and size, as well as on the suject's visual abilities. The current study assessed the influence of visual contrast sensitivity on Neurobehavioral Evaluation System 2 (NES2) test results in three data sets. Analyses indicated that vision was associated with up to 24% of the variance (Hand-Eye Coordination test) in NES2 scores, even when visual acuity was normal, and that vision often influenced the significance of group differences. It is suggested that researchers measure the luminance, contrast, and size of test stimuli, the distance from the subject's eyes to the monitor, and the subject's visual contrast sensitivity. The measurement and control of stimulus parameters and the inclusion of visual function scores in analysis models could reduce the variability among computerized test scores both within and between studies. Models that assess the influence of vision on computerized test results may help to identify the CNS domains and specialized functions adversely affected by neurotoxicant exposures. C1 US EPA, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, RES SUPPORT DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Hudnell, HK (reprint author), US EPA, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MD-74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 48 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 4 BP 391 EP 400 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(96)00040-2 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA VE057 UT WOS:A1996VE05700008 PM 8866529 ER PT J AU Dahl, R White, RF Weihe, P Sorensen, N Letz, R Hudnell, HK Otto, DA Grandjean, P AF Dahl, R White, RF Weihe, P Sorensen, N Letz, R Hudnell, HK Otto, DA Grandjean, P TI Feasibility and validity of three computer-assisted neurobehavioral tests in 7-year-old children SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computerized Behavioral Testing of Humans in Neurotoxicology Research CY JUN 21-23, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Oregon Hlth Sci Univ DE epidemiology; mercury; Neurobehavioral Evaluation System; neurotoxicity; pediatrics; vision ID LEAD AB Three tests from the computerized Neurobehavioral Examination System (NES) were administered to a group of 917 Faroese children at approximately 7 years of age. The NES Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was modified to use animal silhouettes as stimuli instead of letters. Almost all children completed Finger Tapping (FT), the modified CPT, and Hand-Eye Coordination (HE). However, 18% of the children missed at least 25% of the stimuli on the CPT (full test period)? and 37% of the children did not improve their HE performance by at least 10%, as compared to the first trial. Boys obtained better results than girls, and older children performed better than younger ones. However, both factors were confounded by acquaintance with computer games. Children who used glasses, who had strabismus, or who had decreased contrast sensitivity obtained less satisfactory scores, especially on CPT and HE. The NES performance was significantly associated with functional neurological performance, including catching a ball, diadochokinesia, and finger agnosia. Slight, though statistically significant, decrements were seen with increased levels of prenatal exposure to neurotoxicants, as indicated by the mercury concentrations in cord blood obtained at the time of birth. In conclusion, the tests were feasible in this age group after slight modifications, and the test results showed meaningful associations with major predictors, thus supporting the validity of the data. C1 ODENSE UNIV,INST COMMUNITY HLTH,DK-5000 ODENSE,DENMARK. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02118. ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. FAROESE HOSP SYST,DEPT OCCUPAT & PUBL HLTH,FR-100 TORSHAVN,DENMARK. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES06112] NR 14 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 4 BP 413 EP 419 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(96)00031-1 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA VE057 UT WOS:A1996VE05700011 PM 8866532 ER PT J AU Otto, DA Skalik, I House, DE Hudnell, HK AF Otto, DA Skalik, I House, DE Hudnell, HK TI Neurobehavioral evaluation system (NES): Comparative performance of 2nd-, 4th-, and 8th-grade Czech children SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computerized Behavioral Testing of Humans in Neurotoxicology Research CY JUN 21-23, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Oregon Hlth Sci Univ DE neurotoxicology; computer-assisted testing; NES; pediatric assessment; development; gender differences ID LEAD AB The Neurobehavioral Evaluation System was designed for field studies of workers, but many NES tests can be performed satisfactorily by children as young as 7 or 8 years old and a few tests, such as simple reaction time, can be performed by preschool children. However, little comparative data from children of different ages or grade levels are available. Studies of school children in the Czech Republic indicate that 2nd-grade children could perform the following NES tests satisfactorily: Finger Tapping, Visual Digit Span, Continuous Performance, Symbol-Digit Substitution, Pattern Comparison, and simpler conditions of Switching Attention. Comparative scores of boys and girls from the 2nd, 4th, and 8th grades and power analyses to estimate appropriate sample size were presented. Performance varied systematically with grade level and gender. Larger samples were needed with younger children to achieve comparable levels of statistical power. Gender comparisons indicated that boys responded faster, but made more errors than girls. C1 REG INST HYG CENT BOHEMIA,PRAGUE 140000 4,CZECH REPUBLIC. RP Otto, DA (reprint author), US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-58B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 4 BP 421 EP 428 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(96)00036-0 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA VE057 UT WOS:A1996VE05700012 PM 8866533 ER PT J AU Cooper, RL Stoker, TE Goldman, JM Parrish, MB Tyrey, L AF Cooper, RL Stoker, TE Goldman, JM Parrish, MB Tyrey, L TI Effect of atrazine on ovarian function in the rat SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; chlorotriazines; ovary; estrous cycle; pseudopregnancy; estrogen; progesterone; rat ID FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; FISCHER-344 RATS; ESTRUS AB The effect of the chlorotriazine herbicide, atrazine, on ovarian function was studied in Long-Evans hooded (LE-hooded) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, Atrazine was administered by gavage for 21 d to females displaying regular 4-d estrous cycles, In both strains, 75 mg/kg/d disrupted the 4-d ovarian cycle; however, no distinct alteration (i.e., irregular cycles but not persistent estrus or diestrus) was apparent at this dose, At 150 mg/kg/d, atrazine induced repetitive pseudopregnancies in females of both strains, The highest dose tested (300 mg/kg/d) also induced repetitive pseudopregnancies in the SD females, while the ovaries of the LE-hooded female appeared regressed and the smear cytology was indicative of the anestrous condition, Although a NOAEL was not establshed, the doses employed in this experiment were in excess of those used in chronic feeding studies in which an early onset of mammary gland tumors was noted, These data demonstrate that atrazine can disrupt ovarian function and bring about major changes in the endocrine profile of the female. C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,MD-72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 105 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(96)00054-8 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA UZ617 UT WOS:A1996UZ61700002 PM 8829248 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM Padilla, S Tilson, HA Anthony, DC Raymer, JH MacPhail, RC AF Crofton, KM Padilla, S Tilson, HA Anthony, DC Raymer, JH MacPhail, RC TI The impact of dose rate on the neurotoxicity of acrylamide: The interaction of administered dose, target tissue concentrations, tissue damage, and functional effects SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; EPOXIDE METABOLITE GLYCIDAMIDE; HEMOGLOBIN ADDUCT FORMATION; DYING-BACK PROCESS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DEGENERATION; NEUROPATHY; EXPOSURE; NERVE; VULNERABILITY AB Health agencies are often required to predict the effects of longterm low-level exposure in humans based on animal data involving short-term high-level exposures. Uncertainties in extrapolation can be, in part, based on potentially different mechanisms associated with different exposure scenarios. This study evaluated the adequacy of short-term exposures to acrylamide for predicting neurotoxicity produced by long-term exposures. The neurotoxic effects of acrylamide (ip) were assessed in rats after acute (0-150 mg/kg), 10-day (0-30 mg/kg) 30-day (0-20 mg/kg), and 90-day (0-10 mg/kg) exposures. Behavioral endpoints included motor activity, grip strength, and the acoustic startle response. Histological examination of sciatic nerve and spinal cord was also performed. Internal and target tissue doses were estimated by measurement of the concentration of acrylamide in serum and sciatic nerve. Functional and pathological results demonstrated that the effects of acrylamide depended on the dose rate and that the neurotoxicity of acrylamide was less than that predicted by a strict dose x time relationship. Behavioral endpoints showed both qualitative and quantitative changes as a function of dose rate. Recovery of behavioral function in these studies was independent of the duration of dosing. Because duration of dosing had no impact on the kinetics of acrylamide, these data indicate that the toxicity of acrylamide is not due to an accumulation of acrylamide in the target tissue. The less than strict cumulative toxicity of acrylamide may result from an interaction between administered dose, tissue damage, and repair processes. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015; OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971; Anthony, Douglas/0000-0002-3815-2240 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05261] NR 70 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 139 IS 1 BP 163 EP 176 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0155 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UW607 UT WOS:A1996UW60700020 PM 8685900 ER PT J AU Fournie, JW Summers, JK Weisberg, SB AF Fournie, JW Summers, JK Weisberg, SB TI Prevalence of gross pathological abnormalities in estuarine fishes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK; DISEASES; TUMORS AB Gross external pathological abnormalities are frequently used as indicators of anthropogenic influence in estuarine and marine waters, but little baseline information is available to identify what constitutes normal prevalences (percentages of animals affected). To establish this baseline, trawl samples were collected from 120 randomly located estuarine sites in the Virginian biogeographic province (mid-Atlantic) in 1990 and from 220 randomly located sites in the Louisianian biogeographic province (Gulf Coast) in 1991 and 1992. Sediment contaminant concentrations were measured at each site. In all, 24,291 fish representing 143 species were examined for gross pathological abnormalities, and background prevalences were estimated to be 0.5% in mid-Atlantic and 0.7% in Gulf Coast estuaries. Fifteen types of gross abnormalities were noted. Skin lesions were the most prevalent abnormalities in both provinces, followed by ocular abnormalities (e.g., exophthalmia, keratitis) in the Virginian Province and branchial chamber abnormalities (e.g., parasites, gill arch deformities) in the Louisianian Province. The prevalence of gross abnormalities was about three times higher for demersal fish than for pelagic fish and was about eight times more prevalent at sites with high sediment contaminant concentrations. Among the major estuarine systems of the mid-Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines, pathological abnormalities were most prevalent in Galveston Bay and lowest in Long Island Sound and Mississippi Sound. C1 VERSAR INC,COLUMBIA,MD 21045. RP Fournie, JW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. RI Weisberg, Stephen/B-2477-2008 OI Weisberg, Stephen/0000-0002-0655-9425 NR 21 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 125 IS 4 BP 581 EP 590 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0581:POGPAI>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UX356 UT WOS:A1996UX35600009 ER PT J AU Sharkey, TD Singsaas, EL Vanderveer, PJ Geron, C AF Sharkey, TD Singsaas, EL Vanderveer, PJ Geron, C TI Field measurements of isoprene emission from trees in response to temperature and light SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE isoprene; Quercus alba; Quercus rubra; red oak; temperature; white oak ID RATE VARIABILITY; GAS-EXCHANGE; LEAVES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; INVENTORY; HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERE; CAPACITY; MODEL; OZONE AB The atmospheric hydrocarbon budget is important for predicting ozone episodes and the effects of pollution mitigation strategies. Isoprene emission from plants is an important part of the atmospheric hydrocarbon budget. We measured isoprene emission capacity at the bottom, middle, and top of the canopies of a white oak (Quercus alba L.) tree and a red oak (Quercus rubra L.) tree growing adjacent to a tower in the Duke University Forest. Leaves at the top of the white oak tree canopy had a three- to fivefold greater capacity for emitting isoprene than leaves at the bottom of the tree canopy. Isoprene emission rate increased with increasing temperature up to about 42 degrees C. We conclude that leaves at the top of the white oak tree canopy had higher isoprene emission rates because they were exposed to more sunlight, reduced water availability, and higher temperature than leaves at the bottom of the canopy. Between 35 and 40 degrees C, white oak photosynthesis and stomatal conductance declined, whereas red oak (Quercus rubra) photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased over this range. Red oak had lower rates of isoprene emission than white oak, perhaps reflecting the higher stomatal conductance that would keep leaves cool. The concentration of isoprene inside the leaf was estimated with a simplified form of the equation Used to estimate CO2 inside leaves. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Sharkey, TD (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BOT,430 LINCOLN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. RI Sharkey, Thomas/B-4032-2009 OI Sharkey, Thomas/0000-0002-4423-3223 NR 31 TC 103 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 20 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 16 IS 7 BP 649 EP 654 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UV533 UT WOS:A1996UV53300007 ER PT J AU Ibanes, JD Morgan, KT Burleson, GR AF Ibanes, JD Morgan, KT Burleson, GR TI Histopathological changes in the upper respiratory tract of F344 rats following infection with a rat-adapted influenza virus SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunohistochemistry; influenza; nasal cavity; pathology; rat AB The present study determined the morphogenesis of upper respiratory tract disease in rats following infection with a rat-adapted influenza virus. Sixty-eight 60-day-old, male F344 rats were infected by intranasal inoculation and necropsied at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 post-inoculation (PI). Responses to infection were studied by routine light microscopy for histopathologic changes and immunocytochemistry for localization of viral antigen. Severe infection-induced changes involved the respiratory epithelium and underlying lamina propria, and the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, with minimal involvement of the transitional epithelium. The lesions were most severe on the septum and the medial aspect of the nasoturbinates. Viral antigen, located in the respiratory epithelium of affected regions at days 1 and 2 PI, was associated with neutrophilic infiltration and epithelial necrosis and erosion. At day 4 PI, an infiltrate of lymphocytes, macrophages, and fewer neutrophils was present, often accompanied by epithelial regeneration. Changes in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue were evaluated using morphometric analysis and consisted of hyperplasia (days 4 to 7 PI) followed by progressive involution (days 14 to 28 PI). Mild lesions associated with foci of viral antigen were also observed in the nasal olfactory epithelium on days 1, 2, and 4 PI. The changes observed in the present study indicate the potential value of rat-adapted influenza virus infection as a model of human influenza. C1 CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 412 EP 418 PG 7 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA UW021 UT WOS:A1996UW02100007 PM 8817839 ER PT J AU Lewis, DL AF Lewis, DL TI EPA science: Casualty of election politics SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Lewis, DL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 27 PY 1996 VL 381 IS 6585 BP 731 EP 732 DI 10.1038/381731a0 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UU356 UT WOS:A1996UU35600030 ER PT J AU Chaney, RL Ryan, JA OConnor, GA AF Chaney, RL Ryan, JA OConnor, GA TI Organic contaminants in municipal biosolids: Risk assessment, quantitative pathways analysis, and current research priorities SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludges CY MAY 16-17, 1995 CL LANCASTER UNIV, LANCASTER, ENGLAND HO LANCASTER UNIV DE risk assessment; organic contaminants; pathways analysis; biosolids; sewage sludge ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES; SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL; BLOOD LEAD LEVELS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; TRACER ELEMENTS; PLANT UPTAKE; PCBS; INGESTION; LAND AB Basic research and monitoring of the fate and potential effects of PCBs and other xenobiotic organics in biosolids (municipal sewage sludge) used on cropland have identified specific Pathways by which the xenobiotic organics in biosolids can reach and cause exposure to humans, livestock, plants, soil biota, wildlife, etc. In order to provide the scientific basis for the Clean Water Act Regulations (40 CFR 503) on land application of biosolids in the U.S., a Pathway Approach to risk assessment was undertaken. Pathways included general food production; garden food production; soil ingestion by humans, livestock, and wildlife; human exposure through livestock tissues where the livestock were exposed through crop contamination or biosolids/soil ingestion; wildlife exposure through soil organisms; release to surface and groundwater; volatilization into inhaled air, or dust generated by tillage, Two Pathways were found to comprise the greatest risk from persistent lipophilic organic compounds such as PCBs: (1) adherence of biosolids to forage/pasture crops from surface application of fluid biosolids, followed by grazing and ingestion of biosolids by livestock used as human food; and (2) direct ingestion of biosolids by children, Each Pathway considers risk to Highly Exposed Individuals (HEIs) rather than to the general population who seldom have appreciable exposure to biosolids or foods grown on biosolid-amended soils. Because present (1995) biosolids contain very low levels of PCBs in countries which have prohibited manufacture and use of these compounds, the estimated increase in lifetime cancer risk to HEIs from biosolids-borne PCBs applied to cropland or gardens was much less than 10(-4). Low biosolids PCBs and low probability of simultaneously meeting all the constraints of the HEI indicate that HEIs have less than 10(-7) increase in lifetime cancer risk from biosolids-borne PCBs; this provides even higher protection to the general population. We conclude that quantitative risk assessment for potentially toxic constituents in biosolids can be meaningfully conducted because research has provided transfer coefficients from biosolids and biosolid-amended soils to plants and animals needed to assess risk for many organic compounds. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL. RP Chaney, RL (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES SERV,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 86 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUN 21 PY 1996 VL 185 IS 1-3 BP 187 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05051-6 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UN498 UT WOS:A1996UN49800014 ER PT J AU Meier, JR Monarca, S Patterson, KS Villarini, M Daniel, FB Moretti, M Pasquini, R AF Meier, JR Monarca, S Patterson, KS Villarini, M Daniel, FB Moretti, M Pasquini, R TI Urine mutagenicity and biochemical effects of the drinking water mutagen, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone (MX), following repeated oral administration to mice and rats SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone; MX; urine mutagenicity; micronucleus; thioether and D-glucaric acid excretion; xenobiotic metabolism ID POTENT BACTERIAL MUTAGEN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS; ACID; INDUCTION; EXPOSURE; INVITRO; LIVER AB Mutagenicity analysis of urine from rats treated by oral gavage with MX at a dose of 64 mg/kg for 14 days revealed that only 0.3% of the administered compound was excreted in a genotoxically active form. At lower doses, mutagenicity was not detectable. No evidence of micronucleus induction in peripheral blood erythrocytes was observed in mice treated similarly. These findings indicate that MX is extensively detoxified in vivo and is unlikely to cause genetic damage in systemic tissues except at relatively high doses where detoxification pathways become saturated. In a separate experiment, significant depressions were observed in D-glucaric acid and thioether excretion and in levels of several liver enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, The mechanism for these metabolic alterations and their relevance to the in vivo metabolism of tine compound require further investigation. C1 UNIV BRESCIA, SCH MED, CHAIR HYG & PREVENT DENT, I-25124 BRESCIA, ITALY. UNIV PERUGIA, DEPT HYG, I-06100 PERUGIA, ITALY. RP Meier, JR (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. OI Villarini, Milena/0000-0002-8769-883X; Moretti, Massimo/0000-0002-5038-8619 NR 42 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUN 17 PY 1996 VL 110 IS 1-3 BP 59 EP 70 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03336-7 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UQ569 UT WOS:A1996UQ56900007 PM 8658560 ER PT J AU Andersen, NJ Waller, CL Adamovic, JB Thompson, DJ Allis, JW Andersen, ME Simmons, JE AF Andersen, NJ Waller, CL Adamovic, JB Thompson, DJ Allis, JW Andersen, ME Simmons, JE TI A pharmacokinetic model of anaerobic in vitro carbon tetrachloride metabolism SO CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE in vitro; metabolism; cytochrome P450; carbon tetrachloride; anaerobic; pharmacokinetic model ID FOOD-DEPRIVATION; DOSE-RESPONSE; RAT-LIVER; CYTOCHROME-P-450; ENZYMES; ETHANOL; HEPATOTOXICITY; HYDROCARBONS; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY AB Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a potent hepatotoxic agent whose toxicity is mediated through cytochome P450-dependent metabolism. Results from anaerobic in vitro experiments with hepatic microsomes isolated from male F-344 rats indicate that chlorofom (CHCl3) formation from CCl4 is nonlinear with dose. Dose is traditionally expressed as the amount of CCl4 added to the vial. In this study, a pharmacokinetic model has been developed to calculate the concentration of CCl4 in the microsomal suspension. Hepatic microsomes prepared from fed and fasted animals were incubated with CCl4 under anaerobic conditions and formation of CHCl3 over a 5-min incubation: period was monitored by headspace gas chromatography. Dose-response curves, based on total amount of CCl4 added to the microsomes, revealed a nonlinear, biphasic appearance of CHCl3, with fasting slightly increasing CHCl3 production in microsomes prepared from fasted rats. Microsomes were also pretreated with the CYP2E1 inhibitor, diallyl sulfone (DAS), before addition of CCl4. In uninhibited microsomes, there appeared to be a high-affinity saturable phase of metabolism occurring at lower concentrations followed by a linear phase at higher CCl4 concentrations. Following DAS pretreatment, the saturable portion of the dose-response curve was inhibited more than the linear phase with the biphasic CHCl3 production becoming more linear. DAS inhibition eliminated the effect of fasting on CHCl3 formation. The best fit kinetic constants for the saturable phase resulted in an estimate of V-max of 0.017 mg/h/mg protein (V-maxc = 7.61 mg/h/kg) and K-m of 2.3 mg/l (15 mu M). The linear phase rate constant (k(f)) was determined to be 0.046 h(-1) (k(fc) = 0.03 h(-1)). In conclusion, a pharmacokinetic model has been developed for anaerobic in vitro metabolism of CCl4 to CHCl3 that estimates metabolic rates based on CHCl3 formation and actual CCl4 concentration in the microsomal suspension. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Andersen, NJ (reprint author), US EPA,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH MD 74,EXPTL TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-2797 J9 CHEM-BIOL INTERACT JI Chem.-Biol. Interact. PD JUN 10 PY 1996 VL 101 IS 1 BP 13 EP 31 DI 10.1016/0009-2797(96)03708-8 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UV514 UT WOS:A1996UV51400002 PM 8665616 ER PT J AU Woodall, GM Dauterman, WC DeMarini, DM AF Woodall, GM Dauterman, WC DeMarini, DM TI Effect of dietary casein levels on activation of promutagens in the spiral Salmonella mutagenicity assay .1. Studies with noninduced rat liver S9 SO MUTATION RESEARCH-ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS AND RELATED SUBJECTS LA English DT Article DE casein; promutagen; Salmonella mutagenicity spiral assay; liver S9; rat ID F344 MALE-RATS; PROTEIN LEVELS; TOXICITY; KWASHIORKOR; GLUTATHIONE; AFLATOXINS; METABOLISM; SYSTEM AB Xenobiotic metabolism can be influenced by various nutritional factors, including protein. In the present study, we have examined the effect of dietary protein (casein) levels on the ability of rat liver S9 to activate the promutagens aflatoxin B-1 (AFB), 2-aminoanthracene (2AN) and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in strain TA98 using the spiral Salmonella mutagenicity assay. S9s were derived from individual male F344 rats fed for 6 weeks on semisynthetic diets containing 8%, 12% or 22% methionine-supplemented casein as the sole source of protein (diets were made isocaloric by adjusting the corn starch content). Rats were housed in large, raised-bed cages by groups of three per diet. S9 activation mixtures were prepared at 5 mg of S9 protein/ml of S9 mix. Slopes from the linear portions of the mutagenicity dose-response curves were analyzed by ANOVA comparisons. Assays used to elucidate the phase I activities of microsomal preparations were cytochrome P450 content, cytochrome-e reductase activity, flavin-containing monooxygenase activity, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activity, N-demethylation of benzphetamine and para-nitrophenol O-deethylation. Phase II activities in cytosolic preparations were assayed by estimation of glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione S-transferase activity through metabolism of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Increased levels of dietary casein increased liver wet weights and decreased the ability of the S9 to activate 2AN. Dietary casein levels did not influence the S9-mediated activation of BAP; and consistent but nonsignificant increases in activation of AFB were produced by S9 from animals fed the 22% casein diet. The phase I and phase II activities measured here were not altered significantly by dietary casein levels; thus, other, more specific enzymatic activities may account for the mutagenesis data. These results illustrate the complex interaction between dietary levels of casein and promutagen activation mechanisms, which prevents drawing broad generalizations regarding the influence of dietary casein levels on the capacity of hepatic S9s to activate promutagens. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT TOXICOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RI Woodall, George/M-5658-2014 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-00044, ES-07046] NR 37 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1161 J9 MUTAT RES-ENVIR MUTA JI Mutat. Res.-Environ. Mutagen. Rel. Subj. PD JUN 10 PY 1996 VL 360 IS 2 BP 115 EP 126 DI 10.1016/0165-1161(96)00007-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity GA UR948 UT WOS:A1996UR94800007 PM 8649464 ER PT J AU Woodall, GM Dauterman, WC DeMarini, DM AF Woodall, GM Dauterman, WC DeMarini, DM TI Effect of dietary casein levels on activation of promutagens in the spiral Salmonella mutagenicity assay .2. Studies with induced rat liver Sg SO MUTATION RESEARCH-ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS AND RELATED SUBJECTS LA English DT Article DE casein; promutagen; Salmonella mutagenicity spiral assay; liver S9; rat ID PRENEOPLASTIC LESION DEVELOPMENT; LOW PROTEIN-DIET; NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES; RHESUS-MONKEYS; AFLATOXIN-B1; RESTRICTION; METABOLISM; BIOTRANSFORMATIONS; CARCINOGENESIS; GLUTATHIONE AB In the previous study (Mutation Res., this issue), we showed that increased levels of dietary casein as the sole protein source for male F344 rats decreased the ability of the uninduced liver S9s to activate 2-aminoanthracene (2AN) to a mutagen in strain TA98 using the spiral Salmonella mutagenicity assay. No effects of dietary casein levels were noted for the ability of uninduced liver S9s to activate the promutagens aflatoxin B-1 (AFB) and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP). In the present study, we have extended this study to include liver S9s induced with either Aroclor 1254, phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC). S9s were derived from individual male F344 rats fed for 6 weeks on semisynthetic diets containing 8%, 12% or 22% methionine-supplemented casein as the sole source of protein (diets were made isocaloric by adjusting the corn starch content). Rats were housed in large, raised-bed cages by groups of three/diet/inducing agent. S9 activation mixtures were prepared at 5 mg of S9 protein/ml of S9 mix. Slopes from the linear portions of the mutagenicity dose-response curves were analyzed by ANOVA comparisons, Assays used to elucidate the phase I activities of microsomal preparations were cytochrome P-450 content, cytochrome-c reductase activity, flavin-containing monooxygenase activity, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activity, N-demethylation of benzphetamine, and para-nitrophenol O-deethylation. Phase II activities were assayed by estimating glutathione (GSH) content and measuring the metabolism of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) by glutathione S-transferase in cytosolic preparations. None of the phase I or phase II endpoints were significantly affected by dietary casein levels. In general, increasing levels of dietary casein resulted in increased body and liver wet weight and amount of S9 protein. Aroclor-induced S9s from rats fed the 22% or 12% casein diet were most effective at activating AFB, depending on the lot of Aroclor used for induction; these divergent results were replicated with two groups of rats for each lot of Aroclor, The observed differences between Aroclor lots are assumed to arise from variation in the mix of PCB isomers, The Aroclor-induced S9s did not exhibit any casein-related effects for the activation of BAP or 2AN. For 3MC-induced S9s, the 12% casein diets produced S9s with the highest ability to activate AFB and BAP when standardized for protein content. Phenobarbital-induced S9s did not demonstrate any dietary casein-related effects on the activation of the three model promutagens. These results illustrate the complex interaction between dietary levels of casein, enzyme inducing agent and promutagen. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT TOXICOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RI Woodall, George/M-5658-2014 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-00044, ES-07046] NR 55 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1161 J9 MUTAT RES-ENVIR MUTA JI Mutat. Res.-Environ. Mutagen. Rel. Subj. PD JUN 10 PY 1996 VL 360 IS 2 BP 127 EP 143 DI 10.1016/0165-1161(96)00006-4 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity GA UR948 UT WOS:A1996UR94800008 PM 8649465 ER PT J AU Ashby, J Waters, MD Preston, J Adler, ID Douglas, GR Fielder, R Shelby, MD Anderson, D Sofuni, T Gopalan, HNB Becking, G SonichMullin, C AF Ashby, J Waters, MD Preston, J Adler, ID Douglas, GR Fielder, R Shelby, MD Anderson, D Sofuni, T Gopalan, HNB Becking, G SonichMullin, C TI Current issues in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis .67. IPCS harmonization of methods for the prediction and quantification of human carcinogenic/mutagenic hazard, and for indicating the probable mechanism of action of carcinogens SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article AB A flow chart is presented as a recommended sequence of tests to predict the carcinogenic hazard, and to predict and quantify the mutagenic hazard to germ cells of chemicals to humans. Ten associated principles of testing for these endpoints are also suggested. These recommendations are the result of a meeting convened under the auspices of the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), as part of their project on 'Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals'. The meeting was held at Carshalton, Surrey, from 13-17 February 1995. C1 ZENECA CTL,MACCLESFIELD SK10 4TJ,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND. US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. CIIT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UNWELT & GESUNDHEIT GMBH,D-85758 OBERSCHLEISSHEIM,GERMANY. CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0L2,CANADA. DEPT HLTH,DIV HEF,LONDON SE1 6LW,ENGLAND. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. BIBRA INT,CARSHALTON SM5 4DS,SURREY,ENGLAND. NATL INST HLTH SCI,BIOL SAFETY RES CTR,DIV GENET & MUTAGENESIS,SETAGAYA KU,TOKYO 158,JAPAN. UNEP,NAIROBI,KENYA. WHO,PCS,IRRU,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. WHO,PCS,ARM,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. NR 0 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD JUN 10 PY 1996 VL 352 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 157 DI 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00221-9 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA UU370 UT WOS:A1996UU37000020 PM 8676904 ER PT J AU Wilson, BW Padilla, S Henderson, JD Brimijoin, S Dass, PD Elliot, G Jaeger, B Lanz, D Pearson, R Spies, R AF Wilson, BW Padilla, S Henderson, JD Brimijoin, S Dass, PD Elliot, G Jaeger, B Lanz, D Pearson, R Spies, R TI Factors in standardizing automated cholinesterase assays SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD; RADIOMETRIC ASSAY; WHOLE-BLOOD AB A scientific panel assembled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that variability in cholinesterase (ChE) activities in the agency's pesticide/animal study database likely was due to a lack of accepted guidelines for ChE methodology. A series of trials was held in which participating laboratories measured ChE activity in blood and brain samples from untreated and pesticide-treated rats using a colorimetric assay method. The degree of inhibition of ChE activity in plasma and brain samples compared to controls was consistent among most of the laboratories. The ChE activity in erythrocyte samples differed more between laboratories due to a high blank, low erythrocyte AChE activity and hemoglobin absorption at the wavelength of the assay. Strategies are suggested for minimizing the variability of ChE activity in hemoglobin-rich samples. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MAYO CLIN,ROCHESTER,MN. MILES INC,DIV AGR,STILWELL,KS. DUPONT HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED,NEWARK,DE. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. USA,MED RES INST CHEM DEF,ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND,MD 21010. CORNING HAZLETON INC,VIENNA,VA. PHARMACO LSR,E MILLSTONE,NJ. RP Wilson, BW (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AVIAN SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30-ES-05707] NR 22 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD JUN 7 PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1080/009841096161429 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UQ875 UT WOS:A1996UQ87500007 PM 8642625 ER PT J AU Hansen, F AF Hansen, F TI Administrative process rigidity and the difficulty of administering agencies today SO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW LA English DT Article RP Hansen, F (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BAR ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 750 N LAKE SHORE DR ATTN:ORDER FULFILLMENT, CHICAGO, IL 60611 SN 0001-8368 J9 ADMIN LAW REV JI Adm. Law Rev. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 48 IS 3 BP 337 EP 338 PG 2 WC Law SC Government & Law GA UR645 UT WOS:A1996UR64500009 ER PT J AU Lowrance, SK AF Lowrance, SK TI Risk assessment perspectives from the agency view SO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW LA English DT Article RP Lowrance, SK (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BAR ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 750 N LAKE SHORE DR ATTN:ORDER FULFILLMENT, CHICAGO, IL 60611 SN 0001-8368 J9 ADMIN LAW REV JI Adm. Law Rev. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 48 IS 3 BP 345 EP 349 PG 5 WC Law SC Government & Law GA UR645 UT WOS:A1996UR64500012 ER PT J AU Brown, S AF Brown, S TI Mitigation potential of carbon dioxide emissions by management of forests in Asia SO AMBIO LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Regional Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Mitigation Strategies for Asia and Pacific Countries CY SEP 25-28, 1995 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP US Country Studies Program ID IMPACTED PINE FOREST; SUBTROPICAL CHINA; MAB RESERVE; BIOMASS; PLANTATIONS; DYNAMICS AB Substantial areas of available forest lands in Asia could be managed for conservation and sequestration of carbon (C). These include 133 Mha for establishment of plantations and agroforests, 33.5 Mha for slowed tropical deforestation, and 48 Mha for natural and assisted regeneration of tropical forests. The potential quantity of C conserved and sequestered on these lands was conservatively estimated to be 24 Pg C (1 Pg = 10(15) g) by 2050. Establishment of plantations and agroforests could account for 58% of the total mitigation potential on Asian forest lands. The amount of C that could be conserved and sequestered by all forest sector practices by 2050 under baseline conditions is equivalent to about 4% of the global fossil fuel emissions over the same time period. The uncertainties in estimates of mitigation potential presented in this paper are likely to be high, particularly with respect to the land area available for forestation projects and the rate at which deforestation could be slowed. The uncertainty terms are compounded in making global estimates of the mitigation potential, perhaps to large proportions, but to what extent is presently unknown. An example of a forestry project in China whose main goal was to rehabilitate degraded lands and at the same time provide biomass fuel for the local rural inhabitants is presented to demonstrate that C sequestration, and thus mitigation, is an added benefit to more traditional uses of forests. This forestry project is currently mitigating CO2 emissions (up to about 1.4 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1)) and, with a change in management, an almost two-fold increase in the current reduction of net C emissions would occur. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Brown, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 33 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 9 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 273 EP 278 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ304 UT WOS:A1996UZ30400011 ER PT J AU Krankina, ON Harmon, ME Winjum, JK AF Krankina, ON Harmon, ME Winjum, JK TI Carbon storage and sequestration in the Russian forest sector SO AMBIO LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Regional Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Mitigation Strategies for Asia and Pacific Countries CY SEP 25-28, 1995 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP US Country Studies Program ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; BUDGET; ECOSYSTEMS; MITIGATION; MANAGEMENT; ATMOSPHERE; BIOMASS; CO2 AB Research on country-level carbon budgets provides a quantitative basis for national policy decisions on greenhouse gas mitigation strategies. For many countries, including Russia, the carbon pools and flux associated with the forest sector are important components of the national carbon budget. Russia has 884 mill. ha of forest storing an estimated 42.1 PgC in live biomass, 29.5 PgC in detritus, and 2.9 PgC in forest products. Between 1988 and 1993, carbon stores in live biomass were reduced by 0.5 Pg as a result of the timber harvest (which exceeded carbon accumulation in growing trees), fires, and other natural disturbances. Only a small portion of the disturbed forest carbon pool is instantly released into the atmosphere: the greater part of it is transferred into the detrital pool while some is accumulated in forest products. The lack of data on these key components leads to large uncertainties in carbon flux estimates. Russian forests have significant potential to be managed for the purposes of carbon sequestration. The analysis indicates that forest management measures can increase the future level of carbon storage in Russian forests on a sustainable basis by 2.0 PgC, approximately 2.8%. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RP Krankina, ON (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, PEAVY HALL 154, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 48 TC 35 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 284 EP 288 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ304 UT WOS:A1996UZ30400013 ER PT J AU Hummel, AA Braun, KO Fehrenbacher, MC AF Hummel, AA Braun, KO Fehrenbacher, MC TI Evaporation of a liquid in a flowing airstream SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE airstream; evaporation rate; volatile liquid AB An equation was developed to estimate the evaporation rate of a volatile liquid in a flowing airstream and tested against experimental data. The equation requires only the molecular weight, vapor pressure, air velocity, pool size, ambient pressure, and liquid temperature, or estimates of these quantities, to approximate the overall evaporation rate in mass/time/unit area. The equation was developed by solving the partial differential equations describing the mass balance of a differential element above the liquid and includes fits of the diffusion coefficient based on classical kinetic theory of gases. The experiments tested the evaporation rate of 13 different compounds at different temperatures and airflow rates, and regression fits were made of the data. Both the regression fit and the theoretical equation fit the data well within an order of magnitude. The theoretical equation thus provides an approximation of the evaporation rate for low vapor pressure (i.e., 35 Torr or 5% of the ambient pressure) liquids with a minimum of information about the liquid. C1 RUST ENVIRONM & INFRASTRUCT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55441. US EPA,OFF POLLUT & PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Hummel, AA (reprint author), MONTELL TECHNOL,912 APPLETON RD,ELKTON,MD 21921, USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 6 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0519:EOALIA>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UP697 UT WOS:A1996UP69700002 ER PT J AU Fehrenbacher, MC Hummel, AA AF Fehrenbacher, MC Hummel, AA TI Evaluation of the mass balance model used by the environmental protection agency for estimating inhalation exposure to new chemical substances SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE exposure; mass balance model AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for assessing the potential for unacceptable human health and environmental risks of new chemical substances prior to commercialization. Estimates of potential inhalation exposure to workers during manufacture, processing, and use of a new chemical substance are key elements of these assessments. However, the available information with which to assess the potential for exposure is often limited for new chemicals. One approach used by EPA to develop screening level estimates of inhalation exposure io vapors in the absence of data is the use of a mass balance model to predict the airborne concentration for various activities such as drumming and sampling. The mass balance model was evaluated by comparing the exposure estimates far specific operations with monitoring data reported in selected studies from the available literature. In general the estimated exposures based on the midpoint of the range of default input values were well within one order of magnitude of the measured exposures, Selection of more conservative (i.e. protective) model input values overestimated exposures by one or more orders of magnitude. There ale many simplifying assumptions inherent in the model and many variables that influence exposure that are not considered. Uncertainty analyses of the model demonstrated that values selected for the ventilation flow rate and generation rate greatly influence the estimate of exposure and should be carefully chosen. Additional research is recommended, and ultimately, model validation should be completed to further improve and refine the model. C1 MONTELL TECHNOL,ELKTON,MD 21921. RP Fehrenbacher, MC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,401 M ST,SW 7406,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 47 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 6 BP 526 EP 536 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<0526:EOTMBM>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UP697 UT WOS:A1996UP69700003 PM 8651073 ER PT J AU Pierson, WR Gertler, AW Robinson, NF Sagebiel, JC Zielinska, B Bishop, GA Stedman, DH Zweidinger, RB Ray, WD AF Pierson, WR Gertler, AW Robinson, NF Sagebiel, JC Zielinska, B Bishop, GA Stedman, DH Zweidinger, RB Ray, WD TI Real-world automotive emissions - Summary of studies in the Fort McHenry and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies CY NOV 08-12, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc, Amer Geophys Union, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem, Amer Assoc Aerosol Res DE real-world vehicle emissions; NMHC; MOBILE models; O-3 formation; remote sensing ID CARBON-MONOXIDE EMISSIONS; PARTICULATE MATTER; LOS-ANGELES; VEHICLES; ROAD; RATES; DIESEL; CO AB Motor vehicle emission rates of CO, NO, NOx, and gas-phase speciated nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and carbonyl compounds were measured in 1992 in the Fort McHenry Tunnel under Baltimore Harbor and in the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, for comparison with emission-model predictions and for calculation of the reactivity of vehicle emissions with respect to O-3 formation. Both tunnels represent a high-speed setting at relatively steady speed. The cars at both sites tended to be newer than elsewhere (median age was < 4 yr), and much better maintained as judged by low CO/CO2 ratios and other emissions characteristics. The Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel is hat, making it advantageous for testing automotive emission models, while in the underwater Fort McHenry Tunnel the impact of roadway grade can be evaluated. MOBILE4.1 and MOBILE5 gave predictions within +/- 50% of observation most of the time. There was a tendency to overpredict, especially with MOBILES and especially at Tuscarora. However, light-duty-vehicle CO, NMHC, and NOx all were underpredicted by MOBILE4.1 at Fort McHenry. Light-duty-vehicle CO/NOx ratios and NMHC/NOx ratios were generally a little higher than predicted. The comparability of the predictions to the observations contrasts with a 1987 experiment in an urban tunnel (Van Nuys) where CO and HC, as well as CO/NOx and NMHC/NOx ratios, were grossly underpredicted. The effect of roadway grade on gram per mile (g mi(-1)) emissions was substantial. Fuel-specific emissions (g gal(-1)), however, were almost independent of roadway grade, which suggests a potential virtue in emissions models based on fuel-specific emissions rather than g mi(-1) emissions. Some 200 NMHC and carbonyl emissions species were quantified as to their light- and heavy-duty-vehicle emission rates. The heavy-duty-vehicle NMHC emissions were calculated to possess more reactivity, per vehicle-mile, with respect to O-3 formation (g O-3 per vehicle-mile) than did the light-duty-vehicle NMHC emissions. Per gallon of fuel consumed, the light-duty vehicles had the greater reactivity. Much of the NMHC, and much of their reactivity with respect to O-3 formation, resided in compounds heavier than C-10, mostly from heavy-duty diesels, implying that atmospheric NMHC sampling with canisters alone is inadequate in at least some situations since canisters were round not to be quantitative beyond similar to C-10. The contrasting lack of compounds heavier than C-10 from light-duty vehicles suggests a way to separate light- and heavy-duty-vehicle contributions in receptor modeling source apportionment. The division between light-duty-vehicle tailpipe and nontailpipe NMHC emissions was similar to 85% tailpipe and similar to 15% nontailpipe (evaporative running losses, etc.). Measured CO/CO2 ratios agreed well with concurrent roadside infrared remote sensing measurements on light-duty vehicles, although remote sensing HC/CO2 ratio measurements were not successful at the low HC levels prevailing. Remote sensing measurements on heavy-duty diesels were obtained for the first time, and were roughly in agreement with the regular (bag sampling) tunnel measurements in both CO/CO2 and HC/CO2 ratios. A number of recommendations for further experiments, measurement methodology development, and emissions model development and evaluation are offered. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV DENVER,DEPT CHEM,DENVER,CO 80208. US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Pierson, WR (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,POB 60220,RENO,NV 89506, USA. RI Bishop, Gary/E-6994-2015 OI Bishop, Gary/0000-0003-0136-997X NR 52 TC 206 Z9 211 U1 4 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 2233 EP 2256 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00276-6 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UH931 UT WOS:A1996UH93100022 ER PT J AU Bishop, GA McLaren, SE Stedman, DH Pierson, WR Zweidinger, RB Ray, WD AF Bishop, GA McLaren, SE Stedman, DH Pierson, WR Zweidinger, RB Ray, WD TI Method comparisons of vehicle emissions measurements in the Fort McHenry and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies CY NOV 08-12, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc, Amer Geophys Union, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem, Amer Assoc Aerosol Res DE automotive emissions; remote sensing; tunnel measurements; carbon monoxide; hydrocarbons ID ROAD AB Experiments were conducted in the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore, MD, and in the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel in Pennsylvania, during the summer of 1992 to evaluate real-world automotive emissions. Included in these experiments were the first reported measurements of individual vehicle exhaust in tunnels by a remote sensing device (RSD). Results are compared to integrated emission measurements carried out by analysis of concurrent collections of tunnel air into bags, canisters, and adsorbent traps and by conventional Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The vehicles using these highway tunnels proved to be lower emitting than vehicles usually measured by remote sensing in urban areas. At Fort McHenry the RSD-measured CO/CO2 ratios were, on average, high compared to either the bag or FTIR measurements (by a factor of 1.4 +/- 0.2) for the four runs monitored. RSD hydrocarbon data were obtained only at the uphill location (+ 3.76% grade). RSD HC/CO2 ratios were lower on average, but statistically indistinguishable when compared with either the FTIR or the integrated uphill measurements. At Tuscarora, the RSD-measured CO/CO2 ratios were in agreement with the CO/CO2 ratios in the tunnel bag measurements and FTIR measurements (within a factor of 1.00 +/- 0.16 by one method and 0.82 +/- 0.32 by a second, when traffic was dominated by light-duty spark-ignition vehicles). The RSD HC/CO2 ratios were, however, higher than the light-duty vehicle estimates from the integrated (bag/canister/Tenax) tunnel measurements by a Factor of 3, and higher than the FTIR Delta HC/Delta CO2 ratios by an even higher factor, mostly owing to water vapor interferences in the low average RSD measurements. For the first time RSD measurements were collected from a small sample of heavy-duty diesels; comparisons to the heavy-duty emissions contributions for CO and HC were favorable. Analysis of emissions data For vehicle variability at Fort McHenry revealed that low CO emitting vehicles tended to be consistently low but that the minority that were high emitters (> 2.5% CO) were more likely to be high only at the uphill location. Vehicle mileage information was collected al a toll booth in the case of Fort McHenry and at a service plaza in the case of Tuscarora for comparison against the RSD emissions measurements. This comparison showed little conventional deterioration of CO or HC emissions with mileage. The trend consisted of an increased frequency of high emitters with mileage, rather than an increase in emissions from all vehicles with increasing mileage. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506. US EPA,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Bishop, GA (reprint author), UNIV DENVER,DEPT CHEM,DENVER,CO 80208, USA. RI Bishop, Gary/E-6994-2015 OI Bishop, Gary/0000-0003-0136-997X NR 9 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 2307 EP 2316 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00005-4 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UH931 UT WOS:A1996UH93100027 ER PT J AU Spingarn, AL AF Spingarn, AL TI Chilling layoffs SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP Spingarn, AL (reprint author), US EPA,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 6 BP 388 EP 388 DI 10.2307/1312865 PG 1 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA UN618 UT WOS:A1996UN61800003 ER PT J AU Brown, S Mo, JM McPherson, JK Bell, DT AF Brown, S Mo, JM McPherson, JK Bell, DT TI Decomposition of woody debris in Western Australian forests SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; ECOSYSTEMS; RELEASE; SPRUCE; BOLES; DECAY; MASS AB Changes in mass and nutrients in experimental logs of six tree species during 5 years of exposure in the three major forest production regions of southwest Western Australia were measured to determine how climate, substrate quality, and substrate size interact to regulate decomposition of woody debris in this Mediterranean-type climate. Branch (3-5 cm in diameter) and bole (10-15 cm in diameter) material of the six species was set out in representative areas of a regenerating clear-cut Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. wet sclerophyll forest, selectively cut Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith dry sclerophyll forest, and clear-cut areas of a former Pinus pinaster Aiton plantation. Experimental logs were collected at about 0.5, 2, and 5 years after placement and were separated into bark and wood components. Samples of initial material were analyzed for moisture content, water-soluble and NaOH-soluble extractives and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg). At each collection, moisture content and changes in mass and nutrient concentration were determined for the sample logs. Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. the major associate of the two native forests, lost the most mass during this time, up to 65% of the initial mass (decomposition coefficient k = 0.22 year(-1)). Decomposition was least in P. pinaster and E. marginata, at about 24-26% of original mass (k = 0.05 year(-1) and 0.07 year(-1), respectively). Mass losses were greatest in Manjimup, the wettest site, and least at Gnangara, the driest site, but differences in overall levels of decomposition were small despite the range in climatic moisture regimes. Small logs decomposed faster than large logs. Changes in nutrient concentrations occurred in all logs at all sites, indicating activity by decomposer organisms and(or) leaching losses. Nitrogen was the only element to be immobilized over the 5-year period. Mineralization rates were of the order P approximate to Ca < Mg < K. Concentrations of compounds extractable in cold water and NaOH decreased during the 5 years of exposure. Differences in decomposition rates were partly explained by initial concentrations of N only; there appeared to be no relationship between decomposition and concentration of the other elements and extractives. C1 ACAD SINICA,DINGHUSHAN ARBORETUM,GUANGDONG 526070,PEOPLES R CHINA. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL,STILLWATER,OK 74059. UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,DEPT BOT,NEDLANDS,WA 6009,AUSTRALIA. RP Brown, S (reprint author), US EPA,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 43 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 6 BP 954 EP 966 DI 10.1139/x26-105 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UT058 UT WOS:A1996UT05800006 ER PT J AU You, GR Sayles, GD Kupferle, MJ Kim, IS Bishop, PL AF You, GR Sayles, GD Kupferle, MJ Kim, IS Bishop, PL TI Anaerobic DDT biotransformation: Enhancement by application of surfactants and low oxidation reduction potential SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION AB Enhancement of anaerobic DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane) biotransformation by mixed cultures was studied with application of surfactants and oxidation reduction potential reducing agents. Without amendments, DDT transformation resulted mainly in the production of DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane) upon removal of one aliphatic chlorine. The DDT transformation rate increased with the addition of the nonionic surfactants Triton X-114 or Brij 35. The addition of either surfactant or reducing agents did not significantly extend the DDT transformation Addition of both surfactant and reducing agents extended DDT transformation by reducing the accumulation of DDD and increasing the accumulation of less chlorinated products. It is important to minimize the accumulation of DDD because it is a regulated pesticide and is recalcitrant to aerobic transformation. Controlled experiments revealed that the transformation of DDT requires microbial culture, but the culture need not be biologically active. Transformation results are presented for aqueous and soil phase contamination. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 20 TC 38 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1996 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2269 EP 2284 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UQ381 UT WOS:A1996UQ38100014 ER PT J AU Titus, JG Narayanan, V AF Titus, JG Narayanan, V TI The risk of sea level rise SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CLIMATE SYSTEM; MASS BALANCE; MODEL; SHELF; SENSITIVITY; GLACIERS; COST AB The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change requires nations to implement measures for adapting to rising sea level and other effects of changing climate. To decide upon an appropriate response, coastal planners and engineers must weigh the cost of these measures against the likely cost of failing to prepare, which depends on the probability of the sea rising a particular amount. This study estimates such a probability distribution, using models employed by previous assessments, as well as the subjective assessments of twenty climate and glaciology reviewers about the values of particular model coefficients. The reviewer assumptions imply a 50 percent chance that the average global temperature will rise 2 degrees C, as well as a 5 percent chance that temperatures will rise 4.7 degrees C by 2100. The resulting impact of climate change on sea level has a 50 percent chance of exceeding 34 cm and a 1% chance of exceeding one meter by the year 2100, as well as a 3 percent chance of a 2 meter rise and a 1 percent chance of a 4 meter rise by the year 2200. The models and assumptions employed by this study suggest that greenhouse gases have contributed 0.5 mm/yr to sea level over the last century. Tidal gauges suggest that sea level is rising about 1.8 mm/yr worldwide, and 2.5-3.0 mm/yr along most of the U.S. Coast. It is reasonable to expect that sea level in most locations will continue to rise more rapidly than the contribution from climate change alone. We provide a set of 'normalized' projections which express the extent to which climate change is likely to accelerate the rate of sea level rise. Those projections suggest that there is a 65 percent chance that sea level will rise 1 mm/yr more rapidly in the next 30 years than it has been rising in the last century. Assuming that nonclimatic factors do not change, there is a 50 percent chance that global sea level will rise 45 cm, and a 1 percent chance of a 112 cm rise by the year 2100; the corresponding estimates for New York City are 55 and 122 cm. Climate change impact assessments concerning agriculture, forests, water resources, and other noncoastal resources should also employ probability-based projections of regional climate change. Results from general circulation models usually provide neither the most likely scenario nor the full range of possible outcomes; probabilistic projections do convey this information. Moreover, probabilistic projections can make use of all the available knowledge, including the views of skeptics; the opinions of those who study ice cores, fossils, and other empirical evidence; and the insights of climate modelers, which may be as useful as the model results themselves. RP Titus, JG (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 87 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 22 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUN PY 1996 VL 33 IS 2 BP 151 EP 212 DI 10.1007/BF00140246 PG 62 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VB081 UT WOS:A1996VB08100003 ER PT J AU Cohn, J MacPhail, RC Paule, MG AF Cohn, J MacPhail, RC Paule, MG TI Repeated acquisition and the assessment of centrally acting compounds SO COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE repeated acquisition; learning; method ID INCREMENTAL REPEATED ACQUISITION; RADIAL-ARM MAZE; RESPONSE SEQUENCES; D-AMPHETAMINE; WORKING MEMORY; CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA; PERFORMANCE; RATS; SCOPOLAMINE; MONKEYS AB Repeated acquisition (RA) procedures are behavioral preparations in which subjects learn new sequences of responses during each experimental session. They have been used with great success to assess the effects of drugs and other compounds on learning processes. As learning can be measured over many sessions in individual subjects, RA procedures can prove invaluable when conducting studies of the effects of chronic drug administration, aging and the long-term effects of exposure to toxic compounds. Analyzing the patterns of responding during acquisition can provide insights into the behavioral mechanisms underlying the effects of drugs and other centrally acting compounds on learning. Systematic comparisons are needed on the influence of many procedural variables on RA and the extent to which they may modulate the effects of chemicals. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. RP Cohn, J (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 60 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6410 J9 COGNITIVE BRAIN RES JI Cognit. Brain Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 3 IS 3-4 BP 183 EP 191 DI 10.1016/0926-6410(96)00005-5 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Neurosciences; Neuroimaging SC Computer Science; Neurosciences & Neurology GA UU009 UT WOS:A1996UU00900004 ER PT J AU Raghunathan, K Gullett, BK AF Raghunathan, K Gullett, BK TI Role of sulfur in reducing PCDD and PCDF formation SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-WASTE COMBUSTION; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; FLY-ASH; INCINERATION; PRECURSORS; MECHANISM AB Past research has suggested that the presence of sulfur (S) in municipal waste combustors (MWCs) can decrease the downstream formation of chlorinated organic compounds, particularly polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Thus, co-firing a MWC with coal, because of the S species from coal, may reduce PCDD and PCDF emissions. Experiments were carried out to test this hypothesis and to determine the role of S. A field-sampled MWC fly ash was injected into the EPA's pilot-scale reactor, doped with hydrogen chloride (HCl). The tests involved either natural gas or coal combustion. Besides the combustion environment, MWC fly ash injection temperature and sulfur-to-chlorine ratio (S/Cl) were varied. Flue gas was sampled and analyzed for PCDD and PCDF to determine in-flight formation. In the natural-gas-fired reactor, when S was added (as sulfur dioxide, SO2), the PCDD and PCDF formation decreased dramatically at S/Cl ratios as low as 0.64, and with varying furnace conditions, the inhibitory effect was consistent for S/Cl ratios of about 1. In tests with the coal-fired furnace, the S inhibitory effect was again observed at S/Cl values of 0.8 and 1.2, respectively, for the two coals tested. S inhibition mechanisms were studied in a bench-scale reactor. Results show that the depletion of molecular chlorine (Cl-2), an active chlorinating agent, by SO2 through a gas-phase reaction appears to be a significant inhibition mechanism in addition to previously reported SO2 deactivation of copper catalysts. C1 US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 22 TC 89 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1827 EP 1834 DI 10.1021/es950362k PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM991 UT WOS:A1996UM99100026 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM Mckinney, RA Brown, WA Quinn, JG AF Burgess, RM Mckinney, RA Brown, WA Quinn, JG TI Isolation of marine sediment colloids and associated polychlorinated biphenyls: An evaluation of ultrafiltration and reverse-phase chromatography SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; HUMIC MATERIALS; INTERSTITIAL WATERS; PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; NATURAL SOLIDS; SEA-WATER; BINDING; CONTAMINANTS AB Environmental colloids are suspected of having significant effects on nonpolar organic contaminant geochemistry, transport, and bioavailability. However, environmental data on colloid-contaminant interactions is limited because isolating colloids from the dissolved and particulate phases is problematic. In this study, two practical methods using ultrafiltration and reverse-phase chromatography were evaluated for isolating environmentally contaminated marine sediment interstitial water colloids and associated PCBs. In assessing each method, ultrafiltration demonstrated extensive sorption of radiolabeled nonpolar compounds (> 90%) and a re-occurring breakthrough phenomena, both of which compromise the method for accurately assessing colloid-PCB interactions. Conversely, C-18 reverse-phase chromatography, performed using laboratory-packed columns, generated reproducible organic carbon-normalized colloidal partitioning coefficients (K-coc) that agreed with literature and theoretical considerations. Evaluations of sample flow rate and prefiltration size along with potential for C-18 bed saturation indicated that these parameters have only a minor (e.g., less than a factor of 2) effect on the calculated contaminant distribution coefficients. Of the two methods evaluated, reverse-phase chromatography was the most promising for quantifying environmental colloid-PCB interactions. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), UNIV RHODE ISL,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,US EPA,NHEERL,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 59 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1923 EP 1932 DI 10.1021/es950620d PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM991 UT WOS:A1996UM99100039 ER PT J AU Oliver, KD Adams, JR Daughtrey, EH Mcclenny, WA Yoong, MJ Pardee, MA Almasi, EB Kirshen, NA AF Oliver, KD Adams, JR Daughtrey, EH Mcclenny, WA Yoong, MJ Pardee, MA Almasi, EB Kirshen, NA TI Technique for monitoring toxic VOCs in air: Sorbent preconcentration, closed-cycle cooler cryofocusing and GC/MS analysis SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB An automated gas chromatographic (autoGC) system was used to collect and analyze both nonpolar and polar volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air. This system combines the use of dual multiadsorbent traps to provide continuous air sampling for 57 min of each hour; a dry helium purge to remove extraneous gases, including some residual water vapor retained in the sorbent packing; thermal desorption of analytes onto a VOC-focusing trap cooled by a small Stirling-cycle refrigerator; and GC/mass spectrometric detection using ion trap technology. Cleanliness, linearity, method detection limits (MDLs), precision, and accuracy of the autoGC were determined for 41 VOCs. For most of the compounds tested, MDLs were less than 0.10 ppbv, response was linear over the 1-40 ppbv range, accuracy was +/- 20%, and trap-to-trap precision was +/- 20%. Linear response for a set of polar VOCs was also determined over the 5-50 ppbv range. The autoGC was successfully operated in a mobile laboratory at a field site in Axis, AL, for 10 days, during which time the system was in operation 24 h/day with minimal interruptions. This autoGC is designed for monitoring subsets of the 97 VOCs among the 189 hazardous organic compounds that are listed in Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,AIR MEASUREMENTS RES DIV,METHODS BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. XONTECH INC,VAN NUYS,CA 91406. VARIAN CHROMATOG SYST,WALNUT CREEK,CA 94598. RP Oliver, KD (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,POB 12313,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 11 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1939 EP 1945 DI 10.1021/es9506317 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM991 UT WOS:A1996UM99100041 ER PT J AU MunakataMarr, J McCarty, PL Shields, MS Reagin, M Francesconi, SC AF MunakataMarr, J McCarty, PL Shields, MS Reagin, M Francesconi, SC TI Enhancement of trichloroethylene degradation in aquifer microcosms bioaugmented with wild type and genetically altered Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia G4 and PR1 SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHYLOSINUS-TRICHOSPORIUM OB3B; OXIDIZING BACTERIUM; MIXED CULTURE; SOIL; BIODEGRADATION; INOCULATION; TOXICITY; PHENOL; STRAIN; BIOTRANSFORMATION AB The effects of bioaugmentation on the aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene (TCE) in groundwater were investigated using small-column aquifer microcosms. Nonsterile nonbioaugmented microcosms fed phenol as a primary substrate mimicked observed in-situ behavior at the Moffett Field site (1), cometabolizing approximately 60 mu g/L TCE while fed 6.5 mg/L phenol. High-density single bioaugmentation with Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia G4 increased TCE removal in sterile aquifer material, while producing mixed results in nonsterile material. Low-density semicontinuous bioaugmentation enhanced TCE transformation in nonsterile microcosms. A nonrecombinant NTG-induced mutant of G4 (PR1(301)) capable of uninduced constitutive degradation of TCE in the absence of phenol or toluene was developed for environmental release. Phenol-fed microcosms augmented with either B. cepacia strain G4 or PR1(301) transformed twice as much TCE as the nonaugmented phenol-fed microcosm. In addition, should primary substrate addition be a regulatory concern, TCE degradation was observed without primary substrate addition through bioaugmentation using organisms expressing the TCE-transforming enzyme. C1 UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,NATL RES COUNCIL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP MunakataMarr, J (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. RI McCarty, Perry/H-1132-2011; OI Munakata Marr, Junko/0000-0002-3705-6265 NR 41 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 2045 EP 2052 DI 10.1021/es950834v PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM991 UT WOS:A1996UM99100056 ER PT J AU Detenbeck, NE Hermanutz, R Allen, K Swift, MC AF Detenbeck, NE Hermanutz, R Allen, K Swift, MC TI Fate and effects of the herbicide atrazine in flow-through wetland mesocosms SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; wetlands; fate; effects; mesocosms ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; POTAMOGETON-PERFOLIATUS L; FRESH-WATER MARSH; PHOTOSYNTHETIC INHIBITION; VASCULAR PLANTS; NATURAL-WATERS; PERIPHYTON; STREAM; IMPACT; PRODUCTIVITY AB Wetland mesocosms were exposed to increasing concentrations of atrazine over time at levels typical of midwestern surface waters following spring runoff(l5 to 75 mu g/L). Atrazine had a half-life of 8 to 14 d in the 230-m-long wetlands. End points measured included nutrient levels; periphyton biomass; periphyton productivity and respiration; growth of selected macrophytes; and survival and growth of Daphnia magna (15, 25 mu g/L atrazine), Rana pipiens (15, 25 mu g/L), and Pimephales promelas larvae (25 to 75 mu g/L) and adults (50, 75 yg/L). Interaction between nutrient status or grazing intensity and atrazine effects were measured using periphyton enrichment and grazing exclosure experiments. Only periphyton, Ceratophyllum demersum, Zizania aquatica, and Daphnia were significantly affected by atrazine at any of the concentrations tested. Periphyton net productivity was significantly depressed by incubation in treated water as compared to control water at greater than or equal to 25 mu g/L atrazine (9 to 27-d exposures). In response, dissolved nutrient concentrations increased in treated mesocosms after 14 d. Ceratophyllum length/weight ratios increased after 6-d exposures to 50 mu g/L atrazine, while Zizania senesced prematurely during treatments of 50 or 75 mu g/L atrazine (97 d of cumulative exposure). Periphyton developed resistance to atrazine only at concentrations greater than or equal to 50 mu g/L. Atrazine effects on periphyton composition varied with the N:P supply ratio. Daphnia survival was significantly depressed at 15 mu g/L atrazine (48-h exposures). C1 US EPA,MONTICELLO ECOL RES STN,MINNEAPOLIS,MN. UNIV MINNESOTA,MONTICELLO ECOL RES STN,MONTICELLO,MN 55362. RP Detenbeck, NE (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,6201 CONGOLON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 42 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 20 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 937 EP 946 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0937:FAEOTH>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UP251 UT WOS:A1996UP25100016 ER PT J AU Reilly, FJ Spagnolo, RJ Ambrogio, E AF Reilly, FJ Spagnolo, RJ Ambrogio, E TI Marine and estuarine shallow water science and management SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. REILLY GRP,STAFFORD,VA 22554. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1996 VL 19 IS 2A BP 165 EP 168 DI 10.2307/1352222 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UX176 UT WOS:A1996UX17600001 ER PT J AU Kelly, EF McLaughlin, DF Dunseath, WJR Folger, S Jones, F Hudnell, HK AF Kelly, EF McLaughlin, DF Dunseath, WJR Folger, S Jones, F Hudnell, HK TI Frequency-domain measurement of vibrotactile driving responses in first-order efferent populations SO EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE somatosensation; vibrotaction; mechanoreceptor population responses; sensory-nerve recording; frequency-domain analysis ID GLABROUS SKIN; PSYCHOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS; MECHANORECEPTIVE UNITS; EVOKED-POTENTIALS; HUMAN HAND; ADAPTATION; VIBRATION; DISCRIMINATION; AMPLITUDE; STIMULI AB Surface recordings made at the wrist during moderate vibrotactile stimulation of a digit display rhythmic activity at the frequency of the driving stimulus. This activity is abolished by local anesthesia of the stimulated digit and by substitution of the corresponding digit of the opposite hand with the recording geometry and the load on the stimulator unchanged. Several additional features of the response are similarly incompatible with an artifactual origin in properties of the stimulus motion or the associated electromagnetic field, but consistent with previous neurophysiological observations. The frequency-domain analysis extends readily to the single-trial level, making the technique potentially useful for a variety of basic research and clinical purposes. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DENTAL RES CTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM NEUROBIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. DUKE UNIV,DEPT ELECT ENGN,DURHAM,NC 27706. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH DENT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kelly, EF (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT DIAGNOST SCI,ROOM 112,CB 7455,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE7509] NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0014-4819 J9 EXP BRAIN RES JI Exp. Brain Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 109 IS 3 BP 500 EP 506 PG 7 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA UU578 UT WOS:A1996UU57800016 PM 8817281 ER PT J AU McKim, JM Nichols, JW Lien, GJ Hoffman, AD Gallinat, CA Stokes, GN AF McKim, JM Nichols, JW Lien, GJ Hoffman, AD Gallinat, CA Stokes, GN TI Dermal absorption of three waterborne chloroethanes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SKIN; FISH; METABOLISM; TRANSPORT; SYSTEM; GILLS AB In vivo estimates of xenobiotic chemical flux across the dermal surface of intact fish were obtained by measuring chemical loss from venous blood to expired water. An experimental system was developed to separate the dermal route of exposure from all other routes. The system was then used to measure dermal absorption of tetrachloraethane (TCE), pentachloroethane (PCE), and hexachloroethane (HCE) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), two fish with very different skin anatomies. The kinetics of accumulation varied among chemicals, but for each compound were similar among species. TCE accumulated rapidly, reaching steady state in blood within as hr. Steady state was not reached in 48 hr with PCE or HCE, although blood levels of PCE were probably close to steady-state values. Dermal Aux estimates (based on branchial efflux) for TCE, PCE, and HCE were two to four times greater in catfish than in trout. Arterial blood concentrations of each compound were three to sis times greater in catfish. These observations are indicative of greater flux across catfish skin, augmented by higher blood:water chemical partitioning. Trout skin is covered with scales and has no taste buds, while catfish skin does not possess scales and has numerous taste bud papillae. Both scales and taste bud papillae originate in the dermis and extend to the skin surface through the epidermis. In catfish these taste buds mag offer channels through which chemicals diffuse across the epidermis to the more vascularized dermis. A comparison of dermal and branchial uptake was made by estimating zero-time dermal and branchial fluxes for all three chloroethanes. The mean dermal fluxes for TCE, PCE, and HCE ranged from 1.4 to 2.8, 1.8 to 3.6,and 1.4 to 3.2% of the total flux (branchial plus dermal) in rainbow trout and channel catfish, respectively. This research demonstrates that dermal absorption of waterborne chemicals occurs in large adult fish and results in distribution kinetics similar to those observed in inhalation exposures. Compared to branchial uptake, the dermal route of exposure appears to be relatively unimportant in large fish. It may, however, be very important in smaller fish and for juveniles of larger species. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 ASCI CORP INC,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP McKim, JM (reprint author), US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV DULUTH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 218 EP 228 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0094 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UQ840 UT WOS:A1996UQ84000010 PM 8789788 ER PT J AU Nichols, JW McKim, JM Lien, GJ Hoffman, AD Bertelsen, SL Elonen, CM AF Nichols, JW McKim, JM Lien, GJ Hoffman, AD Bertelsen, SL Elonen, CM TI A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for dermal absorption of organic chemicals by fish SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVITRO PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; 3 WATERBORNE CHLOROETHANES; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; HUMAN-SKIN; METABOLISM; PERMEABILITY; VAPORS; INVIVO; GILLS; ACID AB A physiologically based toxicokinetic model was developed to describe dermal absorption of waterborne organic chemicals by fish. The skin was modeled as a discrete compartment into which compounds diffuse as a function of chemical permeability and the concentration gradient. The model includes a countercurrent description of chemical flux at fish gills and was used to simulate dermal-only exposures, during which the gills act as a route of elimination. The model was evaluated by exposing adult rainbow trout and channel catfish to hexachloroethane (HCE), pentachloroethane (PCE), and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE). Skin permeability coefficients were obtained by fitting model simulations to measured arterial blood data. Permeability coefficients increased with the number of chlorine substituent groups, but not in the manner expected from a directly proportional relationship between dermal permeability and skin:water chemical partitioning. An evaluation of rate limitations on dermal flux in both trout and catfish suggested that chemical absorption was limited more by diffusion across the skin than by blood flow to the skin. Modeling results from a hypothetical combined dermal and branchial exposure indicate that dermal uptake could contribute from 1.6% (TCE) to 3.5% (HCE) of initial uptake in trout. Dermal uptake rates in catfish are even higher than those in trout and could contribute from 7.1% (TCE) to 8.3% (PCE) of initial uptake in a combined exposure. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology RP Nichols, JW (reprint author), US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV DULUTH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 43 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 229 EP 242 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0095 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UQ840 UT WOS:A1996UQ84000011 PM 8789789 ER PT J AU Job, CA Simons, JJ AF Job, CA Simons, JJ TI Ground and surface water interaction, watershed management, and monitoring SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Job, CA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,GROUND WATER PROTECT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 68 EP 69 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb00139.x PG 2 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA VD821 UT WOS:A1996VD82100003 ER PT J AU Kovalick, WW Kingscott, J AF Kovalick, WW Kingscott, J TI Emerging issues and technology in site remediation SO HAZARDOUS WASTE & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,OFF SOLID WASTE & EMERGENCY RESPONSE,TECHNOL INNOVAT OFF,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0882-5696 J9 HAZARD WASTE HAZARD JI Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 13 IS 2 BP U2 EP U6 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UQ536 UT WOS:A1996UQ53600001 ER PT J AU Simpson, G Klasmeier, M Hill, H Atkinson, D Radolovich, G LopezAvila, V Jones, TL AF Simpson, G Klasmeier, M Hill, H Atkinson, D Radolovich, G LopezAvila, V Jones, TL TI Evaluation of gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry for monitoring vinyl chloride and other chlorinated and aromatic compounds in air samples SO HRC-JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE vinyl chloride; ion mobility spectrometry; GC/IMS; chemical field screening; environmental chemical analysis; chemical analysis of air AB The objective of this research was to evaluate, in the laboratory, the potential of gas chromatography/ion mobility spectrometry (GC/IMS) for monitoring vinyl chloride and other organic compounds in air samples in the field, It was determined that GC/IMS has the potential to directly detect vinyl chloride in air at the 2 ppbv level, and when concentrated on an adsorbent trap from a 1 L sample of air, detection could be Lowered to the 0.02 ppbv level, From a comparative investigation of 18 EPA priority pollutants and 34 common vapor-phase organic compounds, many compounds mere found to provide a more sensitive response in IMS than vinyl chloride, indicating that GC/IMS would be broadly applicable to the direct detection of vapor-phase organics in air. Operating parameters including drift gas, spectrometer temperature, and sample-inlet position were evaluated and discussed with respect to sensitivity and resolution, High temperature dramatically increased sensitivity to vinyl chloride, Vinyl chloride was shown to produce both negative and positive ion mobility spectra, with the negative-mode spectra resulting from electron-capture dissociation of the vinyl chloride, The limit of detection for vinyl chloride was found to be 7 pg/s, Limits of detection for 18 EPA priority pollutants were determined and compared to vinyl chloride, The responses of 34 other vapor-phase organic compounds were also compared to that of vinyl chloride, Non-selective, positive-ion detection of 30 of the 34 compounds was demonstrated along with selective, electron-capture-type detection of 29 of them, Chloride-specific and bromide-specific detection illustrated the advantages of selected-ion monitoring in IMS. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB, IDAHO FALLS, ID 83403 USA. MIDWEST RES INST, KANSAS CITY, MO 64110 USA. MIDWEST RES INST, CALIF OPERAT, MT VIEW, CA 94043 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB, LAS VEGAS, NV 89119 USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-6304 J9 HRC-J HIGH RES CHROM JI HRC-J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 19 IS 6 BP 301 EP 312 DI 10.1002/jhrc.1240190602 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VA016 UT WOS:A1996VA01600001 ER PT J AU Menzie, C Henning, MH Cura, J Finkelstein, K Gentile, J Maughan, J Mitchell, D Petron, S Potocki, B Svirsky, S Tyler, P AF Menzie, C Henning, MH Cura, J Finkelstein, K Gentile, J Maughan, J Mitchell, D Petron, S Potocki, B Svirsky, S Tyler, P TI Report of the Massachusetts weight-of-evidence workgroup: A weight-of-evidence approach for evaluating ecological risks SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE weight-of-evidence; ecological risk assessment; assessment endpoints; measurement endpoints AB Weight-of-evidence is the process by which multiple measurement endpoints are related to an assessment endpoint to evaluate whether significant risk of harm is posed to the environment. In this paper, a methodology is offered for reconciling or balancing multiple lines of evidence pertaining to an assessment endpoint. Weight-of-evidence is reflected in three characteristics of measurement endpoints: (a) the weight assigned to each measurement endpoint; (b) the magnitude of response observed in the measurement endpoint; and (c) the concurrence among outcomes of multiple measurement endpoints. First, weights are assigned to measurement endpoints based on attributes related to: (a) strength of association between assessment and measurement endpoints; (b) data quality; and (c) study design and execution. Second, the magnitude of response in the measurement endpoint is evaluated with respect to whether the measurement endpoint indicates the presence or absence of harm; as well as the magnitude. Third, concurrence among measurement endpoints is evaluated by plotting the findings of the two preceding steps on a matrix for each measurement endpoint evaluated. The matrix allows easy visual examination of agreements or divergences among measurement endpoints, facilitating interpretation of the collection of measurement endpoints with respect to the assessment endpoint. A qualitative adaptation of the weight-of-evidence approach is also presented. C1 MCLAREN HART,CHEMRISK,PORTLAND,ME. NOAA,BOSTON,MA. UNIV MIAMI,MIAMI,FL 33152. CH2M HILL INC,BOSTON,MA. ENSR CONSULTING & ENGN,ACTON,MA. PTI,WALTHAM,MA. US EPA,BOSTON,MA. US EPA,LEXINGTON,MA. RP Menzie, C (reprint author), MENZIE CURA & ASSOCIATES,1 COURTHOUSE LANE,CHELMSFORD,MA 01824, USA. NR 3 TC 61 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 7 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 277 EP 304 PG 28 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WC991 UT WOS:A1996WC99100011 ER PT J AU Foarde, KK VanOsdell, DW Chang, JCS AF Foarde, KK VanOsdell, DW Chang, JCS TI Evaluation of fungal growth on fiberglass duct materials for various moisture, soil, use, and temperature conditions SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE biocontaminant; mold; materials; fiberglass; indoor air quality; dust ID HUMIDITY AB Fiberglass duct materials are commonly used in both residential and commercial heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to provide the needed thermal insulation and noise control. Many building investigations have documented biocontamination of these materials, and the appropriateness of their use in high humidity locations has come into question. A series of experiments, each lasting 6 weeks, was conducted in static environmental chambers to assess some of the conditions that may impact the ability of a variety of fiberglass materials to support the growth of a fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum. Three different fiberglass duct liners (FDL), one fiberglass duct board, and fiberglass insulation, all newly purchased, were obtained as were samples of used (>5 years old) materials. Samples of these materials were tested to evaluate the effects of moisture, soil, use, and temperature on their ability to support the growth of P. chrysogenum. These studies demonstrated that P. chrysogenum could amplify under conditions of low (12 degrees C) and room (23 degrees C) temperature and high relative humidity on samples of one of the newly purchased materials, and that either wetting and/or soiling increased the materials' susceptibility. P. chrysogenum was able to grow on all the used material samples. While the results of this study apply directly only to fiberglass duct materials, they suggest that dust accumulation and/or high humidity should be properly controlled in any HVAC duct to prevent the growth of P. chrysogenum. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Foarde, KK (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST,CTR ENGN & ENVIRONM TECHNOL,POB 12194,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1996.t01-2-00004.x PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VN945 UT WOS:A1996VN94500004 ER PT J AU Lansari, A Streicher, JJ Huber, AH Crescenti, GH Zweidinger, RB Duncan, JW Weisel, CP Burton, RM AF Lansari, A Streicher, JJ Huber, AH Crescenti, GH Zweidinger, RB Duncan, JW Weisel, CP Burton, RM TI Dispersion of automotive alternative fuel vapors within a residence and its attached garage SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE indoor air; multizonal models; mass balance models; methanol; air pollution; attached garage ID EMISSIONS AB A study was undertaken to investigate the use of mass balance modeling techniques to predict air pollution concentrations in residential settings where the source is evaporative emissions of alternative fuels emitted in the attached garage. Field study measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of evaporative emissions in an attached garage were used to conduct this investigation, In this field study, known quantities of methanol were allowed to evaporate in the garage. Methanol concentrations were then measured and simulated in the garage. Because chemical and physical properties of this contaminant are clearly understood, if was possible to simulate the concentrations inside the remainder oi the house. A multi-zonal mass balance model (CONTAM88) was used to predict the across-residence spatial and temporal distribution of concentrations of evaporative emissions from a methanol source inside the attached garage. The model's input data include physical characteristics of the house; parameters characterizing the leakiness of the house; heat, ventilation and air-conditioning system characteristics; fixed airflow data from vent registers; on-site meteorological measurements; and information on the contaminant source. Before using the model to simulate methanol dispersions, the model's performance was tested. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) measurements were taken throughout the residence and garage. The model tvas used to predict interzonal airflow rates and SF6 concentration distributions within the garage and the house, as well as to investigate the well-mixed zone assumption for the garage. Modeling results show that predicted garage SF6 concentrations agreed reasonably well with the measured concentrations under mixed conditions, but the model underpredicted the SF6 concentrations within rooms of the house ih hare mixing was probably incomplete. Methanol simulation results showed that the model underpredicted by approximately 15 percent the garage methanol concentration after methanal emissions stopped. This study found that evaporative emissions in an attached garage have a tendency to infiltrate the house, with rooms adjacent to the garage showing the highest levels of methanol concentrations. Thus automotive evaporative Emissions may represent a source of indoor pollution and human exposure in a residential attached garage and also in other critical locations of the residence. C1 NOAA,DIV ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING,AIR RESOURCES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH SCI INST,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Lansari, A (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,POB 12313,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 118 EP 126 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1996.t01-1-00008.x PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VN945 UT WOS:A1996VN94500008 ER PT J AU Pritchard, RJ Ghio, AJ Lehmann, JR Winsett, DW Tepper, JS Park, P Gilmour, MI Dreher, KL Costa, DL AF Pritchard, RJ Ghio, AJ Lehmann, JR Winsett, DW Tepper, JS Park, P Gilmour, MI Dreher, KL Costa, DL TI Oxidant generation and lung injury after particulate air pollutant exposure increase with the concentrations of associated metals SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INHALABLE PARTICLES; IRON; CHILDREN; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE; INFLAMMATION; DISSOLUTION; DROPLETS; INVITRO; INVIVO AB We tested the hypothesis that particulate air pollutants are associated with metals that have a capacity to transport electrons and that biologic activity of the particulates can correlate with the concentrations of these metals. The metals studied were titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper. Measurements included (1) oxidized products of deoxyribose catalyzed by particulates, (2) induction of a neutrophilic alveolitis after particulate instillation, (3) increments in airway reactivity after particulate instillation, and (4) mortality after exposures to both dusts and a microbial agent. Employing 10 different dusts of either natural or anthropogenic origin, in vitro generation of oxidized products of deoxyribose increased with ionizable concentrations of all metals, except for titanium. associated with the particles. After tracheal instillation of dust into rats, both the neutrophil influx and lavage protein increased with ionizable concentrations of these same metals. Changes in airway reactivity following instillation of dusts in rats also appeared to be associated with the ionizable concentrations of these metals. Similarly, mortality after injection of particles in mice with subsequent exposure to aerosolized Streptococcus zooepidemicus reflected metal concentrations, We conclude that particulate air pollutants are associated with metals which have a capacity to catalyze electron transfer. An in vitro measure of oxidant production increased with ionizable concentrations of the metals. Indices of in vivo lung injury also corresponded to concentrations of these same metals. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,HSD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. VET ADM MED CTR,DURHAM,NC. DUKE UNIV,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC. GENENTECH INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 32 TC 198 Z9 207 U1 3 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1996 VL 8 IS 5 BP 457 EP 477 DI 10.3109/08958379609005440 PG 21 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UR083 UT WOS:A1996UR08300003 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Stonehuerner, J Pritchard, RJ Piantadosi, CA Quigley, DR Dreher, KL Costa, DL AF Ghio, AJ Stonehuerner, J Pritchard, RJ Piantadosi, CA Quigley, DR Dreher, KL Costa, DL TI Humic-like substances in air pollution particulates correlate with concentrations of transition metals and oxidant generation SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; FREE-RADICALS; IRON; DISEASE; DAMAGE; IMPACT; RATS AB We tested the hypotheses that (1) an incomplete oxidation of carbon-based fossil fuels during their combustion produces humic-like substances (HLS), which can be present in air pollution particulates and confer a capacity to complex metals; (2) air pollution particulates collected on PM(10) filters can be associated with concentrations of first-row transition metals; (3) particulates can catalyze the production of free radicals by cycling these transition metals through two stable valence states; and (4) concentrations of transition metals and oxidant generation by air pollution particulates increase with the content of HLS associated with these particles. HLS were isolated by alkali extraction. The content of these substances in combustion products of coal, diesel, oil, and wood was 3.1 +/- 0.8%, 4.7 +/- 1.0%, 1.0 +/- 0.1%, and 8.2 +/- 0.6%, respectively. Similarly, filters with sequestered air pollution particulates contained HLS ranging from 0.0 to 7.1%. Elemental analysis of these materials isolated from both products of fuel combustion and sequestered particulate disclosed values of C, H, N, and O consistent with an MLS. There were correlations between HLS content and ionizable concentrations of metals, quantified using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, associated with particulates sequestered on filters. Similarly, HLS content correlated with the absorbance of oxidized products of deoxyribose, demonstrating an affiliation between these substances and free radical generation by sequestered particulate. We conclude that HLS, a potential organic metal chelator, can be isolated from air pollution particulates. Concentrations of acid-soluble transition metals and in vitro oxidant generation correlated with the content of these substances collected on filters. C1 DUKE UNIV,DEPT MED,DURHAM,ENGLAND. IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,ENGN RES & APPLICAT DEPT,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HSD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 41 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JUN-JUL PY 1996 VL 8 IS 5 BP 479 EP 494 DI 10.3109/08958379609005441 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UR083 UT WOS:A1996UR08300004 ER PT J AU Summers, RS Hooper, SM Shukairy, HM Solarik, G Owen, D AF Summers, RS Hooper, SM Shukairy, HM Solarik, G Owen, D TI Assessing the DBP yield: Uniform formation conditions SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER AB A new chlorination approach has been developed for assessing disinfection by-product (DBP) formation under constant, yet representative conditions. The rationale used in the development of the uniform formation conditions (UFC) test and the results of a parametric sensitivity analysis are presented. Within the acceptable range of conditions, the DBP formation varied by less than 4 percent for the three waters examined. UFC tests results will allow a direct comparison of DBP formation among different waters and allow the evaluation of how treatment changes affect DBP formation in a specific water. C1 US EPA,OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. MALCOLM PIRNIE INC,CARLSBAD,CA 92009. RP Summers, RS (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,POB 210071,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 28 TC 135 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 28 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 80 EP 93 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UR421 UT WOS:A1996UR42100019 ER PT J AU Watkinson, WP Highfill, JW Slade, R Hatch, GE AF Watkinson, WP Highfill, JW Slade, R Hatch, GE TI Ozone toxicity in the mouse: Comparison and modeling of responses in susceptible and resistant strains SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE toxicology; telemetry; core body temperature; activity; thermoregulation; hypothermia; C57BL/6J mice; C3H/HeJ mice ID TEMPERATURE; RAT AB Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated a concentration-related hypothermia and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid indexes of toxicity in the rat after exposure to environmentally relevant levels of ozone (O-3) In similar studies with C5liBL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3) mice, other investigators have reported differential effects on BAL toxicity indexes between the two strains after O-3 exposure. The present study investigated the relationship between the reported strain differences in BAL parameters in B6 and C3 mice exposed to O-3 and the induced hypothermic response. Male 80-day-old mice (n = 94, 47/strain) were used for these studies. Subsets (n = 8/strain) of these animals were surgically implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters that permitted continuous monitoring of core body temperature and activity. All telemetry animals and an equal number of nontelemetry animals (n = 8/strain) were exposed to filtered air for 24 h followed by a 2-h exposure to 2 parts/million O-16(3). With use of a similar protocol, groups of nontelemetry mice (n = 12/strain) were exposed to either filtered air or 2 parts/million O-18(3) for 2 h. At 0 or 22 h postexposure, mice were anesthetized with halothane and intubated, and their lungs were lavaged with 37 degrees C saline. Although both strains of mice exhibited significant abrupt decreases in core body temperature on exposure to O-3 and both recovered rapidly after cessation of the O-3 exposure, the response of the C3 mice was more dynamic than that of the B6 mice. Similarly, both strains showed characteristic changes in biomarkers of O-3 toxicity; however, the increases in BAL fluid protein and cells at 22 h postexposure were significantly greater and the percentage of neutrophils was significantly less in B6 mice than in C3 mice. It is possible that the strain differences in BAL constituents may be related to the differences in the hypothermic response. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,BIOSTAT BRANCH,RES SUPPORT DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 2134 EP 2142 PG 9 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA UV413 UT WOS:A1996UV41300037 PM 8806922 ER PT J AU Chandrakanth, MS Krishnan, S Amy, GL AF Chandrakanth, MS Krishnan, S Amy, GL TI Interactions between ozone, AOM, and particles in water treatment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID ALGOGENIC ORGANIC-MATTER; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; DESTABILIZATION; FLOCCULATION; PREOZONATION; OZONATION; REMOVAL; AID AB Algogenic organic matter (AOM) was extracted from each of two algae (Scenedesmus and Chlorella) and used as a source of organic matter. The goal of this research was to study the effects of ozone on AOM-coated particles with respect to particle stability in model (synthetic) waters, to determine prevailing mechanism(s), and to quantify the effects of different variables. Particle stability was assessed through electrophoretic mobility measurements while particle aggregation was assessed through use of a collision efficiency factor under fluid shear mixing conditions. Changes in humic content, molecular weight, acidity, and complexation capacity of AOM with calcium was studied before and after ozonation. The results revealed that flocculation benefits from ozonation can be derived only if calcium binding increases significantly after ozonation. The magnitude of the increase in calcium binding is dependent on the type of AOM being studied and its reactivity to ozonation. The results also emphasized the significance of the molecular weight of the AOM in the flocculation process. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CIVIL ENVIRONM & ARCHITECTURAL ENGN,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Chandrakanth, MS (reprint author), US EPA,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 13 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1996 VL 122 IS 6 BP 459 EP 468 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:6(459) PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM374 UT WOS:A1996UM37400004 ER PT J AU Velleux, M Gailani, J Endicott, D AF Velleux, M Gailani, J Endicott, D TI Screening-level approach for estimating contaminant export from tributaries SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SORPTIVE TOXIC-SUBSTANCES; FRESH-WATER SYSTEMS; MODELS; LAKES AB The in-place pollutant export model (IPX) is a screening-level model for estimating contaminant export from tributaries with contaminated sediments to receiving waterbodies. IPX is a modified version of the USEPA's WASP4 modeling framework. IPX synthesizes sediment transport processes for sediment aging, decreased sediment resuspendability with increasing age, and resuspension of freshly deposited sediments as a function of water velocity, into an expanded WASP4 contaminant transport and fate chassis while retaining the computational flexibility of the original framework. These process descriptions are needed to accurately simulate contaminant transport and substantially improve the framework for application to tributary systems subject to significant deposition and resuspension events. The potential for applying IPX is broad; water quality impairments attributable to contaminated sediments are widespread due to discharges from industry, agriculture, and mining and ore processing. IPX has been successfully applied to the upper and lower Fox River in Wisconsin,and the Buffalo and Oswego Rivers in New York, all impaired by contaminated sediments. C1 USA,CORPS ENGINEERS,WATERWAYS EXPT STN,VICKSBURG,MS 39180. US EPA,LARGE LAKES RES STN,GROSSE ILE,MI 48138. RP Velleux, M (reprint author), WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCE,WR-2,POB 7921,MADISON,WI 53707, USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1996 VL 122 IS 6 BP 503 EP 514 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:6(503) PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM374 UT WOS:A1996UM37400009 ER PT J AU Christ, SA Toth, GP McCarthy, HW Torsella, JA Smith, MK AF Christ, SA Toth, GP McCarthy, HW Torsella, JA Smith, MK TI Monthly variation in sperm motility in common carp assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carp; season; sperm motility; CASA; sperm concentration; osmolality ID CYPRINUS-CARPIO; SPERMATOZOA; STIMULATION; SEMEN; OSMOLALITY; POTASSIUM; FISHES AB Sperm motility variables from the mill of the common carp Cyprinus carpio were assessed using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system across several months (March-August 1992) known to encompass the natural spawning period. Two-year-old pond-raised males obtained each month were primed with an exogeneous hormone injection of carp pituitary extract and stripped of milt 18-24 h later. The milt was diluted, activated and videotaped using a high-speed (200 Hz) videocamera and recorder. Videotaped samples were subsequently analysed using the CellTrak/S CASA system (Motion Analysis Corp.) for percent motility, curvilinear and straight-line velocity. In addition to assessing changes in motility parameters across several months, a comparison was made between two predilution/activation media combinations (homologous seminal plasma/NaCl+HEPES v. 2-h incubation in 200 mM KCl+Tris/Tris). The percentage of motile cells assessed immediately after activation was significantly greater in the summer months (May, June, July) when compared to a spring sampling point (March); when assessed 1 min after activation, cells prediluted in seminal plasma maintained a higher percentage of motility than those prediluted in KCl. Curvilinear and straight-line velocities exhibited a slight seasonal trend; variations in response to the predilution treatments were observed with these measurements. Sperm count gradually increased through April and May (9.63 x 10.9 to 2.38 x 10(10) ml(-1) milt), declined in June and July (to 1.83 x 10(10) ml(-1) milt), and was followed by a steep increase in August (2.74 x 10(10) ml(-1) milt). Mean seminal plasma osmolality remained relatively constant (250-265 mOsmol kg(-1)) throughout the sampling period. (C) 1996 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles C1 OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC,CINCINNATI,OH. TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Christ, SA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,AQUAT RES DIV,ECOL MONITORING RES BRANCH,CELLULAR & BIOCHEM MAR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 34 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1210 EP 1222 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01815.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UV396 UT WOS:A1996UV39600014 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW Huynh, B Patsy, J AF Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW Huynh, B Patsy, J TI Growth of Salmonella spp and Vibrio cholerae in reconditioned wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; V-cholerae; reconditioned water; bacterial growth ID DRINKING-WATER; BACTERIAL AB Many food-processing plants are looking to increase the use of reconditioned water beyond the currently approved uses for initial cleaning (vegetables) and scalding water (meat and poultry). The preliminary survey showed that the reconditioned water from a local meat plant could support bacterial growth. The growth potential of Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae (starting level of 3 to 4 log CFU/ml) in the reconditioned wastewater from this plant (with and without added thiosulfate) was studied at temperatures from 5 to 42 degrees C. Bioassays for the assimilable organic carbon and coliform growth response suggest that this reconditioned water contained sufficient nutrients to support bacterial growth. Both pathogens grew in the unchlorinated reconditioned and chlorinated reconditioned water containing 10 mg of sodium thiosulfate per mi to neutralize the residual chlorine. Cell counts declined rapidly in chlorinated water without thiosulfate. The results of this study emphasized the importance of maintaining residual chlorine levels (0.2 mg/liter) in both reconditioned and potable waters to prevent pathogen growth. C1 US EPA, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, 600 E MERMAID LANE, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 59 IS 6 BP 577 EP 581 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UT940 UT WOS:A1996UT94000002 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Huffman, GL AF Lee, CC Huffman, GL TI Medical waste management incineration SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Review DE medical waste; incineration; treatment technologies; health issues AB Major changes in medical waste disposal practices are expected to occur in the future because of regulatory requirements from both the Federal and State level; namely: At the Federal level, under the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its recently enacted Amendments of 1990, EPA proposed air emission standards to regulate medical waste incineration in February 1995. At the State level, many States are developing new standards to control medical waste disposal. Because of the information need to support the implementation of the regulations, both the Federal Government and the States have conducted various studies. This paper represents a discussion of what has been learned as a result of these studies, Major activities have included: EPA's/Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory's (RREL's) State-of-the-Art Assessment of Medical Waste Thermal Treatment; Four medical waste management workshops co-sponsored by EPA's RREL, EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW), and the California Air Resources Board; Field tests of medical waste incinerator performance conducted by EPA and the States; Evaluation of medical waste treatment technologies conducted by private industries; The promulgation of medical waste incineration standards by several States and the active development of Federal standards by EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS); and EPA's/OSW's submittal of their first Interim Report to Congress. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 23 TC 38 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 48 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 30 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00153-0 PG 30 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UG820 UT WOS:A1996UG82000001 ER PT J AU Thurnau, RC AF Thurnau, RC TI Low-temperature desorption treatment of co-contaminated soils: TCLP as an evaluation technique SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE thermal desorption; soil remediation; metal mobility; TCLP AB The evaluation of a rotary kiln incinerator utilized as a low-temperature thermal desorber was carried out at EPA's Incineration Research Facility (IRF). The effectiveness of employing a direct fired unit was tested in decontaminating soil containing various organic and metallic pollutants. Test parameters were: soil moisture content, treatment temperature, treatment time, solid bed depth and the degree of agitation. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) can be used as a way to show the change in mobility that metals experience as a result of low-temperature thermal treatment. The effects of low-temperature treatment varied, with treatment temperature having the biggest0 impact on the TCLP of metal residues. RP Thurnau, RC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 48 IS 1-3 BP 149 EP 169 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00150-6 PG 21 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UG820 UT WOS:A1996UG82000010 ER PT J AU Wekell, JC Lorenzana, RM Hogan, M Barnett, H AF Wekell, JC Lorenzana, RM Hogan, M Barnett, H TI Survey of paralytic shellfish poison and domoic acid in Puget Sound predatory gastropods SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE paralytic shellfish poison; gastropods; domoic acid AB Two predatory gastropods, moonsnails (Polinices lewissi) and frilled dogwinkles (Nucella lamellosa), were collected in the Puget Sound basin in the summer and fall of 1994 and in the spring of 1995. Analyses indicated the presence of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) toxins in these gastropods in all sampling periods; however, no domoic acid was detected in any of the samples. Other species of molluscan shellfish and a species of crustacea, considered possible prey and/or indicators of PSP in the area, were also collected. In September 1994, levels of PSP in moonsnails collected from Agate Passage averaged 145 mu g of saxitoxin (STX) equivalents (equiv.)/100 g; butter clams taken from the same area at the same time averaged 73 mu g of STX equiv./100 g. In October 1994, when a local monitoring station indicated the presence of PSP in Mystery Bay, a collection and PSP analyses of molluscan shellfish yielded the following average values: dogwinkle (N. lamellosa) averaged 72) mu g of STX equiv./100 g; blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), 652 mu g of STX equiv./100 g; Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), 45 mu g of STX equiv./100 g; northern horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus, 48 mu g Of STX equiv./100 g; and snails (Searlesia dira), 50 mu g of STX equiv./100 g. In April 1995, another collection and analyses of shellfish from Agate Passage showed that moonsnails averaged 48 mu g of STX equiv./100 g, and butter clams (Saxidomus giganteus) averaged 35 mu g of STX equiv./100 g (range, 0-77 mu g of STX equiv./100 g); Pacific littleneck clams (Protothaca staminea) and red rock crab (Cancer productus) did not contain PSP toxin. Modifications of the sample preparation methods required for the analyses of samples are described. C1 US EPA, SEATTLE, WA 98101 USA. SOUTHAMPTON COLL, LIU, DIV NAT SCI, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA. RP Wekell, JC (reprint author), NOAA, NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, UTILIZAT RES DIV, 2725 MONTLAKE BLVD E, SEATTLE, WA 98112 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 231 EP 236 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UX154 UT WOS:A1996UX15400004 ER PT J AU Herron, NR Donnelly, JR Sovocool, GW AF Herron, NR Donnelly, JR Sovocool, GW TI Software-based mass spectral enhancement to remove interferences from spectra of unknowns SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article AB Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data from the analysis of complex environmental samples were converted into ASCII text and imported into a personal computer spreadsheet. A macro was written to perform mass spectral enhancement by statistical and mathematical procedures to separate the spectra of compounds of interest from interfering mass spectral responses, such as those of broadly eluting hydrocarbons. The extracted mass spectra were compared to reference spectra, with the result that usually 80-90% of the ions common to those in the reference spectra were successfully extracted by using this method. This procedure improved mass spectral quality and the ability of the data system to perform successful library searches. The fitted quality parameters showed systematic improvements after the data were subjected to the spectral enhancement procedures. These procedures could help to identify unknowns by separating their spectra from other signals, such as those of background aliphatic hydrocarbons. C1 LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 6 BP 598 EP 604 DI 10.1016/1044-0305(96)00018-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA UL671 UT WOS:A1996UL67100010 PM 24203432 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Pourmoghaddas, H Wymer, LJ Dressman, RC AF Clark, RM Pourmoghaddas, H Wymer, LJ Dressman, RC TI Modelling the kinetics of chlorination by-product formation: The effects of bromide SO JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA LA English DT Article ID ACID AB Using a data set generated by Pourmoghaddas et al. a model for characterising the formation of THM and non-THM chlorination by-products and their speciation was developed. The model which takes into consideration pH, time and chlorine and bromide concentration shows the effect of bromide concentration on CHCl3 and CHBr3 formation. The model demonstrates that the concentration of CHBr2Cl and CHBrCl2 increases to a maximum level for bromide concentrations of 2.5 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, and then declines with increasing bromide concentration. Concentrations of CHCl3 decline with increasing bromide concentration and CHBr3 increases with increasing bromide concentration. C1 UNIV MED SCI,HEZAR GIRIB,ESPAHAN,IRAN. US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0003-7214 J9 J WATER SUPPLY RES T JI J. Water Supply Res. Technol.-Aqua PD JUN PY 1996 VL 45 IS 3 BP 112 EP 119 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UR865 UT WOS:A1996UR86500002 ER PT J AU Jeffrey, WH Pledger, RJ Aas, P Hager, S Coffin, RB VonHaven, R Mitchell, DL AF Jeffrey, WH Pledger, RJ Aas, P Hager, S Coffin, RB VonHaven, R Mitchell, DL TI Diel and depth profiles of DNA photodamage in bacterioplankton exposed to ambient solar ultraviolet radiation SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE ultraviolet radiation; DNA damage; marine bacterioplankton ID CYCLOBUTANE PYRIMIDINE DIMERS; UV-B RADIATION; ABSORBING COMPOUNDS; MARINE ORGANISMS; PHYTOPLANKTON; BACTERIA; ANTARCTICA; GROWTH; OCEAN; OZONE AB Bacteria play a central role in the cycling of nutrients and energy flow to higher trophic levels, yet the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation upon bacterioplankton have been largely overlooked. Using a highly specific radioimmunoassay, measurements of solar-induced DNA photodamage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers) were taken in planktonic samples collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Diel patterns of dimer accumulation and repair were observed in both the bacterioplankton size fraction (<0.8 mu m) and in the larger eukaryotic plankton size fraction (>0.8 mu m <120 mu m), although damage induction was approximately while as much in the bacterioplankton fraction. Depth profiles of DNA damage in the bacterioplankton size fraction during calm and moderate seas demonstrated the influence of mixing on the distribution of UV radiation effects. During calm seas, damage was greatest in surface waters, decreased with depth, and could be detected to 10 m. In moderate seas, however, no net accumulation of damage was observed, even at the surface. The results demonstrate that bacteria are more susceptible to UV-B damage and may serve as a more sensitive indicator of UV stress than other microorganisms. Wave action and mixing strongly influence the effects of UV-B in surface waters, demonstrating that UV-B effects may not always be predictable from measures of UV radiation attenuation. C1 UNIV TEXAS, MD ANDERSON CANC CTR, DIV SCI PK RES, SMITHVILLE, TX 78957 USA. UNIV VIENNA, INST ZOOL, DEPT MARINE BIOL, A-1090 VIENNA, AUSTRIA. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. RP Jeffrey, WH (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA, CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT, 11000 UNIV PKWY, PENSACOLA, FL 32561 USA. NR 46 TC 136 Z9 137 U1 4 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 137 IS 1-3 BP 283 EP 291 DI 10.3354/meps137283 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA UY588 UT WOS:A1996UY58800028 ER PT J AU Brown, DJ Clark, GC Gardner, GR VanBeneden, RJ AF Brown, DJ Clark, GC Gardner, GR VanBeneden, RJ TI Identification of dioxin-specific binding proteins in marine bivalves SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 9) CY APR 02-05, 1995 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP Univ Calif Davis, US EPA, Ctr Ecol Hlth Res, Univ Calif Davis, Superfund Basic Sci Res Program, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, State Calif Fish & Gam Off Oil Spill Prevent & Response, Vet Serv, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Calif Sea Grant Program ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AH RECEPTOR; HERBICIDES; OYSTER AB Epidemiological investigations of germ cell tumors of Maine soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) and hard shell clams (Mercenaria spp.) from Florida demonstrate the prevalence of histogenically similar gonadal cancers as high as 40 and 60%, respectively. Human mortality rates due to ovarian cancer from the same areas are significantly greater than the national average. Since further investigation revealed that there was a heavy use of herbicides at these sites, we proposed to investigate their possible role in the etiology of the clam tumors. One avenue of investigation was to determine whether clams had a mechanism similar to the vertebrate Ah receptor which could be activated by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAH). We used the TCDD photoaffinity analog [(125)-I]-2-azido-3-iono-7,8-dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin to detect two cytosolic proteins (28 and 39 kDa) in Mercenaria mercenaria and one (35 kDa) in Mya arenaria which specifically bound this ligand. Expression of both proteins in Mercenaria is tissue specific with the highest levels observed in cytosols from gill and gonad. Females exhibit higher levels of the 39 kDa protein in gonadal tissue than do the males. Studies to determine the relationship of these proteins to vertebrate Ah receptors, as well as their possible role in gonadal tumor development, are in progress. Cpyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV MAINE,DEPT ZOOL,ORONO,ME 04469. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710. NIEHS,DURHAM,NC 27709. US EPA,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUN-OCT PY 1996 VL 42 IS 1-4 BP 7 EP 11 DI 10.1016/0141-1136(95)00049-6 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA UU369 UT WOS:A1996UU36900003 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B AF Veronesi, B TI Characterization of the MDCK cell line for screening neurotoxicants SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE in vitro neurotoxicity testing; ''alternatives''; in vitro screening batteries; blood-brain barrier; Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines ID BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER; CANINE KIDNEY-CELLS; GLUTAMYL-TRANSFERASE TRANSPEPTIDASE; ANTIHEMOPHILIC FACTOR ANTIGEN; CEREBRAL ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; GLIAL-CELLS; OCULAR IRRITANCY; TIGHT JUNCTIONS; INVITRO; PERMEABILITY AB The adoption of cell culture models to screen putative neurotoxicants is recognized in view of the consequences of nerve damage by environmental chemicals. Developing cell culture models that mimic certain properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) would be especially useful in view of the barrier's strategic role in the neurotoxic process. The present study evaluates a kidney epithelial cell line for its functional and enzymatic resemblance to cerebral endothelial cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney (i.e., MDCK) cells display morphological (i.e., ultrastructurally defined tight junctions), enzymatic (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase), and antigenic cell markers (i.e., Factor VIII), also found in cerebral endothelial cells. In addition, MDCK cells develop electrical resistance which is increased in response to conditioned media from astroglial cell lines (i.e., C6). These results suggest that the MDCK cell line might be useful for identifying neurotoxic chemicals that affect BBB integrity through similar endpoints. (C) 1996 Intox Press, Inc. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, NATL HLTH EFFECTS & ENVIRONM RES LABS, MD74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 51 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD SUM PY 1996 VL 17 IS 2 BP 433 EP 443 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VB792 UT WOS:A1996VB79200013 PM 8856739 ER PT J AU Rooke, D AF Rooke, D TI How do I explain that we have now had two 100-year events in four years? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-MUNICIPAL ENGINEER LA English DT Article RP Rooke, D (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU THOMAS TELFORD SERVICES LTD PI LONDON PA THOMAS TELFORD HOUSE, 1 HERON QUAY, LONDON, ENGLAND E14 4JD SN 0965-0903 J9 P I CIVIL ENG-MUNIC JI Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.-Munic. Eng. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 115 IS 2 BP 79 EP 85 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA UU377 UT WOS:A1996UU37700004 ER PT J AU Bayard, S Jinot, J AF Bayard, S Jinot, J TI Environmental tobacco smoke - Reply SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Letter RP Bayard, S (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 301 EP 302 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01462.x PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA UT121 UT WOS:A1996UT12100004 PM 8693156 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ Schmid, JE Setzer, RW AF Kavlock, RJ Schmid, JE Setzer, RW TI A simulation study of the influence of study design on the estimation of benchmark doses for developmental toxicity SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Teratology Meeting CY SEP, 1994 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC DE benchmark dose; simulation; study design; developmental toxicity; dose response; risk assessment AB The benchmark dose (BMD)(4) approach is emerging as replacement to determination of the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in noncancer risk assessment. This possibility raises the issue as to whether current study designs for endpoints such as developmental toxicity, optimized for detecting pair wise comparisons, could be improved for the purpose of calculating BMDs. In this paper, we examine various aspects of study design (number of dose groups, dose spacing, dose placement, and sample size per dose group) on BMDs for two endpoints of developmental toxicity (the incidence of abnormalities and of reduced fetal weight). Design performance was judged by the mean-squared error (reflective of the variance and bias) of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) from the log-logistic model of the 5% added risk level (the likely target risk for a benchmark calculation), as well as by the length of its 95% confidence interval (the lower value of which is the BMD). We found that of the designs evaluated, the best results were obtained when two dose levels had response rates above the background level, one of which was near the ED(05), were present. This situation is more likely to occur with more, rather than fewer dose levels per experiment. In this instance, there was virtually no advantage in increasing the sample size from 10 to 20 litters per dose group. If neither of the two dose groups with response rates above the background level was near the ED(05), satisfactory results were also obtained, but the BMDs tended to be more conservative (i.e., lower). If only one dose level with a response rate above the background level was present, and it was near the ED(05), reasonable results for the MLE and BMD were obtained, but here we observed benefits of larger dose group sizes. The poorest results were obtained when only a single group with an elevated response rate was present, and the response rate was much greater than the ED(05). The results indicate that while the benchmark dose approach is readily applicable to the standard study designs and generally observed dose-responses in developmental assays, some minor design modifications would increase the accuracy and precision of the BMD. C1 US EPA,RASD,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,RTD,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 23 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 399 EP 410 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01474.x PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA UT121 UT WOS:A1996UT12100016 PM 8693165 ER PT J AU Richard, AM Hunter, ES AF Richard, AM Hunter, ES TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the developmental toxicity of haloacetic acids in mammalian whole embryo culture SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; WEAK ACIDS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; METABOLITES; INVITRO; CARCINOGENICITY; PREDICTION; TERATOGENS AB Developmental toxicity in mouse whole embryo culture assay has been reported for acetic acid (AA) and a series of ten haloacetic acids, including mono-, di-, tri-fluoro (MFA, DFA, TFA), chloro (MCA, DCA, TCA), bromo [MBA, DBA, TEA), and monoiodo (MIA) acetic acids. Benchmark concentrations (BCm), calculated as the lower 95% confidence limit of molar acid concentration producing a 5% increase in embryos with neural tube defects, provided potency estimates for development of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). The best overall regression was obtained for the ten halo-acids (excluding AA] and related log(1/BCm) to the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (E(Iumo)) and acid dissociation constant (pKa) with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.97, and a sample size-adjusted r(2) = 0.92. This QSAR suggested a common basis for the mechanism of HA activity, which would imply additivity for mixtures of these acids. Examination of QSARs for subsets of the total data set (e.g., monohaloacids) highlighted parameter relationships embedded in the total QSAR, helping to unravel the separate contributions of E(Iumo) and pKa to the overall potency. The relevance of these parameters is discussed in terms of postulated mechanisms of developmental toxicity involving changes in intercellular pH and redox metabolism. The whole embryo assay results pertain to direct embryo exposure and toxicity without the confounding influence of maternal factors. The resulting QSAR model offers possible insight into the mechanism of embryo toxicity that will hopefully contribute to understanding of the more complex, in vivo teratogenicity problem. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* RP Richard, AM (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 45 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD JUN PY 1996 VL 53 IS 6 BP 352 EP 360 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199606)53:6<352::AID-TERA6>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA VP644 UT WOS:A1996VP64400006 PM 8910981 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR McKinney, JD Waller, CL Tilson, HA AF Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR McKinney, JD Waller, CL Tilson, HA TI Increased [H-3]phorbol ester binding in rat cerebellar granule cells and inhibition of Ca-45(2+) sequestration in rat cerebellum by polychlorinated diphenyl ether congeners and analogs: Structure-activity relationships SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; PCB EXPOSURE; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; IN-VITRO; BIPHENYLS; NEUROTOXICITY; MODULATION; GLUTAMATE; MECHANISM AB Our previous reports indicate that ortho-substituted non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners perturbed neuronal Ca2+-homeostasis in vitro, altered agonist-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation, and caused protein kinase C (PKC) translocation. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) with 24 PCB congeners was consistent with a chlorination pattern that favored non-coplanarity while those with chlorination that favored coplanarity were less active, To test the hypothesis that coplanarity (or lack thereof) is a significant factor in the activity of PCBs, studies with related classes of chemicals such as the polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), in which coplanarity is more difficult to achieve regardless of degree and pattern of chlorination, were initiated, The selected PCDEs and their analogs are predicted to be active, since they are non-coplanar in nature, The effects of these chemicals were studied using the same measures for which PCBs had differential effects based on structural configuration, These measures include PKC translocation as determined by [H-3]-phorbol ester ([H-3]PDBu) binding in cerebellar granule cells and Ca-45(2+) sequestration as determined by Ca-45(2+) uptake by microsomes and mitochondria isolated from adult rat cerebellum. All the PCDE congeners studied, increased [H-3]PDBu binding in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of potency was 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether > 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether > diphenyl ether, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorodiphenyl ether and, 2,2',4,4',5- and 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorodiphenyl ethers. The structurally related diphenyl ether nitrofen and diphenyl ethanes o,p'-1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane (DDT) and p,p'-DDT increased [H-3]PDBu binding to a similar extent (28-35% stimulation at 100 mu M). All PCDE congeners and their analogs inhibited Ca-45(2+) sequestration by microsomes and mitochondria. Of all the chemicals, unchlorinated diphenyl ether was the least active, These results are in agreement with previous SAR findings in which noncoplanar PCBs are active and support our hypothesis that the extent of coplanarity determined by a pattern of chlorination on certain aromatic hydrocarbons can weaken their potency in vitro, although the extent of chlorination is also important. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,CELLULAR & MOL TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 60 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 138 IS 2 BP 251 EP 261 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0123 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UQ791 UT WOS:A1996UQ79100007 PM 8658526 ER PT J AU Ellington, JJ Thurston, RV Sukyte, J Kvietkus, K AF Ellington, JJ Thurston, RV Sukyte, J Kvietkus, K TI Hazardous chemicals in waters of Lithuania SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Water samples were collected from 45 locations throughout Lithuania between 1990 and 1993 as part of a study to determine the distribution and nature of hazardous chemicals in Lithuanian surface waters. Samples also were collected from groundwater beneath a pesticide storage landfill and from surface runoff water collected after an accidental fire at a pesticide storage warehouse, Organic chemicals were extracted from all the water samples by use of solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges or disks while in Lithuania, and the cartridges and disks were taken to the United States for elution and analysis by means of gas chromatography, infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry. The herbicide, alachlor, was identified in a surface water sample, s-triazine herbicides (simazine, atrazine, and propazine) in groundwater samples, and chlorine-substituted alkyl and aromatic carboxylic acids in the runoff water. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. MONTANA STATE UNIV,FISHERIES BIOASSAY LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. LITHUANIA ENVRIRONM PROTECT MINIST,ENVIRONM RES BOARD,VILNIUS,LITHUANIA. LITHUANIA ACAD SCI,INST PHYS,ECOL SPECT LAB,VILNIUS 232600,LITHUANIA. RP Ellington, JJ (reprint author), US EPA,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD JUN-JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 215 EP 224 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(96)00029-5 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UW609 UT WOS:A1996UW60900007 ER PT J AU Gupta, M Sharma, D Suidan, MT Sayles, GD AF Gupta, M Sharma, D Suidan, MT Sayles, GD TI Biotransformation rates of chloroform under anaerobic conditions .1. Methanogenesis SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE anaerobic; biotransformation; chloroform; acetic acid; methanogenic; dichloromethane ID METHANE FERMENTATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TRICHLOROMETHANE; 1-CARBON; TOXICITY AB Biotransformation of chloroform (CF) was studied in a methanogenic environment utilizing acetic acid as the primary substrate. CF removal efficiency of more than 99% was achieved in a chemostat, fed constant acetic acid concentration (2510 mg/l) and different CF concentrations, uh to 16.74 mu M. Biological methane potential tests were conducted in serum bottles using the culture from the chemostat with an average biomass concentration of 53 mg/l. The culture exhibited a maximum rate of CF transformation of 0.26 mu M/h corresponding to an initial CF concentration of 1.25 mu M. At initial CF concentrations higher than 2.76 mu M, the rate of CF transformation became constant at 0.06 mu M/h. CF present at any concentration inhibited the utilization of acetic acid, and at CF concentrations equal to or exceeding 2.7 mu M, the culture was completely inhibited and no acetic acid; was utilized by the culture even after the CF was completely degraded. The culture transformed CF without the addition of acetic acid, but the addition of acetic acid considerably increased the rate of biotransformation. However, increase in acetic acid concentration beyond 50 mg/l did not increase the rate. The culture exhibited higher rates of CF biotransformation when it was acclimated with higher influent concentration of CF in a chemostat. Reductive dehalogenation was one of the pathways for the transformation of CF leading to the formation of dichloromethane which was also transformed by the culture. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,CEE DEPT,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NRMRL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1377 EP 1385 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(96)00005-X PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA UP853 UT WOS:A1996UP85300009 ER PT J AU Gupta, M Gupta, A Suidan, MT Sayles, GD AF Gupta, M Gupta, A Suidan, MT Sayles, GD TI Biotransformation rates of chloroform under anaerobic conditions .2. Sulfate reduction SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biotransformation; dichloromethane; sulfate-reducing; chloroform; acetic acid; anaerobic ID METHANE FERMENTATION; TOXICITY; TRANSFORMATION; SYSTEMS AB Biotransformation of chloroform (CF) was studied in a sulfate-reducing culture utilizing acetic acid as the primary substrate. In a chemostat, CF and its biotransformation product, dichloromethane (DCM) were transformed and CF removal efficiency of more than 96% was achieved, with influent CF concentrations up to 16.74 mu M. Serum bottle reactor tests were conducted using the culture from the chemostat with an average VSS concentration of 259 mg/l. These tests showed that the culture exhibited a maximum rate of CF transformation of 16.3 mu M/h corresponding to an initial CF concentration of 22.6 mu M. The culture degraded CF primarily by reductive dehalogenation leading to the formation of DCM which degraded at a very slow rate compared to CF. No inhibition of acetic acid utilization was observed in the culture for CF concentrations as high as 29.3 mu M. Compared to no acetic acid addition, acetic acid at 50 mg/l considerably increased the rate of CF transformation but further increase in acetic acid concentration to 200 mg/l did not affect the rate of CF biotransformation. Additional acclimation of the culture for 1 yr did not affect the rate of transformation of CF. The results indicate that the sulfate-reducing culture has much higher rates of CF transformation than a methanogenic culture, also grown on acetic acid at the same concentration. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,CEE DEPT,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NRMRL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1387 EP 1394 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(96)00006-1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA UP853 UT WOS:A1996UP85300010 ER PT J AU Bushaw, KL Zepp, RG Tarr, MA SchulzJander, D Bourbonniere, RA Hodson, RE Miller, WL Bronk, DA Moran, MA AF Bushaw, KL Zepp, RG Tarr, MA SchulzJander, D Bourbonniere, RA Hodson, RE Miller, WL Bronk, DA Moran, MA TI Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-WATERS; CARBON; PHYTOPLANKTON; CYCLES AB DISSOLVED organic material in marine and freshwater ecosystems constitutes one of the Earth's largest actively cycled reservoirs for organic matter(1). The bacterially mediated turnover of chemically identifiable, low-molecular-mass components of this pool has been studied in detail for nearly three decades, but these compounds constitute less than 20% of the total reservoir(2). In contrast, little is known about the fate of the larger, biologically more refractory molecules-including humic substances-which make up the bulk of dissolved organic matter. Here we report results from bacterial bioassays and photochemical studies indicating that exposure to sunlight causes dissolved organic matter to release nitrogen-rich compounds that are biologically available, thus enhancing the bacterial degradation of humic substances. We demonstrate that ammonium is among the nitrogenous compounds released and is produced most efficiently by ultraviolet wavelengths. Photochemical release of ammonium from dissolved organic matter has important implications for nitrogen availability in many aquatic ecosystems, including nitrogen-limited high-latitude environments and coastal oceans, where inputs of terrestrial humic substances are high. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. TECH UNIV MUNICH,LEHRSTUHL CHEM TECH ANAL & CHEM LEBENSMITTELTECHN,D-85350 FREISING,GERMANY. ENVIRONM CANADA,NATL WATER RES INST,BURLINGTON,ON L7R 4A6,CANADA. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. DALHOUSIE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,HALIFAX,NS B3H 4J1,CANADA. OI Moran, Mary Ann/0000-0002-0702-8167 NR 36 TC 251 Z9 269 U1 7 U2 84 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 30 PY 1996 VL 381 IS 6581 BP 404 EP 407 DI 10.1038/381404a0 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UN479 UT WOS:A1996UN47900045 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW AF Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW TI The mystery of the lignin-carbohydrate complex: A computational approach SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE lignin-carbohydrate complex; molecular mechanics; structure ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; BONDS; SPRUCE AB Molecular mechanics calculations were performed on model linear chains of lignin and carbohydrate polymeric structures of living plants and soil humic materials. Among possible lignin chain conformers that result from minimum-energy conformers of dimeric units, a broad regular helix may contain a carbohydrate ribbon inside itself. This structure provides an energy gain in comparison with other ways of mutual adjustment of lignin and carbohydrate polymers. Oxidation of lignin into respective humic acids sharply changes the spatial organization of the initial polymer only if it is not associated with a carbohydrate. RP US EPA, NATL RES COUNCIL, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, ATLANTA, GA 30605 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD MAY 27 PY 1996 VL 364 IS 2-3 BP 197 EP 208 DI 10.1016/0166-1280(95)04469-8 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA UQ839 UT WOS:A1996UQ83900010 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H AF Cabezas, H TI Theory of phase formation in aqueous two-phase systems SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Partitioning in Aqueous 2-Phase Systems - Advances in the Use of Polymers in Cell Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences CY JUN 04-09, 1995 CL ZARAGOZA, SPAIN DE reviews; aqueous two-phase systems; phase formation ID MEAN SPHERICAL MODEL; 2-PHASE POLYMER SYSTEMS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL); 2-POLYMER SYSTEMS; INTEGRAL-EQUATION; STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS; POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS; ASYMMETRIC ELECTROLYTES; SURFACTANT MICELLES AB Currently there are a number of different mathematical models for phase equilibria in aqueous two-phase systems available. This diversity can create some confusion for model users, since most models seem to perform reasonably well. Choosing a model, thus, becomes rather a difficult task. In trying to address this problem, the principal models and the relevant theory available are reviewed. A discussion of osmotic viral expansions, lattice theory, group contribution, scaling ideas, excluded volume, electrostatics and other modeling approaches is presented. The strengths of the different approaches are critically evaluated and suggestions offered. Choosing a model, however, requires sophistication because each model is typically best at representing only a few particular aspects of system behavior, and the intended use of the model must be considered. Some suggestions for future work are also given. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV BIOTECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 98 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 5 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B-Biomed. Appl. PD MAY 17 PY 1996 VL 680 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 30 DI 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00042-4 PG 28 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA UQ821 UT WOS:A1996UQ82100002 PM 8798878 ER PT J AU Wohlleben, P AF Wohlleben, P TI Biosystematics database SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP Wohlleben, P (reprint author), US EPA,OFF INFORMAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 17 PY 1996 VL 272 IS 5264 BP 938 EP 939 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UL619 UT WOS:A1996UL61900010 ER PT J AU Puskin, JS Nelson, NS AF Puskin, JS Nelson, NS TI Risks from low doses of radiation SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP Puskin, JS (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 3 PY 1996 VL 272 IS 5262 BP 631 EP 632 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UJ051 UT WOS:A1996UJ05100003 PM 8614810 ER PT J AU Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ AF Riddle, MM Williams, WC Smialowicz, RJ TI Repeated high dose oral exposure or continuous subcutaneous infusion of 2-methoxyacetic acid does not suppress humoral immunity in the mouse SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 2-methoxyethanol; 2-methoxyacetic acid; mini-osmotic pump; rats; mice; immunosuppression ID GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER; METHOXYACETIC ACID; 2-METHOXYETHANOL; RATS; IMMUNOTOXICITY; MICE AB 2-Methoxyethanol (ME) has been shown to be immunosuppressive in rats but not mice, with oxidation of ME to 2-methoxyacetic acid (MAA) being a prerequisite for immunosuppression. MAA is more rapidly cleared by mice than rats, consequently this study was designed to determine if increasing the bioavailability of MAA in mice might play a role in this species difference. Female B6C3F1 mice were given MAA by oral multiple daily high doses or by continuous subcutaneous infusion via mini-osmotic pumps. Humoral immunity was evaluated in MAA-exposed mice using the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to either sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS). Female F344 rats were also used to compare the effects of multiple daily MAA exposure on these humoral immune responses. Rats and mice were dosed orally twice a day for 4 days by gavage with MAA at dosages ranging from 40-320 mg/kg/day and 240-1920 mg/kg/day, respectively. All animals were immunized on the first day of dosing and body and lymphoid organ weights and PFC responses to SRBC or TNP-LPS were evaluated 4 days later. While body weights in rats were unaffected, thymus weights were reduced at all dosages of MAA and spleen weights were reduced at 160 or 320 mg/kg/day. PFC responses to SRBC and TNP-LPS were suppressed in rats at dosages of 160 and 320 mg/kg/day. In contrast, thymus weights of mice were reduced only at 960 mg/kg/day or greater, with no effect on spleen or body weights. Furthermore, neither the PFC response to SRBC nor the response to TNP-LPS was suppressed in mice exposed to any oral dosage of MAA. In the continuous infusion study, mice were subcutaneously implanted with mini-osmotic pumps containing MAA which was delivered at 840 mg/kg/day over a 7-day period. Continuous exposure to MAA via mini-osmotic pumps did not suppress the PFC response to either SRBC or TNP-LPS, but rather significantly enhanced the response to TNP-LPS. These results indicate that mice are insensitive to MAA even at the high dosages given as a bolus or continuously over 1 week. The data further support earlier work, which suggested that the observed difference between rats and mice for MAA-induced immunosuppression appears to be unrelated to the availability of MAA to target lymphoid tissue in these rodent species. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAY 3 PY 1996 VL 109 IS 1 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03306-9 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UK982 UT WOS:A1996UK98200007 PM 8619254 ER PT J AU Lee, JJ Dodson, R AF Lee, JJ Dodson, R TI Potential carbon sequestration by afforestation of pasture in the south-central United States SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; DIOXIDE; CO2 AB Climate models indicate that increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases could alter climate globally. The Climate Change Action Plan commits the USA to reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by 106 x 10(6) Mg C yr(-1) by the year 2000. One suggestion for reducing net emissions is to convert marginal grass pastures to pine (Pinus spp.) plantations in the South-Central USA. We used the Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model to estimate the amount of atmospheric C that could be sequestered by this suggested change in land use. Carbon flow dynamics at each of 100 randomly selected sites were simulated for 50 yr under two assumptions: (i) continuous pasture for 50 yr or (ii) pine plantations harvested every 25 yr. Carbon sequestered by conversion to pine plantations was calculated as the net change in off-site storage (i.e., in long-lived products and landfills), plus the change in soil organic C, plus (for the first harvest period) stand establishment. Average C-sequestration (+/-SE) was 40 +/- 2 and 18 +/- 2 Mg C ha(-1) for the first and second 25-yr harvest periods, respectively, In contrast, sequestration would have been 8.3 +/- 0.6 Mg C ha(-1) as soil organic C if the sites had been left in continuous pasture for 50 yr, or 3 Mg C ha(-1) after correcting for release of C during manufacture of N-fertilizer. Extrapolated to the region, conversion of 3.6 x 10(6) ha of marginal grass pasture to pine plantations could sequester 5.6 x 10(6) C yr(-1) for the first 25 yr and 1.1 x 10(6) Mg for the second 25 yr. If all types of marginal agricultural land in the region (4.6 x 10(6) ha) were converted to forestry, the corresponding sequestration rates would be 7.4 x 10(6) and 1.4 x 10(6) Mg C yr(-1). In contrast, maintaining the land in continuous pasture would sequester 0.3 x 10(6) Mg C yr(-1). RP Lee, JJ (reprint author), US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI daorui, han/G-3767-2011 NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 88 IS 3 BP 381 EP 384 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UR148 UT WOS:A1996UR14800004 ER PT J AU Gomez, MR AF Gomez, MR TI Exposure determinants needed to improve the assessment of exposure SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter DE exposure assessment; epidemiologic research; exposure determinants; electrical power industry; occupational health ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE RP Gomez, MR (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,401 M ST SW 8603,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 29 IS 5 BP 569 EP 569 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199605)29:5<569::AID-AJIM18>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UH658 UT WOS:A1996UH65800018 PM 8732933 ER PT J AU Bennett, WD Zeman, KL Kim, C AF Bennett, WD Zeman, KL Kim, C TI Variability of fine particle deposition in healthy adults: Effect of age and gender SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN RESPIRATORY-TRACT; BREATHING PATTERNS; INHALED PARTICLES; AEROSOL; MORPHOMETRY; MORTALITY AB Recent epidemiologic studies suggest increased mortality among the elderly in association with particulate air pollution. We investigated the variability in fractional deposition (DF) of inhaled particles (2 mu m mass median aerodynamic diameter [MMAD]) in 62 subjects with normal lung function, aged 18 to 80 yr. Each subject inhaled 2-mu m monodisperse carnauba wax particles while following a breathing pattern previously determined by respiratory inductance plethysmography in that subject (i.e., the subject's spontaneous pattern at rest). Breath-by-breath DF (ratio of particles not exhaled/total particles inhaled) was determined by laser aerosol photometry and pneumotachometry at the mouth. DF (mean DF = 0.29 +/- 0.06 (ages 18 to 40 yr), 0.29 +/- 0.07 (ages 41 to 60 yr), and 0.26 +/- 0.06 (age over 60 yr) was independent Of age. There was a tendency toward greater DF in female than in male subjects; DF = 0.30 +/- 0.07 (females) and 0.27 +/- 0.06 (males) (4 = 0.06); however, because the males had 45% higher minute ventilations than the females, the deposition rate (D-rate), or particles depositing per unit of time, was 30% greater in males than in females (p = 0.004). Multiple regression analysis showed that among all subjects, the variability in DF was best predicted by variability in the breathing period (T) associated with the pattern used to breathe the particles, and by the subject's specific airway resistance (sRaw). These results may prove useful in determining age- and gender-relative risks that may be associated with the inhalation of pollutant particles in ambient air. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,CLIN RES BRANCH,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 24 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 153 IS 5 BP 1641 EP 1647 PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UJ461 UT WOS:A1996UJ46100029 PM 8630615 ER PT J AU Stucki, JW Bailey, GW Gan, HM AF Stucki, JW Bailey, GW Gan, HM TI Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in iron-bearing phyllosilicates SO APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL IRON; DIOCTAHEDRAL SMECTITES; FERRUGINOUS SMECTITE; REDUCED NONTRONITE; OCTAHEDRAL IRON; STATE; REOXIDATION; FIXATION AB Reviewed in this article are the effects of structural Fe oxidation states on the physicochemical properties of smectite clay minerals. Reducing agents selected were dithionite (S2O42-), sulfide (S2-), thiosulfate (S2O32-), hydrazine (N2H4), ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), hydroquinone (C6H6O2), and sodium oxalate (Na2C2H2O4). Clay samples were prepared as aqueous suspensions of < 2 mu m particle-size fractions of Na-saturated, freeze-dried ferruginous smectite. The reductive strength of each reducing agent, as determined by measuring the resultant level of Fe(II) in the clay mineral crystal using either a photo-colorimetric method or Mossbauer spectroscopy, decreased in the order S2O42- > S2- > C6H8O6 > S2O32- > C6H6O2 approximate to C2H2O4. The heat of reaction of three of these reducing agents with the clay was measured, and decreased in the order S2O42- > S2O32- > S2-. Compared to the order of reductive strength, the heats of reaction with S2O32- and S2- are reversed, suggesting that entropy changes are greater in the S2- treatment. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that free radicals may be responsible for the greatest levels of reductive potential, which provides an important attribute by which potential reducing agents can be screened. Measurements of rheological properties of oxidized and reduced clay suspensions indicated that structural Fe(II) increases the viscosity of clay suspensions as a result of greater attractive forces between clay particles. The type of bonding between particles has yet to be ascertained. Microbial reduction of the clay produces moderate to high levels of reduction and causes changes in physico-chemical properties similar to chemical reduction of the clay. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM SCI, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, CHEM BRANCH, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. NR 32 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1317 J9 APPL CLAY SCI JI Appl. Clay Sci. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 417 EP 430 DI 10.1016/0169-1317(96)00002-6 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Mineralogy GA UX407 UT WOS:A1996UX40700002 ER PT J AU McKenney, CL Celestial, DM AF McKenney, CL Celestial, DM TI Modified survival, growth and reproduction in an estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) exposed to a juvenile hormone analogue through a complete life cycle SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methoprene; juvenile hormone analogue; Mysidopsis bahia; growth; reproduction; life-cycle exposure ID LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; ENERGY-METABOLISM; INSECT; REGULATORS; TOXICITY; METHOPRENE AB The influence of methoprene, a juvenile hormone analogue used in mosquito control, on survival, growth, and reproduction of the estuarine mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, was examined during exposure through a complete life cycle in the laboratory. Total lethality occurred among all juvenile mysids exposed to 125 mu g methoprene/l for 4 days. Mysids reared at a sublethal concentration (62 mu g/l) weighed significantly less than unexposed mysids as they matured after 15 days of exposure. Release of the first brood was significantly delayed by as much as 3 days in mysids exposed to low mu g/l concentrations of methoprene. The total number of young produced by groups of mysids during their first brood was significantly reduced when mysids were reared in methoprene concentrations greater than or equal to 8 mu g/l. The most sensitive response of mysids to methoprene exposure was a significant reduction in number of young produced per female in concentrations greater than or equal to 2 mu g/l. Ecological concern exists because the responses of mysids in this study to very low concentrations of a synthetic pesticide resemble responses of insects to juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone analogues. Similarity in these responses suggest that methoprene may be interfering with an endogenous endocrine system in this crustacean which utilizes juvenile hormone-like compounds. C1 AVANTI CORP, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. RP McKenney, CL (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, GULF ECOL DIV, 1 SABINE ISL DR, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 43 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 35 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1016/0166-445X(95)00052-6 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA UY460 UT WOS:A1996UY46000002 ER PT J AU Tracey, GA Hansen, DJ AF Tracey, GA Hansen, DJ TI Use of biota-sediment accumulation factors to assess similarity of nonionic organic chemical exposure to benthically-coupled organisms of differing trophic mode SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; LAKE-ONTARIO; BIOACCUMULATION; CONTAMINANTS; PCBS; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; ANIMALS; WATER; RIVER AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is in the process of developing Sediment Quality Criteria (SQC) to specify the acceptable degree of risk from sediment-mediated chemical exposure for the protection of benthically-coupled organisms. In this study, potential differences in chemical exposure for benthic organisms of differing habitats or feeding types were evaluated through the use of Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAFs). It was hypothesized that If species of different habitats have similar exposures, then the BSAF values should not be different. The BSAFs are calculated using the concentrations of chemicals in an organism (mu g/g lipid) divided by the concentrations of the same chemicals in sediment (mu g/g(oc)). Data from both freshwater and saltwater studies that met specified criteria for data quality were obtained from published papers or reports. These included three laboratory and five field studies containing 27 species and 4054 BSAF values. The BSAFs were intercompared for similarity of central tendency as grouped by chemical class (PCBs, PAHs, pesticides), individual species, and species grouped by habitat (infaunal deposit feeder, scavenger, filter feeder, and benthically-coupled fish). Plots of BSAFs grouped by class and K-ow revealed that the BSAFs for the PAHs were uniformly lower (mean 0.34) than the PCB (1.03) or pesticide (1.36) classes. For the PCBs, the BSAFs for all species exhibited a K-ow dependency with decreased bioaccumulation evident above and below the range of 5.99-7.27 log(10) K-ow. In order to optimize the detection of species/habitat differences in the BSAFs, further analyses were segregated by chemical class and excluded PCB data outside the above K-ow range. These analyses revealed similar BSAF values for various species both within and among habitat groups, and indicated that the sum total of exposures from all routes is similar across species. This similarity of chemical exposure across benthic species, and the similarity of sensitivities between benthic species and species used to derive WQC FCVs supports the applicability of SQC for all benthic organisms as a group. C1 US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. RP Tracey, GA (reprint author), SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, 165 DEAN KNAUSS DR, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. NR 34 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 5 U2 24 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 467 EP 475 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UN120 UT WOS:A1996UN12000006 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Carlson, K Ehrich, M AF Veronesi, B Carlson, K Ehrich, M TI An in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier: The response of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells to triethyl tin SO ATLA-ALTERNATIVES TO LABORATORY ANIMALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Congress on In Vitro Toxicology of the Scandinavian-Society-for-Cell-Toxicology CY SEP 12-24, 1995 CL TAMPERE, FINLAND SP Scandinavian Soc Cell Toxicol DE in vitro neurotoxicity testing; alternatives; in vitro screening batteries; blood-brain barrier; Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines; triethyl tin; neurotoxic metals ID OCCLUDING JUNCTIONS; PERMEABILITY; TRANSPORT; NEUROTOXICITY; CAPILLARIES; MECHANISMS; MODULATION AB The development of a cell culture model which simulates the properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is necessary for the detection of neurotoxic chemicals that can disrupt the barrier, and to provide a more ''risk relevant'' in vitro screening battery. The present study evaluates the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell line for this purpose. Changes in electrical resistance and enzyme activities were correlated in confluent MDCK cells exposed to the neurotoxic metal triethyl tin (TET). Concentrations of TET (0.001-10 mu M) were established that produced depression in electrical resistance of the MDCK cells after exposure for 8 hours or caused fluorescein leakage after exposure for 72 hours. Confluent cultures of MDCK cells were then exposed to these concentrations of TET and assayed after exposure for 24 hours and 72 hours for changes in those enzymes common to both epithelial and cerebral endothelial cells. The results indicated that increased alkaline phosphatase (APP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) characterised the loss of electrical resistance and permeability disruption in TET-exposed MDCK confluent cultures. Relative increases in APP and decreases in GGTP activities preceded cytotoxicity, which was associated with a high SOD activity. Such enzyme changes may be predictive endpoints of barrier cell disruption by neurotoxic metals in this cell line and support the additional evaluation of the MDCK cell line as an in vitro ''screen'' for chemicals that disrupt the BBB. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,VIRGINIA MARYLAND REG COLL VET MED,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Veronesi, B (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH EFFECTS & ENVIRONM RES LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FRAME PI NOTTINGHAM PA RUSSELL & BURCH HOUSE 96-98 NORTH SHERWOOD ST, NOTTINGHAM, NOTTS, ENGLAND NG1 4EE SN 0261-1929 J9 ATLA-ALTERN LAB ANIM JI ATLA-Altern. Lab. Anim. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 349 EP 357 PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA UQ651 UT WOS:A1996UQ65100017 ER PT J AU Ostfeld, RS Jones, CG Wolff, JO AF Ostfeld, RS Jones, CG Wolff, JO TI Of mice and mast SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; WHITE-TAILED DEER; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; PREY COMMUNITIES; NORTH-AMERICA; LYME-DISEASE; PREDATION; FOREST C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RP Ostfeld, RS (reprint author), INST ECOSYST STUDIES, BOX AB, MILLBROOK, NY 12545 USA. RI Jones, Clive/I-4603-2014 OI Jones, Clive/0000-0001-7630-7285 NR 50 TC 227 Z9 237 U1 6 U2 59 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD MAY PY 1996 VL 46 IS 5 BP 323 EP 330 DI 10.2307/1312946 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA UG771 UT WOS:A1996UG77100004 ER PT J AU Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV Cairns, MA AF Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV Cairns, MA TI Comparison of recirculating, static, and elutriate aquatic sediment bioassay procedures SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY; INVERTEBRATES RP Schuytema, GS (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0007-4861 EI 1432-0800 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 56 IS 5 BP 742 EP 749 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UA762 UT WOS:A1996UA76200010 PM 8661857 ER PT J AU Fuscoe, JC Setzer, RW Collard, DD Moore, MM AF Fuscoe, JC Setzer, RW Collard, DD Moore, MM TI Quantification of t(14;18) in the lymphocytes of healthy adult humans as a possible biomarker for environmental exposures to carcinogens SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; DNA-POLYMERASE; CELL-LINES; GENE; LOCUS; BCL-2; BREAKPOINTS AB A t(14;18) chromosomal translocation is found in similar to 85% of follicular lymphomas by both cytogenetic and molecular analyses, This rearrangement deregulates expression of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene by translocation into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus and is probably mediated by illegitimate V(D)J recombination, We have developed a quantitative nested PCR method for detecting this event in lymphocytes of healthy individuals, Genomic DNA is purified from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and 2.5 mu g (representing 4x10(5) cells) are amplified with translocation-specific primers under conditions in which a single copy, if present, will give a detectable PCR product, Multiple replicates are analyzed for each individual, and Poisson statistics are then used to estimate the translocation mutant frequency, We have examined lymphocyte DNA from 34 healthy individuals by this assay and found the frequency of cells with t(14;18) to range from < 0.8-96 x 10(-7), The molecular nature of the translocations has been investigated by determining the DNA sequence at the translocation junctions, In several individuals, multiple isolates of the same translocation event mere recovered, indicating that the cell with the original translocation had undergone clonal expansion, In addition, multiple independent translocations were shown to occur within an individual. Since this translocation appears to be one step in the progression of a normal cell to a cancer cell, this assay may have utility as an effects biomarker for environmental carcinogen exposure. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES & ADM SUPPORT DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Fuscoe, JC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS MD68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 45 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD MAY PY 1996 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1013 EP 1020 DI 10.1093/carcin/17.5.1013 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA UL750 UT WOS:A1996UL75000017 PM 8640906 ER PT J AU Nyholm, SH Alexander, J Lundanes, E Frandsen, H Andersson, R Grivas, S Nesnow, S Holme, JA AF Nyholm, SH Alexander, J Lundanes, E Frandsen, H Andersson, R Grivas, S Nesnow, S Holme, JA TI Biotransformation of the cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benz[j]aceanthrylene in isolated rat liver cells: Identification of nine new metabolites SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID SULFATE CONJUGATION; HEPATOCYTES; BENZOPYRENE; ACTIVATION; MICE; GLUCURONIDATION; MUTAGENICITY; ISOMERS; BINDING AB The biotransformation of benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A) was studied in suspensions of hepatocytes isolated from Aroclor 1254-treated or untreated rats, Using radiolabeled cofactors and metabolic inhibitors combined with UV, mass and H-1-NMR spectroscopy, we have detected five known metabolites and characterized nine new metabolites: metabolite 1 was tentatively assigned as B[j]A-1,2-dihydrodiol-8-sulfate; metabolite 2, B[j]A-1,2,9,10-tetrahydrotetrol; metabolite 3, B[j]A-1,2-dihydrodiol-10-O-glucuronide; metabolite 4, B[j]A-1-one-8-sulfate; metabolite 5, B[j]A-1,2-dihydrodiol-10-sulfate; metabolite 6, the sulfate conjugate of B[j]A-dihydrodiol-phenol; peak 7 in the chromatogram is a mixture of one glutathione conjugate and two sulfate conjugates of a B[j]A-metabolite; metabolite 8, B[j]A-10-O-glucuronide; metabolite 8', B[j]A-1,2-dihydrodiol; metabolite 9, B[j]A-10-sulfate; metabolite 9', B[j]A-9,10-dihydrodiol and metabolite 10, B[j]A-9,10-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-sulfate. The metabolites identified support the notion that epoxidation at the cyclopenta region is an important activation step of B[j]A. Furthermore, sulfation appears to play a very important role in the conversion of hydroxylated B[j]A metabolites into more polar excretable products. C1 NATL INST PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM MED,N-0462 OSLO,NORWAY. UNIV OSLO,DEPT CHEM,N-0315 OSLO,NORWAY. NATL FOOD AGCY DENMARK,INST TOXICOL,DK-2860 SOBORG,DENMARK. SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT CHEM,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OI Holme, J. A./0000-0001-6085-5471 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD MAY PY 1996 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1111 EP 1120 DI 10.1093/carcin/17.5.1111 PG 10 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA UL750 UT WOS:A1996UL75000032 PM 8640921 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ Hunter, ES AF Dix, DJ Hunter, ES TI Function of HSP70s during embryogenesis SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD MAY 1 PY 1996 VL 175 IS 2 BP 92 EP 92 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA UK435 UT WOS:A1996UK43500148 ER PT J AU Mathews, JM Black, SL Matthews, HB AF Mathews, JM Black, SL Matthews, HB TI P,P'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone metabolism and disposition in rats SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article AB p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) is a lipophilic monomer used extensively in the synthesis of high temperature plastics. Studies of the fate of uniformly labeled [C-14]DDS in the rat have established that it is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, distributed to all tissues examined, and concentrated in adipose tissue, After intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg and determination of the time course of DDS distribution, increasing accumulation of DDS in adipose was observed up to 24 hr, followed by slow elimination with a half-life of similar to 12 days. DDS equivalents in tissues were primarily (>90%) parent compound, whereas excreted DDS equivalents were primarily (>80%) present as metabolites. On repeat oral dosing at 10 mg/kg, levels of DDS in tissues seemed to reach steady state after similar to 2 weeks, at which time the concentrations in adipose reached 265 mu g/g tissue, Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) content, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities, and levels of metabolites arising from phase I metabolism were doubled after repeat oral administration of DDS, but benzphetamine N-demethylase activity was unchanged, Thus, it seems that DDS induces CYP1A forms, but not CYP2B isozymes. DDS-derived radioactivity was excreted primarily in feces and to a lesser extent in urine as a phenolic metabolite and its glucuronide, The aglycone of this glucuronide was isolated and characterized by NMR and MS as 3-hydroxy-4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP Mathews, JM (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST,CTR BIOORGAN CHEM,POB 12194,3040 CORNWALLIS RD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-15329] NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 24 IS 5 BP 579 EP 587 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA UJ234 UT WOS:A1996UJ23400015 PM 8723740 ER PT J AU Wigington, PJ AF Wigington, PJ TI Episodic Response Project (ERP) SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Adirondack Mountains; brook trout; Catskill Mountains; episodic acidification; ERP; fish populations; Northern Appalachian Plateau; streams RP Wigington, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 373 EP 373 DI 10.2307/2269376 PG 1 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UH485 UT WOS:A1996UH48500009 ER PT J AU Wigington, PJ Baker, JP DeWalle, DR Kretser, WA Murdoch, PS Simonin, HA VanSickle, J McDowell, MK Peck, DV Barchet, WR AF Wigington, PJ Baker, JP DeWalle, DR Kretser, WA Murdoch, PS Simonin, HA VanSickle, J McDowell, MK Peck, DV Barchet, WR TI Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic Response Project SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Adirondack Mountains; aluminum; brook trout; Catskill Mountains; episodic acidification; fish populations; northeastern US; Northern Appalachian Plateau; streams; streamwater chemistry dynamics ID EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS; ALUMINUM CHEMISTRY; AQUEOUS ALUMINUM; UNCERTAINTY; WATERS; MODELS AB The Episodic Response Project (ERP) was an interdisciplinary study designed to address uncertainties about the occurrence, nature, and biological effects of episodic acidification of streams in the northeastern United States. The ERP research consisted of intensive studies of the chemistry and biological effects of episodes in 13 streams draining forested watersheds in the three study regions: the Northern Appalachian region of Pennsylvania and the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York. Wet deposition was measured in each of the three study regions. Using automated instruments and samplers, discharge and chemistry of each stream was monitored intensively from fall 1988 through spring 1990. Biological studies focused on brook trout and native forage fish. Experimental approaches included in situ bioassays, radio transmitter studies of fish movement, and fish population studies. This paper provides an overview of the ERP, describes the methodology used in hydrologic and water chemistry components of the study, and summarizes the characteristics of the study sites, including the climatic and deposition conditions during the ERP and the general chemical characteristics of the study streams. C1 PENN STATE UNIV, SCH FOREST RESOURCES, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. PENN STATE UNIV, ENVIRONM RESOURCES RES INST, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. NEW YORK STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT, ADIRONDACK LAKES SURVEY CORP, RAY BROOK, NY 12977 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, ALBANY, NY 12201 USA. NEW YORK STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT, ROME, NY 13440 USA. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO, LAS VEGAS, NV 89119 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RP Wigington, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 33 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 374 EP 388 DI 10.2307/2269377 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UH485 UT WOS:A1996UH48500010 ER PT J AU Wigington, PJ DeWalle, DR Murdoch, PS Kretser, WA Simonin, HA VanSickle, J Baker, JP AF Wigington, PJ DeWalle, DR Murdoch, PS Kretser, WA Simonin, HA VanSickle, J Baker, JP TI Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Ionic controls of episodes SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Adirondack Mountains; base cations; Catskill Mountains; episodic acidification; hydrologic events; nitrogen; Northern Appalachian Plateau; organic acids; rainstorms; snow melt; streams; sulfate ID NEW-YORK; SURFACE WATERS; NITROGEN SATURATION; NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY; CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; ADIRONDACK REGION; SULFUR RETENTION; ORGANIC-ACIDS; SNOWMELT AB As part of the Episodic Response Project (ERP), we intensively monitored discharge and stream chemistry of 13 streams located in the Northern Appalachian region of Pennsylvania and in the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York from fall 1988 to spring 1990. The ERP clearly documented the occurrence of acidic episodes with minimum episodic pH less than or equal to 5 and inorganic monomeric Al (Al-im) concentrations > 150 mu g/L in at least two study streams in each region. Several streams consistently experienced episodes with maximum Al-im concentrations > 350 mu g/L. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) depressions resulted from complex interactions of multiple ions. Base cation decreases often made the most important contributions to ANC depressions during episodes. Organic acid pulses were also important contributors to ANC depressions in the Adirondack streams, and to a lesser extent, in the Catskill and Pennsylvania streams. Nitrate concentrations were low in the Pennsylvania streams, whereas the Catskill and Adirondack study streams had high NO3- concentrations and large episodic pulses (less than or equal to 54 mu eq/L). Most of the Pennsylvania study streams also frequently experienced episodic pulses of SO42- (less than or equal to 78 mu eq/L), whereas the Adirondack and Catskill streams did not. High baseline concentrations of SO42- (all three study areas) and NO3- (Adirondacks and Catskills) reduced episodic minimum ANC, even when these ions did not change during episodes. The ion changes that controlled the most severe episodes (lowest minimum episodic ANC) differed from the ion changes most important to smaller, more frequent episodes. Pulses of NO3- (Catskills and Adirondacks), SO42- (Pennsylvania), or organic acids became more important during major episodes. Overall, the behavior of streamwater SO42- and NO3- is an indicator that acidic deposition has contributed to the severity of episodes in the study streams. C1 PENN STATE UNIV, SCH FOREST RESOURCES, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. PENN STATE UNIV, ENVIRONM RESOURCES RES INST, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, ALBANY, NY 12201 USA. NEW YORK STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT, ADIRONDACK LAKES SURVEY CORP, RAY BROOK, NY 12977 USA. NEW YORK STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT, ROME, NY 13440 USA. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC, ENVIRONM RES LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RP Wigington, PJ (reprint author), US EPA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 53 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 5 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 389 EP 407 DI 10.2307/2269378 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UH485 UT WOS:A1996UH48500011 ER PT J AU VanSickle, J Baker, JP Simonin, HA Baldigo, BP Kretser, WA Sharpe, WE AF VanSickle, J Baker, JP Simonin, HA Baldigo, BP Kretser, WA Sharpe, WE TI Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Adirondack Mountains; aluminum; bioassay; brook trout; Catskill Mountains; fish mortality; episodic acidification; logistic regression; Northern Appalachian Plateau; overdispersion; streams ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; BROOK TROUT; LOW PH; LOW CALCIUM; ALUMINUM; ACID; SURVIVAL; TOXICITY; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE AB In situ bioassays were performed as part of the Episodic Response Project, to evaluate the effects of episodic stream acidification on mortality of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and forage fish species. We report the results of 122 bioassays in 13 streams of the three study regions: the Adirondack mountains of New York, the Catskill mountains of New York, and the Northern Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania. Bioassays during acidic episodes had significantly higher mortality than did bioassays conducted under nonacidic conditions, but there was little difference in mortality rates in bioassays experiencing acidic episodes and those experiencing acidic conditions throughout the test period. Multiple logistic regression models were used to relate bioassay mortality rates to summary statistics of time-varying stream chemistry (inorganic monomeric aluminum, calcium, pH, and dissolved organic carbon) estimated for the 20-d bioassay periods. The large suite of candidate regressors also included biological, regional, and seasonal factors, as well as several statistics summarizing various features of aluminum exposure duration and magnitude. Regressor variable selection and model assessment were complicated by multicollinearity and overdispersion. For the target fish species, brook trout, bioassay mortality was most closely related to time-weighted median inorganic aluminum. Median Ca and minimum pH offered additional explanatory power, as did stream-specific aluminum responses. Due to high multicollinearity, the relative importance of different aluminum exposure duration and magnitude variables was difficult to assess, but these variables taken together added no significant explanatory power to models already containing median aluminum. Between 59 and 79% of the variation in brook trout mortality was explained by models employing between one and five regressors. Simpler models were developed for smaller sets of bioassays that tested slimy and mottled sculpin (Cottus cognatus and C. bairdi) as well as blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus). For these forage species a single inorganic aluminum exposure variable successfully accounted for 86-98% of the observed mortality. Even though field bioassays showed evidence of multiple toxicity factors, model results suggest that adequate mortality predictions can be obtained from a single index of inorganic Al concentrations during exposure periods. C1 US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US GEOL SURVEY,ALBANY,NY 12201. NEW YORK STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,ADIRONDACKS LAKE SURVEY CORP,RAY BROOK,NY 12977. PENN STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM RESOURCES RES INST,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP VanSickle, J (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 51 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 15 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 408 EP 421 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UH485 UT WOS:A1996UH48500012 ER PT J AU Baker, JP VanSickle, J Gagen, CJ DeWalle, DR Sharpe, WE Carline, RF Baldigo, BP Murdoch, PS Bath, DW Kretser, WA Simonin, HA Wigington, PJ AF Baker, JP VanSickle, J Gagen, CJ DeWalle, DR Sharpe, WE Carline, RF Baldigo, BP Murdoch, PS Bath, DW Kretser, WA Simonin, HA Wigington, PJ TI Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Effects on fish populations SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Adirondack Mountains; aluminium; bioassays; Catskill Mountains; episodic acidification; fish behavior; fish mortality; fish populations; Northern Appalachian Plateau; pH; radiotelemetry; streams ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; BROOK TROUT; LOW PH; MOTTLED SCULPINS; WATER CHEMISTRY; NORTH BRANCH; MOOSE RIVER; ALUMINUM; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL AB As part of the Episodic Response Project (ERP), we studied the effects of episodic acidification on fish in 13 small streams in the northeastern United States: four streams in the Adirondack region of New York, four streams in the Catskills, New York, and five streams in the northern Appalachian Plateau, Pennsylvania. In situ bioassays with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and a forage fish species (blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi), or slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), depending on the region) measured direct toxicity. Movements of individual brook trout, in relation to stream chemistry, were monitored using radiotelemetry. Electrofishing surveys assessed fish community status and the density and biomass of brook trout in each stream. During low flow, all streams except one had chemical conditions considered suitable for the survival and reproduction of most fish species (median pH 6.0-7.2 during low flow; inorganic Al < 60 mu g/L). ERP streams with suitable conditions during low flow, but moderate-to-severe episodic acidification during high flow, had higher fish mortality in bioassays, net downstream movement of brook trout during events, and lower brook trout density and biomass compared to nonacidic streams, and lacked acid-sensitive fish species (blacknose dace and sculpin). Movement of trout into refugia (areas with higher pH and lower Al) during episodes partially mitigated the adverse effects of episodes. Recolonization from alkaline tributaries or microhabitats can maintain low densities of fish in streams that experience severe acidic episodes, but it is not sufficient to sustain fish densities and community composition at levels expected in the absence of these episodes. Fish responses to acid-base chemistry were fairly consistent across regions. In general, trout abundance was reduced and acid-sensitive fish species were absent from ERP streams with median pH < 5.0-5.2 during high flow and inorganic Al > 100-200 mu g/L. We conclude that episodic acidification can have long-term effects on fish communities in small streams. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. PENN STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM RESOURCES RES INST,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,MERKLE LAB,NATL BIOL SURVEY,PENN COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. US GEOL SURVEY,ALBANY,NY 12201. NEW YORK STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,ADIRONDACK LAKES SURVEY CORP,RAY BROOK,NY 12977. NEW YORK STATE DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,ROME,NY 13440. RP Baker, JP (reprint author), US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 68 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 4 U2 42 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 422 EP 437 DI 10.2307/2269380 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UH485 UT WOS:A1996UH48500013 ER PT J AU ONeill, MS AF ONeill, MS TI Helping schoolchildren with asthma breathe easier: Partnerships in community-based environmental health education SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE air pollution; asthma; children; community-based education; environmental justice; public-private partnerships AB Hospitalizations and deaths attributed to asthma are increasing, and the disease has disproportionate impacts on children and minority populations, particularly African-Americans. Because asthma hospitalizations and deaths are viewed by many experts as preventable events, and because asthma's toll is so significant in economic terms, increased efforts to reverse these trends, particularly among the most affected groups are warranted. Reducing exposures to airborne pollutants known to trigger asthma in both indoor and outdoor environments is one important preventive strategy. The public-private partnership effort to implement the Open Airways for schools asthma management curriculum in urban elementary schools, with its emphasis on pollution prevention, is an example of a community in urban elementary schools, with its emphasis on pollution prevention, is an example of a community-based effort that may help decrease the toll asthma takes on society. RP ONeill, MS (reprint author), US EPA,INDOOR ENVIRONM DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 104 IS 5 BP 464 EP 466 DI 10.2307/3432979 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UP689 UT WOS:A1996UP68900002 PM 8743428 ER PT J AU Tice, RR Stack, HF Waters, MD AF Tice, RR Stack, HF Waters, MD TI Human exposures to mutagens - An analysis using the genetic activity profile database SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations CY AUG 20-25, 1995 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Prague Inst Adv Studies, Prague, Czech Republic, Reg Inst Hygiene Cent Bohemia, Prague, Czech Republic, Univ Tex Med Branch DE chemical potency; cytogenetics; database; human; rodent ID GENOTOXICITY AB The Genetic Activity Profile (GAP) database was used to identify and compare agents showing genotoxic activity in humans. The database revealed several substances for which both human and rodent cytogenetic data existed. Based on the ratio of the lowest effective doses (LEDs) in rodent versus human studies, humans appear to be al least 10 times more sensitive than rodents to the majority of the genotoxic substances examined. Several caveats are discussed which may be responsible, in part, for the apparent differences in sensitivity. Some of these differences could be due to variations in the test protocols or they may, in fact, reflect real differences between human and rodent cells. However, in contrast to the in vivo comparison, the LEDs for human data from in vitro studies were not uniformly lower than for comparable studies in rodents. The in vitro comparison suggests that the apparent differences in human versus rodent cell sensitivity seen in vivo must be viewed with a degree of caution. Nevertheless, the overall GAPs for these agents, and particularly the human in vivo data, underscore the concern for adequate protection of humans exposed to these environmental mutagens. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. INTEGRATED SYST LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 104 SU 3 BP 585 EP 589 DI 10.2307/3432827 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UQ084 UT WOS:A1996UQ08400033 PM 8781387 ER PT J AU Binkova, B Lewtas, J Miskova, I Rossner, P Cerna, M Mrackova, G Peterkova, K Mumford, J Meyer, S Sram, R AF Binkova, B Lewtas, J Miskova, I Rossner, P Cerna, M Mrackova, G Peterkova, K Mumford, J Meyer, S Sram, R TI Biomarker studies in northern Bohemia SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations CY AUG 20-25, 1995 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Prague Inst Adv Studies, Prague, Czech Republic, Reg Inst Hygiene Cent Bohemia, Prague, Czech Republic, Univ Tex Med Branch DE personal monitoring; PAHs; DNA adducts; urine mutagenicity; comet assay; GSTM1 ID CARCINOGEN-DNA ADDUCTS; POLAND; DAMAGE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; QUANTITATION; SENSITIVITY; EPOXIDE; HUMANS; CANCER; MARKER AB Studies were conducted in northern Bohemia to simultaneously evaluate personal exposures to air pollution in the form of respirable particles containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biomarkers of exposure, biological effective dose, genetic effects, and metabolic susceptibility. The series of biomarkers included PAH metabolites in urine, urine mutagenicity, PAH-DNA adducts in white blood cells determined by P-32-postlabeling, PAH-albumin adducts determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), DNA damage in lymphocytes detected by comet assay, chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) genotypes, For these studies, a group of women who work outdoors about 30% of their daily time was selected. In a pilot study, a group of women from a polluted area of the Teplice district (northern Bohemia) was compared with a group of women from a control district of southern Bohemia (Prachatice). in a follow-up repeated-measures study, a group of nonsmoking women from Teplice was sampled repeatedly during the winter season of 1993 to 1994. Personal exposure monitoring for respirable particles (<2.5 mu m) was conducted for the 24-hr period before collection of blood and urine. Particle extracts were analyzed for carcinogenic PAHs. In the pilot study and in the follow-up study, a highly significant correlation between individual personal exposures to PAHs and DNA adducts was found (r=0.54, p=0.016; r=0.710, p<0.001, respectively). The comet parameter (percentage DNA in tail; %T) correlated with exposures to respirable particles (r=0.304, p=0.015). The GSTM1 genotype had a significant effect on urinary PAH metabolites, urine mutagenicity, and comet parameters (%T and tail moment) when the GSTM1 genotype was considered as a single factor affecting these biomarkers. Multifactor analysis of variance considering exposure and adjusting the data for GSTM1, age, and diet showed that the effect of personal exposures to PAHs on the variability of biomarkers (DNA adducts, comet parameters, urine mutagenicity) might be higher than the effect of the GSTM1 genotype. These results show the importance of considering all potential factors that may affect the biomarkers being analyzed. C1 REG INST HYG CENT BOHEMIA, PRAGUE 14220, CZECH REPUBLIC. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. DIST INST HYG, TEPLICE, CZECH REPUBLIC. NATL INST PUBL HLTH, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC. UNIV LOUISVILLE, LOUISVILLE, KY 40292 USA. RP Binkova, B (reprint author), ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBL, INST EXPTL MED, LAB GENET ECOTOXICOL, VIDENSKA 1083, PRAGUE 14220, CZECH REPUBLIC. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 38 TC 97 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 104 SU 3 BP 591 EP 597 DI 10.2307/3432828 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UQ084 UT WOS:A1996UQ08400034 PM 8781388 ER PT J AU Schoeny, R AF Schoeny, R TI Use of genetic toxicology data in U.S. EPA risk assessment: The mercury study report as an example SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations CY AUG 20-25, 1995 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Prague Inst Adv Studies, Prague, Czech Republic, Reg Inst Hygiene Cent Bohemia, Prague, Czech Republic, Univ Tex Med Branch DE risk assessment; germ cell mutagenicity; mercury; carcinogenicity; genetic toxicology ID CULTURED MAMMALIAN-CELLS; CHROMATID EXCHANGE SCE; METAL-COMPOUNDS; METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE; CHRONIC TOXICITY; METHYL MERCURY; DNA-REPAIR; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CHROMOSOME DAMAGE; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES AB Assessment of human health risks of environmental agents has often been limited to consideration of the potential for the agent to cause cancer or general systemic toxicity after long-term exposure. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is increasingly moving toward the development of integrated assessments, which consider all potential health end points including developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive effects, and germ cell mutagenicity. The U.S. EPA has a responsibility to assess risks to nonhuman species or ecosystems when appropriate data are available. An example of a recent integrated human health and ecological risk assessment can be found in the U.S. EPA Mercury Study Report to Congress. This report covers the following topics in separate volumes: an inventory of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United Slates; an exposure assessment using measured and predicted values and including indirect dietary exposure; an evaluation of human health risks, an assessment of ecologic risk wherein water criteria are presented for several wildlife species; an overall integrated characterization of human and nonhuman risk; and a discussion of risk management considerations. In the evaluation of human health risk, genetic toxicology data were considered for three forms of mercury. elemental, inorganic (divalent), and methylmercury. These data were used in judgments of two types of potential health effects (carcinogenicity and germ cell mutagenicity). In assessment of potential carcinogenicity of inorganic and methylmercury, genetic toxicity data were key. Data for clastogenicity in the absence of mutagenicity supported the characterization of inorganic and methylmercury as materials that produce carcinogenic effects only at high, toxic doses. The evidence for clastogenicity, coupled with information on metabolism and distribution, resulted in a judgment of a moderate degree of concern (or weight of evidence) that inorganic mercury can act as a human germ cell mutagen. For methylmercury, the degree of concern for germ cell mutagenicity is high. RP Schoeny, R (reprint author), US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, 26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. NR 79 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 104 SU 3 BP 663 EP 673 DI 10.2307/3432842 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UQ084 UT WOS:A1996UQ08400048 PM 8781402 ER PT J AU Savela, K Kohan, MJ Walsh, D Perera, FP Hemminki, K Lewtas, J AF Savela, K Kohan, MJ Walsh, D Perera, FP Hemminki, K Lewtas, J TI In vitro characterization of DNA adducts formed by foundry air particulate matter SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Environmental Mutagens in Human Populations CY AUG 20-25, 1995 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Prague Inst Adv Studies, Prague, Czech Republic, Reg Inst Hygiene Cent Bohemia, Prague, Czech Republic, Univ Tex Med Branch DE DNA adducts; PAH; in vitro CT DNA; foundry filter extract; P-32-postlabeling; HPLC ID WHITE BLOOD-CELLS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WORKERS AB This study is part of an ongoing investigation of biomarkers in iron foundry workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic compounds. Foundry workers with the highest exposures had elevated levels of DNA adducts in their white blood cells in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to characterize the nature of DNA reactive chemicals in foundry air samples through incubating the foundry filter extract with DNA and activation enzymes. Call thymus DNA was incubated with foundry filter extract and activated by either rat liver activation mixture (S9 mix) or xanthine oxidase. A complex pattern of adducts was observed on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) by the P-32-postlabeling assay. Two selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-1-NP- and anti(+/-)benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide [anti(+/-)BPDE]-DNA adducts-were used as marker compounds in characterizing the postlabeled DNA adducts by TLC combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After an initial separation of DNA adducts by TLC, individual spots were isolated and separated further on HPLC. HPLC analysis and spiking with anti(+/-)BPDE-DNA standard confirmed the co-migration of the anti(+/-)BPDE-DNA standard with one PAH adduct formed by the S9 mix-activated DCM extract in calf thymus DNA. C1 US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. COLUMBIA UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DIV ENVIRONM SCI, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA. KAROLINSKA INST, CTR NUTR & TOXICOL, HUDDINGE, SWEDEN. RP Savela, K (reprint author), INST OCCUPAT HLTH, MOL DOSIMETRY GRP, TOPELIUKSENKATU 41 AA, SF-00250 HELSINKI, FINLAND. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P01 ES05294] NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 104 SU 3 BP 687 EP 690 DI 10.2307/3432846 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UQ084 UT WOS:A1996UQ08400052 PM 8781406 ER PT J AU Bryce, SA Clarke, SE AF Bryce, SA Clarke, SE TI Landscape-level ecological regions: Linking state-level ecoregion frameworks with stream habitat classifications SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE classification; ecoregions; environmental mapping; water quality; best management practices ID WATER-QUALITY; ECOSYSTEM; PERSPECTIVE; CALIFORNIA; OREGON; FISHES; USA AB Regionalization is a form of spatial classification, where boundaries are drawn around areas that are relatively homogeneous in landscape characteristics. The process of delineating ecological regions, or ecoregions, includes the analysis of ecosystem structure. To date, ecoregions have been developed at national and slate scales for research and resource management. Stream classification is another method to order the variability of aquatic habitats that spans spatial scales from microhabitat to valley segment. In this study, landscape-level ecoregions are developed for the upper Grande Ronde River basin in northeastern Oregon, 3000 sq km in area. The ecoregion framework presented here is proposed to bridge the gap between stream habitat and state-level ecoregion classifications. Classification at this scale is meant to address issues of management at local scales: to aid in sampling design, in extrapolation of the results oi site-specific studies, and in the development of best management practices that are more predictive of ecosystem response than current methods. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FOREST SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Bryce, SA (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DYNAMAC INT INC,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 60 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 3 BP 297 EP 311 DI 10.1007/BF01203839 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UJ165 UT WOS:A1996UJ16500002 ER PT J AU Shen, H Pritchard, PH Sewell, GW AF Shen, H Pritchard, PH Sewell, GW TI Microbial reduction of Cr(VI) during anaerobic degradation of benzoate SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SITES; BIOREMEDIATION; CHROMIUM AB A series of microcosms and enrichments were conducted to evaluate the potential for microbially mediated Cr(VI) reduction linked to benzoate catabolism, Bacterial degradation of benzoate with the transport of electrons to Cr(VI) was achieved using nitrate or molecular oxygen as an initial stimulator. After depletion of nitrate or oxygen, microcosms and enrichments still retained the capacity for benzoate degradation linked to Cr(VI) reduction. Experiments demonstrated that benzoate degradation occurred concurrently with the reduction of Cr(VI) and was strongly dependent on the presence of Cr(VI). Benzoate degradation proceeded as long as Cr(VI) was present, ceased when Cr(VI) was completely removed, and continued once Cr(VI) was added. Furthermore, the observed benzoate removal, linearly correlated with Cr(VI) consumed, and the stoichiometric ratio were in good agreement to the theoretical ratio for the complete oxidation of benzoate to carbon dioxide coupled to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The addition of nitrate up to a concentration of 5.0 mM did not inhibit Cr(VI) reduction but enhanced benzoate degradation in the enrichments. This process may provide the opportunity for in-situ biotreatment of Cr(VI) in subsurface environments. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUBSURFACE PROTECT & REMEDIAT DIV,ADA,OK 74820. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EXPOSURE RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 28 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1667 EP 1674 DI 10.1021/es950657y PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UG954 UT WOS:A1996UG95400062 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S Somerville, MC Willis, RD Fox, DL Stevens, RK Kellogg, RB Stiles, DC Lumpkin, TA Shy, CM AF Mukerjee, S Somerville, MC Willis, RD Fox, DL Stevens, RK Kellogg, RB Stiles, DC Lumpkin, TA Shy, CM TI Integrated assessment of reduced emission impacts from a biomedical waste incinerator. Atmospheric characterization and modeling applications on particulate matter and acid gases SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; REFUSE INCINERATOR; AIR; AEROSOL AB A composite approach involving wind sector analyses, receptor modeling, and dispersion modeling has been developed to estimate the impact of a biomedical waste incinerator (BWI). This is presented using measurements of 12-h ambient air particulate matter and acid gases from a versatile air pollutant sampler, with meteorological data obtained near the BWI as part of a larger short-term respiratory effects study. Monitoring was performed in the same time frame for three consecutive years, the first year being prior to installation of air pollution control devices (APCDs) at the BWI, the next year with the BWI having APCDs, and the final year with the BWI being ''mothballed''. Use of integrated wind sector analyses and receptor/dispersion modeling provided evidence of reduced emission impacts at the monitoring site during the 3-year period. Principal component analysis combined with linear-angular correlation and regression provided further evidence of reduced BWI impacts in addition to information about the nature of emission sources. The effectiveness of applying a wind direction-based receptor/dispersion model approach to assess emission abatement plans is demonstrated. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1680 EP 1686 DI 10.1021/es950673v PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UG954 UT WOS:A1996UG95400064 ER PT J AU Smith, FL Sorial, GA Suidan, MT Breen, AW Biswas, P Brenner, RC AF Smith, FL Sorial, GA Suidan, MT Breen, AW Biswas, P Brenner, RC TI Development of two biomass control strategies for extended, stable operation of highly efficient biofilters with high toluene loadings SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR AB For stable long-term continuous operation of highly loaded trickle bed air biofilters, the prevention of plugging due to accumulating biomass is essential for avoiding biofilter failure. Two biomass control strategies were evaluated to maintain high VOC removal efficiencies at high toluene loadings for over 200 days. A sustained toluene removal efficiency of over 99% was achieved. Backwashing with medium fluidization was found to be very effective in preventing accumulation of excess biomass, A specific flow rate of 190 m/h (for a bed expansion of 40%) for 1 h twice per week was found to be adequate. The use of nitrate (NO3-N) instead of ammonia (NH3-N) as the sole source of nutrient-nitrogen (N) was very effective in reducing the observed biomass yield. A pilot-scale evaluation was made of the performance of two similarly operated, backwashed biofilters receiving influent air with 250 ppmv toluene and varying only the VOC loadings and the form of nutrient-N. The biofilter receiving NO3-N performed significantly better overall. A comparative bacterial enumeration of the two biofilter microbial consortia was performed. This enumeration revealed that the populations of toluene degraders in both biofilters were about the same; however, the populations of total heterotrophs were starkly different. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT MOLEC GENET,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 20 TC 124 Z9 131 U1 6 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1744 EP 1751 DI 10.1021/es950743y PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UG954 UT WOS:A1996UG95400070 ER PT J AU Venosa, AD Suidan, MT Wrenn, BA Strohmeier, KL Haines, JR Eberhart, BL King, D Holder, E AF Venosa, AD Suidan, MT Wrenn, BA Strohmeier, KL Haines, JR Eberhart, BL King, D Holder, E TI Bioremediation of an experimental oil spill on the shoreline of delaware bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BIODEGRADATION; PERSISTENCE; PETROLEUM; ALASKA; BEACH AB In the summer of 1994, a field study was undertaken in Delaware in which light crude oil was intentionally released onto plots to evaluate bioremediation. The objectives were to obtain credible statistical evidence to determine if bioremediation with inorganic mineral nutrients and/or microbial inoculation enhanced the removal of crude oil contaminating a sandy beach and to compute intrinsic and enhanced biodegradation rates. Biodegradation was tracked by GC/MS analysis of selected components, and the measured concentrations were corrected for abiotic removal by hopane normalization. A randomized block design was used to assess treatment effects. Three treatments were evaluated: a no-nutrient addition control, addition of water-soluble nutrients, and addition of water-soluble nutrients supplemented with a natural microbial inoculum from the site. Although substantial hydrocarbon biodegradation occurred in the untreated plots, statistically significant differences between treated and untreated plots were observed in the biodegradation rates of total alkane and total aromatic hydrocarbons. First-order rate constants for the disappearance of individual hopane-normalized alkanes and PAHs were computed, and the patterns of loss were typical of biodegradation. Significant differences were not observed between plots treated with nutrients alone and plots treated with nutrients and the indigenous inoculum. The high rate of oil biodegradation that was observed in the untreated plots was attributed to the background nitrogen that was measured at the site. Even though oil loss was enhanced by nutrient addition, active bioremediation in the form of exogenous nutrient addition might not be appropriate in cases where background nutrient levels are already sufficiently high to support high intrinsic rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. STAKING CONSULTING,FAIRFIELD,OH 45014. RP Venosa, AD (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 38 TC 248 Z9 274 U1 8 U2 96 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1764 EP 1775 DI 10.1021/es950754r PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UG954 UT WOS:A1996UG95400073 ER PT J AU Meckes, MC Wagner, TJ Tillman, J AF Meckes, MC Wagner, TJ Tillman, J TI Solvent extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyl from river sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE solvent extraction; sediments; PCBs; PAHs ID SITE AB River sediments contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were treated using Resources Conservation Company's Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.) process. Results showed that, regardless of the initial contaminant concentration, >95 percent of the PAHs and >99 percent of the PCBs in the sediment could be extracted. Additionally, the effectiveness of triethylamine (TEA) as an extracting agent for specific PAHs and PCB congener classes was compared. Results show that TEA selectively extracted PAHs with high log octanol/water partition coefficients (>4.54), low water solubilities (<0.82 mg/L), and high molecular weights (>178.2). PCB extraction efficiencies remained high regardless of congener class, These results indicate that specific physical characteristics of PAHs are good predictors of extraction efficiencies. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Meckes, MC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 17 IS 5 BP 525 EP 531 DI 10.1080/09593331708616414 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM495 UT WOS:A1996UM49500008 ER PT J AU Whiteman, FW Ankley, GT Kahl, MD Rau, DM Balcer, MD AF Whiteman, FW Ankley, GT Kahl, MD Rau, DM Balcer, MD TI Evaluation of interstitial water as a route of exposure for ammonia in sediment tests with benthic macroinvertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ammonia; toxicity; sediments; interstitial water; macroinvertebrates ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; QUALITY CRITERIA; TOXICITY; IDENTIFICATION; SYSTEM; RIVER AB Ammonia commonly is present at detectable concentrations in overlying and interstitial water in solid-phase sediment toxicity tests. There are scenarios in which it is desirable to discern ammonia toxicity from that caused by other contaminants. The objective of this study was to verify the technical basis for defining the bioavailability of ammonia in solid-phase sediment toxicity tests based on interstitial- (pore-) water concentrations of the compound. We compared the toxicity of ammonia in spiked-sediment versus water-only exposures with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, the midge Chironomus tentans, and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Sediment exposures were conducted in a test system that enabled the maintenance of target concentrations of ammonia in pore water, while keeping overlying water concentrations of the compound below potential effect levels. To enable direct comparison of the water-only and sediment exposures, the same test conditions (including pH) were used for each. There was good correspondence between the LC50 values of water-only tests and spiked-sediment toxicity tests for both L. variegatus and C, tentans. Hyalella azteca apparently avoided the spiked sediments and was frequently observed in the less contaminated overlying water, thus limiting the evaluation of a pore-water exposure model for the amphipod. Overall, at least for some benthic species, ammonia bioavailability and toxicity can be accurately predicted from pore-water concentrations of the compound; however, the model maybe less robust for more epibenthic organisms, such as H. azteca. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, LAKE SUPER RES INST, SUPERIOR, WI 54880 USA. RP Whiteman, FW (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 32 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 794 EP 801 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0794:EOIWAA>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UH986 UT WOS:A1996UH98600027 ER PT J AU Cox, LH Piegorsch, WW AF Cox, LH Piegorsch, WW TI Combining environmental information .1. Environmental monitoring, measurement and assessment SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE spatial statistics; kriging; environmental indicators; detection limit; site characterization ID PROBABILITY AB An increasing concern in environmental science is the need to combine information from diverse sources that relate to a common effect. We examine problems in combining environmental information in three areas - environmental monitoring, measurement, and assessment - review statistical methods and discuss opportunities for statistical research. Piegorsch and Cox (Environmetrics, 7, 309-324, 1996) examine similar questions in environmental epidemiology and toxicology. C1 UNIV S CAROLINA, DEPT STAT, COLUMBIA, SC 29208 USA. RP US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB MD 75, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1180-4009 EI 1099-095X J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199605)7:3<299::AID-ENV214>3.0.CO;2-O PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA UP250 UT WOS:A1996UP25000006 ER PT J AU Piegorsch, WW Cox, LH AF Piegorsch, WW Cox, LH TI Combining environmental information .2. Environmental epidemiology and toxicology SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Bayesian methods; benchmark dose; combining information; combining P-values; data aggregation; environmental toxicology; hierarchical models; meta-analysis; risk assessment ID EMPIRICAL BAYES METHODS; LINEAR-MODELS; RESPONSES AB An increasingly important concern in epidemiological and toxicological studies of environmental exposures is the need to combine information from diverse sources that relate to a common endpoint. This is clearly a statistical activity, but statistical techniques for data combination are still only developmental. Herein, we illustrate some current applications of combining information in environmental epidemiology and toxicology, with emphasis on the burgeoning use of meta-analyses for environmental settings. Our goal is to inform readers about modern statistical techniques useful for combining environmental information, with emphasis on more recently developed approaches. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB MD 75,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Piegorsch, WW (reprint author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT STAT,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA. OI Piegorsch, Walter/0000-0003-2725-5604 NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 309 EP 324 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199605)7:3<309::AID-ENV215>3.0.CO;2-R PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA UP250 UT WOS:A1996UP25000007 ER PT J AU LaSota, LR AF LaSota, LR TI Evaluation by the United States Environmental Protection Agency of pesticidal substances produced in plants SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT OECD/MAICH Workshop on Multidisciplinary Assessment of Transgenic Crop Plants - Technical, Agronomic and Ecological Aspects CY SEP 15-19, 1993 CL KHANIA, GREECE SP OECD, MAICH DE endotoxin; field trials; pesticide regulation; risk assessment; transgenic plants ID POTATO AB The legislative mandates and proposed scope of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) regulation of pesticides produced in plants are described. The first three Experimental Use Permits (EUPs) granted by EPA for field testing of plant-pesticides were For delta endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis expressed in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). In each instance. an environmental-fate assessment by the Agency found no significant risk of gene expression beyond the spatial and temporal limits of the proposed field tests. RP LaSota, LR (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 45 IS 1-3 BP 181 EP 186 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(95)00070-4 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UR793 UT WOS:A1996UR79300021 ER PT J AU Wiester, MJ Tepper, JS Winsett, DW Crissman, KM Richards, JH Costa, DL AF Wiester, MJ Tepper, JS Winsett, DW Crissman, KM Richards, JH Costa, DL TI Adaptation to ozone in rats and its association with ascorbic acid in the lung SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on NTP Studies - Principles of Dose Selection and Applications to Mechanistic Based Risk Assessment, at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY 1995 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soc Toxicol ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN-PLASMA; VITAMIN-C; EXPOSURE; INHALATION; TOLERANCE; RESPONSES; DURATION AB Ozone (O-3) adaptation is a well-known, but poorly understood phenomenon that has been demonstrated in humans and laboratory animals. This study examined pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) parameters in O-3-adapted F-344 rats to explore possible mechanisms of adaptation. Of particular interest was ascorbic acid (AA), an antioxidant reported to be protective against O-3 injury and found to be increased in O-3- adapted rats. Adaptation was induced by exposure to 0.25 ppm O-3, 12 hr/day for 6 or 14 weeks and evaluated with a challenge test, one that reexposed rats to 1.0 ppm O-3 and measured attenuation in the O-3 effect on frequency of breathing. Pulmonary function was assessed 1 day postexposure and adaptation and BALF were evaluated 1, 3, and 7 days postexposure. Results showed that forced vital capacity increased over time but decreased due to exposure and that the 14-week, O-3-exposed rats had an increase in forced expiratory flow rate. All of the O-3-exposed rats that were tested demonstrated adaptation on Postexposure Days 1, 3, and 7, but it was diminished on Day 7. Adaptation was also more pronounced in rats exposed for 14 weeks. Except for AA, BALE levels of total protein, potassium, lysozyme, uric acid, and alpha-tocopherol were unaffected by O-3 exposure. Lactic acid dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and total glutathione were also assayed but were always below detectable limits. Ascorbic acid concentrations were elevated on Days 1, 3, and 7, showing postexposure patterns similar to those found for adaptation. Significant correlation was found between AA concentration and the magnitude of adaptation (r = 0.91, p < 0.002). We conclude that AA may play an important role in mechanisms associated with O-3 adaptation in rats. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology RP Wiester, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPTL TOXICOL DIV,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH MD82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 56 EP 64 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0075 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UK513 UT WOS:A1996UK51300006 PM 8998953 ER PT J AU Gilmour, MI Park, P Selgrade, MK AF Gilmour, MI Park, P Selgrade, MK TI Increased immune and inflammatory responses to dust mite antigen in rats exposed to 5 ppm NO2 SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on NTP Studies - Principles of Dose Selection and Applications to Mechanistic Based Risk Assessment, at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY 1995 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soc Toxicol ID ALLERGIC RESPIRATORY DISORDER; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE EXPOSURE; DEFENSE-MECHANISMS; CONTAINING CELLS; OZONE EXPOSURE; SULFUR DIOXIDE; GUINEA PIGS; LUNG; MICE; INHALATION AB Immune hypersensitivity to house dust mite antigen (HDM) is a frequent cause of respiratory allergy. The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to NO2, a common indoor air pollutant, modulates immune responses to HDM and influences immune-mediated lung disease. Brown Norway rats were immunized ip with 100 mu g semipurified antigen and Bordetella pertussis adjuvant and challenged 2 weeks later with an intratracheal injection of 50 mu g of a crude antigen preparation. Exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 3 hr after both immunization and challenge procedures resulted in significantly higher levels of antigen-specific serum IgE, local IgA, IgG, and IgE antibody than air controls, and increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lungs. Lymphocyte responsiveness to antigen in the spleen and MLN was also significantly higher in NO2-exposed animals. These data show that exposure to a common air pollutant can upregulate specific immune responses and subsequent immune-mediated pulmonary inflammation. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514, USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 65 EP 70 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0076 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UK513 UT WOS:A1996UK51300007 PM 8998954 ER PT J AU Vojta, PJ Futreal, PA Annab, LA Kato, H PereiraSmith, OM Barrett, JC AF Vojta, PJ Futreal, PA Annab, LA Kato, H PereiraSmith, OM Barrett, JC TI Evidence for two senescence loci on human chromosome I SO GENES CHROMOSOMES & CANCER LA English DT Article ID SOMATIC-CELL HYBRIDS; INDEFINITE DIVISION; POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT; HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; HETEROZYGOSITY; LINE; IMMORTALIZATION; INVITRO; PROGRESSION AB Microcell-mediated introduction of a neo-tagged human chromosome 1 (HC-1-neo) into several immortal cell lines has previously been shown to induce growth arrest and phenotypic changes indicative of replicative senescence. Somatic cell hybridization studies have localized senescence activity for immortal hamster 10W-2 cells to a cytogenetically defined region between 1q23 and the q terminus. Previous microcell-mediated chromosome transfer experiments showed that a chromosome 1 with an interstitial q-arm deletion (del-1q) lacks senescence inducing activity for several immortal human cell lines that are sensitive to an intact HC-1-neo. In contrast, our studies reveal that the del-1q chromosome retains activity for 10W-2 cells, indicating that there are at least two senescence genes on human chromosome 1. Sequence-tagged site (STS) content analysis revealed that the q arm of the del-1q chromosome has an interstitial deletion of approximately 63 centimorgans (cM), between the proximal STS marker D1S534 and distal marker D1S412, approximately 1q12 to 1q31. This deletion analysis provides a candidate region for one of the senescence genes on 1q. In addition, because this deletion region extends distally beyond 1q23, it localizes the region containing a second senescence gene to approximately 1q31-qter, between D1S422 and the q terminus. STS content analysis of a panel of 11 10W-2 microcell hybrid clones that escaped senescence identified 2 common regions of loss of 1q material below the distal breakpoint of del-1q. One region is flanked by markers D1S459 and ACTN2, and the second lies between markers WI-4683 and D1S1609, indicating that the distal 1q senescence gene(s) localizes within 1q42-43. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,NIH,MOLEC CARCINOGENESIS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM GENET & MOLEC BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. BAYLOR COLL MED,ROY M & PHYLLIS GOUGH HUFFINGTON CTR AGING,DIV MOLEC VIROL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1045-2257 J9 GENE CHROMOSOME CANC JI Gene Chromosomes Cancer PD MAY PY 1996 VL 16 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 PG 9 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity GA UJ006 UT WOS:A1996UJ00600008 PM 9162198 ER PT J AU Young, R LopezAvila, V Beckert, WF AF Young, R LopezAvila, V Beckert, WF TI On-line determination of organochlorine pesticides in water by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection SO HRC-JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE gas chromatography with electron capture detection; solid phase microextraction; organochlorine pesticides; water analysis ID FUSED-SILICA FIBERS; EXTRACTION AB This paper describes the extraction of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from water samples using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Three fused-silica fibers coated or bonded with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of different film thicknesses (20-, 30-, and 100-mu m) were evaluated, The extraction time, the effects of stirring and addition of NaCl to the aqueous sample, the linear range and the precision of this technique, and the effect of carryover were examined for 20 analytes and are presented here, A comparison with results using conventional liquid-liquid extraction demonstrate that the SPME technique is well suited as a fast screening technique for OCPs in water samples. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP Young, R (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,555 CLYDE AVE,MT VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU DR ALFRED HUTHIG VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG 1 PA POSTFACH 102869, W-69018 HEIDELBERG 1, GERMANY SN 0935-6304 J9 HRC-J HIGH RES CHROM JI HRC-J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 19 IS 5 BP 247 EP 256 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UP863 UT WOS:A1996UP86300002 ER PT J AU Zinaman, MJ Uhler, ML Vertuno, E Fisher, SG Clegg, ED AF Zinaman, MJ Uhler, ML Vertuno, E Fisher, SG Clegg, ED TI Evaluation of computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) with IDENT stain to determine sperm concentration SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE sperm count; sperm density; CASA AB This study was undertaken to compare a new fluorescent stain-based computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system (IDENT) for determining human sperm concentration to the manual hemacytometric method and to conventional CASA (CASA-CONV). Normal healthy semen donors as well as patients provided samples that were evaluated for sperm concentration with the CASA-IDENT method, the hemacytometer method and CASA-CONV. Each field was examined visually to determine the sources of overcounting and undercounting for the two CASA methods;four ranges of sperm concentration were examined: 0-10, > 10-30, > 30-100, and > 100 x 10(6)/ml. The main outcome measures were sperm concentration, debris counted as sperm, and missed sperm. Our results showed that significantly more debris was counted as sperm and more sperm were missed with CASA-CONV than CASA-IDENT. As the sperm density increased, so did the number of counting errors for the CASA-CONV system. The error rate was much greater using CASA-CONV (12.1 +/- 42.2%) than with CASA-IDENT (0.4 +/- 0.7%) when compared to hemacytometer counts (P = 0.068). We conclude that the CASA-IDENT method of sperm counting is highly accurate and less time-consuming when compared to the hemacytometer method. There are significant differences in the amount of debris counted as sperm and number of missed sperm between CASA-CONV and CASA-IDENT with varying sperm density. With both parameters, the counts are more accurate using the CASA-IDENT method. C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Zinaman, MJ (reprint author), LOYOLA UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,2160 S 1ST AVE,MAYWOOD,IL 60153, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5R44ES05620-03] NR 8 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3 BP 288 EP 292 PG 5 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UQ495 UT WOS:A1996UQ49500013 PM 8792219 ER PT J AU Pace, CM Donnelly, JR Jeter, JL Brumley, WC Sovocool, GW AF Pace, CM Donnelly, JR Jeter, JL Brumley, WC Sovocool, GW TI Determination of aromatic amines in soils SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; EXTRACTION; BENZIDINE AB A rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method with ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection was developed for parts-per-billion levels of aromatic amines in soils, 2,4-Diaminotoluene, pyridine, aniline, 2-picoline, 2-toluidine, 5-nitro-2-toluidine, 2-methyl-6-ethylaniline, 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-nitroaniline, 1-naphthylamine, 2-methoxyaniline, and 2-naphthylamine were tested, The method involves extraction by sonication with 1% ammonium hydroxide-acetonitrile and analysis by LC using gradient elution with aqueous 0.01M ammonium acetate-0.0005% triethylamine and acetonitrile, Recoveries of 67-106% (9.2 and 34% for 1- and 2-naphthylamines, respectively) were obtained from sand and organic-containing soils spiked in the parts-per-million range, Recoveries from sand spiked at 8.5-25 ppb were 88-105%, Recoveries from organic soil varied from nondetectable to 86% at spikes of 85-500 ppb, Detection limits ranged from 0.5 ppb for highly fluorescent 2-naphthylamine (by fluorescence detection) to 0.5 ppm for nonfluorescing pyridines (by UV detection). C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Pace, CM (reprint author), LOCKHEED ESAT,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 777 EP 783 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UN110 UT WOS:A1996UN11000026 ER PT J AU Highfill, JW Watkinson, WP AF Highfill, JW Watkinson, WP TI Ozone toxicity in the rat .2. Modeling changes due to ambient temperatures and duration SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE radiotelemetry; circadian rhythm; statistical model; heart rate; core body temperature ID HEART-RATE; RESPONSES AB Previous studies involving exposures to xenobiotic agents have demonstrated decreases in physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR) and core body temperature (T-co) and have shown that these toxic responses are modulated by changes in ambient temperature (T-a). We recently published the results of a study in which male Fischer 344 rats were implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters that permitted continuous monitoring of HR, T-co, and motor activity. These animals were divided into nine treatment groups (n = 4-5/group) composed of combinations of one of three O-3-exposure regimens [0.0 parts/million (ppm) O-3 X 24 h/day X 5 days; 0.5 ppm O-3 X 6 h/day X 5 days; or 0.5 ppm O-3 X 23 h/day X 5 days] at one of three T-a values (10, 22, or 34 degrees C). We now report on statistical approaches for the modeling and analyses of these data. The models utilized were dependent on the treatment combinations. Circadian rhythms of T-co during air control periods were fit by cosine models. Overall effects of O-3 in the 6- and 23-h exposure groups were best modeled by modified damped-sine and one-compartment models, respectively, for both HR and T-co. These results demonstrate improved methods for the evaluation of biorhythmicity. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Highfill, JW (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,BIOSTAT BRANCH,RES SUPPORT DIV,MD 55,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 80 IS 5 BP 1811 EP 1818 PG 8 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA UM254 UT WOS:A1996UM25400048 PM 8727571 ER PT J AU Irwin, RD Eustis, SL Stefanski, S Haseman, JK AF Irwin, RD Eustis, SL Stefanski, S Haseman, JK TI Carcinogenicity of glycidol in F344 rats and B6C3F mice SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETHYLENE-OXIDE; STATISTICAL ISSUES; PROPYLENE-OXIDE; BRAIN-TUMORS; DNA ADDUCTS; 7-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)GUANINE; INHALATION; EXPOSURES; ACROLEIN; TESTS AB Glycidol, a simple aliphatic epoxide, was administered by gavage in water to groups of male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice, Rats received 0, 37.5 or 75 mg kg(-1) and mice received 0, 25 or 50 mg kg(-1) daily, 5 days per week for 2 years, Exposure to glycidol was associated with dose-related increases in the incidences of neoplasms in numerous tissues in both rats and mice, Survival of rats that received glycidol was markedly reduced compared to the control because of the early induction of neoplastic disease, In male rats, mesothelioma arising in the tunica vaginalis and frequently metastasizing to the peritoneum were considered the major cause of early death, Early deaths in female rats were associated with mammary gland neoplasms, Survival of female mice that received 50 mg kg(-1) was lower than the control after week 101 due primarily to euthanasia of moribund animals with mammary gland neoplasms, Survival of male mice and female mice that received 25 mg kg(-1) was comparable to the control, In mice, exposure to glycidol was associated with increased incidences of neoplasms of the harderian gland in males and females, the forestomach in males and the mammary gland in females. RP Irwin, RD (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 201 EP 209 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199605)16:3<201::AID-JAT333>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UW503 UT WOS:A1996UW50300003 PM 8818859 ER PT J AU Yu, YS Bailey, GW Jin, XC AF Yu, YS Bailey, GW Jin, XC TI Application of a lumped, nonlinear kinetics model to metal sorption on humic substances SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MIXTURES; SOILS AB Exposure assessment models are needed to predict the sorption behavior of metal ions with humic substances. To address this need, a lumped parameter nonlinear kinetics model based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model-dC/dt = k(1)C/(1 + k(o)C)-is introduced and evaluated. The model was applied to a mixture of seven metal ions-Cr(III), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ag(I), and Li(I)-reacted with three individual humic substances. The lumped parameter model employs a dimensional analysis technique (i.e., uses dimensionless parameters), Laplace transforms, gamma functions, and gamma distributions to produce analytical solutions for the kinetic equation of metal ion sorption to humic substances. During the initial reaction period, the most reactive species-Cr(III) and Pb(II)-dominated the lump parameter value, and the mixture behaved like a first-order reaction. At longer periods, the lump followed a second-order decay if there were less reactive species involved. The lumped parameter model provides valuable information about the overall kinetics behavior of metal ion mixtures with humic substances and could serve as a simulation tool to investigate the transport of metal ions in and out of landfill sites and the transport/retardation of metals in contaminated soils and aquifers. C1 DYNCORP TAI,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. CHINESE RES INST ENVIRONM SCI,WATER ENVIRONM INST,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 552 EP 561 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM247 UT WOS:A1996UM24700029 ER PT J AU Tingey, DT McVeety, BD Waschmann, R Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Rygiewicz, PT Olszyk, DM AF Tingey, DT McVeety, BD Waschmann, R Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Rygiewicz, PT Olszyk, DM TI A versatile sun-lit controlled-environment facility for studying plant and soil processes SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CO2; ECOSYSTEMS; FIELD; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB A new environmental-tracking, sun-lit controlled-environment facility (terracosm) that can control and manipulate climatic and edaphic factors while maintaining natural environmental variability was developed to study the effects of environmental stresses on a model ecosystem (i.e., plant and soil processes). An analysis of terracosm performance data indicates that the terracosms simulated natural seasonal and diurnal changes in atmospheric CO2, air and soil temperatures, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and soil moisture. The terracosm performance data indicate that between 92 and 100% of the hourly CO2 concentrations are within +/-50 mu mol mol(-1) of the target concentrations for both ambient and elevated treatments (1 Nov. 1993 through 30 Nov. 1994). Air temperatures are within 2 degrees C of the target temperature between 85 and 100% of the hours for both ambient and elevated temperature treatments. The VPD was approximately the same (0.09 kPa difference between treatments) in the ambient and elevated temperature treatments. Distributed process control was implemented to minimize down-time. Terracosm downtime, periods when terracosm environmental conditions could not be reliably controlled, varied between 2.4 and 2.8% of all hours, and was equally distributed between biological sampling and equipment problems. C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. MERSC, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RP Tingey, DT (reprint author), US EPA, 200 SW 35TH ST, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 18 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 614 EP 625 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM247 UT WOS:A1996UM24700038 ER PT J AU Kilgroe, JD AF Kilgroe, JD TI Control of dioxin, furan, and mercury emissions from municipal waste combustors SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE municipal waste combustors; dioxin formation and control; mercury control; MWC air pollution regulations ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; FLUE-GAS; FLY-ASH; INCINERATORS; PCDD AB There is a significant public and scientific concern over the potential risks of air pollution emissions from municipal waste combustors (MWCs). The primary pollutants of concern are polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), and mercury (Hg). Depending on the composition of the waste and the technologies used, PCDD/PCDF emissions may range from less than 1.0 to more than 20 000 ng/dscm, Hg concentrations in MWC flue gas may range from less than 200 to more than 1000 mu g/dscm. Trace organic emissions are dependent on the combustion and Rue gas cleaning technologies employed and the conditions at which they are operated. Good combustion practice and dry scrubbing techniques employing fabric filter (FF) bag houses can be used to reduce average PCDD/PCDF emissions to less than 20 ng/dscm. Dry scrubbers in combination with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are less effective, resulting in typical PCDD/PCDF emissions of less than 75 ng/dscm. Powdered activated carbon can be injected into the flue gas to reduce HE emissions from spray dryer (SD)/FF and SD/ESP systems to less than 0.08 mg/dscm. It can also be used to improve PCDD/PCDF capture in these systems. This article provides an overview of MWC air pollution control technologies and applicable Federal air emission control requirements. Knowledge concerning PCDD/PCDF formation is summarized, and data are provided on the performance of combustion and flue gas cleaning techniques used to control PCDD/PCDF emissions. The fundamental Hg properties which affect capture in flue gas cleaning equipment are discussed, and the results of carbon injection control tests are summarized. RP Kilgroe, JD (reprint author), US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 52 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 47 IS 1-3 BP 163 EP 194 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)00108-5 PG 32 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UE771 UT WOS:A1996UE77100010 ER PT J AU Fleming, JS Halson, P Conway, J Moore, E Nassim, MA Hashish, AH Bailey, AG Holgate, ST Martonen, TB AF Fleming, JS Halson, P Conway, J Moore, E Nassim, MA Hashish, AH Bailey, AG Holgate, ST Martonen, TB TI Three-dimensional description of pulmonary deposition of inhaled aerosol using data from multimodality imaging SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE aerosol deposition measurement; three-dimensional analysis; multimodality imaging ID CT IMAGES; PENETRATION AB Three-dimensional assessment of pulmonary deposition of inhaled aerosol may be performed using SPECT. The use of aligned anatomical images enables improved accuracy of quantification and anatomical localization of deposition. Methods: Techniques of analyzing these data and their application to deposition studies of two nebulizer-generated aerosols (mass median diameters 1.5 and 6.5 mu m, respectively) in 12 normal subjects are described. The deposition data were transformed to a standard hemispherical shape and the mean distribution pattern for each aerosol evaluated. Deposition by airway generation was then calculated using a spatial model of airway morphology. The results were compared to those from planar image analysis. Results: The hemispherical transform yielded considerably more qualitative information on deposition pattern. The central-to-peripheral concentration ratio between conducting and alveolated airways was 5.27 for the coarser aerosol and 2.43 for the fine. The two-dimensional spatial estimates of the ratio were 2.61 and 2.03 respectively. Conclusion: Analysis of multimodality imaging data considerably enhanced information on deposition compared to planar imaging. It provides new data on aerosol deposition which will be of value to physicians involved in drug inhalation therapy. C1 UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,SOUTHAMPTON GEN HOSP,DEPT MED,SOUTHAMPTON,HANTS,ENGLAND. DEPT MED PHYS,SOUTHAMPTON,HANTS,ENGLAND. FISONS PLC,CLIN PHARMACOL,LOUGHBOROUGH,LEICS,ENGLAND. UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT ELECT ENGN,SOUTHAMPTON SO9 5NH,HANTS,ENGLAND. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OI Conway, Joy/0000-0001-6464-1526 NR 14 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 22090-5316 SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 37 IS 5 BP 873 EP 877 PG 5 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA UK883 UT WOS:A1996UK88300048 PM 8965167 ER PT J AU Baker, B Olszyk, DM Tingey, D AF Baker, B Olszyk, DM Tingey, D TI Digital image analysis to estimate leaf area SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Douglas-fir; Pseudotsuga menziesii; leaf area; digital images AB Digital image processing was evaluated as a nondestructive technique to estimate leaf area of Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Four photographs were obtained per tree from side two angles approximate to 90 degrees apart, with separate white and black backgrounds for each angle. Photographs were acquired using a digital camera with computer images (spatial resolution of 1012 by 1524 pixels) recorded directly to a magnetic hard drive, or a standard film camera with photos scanned to produce computer images (spatial resolution 800 by 1200 pixels). Images were separated into red, green, and blue bands with the intensity of the signal digitized into 256 levels (8 bits of accuracy) in each band. Images were processed through a series of operations: choosing of appropriate band for analysis, finding an intensity threshold below which most of the pixels were noise, separating foreground and background pixels, counting the foreground pixels, and converting the number of foreground pixels to a silhouette leaf area (SLA) through comparison with a reference area included in the image. Projected leaf area (PLA) per tree was measured through destructive harvest. Two experiments were carried out: the first to provide an initial function relating SLA to PLA using a small, select, group of trees in pots under diffuse, i.e., scattered, light; and the second using data from trees growing in situ to validate the function under field conditions. In the first experiment, r(2) for SLA vs. PLA was high (0.907) and an initial function was calculated. In the second experiment, predicted PLA for individual plants based on image analysis and the initial function, overestimated measured PLA by approximate to 19%. Thus, a new function for SLA vs. PLA (r(2)=0.861) was calculated based on the larger data set in experiment two. With additional validation, this technique may provide a valuable tool for estimating leaf area nondestructively for studies of environmental stress and vegetation. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Baker, B (reprint author), OGDEN PROFESS SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 12 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 148 IS 5 BP 530 EP 535 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UV718 UT WOS:A1996UV71800004 ER PT J AU Kashmanian, RM Rynk, RF AF Kashmanian, RM Rynk, RF TI Agricultural composting in the United States: Trends and driving forces SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 UNIV IDAHO,DEPT AGR ENGN,MOSCOW,ID 83843. RP Kashmanian, RM (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 51 IS 3 BP 194 EP 201 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA UH705 UT WOS:A1996UH70500009 ER PT J AU Yu, LE Hildemann, LM Ott, WR AF Yu, LE Hildemann, LM Ott, WR TI A mathematical model for predicting trends in carbon monoxide emissions and exposures on urban arterial highways SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MOTOR VEHICLES; WASHINGTON AB The roadway is one of the most important microenvironments for human exposure to carbon monoxide (CO). To evaluate long-term changes in pollutant exposure due to in-transit activities, a mathematical model has been developed to predict average daily vehicular emissions on highways. By utilizing measurements that are specific for a given location and year (e.g., traffic counts, fleet composition), this model can predict emissions for a specific roadway during various time periods of interest, allowing examination of long-term trends in human exposure to CO. For an arterial highway in northern California, this model predicts that CO emissions should have declined by 58% between 1980 and 1991, which agrees fairly well with field measurements of human exposure taken along that roadway during those two years. An additional reduction of up to 60% in CO emissions is predicted to occur between 1991 and 2002, due solely to the continued replacement of older cars with newer, cleaner vehicles. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN MS 4020,ENVIRONM ENGN & SCI PROGRAM,STANFORD,CA 94305. US EPA,STANFORD,CA. RI Yu, Liya/H-2573-2013 OI Yu, Liya/0000-0001-9182-6593 NR 55 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 46 IS 5 BP 430 EP 440 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UJ647 UT WOS:A1996UJ64700005 PM 8624785 ER PT J AU Fristad, WE Elliott, DK Royer, MD AF Fristad, WE Elliott, DK Royer, MD TI EPA SITE Emerging Technology Program: COGNIS TERRAMET(R) Lead Extraction Process SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology Program, COGNIS, Inc. conducted bench-scale studies on the COGNIS TEPRAMET (R) Lead Extraction Process. The process leaches, or extracts, lead from contaminated soil and consists of a lead leaching stage followed by recovery of the dissolved lead from the leachant. Prior to treatment, the soil is characterized, the type and extent of lead contamination is identified, and the soil is pretreated by physical separation methods to facilitate the extraction process. The physical pretreatment, for example, may include particle size separation to allow separate leaching of the sand and fines fractions and removal of larger lead particles by density separation techniques. As part of the SITE Program, COGNIS investigated seven different lead-contaminated soil samples in small bench-scale batch studies and three soils in larger bench-scale continuous-treatment studies. This bench-scale work led to the design, construction, and operation of a full-scale treatment plant by COGNIS at the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP), New Brighten, MN where lead and seven other heavy metals were extracted and recovered from over 20,000 tons of treated soil to meet cleanup criteria. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SITE EMERGING TECHNOL PROGRAM,EDISON,NJ. COGNIS INC,TERRAMET TECHNOL,LAB OPERAT,SANTA ROSA,CA 95407. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 46 IS 5 BP 470 EP 480 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UJ647 UT WOS:A1996UJ64700010 PM 26613126 ER PT J AU AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, TL AF AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, TL TI Neurotoxicity resulting from coexposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin: Implications of Gulf War chemical exposures SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-SERUM-CHOLINESTERASE; INSECT-REPELLENT; MYASTHENIA-GRAVIS; TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; N,N-DIETHYL-M-TOLUAMIDE DEET; METABOLISM; N,N-DIETHYL-META-TOLUAMIDE; PRETREATMENT; PYRETHROIDS; RATS AB Of the three-quarters of a million service personnel involved in the Persian Gulf War, approximately 30,000 have complained of neurological symptoms of unknown etiology. One contributing factor to the emergence of such symptoms may be the simultaneous exposure to multiple agents used to protect the health oi service personnel, in particular, the anti-nerve agent pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methylpyridinium bromide), the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), and the insecticide permethrin (3-(2,2-dichloro-ethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester). This study investigated neurotoxicity produced in hens by individual or simultaneous exposure to these agents (5 d/wk for 2 months to 5 mg/kg/d PB in water, po; 500 mg/kg/d DEET, neat, sc; and 500 mg/kg/d permethrin in corn oil, sc). At these dosages, exposure to single compounds resulted in minimal toxicity. Combinations of two agents produced greater neurotoxicity than that caused by individual agents. Neurotoxicity was further enhanced following concurrent administration of all three agents. We hypothesize that competition for liver and plasma esterases by these compounds leads to their decreased breakdown and increased transport of the parent compound to nervous tissues. Thus, carbamylation of peripheral esterases by PB reduces the hydrolysis of DEET and permethrin and increases their availability to the nervous system. In effect, PB ''pumps'' more DEET and permethrin into the central nervous system. Consistent with this hypothesis, hens exposed to the combination of the three agents exhibited neuropathological lesions with several characteristics similar to those previously reported in studies oi near-lethal doses of DEET and permethrin. If this hypothesis is correct, then blood and liver esterases play an important ''buffering'' role in protecting against neurotoxicity in the population at large. It also suggests that individuals with low plasma esterase activity may be predisposed to neuro-logic deficits produced by exposure to certain chemical mixtures. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. KANSAS STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT CLIN SCI,COMPARAT TOXICOL LABS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,SW MED SCH,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DALLAS,TX 75235. RP AbouDonia, MB (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. NR 58 TC 200 Z9 203 U1 1 U2 21 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD MAY PY 1996 VL 48 IS 1 BP 35 EP 56 DI 10.1080/009841096161456 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UM024 UT WOS:A1996UM02400002 PM 8637057 ER PT J AU Nelson, GM Allison, J Chadwick, R Creason, J George, S AF Nelson, GM Allison, J Chadwick, R Creason, J George, S TI Development of an in vitro continuous flow culture model of the murine intestinal tract SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE LA English DT Article DE continuous culture; intestinal microbiota; enzymes ID BIPHENYL-DEGRADING PSEUDOMONADS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INVITRO MODELS; COLONIZATION; COMPETITION; POPULATIONS; MICROFLORA; ECOSYSTEM; BACTERIA; SURVIVAL AB Enzyme activities and bacterial populations were compared in single stage, two stage (pH=5 and 7), and two stage with cell recycling continuous cultures of mouse faecal microbiota. Results were compared to in vivo findings in the mouse caecum and faeces in order to choose the system which best models the ecology of the murine lower intestinal tract. Fecal homogenates had higher numbers of total aerobes and lactose fermenting enterics than caecal homogenates. The microbial balance of the continuous culture systems more closely resembled the faecal microbiota (the culture inoculum) than the caecal microbiota. Lactobacilli numbers were significantly lower in single stage cultures than in two stage cultures or in vivo samples. Enzyme activities were comparable between culture types, with the exception of beta-glucuronidase, which was closest to the in vivo level in single stage cultures. Because no one in vitro system proved superior with regards to all the parameters studied, the choice of which system to use may be based largely on the study purpose. RP Nelson, GM (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0891-060X J9 MICROB ECOL HEALTH D JI Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 9 IS 3 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1234-987X(199605)9:3<97::AID-MEH414>3.3.CO;2-Z PG 12 WC Ecology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Immunology; Microbiology GA VD899 UT WOS:A1996VD89900002 ER PT J AU Mori, C Nakamura, N Welch, JE Shiota, K Eddy, EM AF Mori, C Nakamura, N Welch, JE Shiota, K Eddy, EM TI Testis-specific expression of mRNAs for a unique human type 1 hexokinase lacking the porin-binding domain SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE hexokinase; human; testis; gene expression; spermatogenesis ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; MOUSE SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; CLONED CDNA; MAMMALIAN HEXOKINASE; RAT HEXOKINASE; GENE; KINASE; GLUCOKINASE; MEMBRANE AB Several enzymes in the glycolytic pathway are reported to have spermatogenic cell-specific isozymes. We reported recently the cloning of cDNAs representing three unique type 1 hexokinase mRNAs (mHk1-sa, mHk1-sb, and mHk1-sc) present only in mouse spermatogenic cells and the patterns of expression of these mRNAs (Mori et al., 1993: Biol Reprod 49:191-203). The mRNAs contain a spermatogenic cell-specific sequence, but lack the sequence for the porin-binding domain that somatic cell hexokinases use to bind to a pore-forming protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane. We now report the cloning of cDNAs representing three unique human type 1 hexokinase mRNAs (hHK1-ta, hHK1-tb, and hHK1-tc) expressed in testis, but not detected by Northern analysis in other human tissues. These mRNAs also contain a testis-specific sequence not present in somatic cell type 1 hexokinase, but lack the sequence for the porin-binding domain. The hHK1-tb and hHK1-tc mRNAs each contain an additional unique sequence. The testis-specific sequence of the human mRNAs is similar to the spermatogenic cell-specific sequence of the mouse mRNAs. Furthermore, Northern analysis of RNA from mouse, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, ram, human, and rat demonstrated expression of type 1 hexokinase mRNAs lacking the porin-binding domain in the testes of these mammals. These results suggest that hexokinase may have unique structural or functional features in spermatogenic cells and support a model proposed by others for hexokinase gene evolution in mammals. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,NATL INST HLTH,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,GAMETE BIOL SECT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECT RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,REPROD TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Mori, C (reprint author), KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT ANAT,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 44 IS 1 BP 14 EP 22 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199605)44:1<14::AID-MRD2>3.0.CO;2-W PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA UH521 UT WOS:A1996UH52100002 PM 8722688 ER PT J AU Allen, JW Collins, BW Setzer, RW AF Allen, JW Collins, BW Setzer, RW TI Spermatid micronucleus analysis of aging effects in hamsters SO MUTATION RESEARCH-DNAGING GENETIC INSTABILITY AND AGING LA English DT Article DE aging; spermatid; micronucleus; kinetochore; Armenian hamster ID HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; HYBRIDIZATION; ANEUPLOIDY; DAMAGE; CELLS; DNA AB Spermatid micronuclei (MN) from Armenian hamsters in different age groups were compared with regard to frequencies and kinetochore status (presence or absence) as determined with immunofluorescent staining. Six thousand cells analyzed from each of fifteen young animals (3 months) revealed a group mean frequency of 0.45 MN/1000 spermatids; kinetochore staining was uniformly negative. Six thousand cells scored from each of fifteen older animals (2 years) revealed a group mean frequency of 1.00 MN/1000 spermatids. Most of the MN in these animals were negative for kinetochore staining, although a significant representation of MN with positive kinetochore staining was also observed. The results indicate that frequencies of spermatid MN increase with advancing age, and suggest that the increase is due to significant elevations in both chromosome breakage and chromosome loss. C1 US EPA,RES & ADM SUPPORT DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Allen, JW (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,MAIL DROP 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Setzer, Rhyne/0000-0002-6709-9186 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8734 J9 MUTAT RES-DNAGING G JI Mutat. Res. DNAging Genet. Instabil. Aging PD MAY PY 1996 VL 316 IS 5-6 BP 261 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0921-8734(96)90008-9 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA UT588 UT WOS:A1996UT58800008 PM 8649459 ER PT J AU McCann, MJ OCallaghan, JP Martin, PM Bertram, T Streit, WJ AF McCann, MJ OCallaghan, JP Martin, PM Bertram, T Streit, WJ TI Differential activation of microglia and astrocytes following trimethyl tin-induced neurodegeneration SO NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reactive gliosis; brain macrophages; lectin histochemistry; glial fibrillary acidic protein; neuronal necrosis ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RAT FACIAL NUCLEUS; NEURONAL DAMAGE; MESSENGER-RNAS; MOTOR-NEURONS; BRAIN; INJURY; INTERLEUKIN-1; AXOTOMY AB We have investigated the response of astrocytes and microglia to trimethyl tin intoxication in the septum, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and pyriform cortex of the rat. Microglia were studied qualitatively using lectin histochemistry, and astrocytes were examined both qualitatively with immuno-histochemistry, and quantitatively using an immunoassay for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Our results show that activated microglia first appeared 2 days after trimethyl tin intoxication in the lateral septum acid hippocampus. Four days after trimethyl tin intoxication, the same regions revealed a most intense microglial reaction characterized by microglial hypertrophy and the formation of phagocytic clusters. By day 7, microglial activation in the septum and hippocampus had lessened, suggesting that the cells were reverting to the resting phenotype. The microglial response in the pyriform cortex and olfactory bulb, while being later in onset than in the septum and hippocampus, showed a similar progression of microglial changes reaching maximal intensity 7 days after trimethyl tin intoxication. Significant increases in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein were observed in all regions examined and typically occurred after microglial activation was already underway. We conclude that microglial and astroglial reactions which occur in response to trimethyl tin-induced neuronal necrosis are separated in time, with microglial activation preceding astrogliosis. In addition, our study stresses the importance of microglia as an endogenous source of CNS macrophages, and illustrates the merit of histochemical analysis with microglial markers for the early delineation of neurotoxicant-induced brain damage. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST BRAIN,DEPT NEUROSCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45239. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 39 TC 78 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-4522 J9 NEUROSCIENCE JI Neuroscience PD MAY PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1 BP 273 EP 281 DI 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00526-9 PG 9 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA UC923 UT WOS:A1996UC92300024 PM 8730724 ER PT J AU Gray, LE AF Gray, LE TI Developmental neurotoxicity of PCBs in humans: What do we know and where do we go from here? Comments SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; MALE-RATS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; INUTERO RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERI,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 18 IS 3 BP 243 EP 245 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(96)90011-2 PG 3 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA UP281 UT WOS:A1996UP28100006 PM 8725633 ER PT J AU Stoker, TE Cooper, RL Goldman, JM Andrews, JE AF Stoker, TE Cooper, RL Goldman, JM Andrews, JE TI Characterization of pregnancy outcome following thiram-induced ovulatory delay in the female rat SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thiram; delayed ovulation; LH surge; pregnancy; pesticide; norepinephrine; dithiocarbamate ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; FOLLICLES; ATRESIA; HAMSTER; MODEL AB A single injection of the dithiocarbamate fungicide, thiram, suppresses the proestrous surge of LH and delays ovulation for 24 h. In this study, we examined fertility after a thiram-induced delayed ovulation. Females were injected with thiram (50 mg/kg, IF) on proestrus (1300 h) and mated on the following evening. Control and thiram-treated, but nondelayed, females were injected and mated on the same day. The number of females in the thiram-delayed group that became pregnant was reduced and litter size on GD 20 was reduced; however, no obvious morphological anomalies were seen. The number of pregnant females and litter size was not altered in the thiram-nondelayed rats, indicating that it is the thiram-induced delay in ovulation and nor the exposure to thiram per se that was responsible for altered pregnancy outcome. On GD 7 and 11, the number of live fetuses per litter was reduced in the delayed females, but the number of implantation sites was not different hom controls. On GD 11 the mean developmental score, head length, crown-rump length, and somite number in the delayed group were also reduced, indicating retarded development of live embryos. These results demonstrate that delayed ovulation induced by a single thiram exposure does not alter the number of oocytes released or the number that implant. However, the concepti h om these females are compromised during midgestation. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,DEV BIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Stoker, TE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 18 IS 3 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA UP281 UT WOS:A1996UP28100013 PM 8725639 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM Zhao, X Sayre, LM Genter, MB AF Crofton, KM Zhao, X Sayre, LM Genter, MB TI Characterization of the effects of N-hydroxy-IDPN on the auditory, vestibular, and olfactory systems in rats SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IDPN; N-hydroxy-IDPN; auditory system; vestibular system; olfactory system ID HEARING-LOSS; 3,3'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE; NEUROTOXICITY; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY; NITRILES; REFLEX; BETA,BETA'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE; AUDIOMETRY; INHIBITION AB The mechanism of neurotoxicity of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) has been widely debated, with either the parent compound or putative metabolites implicated in various studies. The N-hydroxylated form of IDPN (HO-IDPN) has been reported to cause the excitation with choreiform and circling (ECC) syndrome in rats at doses approximately one-eighth of that required to cause comparable signs in rats treated with IDPN. Because of the similarity of symptoms induced by HO-IDPN and IDPN, we investigated the effect of HO-IDPN on other aspects of the nervous system affected by IDPN, specifically the auditory, vestibular, and olfactory systems. In addition, ECC symptoms were quantified to replicate the previous findings. HO-IDPN was administered ip in saline for 3 consecutive days to two different cohorts of young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The first cohort (60, 80, 100, and 120 mg/kg; n = 2/group, except for the 120 mg/kg group, where n = 1) was used in a dose range-finding study. After making the neurobehavioral assessments, animals were sacrificed for olfactory mucosal histopathology. Based on the outcome of the first study, the second cohort (n = 10/group) received saline or HO-IDPN at 100 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days. Two animals from each of these groups were sacrificed for olfactory mucosal histopathology; the remaining animals were tested for neurobehavioral effects 3 weeks after the last dose. Animals in the second cohort lost approximately 8% of their pretreatment body weight. All rats receiving the 100 mg/kg/day dose of HO-IDPN (and the rat receiving 120 mg/kg/day) developed the ECC syndrome and signs of vestibular dysfunction within 4 days after the last dose. HO-IDPN caused a large decrease in the acoustic startle response and markedly elevated auditory thresholds at all frequencies tested. The threshold for the ECC syndrome and olfactory mucosal damage was 100 mg/kg. These studies extend previous findings on the neurotoxicity of HO-IDPN and point to the need for determining whether HO-IDPN is an in vivo metabolite of IDPN. C1 MANTEC ENVIRONM SERV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT TOXICOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Sayre, Lawrence/C-8224-2011; Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-00044]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS 22688] NR 48 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 18 IS 3 BP 297 EP 303 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA UP281 UT WOS:A1996UP28100016 PM 8725642 ER PT J AU Apple, ME Harlin, MM Norris, JH AF Apple, Martha E. Harlin, Marilyn M. Norris, Joanna H. TI Characterization of Champia parvula (Rhodophyta) tetraspore mucilage and rhizoids with histochemical stains and FITC-labelled lectins SO PHYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Tetraspore mucilage and rhizoids of Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey were characterized with histochemical stains and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lectins and examined by SEM and light microscopy. The extracellular mucilage of attached tetraspores, rhizoids, and holdfasts stained positive for sulphated and carboxylated polysaccharides. Using a variety of FITC-lectins to probe the mucilage of attached tetraspores, we detected the Sugar haptens alpha-D-mannose, alpha-D-glucose , beta-D-galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine. N-acetylglucosamine and alpha-L-fucose were not detected with FITC-lectins specific for these sugar haptens. Spores, rhizoids, and holdfast cells stained for protein, whereas their accompanying mucilage did not stain for protein. C1 [Apple, Martha E.; Harlin, Marilyn M.; Norris, Joanna H.] Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Bot, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Apple, ME (reprint author), US EPA, 200 S W 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 49 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT PHYCOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA NEW BUSINESS OFFICE, PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0031-8884 J9 PHYCOLOGIA JI Phycologia PD MAY PY 1996 VL 35 IS 3 BP 245 EP 252 DI 10.2216/i0031-8884-35-3-245.1 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA V50JH UT WOS:000203404100009 ER PT J AU Waldrip, G AF Waldrip, G TI EPA's new challenge: Improving the environment while ensuring continued competitiveness for businesses SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Editorial Material RP Waldrip, G (reprint author), US EPA,OFF COMPLIANCE,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 83 IS 5 BP 116 EP & PG 2 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA UH971 UT WOS:A1996UH97100005 ER PT J AU Jeffay, SC Libbus, BL Barbee, RR Perreault, SD AF Jeffay, SC Libbus, BL Barbee, RR Perreault, SD TI Acute exposure of female hamsters to carbendazim (MBC) during meiosis results in aneuploid oocytes with subsequent arrest of embryonic cleavage and implantation SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE meiosis; carbendazim; oocyte; aneuploidy; preimplantation embryo; chromosome; methyl 1H-benzimidazole-2-carbamate; implantation ID MOUSE OOCYTES; MECHANISM; RAT AB A single oral dose of the fungicide and microtubule poison, MBC, administered to female hamsters at proestrus, results in infertility and early pregnancy loss (1). To characterize the site and mode of action of this effect, direct assessments of oocyte chromosomes, fertilization, and preimplantation embryo development were made, Female hamsters were given a single dose of MBC (1000 mg/kg) on the afternoon of proestrus (to coincide with meiotic maturation of the oocytes) and either killed shortly after ovulation (day 1) to recover oocytes, or bred and killed on gestation day (gd) 1 to 5 of pregnancy to assess fertilization and preimplantation embryo development and enumerate early implantation sites, Chromosome analysis in unfertilized oocytes revealed an MBC-induced increase in aneuploidy (37 vs, 14% in controls), When animals were bred after dosing, MBC had no effect on the number of oocytes recovered or fertilized, However, significant increases were found in the proportion of embryos that failed to reach the expected stage of development, namely, the eight-cell stage on the afternoon of gd 3, the morula stage by the morning of gd 4, and the blastocyst stage by the afternoon of gd 4 (a time when some embryos have implanted), The mean number of implantation sites, revealed by Evans Blue staining, was also significantly lower in treated females on the afternoon of gd 4 and the morning of gd 5, These simple direct assessments elucidated a mechanism of MBC-induced early pregnancy loss, induction of aneuploidy in oocytes, They also ruled out an effect on fertilization, but demonstrated a subsequent arrest of preimplantation embryonic development accompanied by a decrease in the likelihood of implantation. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. GENET RES INC,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(96)00020-2 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA UN191 UT WOS:A1996UN19100003 PM 8738554 ER PT J AU Seed, J Chapin, RE Clegg, ED Dostal, LA Foote, RH Hurtt, ME Klinefelter, GR Makris, SL Perreault, SD Schrader, S Seyler, D Sprando, R Treinen, KA Veeramachaneni, DNR Wise, LD AF Seed, J Chapin, RE Clegg, ED Dostal, LA Foote, RH Hurtt, ME Klinefelter, GR Makris, SL Perreault, SD Schrader, S Seyler, D Sprando, R Treinen, KA Veeramachaneni, DNR Wise, LD TI Methods for assessing sperm motility, morphology, and counts in the rat, rabbit, and dog: A consensus report SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methods; sperm motility; sperm morphology; sperm counts; rat; rabbit; dog ID ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; ADULT-RATS; FERTILITY; INVITRO AB Reproductive toxicity studies are increasingly including assessments of sperm parameters including motility, morphology, and counts, While these assessments can provide valuable information for the determination of potential reproductive toxicity, the methods for conducting the assessments have not been well developed in all laboratories and are continually evolving, The use of different methods in different laboratories makes comparison of data among laboratories difficult, To address the differences in methods, a working group was convened to discuss methods currently in use, share data, and try to reach consensus about optimal methods for assessing sperm parameters in rats, rabbits, and dogs, This article presents the consensus report, as well as future research needs, with the hope that optimized common methods will aid in the detection of reproductive effects and enhance interlaboratory comparisons. C1 NIEHS,NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. WARNER LAMBERT PARKE DAVIS,PARKE DAVIS PHARMACEUT RES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. DUPONT CO INC,NEWARK,DE 19714. NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. ELI LILLY & CO,LILLY RES LABS,GREENFIELD,IN 46140. US FDA,BELTSVILLE,MD. COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. MERCK RES LABS,W POINT,PA. RP Seed, J (reprint author), ILSI RISK SCI INST,1126 16TH ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 30 TC 139 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1016/0890-6238(96)00028-7 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA UN191 UT WOS:A1996UN19100011 PM 8738562 ER PT J AU vanBirgelen, APJM DeVito, MJ Akins, JM Ross, DG Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF vanBirgelen, APJM DeVito, MJ Akins, JM Ross, DG Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI Relative potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls derived from hepatic porphyrin accumulation in mice SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROSOMAL-ENZYME ACTIVITY; 5-AMINOLEVULINATE SYNTHASE; UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE; RAT; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; INDUCTION; OXIDATION; INDUCERS; TOXICITY AB Hepatic porphyrin accumulation was studied after subchronic dosing of female B6C3F1 mice by gavage with single congeners of polychlorinated or polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs, PBDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Quantitative hepatic porphyrin profile analyses in selected samples showed uroporphyrin and heptacarboxylporphyrin as the main porphyrins detected, Dose-dependent increases in total hepatic porphyrins were found for all congeners tested. At lower dose levels, relative potencies, based on administered dose as well as target tissue dose, of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs, using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as a reference compound, were in the same range as those previously derived from the induction of hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzyme activities. CYP1A2 has been reported to be involved in the oxidation of uroporphyringen III to uroporphyrin III. All these facts suggest the involvement of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated mechanism in hepatic porphyrin accumulation, possibly via CYP1A2, However, the relative potencies of the mono-ortho-substituted PCBs were higher for hepatic porphyrin accumulation than for hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 induction. In addition, hepatic porphyrin accumulation was the highest after exposure to mono-ortho-PCBs. Since mono-ortho-substituted PCBs induce the phenobarbital-inducible CYP2B isoforms of cytochrome P450, an additional induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase may also contribute to hepatic porphyrin accumulation following subchronic exposure to these particular congeners. Relative potencies derived from hepatic porphyrin accumulation after PCDD, PCDF, or coplanar PCB administration are a useful tool in risk assessment. However, the higher relative potencies of the mono-ortho-substituted PCBs have important implications for risk assessment Of these compounds. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. CLEMSON UNIV,CLEMSON,SC 29632. RP vanBirgelen, APJM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04696] NR 66 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 138 IS 1 BP 98 EP 109 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0103 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UK983 UT WOS:A1996UK98300013 PM 8658519 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM Metcalf, JL Birnbaum, L AF Cummings, AM Metcalf, JL Birnbaum, L TI Promotion of endometriosis by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats and mice: Time-dose dependence and species comparison SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TCDD; MECHANISM; TOXICITY AB In the disease of endometriosis, endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, usually in the peritoneal cavity, Rodent models of endometriosis allow a way to reproduce the disease, evaluate effects of chemicals, and study mechanisms, Twenty-one days prior to induction surgery which produces endometriosis, female Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice were pretreated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at 0, 3 or 10 mu g TCDD/kg, Animals were treated again at the time of surgery and at 3, 6, and 9 weeks following surgery. Evaluations were made at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks postsurgery. TCDD produced a dose-dependent increase in endometriotic site diameter when all time points were pooled within each dose in rats and a dramatic increase in site diameter in mice at 9 and 12 weeks. In rats but not mice, ovarian weight was decreased at 9 and 12 weeks, the occurrence of persistent vaginal estrus was increased at these times, and histological evaluation of the ovaries revealed ovulatory arrest at 12 weeks. In both species, thymic atrophy, indicating immune dysfunction, and hepatomegaly were observed as consequences of TCDD exposure. Body weight was reduced in rats but not in mice. Histological evaluations of endometriotic sites revealed fibrosis in control rats, necrotic and inflammatory changes in the sites from TCDD-treated rats, and predominantly fibrotic changes in sites from TCDD-treated mice. Differences observed between the rat and the mouse with respect to (a) the magnitude of the effect on endometrial site diameter (rats < mice), (b) measured effects on ovarian function (rats > mice) that may be based on the partial antiestrogenicity of TCDD, and (c) evidence that mice and rats differ in their immune response to TCDD suggest that the mechanisms mediating TCDD's action to promote endometriosis are complex and may be different in rats and mice. The mouse may be a better model for future studies necessary to elucidate these mechanisms. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 27 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 138 IS 1 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0106 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UK983 UT WOS:A1996UK98300016 PM 8658502 ER PT J AU Diliberto, JJ Jackson, JA Birnbaum, LS AF Diliberto, JJ Jackson, JA Birnbaum, LS TI Comparison of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) disposition following pulmonary, oral, dermal, and parenteral exposures to rats SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYRIAN GOLDEN-HAMSTER; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; FLY-ASH; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BILIARY-EXCRETION; CYTOCHROME P-450D; AH RECEPTOR; GUINEA-PIG; ABSORPTION AB In evaluating human health risks posed by dioxins, it is necessary to accurately predict systemic dosimetry or the fate of these chemicals. Pharmacokinetic parameters pertaining to inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption may be estimated using animal models. The present study was designed to assess absorption, tissue distribution, and elimination of TCDD following intratracheal instillation (itr), oral gavage (po), or intravenous administration (iv) of 1 nmol [H-3]TCDD/kg to male rats; experimental conditions were chosed to permit comparison to a previous dermal disposition study (Banks and Birnbaum, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 107, 302-310, 1991). After treatment, rats were housed in individual metabolism cages for 3 days with daily excreta collection. Following termination, radioactivity was quantified in tissues and excreta. By 3 days postexposure, fecal excretion accounted for 22 (iv), 26 (itr), and 32% (po) of dose, while urinary excretion was only 2.2 (iv), 1.3 (itr), and 1.4% (po). Pulmonary absorption was calculated as 95% of administered dose, while oral absorption was 88%. Dermal absorption of an equivalent administered dose was 40% (Banks and Birnbaum, 1991). For all exposure routes by 3 days, major tissue depots for absorbed dose were liver and fat. Distribution of absorbed dose was 37% (iv) and 35% (itr) to liver and 21% (iv) and 16% (itr) to fat. Oral gavage-treated rats had similar dosimetry (28-30% absorbed dose) in both liver and fat. In contrast following dermal exposure, distribution to liver and fat was 52 and 22%, respectively (Banks and Birnbaum, 1991). Results suggest that inhalation can be an important route for systemic absorption of dioxins. Moreover, all environmentally relevant routes of exposure (oral, dermal, and respiration) must be uniquely considered as important routes of systemic exposure for TCDD and related compounds. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Diliberto, JJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV EXPTL TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 68 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 138 IS 1 BP 158 EP 168 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0109 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UK983 UT WOS:A1996UK98300019 PM 8658505 ER PT J AU Devlin, RB McDonnell, WF Becker, S Madden, MC McGee, MP Perez, R Hatch, G House, DE Koren, HS AF Devlin, RB McDonnell, WF Becker, S Madden, MC McGee, MP Perez, R Hatch, G House, DE Koren, HS TI Time-dependent changes of inflammatory mediators in the lungs of humans exposed to 0.4 ppm ozone for 2 hr: A comparison of mediators found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 1 and 18 hr after exposure SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; BRONCHIAL REACTIVITY; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; MODERATE EXERCISE; TISSUE FACTOR; 0.12 PPM; INJURY; FIBRONECTIN; FIBROBLASTS AB Acute exposure of humans to ozone results in reversible respiratory function decrements and cellular and biochemical changes leading to the production of substances which can mediate inflammation and acute lung injury. While pulmonary function decrements occur almost immediately after ozone exposure, it is not known how quickly the cellular and biochemical changes indicative of inflammation occur in humans. Increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid levels of neutrophils (PMNs) and prostaglandins (PGE(2)) have been reported in humans as early as 3 hr and as late as 18 hr after exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a broad range of inflammatory mediators are elevated in BAL fluid within 1 hr of exposure. We exposed eight healthy volunteers twice: once to 0.4 ppm ozone and once to filtered air. Each exposure lasted for 2 hr during which the subjects underwent intermittent heavy exercise (66 liters/min). BAL was performed 1 hr after the exposure. Ozone induced rapid increases in PMNs, total protein, LDH, alpha-1 antitrypsin, fibronectin, PGE(2), thromboxane B-2, C3a, tissue factor, and clotting factor VII. In addition, there was a decrease in the recovery of total cells and alveolar macrophages, and decreased ability of alveolar macrophages to phagocytize Candida albicans. A comparison of these changes with changes observed in an earlier study in which subjects underwent BAL 18 hr after an identical exposure regimen indicates that IL-6 and PGE(2) levels were higher 1 hr after exposure than 18 hr after exposure, fibronectin and tissue-plasminogen activator levels were higher 18 hr after exposure, and that PMNs, protein, and C3a were present at essentially the same levels at both times. These results indicate that (i) several inflammatory mediators are already elevated 1 hr after exposure; (ii) some mediators achieve their maximal levels in BAL fluid at different times following exposure. These data suggest that the inflammatory response is complex, depending on a cascade of timed events, and that depending on the mediator of interest one must choose an appropriate sampling time. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. TRC ENVIRONM SERV INC,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV HEMATOL,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27157. RP Devlin, RB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04951] NR 37 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1996 VL 138 IS 1 BP 176 EP 185 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0111 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UK983 UT WOS:A1996UK98300021 PM 8658507 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Kelce, WR AF Gray, LE Kelce, WR TI Latent effects of pesticides and toxic substances on sexual differentiation of rodents SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Great-Lakes Human Health Effects Research Symposium CY MAY 04-06, 1994 CL DETROIT, MI SP US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Public Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry,, Atlanta, Hlth Canada, Ottawa, Risk Sci Inst, Int Life Sci Inst, Washington DE antiandrogens; germ cells; reproductive development; TCDD ID LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; MALE-RATS; IN-UTERO; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; ANDROGENIC STATUS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; INUTERO; TCDD; ANTIANDROGEN; ADULTHOOD AB In humans and rodents, exposure to hormonally active chemicals during sex differentiation can produce morphological pseudohermaphrodism (Schardein, 1993; Gray, 1992). For example, hormonally active drugs like DES (estrogenic), Danazol (androgenic), and progestins cause urogenital malformations in the reproductive tracts of humans and rodents. The current discussion will present new information on the effects of toxic chemicals and pesticides that act on reproductive development via novel mechanisms, including germ cell toxicity, antiandrogenicity, and Ah-receptor binding. Information will be presented that describes how exposure during critical stages of life to synthetic chemicals present in our environment, such as benzidine-based dyes, antiandrogenic fungicides, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and PCB congener 169, result in abnormal rodent sex differentiation. In rodents, perinatal exposure to fetal germ cell toxicants reduced the reproductive potential of female, and permanently reduced sperm production in male progeny. Phenotypic sex differentiation, however, was unaffected by these germ cell toxicants. In contrast, antiandrogenic drugs and fungicides induced profound alterations in phenotypic sex differentiation. Effects such as hypospadias, ectopic testes, vaginal pouches, agenesis of the ventral prostate, and nipple retention in male rats were observed commonly. Although these antiandrogens induced no permanent effects in female progeny, another class of chemicals, the Ah-receptor mediated toxicants, did reduce fertility in both male and female rat offspring. Cauda epididymal sperm numbers were reduced permanently in TCDD-exposed male rat and hamster progeny, and female progeny displayed malformations of the external genitalia. Other toxicants produced dramatic alterations of sex differentiation (uterus unicornis, agenesis of the vas and epididymis, and undescended testes), via mechanisms that have not been characterized yet. Since these adult/pubertal alterations resulted from gestational and/or neonatal exposures, future studies should include a comprehensive assessment of reproductive function after perinatal exposure because the developing animal is extremely sensitive to toxicants during sex differentiation, and many of the effects are difficult to detect until late in life. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DEV REPROD TOXICOL SECT,MD 72,DTD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 38 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 6 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAY-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 515 EP 531 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VA693 UT WOS:A1996VA69300023 PM 8843568 ER PT J AU Bhattacharya, SK Madura, RL Dobbs, RA Angara, RVR Tabak, H AF Bhattacharya, SK Madura, RL Dobbs, RA Angara, RVR Tabak, H TI Fate of selected RCRA compounds in a pilot-scale activated sludge system SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE activated sludge; adsorption; biodegradation; hazardous wastes; volatile organic compounds ID ESTIMATING EMISSIONS; TOXIC POLLUTANTS; TREATMENT PLANTS; 20 VOCS; VOLATILIZATION; AERATION; REMOVAL AB This research determined the removal and fate of 11 selected RCRA compounds in a pilot-scale activated sludge system with a 4-day SRT and 7.5-hour HRT. Screened and degritted raw wastewater from a Cincinnati, OH, wastewater treatment plant was used for this study at the U.S. EPA's Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility. A continuous feed of spike toxic cocktail of 0.25 mg/L each of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and ethylbenzene was used to produce an acclimated biomass. The test was run for 7 weeks. Volatilization losses in primary sedimentation exceeded 10% for carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethylene. Sorption of the 11 compounds to primary and secondary sludge ranged from 0.6 to 5.1%. Nine of the 11 test compounds were removed > 94% with estimated biodegradation ranging from 0 to 93.4%. C1 GULF COAST HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RES CTR,BEAUMONT,TX. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Bhattacharya, SK (reprint author), TULANE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118, USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 68 IS 3 BP 260 EP 269 DI 10.2175/106143096X127695 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UL538 UT WOS:A1996UL53800002 ER PT J AU Farrell, JB Bhide, V Smith, JE AF Farrell, JB Bhide, V Smith, JE TI Development of EPA's new methods to quantify vector attraction of wastewater sludges SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE digestion; oxygen uptake; regulation; sludge; vector attraction; volatile solids AB EPA's 1979 and 1993 sludge regulations require that sewage sludge be reduced in vector attraction before it can be applied to the land. In the 1979 regulation, satisfactory vector attraction reduction (VAR) could be demonstrated if treatment processes reduced the volatile solids content of sludge by 38%. The 1993 regulation adds two alternative test methods for aerobic sludges for determining whether VAR has been adequate. In the first method, specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of the sludge must be < 1.5 mg O-2/hr/g total solids, and in the second method, the additional volatile solids reduction (AVSR) that occurs when the sludge is further digested for 30 days must be < 15%. Experimentation with the new tests is described. Comparisons among the three methods showed that the 38% VSR requirement and the SOUR test were equivalent only near 20 degrees C. The AVSR test was more conservative than either of the other tests. C1 US EPA,COLUMBUS,OH. US EPA,CTR ENVIRONM RES INFORMAT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 1996 VL 68 IS 3 BP 286 EP 294 DI 10.2175/106143096X127721 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UL538 UT WOS:A1996UL53800005 ER PT J AU Ryan, LK Golenbock, DT Day, BW Wu, J Vermeulen, MW AF Ryan, LK Golenbock, DT Day, BW Wu, J Vermeulen, MW TI Proinflammatory cytokine production by C3H/HEJ mouse alveolar (AM), peritoneal (PM), and bone marrow (BM) macrophages stimulated with LPS, interferon-gamma (IFN) and taxol. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. UNIV PITTSBURGH,PITTSBURGH,PA 15238. MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02129. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02129. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 30 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 293 EP 293 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA UK861 UT WOS:A1996UK86100525 ER PT J AU AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR AbdelRahman, AA Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, TL AF AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR AbdelRahman, AA Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, TL TI Increased neurotoxicity following simultaneous exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (PB), DEET, and chlorpyrifos. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DURHAM,NC 27710. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. KANSAS STATE UNIV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED SCH,DALLAS,TX 75205. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD APR 30 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 1649 EP 1649 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA UK861 UT WOS:A1996UK86101876 ER PT J AU Vukovich, FM Brackett, V Fishman, J Sickles, JE AF Vukovich, FM Brackett, V Fishman, J Sickles, JE TI On the feasibility of using the tropospheric ozone residual for nonclimatological studies on a quasi-global scale SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB The tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) was estimated using total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS), Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE), and solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) data for nonclimatological periods (i.e., daily values, weekly averages, and monthly averages). The TOR is the difference between the total ozone from TOMS and the stratospheric ozone estimated using either SAGE or SBUV ozone data and the National Meteorological Center tropopause pressure data. Comparison of the TOMS/SAGE TOR with ozonesonde data and with area-averaged surface ozone data for nonclimatological periods was very poor. The month-to-month variations of the TOMS/SBUV TOR, on the other hand, compared very well with the month-to-month variations of the area-averaged surface ozone concentrations, and the day-to-day variations of the tropospheric ozone using ozonesonde data from five stations compared reasonably well with the day-to-day variations of the TOR. However, the RMS difference between the TOMS/SBUV TOR and the tropospheric ozone from ozonesonde data was about 14.4 Dobson units (DU) and the mean difference about 8 DU, though the mean difference was about 1.5 DU at Boulder, Colorado. C1 NASA, LANGLEY RES CTR, CHEM & DYNAM BRANCH, HAMPTON, VA 23665 USA. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, HAMPTON, VA 23665 USA. US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Vukovich, FM (reprint author), SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, 615 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 300, RALEIGH, NC 27605 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR 20 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D4 BP 9093 EP 9105 DI 10.1029/95JD03230 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UG533 UT WOS:A1996UG53300011 ER PT J AU George, SE Kohan, MJ Warren, SH AF George, SE Kohan, MJ Warren, SH TI Hepatic DNA adducts and production of mutagenic urine in 2,6-dinitrotoluene-treated B6C3F(1) male mice SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE 2,6-dinitrotoluene; B6C3F(1) mouse metabolism; DNA adducts; urine mutagenicity ID FISCHER-344 RATS; METABOLISM; BINDING; INVIVO; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; DINITROTOLUENES; GENOTOXICITY; EXTRACTION; TOXICITY AB The hepatocarcinogen 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) is an intermediate in the chemical synthesis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and polyurethane products and can contaminate the waste stream emitted by these industries. In this study, the production of mutagenic urine metabolites and the formation of hepatic DNA adducts is examined in the B6C3F(1) male mouse. Animals were administered 50 mg/kg 2,6-DNT by gavage for 3 consecutive days. No body or liver weight effects were observed in treated animals. Following sacrifice, the livers were excised and DNA isolated for examination of 2,6-DNT-derived DNA adducts. During 2,6-DNT treatment, urine was collected, concentrated, and tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion bioassay. Mutagenic urine metabolites (469 +/- 53 revertants/ml urine) were excreted from B6C3F(1) mice treated with 2,6-DNT and were comparable to results obtained for CD-1 mice and Fischer 344 rats. Two distinct hepatic DNA adducts (0.8 +/- 0.1 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 RAL/10(8) nucleotides) were detected in B6C3F(1) mice by P-32-postlabeling and thin layer chromatography which differed from the four adducts observed in hepatic DNA from 2,6-DNT-treated Fischer 344 rats. RP George, SE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,MAIL DROP 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD APR 19 PY 1996 VL 102 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 111 DI 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04166-3 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA UB974 UT WOS:A1996UB97400015 PM 8603358 ER PT J AU Moser, VC AF Moser, VC TI Rat strain- and gender-related differences in neurobehavioral screening: Acute trimethyltin neurotoxicity SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; BEHAVIORAL-TOXICOLOGY; MAZE PERFORMANCE; TIME-COURSE; EXPOSURE; HIPPOCAMPUS; MORPHOLOGY; MICE AB Trimethyltin (TMT) produces unique pathological and behavioral changes after a single dose. In this study, TMT was used to examine the ability of a neurobehavioral screening battery (functional observational battery and motor activity) to characterize these behavioral changes in rats. The behavioral profile of TMT was obtained using these tests in male Long-Evans (LE) and Fischer 344 (F344) rats, to assess the influence of rat strain, and in LE males and females, to evaluate gender-related differences. All rats were tested before dosing and again at 1, 7, 21, and 42 d after a single dose of either 0, 4, 6, or 8 mg/kg TMT-hydroxide (intravenously). In general, the characteristic syndrome of tremor, Increased reactivity, and hyperactivity was observed; however, the magnitude and time course of these effects were much greater in F344 rats. Significant strain- but not gender-related differences were obtained when comparing TMT effects on different domains of neurological function. Comparisons of predosing data between male LE and F344 rats, as well as between male and female LE rats, revealed significant differences in baseline values for about half of the measures of the test battery. These preexisting differences, however, could not account for the observed dissimilarities in treatment effects Quantitative and qualitative differences were evident to a greater extent when comparing LEs and F344s than between males and females. Therefore, conclusions based on these types of neurobehavioral screening data would be influenced considerably more by the differences between rat strains. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,DABT,MD-748,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 51 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD APR 19 PY 1996 VL 47 IS 6 BP 567 EP 586 DI 10.1080/009841096161546 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UG504 UT WOS:A1996UG50400005 PM 8614024 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ Allen, JW Collins, BW Mori, C Nakamura, N PoormanAllen, P Goulding, EH Eddy, EM AF Dix, DJ Allen, JW Collins, BW Mori, C Nakamura, N PoormanAllen, P Goulding, EH Eddy, EM TI Targeted gene disruption of Hsp70-2 results in failed meiosis, germ cell apoptosis, and male infertility SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE gametogenesis; heat shock protein; programmed cell death; spermatogenesis; stress protein ID MOUSE SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; EXPRESSION; CLONING; FAMILY; IDENTIFICATION; MEMBER; P70 AB In addition to the five 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) common to germ cells and somatic tissues of mammals, spermatogenic cells synthesize HSP70-2 during meiosis, To determine if this unique stress protein has a critical role in meiosis, we used gene-targeting techniques to disrupt Hsp70-2 in mice. Male mice homozygous for the mutant allele (Hsp70-2(-/-)) did not synthesize HSP70-2, lacked postmeiotic spermatids and mature sperm, and were infertile, However, neither meiosis nor fertility was affected in female Hsp70-2(-/-) mice, We previously found that HSP70-2 is associated with synaptonemal complexes in the nucleus of meiotic spermatocytes from mice and hamsters. While synaptonemal complexes assembled in Hsp70-2(-/-) spermatocytes, structural abnormalities became apparent in these cells by late prophase, and development rarely progressed to the meiotic divisions, Furthermore, analysis of nuclei and genomic DNA indicated that the failure of meiosis in Hsp70-2(-/-) mice was coincident with a dramatic increase in spermatocyte apoptosis. These results suggest that HSP70-2 participates in synaptonemal complex function during meiosis in male germ cells and is linked to mechanisms that inhibit apoptosis. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NIEHS,GAMETE BIOL SECT,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,NIH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT ANAT,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. GLAXO INC,DIV MED SAFETY EVALUAT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,GAMETE & EARLY EMBRYO BIOL BRANCH,MAIL DROP 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 35 TC 384 Z9 403 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD APR 16 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 8 BP 3264 EP 3268 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3264 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UF740 UT WOS:A1996UF74000021 PM 8622925 ER PT J AU Barry, JP Norwood, C Vouros, P AF Barry, JP Norwood, C Vouros, P TI Detection and identification of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide adducts to DNA utilizing capillary eleotrophoresis eleotrospray mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; SENSITIVITY; NUCLEOTIDES AB Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled with negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) is used for the detection and identification of adducts formed from the reaction of DNA with (+/-)-anti-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide (BPDE), an active metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Results presented in this paper demonstrate low nanogram detection limits (<10 ng or <15 pmol) for normal scan spectra and collision-induced dissociation spectra of the main nucleotide adduct formed from this reaction. (BPDE reacts predominantly with the exocyclic amino group of guanine.) Exploitation of selective reaction monitoring (SRM) produces detection limits in the low picogram range (<85 pg or <130 fmol). The application of sample stacking significantly increases the concentration detection limit (to approximately 10(-8) M). Nucleotide adducts are negatively charged at most pHs and are therefore ideally suited to the stacking process used in this research. These techniques have been applied to the analysis of the adducts formed from the in vitro reaction of BPDE with DNA. In addition it is shown that CZE-ES-MS, combined with solid-phase sample cleanup, can detect adducts at levels of four adducts in 10(7) unmodified bases or less. C1 NORTHEASTERN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BOSTON,MA 02115. NORTHEASTERN UNIV,BARNETT INST,BOSTON,MA 02115. US EPA,ERLN,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. NR 38 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD APR 15 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 8 BP 1432 EP 1438 DI 10.1021/ac9510245 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UE566 UT WOS:A1996UE56600023 PM 8651502 ER PT J AU Reynolds, P Smith, DF Satariano, E Nelson, DO Goldman, LR Neutra, RR AF Reynolds, P Smith, DF Satariano, E Nelson, DO Goldman, LR Neutra, RR TI The four county study of childhood cancer: Clusters in context SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Statistics and Computing in Disease Clustering CY JUL 21-22, 1994 CL UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, VANCOUVER, CANADA SP BioMedware, Elect Power Res Inst, Natl Canc Inst HO UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA ID EPIDEMIOLOGIC PROGRAMS; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; CALCULATORS; COMPUTERS AB Observations of childhood 'cancer clusters' in small communities in central California prompted us to examine the distribution of childhood cancer in communities throughout the region to see if the overall cancer rate or the distribution of 'cancer clusters' was unusual for agricultural towns where pesticide exposure might be elevated. The distribution of rates was evaluated using a variety of methods: comparison of rates to the regional average, evaluation of the empirical observed versus expected Poisson distribution of events, and multivariate modelling using Poisson regression. These analyses suggest that there were no previously undiscovered communities with excess rates, although the index community which prompted the initial investigation does stand out as unusual. We discuss the impact of a range of forces of morbidity on the likelihood of 'cancer clusters' and the distribution of observed and expected numbers of cancers in a population of locales. C1 NO CALIF CANC CTR,UNION CITY,CA 94587. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT STAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX STUBSTANCES,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Reynolds, P (reprint author), CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,ENVIRONM HLTH INVEST BRANCH,5900 HOLLIS ST,SUITE E,EMERYVILLE,CA 94608, USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 12 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD APR 15 PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7-9 BP 683 EP 697 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960415)15:7/9<683::AID-SIM240>3.0.CO;2-H PG 15 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA UG357 UT WOS:A1996UG35700002 PM 9132896 ER PT J AU Parvatiyar, MG Govind, R Bishop, DF AF Parvatiyar, MG Govind, R Bishop, DF TI Treatment of trichloroethylene (TCE) in a membrane biofilter SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE biofilter; membrane; biodegradation; TCE; anoxic ID HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC-COMPOUNDS; MIXED CHEMOSTAT CULTURES; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS; OXIDIZING BACTERIUM; VINYL-CHLORIDE; DEGRADATION; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; DICHLOROMETHANE; METABOLISM AB This article reports on the biodegradation of trichloroethylene (ICE) in a hollow-fiber membrane biofilter. Air contaminated with TCE was passed through microporous hollow fibers while an oxygen-free nutrient solution was recirculated through the shell side of the membrane module. The biomass was attached to the outside surface of the microporous hollow fibers by initially supplying toluene in the gas phase that flows through the fibers. While studies on TCE biodegradation were conducted, there was no toluene present in the gas phase. At 20-ppmv inlet concentration of TCE and 36-s gas-phase residence time, based on total internal volume of the hollow fibers, 30% removal efficiency of TCE was attained. At higher air flow rates or lower gas-phase residence times, lower removal efficiencies were observed. During TCE degradation, the pH of the liquid phase on the shell side of the membrane module decreased due to release of chloride ions. A mathematical model was developed to describe the synchronous aerobic/anaerobic biodegradation of TCE. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 38 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD APR 5 PY 1996 VL 50 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UA124 UT WOS:A1996UA12400007 PM 18626899 ER PT J AU Mumford, JL Williams, K Wilcosky, TC Everson, RB Young, TL Santella, RM AF Mumford, JL Williams, K Wilcosky, TC Everson, RB Young, TL Santella, RM TI A sensitive color ELISA for detecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human tissues SO MUTATION RESEARCH-ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS AND RELATED SUBJECTS LA English DT Article DE DNA adducts; ELISA; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PAH; benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide ID COKE-OVEN WORKERS; WHITE BLOOD-CELLS; DIOL EPOXIDE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ANTISERA; SMOKING; SAMPLES; SERA AB Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been determined by measurement of DNA adducts in human tissues, Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using antisera recognizing benzo[a]pyrenediol-epoxide-modified DNA (BPDE-I-DNA) and color or fluorescence endpoint detection have been used extensively for quantifying PAH-DNA adducts, The fluorescence ELISA (limit of detection 1 adduct/10(8) nucleotides) was previously reported to be more sensitive than the color ELISA (1/10(7)) for measuring PAH adducts (Santella et al. (1988) Carcinogenesis, 9, 1265-1269). However, the fluorescence assay has the disadvantages of greater variation among the replicates and higher background levels than the color assay. Using a newly developed antiserum against BPDE-I-DNA, we have modified the color ELISA so that it has the same sensitivity as the fluorescence ELISA and requires only 33% of the sample quantity needed for the fluorescence ELISA. The modifications included preincubation of the antiserum with the samples, using microtiter plates with half-size, flat bottom wells, and optimizing the assay conditions, The improved color ELISA was used to analyze DNA samples from human autopsy tissues, including heart, lung, Liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas and stomach from smokers and nonsmokers. With the exception of spleen and stomach, all tissues from smokers showed higher PAH-DNA adducts (ranging from 0.3 to 19.0 adducts/10(7) nucleotides) than the tissues from the nonsmokers (0.3 to 3.7 adducts/10(7) nucleotides) in two separate experiments, Among the tissues from smokers, heart showed the highest level of DNA adducts. This study demonstrates that a stable color ELISA with high sensitivity can be useful in assessing human exposure to PAH. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. COLUMBIA UNIV,NEW YORK,NY 10032. RP Mumford, JL (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1161 J9 MUTAT RES-ENVIR MUTA JI Mutat. Res.-Environ. Mutagen. Rel. Subj. PD APR 4 PY 1996 VL 359 IS 3 BP 171 EP 177 DI 10.1016/S0165-1161(96)90264-2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity GA UH268 UT WOS:A1996UH26800003 PM 8618549 ER PT J AU Szumlas, DE Apperson, CS Hartig, PC Francy, DB Karabatsos, N AF Szumlas, DE Apperson, CS Hartig, PC Francy, DB Karabatsos, N TI Seroepidemiology of La Crosse virus infection in humans in western North Carolina SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA GROUP ARBOVIRUSES; SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE; ENCEPHALITIS; MOSQUITOS; WISCONSIN; SERODIAGNOSIS; TRANSMISSION; ISOLATIONS; MINNESOTA AB On the Cherokee Indian Reservation and surrounding area of western North Carolina, an area-wide serosurvey was conducted to determine the prevalence of neutralizing antibody to La Crosse (LAG) virus. A questionnaire was used to identify risk factors important in exposure to virus-infected mosquitoes in populations near the reservation. Of 1,008 serum samples tested, 9.6% were positive for LAC virus antibody. For samples solely collected from on (n = 311) or off (n = 697) the reservation, the prevalence of seropositive samples was 20.6% on the reservation and only 4.7% off the reservation. Seropositivity increased directly with age, indicating that transmission of LAC virus was highly endemic. Age and location residence (on versus off the reservation) were significant risk factors for exposure to LAC virus. Persons on the reservation were 5.5 times more likely to have been exposed to LAC virus than were people who reside off the reservation. An additive increase in risk of 1.5 times over each age group was found, so that the oldest age group (greater than or equal to 75 years) was 7.5 times more likely to have been exposed to LAC virus than was the youngest age group (< 1-14 years). C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD APR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 332 EP 337 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UJ490 UT WOS:A1996UJ49000004 PM 8615442 ER PT J AU Liu, LJS Burton, R Wilson, WE Koutrakis, P AF Liu, LJS Burton, R Wilson, WE Koutrakis, P TI Comparison of aerosol acidity in urban and semirural environments SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE sulfates; aerosol acidity; ammonia; HEADS ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; ALLEGHENY MOUNTAIN; METROPOLITAN AREA; EASTERN ENGLAND; ST-LOUIS; NEW-YORK; SULFATE; AMMONIA; EXPOSURES; PATTERNS AB During the summer of 1990 acid aerosol measurements were conducted simultaneously in Pittsburgh, Uniontown, and State College, Pennsylvania. Acid aerosols and ammonia concentrations were compared at these cities. Aerosol acidity was found to be lower in the urban area (Pittsburgh) than the semi-rural areas. Ammonia levels were higher at the urban site than in the semi-rural environments, probably due to the higher population density at the urban site. During acid episodes, the dominating sulfur species in Pittsburgh were found to be a mixture of totally and partially neutralized sulfates, i.e. (NH4)(2)SO4 and NH4HSO4, while in State College and Uniontown sulfur species were primarily a mixture of NH4HSO4 and H2SO4. Diurnal variation was found for H+ and SO42- while NH3 exhibited no diurnal pattern. High spatial correlations were found for SO42- levels between Pittsburgh and the semi-rural areas, implying a regional transport. In spite of the significant absolute differences, H+ concentrations also were found to be significantly correlated across sites, as well as with each other at individual sites. C1 US EPA, ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. HARVARD UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA. RP Liu, LJS (reprint author), UNIV S CAROLINA, DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, COLUMBIA, SC 29208 USA. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 EI 1873-2844 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP 1237 EP 1245 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00438-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UA044 UT WOS:A1996UA04400005 ER PT J AU Thomas, W AF Thomas, W TI Methyl bromide - Pesticide and environmental threat SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article RP Thomas, W (reprint author), US EPA,DIV STRATOSPHER PROTECT,METHYL BROMIDE PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP R1 EP R2 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(96)90061-8 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UA044 UT WOS:A1996UA04400015 ER PT J AU Slotkin, TA Lau, C Lappi, SE Seidler, FJ AF Slotkin, TA Lau, C Lappi, SE Seidler, FJ TI Can intracellular signalling pathways predict developmental abnormalities? SO BIOMARKERS LA English DT Article DE adenylyl cyclase; beta-adrenergic receptors; c-fos; dexamethasone; terbutaline; foetal development ID BETA-ADRENERGIC CONTROL; FOS PROTOONCOGENE EXPRESSION; ADENYLATE-CYCLASE ACTIVITY; MATERNAL SUBCUTANEOUS TERBUTALINE; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE GENE; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; RAT-BRAIN REGIONS; C-FOS; NEONATAL RAT; PRENATAL EXPOSURE AB We examined whether measurements of adenylyl cyclase and its control of c-fos protooncogene mRNA expression in midgestation foetal rat could be used to detect developmental effects of apparently unrelated compounds: terbutaline, a p-adrenergic receptor stimulant, and dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid hormone. On gestational day 14, acute administration of terbutaline to pregnant rats resulted in sixfold induction of c-fos mRNA within 1 h; the same increase was obtained when a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP was given. Treatment with dexamethasone on gestational days 11, 12 and 13 produced the same increase in c-fos mRNA on gestational day 14 as had been seen with acute terbutaline or cAMP; no further increase could be obtained with acute cAMP treatment in the dexamethasone-pretreated animals. Adenylyl cyclase activity was evaluated on gestational day 14. Animals treated with dexamethasone showed a 50% enhancement of basal enzyme activity that reflected a parallel increase in total catalytic activity as measured with forskolin-Mn2+. Dexamethasone also increased adenylyl cyclase activity in the presence of a beta-agonist but to a lesser extent than the increase in total catalytic activity. These results indicate that cell signalling pathways mediating the expression of the genes that control cell differentiation are a likely target for structurally and mechanistically unrelated drugs and chemicals and may therefore be useful as early biomarkers of abnormal development. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Slotkin, TA (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,POB 3813,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. NR 68 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 1354-750X J9 BIOMARKERS JI Biomarkers PD APR-JUN PY 1996 VL 1 IS 2 BP 115 EP 122 DI 10.3109/13547509609088679 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Toxicology GA VV685 UT WOS:A1996VV68500007 PM 23888922 ER PT J AU Long, CS Miller, AJ Lee, HT Wild, JD Przywarty, RC Hufford, D AF Long, CS Miller, AJ Lee, HT Wild, JD Przywarty, RC Hufford, D TI Ultraviolet index forecasts issued by the National Weather Service SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RADIATION; OZONE; UV AB The National Weather Service (NWS), in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), now issues an Ultraviolet (UV) index forecast. The UV index (UVI) is a mechanism by which the American public is forewarned of the next day's noontime intensity of UV radiation at locations within the United States. The EPA's role in this effort is to alert the public of the dangerous health effects of overexposure to, and the accumulative effects of, UV radiation. The EPA also provides ground-level monitoring data for use in ongoing verification of the UVI. The NWS estimates the UVI using existing atmospheric measurements, forecasts, and an advanced radiative transfer model. This paper discusses the justification for a forecasted index, the nature of UV radiation, the methodology of producing the UVI, and results from verifying the UVI. Since the UVI is an evolving product, a short discussion of necessary improvements and/or refinements is included at the end of this article. C1 RES & DATA SYST CORP,GREENBELT,MD. NOAA,NWS,METEOROL OFF,WASHINGTON,DC. US EPA,OAR,OFF ATMOSPHER PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Long, CS (reprint author), NOAA,NWS,NATL CTR ENVIRONM PREDICT,CLIMATE PREDICT CTR,STRATOSPHER ANAL GRP,W-NP53,WASHINGTON,DC 20233, USA. NR 26 TC 78 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 1996 VL 77 IS 4 BP 729 EP 748 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0729:UIFIBT>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UG177 UT WOS:A1996UG17700006 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, W AF Vatavuk, W TI Questioning the value of VAPCCI - Reply SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Letter RP Vatavuk, W (reprint author), US EPA,DURHAM,NC, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MCGRAW HILL INC PI NEW YORK PA 1221 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10020 SN 0009-2460 J9 CHEM ENG-NEW YORK JI Chem. Eng. PD APR PY 1996 VL 103 IS 4 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA UF715 UT WOS:A1996UF71500003 ER PT J AU Shim, JY Richard, AM AF Shim, JY Richard, AM TI Conformational aspects of glutathione conjugates of chlorinated Alkenes: A computational study SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REGIOISOMERIC MERCAPTURIC ACIDS; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; URINARY METABOLITE; INVITRO EVIDENCE; S-TRANSFERASES; RAT; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; NEPHROTOXICITY; MECHANISM; RELEVANCE AB The nephrotoxicity of halogenated alkenes is due to the P-lyase mediated bioactivation of the hepatic glutathione (GS) conjugate to mutagenic or cytotoxic reactive species in kidney. Experimental evidence obtained for regioisomers and geometric isomers of haloalkene GS conjugates indicates that different isomers may be metabolized and excreted at different rates, follow different metabolic pathways, and exhibit different toxicities, Computational methods were applied in the present work to a conformational study of GS-haloalkene conjugates to determine the relative stabilities of possible regioisomers and geometric isomers of the conjugates. The halogenated alkenes studied were 1,1,2-trichloroethylene (TCE), hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD), and 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (TCTFP), Calculated energies of GS conjugate products were used to approximately infer relative product abundance under synthetic and in, vivo conditions. This approach neglects differential solvent effects and enzyme selectivity and assumes a late transition state for GS conjugation and/or some thermodynamic control of the conjugation process. Relative population predictions of GS conjugate isomers, based on computed energies, were in agreement with experimental synthetic and in. vivo isomer determinations in the case of TCE, where careful analytical characterization of the isomers was definitive, In the case of HCBD, where analytical determinations were not performed and isomer assignments were based on general reactivity concepts, calculations from the present study supported one GS conjugate isomer assignment and disagreed with the other. Finally, in the case of TCTFP, the calculations predicted that three isomers would have similar populations, whereas only two were detected in the experimental study. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 37 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD APR-MAY PY 1996 VL 9 IS 3 BP 667 EP 675 DI 10.1021/tx9501997 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA UF846 UT WOS:A1996UF84600017 PM 8728514 ER PT J AU Carter, CS Murphy, BA Stanton, ME AF Carter, CS Murphy, BA Stanton, ME TI Effects of scopolamine on eyeblink conditioning and spatial delayed alternation in developing rats. SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0012-1630 J9 DEV PSYCHOBIOL JI Dev. Psychobiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology; Psychology SC Developmental Biology; Psychology GA UD713 UT WOS:A1996UD71300032 ER PT J AU Ivkovich, D Carter, C Stanton, ME AF Ivkovich, D Carter, C Stanton, ME TI Extinction of pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in developing rats. SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DUKE UNIV,DURHAM,NC 27511. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0012-1630 J9 DEV PSYCHOBIOL JI Dev. Psychobiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 42 EP 42 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology; Psychology SC Developmental Biology; Psychology GA UD713 UT WOS:A1996UD71300057 ER PT J AU Kulig, B Alleva, E Bignami, G Cohn, J CorySlechta, D Landa, V ODonoghue, J Peakall, D AF Kulig, B Alleva, E Bignami, G Cohn, J CorySlechta, D Landa, V ODonoghue, J Peakall, D TI Animal behavioral methods in neurotoxicity assessment: SGOMSEC Joint Report SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th SGOMSEC Workshop/19th Rochester International Conference on Environmental Toxicity - Risk Assessment for Neurobehavioral Toxicity CY JUN 12-17, 1994 CL ROCHESTER, NY SP Sci Grp Methodol Safety Evaluat Chem, Sci Comm Problems Environm, Int Programme Chem Safety, WHO, NIEHS, Univ Rochester DE neurotoxicity; behavioral methods; animal; ethology; motor effects; sensory effects; cognition; operant behavior; social behavior ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; MOTOR-ACTIVITY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; TOXIC AGENTS; RATS; HALOPERIDOL; PERFORMANCE; PERMETHRIN; CHEMICALS; DEFICITS C1 TNO,NUTR & FOOD RES INST,UTRECHTSWEG,NETHERLANDS. IST SUPER SANITA,PATHOPHYSIOL SECT,LAB FISIOPATOL ORGANO & SISTEMA,ROME,ITALY. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED & DENT,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT ENVIRONM,ROCHESTER,NY. ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBL,INST ENTOMOL,CR-37005 CESKE BUDEJOVICE,CZECH REPUBLIC. EASTMAN KODAK CO,CORP HLTH & ENVIRONM LABS,ROCHESTER,NY. UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,MOHITORING & ASSESSMENT RES CTR,LONDON,ENGLAND. RI Alleva, Enrico/B-1630-2013 NR 107 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1996 VL 104 SU 2 BP 193 EP 204 DI 10.2307/3432641 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UL607 UT WOS:A1996UL60700004 PM 8860322 ER PT J AU Hattis, D Glowa, J Tilson, H Ulbrich, B AF Hattis, D Glowa, J Tilson, H Ulbrich, B TI Risk assessment for neurobehavioral toxicity: SGOMSEC Joint Report SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th SGOMSEC Workshop/19th Rochester International Conference on Environmental Toxicity - Risk Assessment for Neurobehavioral Toxicity CY JUN 12-17, 1994 CL ROCHESTER, NY SP Sci Grp Methodol Safety Evaluat Chem, Sci Comm Problems Environm, Int Programme Chem Safety, WHO, NIEHS, Univ Rochester DE benchmark dose; effect levels; identification of neurotoxicity; interindividual variability; quantitative models; reference doses; regulatory activity; reversibility ID NEUROTOXICOLOGY; CHEMICALS; HAIR; TIME AB Behavioral end points for neurotoxicity risk assessment have been developed and examined over the past three decades. They are now ready to move from simple qualitative guidelines, such as exemplified by reference doses, to more quantitative models, such as benchmark doses, based on dose-response information. Risk assessors, confronted by a wider array of methodologies and data than in the past, should be offered guidance in interpretation because now they have to deal with unaccustomed questions and problems. These include reversibility, susceptible populations, multiple end points, and the details of dose-response and dose-effect distributions. C1 NIDDKD,LMC,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. BUNDESGESUNDHEITSAMT,INST ARZBEUNUTTEK,W-1000 BERLIN,GERMANY. RP Hattis, D (reprint author), CLARK UNIV,MARSH INST CTR TECHNOL ENVIRONM & DEV,950 MAIN ST,WORCESTER,MA 01610, USA. NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1996 VL 104 SU 2 BP 217 EP 226 DI 10.2307/3432643 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UL607 UT WOS:A1996UL60700006 PM 8860324 ER PT J AU Cohn, J MacPhail, RC AF Cohn, J MacPhail, RC TI Ethological and experimental approaches to behavior analysis: Implications for ecotoxicology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th SGOMSEC Workshop/19th Rochester International Conference on Environmental Toxicity - Risk Assessment for Neurobehavioral Toxicity CY JUN 12-17, 1994 CL ROCHESTER, NY SP Sci Grp Methodol Safety Evaluat Chem, Sci Comm Problems Environm, Int Programme Chem Safety, WHO, NIEHS, Univ Rochester DE ethology; methods; behavior analysis; environmental pollutants ID OFFSPRING DEVELOPMENT; SUBLETHAL EXPOSURE; RATS; LEAD; CHLORDIMEFORM; CONSEQUENCES; HYMENOPTERA; PREDATION; DIAZINON; PROTEIN AB Laboratory research in toxicology has progressed far beyond reliance on measures of mortality to make use of sophisticated behavioral preparations that can evaluate the consequences of sublethal toxicant exposure. In contrast, field studies have not evolved as rapidly. Approaches developed by experimental psychologists and ethologists provide powerful and complementary methodologies to the study of environmental pollutants and behavior. Observational data collection techniques can easily be used to broaden the number of questions addressed regarding sublethal exposure to toxic agents in both field and laboratory environments. This paper provides a background in such techniques, including construction of ethograms and observational methodologies, and the use of laboratory analogues to naturally occurring activities such as social behavior, predation, and foraging. Combining ethological and experimental approaches in behavior analysis can result in a more comprehensive evaluation of the effects of environmental contaminants on behavior. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, CURRICULUM TOXICOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. RP Cohn, J (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, MD-74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 56 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1996 VL 104 SU 2 BP 299 EP 305 DI 10.2307/3432649 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UL607 UT WOS:A1996UL60700012 PM 9182036 ER PT J AU Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McMaster, SB Zahm, SH McDonnell, CJ Lynch, CF Pennybacker, M Rothman, N Dosemeci, M Bond, AE Blair, A AF Alavanja, MCR Sandler, DP McMaster, SB Zahm, SH McDonnell, CJ Lynch, CF Pennybacker, M Rothman, N Dosemeci, M Bond, AE Blair, A TI The agricultural health study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cancers; exposure assessment; farmers; lymphoma; noncancer toxicity; pesticides; prospective cohort ID CANCER MORTALITY; FARMERS; CANADA; RISKS AB The Agricultural Health Study, a large prospective cohort study, has been initiated in North Carolina and Iowa. The objectives of this study are to: 1) identify and quantify cancer risks among men, women, whites, and minorities associated with direct exposure to pesticides and other agricultural agents; 2) evaluate noncancer heath risks including neurotoxicity, reproductive effects, immunologic effects, nonmalignant respiratory disease, kidney disease, and growth and development among children; 3) evaluate disease risks among spouses and children of farmers that may arise from direct contact with pesticides and agricultural chemicals used in the home, lawns and gardens, and from indirect contact, such as spray drift, laundering work clothes, or contaminated food or water; 4) assess current and past occupational and nonoccupational agricultural exposures using periodic interviews and environmental and biologic monitoring, 5) study the relationship between agricultural exposures, biomarkers of exposure, biologic effect, and genetic susceptibility factors relevant to carcinogenesis; and 6) identify and quantify cancer and other disease risks associated with lifestyle factors such as diet, cooking practices, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, and hair dye use. In the first year of a 3-year enrollment period, 26,235 people have been enrolled in the study including 19,776 registered pesticide applicators and 6,459 spouses of registered farmer applicators. It is estimated that when the total cohort is assembled in 1997 it will include approximately 75,000 adult study subjects. Farmers, the largest group of registered pesticide applicators, comprise 77% of the target population enrolled in the study. This experience compares favorably with enrollment rates of previous prospective studies. C1 NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. SRA TECHNOL INC,FALLS CHURCH,VA 22042. UNIV IOWA,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. SURVEY RES ASSOCIATES,DURHAM,NC 27713. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Alavanja, MCR (reprint author), NCI,DIV CANC EPIDEMIOL & GENET,EPN-418,6130 EXECUT BLVD,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. RI Zahm, Shelia/B-5025-2015; OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-21095, N01-CP-33047, N01-CP-33048] NR 40 TC 288 Z9 292 U1 6 U2 41 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1996 VL 104 IS 4 BP 362 EP 369 DI 10.2307/3432672 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UH994 UT WOS:A1996UH99400008 PM 8732939 ER PT J AU Garry, VF Schreinemachers, D Harkins, ME Griffith, J AF Garry, VF Schreinemachers, D Harkins, ME Griffith, J TI Pesticide appliers, biocides, and birth defects in rural Minnesota SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE agriculture; birth defects; data linking fungicides; herbicides; pesticide appliers ID FETAL GROWTH; CD-1 MICE; TORDON-202C; EXPOSURE; RISK AB Earlier studies by our group suggested the possibility that offspring of pesticide appliers might have increased risks of birth anomalies. To evaluate this hypothesis, 4,935 births to 34,772 state-licensed, private pesticide appliers in Minnesota occurring between 1989 and 1992 were linked to the Minnesota state birth registry containing 210,723 live births in this timeframe. The birth defect rate for all birth anomalies was significantly increased in children horn to private appliers. Specific birth defect categories, circulatory/respiratory, urogenital, and musculoskeletal/integumental, showed significant increases. For the general population and for appliers, the birth anomaly rate differed by crop-growing region. Western Minnesota, a major wheat, sugar beet, and potato growing region, showed the highest rate of birth anomalies per/1000 live births: 30.0 for private appliers versus 26.9 for the general population of the same region. The lowest rates, 23.7/1000 for private appliers versus 18.3/1000 for the general population, occurred in noncrop regions. The highest frequency of use of chlorophenoxy herbicides and fungicides also occurred in western Minnesota. Births in the general population of western Minnesota showed a significant increase in birth anomalies in the same three birth anomaly categories as appliers and for central nervous system anomalies. This increase was most pronounced For infants conceived in the spring. The seasonal effect did not occur in other regions. The male/female sex ratio for the four birth anomaly categories of interest in areas of high phenoxy herbicide/fungicide use is 2.8 for appliers versus 1.5 for the general population of the same region (p = 0.05). in minimal use regions, this ratio is 2.1 for appliers versus 1.7 for the general population. The pattern of excess frequency of birth anomalies by pesticide use, season, and alteration of sex ratio suggests exposure-related effects in appliers and the general population of the crop-growing region of western Minnesota. C1 US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Garry, VF (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA, LAB ENVIRONM MED & PATHOL, STONE LAB 1, 421 29TH AVE SE, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55414 USA. NR 42 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1996 VL 104 IS 4 BP 394 EP 399 DI 10.2307/3432683 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UH994 UT WOS:A1996UH99400018 PM 8732949 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC Crofton, KM AF Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC Crofton, KM TI Setting exposure standards: A decision process SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th SGOMSEC Workshop/19th Rochester International Conference on Environmental Toxicity - Risk Assessment for Neurobehavioral Toxicity CY JUN 12-17, 1994 CL ROCHESTER, NY SP Sci Grp Methodol Safety Evaluat Chem, Sci Comm Problems Environm, Int Programme Chem Safety, WHO, NIEHS, Univ Rochester DE neurotoxicity; screening; tiered testing; risk assessment; IRIS ID DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY; HEALTH; RISK AB Increased emphasis on routine screening of chemicals for potential neurotoxicity has resulted in the development of testing guidelines and standardized procedures. A multiphased, tiered-testing strategy has been proposed by numerous expert panels to evaluate large numbers of chemicals. In a regulatory context, however, a formal tiered-testing approach is not used, mostly because of the constraints of differing regulatory authorities and the potential cost of such a testing strategy. Instead, current regulatory decision making utilizes all available animal and human data to identify a critical adverse effect which is then used for setting standards. Although the current decisionmaking process does not use a formal tiered-testing approach, it appears to identify chemicals with neurotoxic effects. An analysis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency integrated risk information system (IRIS) indicates that about 20% of the chemicals having standards or health advisories are based on neurotoxicity. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1996 VL 104 SU 2 BP 401 EP 405 DI 10.2307/3432661 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UL607 UT WOS:A1996UL60700024 PM 9182048 ER PT J AU Williams, D AF Williams, D TI The environmental protection agency: Asking the wrong questions, from Nixon to Clinton - Landy,MK, Roberts,MJ, Thomas,SR SO ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY LA English DT Book Review RP Williams, D (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY PI DURHAM PA 701 VICKERS AVE, DURHAM, NC 27701-3147 SN 1084-5453 J9 ENVIRON HIST JI Environ. Hist. PD APR PY 1996 VL 1 IS 2 BP 112 EP 113 DI 10.2307/3985123 PG 2 WC Environmental Studies; History SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; History GA WE837 UT WOS:A1996WE83700017 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, RA Lewis, CW Stevens, RK Ellenson, WD Dattner, SL AF Rasmussen, RA Lewis, CW Stevens, RK Ellenson, WD Dattner, SL TI Removing CO2 from atmospheric samples for radiocarbon measurements of volatile organic compounds SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Two methods employing LiOH to selectively remove CO2 from ambient whole air samples have been investigated. This is a necessary step in preparing an atmospheric sample for a measurement of the radiocarbon (C-14) content of its non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) fraction, which in turn gives the fraction of VOC that is biogenic, A reliable estimate of the biogenic contribution to VOC is fundamental in deciding on a national tropospheric ozone abatement strategy. Both methods, using a LiOH-coated annular denuder or a LiOH-packed tube, were shown capable of decreasing CO2 in ambient air samples (nominal 360 ppm) by 4 orders of magnitude, while having only a modest effect on their VOC content (20% loss, on average). The samples were from a variety of urban and rural locations, Detailed VOC speciation showed that aldehydes generally experienced the greatest loss during CO2 removal, while hydrocarbons were virtually unaffected. The following paper in this issue gives VOC radiocarbon results for samples characterized in this article. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OREGON GRAD INST SCI & TECHNOL,PORTLAND,OR 97291. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. TEXAS NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT COMMISS,AUSTIN,TX 78711. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1092 EP 1097 DI 10.1021/es9501979 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UC413 UT WOS:A1996UC41300026 ER PT J AU Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Rasmussen, RA Rhoderick, GC Sams, RL Stevens, RK Currie, LA Donahue, DJ Jull, AJT Seila, RL AF Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Rasmussen, RA Rhoderick, GC Sams, RL Stevens, RK Currie, LA Donahue, DJ Jull, AJT Seila, RL TI Radiocarbon measurements of atmospheric volatile organic compounds: Quantifying the biogenic contribution SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; C-14; CO2 AB The radiocarbon (C-14) abundance of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC) gives a quantitative estimate of contributions from biomass and fossil-mass sources, important information for effective regulation of ozone precursors. We report here details of a methodology to perform such measurements and the first exploratory C-14 results on VOC fractions separated from two composited urban tropospheric air samples, collected during the summer (1992) in Atlanta, GA. The upper limit of the percentage of VOC originating from biomass sources during the morning and evening hours in Atlanta were 9 and 17%, respectively, measurements reported at the 95% confidence level. However, due to the level of the process blank and its uncertainty, in both cases the percentage can be as low as zero. The results of these experiments, designed to (i) evaluate the entire [C-14]VOC measurement process and (ii) obtain reliable estimates of biogenic contributions to atmospheric VOC, emphasize how important controls are throughout this multi-step chemical process to ensure quality data. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OREGON GRAD INST,BEAVERTON,OR 97006. UNIV ARIZONA,NSF,FACIL RADIOISTOPE ANAL,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Klouda, GA (reprint author), NIST,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1098 EP 1105 DI 10.1021/es9501981 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UC413 UT WOS:A1996UC41300027 ER PT J AU Jackson, AW Pardue, JH Araujo, R AF Jackson, AW Pardue, JH Araujo, R TI Monitoring crude oil mineralization in salt marshes: Use of stable carbon isotope ratios SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENTS; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS; DEGRADATION; LOUISIANA AB In laboratory microcosms using salt marsh soils and in field trials, it was possible to monitor and quantify crude oil mineralization by measuring changes in CO2 delta(13)C signatures and the rate of CO2 production. These values are easy to obtain and can be combined with simple isotope mass balance equations to determine the rate of mineralization from both the crude oil and indigenous carbon pool. Hydrocarbon degradation was confirmed by simultaneous decreases in alkane-, isoprenoid-, and PAH-hopane ratios. Additionally, the pseudo-first-order rate constants of alkane degradation (0.087 day(-1)) and CO2 production (0.082 day(-1)) from oil predicted by the delta(13)C signatures were statistically indistinguishable. The addition of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate increased the rate of mineralization of crude oil in aerated microcosms but had no clear effect on in situ studies. This procedure appears to offer a means of definitively quantifying crude oil mineralization in a sensitive, inexpensive, and simple manner in environments with appropriate background delta(13)C signatures. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,WETLAND BIOGEOCHEM INST,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. RI Jackson, William/B-8999-2009 NR 23 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1139 EP 1144 DI 10.1021/es9503490 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UC413 UT WOS:A1996UC41300033 ER PT J AU Beard, ME Millette, JR Montague, N Longo, WE Hatfield, RL AF Beard, ME Millette, JR Montague, N Longo, WE Hatfield, RL TI Effect of indirect sample preparation procedures on the apparent concentration of asbestos in settled dusts - Comment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 MVA INC,NORCROSS,GA 30093. E M ANALYT INC,DANIA,FL 33004. MAT ANALYT SERV INC,NORCROSS,GA 30092. LAW ENGN INC,ATLANTA,GA 30324. RP Beard, ME (reprint author), US EPA,MD-77,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 1404 EP 1405 DI 10.1021/es9506723 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UC413 UT WOS:A1996UC41300069 ER PT J AU Pfleeger, TG Fong, A Hayes, R Ratsch, H Wickliff, C AF Pfleeger, TG Fong, A Hayes, R Ratsch, H Wickliff, C TI Field evaluation of the EPA (Kenaga) nomogram, a method for estimating wildlife exposure to pesticide residues on plants SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE food chain; Kenaga nomogram; plant residue; pesticide exposure ID ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AB The Kenaga nomogram was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the mid 1970s and has since been used prior to the registration of a pesticide to estimate the maximum potential pesticide residue level on plant material in the food chain of wildlife. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nomogram using field data. Six pesticides representing a variety of pesticide classes were applied to 15 plant species. Five of the six nomogram categories were tested with plant parts representing differences in surface morphology (i.e., glabrous vs. pubescent leaves). The sixth category was a mixed-grass community seeded with three grass species. Pesticide residue levels were determined the day of application and up to 32 d afterward. While the linear nomogram model does not represent the data as well as other models, relatively few data points (10%) collected on the day of pesticide application exceeded the nomogram predictions. The one systemic pesticide tested had degradation rates similar to nonsystemic pesticides in most categories. Present nomogram categories were significantly different from each other in most cases. However, the forage category should be combined with the leaves and leafy-crop category and have higher estimated residue levels than the Kenaga nomogram. A considerable amount of variation occurs in the level of pesticide residue on plant materials even under controlled experimental conditions and therefore nomogram values should be used as an estimate only until actual field residue data are available. The nomogram, with modifications, appears to be a reasonable regulatory device if careful thought is given in selecting the plant category for making residue estimates. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RP Pfleeger, TG (reprint author), US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, 200 SW 35TH ST, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 4 BP 535 EP 543 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0535:FEOTEK>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UD132 UT WOS:A1996UD13200019 ER PT J AU Hazucha, MJ Madden, M Pape, G Becker, S Devlin, R Koren, HS Kehrl, H Bromberg, PA AF Hazucha, MJ Madden, M Pape, G Becker, S Devlin, R Koren, HS Kehrl, H Bromberg, PA TI Effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition on ozone induced respiratory inflammation and lung function changes SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ozone; bronchoalveolar lavage; ibuprofen; spirometry; plethysmography; eicosanoids ID AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; ADAPTING RECEPTORS; PULMONARY-EDEMA; TIME COURSE; C-FIBERS; EXPOSURE; INDOMETHACIN; HUMANS; HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; INCREASES AB Inhalation of O-3 causes airways neutrophilic inflammation accompanied by other changes including increased levels of cyclo-oxygenase products of arachidonic acid in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), Ozone (O-3) exposure also causes decreased forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume after 1 s (FEV(1)), associated with cough and substernal pain on inspiration, and small increases in specific airway resistance (SRAW), The spirometric decrements are substantially blunted by pretreatment with indomethacin, Since the O-3-induced decrement in FVC is due to involuntary inhibition of inspiration, a role for stimulation of nociceptive respiratory tract afferents has been suggested and cyclo-oxygenase products have been hypothesized to mediate this stimulation. However, the relation (if any) between the O-3-induced neutrophilic airways inflammation and decreased inspiratory capacity remains unclear. We studied the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of O-3-induced spirometric changes on the inflammatory changes, Each of ten healthy men was exposed twice (5-week interval) to 0.4 ppm O-3 for 2 h, including 1 h of intermittent exercise (ventilation 601 . min(-1)). One-and-a-half hours prior to and mid-way during each exposure the subject ingested 800 mg and 200 mg, respectively, of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IBU), or placebo [PLA (sucrose)], in randomized, double-blind fashion, Spirometry and body plethysmography were performed prior to drug administration, and before and after O-3 exposure, Immediately following postexposure testing, fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Neither IBU nor PLA administration changed pre-exposure lung function, O-3 exposure (with PLA) caused a significant 17% mean decrement in FEV(1) (P < 0.01) and a 56% increase in mean SRAW, Following IBU pretreatment, O-3 exposure induced a significantly lesser mean decrement in FEV(1) (7%) but still a 50% increase in mean SRAW, IBU pretreatment significantly decreased post-O-3 BAL levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) by 60.4% (P < 0.05) and thromboxane B-2 (TxB(2)) by 25.5% (P < 0.05). Of the proteins, only interleukin-6 was significantly reduced (45%, P < 0.05) by IBU as compared to PLA pretreatment. As expected, O-3 exposure produced neutrophilia in BALF, There was, however, no effect of IBU on this finding, None of the major cell types in the BALE differed significantly between pretreatments, We found no association between post-exposure changes of BALF components and pulmonary function decrements, We conclude that IBU causes significant inhibition of O-3-induced increases in respiratory tract PGE(2) and TxB(2) levels concomitant with a blunting of the spirometric response, This is consistent with the hypothesis that the products of AA metabolism mediate inhibition of inspiration, However, IBU did not alter the modest SRAW response to O-3 The neutrophilic component of the inflammatory response to O-3 was not significantly affected by IBU and does not appear to be directly related to the spirometric response. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Hazucha, MJ (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,SCH MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES04951] NR 34 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0301-5548 J9 EUR J APPL PHYSIOL O JI Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.1007/BF00262805 PG 11 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA UF541 UT WOS:A1996UF54100004 PM 8861665 ER PT J AU Schmitt, P Kettrup, A Freitag, D Garrison, AW AF Schmitt, P Kettrup, A Freitag, D Garrison, AW TI Flocculation of humic substances with metal ions as followed by capillary zone electrophoresis SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ANAKON 95 CY APR 24-26, 1995 CL SCHLIERSEE, GERMANY SP German Soc Anal Chem ID FULVIC ACID COMPLEXES; BINDING; ALUMINUM AB Humic and fulvic acids from various sources have been shown to give different electropherograms by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), depending on the pH of the electrolyte. This CZE work is extended here through investigations involving the titration of humic and fulvic acids with Fe(III) and Cu(II) cations. As increasing amounts of these cations were added to the humic substances (HUS), flocculation of metal-humic complexes occurred. This is believed to be caused by binding of the metal cations with negative carboxyl and phenolic sites on the HUS, resulting in a decrease of the repulsive forces that keep the HUS in a conformation more suitable for water solubility. The flocculated complexes were separated from the supernatant by centrifugation, and the supernatants were characterized as to total organic carbon (TOC) content, molecular weight (MW) using gel permeation chromatography, and average electrophoretic mobility (AEM) using CZE. The extent of flocculation correlated with both TOC and quantitative CZE measurements. The MW of the HUS remaining in solution actually decreased, presumably because of precipitation of larger molecules as they became insoluble because of reactions with the metals. Humic acids showed total precipitation of TOC with both metals at a concentration equivalent to their measured acidity. CZE demonstrated that certain fulvic acid fractions (low molecular weight phenolic acids) remained in solution even at high metal concentrations. In summary, changes in electrophoretic behavior of the soluble HUS could be related to changes in charge-to-mass ratios (charge densities) of both humic and fulvic acids with increasing metal cation concentration (neutralization). The copper treated HUS showed changes in their electrophoretic behavior even at low metal concentrations before flocculation, whereas the iron treated HUS flocculated uniformally over the range of added iron without significant changes in AEM. Thus these changes in CZE patterns illustrate different specific binding sites of the HUS for each metal. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Schmitt, P (reprint author), GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UNWELT & GESUNDHEIT GMBH,INST OKOL CHEM,SCHULSTR 10,D-85356 ATTACHING FREISIN,GERMANY. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 22 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD APR PY 1996 VL 354 IS 7-8 BP 915 EP 920 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UE960 UT WOS:A1996UE96000031 ER PT J AU Walker, MK Cook, PM Butterworth, BC Zabel, EW Peterson, RE AF Walker, MK Cook, PM Butterworth, BC Zabel, EW Peterson, RE TI Potency of a complex mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners compared to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in causing fish early life stage mortality SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; LAKE TROUT; TOXICITY; 2,3,7,8-TCDD; INDUCTION; PCDDS; PCDFS AB Use of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity equivalents concentration (TEC) assumes that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) act additively and via a common mechanism to cause toxicity. To test these assumptions, 11 TCDD-like congeners and three non-TCDD-like congeners were combined at ratios typically found in Lake Michigan lake trout. The potency of the mixture, expressed as TEC based on fish-specific toxic equivalency factors, was compared to TCDD for producing lake trout and rainbow trout early life stage mortality. Signs of toxicity following exposure of newly fertilized eggs to the mixture or to TCDD were indistinguishable; sac fry mortality associated with blue-sac disease, and slopes of the dose-response curves for percentage sac fry mortality versus egg TEC or versus egg TCDD were parallel. However, the mixture dose-response curves were significantly shifted to the right of the TCDD dose-response curves by 1.3- to 1.8-fold as illustrated by LD(50) values. Following exposure to the mixture or TCDD, LD(50) for lake trout early life stage mortality were 97 (89-110) pg TE/g egg and 74 (70-80) pg TCDD/g (LD(50), 95% fiducial limits) and for rainbow trout were 362 (312-406) pg TE/g egg and 200 (148-237) pg TCDD/g egg. These data suggest that TCDD-like congeners act via a common mechanism to cause toxicity during trout early development, but may not act strictly additively when combined in a mixture of TCDD- and non-TCDD-like congeners at ratios found in Great Lakes fish. The deviation from additivity, however, is less than current safety factors of 10-fold commonly applied in ecological risk assessments, providing support for the continued use of a TE additivity model for assessing risk posed by complex mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs to fish. (C) 1996 society of Toxicology C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH PHARM,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MADISON,WI 53706. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 36 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 178 EP 186 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0054 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UF098 UT WOS:A1996UF09800003 PM 8812263 ER PT J AU Lau, C Klinefelter, G Cameron, AM AF Lau, C Klinefelter, G Cameron, AM TI Reproductive development and functions in the rat after repeated maternal deprivation stress SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOTHER-INFANT SEPARATION; PRENATAL STRESS; ADULT-RATS; BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; RESPONSES; PREGNANCY; MICE AB The present study examines whether interruptions of maternal-neonatal behaviors may alter the maturation of reproductive organs and functions, thereby potentially confounding the interpretation of toxicity data with stress-induced responses. Sprague-Dawley rat neonates were removed from their dams for 6 hr daily beginning on Day 4 of postnatal age and continuing until Day 21. Vaginal opening and preputial separation were monitored as indices of puberty. Sperm production in the male rats, estrous cycles in the female rats, and reproductive tissues were weighed when the animals reached sexual maturity. In addition, rats were mated for the evaluation of pregnancy outcomes. Maternal separation stress in itself did not appear to alter these parameters, although potential interactions of stress responses with a toxicant should still be considered. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Lau, C (reprint author), US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 298 EP 301 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0068 PG 4 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UF098 UT WOS:A1996UF09800017 PM 8812279 ER PT J AU Wurzelmann, JI Silver, A Schreinemachers, DM Sandler, RS Everson, RB AF Wurzelmann, JI Silver, A Schreinemachers, DM Sandler, RS Everson, RB TI Iron and the risk of colorectal cancer. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, CTR GI BIOL & DIS, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, GEN CLIN RES CTR, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 4 SU S BP A47 EP A47 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA UF737 UT WOS:A1996UF73700184 ER PT J AU Johnson, KE Davis, AM Bryndzia, LT AF Johnson, KE Davis, AM Bryndzia, LT TI Contrasting styles of hydrous metasomatism in the upper mantle: An ion microprobe investigation SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID SPINEL OXYGEN GEOBAROMETER; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; TRACE-ELEMENT; PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS; SUBDUCTION ZONES; ULTRAMAFIC XENOLITHS; OXIDATION-STATE; ORTHO-PYROXENE; HESSIAN DEPRESSION; WEST-GERMANY AB Trace element compositions of amphibole (+/-phlogopite) -bearing spinel Iherzolite xenoliths have been investigated with regard to their oxidation state and tectonic setting to evaluate the processes associated with the formation of hydrous upper mantle. The oxidation states of these xenoliths appear to be directly related to the style of metasomatism and the tectonic environment. Suites having oxygen fugacities at or above QFM (Dish Hill, California; Ichinomegata, Japan; Mont Briancon, Massif Central, France; Dreiser Weiher, Eifel, Germany) are all modally metasomatized, containing amphibole +/- phlogopite. These suites are either from regions overlying Cenozoic continental arcs (Dish Hill and Ichinomegata) or from Cenozoic continental rifts superimposed on ancient are terranes (Massif Central and Eifel). Although trace element enrichment does not appear to be directly Linked to the oxidation state, three distinct cases of metasomatic activity can be defined for these oxidized, hydrous xenolith suites. Both Case 1 and Case 2 are exemplified by xenoliths from Dish Hill and Ichinomegata. Case 1 is a less intense form of metasomatism resulting in the formation of amphibole by the simple hydration of the mantle. The original depleted trace-element composition of the mantle is preserved. Amphiboles produced in Case 2 metasomatism are enriched in incompatible elements, but coexist with depleted clinopyroxene. The formation of enriched amphibole is consistent with crystallization from a volatile-bearing melt phase. The Eifel and Mont Briancon trace element compositions that appear to represent equilibrium crystallization of incompatible element-enriched amphibole and clinopyroxene from a migrating melt phase (Case 3). Chemical evidence suggests that phlogopite in xenoliths from Dreiser Weiher, Mont Briancon, and Ichinomegata has a secondary origin. Mica formation, therefore, represents a distinct metasomatic episode. C1 UNIV CHICAGO,ENRICO FERMI INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637. US EPA,CTR HILL FACIL,CINCINNATI,OH 45224. RP Johnson, KE (reprint author), UNIV NEW ORLEANS,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70148, USA. OI Davis, Andrew/0000-0001-7955-6236 NR 94 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 8 BP 1367 EP 1385 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00018-X PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA UF438 UT WOS:A1996UF43800008 ER PT J AU Ji, WC Sikdar, SK AF Ji, WC Sikdar, SK TI Pervaporation using adsorbent-filled membranes SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSIVE PERMEATION RATES; ETHANOL WATER MIXTURES; DOWNSTREAM PRESSURES; POLYMER MEMBRANES; REVERSE-OSMOSIS; SEPARATION CHARACTERISTICS; COMPOSITE MEMBRANES; SILICONE-RUBBER; SORPTION; DEPENDENCE AB Membranes containing selective fillers, such as zeolites and activated carbon, can improve the separation by pervaporation. Applications of adsorbent-filled membranes in pervaporation have been demonstrated by a number of studies. These applications include removal of organic compounds from water, dehydration of azeotropic mixtures, and organic/organic separation. Three different types of adsorbents have been evaluated: zeolites, activated carbon, and carbon molecular sieves. Experimental results show the most promising filled membrane is the silicalite-filled poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane which can be effectively used in the removal of organic compounds from water. The transport of species through adsorbent-filled membranes occurs by a sorption-diffusion mechanism. Sorption of species in the filled rubbery membranes can be described by a dual sorption model. Modeling of the transport process through filled membranes involves mass-transfer resistances in the different phases of the membranes: in the polymer phase, in the adsorbent phase, and in a polymer-adsorbent interface. Several models based on resistance-in-series mechanisms that were developed to describe the experimental results were reviewed. C1 US EPA,WATER & HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT RES DIV,NRMRL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. CERAMEM CORP,WALTHAM,MA 02154. NR 55 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 35 IS 4 BP 1124 EP 1132 DI 10.1021/ie9503609 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA UF015 UT WOS:A1996UF01500016 ER PT J AU Dietert, R Hedge, A Luster, MI Qureshi, MA AF Dietert, R Hedge, A Luster, MI Qureshi, MA TI Factors influencing indoor air quality, immunity and health SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT IMMUNOL & MICROBIOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT DESIGN & ENVIRONM ANAL,ITHACA,NY 14853. NIEHS,ENVIRONM IMMUNOL & NEUROBIOL SECT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL AGR & LIFE SCI,DEPT POULTRY SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Dietert, R (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,INST COMPARAT & ENVIRONM TOXICOL,213 RICE HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 299 EP 301 DI 10.3109/08958379609005437 PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UJ171 UT WOS:A1996UJ17100007 ER PT J AU MedinaVera, M AF MedinaVera, M TI Pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry used for screening polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by desorption from sediment SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; pyrolysis; sediment; GC/MS ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SOILS; POLYMERS AB Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was evaluated as a fast economical screening technique for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples. A platinum filament pyroprobe was used for the analyses of PAHs ranging from naphthalene to benzo[a]pyrene. The effects of different temperatures, gas flows and times, solution port injections and interface injections, packed quartz tubes, open boats and ribbon volatilization were considered. The PAHs were thermally desorbed from sediment samples without any pretreatment. Retention times, quantitation masses, and mass spectra fit/purity and reverse fit/purity ratios were used for compound identification. The current method proved to be appropriate for compounds ranging from naphthalene to pyrene (95% confidence level of reported results). Comparison of experimental results with certified values showed higher values for the analysis performed with Py-GC/MS instrumentation. RP MedinaVera, M (reprint author), US EPA,MD-78,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2370 J9 J ANAL APPL PYROL JI J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis PD APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 1 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1016/0165-2370(95)00924-8 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA UK650 UT WOS:A1996UK65000003 ER PT J AU Edge, WD Carey, RL Wolff, JO Ganio, LM Manning, T AF Edge, WD Carey, RL Wolff, JO Ganio, LM Manning, T TI Effects of Guthion 2S(R) on Microtus canicaudus: A risk assessment validation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grey-tailed vole; insecticide; population growth; population size; recruitment; risk assessment; survival ID SMALL MAMMALS; POPULATION; PENNSYLVANICUS; SURVIVAL AB 1. An assumption of the quotient method, a risk assessment methodology, was tested by determining if demographic responses of Microtus canicaudus Miller to five application rates of Guthion 2S(R) were dose-dependent in held enclosures. 2. Vole population sizes in enclosures with application rates of 1.55-4.67 kg ha(-1) were depressed below levels in enclosures with application rates of 0.0 and 0.77 kg ha(-1) for one trap period. 3. Male and female survival rates were lower in enclosures with 1.55-4.67 kg ha(-1) application rates than in enclosures with rates of 0.0 and 0.77 kg ha(-1), and these lower rates persisted for 2-6 weeks depending on sex and application rate. 4. Populations were female-biased throughout the study, and no effects due to the pesticide application were detected in the proportion of females in the population. 5. No pesticide effects were detected in reproductive performance, recruitment, activity, or male mass change, but a pesticide-related trend was evident in the cumulative number of recruits. 6. Our predictions of effects increasing with application rate were generally supported, but effects on M. canicaudus were of short duration, and the higher application rates may have caused a compensatory response in those populations. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Edge, WD (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,NASH 104,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 33 IS 2 BP 269 EP 278 DI 10.2307/2404749 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UU815 UT WOS:A1996UU81500008 ER PT J AU Olszyk, D Dai, QJ Teng, P Leung, H Luo, Y Peng, SB AF Olszyk, D Dai, QJ Teng, P Leung, H Luo, Y Peng, SB TI UV-B effects on crops: Response of the irrigated rice ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Vegetation Stress CY JUN 19-21, 1995 CL GSF RES CTR NEUHERBERG, MUNICH, GERMANY SP Botony II, Karlsruhe, NASA Greenbelt, USA, GSF Res Ctr, Munich Neuherberg HO GSF RES CTR NEUHERBERG DE rice; Oryza sativa; UV-B; CO2; methane; temperature; rice blast; Pyricularia grisea ID ORYZA-SATIVA L; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; RADIATION; GROWTH; CULTIVARS; PLANTS; DEPLETION AB Increasing ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation resulting from depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer could have damaging effects on crops. This paper reviews recent findings on direct effects of UV-B on rice growth and yield as well as indirect effects via impacts on other organisms in the rice (Oryza sativa) agroecosystem. The findings are based on research by scientists at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Banos, the Philippines, and their collaborators in China and the United States; with comparison to research by scientists in other countries. Current results indicate that while enhanced UV-B directly impacts many aspects of rice growth, physiology, and biochemistry under controlled phytotron conditions; in general rice growth and yield are not affected under natural field conditions. The difference in response may be related both to the levels of UV-B exposure used in phytotron vs. field studies and the lower ratio of UV-A to UV-B in the phytotron compared to field. In terms of indirect effects on rice blast disease, enhanced UV-B affected both the fungus itself (Pyricularia grisea) and the susceptibility of the rice plant to the fungus. Based on these data, simulation models estimated potential impacts of higher UV-B levels on blast severity and rice yield in different countries of southeast. and east Asia. Ultimately results from rice studies can be used to identify strategies to minimize any negative effects of UV-B on rice productivity. C1 INT RICE RES INST,MANILA 1099,PHILIPPINES. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99264. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Olszyk, D (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 148 IS 1-2 BP 26 EP 34 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UL698 UT WOS:A1996UL69800005 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS Oliver, LM AF Fisher, WS Oliver, LM TI A whole-oyster procedure for diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus disease using Ray's fluid thioglycollate culture medium SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oyster diseases; Crassostrea virginica; Perkinsus marinus; disease diagnosis ID IN-VITRO CULTURE; EASTERN OYSTER; PATHOGEN AB Diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus disease of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica has been routinely accomplished by incubating oyster tissues in a fluid thioglycollate medium described by Ray in the early 1950s. At least three modifications of the technique are available with applications to different diagnostic needs. Of these, the quantitative whole-oyster technique is potentially the most valuable because it includes all oyster tissues and does not rely on subjective estimates of intensity. A variety of protocols and approaches were examined in an attempt to develop a standardized procedure for quantitative whole-oyster diagnosis that optimizes sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy. A recommended procedure, with possible variations, is presented here with the expectation that its presentation will foster further refinement and improvement. We conclude that the recommended whole-oyster diagnostic technique is capable of providing reliable quantifications of prevalence and intensity and has great potential for examining correlations of total P. marinus body burdens with measurements of oyster biology and for evaluating or calibrating other diagnostic techniques. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, CTR MARINE & ESTUARINE DIS RES, GULF ECOL DIV, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 43 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD APR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 109 EP 117 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UF877 UT WOS:A1996UF87700012 ER PT J AU Mage, D AF Mage, D TI 1995 critical review discussion SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Mage, D (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 290 EP 290 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UD654 UT WOS:A1996UD65400001 ER PT J AU Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV Bass, C Barat, R AF Lemieux, PM Ryan, JV Bass, C Barat, R TI Emissions of trace products of incomplete combustion from a pilot-scale incinerator secondary combustion chamber SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ROTARY KILN INCINERATION; TRANSIENT PUFFS; LIQUID WASTES; IN-DEPTH; EXIT; SIMULATOR; SORBENT AB Experiments were performed on a 73 kW rotary kiln incinerator simulator equipped with a 73 kW secondary combustion chamber (SCC) to examine emissions of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) resulting from incineration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). Species were measured using an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) system capable of measuring concentrations of eight species of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)in a near-real-time fashion. Samples were taken at several points within the SCC, to generate species profiles with respect to system residence time. For the experiments, the afterburner on the SCC was operated at conditions ranging from fuel-rich to fuel-lean, while the kiln was operated at a constant set of conditions. Results indicate that combustion of CH2Cl2 produces higher levels of measured PICs than combustion of CCl4, particularly 1,2 dichlorobenzene, and to a lesser extent, monochlorobenzene. Benzene emissions were predominantly affected by the afterburner air/fuel ratio regardless of whether or not a surrogate waste was being fed. RP Lemieux, PM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 309 EP 316 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UD654 UT WOS:A1996UD65400005 PM 28079481 ER PT J AU Gold, DR Allen, G Damokosh, A Serrano, P Hayes, C Castillejos, M AF Gold, DR Allen, G Damokosh, A Serrano, P Hayes, C Castillejos, M TI Comparison of outdoor and classroom ozone exposures for school children in Mexico City SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-FUNCTION; AMBIENT OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; INDOOR AIR; MODEL; RATES AB To evaluate methods of reducing exposure of school children in southwest Mexico City to ambient ozone, outdoor ozone levels were compared to indoor levels under three distinct classroom conditions: windows/doors open, air cleaner off; windows/doors closed, air cleaner off; windows/doors closed, air cleaner on. Repeated two-minute average measurements of ozone were made within five minutes of each other inside and outside of six different school classrooms while children were in the room. Outdoor ozone two-minute average levels varied between 64 and 361 ppb; mean outdoor levels were above 160 ppb for each of the three conditions. Adjusting for outdoor relative humidity, for a mean outdoor ozone concentration of 170 ppb, the mean predicted indoor ozone concentrations were 125.3 (+/- 5.7) ppb with windows/doors open; 35.4 (+/- 4.6) ppb with windows/doors closed, air cleaner off; and 28.9 (+/- 4.3) ppb with windows/doors closed, air cleaner on. The mean predicted ratios of indoor to outdoor ozone concentrations were 0.71 (+/- 0.03) with windows/doors open; 0.18 (+/- 0.02) ppb with windows/doors closed, air cleaner off; and 0.15 (+/- 0.02) ppb with windows/doors closed, air cleaner on. As outdoor ozone concentrations increased, indoor ozone concentrations increased more rapidly with windows and doors open than with windows and doors closed. Ozone exposure in Mexican schools may be significantly reduced, and can usually be kept below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 80 ppb, by closing windows and doors even when ambient ozone levels reach 300 ppb or more. C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. UNIV AUTONOMA METROPOLITANA XOCHIMILCO,MEXICO CITY,MEXICO. INST NACL SALUD PUBL,CUERNAVACA,MORELOS,MEXICO. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Gold, DR (reprint author), BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,CHANNING LAB,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 335 EP 342 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UD654 UT WOS:A1996UD65400008 PM 8901275 ER PT J AU Cadle, SH Bailey, BK Belian, TC Carlock, M Gorse, RA Haskew, H Knapp, KT Lawson, DR AF Cadle, SH Bailey, BK Belian, TC Carlock, M Gorse, RA Haskew, H Knapp, KT Lawson, DR TI Real world vehicle emissions: A summary of the fifth coordinating research council on-road vehicle emissions workshop SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,GOLDEN,CO. COORDINATING RES COUNCIL,ATLANTA,GA. CALIF AIR RESOURCES BOARD,EL MONTE,CA. FORD MOTOR CO,DEARBORN,MI 48121. GM PROVING GROUND,MILFORD,MI. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Cadle, SH (reprint author), GM CORP,CTR RES & DEV,WARREN,MI, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 355 EP 369 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UD654 UT WOS:A1996UD65400011 ER PT J AU Pepelko, WE AF Pepelko, WE TI Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of biochemically inert insoluble particles by the EPAa using rat inhalation data SO PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; RAILROAD WORKERS; ENGINE EMISSIONS; LUNG-CANCER; COAL-DUST; EXPOSURE; TOXICITY AB Regulations pertaining to inhalable particulate matter are promulgated primarily by three program offices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Pollution Prevention and Toxic Substances (OPPTS), Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), and Mobile Sources (OMS). Risk assessment for these agents are carried out either by the program offices or by the National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) formerly the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA). Particulate matter pollutants within the regulatory domain of OAQPS for which either quantitative or qualitative assessment of cancer risk has been carried out include asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, nickel refinery dust nickel subsulfide, and ambient particulate matter of less than 10 mu m diameter (PM10). OPPTS has qualitatively evaluated manmade mineral fibers, titanium dioxide, and vermiculite. Asbestos is the only fiber for which cancer quantitation has been carried out. For several of these agents, risk is based upon human data with animal studies providing supporting data. Both qualitative and quantitative assessment of cancer risk from exposure to diesel engine emissions is under development by NCEA for OMS. Quantitative assessment of cancer risk from exposure to this agent is described san example of EPA's approach to the use oi rats for evaluation of cancer risk. The major uncertainties relating to this assessment include the appropriateness of rat data for assessing human risk and the selection of a low-dose extrapolation model. RP Pepelko, WE (reprint author), US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, MAIL DROP 8602, 401 M ST SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0272-6351 J9 PARTICUL SCI TECHNOL JI Part. Sci. Technol. PD APR-JUN PY 1996 VL 14 IS 2 BP 123 EP 134 DI 10.1080/02726359608906689 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA VD682 UT WOS:A1996VD68200003 ER PT J AU Hansen, F AF Hansen, F TI P&SFs exclusive interview with Fred Hansen updates stakeholders on CSI progress & global environmental ''insurance'' measures SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Editorial Material RP Hansen, F (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD APR PY 1996 VL 83 IS 4 BP 16 EP 19 PG 4 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA UD457 UT WOS:A1996UD45700002 ER PT J AU Ma, JZ Frederick, RM AF Ma, JZ Frederick, RM TI Analyzing a priority pollutant in soil SO POLLUTION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,RELEASES CONTROL BRANCH,EDISON,NJ. RP Ma, JZ (reprint author), FOSTER WHEELER ENVIRONM CORP,LIVINGSTON,NJ 07039, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAHNERS-DENVER PUBLISHING CO PI HIGHLANDS RANCH PA 8773 S RIDGELINE BLVD, HIGHLANDS RANCH, CO 80126-2329 SN 0032-3640 J9 POLLUT ENG JI Pollut. Eng. PD APR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 42 EP 43 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD300 UT WOS:A1996UD30000013 ER PT J AU Puskin, JS Bunger, B AF Puskin, JS Bunger, B TI Comparative study of the cost-effectiveness of life-saving interventions - Comment SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Letter RP Puskin, JS (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR 6602J,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 131 EP 131 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA UK610 UT WOS:A1996UK61000001 PM 8638035 ER PT J AU Moskowitz, PD Pardi, R Fthenakis, VM Holtzman, S Sun, LC Irla, B AF Moskowitz, PD Pardi, R Fthenakis, VM Holtzman, S Sun, LC Irla, B TI An evaluation of three representative multimedia models used to support cleanup decision-making at hazardous, mixed, and radioactive waste sites SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE contaminated sites; cleanup; hazardous materials; models AB The decision process involved in cleaning sites contaminated with hazardous, mixed, and radioactive materials is supported often by results obtained from computer models. These results provide limits within which a decision-maker can judge the importance of individual transport and fate processes, and the likely outcome of alternative cleanup strategies. The transport of hazardous materials may occur predominately through one particular pathway but, more often, actual or potential transport must be evaluated across several pathways and media. Multimedia models are designed to simulate the transport of contaminants from a source to a receptor through more than one environmental pathway. Three such multimedia models are reviewed here: MEPAS, MMSOILS, and PRESTO-EPA-CPG. The reviews are based on documentation provided with the software, on published reviews, on personal interviews with the model developers, and on model summaries extracted from computer databases and expert systems. The three models are reviewed within the context of specific media components: air, surface water, ground water, and food chain. Additional sections evaluate the way that these three models calculate human exposure and dose and how they report uncertainty. Special emphasis is placed on how each model handles radionuclide transport within specific media. For the purpose of simulating the transport, fate and effects of radioactive contaminants through more than one pathway, both MEPAS and PRESTO-EPA-CPG are adequate for screening studies; MMSOILS only handles nonradioactive substances and must be modified before it can be used in these same applications. Of the three models, MEPAS is the most versatile, especially if the user needs to model the transport, fate, and effects of hazardous and radioactive contaminants. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Moskowitz, PD (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 279 EP 287 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA UK610 UT WOS:A1996UK61000015 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH ElShabrawy, Y Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW Toubar, SS Rizk, M AF Hilal, SH ElShabrawy, Y Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW Toubar, SS Rizk, M TI Estimation of the ionization pK(a) of pharmaceutical substances using the computer program SPARC SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE SPARC computer program; pK(a); pharmaceuticals ID ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA; ASSAY AB The computer program SPARC was used to calculate the pK(a) values of some important pharmaceutical substances. The SPARC models proved to be suitable for estimating the pK(a) values of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and benzodiazepine drugs. Ionization macroconstants, microconstants, zwitterionic equilibria, speciation curves as a function of the pH and the isoelectric points of a semi-essential amino acid, arginine, and an anti-inflammatory, niflumic acid, were calculated. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV MANSOURA,FAC PHARM,DEPT ANALYT CHEM,MANSOURA 35516,EGYPT. NR 17 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD APR PY 1996 VL 43 IS 4 BP 607 EP 619 DI 10.1016/0039-9140(95)01789-5 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UT762 UT WOS:A1996UT76200013 PM 18966526 ER PT J AU Waller, CL Juma, BW Gray, LE Kelce, WR AF Waller, CL Juma, BW Gray, LE Kelce, WR TI Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships for androgen receptor ligands SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-FIELD ANALYSIS; BINDING; COMFA; MODELS AB Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) paradigm, was used to examine androgen receptor-binding affinities of a series of structurally diverse natural, synthetic, and environmental chemicals of interest, The CoMFA/3D-QSAR model successfully illustrates that the overall steric and electrostatic properties of structurally diverse ligands for the androgen receptor are necessary and sufficient to describe the binding affinity, The practical utility of models of this type is demonstrated using parent compounds in the training set and known as well as putative biological metabolites as test set molecules. The ability of the model to accurately predict binding affinity of test set molecules suggests that structure-based 3D-QSAR models may be used to supplement the process of hazard identification, The application of 3D-QSAR models within a toxicological framework is, at present, limited by the quantity and quality of biological data for relevant biomarkers of toxicity. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Waller, CL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 1996 VL 137 IS 2 BP 219 EP 227 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0075 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA UF109 UT WOS:A1996UF10900011 PM 8661347 ER PT J AU Berencsi, K Gonczol, E Endresz, V Kough, J Takeda, S Gyulay, Z Plotkin, SA Rando, RF AF Berencsi, K Gonczol, E Endresz, V Kough, J Takeda, S Gyulay, Z Plotkin, SA Rando, RF TI The N-terminal 303 amino acids of the human cytomegalovirus envelope glycoprotein B (UL55) and the exon 4 region of the major immediate early protein 1 (UL123) induce a cytotoxic T-cell response SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE CTL epitope; HCMV; IE1 exon 4; Ad-HCMV recombinants ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; LYMPHOCYTE-T; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; GENE-EXPRESSION; VIRUS; GB; RECOMBINANT; INFECTION; ADENOVIRUS; CORRELATE AB We reported earlier that an adenovirus (Ad) recombinant expressing the full-length human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein B (gB) gene induces gB-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in CBA (H-2(k)) mice (Berencsi et al., J. Gen. Virol. 74, 257-2512, 1993). Here we show that mice immunized with Ad recombinant viruses expressing truncated forms of the gB gene containing the first 700 (Ad-700), 465 (Ad-465) or 303 (Ad-303) amino acids of gB or an Ad construct containing exon 4 (E4) of the HCMV immediate early 1 (IE1) gene (Ad-IE1 (E4)) demonstrate HCMV-specific CTL responses, These data suggest the importance of the first 303 amino acids of the gB polypeptide and the IE1 E4 product in designing a vaccine to induce anti-HCMV CTL responses. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV PENN, WISTAR INST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA. US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NAGOYA UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT SURG 2, SHOWA KU, NAGOYA, AICHI 466, JAPAN. NIDR, NIH, F-92430 MARNES LA COQUETTE, FRANCE. OI waluyo, imam/0000-0002-1813-9487 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 18957] NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD APR PY 1996 VL 14 IS 5 BP 369 EP 374 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00227-R PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA UK974 UT WOS:A1996UK97400002 PM 8735546 ER PT J AU Jensen, ME Bourgeron, P Everett, R Goodman, I AF Jensen, ME Bourgeron, P Everett, R Goodman, I TI Ecosystem management: A landscape ecology perspective SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; landscape ecology; conservation biology; land use planning ID REPRESENTATIVENESS; SELECTION; STATES AB Ecosystem management is an evolving philosophy that many government agencies have adopted in the multiple-use, sustained-yield management of federal lands. The primary objective of this philosophy is to sustain the integrity of ecosystems (i.e., their function, composition, and structure) for future generations while providing immediate goods and services to an increasingly diverse public. This objective can be achieved through integrated land evaluation and optimal land use planning that promotes the maintenance or development of landscape patterns and processes that meet societal expectations within the limits of the land's ecological potentials. Landscape ecology and conservation biology principles are critical components of this philosophy. This paper describes how some of these principles can be efficiently used in formulating a framework for ecosystem management on federal lands. The role of landscape ecology in ecosystem characterization and description is stressed, and the appropriateness of integrated ecological assessments to ecosystem management is discussed. C1 NATURE CONSERVANCY,WESTERN CONSERVAT SCI DEPT,BOULDER,CO 80302. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW EXPT STN,WENATCHEE,WA. US EPA,OFF LANDSCAPE CHARACTERIZAT RES & DEV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Jensen, ME (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW EXPT STN,NO REG,FED BLDG,MISSOULA,MT 59807, USA. NR 66 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD APR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 203 EP 216 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA UG715 UT WOS:A1996UG71500002 ER PT J AU Bergstrom, JC Boyle, KJ Job, CA Kealy, MJ AF Bergstrom, JC Boyle, KJ Job, CA Kealy, MJ TI Assessing the economic benefits of ground water for environmental policy decisions SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE economics; ground water hydrology; surface water hydrology; water demand; water policy regulation decision making AB The full range of environmental and economic services of ground water need to be accounted for in policy decisions. Non-recognition of these services imputes a lower value for the ground water resource in establishing policies. We describe a conceptual framework for identifying and measuring the economic value of goundwater. The valuation framework links changes in physical characteristics of ground water to services provided by ground water and the economic effects of changes in ground water services. In addition to the framework, we develop a general protocol to follow for assessing the benefits of ground water policies. Application of the protocol will aid in establishing structure and consistency across policy assessments and improve the accuracy and completeness of benefit estimates, avoid double-counting problems, and eliminate duplication of ground water valuation efforts. C1 UNIV MAINE,DEPT RESOURCE ECON & POLICY,ORONO,ME 04469. US EPA,OFF WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Bergstrom, JC (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT AGR & APPL ECON,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD APR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 279 EP 291 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA UG715 UT WOS:A1996UG71500008 ER PT J AU Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE AF Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP Benane, SG House, DE TI Effect of AC and DC magnetic field orientation on nerve cells SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID BRAIN-TISSUE INVITRO; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; GROWTH-FACTOR; QUANTITATIVE BIOASSAY; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; EFFLUX; LINE; HZ AB Recent tests of the influence of parallel ac and dc magnetic fields on neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells showed good agreement with the predictions of an ion parametric resonance model. However, experimental results from earlier work involving both a perpendicular (160 mG) and a parallel (366 mG) dc magnetic field were not as consistent with the ion parametric resonance model predictions. Test results reported here show that the cell response to perpendicular ac and dc magnetic fields is distinct and predictably different from that found for parallel ac and dc magnetic fields, and that the response to perpendicular fields is dominant in an intensity-dependent nonlinear manner. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 BECHTEL CORP,RES & DEV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94119. RP Blackman, CF (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAR 27 PY 1996 VL 220 IS 3 BP 807 EP 811 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0485 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA UE853 UT WOS:A1996UE85300056 PM 8607846 ER PT J AU Breen, JJ AF Breen, JJ TI The design for the environment program: Cleaner technologies for a safer future SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DESIGN ENVIRONM STAFF,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 1 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200268 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS AF Birnbaum, LS TI Effects of disinfection by products (DBPS) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 6 EP CHAS PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48201754 ER PT J AU Rossi, LA AF Rossi, LA TI Overview of special review of triazines. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 24 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200097 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, AM AF Ehrlich, AM TI Update on EPA regulations SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF GEN COUNSEL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 32 EP CHAL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48201950 ER PT J AU Xu, N Sewell, GW AF Xu, N Sewell, GW TI Solid phase micro-extraction - A new technique coupled with gas chromatograph for chloroethene analysis from aqueous samples. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 38 EP TECH PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48201905 ER PT J AU Hilal, SH Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW AF Hilal, SH Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW TI SPARC solvation models for ions: Estimation of pK(a) in the gas phase and non-aqueous solvents. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 40 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202231 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM AF Shevchenko, SM TI Lignin-carbohydrate interactions and fate of plant matter in the environment SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 44 EP CELL PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200822 ER PT J AU Zheng, WF Tropsha, A Waller, CL AF Zheng, WF Tropsha, A Waller, CL TI Integration of 3D-QSAR and homology modeling in the study of catalytic mechanisms and substrate specificity of P450 enzymes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,LAB MOL MODELING,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Tropsha, Alexander/G-6245-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 59 EP COMP PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202250 ER PT J AU NewburgRinn, SD AF NewburgRinn, SD TI Reinventing environmental data collection. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,EPA INFORMAT INTEGRAT PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 72 EP CINF PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48201860 ER PT J AU Waldman, E Barrett, MR Behl, E AF Waldman, E Barrett, MR Behl, E TI Ground Water Resources Impact Assessment triazine herbicides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 74 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200147 ER PT J AU Schwarz, D AF Schwarz, D TI Introducing electronic data interchange for environmental data. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,INFORMAT INNOVAT TEAM,ORMI 2136,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 78 EP CINF PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48201866 ER PT J AU Tropsha, A Waller, CL AF Tropsha, A Waller, CL TI Homology modeling of cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,LAB MOL MODELING,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Tropsha, Alexander/G-6245-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 84 EP COMP PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202275 ER PT J AU Collette, TW AF Collette, TW TI Detection and precise identification of environmental contaminants by GC/IR. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 97 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200364 ER PT J AU Poiger, T AF Poiger, T TI Identification of reactive dyes in sewage effluent. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 98 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200365 ER PT J AU Sabatini, DA Knox, RC Harwell, JH West, CC Shiau, BJ Brown, E AF Sabatini, DA Knox, RC Harwell, JH West, CC Shiau, BJ Brown, E TI Surfactant enhanced remediation of subsurface petroleum contamination: Results of a field test SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA,INST APPL SURFACTANT RES,NORMAN,OK 73019. US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 106 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202467 ER PT J AU Wilson, BH Hutchins, SR West, CC AF Wilson, BH Hutchins, SR West, CC TI Effect of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants on nitrate-based bioremediation SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74821. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 107 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202468 ER PT J AU Eisenreich, SJ Franz, T Simcik, M Zhang, H Hornbuckle, KC Baker, J Holsen, T Hoffman, A AF Eisenreich, SJ Franz, T Simcik, M Zhang, H Hornbuckle, KC Baker, J Holsen, T Hoffman, A TI Gas-particle distribution of SOCs: Implications for atmospheric removal and aquatic impacts. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,BUFFALO,NY. UNIV MARYLAND,CHESAPEAKE BIOL LAB,SOLOMONS,MD 20688. IIT,DEPT CHEM & ENVIRONM ENGN,CHICAGO,IL 60616. US EPA,NERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Hornbuckle, Keri/A-8155-2008 OI Hornbuckle, Keri/0000-0002-3478-3221 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 109 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200376 ER PT J AU Safarpour, MM Picard, GL Cavalier, TC Nejad, H Zeng, M Safarpour, D Souza, M AF Safarpour, MM Picard, GL Cavalier, TC Nejad, H Zeng, M Safarpour, D Souza, M TI Separation and determination of pesticide residues by capillary electrophoresis SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AMER CYANAMID CO,DIV AGR PROD RES,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. US EPA,ANALYT CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 110 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200183 ER PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ Safarpour, MM AF Krynitsky, AJ Safarpour, MM TI Applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of pesticide residues in a variety of matrices. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. AMER CYANAMID CO,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 111 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200184 ER PT J AU Brumley, WC Matchett, WH Winnik, W Anex, DS Rakestraw, DJ Yan, C Zare, RN AF Brumley, WC Matchett, WH Winnik, W Anex, DS Rakestraw, DJ Yan, C Zare, RN TI Some recent advances in applications of capillary electrophoresis to environmental problems SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NERI,CRD LV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. SANDIA NATL LABS,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. STANFORD UNIV,DEPT CHEM,STANFORD,CA 94305. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 114 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200187 ER PT J AU Garrison, AW Schmitt, P AF Garrison, AW Schmitt, P TI The application of capillary electrophoresis to the separation of pesticide enantiomers and the study of enantioselective degradation processes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 128 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200201 ER PT J AU Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB LewisBevan, L AF Rabinowitz, JR Little, SB LewisBevan, L TI The effect of crowding in the Bay/Fjord region on the structure and reactivities of the diol-epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH MD68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 131 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202322 ER PT J AU Bond, AE Mage, D AF Bond, AE Mage, D TI A pilot study for measuring occupational and environmental exposures from agricultural applications of pesticides: An overview of the AHS human exposure study SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 133 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200205 ER PT J AU Melnyk, LJ Berry, M Sheldon, L AF Melnyk, LJ Berry, M Sheldon, L TI Dietary exposure from atrazine and other pesticides in the agricultural health pilot study SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 134 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200206 ER PT J AU Hill, RH Barr, J Driskell, JW Patterson, DG Needham, LL Bond, AE AF Hill, RH Barr, J Driskell, JW Patterson, DG Needham, LL Bond, AE TI Biologic monitoring for pesticide residues among farm families: Atrazine exposure SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 135 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200207 ER PT J AU Waller, CL Evans, MV McKinney, JD AF Waller, CL Evans, MV McKinney, JD TI Modeling the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 143 EP COMP PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202334 ER PT J AU Shim, JY Richard, AM AF Shim, JY Richard, AM TI Computationally identified reactive intermediates of S-(2,2-dihalo-1,1-difluoroethyl)-L-cysteine conjugates. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 144 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202335 ER PT J AU Woo, YT Lai, DY Arcos, KC Argus, MF AF Woo, YT Lai, DY Arcos, KC Argus, MF TI A knowledge rule-based expert system for assessing carcinogenic potential of chemicals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7403,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 148 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48202339 ER PT J AU Barrett, MR AF Barrett, MR TI Impact of triazine degradates on ground water in relation to relevant regulatory endpoints SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 157 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200229 ER PT J AU Dary, CC Keimig, TL AF Dary, CC Keimig, TL TI Laboratory and field methods to establish a dermal transfer coefficient for residential exposure monitoring SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. MIDWEST RES INST,KANSAS CITY,MO 64110. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 165 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200237 ER PT J AU Akim, LG Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW AF Akim, LG Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW TI Lignin-carbohydrate complex and humic substances: Chemical and morphological comparison. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 171 EP CELL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200949 ER PT J AU Pleil, JD Lindstrom, AB AF Pleil, JD Lindstrom, AB TI Modeling elimination of xenobiotic compounds as measured in exhaled breath to assess minimum dose and compartmental, residence times SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 171 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200438 ER PT J AU Irene, S McCall, D AF Irene, S McCall, D TI The risk characterization policy and its implementation in the office of pesticide programs (DPP) of EPA SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,DIV HLTH EFFECTS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 173 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200245 ER PT J AU Akim, EL Shevchenko, SM Akim, LG Bailey, GW AF Akim, EL Shevchenko, SM Akim, LG Bailey, GW TI Lignocellulosic-mineral composites: Formation, transformation, and functions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ST PETERSBURG TECH UNIV PLANT POLYMERS,ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 181 EP CELL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200959 ER PT J AU Pandian, MD Dary, CC Behar, JV Hern, SC AF Pandian, MD Dary, CC Behar, JV Hern, SC TI Integrating pesticide handlers exposure database (PHED) with a dermal-driven PBPK model SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV NEVADA,HARRY REID CTR ENVIRONM STUDIES,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 181 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200253 ER PT J AU Evans, JJ AF Evans, JJ TI Occupational and residential exposure assessment for reregistration eligibility decisions (REDS) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 184 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200256 ER PT J AU Dorsey, LC Worgan, JP Ross, JH AF Dorsey, LC Worgan, JP Ross, JH TI North American harmonization of pesticide exposure assessment SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. HLTH CANADA,PEST MANAGEMENT REGULATORY AGCY,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0L2,CANADA. CALIF EPA,DEPT PESTICIDE REGULAT,SACRAMENTO,CA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 185 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48200257 ER PT J AU Mensinger, MC Rehmat, A Ekhtera, MR Mansoori, GA Deville, B AF Mensinger, MC Rehmat, A Ekhtera, MR Mansoori, GA Deville, B TI SELPhOx process for remediation of contaminated soil SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 INST GAS TECHNOL,DES PLAINES,IL 60018. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CHICAGO,IL 60607. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 218 EP IEC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48203016 ER PT J AU Adamczeski, M Nwokekeh, NU Stange, A Bakus, BT Newman, DJ AF Adamczeski, M Nwokekeh, NU Stange, A Bakus, BT Newman, DJ TI Isolation and characterization of bioactive agents from leaves of Polygonum cuspidatum. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AMERICAN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20016. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,LAB DRUG DISCOVERY RES & DEV,DEV THERAPEUT PROGRAM,FREDERICK,MD 21702. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 276 EP CHED PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48201288 ER PT J AU Riddick, L Jones, TL AF Riddick, L Jones, TL TI Separation and speciation of three aryltins by capillary electrophoresis-UV/vis diode array SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAR 24 PY 1996 VL 211 BP 302 EP INOR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA482 UT WOS:A1996UA48203322 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ RosarioHerrle, M Gotoh, H Mori, C Goulding, EH Barrett, CV Eddy, EM AF Dix, DJ RosarioHerrle, M Gotoh, H Mori, C Goulding, EH Barrett, CV Eddy, EM TI Developmentally regulated expression of Hsp70-2 and a Hsp70-2/lacZ transgene during spermatogenesis SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; GENE FAMILY; MOUSE; CELLS; TESTIS; IDENTIFICATION; LOCALIZATION; CLONING; MEMBER AB Germ cells synthesize large amounts of HSP70-2 protein during the meiotic phase of spermatogenesis. This developmentally regulated expression of HSP70-2 contrasts with the constitutive or inducible expression of other 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70s). To better understand the genetic regulation of Hsp70-2, we used mRNA primer-extension, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and cDNA sequencing to determine that transcription began as far as 353 bp upstream of the start codon. We also identified a previously unrecognized 239-bp intron which is spliced out of the pre-mRNA transcript to leave a 114 nt 5'-untranslated region. Transgenic mice were then produced to delimit the upstream regulatory region required for developmental expression of Hsp70-2 during spermatogenesis. Results with multiple lines of transgenic mice containing promoter-reporter transgenes with varying lengths of Hsp70-2 sequence indicate that promoter sequences up to 640 bp upstream of the start codon and 287 bp upstream of the transcription start site are required for Hsp70-2/lacZ expression in spermatocytes. Histochemical detection of transgene p-galactosidase activity was coincident with immunohistochemical detection of HSP70-2 protein, both in the fist wave of spermatogenesis in juvenile mice and in ongoing spermatogenesis of adult mice. The distribution of Hsp70-2 and Hsp70-2/lacZ mRNAs was determined by Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR, and it was found that upregulation of expression of both Hsp70-2 and Hsp70-2/lacZ was specific to the meiotic phase of spermatogenesis. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 NIEHS,NIH,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,GAMETE BIOL SECT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NATL INST GENET,DEPT CELL GENET,MISHIMA,SHIZUOKA 411,JAPAN. KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT ANAT,KYOTO,JAPAN. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,RTD,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GAMETE & EARLY EMBRYO BIOL BRANCH,MAIL DROP 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 174 IS 2 BP 310 EP 321 DI 10.1006/dbio.1996.0076 PG 12 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA UB021 UT WOS:A1996UB02100013 PM 8631503 ER PT J AU Hernlem, BJ Vane, LM Sayles, GD AF Hernlem, BJ Vane, LM Sayles, GD TI Stability constants for complexes of the siderophore desferrioxamine B with selected heavy metal cations SO INORGANICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE stability constants; desferrioxamine B; metal cations ID IONS; LIGANDS; IRON AB Potentiometric titrations of desferrioxamine B were performed in the presence of Zn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Sn(II), Bi(III) and Hg(II). Conditions were 0.1 ionic strength and 25 or 20 degrees C using KNO3, KCl or NaClO4 as supporting electrolyte. Stability constants for the metal complexes were estimated as follows; DFB-Zn(II): 9.55 in KNO, at 25 degrees C, DFB-Pb(II): 10.00 in KNO3 at 25 degrees C, DFB-Sn(II): 21.14 in KCI at 25 degrees C, DFB-Cu(II): 13.73 in NaClO4 at 20 degrees C and 13.54 at 25 degrees C, DFB-Bi(III): > similar to 23.5 in NaClO4 at 25 degrees C. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 18 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 5 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE 1 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE 1, SWITZERLAND SN 0020-1693 J9 INORG CHIM ACTA JI Inorg. Chim. Acta PD MAR 15 PY 1996 VL 244 IS 2 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1016/0020-1693(95)04780-8 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA UF701 UT WOS:A1996UF70100006 ER PT J AU Jeffrey, WH VonHaven, R Hoch, MP Coffin, RB AF Jeffrey, WH VonHaven, R Hoch, MP Coffin, RB TI Bacterioplankton RNA, DNA, protein content and relationships to rates of thymidine and leucine incorporation SO AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RNA, DNA ratios; thymidine incorporation; leucine incorporation ID GROWTH-RATE; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; BACTERIAL PRODUCTION; STARVATION; ACID; MICROORGANISMS; SURVIVAL; BIOMASS; ESTUARY; VIBRIO AB Bacterial macromolecules have often been used successfully as estimates of bacterial biomass in environmental samples. Less is known about the relationship between macromolecular content and rates of growth and activity. The ratio of RNA to DNA in bacteria has long been thought to be proportional to levels of metabolic activity and growth. We have used the nucleic acid fluorochrome thiazole orange combined with specific nuclease digestions to determine RNA:DNA ratios and compared these data to more standard measures of bacterial growth and activity. More than 100 samples from a wide variety of estuarine and marine environments were examined and the average RNA, DNA, and protein content per bacterial cell was found to be 9.44 +/- 6.25 fg, 5.75 +/- 2.35 fg, and 29.29 +/- 11.57 fg, respectively. Initial experiments demonstrated a strong correlation of RNA:DNA ratios with growth rates for a laboratory organism. We then compared RNA:DNA ratios to cell specific rates of H-3-thymidine and C-14-leucine incorporation as estimates of growth rates for naturally occurring bacterioplankton communities in whole water and the <0.8 mu m size fraction in estuarine and coastal waters in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Nucleic acid ratios were generally very low in the natural communities, usually below those determined for late stationary phase pure cultures. No significant or consistent relationship was observed between RNA:DNA ratios and rates of H-3-thymidine and C-14-leucine incorporation in naturally occurring bacterioplankton communities. No relationship could be ascertained whether compared against location or water temperature. Thymidine incorporation rates were found to be completely independent of cellular protein content while leucine incorporation rates were more related to protein content. Our data suggest that while RNA, DNA, and protein content are strongly correlated with bacterial numbers in our environmental samples, the low metabolic activity and the heterogeneous composition of bacterioplankton communities may preclude the use of these parameters as biochemical indicators of activity in the environment. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. US EPA,GULF BREEZE ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Jeffrey, WH (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514, USA. NR 46 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0948-3055 J9 AQUAT MICROB ECOL JI Aquat. Microb. Ecol. PD MAR 14 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.3354/ame010087 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA UB179 UT WOS:A1996UB17900008 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Gray, LE MonteiroRiviere, NA Yang, Y Miller, DB AF Gordon, CJ Gray, LE MonteiroRiviere, NA Yang, Y Miller, DB TI Temperature regulation in adult hamsters and rats exposed perinatally to dioxin. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28400021 ER PT J AU Slade, R Watkinson, WP Hatch, GE AF Slade, R Watkinson, WP Hatch, GE TI Mouse strain differences in ozone susceptibility: A dosimetric explanation. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 632 EP 632 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28400633 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Hauser, R Christiani, DC Costa, DL Jaskot, R Richards, J McGee, J Ledbetter, A Dreher, KL AF Kodavanti, UP Hauser, R Christiani, DC Costa, DL Jaskot, R Richards, J McGee, J Ledbetter, A Dreher, KL TI Lung injury induced by various residual oil fly ash particulates is dependent upon metal and sulfate composition. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 634 EP 634 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28400634 ER PT J AU Dreher, K Jaskot, R Richards, J Lehmann, J Hoffman, A Su, WY AF Dreher, K Jaskot, R Richards, J Lehmann, J Hoffman, A Su, WY TI In vivo toxicity of size-fractionated urban ambient air particulate matter (PM). SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. DUKE UNIV,DURHAM,NC 27710. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 635 EP 635 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28400635 ER PT J AU Merdink, JL Stenner, RD Stevens, DK Parker, JC Bull, RJ AF Merdink, JL Stenner, RD Stevens, DK Parker, JC Bull, RJ TI Contribution of enterohepatic circulation on the disposition of chloral hydrate metabolites SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, GRAD PROGRAM PHARMACOL TOXICOL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. US EPA, NCEA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 1003 EP 1003 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28401005 ER PT J AU Jackson, JA Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF Jackson, JA Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI Biliary elimination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in rats involves sex-specific cytochrome P-450 metabolism and excretion of unchanged TCDD. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRON EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 1026 EP 1026 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28401028 ER PT J AU Richardson, VM Santostefano, MJ Pollenz, RS Perdew, GH Birnbaum, LS AF Richardson, VM Santostefano, MJ Pollenz, RS Perdew, GH Birnbaum, LS TI Multiple tissue expression of AHR and ARNT proteins in rats exposed to TCDD. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. MED UNIV S CAROLINA,CHARLESTON,SC 29425. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT VET SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 1027 EP 1027 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28401026 ER PT J AU vanBirgelen, APJM DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS AF vanBirgelen, APJM DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS TI Minimal interactive effects on induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes after co-administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in multiple tissue of female B6C3F1 mice. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,PKB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 1028 EP 1028 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28401029 ER PT J AU Hastings, SB Kohlmeier, L Inmon, J Sander, R Gallagher, JE AF Hastings, SB Kohlmeier, L Inmon, J Sander, R Gallagher, JE TI PhIP-like DNA reactive moieties in human bile SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 2841 EP 2841 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28402843 ER PT J AU Ryan, LK Rhodes, J Diamond, G AF Ryan, LK Rhodes, J Diamond, G TI Bovine alveolar macrophages express beta-defensin genes. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,NEWARK,NJ 07103. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 3687 EP 3687 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28403685 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR DerrYellin, E Tilson, HA AF Kodavanti, PRS Ward, TR DerrYellin, E Tilson, HA TI Interactive effects of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on [H-3]phorbol ester binding in rat cerebellar granule cells. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 4151 EP 4151 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28404149 ER PT J AU AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, KL AF AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, KL TI Neurotoxicity resulting from coexposure to pyridostigmine bromide, deet, and permethrin. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DURHAM,NC 27710. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. KANSAS STATE UNIV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DALLAS,TX 75235. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 4156 EP 4156 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28404157 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Serves, SV Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Serves, SV Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Effects of arsenothiol complexes on the activity of yeast glutathione reductase in vitro. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27111. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,VANCOUVER,BC V5Z 1M9,CANADA. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 8 PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 4574 EP 4574 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA TZ284 UT WOS:A1996TZ28404576 ER PT J AU Wolff, JO Schauber, EM AF Wolff, JO Schauber, EM TI Space use and juvenile recruitment in gray-tailed voles in response to intruder pressure and food abundance SO ACTA THERIOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE Microtus canicaudus; food-defense; infanticide; juvenile recruitment; pup-defense; space use; territoriality ID CLETHRIONOMYS-GLAREOLUS; MICROTINE RODENTS; SMALL MAMMALS; POPULATION; BEHAVIOR; TERRITORIALITY; DEMOGRAPHY; SELECTION; ECOLOGY; SYSTEMS AB We examined space use by female gray-tailed voles Microtus canicaudus (Miller, 1897) and recruitment of juveniles in response to relative abundance of food and increased intruder pressure following experimental removal of habitat. Our experiment indirectly tested the assumptions of the food-defense and pup-defense hypotheses for female territoriality. Following a 70% reduction in habitat, territories of females shrunk: from similar to 50 m(2) to < 20 m(2) with no significant difference in pregnancy rates or overall juvenile recruitment compared to controls. Juvenile recruitment was not adversely affected by overall density or the numbers of males sharing a patch, but decreased significantly as the number of unrelated adult females sharing a patch increased. We did not measure infanticide directly, but the decreased rate of juvenile recruitment in the presence of adult females but not males suggests that pup mortality rather than food limitation contributed to reduced juvenile recruitment. We conclude that at high densities, increased intruder pressure from adult females had a greater impact on juvenile recruitment than did food abundance. Thus, our results suggest that patterns of space use, reproductive rates, and juvenile recruitment were more consistent with the pup-defense than the food-defense hypothesis for female territoriality. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,STORRS,CT 06269. RP Wolff, JO (reprint author), US EPA,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 25 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES PI BIALOWIEZA PA MAMMAL RESEARCH INST, 17-230 BIALOWIEZA, POLAND SN 0001-7051 J9 ACTA THERIOL JI Acta Theriol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 41 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UG283 UT WOS:A1996UG28300002 ER PT J AU Gowda, B Sar, M Mu, X Cidlowski, J Welbourne, T AF Gowda, B Sar, M Mu, X Cidlowski, J Welbourne, T TI Coordinate modulation of glucocorticoid receptor and glutaminase gene expression in LLC-PK1-F+ cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dexamethasone; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity; transient transfection; human growth hormone ID HUMAN GROWTH-HORMONE; RENAL GLUTAMINASE; MESSENGER-RNA; INVITRO; ACIDOSIS; STRAIN; CDNA AB The effect of glucocorticoid receptor on glutaminase gene expression and related glutamine metabolism was studied in proximal tubulelike LLC-PK1-F+ cells. These cells express functional glucocorticoid receptors as demonstrated by immunoreactivity with antiglucocorticoid receptor antibody, specific ligand binding, and a 14-fold increase in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene activity after exposure to dexamethasone (10(-6) M). Dexamethasone exposure for 18 h increased glutaminase mRNA and activity by 32 and 42%, respectively (both P < 0.05, paired t-test), associated with a small (9%) but significant increase in glutamine utilization (P < 0.05). In an effort to elicit a greater response, endogenous glucocorticoid receptors were supplemented by transfecting cells with a plasmid, pMAMGR, expressing the rat glucocorticoid receptor gene. Transfected cells expressed a 39-fold increase in CAT activity with dexamethasone treatment, confirming a higher level of functional receptors, but glutaminase mRNA and activity were now decreased by 34 and 32%, respectively, associated with a 15% fall in glutamine utilization after 18-h exposure to dexamethasone. This biphasic response in glutaminase gene expression was mirrored by glucocorticoid receptor mRNA that increased 41% after dexamethasone in LLC-PK1-F+ cells, but decreased 63% after transfection (both P < 0.05). These findings are consonant with glucocorticoid receptor gene modulation of glutaminase gene expression and glutamine utilization. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT PHYSIOL, SHREVEPORT, LA 71130 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-32460, DK-21026] NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0363-6143 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-CELL PH JI Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 270 IS 3 BP C825 EP C831 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Physiology GA UA603 UT WOS:A1996UA60300014 PM 8638663 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Hatch, GE AF Ghio, AJ Hatch, GE TI Tolerance to phosgene is associated with a neutrophilic influx into the rat lung SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; OZONE EXPOSURE; CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS; INJURY; MACROPHAGES; METABOLISM; INHALATION; RESPONSES; REDUCTION; DEPLETION AB Exposures to 100% oxygen, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and phosgene increase both lung lavage protein concentrations and neutrophils. The inhibition of the neutrophil influx can diminish ravage protein concentrations after exposures to these oxidant gases. Similarly, this injury can be reduced by preexposure to either the same (tolerance) or a different (cross-tolerance) oxidant gas. We tested the hypothesis that diminished injury after the development of tolerance to phosgene (COCl2) is associated with a decreased incursion of neutrophils. Sixty-day-old rats (n = 12/group) were exposed to varying concentrations of COCl2. Lung lavage (n = 6/group) 24 h after a first phosgene exposure demonstrated an increase in both protein concentrations and percentage neutrophils. The remaining animals (n = 6/group) were exposed to COCl2 2 ppm x 60 min 1 wk later. Lavage confirmed the development of tolerance with protein concentrations diminished after the second exposure in those rats that had inhaled higher doses of COCl2 during the first exposure. However, the neutrophilic influx was not diminished but rather was increased. The association of the neutrophil incursion with a protective effect was further established in studies employing colchicine and dextran. Colchicine decreased neutrophil influx occurring after the first exposure and subsequently diminished the development of tolerance after a second exposure. Intratracheal instillation of dextran produced a neutrophil incursion and subsequently decreased injury after a phosgene exposure. In investigations using both colchicine and dextran, neutrophil influx increased with the development of adaptation. Thus, lung injury after the development of tolerance to phosgene provides a unique animal model of a respiratory distress syndrome in which neutrophils are not associated with injury but rather with a protective effect. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,BOX 3177,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL02655] NR 35 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 153 IS 3 BP 1064 EP 1071 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA TY527 UT WOS:A1996TY52700028 PM 8630546 ER PT J AU Eaton, RW Selifonov, SA AF Eaton, RW Selifonov, SA TI Biotransformation of 6,6-dimethylfulvene by Pseudomonas putida RE213 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIPLY CONVERGENT SYNTHESIS; ABSOLUTE STEREOCHEMISTRY; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; MICROBIAL OXIDATION; INITIAL REACTIONS; CIS-DIHYDRODIOLS; CYMENE PATHWAY; MUTANT STRAIN; TOLUENE; (-)-PROSTAGLANDIN-E2 AB The biotransformation of 6,6-dimethylfulvene [5-(1-methylethylidene)-1,3-cyclopentadiene], a nonaromatic C-5 carbocyclic analog of isopropylbenzene, was examined by using Pseudomonas putida RE213, a Tn5-generated dihydrodiol-accumulating mutant of the isopropylbenzene-degrading strain P. putida RE204. 6,6-Dimethylfulvene was converted to a single chiral product identified as (+)-(IR,2S)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethylidene)-3-cyclopentene. This isopropylbenzene 2,3-dioxygenase-catalyzed transformation demonstrates the potential of bacterial arene dioxygenases for the direct conversion of cyclopentadienylidene compounds to homochiral C-5 carbocyclic cis-diols for use in enantiocontrolled organic syntheses. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT BIOCHEM,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,INST ADV STUDIES BIOL PROC TECHNOL,GORTNER LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Eaton, RW (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 756 EP 760 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TY365 UT WOS:A1996TY36500002 PM 16535266 ER PT J AU Selifonova, OV Eaton, RW AF Selifonova, OV Eaton, RW TI Use of an ipb-lux fusion to study regulation of the isopropylbenzene catabolism operon of Pseudomonas putida RE204 and to detect hydrophobic pollutants in the environment? SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIODEGRADATION; CREOSOTE; PATHWAY AB A DNA segment involved in the regulation of the isopropylbenzene (cumene) catabolism operon (ipb) of plasmid pRE4 from Pseudomonas putida RE204 and the Vibrio fischeri luciferase genes, luxCDABE, were used to create an ipbRo/pA'-luxCDABE reporter fusion plasmid, pOS25. Escherichia coli HMS174(pOS25) produces light in the presence of inducers of the ipb operon, These inducers were shown to be hydrophobic compounds and to include monoalkylbenzenes, substituted benzenes and toluenes, some alkanes and cycloalkanes, chlorinated solvents, and naphthalenes. Complex hydrocarbon mixtures, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels (JP-4 and Jp-5), and creosote, were also inducers of ipb-lux. Bacteria carrying the ipb-lux reporter may be useful as bioindicators of hydrocarbon pollution in the environment and may he particularly valuable for examining the bioavailability of inducing pollutants. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. NR 37 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 778 EP 783 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TY365 UT WOS:A1996TY36500006 PM 16535269 ER PT J AU Kreader, CA AF Kreader, CA TI Relief of amplification inhibition in PCR with bovine serum albumin or T4 gene 32 protein SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DNA-EXTRACTION; FOOD SAMPLES; PURIFICATION; ASSAY AB The benefits of adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) or T4 gene 32 protein (gp32) to PCR were evaluated with reaction mixtures containing substances that inhibit amplification. Whereas 10- to 1,000-fold more FeCl3, hemin, fulvic acids, humic acids, tannic acids, or extracts from feces, freshwater, or marine water were accommodated in PCR when either 400 ng of BSA per mu l or 150 ng of gp32 per mu l was included in the reactions, neither BSA nor gp32 relieved interference significantly when minimum inhibitory levels of bile salts, bilirubin, EDTA, NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or Triton X-100 were present. Use of BSA and gp32 together offered no more relief of inhibition than either alone at its optimal level, and neither protein had any noticeable effect on amplification in the absence of inhibitors. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,MICROBIOL RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 21 TC 486 Z9 515 U1 1 U2 39 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1102 EP 1106 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TY365 UT WOS:A1996TY36500060 PM 8975603 ER PT J AU Conroy, LM MenezesLindsay, RM Sullivan, PM Cali, S Forst, L AF Conroy, LM MenezesLindsay, RM Sullivan, PM Cali, S Forst, L TI Lead, chromium, and cadmium exposure during abrasive blasting SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB An evaluation of lead, cadmium, and chromium exposure was conducted during abrasive blasting of a steel bridge to remove paint in preparation for repainting. Airborne lead concentrations were measured at several locations inside the containment structure, as well as near the workers' breathing zones. Airborne cadmium and chromium were also measured in the containment area. Blood lead levels were monitored in each worker. Airborne lead and cadmium levels in containment exceeded the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limits by factors of 219 and 3.1, respectively. The use of supplied air-blasting helmets will not effectively reduce workers' lead exposure to the permissible exposure limits when airborne levels are as high as were measured in this study. Studies are needed to evaluate additional engineering controls and alternative paint removal methods. Evaluation of workers' exposure to lead and other hazardous metals is needed for projects involving abrasive blasting. Medical surveillance for cadmium and lead may be necessary for similar projects. C1 US EPA,AIR & RADIAT DIV,CHICAGO,IL. N CAROLINA OCCUPAT SAFETY & HLTH ADM,CHARLOTTE,NC. RP Conroy, LM (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,SCH PUBL HLTH MC922,2121 W TAYLOR,CHICAGO,IL 60612, USA. FU NIOSH CDC HHS [R03 OH02680, K01 OH00078, T15 OH07104] NR 13 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 95 EP 99 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL917 UT WOS:A1996UL91700001 PM 8638970 ER PT J AU Seal, E McDonnell, WF House, DE AF Seal, E McDonnell, WF House, DE TI Effects of age, socioeconomic status, and menstrual cycle on pulmonary response to ozone SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE; WOMEN AB The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age, socioeconomic status, and menstrual cycle phase on the pulmonary response to ozone exposure. Three hundred seventy-two healthy white and black young adults, between the ages of 18 and 35 y, were exposed only once to 0.0, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, 0.30, or 0.40 ppm ozone for 2.3 h. Prior to and after exposure, pulmonary function tests were obtained. Prior to exposure, each subject completed a personal and family-history questionnaire. The responses to this questionnaire were used to investigate age, socioeconomic status, and menstrual cycle phase effects on pulmonary responsiveness to ozone. We concluded that the ages of subjects, within the age range studied, had an effect on responsiveness (i.e., decrements in forced expiratory volume in 1 s decreased as the subjects' ages decreased). Socioeconomic status, as reflected by education of fathers, also appeared to affect forced expiratory volume in 1-s responsiveness to ozone, with the middle socioeconomic group being the most responsive. The phase of menstrual cycle did not have an impact on individual responsiveness to ozone. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES SUPPORT DIV,BIOMETRY BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Seal, E (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV MD58A,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 132 EP 137 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UL917 UT WOS:A1996UL91700007 PM 8638964 ER PT J AU Bois, FY Gelman, A Jiang, J Maszle, DR Zeise, L Alexeef, G AF Bois, FY Gelman, A Jiang, J Maszle, DR Zeise, L Alexeef, G TI Population toxicokinetics of tetrachloroethylene SO ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human metabolism; pharmacokinetics; population toxicokinetics; tetrachloroethylene ID CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL; SOLVENT EXPOSURE; PERCHLOROETHYLENE; VARIABILITY; PREDICTIONS; KINETICS; PARAMETERS; BENZENE AB In assessing the distribution and metabolism of toxic compounds in the body, measurements are not always feasible for ethical or technical reasons. Computer modeling offers a reasonable alternative, but the variability and complexity of biological systems pose unique challenges in model building and adjustment. Recent tools from population pharmacokinetics, Bayesian statistical inference, and physiological modeling can be brought together to solve these problems. As an example, we modeled the distribution and metabolism of tetrachloroethylene (PERC) in humans. We derive statistical distributions for the parameters of a physiological model of PERC, on the basis of data from Monster et al. (1979). The model adequately fits both prior physiological information and experimental data. An estimate of the relationship between PERC exposure and fraction metabolized is obtained. Our median population estimate for the fraction of inhaled tetrachloroethylene that is metabolized, at exposure levels exceeding current occupational standards, is 1.5% [95% confidence interval (0.52%, 4.1%)]. At levels approaching ambient inhalation exposure (0.001 ppm), the median estimate of the fraction metabolized is much higher, at 36% [95% confidence interval (15%, 58%)]. This disproportionality should be taken into account when deriving safe exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene and deserves to be verified by further experiments. C1 US EPA,CAL,OFF ENVIRONM HLTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94704. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT STAT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,UCB UCSF JOINT GRAD GRP BIOENGN,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RI Bois, Frederic/E-9241-2012 OI Bois, Frederic/0000-0002-4154-0391 NR 45 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-5761 J9 ARCH TOXICOL JI Arch. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 70 IS 6 BP 347 EP 355 DI 10.1007/s002040050284 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UB210 UT WOS:A1996UB21000004 PM 8975633 ER PT J AU Mage, D Ozolins, G Peterson, P Webster, A Orthofer, R Vandeweerd, V Gwynne, M AF Mage, D Ozolins, G Peterson, P Webster, A Orthofer, R Vandeweerd, V Gwynne, M TI Urban air pollution in megacities of the world SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE GEMS; urban air pollution potential ID MORTALITY AB Urban air pollution is a major environmental problem in the developing countries of the world. WHO and UNEP created an air pollution monitoring network as part of the Global Environment Monitoring System. This network now covers over 50 cities in 35 developing and developed countries throughout the world. The analyses of the data reported by the network over the past 15-20 yr indicate that the lessons of the prior experiences in the developed countries (U.S.A., U.K.) have not been learned. A study of air pollution in 20 of the 24 megacities of the world (over 10 million people by year 2000) shows that ambient air pollution concentrations are at levels where serious health effects are reported. The expected rise of population in the next century, mainly in the developing countries with a lack of capital for air pollution control, means that there is a great potential that conditions will worsen in many more cities that will reach megacity status. This paper maps the potential for air pollution that cities will experience in the future unless control strategies are developed and implemented during the next several decades. C1 MONITORING & ASSESSMENT RES CTR,LONDON,ENGLAND. PAC,GEMS,UNITED NATION ENVIRONM PROGRAMME,NAIROBI,KENYA. WHO,DIV OPERAT SUPPORT ENVIRONM HLTH,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. RP Mage, D (reprint author), US EPA,NERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 137 Z9 151 U1 7 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 5 BP 681 EP 686 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00219-7 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TP451 UT WOS:A1996TP45100003 ER PT J AU Sioutas, C Wang, PY Ferguson, ST Koutrakis, P Mulik, JD AF Sioutas, C Wang, PY Ferguson, ST Koutrakis, P Mulik, JD TI Laboratory and field evaluation of an improved glass honeycomb denuder filter pack sampler SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE acid aerosols; honeycomb denuder; acid gases; ammonia; sampling losses ID NITRIC-ACID; SYSTEM; DESIGN; AIR; POLLUTANTS; PARTICLES; IMPACTORS; AMMONIA; GASES AB A new and improved glass honeycomb denuder/filter pack sampler has been designed to measure atmospheric particles and gases. The new sampler combines the features of a previously developed glass honeycomb denuder sampler with a new inlet that minimizes loss of sampled gases on the inlet surfaces. Another novelty of the improved design is that the honeycomb denuders are entirely made of glass, instead of consisting of a large number of tubes sealed in an outer glass tube with epoxy resin. The new inlet was designed to reduce the residence time of the air sample as well as the overall surface area available for gas reaction. Although inlets of various materials were tested, the PTFE Teflon coated inlet was found to minimize loss of sampled gases. The honeycomb sampler with the improved inlet was characterized in two different field studies. Outdoor concentrations of nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HONO), ammonia (NH3), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), and fine-particle sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+), strong acidity (H+) and fine particulate mass determined using the honeycomb denuder sampler (HDS) were compared to those determined with a collocated Harvard/EPA annular denuder system (HEADS). The average collection of the HEADS sampler was in excellent agreement (e.g. within +/- 10% or less) with that of the honeycomb sampler for all the gas and particle phase species in the comparison studies. Results from the laboratory and field tests suggest that the new honeycomb denuder sampler with the improved inlet is suitable for sampling atmospheric particles and gases. In addition, it has the advantage of being more compact than annular denuder/filter pack systems, which makes the sampler more practical for large-scale monitoring studies. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Sioutas, C (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA. NR 18 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 885 EP 895 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00324-X PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TT654 UT WOS:A1996TT65400006 ER PT J AU Beegle, CC AF Beegle, CC TI Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Rhyzopertha dominica; lesser grain borer; beta-exotoxin; endotoxin; biological control; microbial control; wheat AB Toxins from 36 isolates, representative of all available subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis, were tested against larvae and adults of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica. beta-Exotoxin was effective against both larvae and adults. Spore-crystal complexes of subspecies darmstadiensis isolates from Germany were effective against larvae. Isolates of subspecies darmstadiensis from the US and Japan were not effective. The degree of control achieved by even the best isolate was not economically satisfactory. RP Beegle, CC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,BIOPESTICIDES & POLLUT PREVENT DIV,7501W,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 15 EP 21 DI 10.1080/09583159650039494 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UL934 UT WOS:A1996UL93400003 ER PT J AU Kashmanian, R AF Kashmanian, R TI Composting is not disposal SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Letter RP Kashmanian, R (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD MAR PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 18 EP 19 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA UA987 UT WOS:A1996UA98700019 ER PT J AU Canterbury, JL AF Canterbury, JL TI Building a consensus for pay as you throw SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article RP Canterbury, JL (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD MAR PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 39 EP 40 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA UA987 UT WOS:A1996UA98700029 ER PT J AU Wrenn, BA Venosa, AD AF Wrenn, BA Venosa, AD TI Selective enumeration of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria by a most-probable-number procedure SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE most probable number; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; alkane; hydrocarbon; bacteria ID MICROORGANISMS; HYBRIDIZATION; PHENANTHRENE; MARINE; WATER; FLUORANTHENE; DEGRADATION; FLUORENE; SCREEN; PROBE AB A most-probable-number (MPN) procedure was developed to separately enumerate aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, because most of the currently available methods are unable to distinguish between these two groups. Separate 96-well microtiter plates are used to estimate the sizes of these two populations. The alkane-degrader MPN method uses hexadecane as the selective growth substrate and positive wells are detected by reduction of iodonitrotetrazolium violet, which is added after incubation for 2 weeks at 20 degrees C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degraders are grown on a mixture of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene, and dibenzothiophene in a second plate. Positive wells turn yellow to greenish-brown from accumulation of the partial oxidation products of the aromatic substrates and they can be scored after a 3-week incubation period. These MPN procedures are accurate and selective. For pure cultures, heterotrophic plate counts on a nonselective medium and the appropriate MPN procedure provide similar estimates of the population density. Bacteria that cannot grow on the selective substrates do not produce false positive responses even when the inoculum density is very high. Thus, this method, which is simple enough for use in the field, provides reliable estimates for the density and composition of hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. NR 35 TC 234 Z9 256 U1 5 U2 32 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 252 EP 258 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA UA822 UT WOS:A1996UA82200006 PM 8868232 ER PT J AU Dreher, K Jaskot, R Kodavanti, U Lehmann, J Winsett, D Costa, D AF Dreher, K Jaskot, R Kodavanti, U Lehmann, J Winsett, D Costa, D TI Soluble transition metals mediate the acute pulmonary injury and airway hyperreactivity induced by residual oil fly ash articles SO CHEST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Lung Disease in Exposures and Mechanisms, at the Thomas-L-Petty-Aspen-Lung-Conference 38th Annual Meeting CY JUL 07-10, 1995 CL ASPEN, CO SP Thomas L Petty Aspen Lung Conf RP Dreher, K (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD MAR PY 1996 VL 109 IS 3 SU S BP S33 EP S34 DI 10.1378/chest.109.3_Supplement.33S-a PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UA472 UT WOS:A1996UA47200017 PM 8598143 ER PT J AU Gilmour, MI Selgrade, MJ AF Gilmour, MI Selgrade, MJ TI A model of immune-mediated lung disease in rats sensitized to house dust mite and upregulation of immunity following exposure to nitrogen dioxide SO CHEST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Lung Disease in Exposures and Mechanisms, at the Thomas-L-Petty-Aspen-Lung-Conference 38th Annual Meeting CY JUL 07-10, 1995 CL ASPEN, CO SP Thomas L Petty Aspen Lung Conf C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Gilmour, MI (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD MAR PY 1996 VL 109 IS 3 SU S BP S69 EP S69 DI 10.1378/chest.109.3_Supplement.69S PG 1 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA UA472 UT WOS:A1996UA47200036 PM 8598164 ER PT J AU Xu, N Vandegrift, S Sewell, GW AF Xu, N Vandegrift, S Sewell, GW TI Determination of chloroethenes in environmental biological samples using gas chromatography coupled with solid phase micro extraction SO CHROMATOGRAPHIA LA English DT Article DE gas chromatography; solid phase micro extraction; chloroethenes; reductive dechlorination ID FUSED-SILICA FIBERS; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; MICROEXTRACTION AB An analytical method has been developed to determine the chloroethene series, tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), cisdichloroethene (cis-DCE) and transdichloroethene (trans-DCE) in environmental biotreatment studies using gas chromatography coupled with a solid phase micro extraction (SPME) technique. The volatile chlorinated compounds in aqueous solution can be analyzed directly without solvent extraction, purge and trap, or thermal heating. The calibration curves have demonstrated good linear relationships within 50.0 to 3000.0 mu g L(-1) concentration range. Detection limits are 18.0, 5.0, 25.0, and 42.0 mu g L(-1), for PCE, TCE, cis-DCE and trans-DCE, respectively. Factors which affect the SPME process, such as sample adsorption time, thermal desorption time, and concentration of salt in the matrix, have also been evaluated. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,ADA,OK 74820. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU FRIEDR VIEWEG SOHN VERLAG GMBH PI WIESBADEN 1 PA PO BOX 5829, W-6200 WIESBADEN 1, GERMANY SN 0009-5893 J9 CHROMATOGRAPHIA JI Chromatographia PD MAR PY 1996 VL 42 IS 5-6 BP 313 EP 317 DI 10.1007/BF02290316 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA UE990 UT WOS:A1996UE99000013 ER PT J AU Allen, JW Dix, DJ Collins, BW Merrick, BA He, C Selkirk, JK PoormanAllen, P Dresser, ME Eddy, EM AF Allen, JW Dix, DJ Collins, BW Merrick, BA He, C Selkirk, JK PoormanAllen, P Dresser, ME Eddy, EM TI HSP70-2 is part of the synaptonemal complex in mouse and hamster spermatocytes SO CHROMOSOMA LA English DT Article ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; MEIOSIS; NUCLEI; GENE AB Mouse spermatogenic cells are known to express HSP70-2, a member of the HSP70 family of heat-shock proteins. The purpose of the present study was to characterize further the expression and localization of HSP70-2 in meiotic cells of mice and hamsters. After separating mouse spermatogenic cells into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions, proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and detected with HSP-specific antibodies. Of several HSP70 proteins identified in the cytoplasm, only HSC70 and HSP70-2 were also detected in the nucleus. Immunocytological analyses of spermatocyte prophase cells revealed that HSP70-2 was associated with the synaptonemal complex. Surface-spread synaptonemal complexes at pachytene and diplotene stages labeled distinctly with the antiserum to HSP70-2. Synaptonemal complexes from fetal mouse oocytes failed to show any evidence of HSP70-2. Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of gene expression confirmed this sex specificity; Hsp70-2 mRNA was detected in mouse testes, but not ovaries. These findings are suggestive of a previously unsuspected sexual dimorphism in structure and/or function of the synaptonemal complex. C1 NIEHS,MOLEC CARCINOGENESIS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. GLAXO WELLCOME INC,DIV MED SAFETY EVALUAT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. OKLAHOMA MED RES FDN,PROGRAM MOLEC & CELL BIOL,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73104. NIEHS,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Allen, JW (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM45250] NR 32 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0009-5915 J9 CHROMOSOMA JI Chromosoma PD MAR PY 1996 VL 104 IS 6 BP 414 EP 421 DI 10.1007/BF00352265 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UD786 UT WOS:A1996UD78600003 PM 8601336 ER PT J AU Freemark, M Driscoll, P Andrews, J Kelly, PA Royster, M AF Freemark, M Driscoll, P Andrews, J Kelly, PA Royster, M TI Ontogenesis of prolactin receptor gene expression in the rat olfactory system: Potential roles for lactogenic hormones in olfactory development SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN PLACENTAL-LACTOGEN; GROWTH FACTOR-I; FETAL SHEEP; PREGNANCY; BINDING; INSULIN; STIMULATION; SECRETION; PITUITARY; BEHAVIOR AB The PRL receptor (PRLR) is expressed at very low levels in the olfactory bulb of the adult rat but is detected in abundance in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb of the fetal rat in late gestation. To explore potential roles for the lactogenic hormones in olfactory differentiation and development, we have used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to examine the ontogeny of PRLR gene expression in the rat olfactory system. At midgestation (embryonic day 12.5), messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding the long and short isoforms of the rat PRLR were detected in the medial and lateral nasal processes, the epithelial lining of the olfactory pit, and the neuroepithelium lining the cerebral ventricles in the region of the rhinencephalon. PRLR mRNA was also expressed prominently in the frontonasal mesenchyme and in mesenchymal tissue underlying the developing brain and overlying the pontine flexure in the interpeduncular fossa. The distribution of PRLR immunoreactivity was similar to that of PRLR mRNA, indicating that the PRLR gene is translated to lactogenic binding protein in the rat embryo in vivo. With advancing gestation, the PRLR was expressed intensely, although discontinuously, in the olfactory epithelium and was detected in the cartilage primordia of the ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, and mandibular bones. PRLR expression in the vomeronasal organ was confined to the luminal epithelial surface. PRLR mRNA and immunoreactive protein were first detected in the olfactory bulb on embryonic day 18. PRLR expression was most intense initially in the periventricular neuroepithelium; subsequently, robust staining of the mitral and tufted cell neurons became apparent, accompanied by intense PRLR expression in the sensory neuronal cell bodies of the olfactory epithelium. By postnatal day 5, the PRLR was expressed in abundance in mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb and in neuronal cell bodies of the anterior olfactory nucleus and the piriform cortex. PRLR mRNA was also detected in the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb of the lactating rat, although at levels far lower than those in the fetal or neonatal rat. The expression of the PRLR in the olfactory system of the fetal and neonatal rat implicates novel roles for the lactogenic hormones in olfactory differentiation and development and may provide new mechanisms by which the lactogens may regulate neonatal behavior and maternal-infant interactions. C1 DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT CELL BIOL, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. US EPA, REPROD TOXICOL DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. FAC NECKER ENFANTS MALAD, MOLEC ENDOCRINOL LAB, INSERM U344, F-75730 PARIS, FRANCE. RP Freemark, M (reprint author), DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, BOX 3080, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. RI Kelly, Paul/A-7951-2008 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD00901, HD24192] NR 53 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 137 IS 3 BP 934 EP 942 DI 10.1210/en.137.3.934 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TW606 UT WOS:A1996TW60600020 PM 8603606 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ Setzer, RW AF Kavlock, RJ Setzer, RW TI The road to embryologically based dose-response models SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; RfD; developmental toxicity; teratogenicity; benchmark dose; biologically based dose-response models; BBDR; homeobox; skeletal development; limb development; pattern formation; mathematical models ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; PATTERN-FORMATION; HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS; PHARMACODYNAMIC MODELS; TARGETED DISRUPTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; KINETIC-MODEL; RETINOIC ACID; MUTANT MICE; CD-1 MOUSE AB The goal of researchers working in the area of developmental toxicology is to prevent adverse reproductive outcomes (early pregnancy loss, birth defects, reduced birth weight, and altered functional development) in humans due to exposures to environmental contaminants, therapeutic drugs, and other factors. To best achieve that goal, it is important that relevant information be gathered and assimilated in the risk assessment process. One of the major challenges of improved risk assessment is to better use all pertinent biological and mechanistic information. This may be done qualitatively (e.g., demonstrating that the experimental model is not appropriate for extrapolation purposes); semiquantitatively (using information to reduce the degree of uncertainty present under default extrapolation procedures), or quantitatively (formally describing the relationships between exposure and adverse outcome in mathematical forms, including components that directly reflect individual steps in the overall progression of toxicity). In this paper we review the recent advances in the risk assessment process for developmental toxicants and hypothesize on future directions that may revolutionize our thinking in this area. The road to these changes sometimes appears to be a well-mapped course on a relatively smooth surface; at other times the path is bumpy and obscure, while at still other times it is only a wish in the eye of the engineer to cross an uncharted and rugged environment. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Setzer, Rhyne/0000-0002-6709-9186 NR 88 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 104 SU 1 BP 107 EP 121 DI 10.2307/3432701 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UE548 UT WOS:A1996UE54800010 PM 8722115 ER PT J AU Detenbeck, NE Taylor, DL Lima, A Hagley, C AF Detenbeck, NE Taylor, DL Lima, A Hagley, C TI Temporal and spatial variability in water quality of wetlands in the Minneapolis St Paul, MN metropolitan area: Implications for monitoring strategies and designs SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; LAKES AB Temporal and spatial variability in wetland water-quality variables were examined for twenty-one wetlands in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area and eighteen wetlands in adjacent Wright County. Wetland water quality was significantly affected by contact with the sediment (surface water vs. groundwater), season, degree of hydrologic isolation, wetland class, and predominant land-use in the surrounding watershed (p < 0.05). Between years, only nitrate and particulate nitrogen concentrations varied significantly in Wright County wetland surface waters. For eight water-quality variables, the power of a paired before-and-after comparison design was greater than the power of a completely randomized design. The reverse was true for four other water-quality variables. The power of statistical tests for different classes of water-quality variables could be ranked according to the predominant factors influencing these: climate factors > edaphic factors > detritivory > land-use factors > biotic-redox or other multiple factors. For two wetlands sampled intensively, soluble reactive phosphate and total dissolved phosphorus were the most spatially variable (c.v. = 76-249%), while temperature, color, dissolved organic carbon, and DO were least variable (c.v. = 6-43%). Geostatistical analyses demonstrated that the average distance across which water-quality variables were spatially correlated (variogram range) was 61-112% of the mean radius of each wetland. Within the shallower of the two wetlands, nitrogen speciation was explained as a function of dissolved oxygen, while deeper marsh water-quality variables were explained as a function of water depth or distance from the wetland edge. Compositing water-quality samples produced unbiased estimates of individual sample means for all water quality variables examined except for ammonium. RP Detenbeck, NE (reprint author), US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 58 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 40 IS 1 BP 11 EP 40 DI 10.1007/BF00395165 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TZ520 UT WOS:A1996TZ52000002 PM 24198069 ER PT J AU Fu, CS Pfanstiel, S Gao, C Yan, XS Govind, R Tabak, HH AF Fu, CS Pfanstiel, S Gao, C Yan, XS Govind, R Tabak, HH TI Studies on contaminant biodegradation in slurry, wafer, and compacted soil tube reactors SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOTRANSFORMATION; HYDROCARBONS AB A systematic experimental approach is presented to quantitatively evaluate biodegradation rates in intact soil systems. Knowledge of bioremediation rates in intact soil systems is important for evaluating the efficacy of in-situ biodegradation and approaches for enhancing degradation rates. The approach involves three types of soil bioreactors: slurry, wafer, and porous tube. In the soil slurry reactor, biodegradation occurs in the aqueous phase by suspended and soil-immobilized microorganisms. In the soil wafer reactor, diffusivity of contaminant in the soil matrix controls the biodegradation rate. In the porous tube reactor, oxygen limitations occur inside the tube due to diffusional resistances, and oxygen consumption occurs due to biodegradation. Measurement of cumulative oxygen uptake in soil slurry, wafer, and porous tube reactors are used to determine biokinetics and transport parameters. It is shown that biodegradation rates in intact soil systems are slower than in soil slurry reactors. Furthermore, soil tube reactors in conjunction with respirometry can be used to assess bioremediation rates in intact soil systems. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 743 EP 750 DI 10.1021/es940581q PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX751 UT WOS:A1996TX75100025 ER PT J AU Helma, C MerschSundermann, V Houk, VS Glasbrenner, U Klein, C Lu, WQ Kassie, F SchulteHermann, R Knasmuller, S AF Helma, C MerschSundermann, V Houk, VS Glasbrenner, U Klein, C Lu, WQ Kassie, F SchulteHermann, R Knasmuller, S TI Comparative evaluation of four bacterial assays for the detection of genotoxic effects in the dissolved water phases of aqueous matrices SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HAZARDOUS-WASTE SITES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12; SOS CHROMOTEST; PROPHAGE-LAMBDA; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; GENETIC TOXICOLOGY; INDUSTRIAL-WASTES; INDUCTION ASSAY; MUTAGENICITY; EFFLUENTS AB The aim of this study was to evaluate the perfomance of four bacterial short-term genotoxicity assays (Salmonella/microsome assay, SOS Chromotest, Microscreen phage-induction assay, differential DNA repair test) that are widely used and/or have a promising potential for the genotoxicity testing of water samples. Twenty-three samples of different origins (drinking and bathing water, surface water, municipal and industrial wastewater, pulp mill effluents, groundwater, and landfill leachates) were tested in these assays. In total, 20 samples were genotoxic: 13 in the Salmonella/microsome assay, 13 in the SOS Chromotest, 8 in the Microscreen phage-induction assay, and 19 in the differential DNA repair test. Although the differential DNA repair test was the most sensitive system, positive results were obtained also with some of the negative control samples, and it had the least power to detect different genotoxic potencies. The Microscreen assay was the least sensitive system due to nonlinear results and sample toxicity. The Salmonella/microsome assay and the SOS Chromotest were of equal sensitivity, but the variance of the results was higher in the Salmonella/microsome assay. As the Salmonella/microsome assay also lacks toxicity correction for routine applications and ordinarily utilizes two strains, the SOS Chromotest appears to be the most promising test system for routine screening of water samples. Based on the present experiments, the investigated water samples were ranked according to their genotoxic potency as follows: landfill leachates > effluents from pulp production > wastewater > surface water > contaminated groundwater approximate to drinking and bathing water > control samples. The rankings obtained with the individual test systems were generally in good agreement. In addition, we present data on the impact of water treatment methods (activated sludge treatment, UV disinfection) and of alternative technologies (ozone vs ClO2 pulp bleaching) on the genotoxicity of water samples. C1 UNIV HEIDELBERG,FAC CLIN MED,INST MED MICROBIOL & HYG,D-68167 MANNHEIM,GERMANY. US EPA,DIV GENET TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. TONGIJ MED UNIV WUHAN,DEPT ENVIRONM HYG,WUHAN,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Helma, C (reprint author), UNIV VIENNA,INST TUMOR BIOL CANC RES,BOLTZMANNGASSE 8A,A-1090 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. RI Knasmueller, Siegfried/P-4347-2014 OI Knasmueller, Siegfried/0000-0002-1638-4438 NR 52 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 897 EP 907 DI 10.1021/es950355w PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX751 UT WOS:A1996TX75100044 ER PT J AU Bettermann, AD Lazorchak, JM Dorofi, JC AF Bettermann, AD Lazorchak, JM Dorofi, JC TI Profile of toxic response to sediments using whole-animal and in vitro submitochondrial particle (SMP) assays SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE submitochondrial particles; sediment toxicity; in vitro toxicity test; Reverse electron transfer protocol; electron transfer protocol ID CHEMICAL TOXICITY AB A rapid bioassay for monitoring acute toxicity of wastewater, groundwater, and soil and sediment extracts using submitochondrial particles (SMP) has been developed. The assay utilizes the mitochondrial electron transfer enzyme complex, present in all eukaryotic cells. Prior developmental work with pure chemicals chosen from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) priority pollutant list documented order-of-magnitude predictability between the bioassay response and whole-organism tests (e.g., fathead minnow). Recent work has adapted the assay for analysis of uncharacterized environmental samples, including stormwater runoff, landfill leachate, and soil and sediment extracts. A feasibility study was performed to determine whether the SMP assay could detect toxicity in samples previously assessed for toxicity to amphipods. Acute toxicity tests using Hyalella azteca were performed on 30 sediment samples from Colorado's Arkansas River, Eagle River, and Chalk Creek watersheds, all of which have been directly or indirectly affected by heavy metal mine tailings and drainage. In parallel, two SMP assay protocols designed to differentiate between modes of toxicity were performed on elutriate samples from 23 of the above sites. The results from analysis of the sediments differed widely in the nature and degree of test responses. Significant correlation was found between the responses of the SMP electron transfer protocol and the whole-organism assay, and between tile responses of the SMP electron transfer protocol and levels of zinc and sulfur, as determined by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,NEWTOWN FACIL,CINCINNATI,OH 45244. RP Bettermann, AD (reprint author), BIORENEWAL TECHNOL INC,2800 S FISH HATCHERY RD,MADISON,WI 53711, USA. OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 319 EP 324 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0319:POTRTS>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TW732 UT WOS:A1996TW73200015 ER PT J AU Pickering, QH Lazorchak, JM Winks, KL AF Pickering, QH Lazorchak, JM Winks, KL TI Subchronic sensitivity of one-, four-, and seven-day-old fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae to five toxicants SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fathead minnow larvae age; subchronic toxicity; inorganics; organics ID TOXICITY SYNDROMES; CARBARYL AB The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larval survival and growth test was used to evaluate the relative sensitivity of 1-, 4-, and 7-d-old larvae to five contaminants, KCl, NaCl, 1-octanol, carbaryl, and benzaldehyde. The no observable effect concentration (NOEC) for survival of the two inorganic compounds, KCl and NaCl, was not affected by age of the larvae. The subchronic valve (SCV) for NaCl was always determined by survival. Hypothesis testing of biomass always gave the same NOEC for the three age groups for each of the two inorganic compounds, and a minimum significant difference (MSD) was always calculable. The effect of l-octanol on growth was more sensitive than the effect on survival in eight of the nine toxicity tests. Within a set of 1-, 4-, and 7-d-old larvae tests the SCV varied only twofold; however, between sets of tests the variation was fourfold. The SCV of carbaryl was determined by the effect on growth in five of six tests. Except for one rest the SCV varied only twofold. The 1-d larvae were more sensitive to benzaldehyde than 1 and 7-d larvae in two sets of tests. The SCV was determined on the basis of survival for 1-d-old larvae and on the basis of growth for 4- and 7-d-old larvae. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. US EPA,TECHNOL APPLICAT CORP INC,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 353 EP 359 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0353:SSOOFA>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TW732 UT WOS:A1996TW73200020 ER PT J AU Somerville, MC Mukerjee, S Fox, DL AF Somerville, MC Mukerjee, S Fox, DL TI Estimating the wind direction of maximum air pollutant concentration SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE air pollution; source-receptor modelling; beta function; directional statistics; non-linear model ID EXPERIENCE AB The evaluation of evidence concerning the existence and nature of associations between concentrations of air pollutants and wind direction can aid in investigating relationships between an emission source and measured pollutant levels at nearby sites. In this paper we present a model based on the beta function which can be used to provide an estimate of the direction of maximum pollutant concentration with a corresponding confidence interval. The model was fitted to meteorological and pollutant concentration data collected during two time periods at a site near Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Estimates and confidence intervals are reported, accompanied with results of hypothesis tests concerning the existence of associations between wind direction and pollutant concentration, Some implications of the results for future monitoring efforts are discussed. C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB MD47,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Somerville, MC (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,2 TRIANGLE DR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 231 EP 243 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199603)7:2<231::AID-ENV207>3.0.CO;2-I PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA UD795 UT WOS:A1996UD79500008 ER PT J AU Zinaman, MJ Clegg, ED Brown, CC OConnor, J Selevan, SG AF Zinaman, MJ Clegg, ED Brown, CC OConnor, J Selevan, SG TI Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Article DE human fertility; pregnancy loss ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; WOMEN AB Objective: To examine the fertility and pregnancy wastage rates in a group of presumably fertile couples. Design: Prospective observational study of 200 couples desiring to achieve pregnancy over 12 menstrual cycles coupled with pregnancy outcome follow-up. Setting: A university-based obstetrics and gynecological center. Patients: Personal interviews and questionnaires were used to screen couples for entry into the study. Couples were counseled to have intercourse centered on predicted day of ovulation. Phase 1 included the first three cycles in which women collected daily morning urine samples, underwent midcycle postcoital tests, and, if late for their menses, presented for serum hCG testing. Phase 2 encompassed the next nine cycles in which women were contacted monthly by phone and underwent serum hCG testing if menses was delayed. Urine samples from cycles in which clinical (serum hCG) pregnancy did not occur underwent sensitive hCG testing to detect occult pregnancies. Pregnancies were followed until delivery to ascertain outcome. Results: Eighty-two percent of the 200 couples followed for the entire study period conceived. The maximal fertility rate was approximately 30% per cycle in the first two cycles. This rate quickly tapered over the remainder of the study. Pregnancy wastage during phase 1 accounted for 31% of the pregnancies detected. Forty-one percent (15/36) of these losses were seen only by urine hCG testing and were categorized as occult. Eleven of these same patients later achieved clinically recognized conceptions during the study. Conclusions: These results support the concept that the efficiency of human reproduction is maximum at approximately 30% per cycle. A very significant number of these pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion. In addition, pregnancy loss before missed menses occurs in a significant proportion of women. C1 GEORGETOWN UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20007. US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NATL CANC CTR,BETHESDA,MD. COLUMBIA UNIV,IRVING CTR CLIN RES,NEW YORK,NY. RP Zinaman, MJ (reprint author), LOYOLA UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,2160 S 1ST AVE,MAYWOOD,IL 60153, USA. NR 21 TC 226 Z9 235 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER SOC REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE PI BIRMINGHAM PA 1209 MONTGOMERY HIGHWAY, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35216-2809 SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 65 IS 3 BP 503 EP 509 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA TW842 UT WOS:A1996TW84200008 PM 8774277 ER PT J AU Williams, RJ Vinegar, A McDougal, JN Jarabek, AM Fisher, JW AF Williams, RJ Vinegar, A McDougal, JN Jarabek, AM Fisher, JW TI Rat to human extrapolation of HCFC-123 kinetics deduced from halothane kinetics: A corollary approach to physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISCHER 344 RATS; INHALED ANESTHETICS; METABOLISM; ELIMINATION; ENFLURANE; TISSUE; 2,2-DICHLORO-1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; ISOFLURANE; CONSTANTS AB The goal of this study was to develop a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for the chemical HCFC-123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) and its major metabolite, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). No human kinetic data for HCFC-123 are available, thus a corollary approach was developed. HCFC-123 is a structural analog of the common anesthetic agent halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) and follows a common pathway of oxidative biotransformation, resulting in the formation of the same metabolite, TFA. In this study, halothane models for rats and humans were developed and validated. Then the corollary approach was used to develop a human HCFC-123 model from a rat HCFC-123 model. This strategy was implemented by using a previously validated PBPK model for HCFC-123/TFA in the Fischer 344 rat as a template model for halothane in rats. Model predictions were then compared to, and were in good agreement with, measured values for the concentration of halothane in rat blood and fat tissue. A human PBPK model for halothane was developed. The identical model structure (with the exception of the description for the fat compartment) that was used to describe halothane and TFA in the rat was used for describing halothane and TFA in the human. Human physiological parameters for tissue volumes and flows were taken from the literature, and human tissue partition coefficients for halothane were measured in the laboratory. Based on reported similarity in metabolism of halothane by humans and rats, metabolic constants for halothane in the rat were used in the human model, and specific parameters describing the kinetics of TFA were estimated by optimization. The model was validated against human exposure data for halothane from six published studies (expired breath concentrations of halothane and serum/urine data for TFA). A similar approach was then used to derive a human HCFC-123 model for humans from the HCFC-123 rat model. The corollary approach described here illustrates the innovative use of template model structures to aid in the development and validation of models for structural analogs with similar metabolism and activity in biologic systems. Furthermore, given that the PBPK model adequately describes the kinetics of halothane in rats and humans and of HCFC-123 in rats, use of the human PBPK model is proposed for deriving dose-response estimates of human health risks in the absence of human kinetic data. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,DAYTON,OH 45437. OET,OL AL HSC,ARMSTRONG LAB,DIV TOXICOL,WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB,OH 45433. US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF MD52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 55 EP 66 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0043 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TY224 UT WOS:A1996TY22400007 PM 8812223 ER PT J AU Hudson, T Milling, ME Huggett, RJ AF Hudson, T Milling, ME Huggett, RJ TI New directions in environmental R&D: A Geotimes interview with Robert J. Huggett SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. AMER GEOL INST,ENVIRONM GEOSCI ADVISORY COMM,ALEXANDRIA,VA 22302. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD MAR PY 1996 VL 41 IS 3 BP 19 EP 20 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA UW267 UT WOS:A1996UW26700005 ER PT J AU Sweed, HG Bedient, PB Hutchins, SR AF Sweed, HG Bedient, PB Hutchins, SR TI Surface application system for in situ ground-water bioremediation: Site characterization and modeling SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS; AQUIFER COLUMNS; BIODEGRADATION; BIORESTORATION; HYDROCARBONS; BIOTRANSFORMATION; NITRATE; FIELD AB Surface application offers an inexpensive, noninvasive alternative to injection wells and infiltration galleries for in situ ground-water bioremediation applications. The technology employs artificial recharge to create favorable hydraulic conditions for mixing and vertical transport of supplemental electron acceptor and nutrients. A test plot infiltration test and a conservative tracer test at Eglin Air Force Base, FL confirmed the potential for transporting solutes to the subsurface via recharging water. These experiments demonstrated both the mounding hydraulics and vertical solute transport that occurs in response to surface application. Modeling provided quantitative estimates of site-specific hydrogeologic and transport parameters. Experimental results also indicated that dilution may be a dominant attenuation mechanism associated with high surface application rates. The tests also served as the basis for the design of a pilot scale surface application system for delivery of nitrate to bioremediate a JP-4 contaminated aquifer at the Eglin site. Models calibrated to data from the infiltration experiment were scaled up for design of the pilot scale surface application system. Preliminary tracer results from the pilot scale experiment confirm that surface application can adequately deliver chemicals to the subsurface. C1 RICE UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,HOUSTON,TX 77251. US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 211 EP 222 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01881.x PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA TY223 UT WOS:A1996TY22300004 ER PT J AU Job, CA AF Job, CA TI Benefits and costs of wellhead protection SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Job, CA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,GROUND WATER PROTECT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 65 EP 68 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb00124.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA UM449 UT WOS:A1996UM44900004 ER PT J AU Venkatesh, S Fournier, DJ Waterland, LR Carroll, GJ AF Venkatesh, S Fournier, DJ Waterland, LR Carroll, GJ TI Evaluation of mineral-based additives as sorbents for hazardous trace metal capture and immobilization in incineration processes SO HAZARDOUS WASTE & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Congress on Toxic Combustion By-Products CY JUN 05-07, 1995 CL UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA HO UNIV CALIF BERKELEY AB Considerable interest exists in the use of mineral-based sorbents for capturing and retaining hazardous constituent trace metals in the incineration process. The suitability of six minerals, silica, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, bauxite, alumina and attapulgite clay, as potential sorbents for the capture and immobilization of trace metals was evaluated. The behavior of five trace metals, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel was tested. The first five minerals constitute a spectrum of alumino-silicate compounds ranging from pure SiO2 (silica) to pure Al2O3 (alumina). The sixth mineral, attapulgite clay, is primarily a magnesium hydroxide-silicate compound with alumina as an impurity. II has frequently been used in trace metal related test programs at the Incineration Research Facility (IRF) as a carrier of metals and organics in blended synthetic waste streams. The objective of this test program was to evaluate the candidate sorbents with respect to: the degree to which they facilitate retention of the trace metals in the sorbent the degree to which they retain trace metals in the sorbent when subjected to TCLP extraction Bench-scale tests were conducted in the IRF's thermal treatability unit (TTU). The test matrix was defined by varying: mineral (sorbent) type treatment temperature; treatment temperatures of 540 degrees, 700 degrees, and 870 degrees C were tested chlorine concentration in the feed; 0 and 4 percent by weight chlorine in the feed were tested. Given the preliminary nature of the tests the results must be viewed qualitatively. Nevertheless, overall trends indicate that under specific conditions, varying for each mineral, all of the mineral sorbents showed promise in limiting metal vaporization, and or TCLP leachability. Combining the dual criteria of limiting metal vaporization and reducing leachability, kaolin and attapulgite clay appear to have the greatest promise as potential sorbents. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,US EPA,INCINERAT RES FACIL,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0882-5696 J9 HAZARD WASTE HAZARD JI Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 13 IS 1 BP 73 EP 94 DI 10.1089/hwm.1996.13.73 PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UM435 UT WOS:A1996UM43500009 ER PT J AU Sparks, LE Tichenor, BA Chang, J Guo, Z AF Sparks, LE Tichenor, BA Chang, J Guo, Z TI Gas-phase mass transfer model for predicting volatile organic compound (VOC) emission rates from indoor pollutant sources SO INDOOR AIR LA English DT Article DE source model; gas-phase-limited mass transfer; emission rate; correlation; experimental data AB Analysis of the impact of sources on indoor pollutant concentrations and occupant exposure to indoor pollutants requires knowledge of the emission rates from the sources. Emission rates are often determined by chamber testing and the data from the chamber test are fitted to an empirical model. While the empirical models are useful, they do not provide information necessary to scale the chamber data to buildings nor do they provide information necessary to understand the processes controlling emissions. A mass transfer model for gas-phase-limited mass transfer is developed and described in this paper. Examples of sources with gas-phase-limited emissions are moth cakes, floor wax, stain, and varnish. The mass transfer model expresses the emission rate in terms of a mass transfer coefficient and a driving force. The mass transfer coefficient can be predicted from correlations of the Nusselt number and the Reynolds number. The experiments and data analysis used to develop the correlation are described in the paper. Experiments to verify the assumptions used to describe the driving force are also described. Suggestions for using data from existing empirical emission models to determine parameters for the mass transfer model are provided. The mass transfer model provides a significantly better fit to data from an indoor air quality test house than does the empirical first order decay model. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. RP Sparks, LE (reprint author), US EPA, AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB, MD-54, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air PD MAR PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 31 EP 40 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1996.t01-3-00004.x PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UX199 UT WOS:A1996UX19900004 ER PT J AU Molhave, L Sparks, LE Wolkoff, P Clausen, PA Nielsen, PA Bergso, NC AF Molhave, L Sparks, LE Wolkoff, P Clausen, PA Nielsen, PA Bergso, NC TI The Danish twin apartment study .2. Mathematical modeling of the relative strength of sources of indoor air pollution SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE source strength; VOC; formaldehyde; modeling; indoor air quality; twin apartments; acceptable source strength; human bioeffluents ID BUILDING-MATERIALS AB This study deals with the modeling of air pollution in apartments from laboratory measurements of source strengths, using formaldehyde and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) as model pollutants. The sources in two test apartments were grouped into two: building-related sources and occupant-related sources. The measured source strengths and ventilation rates were used for the prediction of concentrations expected in the apartments. These predictions were compared to measurements in the apartment over 12 months. The conclusions were that the model predictions based on emission rates measured in the laboratory can be used to predict the long-term concentration of the two model pollutants in the apartments. Considering the measured differences in ventilation between the apartments, an occupant emission rate of between 0.2 and 0.3 mg/h/kg body weight could be estimated. Based on previous suggested limits of acceptable exposures of humans to VOCs, an acceptable average emission rate of VOCs from building materials in general was estimated to be about 30 mu g/m(2)/h. The modeling showed that during the first 200 days, building materials dominated the emissions. After this, sources relating to the occupants dominated. On average about half of the VOC pollution originated from the building materials. C1 US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,INDOOR AIR BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NATL INST OCCUPAT HLTH,COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. DANISH INST BLDG RED,HORSHOLM,DENMARK. RP Molhave, L (reprint author), AARHUS UNIV,INST ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED,OLE WORMS ALLE 189,BLDG 180,UNIV PK,DK-8000 AARHUS C,DENMARK. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 18 EP 30 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1996.t01-3-00003.x PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UX199 UT WOS:A1996UX19900003 ER PT J AU Miller, EG AF Miller, EG TI The SDWA and small systems: What's on tap? Discussion SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Discussion C1 US EPA, DRINKING & GROUND WATER DIV, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 2164-4535 J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 3 BP 12 EP 12 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UA565 UT WOS:A1996UA56500005 ER PT J AU Macler, BA AF Macler, BA TI Developing the ground water disinfection rule SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; VIRUS SURVIVAL; RISK; STANDARDS; TRANSPORT; SOIL AB The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is developing requirements for disinfection of groundwater-based drinking water systems. The Ground Water Disinfection Rule regulatory workgroup, made up of representatives from USEPA, states, utilities, and other interested parties, recognizes that most drinking water systems using true groundwater supplies are substantially different from those using surface water. These differences have as much to do with the systems' relative sizes and economic circumstances as with the source water and types and degree of treatment currently in place. This article discusses the context, issues, status, and directions of this rule. RP Macler, BA (reprint author), US EPA, 75 HAWTHORNE ST, POB W-6-1, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 2164-4535 J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 3 BP 47 EP 55 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UA565 UT WOS:A1996UA56500010 ER PT J AU Kramer, MH Herwaldt, BL Craun, GF Calderon, RL Juranek, DD AF Kramer, MH Herwaldt, BL Craun, GF Calderon, RL Juranek, DD TI Waterborne disease: 1993 and 1994 SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; SUPPLIES; GIARDIA; OUTBREAK AB For 1993-94, 17 states and one territory reported 30 disease outbreaks associated with drinking water, affecting an estimated 405,356 people. Ten of the 25 outbreaks for which the etiologic agent was identified were caused by Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium parvum, eight were caused by chemical poisoning, three by Campylobacter jejuni, two by Shigella spp., and one each by non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. Twenty (66.7 percent) of the 30 outbreaks were associated with welI water. In addition, nine states reported 14 outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with recreational water, which affected an estimated 1,437 people. Ten of these outbreaks were caused by Giardia or Cryptosporidium, three by Shigella spp., and one by Escherichia coti 0157:H7. C1 GLOBAL CONSULTING ENVIRONM HLTH,RADFORD,VA 24141. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kramer, MH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 45 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 3 BP 66 EP 80 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UA565 UT WOS:A1996UA56500012 ER PT J AU Edwards, M Schock, MR Meyer, TE AF Edwards, M Schock, MR Meyer, TE TI Alkalinity, pH, and copper corrosion by-product release SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Contrary to expectations, higher bicarbonate concentrations exacerbate copper corrosion rates and by-product release. In fact, as illustrated by monitoring experiences of large utilities and by laboratory data, the concentration of copper corrosion by-products in drinking water increases linearly with bicarbonate concentration at constant pH. This relationship implicates cupric hydroxide solubility in control of copper release from relatively new (less than a few years old) copper plumbing. Decision-making guidance from a traditional Larson's ratio or Langelier index approach can aggravate copper corrosion problems; consequently, their use should be discontinued for copper corrosion mitigation. In contrast, aeration CO2 stripping is a particularly attractive strategy because benefits from higher pH are realized without adverse effects from higher alkalinity. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Edwards, M (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. RI Edwards, Marc/J-3557-2012 NR 30 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 3 BP 81 EP 94 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UA565 UT WOS:A1996UA56500013 ER PT J AU Branch, S Rogers, JM Brownie, CF Chernoff, N AF Branch, S Rogers, JM Brownie, CF Chernoff, N TI Supernumerary lumbar rib: Manifestation of basic alteration in embryonic development of ribs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE supernumerary lumbar rib; toxicology; dinoseb; surgical stress; restraint stress; food and water deprivation ID HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS; MATERNAL TOXICITY; RETINOIC ACID; MOUSE; VERTEBRAE; STRESS AB Supernumerary ribs (SNR) are a common variant in some strains of mice used in standard teratology bioassays. We have previously demonstrated that increased incidence of SNR may be induced by a wide variety of xenobiotics and/or general maternal stress. The significance of this defect in cross-species extrapolations has been problematic and recent studies, including this one, have shown that this anomaly is more complex than previously thought. The SNR in mice have a bimodal distribution composed of 'rudimentary ribs' (RR) with a mode of 0.3-0.4 mm and 'extra ribs' (ER) with a mode of 0.9-1.1 mm. The studies reported here examine the relationship between the presence of SNR and the 13th rib length and the gross morphological development of the anomaly. Supernumerary ribs were induced in CD-1 mice by surgical stress (subcutaneous micropump implanted on gestational day (GD), restraint stress (GD8), food and water deprivation (GD8) or maternal administration of the pesticide dinoseb (50 mg kg(-1) on GD7 and GD8). Fetuses from untreated litters were also examined. Dinoseb-treated mice were killed on GD14, 15, 16 or 17. All other groups were killed on GD17. The lengths of the 13th and 14th ribs were measured and other anomalies were recorded. Femur length was used as an indicator of fetal size. The SNR frequency was higher in all treatment groups compared to controls. We found that ER and RR were morphologically distinct. The ER were Bat ended and distally joined by a cartilaginous portion, while RR were usually rounded distally and were without cartilaginous extensions. The 13th ribs were significantly longer in fetuses having SNR than in those not having SNR, whether treated or untreated. This relationship was present in all fetal ages examined and with both ER and RR groups. These results suggest that SNR are indicative of basic alterations in the development of the axial skeleton. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Branch, S (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Matthews Branch, Stacy/E-6200-2017 OI Matthews Branch, Stacy/0000-0002-1048-6097 NR 17 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0260-437X J9 J APPL TOXICOL JI J. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 115 EP 119 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UF514 UT WOS:A1996UF51400004 PM 8935784 ER PT J AU MartinezMeza, E Whitford, WG AF MartinezMeza, E Whitford, WG TI Stemflow, throughfall and channelization of stemflow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE stemflow; throughfall; root channelization; Larrea tridentata; Prosopis glandulosa; Flourensia cernua; Chihuahuan Desert ID SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA; EUCALYPT FOREST; PINE PLANTATION; RAINFALL; INTERCEPTION; NITROGEN; AVAILABILITY; COMMUNITY; CANOPIES; FLOW AB Three studies were conducted to examine precipitation-vegetation relationships in the multi-stemmed shrubs Larrea tridentata, Prosopis glandulosa and Flourensia cernua in a desert ecosystem. We measured stemflow and throughfall as affected by bulk precipitation, canopy architecture and stem-angles. Using fluorescent dye, we traced root channelization of stemflow water. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the best one-variable model for stemflow in L. tridentata was canopy volume, which accounted for 87% of variation. The best one-variable model for stemflow in P. glandulosa and F. cernua was canopy area, which accounted for 82% of variation in both species. Stemflow data from winter and summer months were statistically compared to determine the influence of leaves on stemflow generation in P. glandulosa and F. cernua. Stemflow amounts collected during winter months do not differ significantly from those of summer months demonstrating that in these winter deciduous species the absence of leaves during winter months does not affect generation of stemflow. Analysis of variance showed that the percentage of throughfall was different among species suggesting that variations in canopy characteristics could explain, in part, these interspecific throughfall differences. Both stem-angle and stem-length had a significant effect on stemflow generation in F. cernua and L. tridentata, whereas there was only a significant relationship between stem-angle and stemflow in P. glandulosa. Analysis of rhodamine-B dye distribution under shrubs indicated that root channels are preferential pathways for movement of stemflow water into soil, and that this water is potentially the source of soil moisture which allows shrubs to remain physiologically active under drought conditions. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP MartinezMeza, E (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 47 TC 157 Z9 199 U1 6 U2 44 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 271 EP 287 DI 10.1006/jare.1996.0023 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UK369 UT WOS:A1996UK36900005 ER PT J AU Eaton, RW AF Eaton, RW TI p-Cumate catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas putida F1: Cloning and characterization of DNA carrying the cmt operon SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL DEGRADATION; AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE; TOL PLASMID PWW0; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ABSOLUTE STEREOCHEMISTRY; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; TOLUENE DIOXYGENASE; ENCODING BIPHENYL; CYMENE PATHWAY AB Pseudomonas putida F1 utilizes p-cumate (p-isopropylbenzoate) as a growth substrate by means of an eight-step catabolic pathway. A 35.75-kb DNA segment, within which the cmt operon encoding the catabolism of p-cumate is located, was cloned as four separate overlapping restriction fragments and mapped with restriction endonucleases. By examining enzyme activities in recombinant bacteria carrying these fragments and subcloned fragments, genes encoding most of the enzymes of the p-cumate pathway were located. Subsequent sequence analysis of 11,260 bp gave precise locations of the 12 genes of the cmt operon. The first three genes, cmtAaAbAc, and the sixth gene, cmtAd, encode the components of p-cumate 2,3-dioxygenase (ferredoxin reductase, large subunit of the terminal dioxygenase, small subunit of the terminal dioxygenase, and ferredoxin, respectively); these genes are separated by cmtC, which encodes 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate 3,4-dioxygenase, and cmtB, coding for 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase. The ring cleavage product, 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate, is acted on by a decarboxylase encoded by the seventh gene, cmtD, which is followed by a large open reading frame, cmtI, of unknown function. The next four genes, cmtEFHG, encode 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase, 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate hydratase, 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, which transform the decarboxylation product to amphibolic intermediates. The deduced amino acid sequences of all the cmt gene products except CmtD and CmtI have a recognizable but low level of identity with amino acid sequences of enzymes catalyzing analogous reactions in other catabolic pathways. This identity is highest for the last two enzymes of the pathway (4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase [acylating]), which have identities of 66 to 77% with the corresponding enzymes from other aromatic meta-cleavage pathways. Recombinant bacteria carrying certain restriction fragments bordering the cmt operon were found to transform indole to indigo. This reaction, known to be catalyzed by toluene 2,3-dioxygenase, led to the discovery that the rod operon, encoding the catabolism of toluene, is located 2.8 kb downstream from and in the same orientation as the cmt operon in P. putida F1. RP US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, GULF ECOL DIV, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 102 TC 81 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 EI 1098-5530 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 178 IS 5 BP 1351 EP 1362 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TX752 UT WOS:A1996TX75200017 PM 8631713 ER PT J AU Gupta, M Gupta, A Suidan, MT Sayles, GD Flora, JRV AF Gupta, M Gupta, A Suidan, MT Sayles, GD Flora, JRV TI ORP measurement in anaerobic systems using flow-through cell - Closure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Gupta, M (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1996 VL 122 IS 3 BP 245 EP 246 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:3(245) PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX430 UT WOS:A1996TX43000021 ER PT J AU Goldman, JM Stoker, TE Cooper, RL McElroy, WK Parrish, MB AF Goldman, JM Stoker, TE Cooper, RL McElroy, WK Parrish, MB TI Suppression elf oocyte release in rats by local administration of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP4 SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY LA English DT Article ID NORADRENALINE NEURONS; OPIATE RECEPTORS; GUINEA-PIG; INVOLVEMENT; OVULATION; PROSTAGLANDINS; HYDROCHLORIDE; INNERVATION; DESTRUCTION; ENDOCRINE AB The presence of noradrenergic neuronal innervation in the ovaries and cyclic alterations in ovarian noradrenaline suggest a role for such innervation in oocyte release. The current experiments evaluated the relationship between ovulation and alterations in ovarian concentrations of noradrenaline induced by unilateral, intrabursal administration of the specific noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP4. Intrabursal injections of DSP4 (0-10 mu moles per ovary) given at 19:00 h at pro-oestrus induced a prompt, dose-related reduction in ovarian noradrenaline on the injected and non-injected sides. Although this result suggests that injected material was reaching the contralateral ovary, ovulation was suppressed only on the injected side. This suppression was persistent, and lasted through at least the next two cycles following either unilateral or bilateral treatment. The reductions in noradrenaline could be mostly, if not entirely, attenuated by prior administration of desipramine which blocks re-uptake of noradrenaline, while the ipsilateral ovulatory effects remained unchanged. Although it has been reported that DSP4 hinds the opiate receptor, intrabursal co-administration of the antagonist naloxone was ineffective in altering ovulatory suppression. These results suggest that while decreases in ovarian noradrenaline in response to local exposure to a noradrenergic neurotoxin may accompany a reduction in oocyte release or a block in ovulation, the anti-ovulatory effect of DSP4 is independent of the changes in noradrenaline concentrations and may be due to some other ovarian response. RP Goldman, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU J REPROD FERTIL INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB5 8DT SN 0022-4251 J9 J REPROD FERTIL JI J. Reprod. Fertil. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 106 IS 2 BP 275 EP 283 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA UD645 UT WOS:A1996UD64500015 PM 8699411 ER PT J AU Nunez, CM Deatherage, GW AF Nunez, CM Deatherage, GW TI Evaluation of innovative ink feed systems for the flexographic and gravure printing industries SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Research Triangle Institute, working under a cooperative agreement, have investigated source reduction technologies available to the gravure and flexographic segments of the printing industry. This research focused on investigating ink feed systems and pollution prevention technologies that can be used with these systems. Ink feed systems move ink from an ink sump to a printing cylinder and are located at each printing station on a press. These systems are a component of the overall ink handling process used in printing facilities. Other ink handling processes include ink mixing operations, the transport of the ink to the press, and the actual printing operation where ink is transferred from the printing cylinder to the substrate. This paper provides background information on flexography and gravure. In addition, the paper describes the ink handling process (including traditional ink feed systems) used in these industry segments. Finally, the paper details several innovative ink feed systems that are available and describes the benefits of using these technologies. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,CTR ENVIRONM ANAL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Nunez, CM (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 267 EP 272 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UA877 UT WOS:A1996UA87700011 PM 28065135 ER PT J AU DeVito, MJ Beebe, LE Menache, M Birnbaum, LS AF DeVito, MJ Beebe, LE Menache, M Birnbaum, LS TI Relationship between CYP1A enzyme activities and protein levels in rats treated with 2,3,7,8-teirachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID AH-RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; 2-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY; CYTOCHROME P-450D; BINDING; MOUSE; TOXICITY; CLONING; LIVER; IDENTIFICATION AB Induction of CYP1A1 is one of the best characterized responses to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). EROD activity has been used as an enzymatic marker for CYP1A1 following TCDD treatment. Enzymatic markers for the induction of CYP1A2 by TCDD are not as well characterized. The present study examines the relationship between CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 protein and the corresponding enzymatic markers. Induction of hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MEROD) and acetanilide 4-hydroxylase (ACOH) activity (both markers for CYP1A2) were analyzed in 8-wk-old male and female Fischer 344 rats treated orally with either 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mu g TCDD/kg. There were no sex differences in basal EROD or ACOH activity. MEROD activity was significantly greater in control males than in control females. Significant induction oi EROD activity in females occurred at slightly lower doses of TCDD compared to males (0.1 vs. 0.3 mu g/kg, respectively); However, a greater absolute and a larger fold induction of EROD activity was seen in males compared to females at all doses tested except 0.1 mu g/kg. EROD activity did not attain a maximum in either sex. Similarly, MEROD activity was induced at lower doses of TCDD in females than in males (0.1 vs. 0.3 mu g/kg, respectively). MEROD activity was maximally induced at 0.3 mu g/kg in males. ln females, MEROD did not attain maximum induction at the doses rested. ACOH activity was induced at doses as low as 0.3 mu g/kg in both sexes, and the dose-dependent increases in activity were equivalent in males and females. Both ACOH and MEROD activity correlated well with CYP1A2 levels as determined Dy Western blot analysis, although there was a greater fold induction of protein than either MEROD or ACOH. Although MEROD and ACOH are both markers for the same response, MEROD activity may be a more useful marker because it is the quicker and more sensitive of the two assays. C1 NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,COMPARAT CARCINOGENESIS LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702. DUKE UNIV,CTR EXTRAPOLAT MODELING,DURHAM,NC. RP DeVito, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 33 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD MAR PY 1996 VL 47 IS 4 BP 379 EP 394 DI 10.1080/009841096161717 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UA178 UT WOS:A1996UA17800006 PM 8600290 ER PT J AU Rossman, LA Boulos, BF AF Rossman, LA Boulos, BF TI Numerical methods for modeling water quality in distribution systems: A comparison SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION; NETWORKS AB A comparison is made between the formulation and computational performance of four numerical methods for modeling the transient behavior of water quality in drinking-water-distribution systems. Two are Eulerian-based (the finite-difference and discrete-volume methods) and two are Lagrangian-based (the time-driven and event-driven methods). The Eulerian approaches move water between fixed grid points or volume segments in pipes as time is advanced in uniform increments. The Lagrangian methods update conditions in variable-sized segments of water at either uniform time increments or only at times when a new segment reaches a downstream pipe junction. Each method is encoded into an existing distribution-system simulation model and run on several pipe networks of varying size under equal accuracy tolerances. Results show that the accuracies of the methods are comparable. The Lagrangian methods are more efficient for simulating chemical transport. For modeling water age, the time-driven Lagrangian method is the most-efficient while the Eulerian methods are more memory-efficient. C1 MONTGOMERY WATSON,WATER DISTRIBUT TECHNOL,PASADENA,CA 91101. RP Rossman, LA (reprint author), US EPA,ENGN & COST SECT,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 30 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 122 IS 2 BP 137 EP 146 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1996)122:2(137) PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TX198 UT WOS:A1996TX19800007 ER PT J AU Chapman, PM Bridgman, J Kitagawa, J Dickason, G Dailey, A AF Chapman, PM Bridgman, J Kitagawa, J Dickason, G Dailey, A TI Science and common sense in Port Valdez, Alaska SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material AB Based on past history, reissuance of the effluent discharge permit for the Ballast Water Treatment Plant at the Valdez Terminal of the Trans Alaska Pipeline System should have been highly contentious and divisive, This has not been the case due to what the authors believe could be a model for progress through co-operation. (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 REG CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNCIL, PORT VALDEZ, AK USA. ALASKA DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT, PORT VALDEZ, AK USA. ALYESKA PIPELINE CO, ANCHORAGE, AK USA. US EPA, SEATTLE, WA USA. RP EVS CONSULTANTS LTD, 195 PEMBERTON AVE, N VANCOUVER, BC V7P 2R4, CANADA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 254 EP 256 DI 10.1016/0025-326X(96)00003-3 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UC337 UT WOS:A1996UC33700013 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Shafer, TJ AF Gilbert, ME Shafer, TJ TI In vitro exposure to aluminum does not alter long-term potentiation or glutamate release in rat hippocampal slices SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aluminum; hippocampus; long-term potentiation; glutamate; CA1; in vitro ID AVOIDANCE-RESPONSE ACQUISITION; CALCIUM-CHANNEL CURRENTS; NEUROFIBRILLARY DEGENERATION; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; PYRAMIDAL NEURONS; DENTATE GYRUS; CA-CHANNELS; ENCEPHALOPATHY; INTOXICATION; INHIBITION AB Aluminum has been reported to inhibit long-term potentiation (LTP) following in vivo administration and decrease glutamate release following in vitro exposure. Because glutamate release is critical for synaptic transmission and the development and maintenance of LTP in the hippocampus, we examined the effects of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on depolarization-induced glutamate release and LTP in rat hippocampal slices. The effects of AlCl3 on [C-14]glutamate release were examined by incubation of slices in depolarizing (56 mM) K+ buffer solution in the absence or presence of 2 mM CaCl2. After 15 min depolarization, AlCl3 (100-1000 mu M) did not significantly affect Ca2+-dependent [C-14]glutamate release from slices, whereas a known Ca2+ channel blocker (100 mu M CdCl2) decreased Ca2+-dependent [C-14]glutamate release by approximately 50%. In contrast to a previous report, acute exposure to AlCl3 was without effect on depolarization-dependent glutamate release. LTP of the population spike (PS) in CAI of hippocampus was induced by the delivery of stimulus trains to the stratum radiatum. LTP of the PS was observed in both control slices and slices bathed in solution containing 100 mu M AlCl3. Neither the magnitude nor longevity (measured up to 1 h posttrain) of LTP distinguished control from aluminum-exposed slices. The lack of sensitivity in rat to the encephalopathic changes induced by aluminum, or methodological differences in exposure conditions may account for the lack of effect of aluminum on in vitro LTP in rat hippocampus. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27515 USA. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(95)02017-9 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA UC066 UT WOS:A1996UC06600007 PM 8709929 ER PT J AU Ellis, H Ringold, PL Holdren, GR AF Ellis, H Ringold, PL Holdren, GR TI Emission reductions and ecological response: Management models for acid rain control SO SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LINEAR-PROGRAMMING MODEL; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; CONTROL STRATEGIES; POLICY ANALYSIS; DEPOSITION; WATER; SELECTION AB Presented in this paper is a series of optimization analyses for acid rain control in eastern North America. The analyses involve models that minimize cost or emissions removed subject to environmental quality restrictions at selected sensitive receptor locations. Site-specific critical loads are the measures of environmental quality, where critical loads are roughly interpreted as levels of areal pollutant deposition beyond which deleterious ecological effects are thought to occur. Our approach is demonstrated with an application that includes critical loads estimated for 768 lakes in the Adirondacks. As well, a stratified random subsample of 122 sites is modeled to assess the effects of sampling intensity on the control scenarios that are identified through the optimization procedures. Two different models for estimating site-specific critical loads are used and their effects on control strategies are assessed. From a somewhat broader perspective, this work is a demonstration of the feasibility and usefulness of large-scale integrated assessment and the role that operations research methods can play in that process. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB, ORD, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. PACIFIC NW LAB, WATER & LAND RESOURCES DEPT, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. RP Ellis, H (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM ENGN, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0121 J9 SOCIO ECON PLAN SCI JI Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1016/0038-0121(95)00025-9 PG 12 WC Economics; Management; Operations Research & Management Science SC Business & Economics; Operations Research & Management Science GA UM542 UT WOS:A1996UM54200002 ER PT J AU Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW Yu, YS Akim, LG AF Shevchenko, SM Bailey, GW Yu, YS Akim, LG TI Nanoscale morphology of lignins and their chemical transformation products SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE anatomy; bibliographies; humic materials; lignins; microscopy AB Reductive splitting experiments demonstrated a high degree of preservation of typical lignin structures in humic substances that are the major products of lignin environmental biodegradation. Atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy provided a comparative analysis of the morphological character of lignin, lignin model compounds, and humic substances sorbed on organic and mineral surfaces. Chemical and morphological similarity between lignins and humic substances suggests the use of waste lignins as soil improvement agents. RP Shevchenko, SM (reprint author), US EPA,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 227 EP 237 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA TY532 UT WOS:A1996TY53200023 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Yang, Y Gray, LE AF Gordon, CJ Yang, Y Gray, LE TI Autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation in golden hamsters exposed perinatally to dioxin SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RATS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN AB Perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes a permanent change in thermoregulatory control of male offspring of the rat, characterized by a reduced core temperature (T-c) over a wide range of ambient temperatures (T-a). To examine the similarities in this effect across species, the thermoregulatory effects of perinatal TCDD were evaluated in the golden hamster, a species which is very resistant to the lethal effects of TCDD. Adult male hamsters exposed on Gestational Day 11.5-11.75 to 2.0 mu g TCDD/kg by gavage were subjected to a variety of behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory measurements. Nocturnal T-c of TCDD-treated animals was 0.4 to 1.0 degrees C below that of controls over a T-a range of 14 to 34 degrees C. Hypothermia persisted in spite of normal metabolic responses to cold exposure. The hypothermic effect of perinatal TCDD exposure was found to persist over a 24-hr period in unrestrained hamsters monitored by radiotelemetry. The TCDD-treated hamster offspring placed in a temperature gradient exhibited a preference for warm T-a's for 2 to 3 hr; however, when maintained over a 22-hr period in the gradient there was no effect of TCDD on behavioral thermoregulation. TCDD had no effect on motor activity measured over a 24-hr period. TCDD resulted in a similar to 30% reduction in body weight compared to controls; however, this weight loss appeared to have no bearing on the thermoregulatory deficiencies of the TCDD-treated animals. TCDD-treated hamsters displayed a normal metabolic response to cold exposure; thus, it would appear that perinatal exposure to TCDD leads to a dysfunction in the central control of body temperature. The perinatal effects of TCDD on thermoregulation in the rat and hamster appear to be similar. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 137 IS 1 BP 120 EP 125 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0063 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TY926 UT WOS:A1996TY92600013 PM 8607137 ER PT J AU Hudnell, HK Boyes, WK Otto, DA House, DE Creason, JP Geller, AM Darcey, DJ Broadwell, DK AF Hudnell, HK Boyes, WK Otto, DA House, DE Creason, JP Geller, AM Darcey, DJ Broadwell, DK TI Battery of neurobehavioral tests recommended to ATSDR: Solvent-induced deficits in microelectronic workers SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. DUKE UNIV,DURHAM,NC 27706. RP Hudnell, HK (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 235 EP 243 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UR225 UT WOS:A1996UR22500011 PM 8794536 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM AF Crofton, KM TI A structure-activity relationship for the neurotoxicity of triazole fungicides SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE neurotoxicity; triazoles; hyperactivity; structure-activity relationship ID USTILAGO-AVENAE; MOTOR-ACTIVITY; TRIADIMEFON; RATS; HYPERACTIVITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; INHIBITORS AB Previous work has demonstrated that acute exposures to the triazole fungicide triadimefon affects central nervous system (CNS) catecholamines and induces a transient syndrome in rats that consists of hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviors, The present research was designed to determine whether this type of CNS toxicity is characteristic of other triazoles. Dose-effect functions were determined for 14 different triazoles or structurally related pesticides in adult male Long-Evans rats, All chemicals were administered per os in corn oil. Hyperactivity was measured for 2 h in figure-eight mazes, Results indicated that only triadimefon and triadimenol were able to induce hyperactivity; none of the other chemicals produced this effect. These data suggest a very rigid structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the hyperactivity syndrome and indicate that CNS effects may be minimized in the future design of triazoles without impacting fungicidal efficacy. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH EFFECTS & ENVIRONM RES LAB,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 17 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 84 IS 3 BP 155 EP 159 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03618-0 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UC207 UT WOS:A1996UC20700005 PM 8600615 ER PT J AU Pinkowski, BJ AF Pinkowski, BJ TI Simplifying CERCLA defenses to liability SO URBAN LAWYER LA English DT Article RP Pinkowski, BJ (reprint author), US EPA,DENVER,CO, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BAR ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 750 N LAKE SHORE DR ATTN:ORDER FULFILLMENT, CHICAGO, IL 60611 SN 0042-0905 J9 URBAN LAWYER JI Urban Lawyer PD SPR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 197 EP 221 PG 25 WC Law; Urban Studies SC Government & Law; Urban Studies GA UM434 UT WOS:A1996UM43400002 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Vance, NC Hamilton, MA Zabowski, D Watrud, LS Adriano, DC AF Entry, JA Vance, NC Hamilton, MA Zabowski, D Watrud, LS Adriano, DC TI Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID RADIOACTIVE CESIUM; RADIOCESIUM; ACCUMULATION; SR-90 AB Ecosystems throughout the world have been contaminated with radionuclides by aboveground nuclear testing, nuclear reactor accidents and nuclear power generation. Radioisotopes characteristic of nuclear fission, such as Cs-137 and Sr-90, that are released into the environment can become more concentrated as they move up the food chain often becoming human health hazards. Natural environmental processes will redistribute long lived radionuclides that are released into the environment among soil, plants and wildlife. Numerous studies have shown that Cs-137 and Sr-90 are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow. The top 0.4 meters of the soil is where plant roots actively accumulate elements. Since plants are known to take up and accumulate Cs-137 and Sr-90, removal of these radionuclides from contaminated soils by plants could provide a reliable and economical method of remediation. One approach is to use fast growing plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi combined with soil organic amendments to maximize the plant accumulation and removal of radionuclides from contaminated soils, followed by harvest of above-ground portion of the plants. High temperature combustion would be used to oxidize plant material concentrating Cs-137 and Sr-90 in ash for disposal. When areas of land have been contaminated with radionuclides are large, using energy intensive engineering solutions to remediate huge volumes of soil is not feasible or economical. Plants are proposed as a viable and cost effective method to remove radionuclides from the soils that have been contaminated by nuclear testing and nuclear reactor accidents. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415. UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TERR ECOL BRANCH,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV GEORGIA,SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB,AIKEN,SC 29802. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 40 TC 69 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 22 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 176 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UE413 UT WOS:A1996UE41300011 ER PT J AU Kim, IS Young, JC Tabak, HH AF Kim, IS Young, JC Tabak, HH TI Impact of chloroanilines on hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in ethanol-enriched cultures SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis; chloroanilines; toxic chemicals; anaerobic reactions; acetogenesis; methanogenesis; hydrogen conversion; wastewater treatment; anaerobic digestion ID SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA; ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION; KINETIC-PARAMETERS; INHIBITION; ACETATE; METABOLISM; CONVERSION; BUTYRATE; METHANE; FORMATE AB The impact of toxic organic chemicals on the kinetics of hydrogen conversion in ethanol-enriched cultures has been investigated. The study first involved an assessment of the kinetics of gaseous hydrogen transformation in a hydrogen-enriched culture. Tests to quantify the distribution of biomass in an ethanol-enriched culture indicated that hydrogenotropic methanogens made up 25.4% of the total biomass. Various amounts of chlorinated anilines were then added to ethanol-enriched test cultures to determine their impact on the hydrogen conversion reaction. Test results indicated that hydrogen conversion was mass-transfer limited from the gas phase but not from solution. While chlorinated anilines had a major adverse impact on acetogenic conversion of ethanol to hydrogen, the associated hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis reaction was affected to lesser extent by the toxicants. Tests with 3-chlorophenol showed similar inhibition of acetogenesis and acetoclastic methanogenesis but not hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. The principal significance in this study is thought to lie in the use of specific hydrogenotrophic biomass for assessing the kinetics of hydrogen conversion and in the observation that the kinetics of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was not adversely affected by chlorinated anilines and chlorinated phenols. The principal application lies in the observation that gas-phase hydrogen may not be a good measure of the impact of toxic organic chemicals on anaerobic digestion processes. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. KWANGJU INST SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,KWANGJU,SOUTH KOREA. US EPA,RES CTR,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 601 EP 612 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00197-2 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA TU580 UT WOS:A1996TU58000013 ER PT J AU Gu, RC McCutcheon, SC Wang, PF AF Gu, RC McCutcheon, SC Wang, PF TI Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION; LAKES; RIVER AB An integral simulation model has been developed for understanding and simulating the process of a density current and the transport of spilled chemicals in a stratified reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behavior and mixing mechanisms in different flow regimes (plunging flow, underflow, and interflow). It computes flow rate, velocity, flow thickness, mixing parameterized by entrainment and dilution, depths of plunging, separation and intrusion, and time of travel. The model was applied to the Shasta Reservoir in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River chemical spill. The simulations were used to assist in the emergency response, confirm remediation measures, and guide data collection. Spill data that were available after the emergency response are used to conduct a postaudit of the model results. Predicted flow parameters are presented and compared with observed interflow intrusion depth, travel time, and measured concentrations of spilled chemicals. In the reservoir, temperature difference between incoming river flow and ambient lake water played a dominant role during the processes of flow plunging, separation, and intrusion. With the integral approach, the gross flow behavior can be adequately described and information useful in the analysis of contaminated flow in a reservoir after a spill is provided. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025. RP Gu, RC (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL ENGN,DEPT CIVIL & CONSTRUCT ENGN,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 695 EP 705 DI 10.1029/95WR03486 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA TX708 UT WOS:A1996TX70800018 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Hughes, MF Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Hughes, MF Thomas, DJ TI Liberation and analysis of protein-bound arsenicals SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE arsenicals; proteins ID MARMOSET MONKEYS; ARSENATE; BINDING; RABBITS AB Protein-bound arsenicals were liberated from binding sites on liver cytosolic proteins by exposure to 0.1 M CuCl at pH 1. This method released greater than 90% of the arsenicals associated with biological matrices. Ultrafiltrates of CuCl-treated cytosols were subjected to thin-layer chromatography to speciate and quantify inorganic and methylated arsenicals. For rat liver cytosol in an in vitro methylation assay and for liver and kidney cytosols from arsenite-treated mice, most inorganic arsenic was protein bound. Appreciable fractions of the organoarsenical metabolites present in these cytosols were also protein bound. Therefore, CuCl treatment of cytosols releases protein-bound arsenicals, permitting more accurate estimates of the pattern and extent of arsenic methylation in vitro and in vivo. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. RP Styblo, M (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPTL TOXICOL DIV,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 14 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B-Biomed. Appl. PD FEB 23 PY 1996 VL 677 IS 1 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00490-4 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TZ696 UT WOS:A1996TZ69600019 PM 8925090 ER PT J AU Christ, SA Read, EJ Stober, JA Smith, MK AF Christ, SA Read, EJ Stober, JA Smith, MK TI Developmental effects of trichloroacetonitrile administered in corn oil to pregnant Long-Evans rats SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID WATER BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; CHLORINE DISINFECTION; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; DOSING VEHICLES; GOLDEN-HAMSTER; HALOACETONITRILES; ACETONITRILES AB Trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) is a by-product of the chlorine disinfection of water containing natural organic material. When administered by gavage to pregnant Long-Evans rats in a medium-chain triglyceride vehicle, tricaprylin oil (Tricap), at a volume of 10 ml/kg, TCAN induced fetal cardiovascular anomalies at doses as low as 1 mg/kg/d (Smith et al., 1988). A slight but possibly biologically significant increase over the water control group in adverse pregnancy outcomes (resorptions, reduced fetal weight, and anomalies) was observed in the Tricap control group. This led us to reexamine the developmental effects of TCAN in a second vehicle, corn oil (CO). Five groups of approximately 20 pregnant female rats received TCAN in CO at 15, 35, 55, and 75 mg/kg/d, and in Tricap at 15 mg/kg/d (10 ml/kg dosing volume). Corn oil, Tricap, and water served as vehicle controls. Animals were treated by oral intubation on gestation d 6-18 (vaginal plug = d 0). Five out of 20 darns (75 mg/kg) died during treatment. Adjusted maternal weight gain was lower in females receiving 35 mg/kg TCAN or greater. The mean percent of nonlive implants per litter was elevated at 55 and 75 mg/kg TCAN (CO). The TCAN dose-response curve for fetal (but not maternal) effects was shifted to the right when CO was compared to Tricap. Fetal weight was reduced at 15 mg/kg TCAN (Tricap) and at greater than or equal to 55 mg/kg TCAN (CO). When TCAN was administered in CO, the mean frequency of soft-tissue malformations decreased with significantly fewer septal and great vessel cardiovascular defects observed. We hypothesize that the volatile haloacetonitrile, TCAN, may interact with the Tricap vehicle in such a way that effects on the developing cardiovascular system are potentiated. The lowest observed adverse effect level for TCAN (CO) was determined to be 35 kg/kg. C1 COMP SCI CORP,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Christ, SA (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,RM 642,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD FEB 23 PY 1996 VL 47 IS 3 BP 233 EP 247 DI 10.1080/009841096161762 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA TW555 UT WOS:A1996TW55500003 PM 8604148 ER PT J AU Hlohowskyj, I Brody, MS Lackey, RT AF Hlohowskyj, I Brody, MS Lackey, RT TI Methods for assessing the vulnerability of African fisheries resources to climate change SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Vulnerability and Adaptation of African Ecosystems to Global Climate Change CY MAR 07-15, 1995 CL HARARE, ZIMBABWE SP US Country Studies Program DE bioenergetics model; climate change; empirical models; fish yield; habitat suitability index; tropical freshwater fisheries ID FLOW INCREMENTAL METHODOLOGY; GREAT-LAKES FISH; FRESH-WATER; THERMAL HABITAT; ENVIRONMENTAL-TEMPERATURE; POTENTIAL CHANGES; AIR-TEMPERATURE; YIELDS; GROWTH; ECOSYSTEMS AB Because of the dietary and financial importance of fisheries resources in many African countries, concerns have been expressed regarding the potential for adverse impacts to fisheries resources from climate change, and a need has been identified for assessment tools that can evaluate the potential for impacts in a timely and cost-effective manner. This paper presents a framework and set of methods for assessing the potential effects of climate change on fisheries resources in Africa. The framework identifies the need to first link predicted climate changes to changes in the aquatic environment, and only then can potential impacts to aquatic resources be evaluated. The approach developed for Africa was constrained by several factors, including availability of existing data and assessment technologies, and the need for a rapid evaluation of potential climate impacts. The assessment approach employs a variety of methods including empirical models which predict changes in mortality, maximum sustainable yield, and yearly catch, a bioenergetics model, and a habitat suitability model Previously developed or newly derived site-specific empirical models can be used to compare mortality, yield, and annual catch estimates among historic, current, and predicted climate conditions. Similarly, bioenergetics modeling can be used to compare growth rates and biomass production among different climate conditions. Habitat suitability models can be developed for current climate conditions, and the effects of changes in climate-driven habitat variables such as water depth, temperature, and current velocity on habitat suitability can be evaluated for different climate conditions. Use of these approaches is recommended because they can utilize existing ecological data and do not require extensive new data collection activities, they are not technologically complex, and they can provide evaluations of potential climate change impacts in a timely and cost-effective manner. C1 US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Hlohowskyj, I (reprint author), ARGONNE NATL LAB,ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT DIV,9700 S CASS AVE,ARGONNE,IL 60439, USA. NR 64 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD FEB 19 PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 97 EP 106 DI 10.3354/cr006097 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UD549 UT WOS:A1996UD54900003 ER PT J AU Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA Brockman, HE DeFlora, S AF Waters, MD Stack, HF Jackson, MA Brockman, HE DeFlora, S TI Activity profiles of antimutagens: In vitro and in vivo data SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Mechanisms of Antimutagenesis and Anticarcinogenesis CY SEP 04-09, 1994 CL BANFF, CANADA SP IGEN Inc, Rockville, Tyler Res Instruments Corp, Edmonton, US Natl Canc Inst, US EPA, Kellogg Co, Alberta Heritage Fdn Med Res, Univ Alberta, Dairy Farmers Canada, Dairy Nutr Council Alberta, Nat Sci & Engn Res Council Canada, Raylo Chem, Edmonton, Genet Soc Can DE antimutagenicity profile; aflatoxin B-1 benzo[a]pyrene; chlorophyllin; food pyrolysates or heterocyclic amine; metabolism; mechanisms; N-Acetylcysteine; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; retinol; retinoid ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; RETINOL VITAMIN-A; SALMONELLA MICROSOME ASSAY; CHINESE-HAMSTER CELLS; N-ACETYLCYSTEINE; V79 CELLS; 3-AMINO-1-METHYL-5H-PYRIDO<4,3-B>INDOLE TRP-P-2; 2-AMINO-3-METHYLIMIDAZO<4,5-F>QUINOLINE IQ; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI AB In this review, retinol, chlorophyllin, and N-acetylcysteine are examined and compared with regard to their antimutagenic activity against some promutagens and a group of direct-acting alkylating agents. The promutagens included aflatoxin B(1), certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene), and certain heterocyclic amines (e.g., food pyrolysates). Results of antimutagenicity testing selected from data surveyed in the published literature are displayed graphically as activity profiles of antimutagens showing both the doses tested and the extent of inhibition or enhancement of mutagenic activity. All three antimutagens are discussed in terms of their putative mechanisms of action in vitro and in vivo with emphasis on the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme systems. C1 INTEGRATED SYST LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. ILLINOIS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, NORMAL, IL 61790 USA. UNIV GENOA, I-16132 GENOA, ITALY. RP Waters, MD (reprint author), US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 116 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD FEB 19 PY 1996 VL 350 IS 1 BP 109 EP 129 DI 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00097-6 PG 21 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA TY150 UT WOS:A1996TY15000015 PM 8657173 ER PT J AU Thomas, DH LopezAvila, V Betowski, LD VanEmon, J AF Thomas, DH LopezAvila, V Betowski, LD VanEmon, J TI Determination of carbendazim in water by high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array or mass spectrometric detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE immunoaffinity columns; carbendazim ID AFFINITY-CHROMATOGRAPHY; COLUMN; IMMUNOASSAY; SERUM AB An automated method for the determination of carbendazim in water that combines high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography (HPIAC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the reversed-phase mode, and detection by either UV-Vis diode array detector (DAD) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS) is presented here. This method allows for the on-line extraction, preconcentration, and positive confirmation of carbendazim with a throughput of one sample analyzed every 10 min. The method requires minimal manual sample pretreatment, yet it is free from coextracted interferences that often occur in solid-phase extractions based on nonspecific sorbents. The linear range of the calibration curve for 200-mu l injections of carbendazim is 0.025 to 100 mu g/l for HPIAC-HPLC-MS and 0.075 to 100 mu g/l for HPIAC-HPLC-DAD. Because the calibration curve is mass-dependent, lower detection limits could be achieved by applying larger sample volumes to the HPIAC column. The within-day precision is +/-4.5% for HPIAC-HPLC-MS and +/-16% for HPIAC-HPLC-DAD for samples containing 0.1 mu g/l carbendazim. The results from this method correlate well with results from an ELISA. C1 CALIF OPERAT,MIDWEST RES INST,MT VIEW,CA 94043. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD FEB 16 PY 1996 VL 724 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 217 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00917-5 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TX704 UT WOS:A1996TX70400022 ER PT J AU Ferrario, J Byrne, C McDaniel, D Dupuy, A Harless, R AF Ferrario, J Byrne, C McDaniel, D Dupuy, A Harless, R TI Determination of 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans at the part per trillion level in United States beef fat using high resolution gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FOOD; PCDDS; PCDFS; MILK AB As part of the U.S. EPA Dioxin Reassessment Program, the 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans were measured at part per trillion (ppt) levels in beef fat collected from slaughter facilities in the United States. This is the first statistically designed national survey of these compounds in the U.S. beef supply. Analyte concentrations were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry,using isotope dilution methodology. Method limits of detection on a whole weight basis were 0.05 ppt for TCDD and 0.10 ppt for TCDF, 0.50 ppt for the pentas (PeCDDs/PeCDFs)/hexas (HxCDDs/HxCDFs)/heptas (HpCDDs/HpCDFs), and 3.00 ppt for the octas (OCDD/OCDF). Method detection and quantitation limits were established on the basis of demonstrated performance criteria utilizing fortified samples rather than by conventional signal-to-noise or variability of response methods. The background subtraction procedures developed for this study minimized the likelihood of false positives and increased the confidence associated with reported values near the detection limits, Mean and median values for each of the 2,3,7,8-Cl-substituted dioxins and furans are reported, along with the supporting information required for their interpretation. The mean toxic equivalence values for the samples are 0.35 ppt (nondetects = 0) and 0.89 ppt (nondetects = 1/2 LOD). C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,OFF RES & DEV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Ferrario, J (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,OPP,BEAD,ACB,ENVIRONM CHEM SECT,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529, USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 4 BP 647 EP 652 DI 10.1021/ac950702k PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TU971 UT WOS:A1996TU97100010 PM 8999739 ER PT J AU Tsai, WH DeAngelo, AB AF Tsai, WH DeAngelo, AB TI Responsiveness of hepatocytes from dichloroacetic acid or phenobarbital treated mice to growth factors in primary culture SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE growth factors; dichloroacetic acid; phenobarbital; DNA synthesis; hepatocytes ID HEPATIC TUMOR PROMOTERS; LIVER-REGENERATION; RAT HEPATOCYTES; FACTOR RECEPTOR; HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; MUTAGENICITY; DNA; CARCINOGENICITY; METABOLITES; NODULES AB Hepatocytes isolated from male B6C3F1 mice and maintained in primary culture were exposed to epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) alone or in combination with the mitoinhibitory transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). Groups of mice were exposed to 3.5 g/l dichloroacetid acid (DCA), 0.1% phenobarbital (PB) or the drinking water vehicle for 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, or 90 days. Following a 2 h attachment period, the growth factors with or without TGF-beta 1 were added together with [H-3]thymidine. The cells were harvested 48 h later and the incorporation of the labeled thymidine into cellular DNA was determined. Basal DNA synthesis was enhanced following 2 days of PB treatment after which it declined to levels significantly below that in the untreated mice. No early time enhancement of DNA synthesis was measured in the hepatocyte cultures for animals exposed to DCA, but the late time inhibition was also seen Primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from control and DCA treated mice exhibited similarly enhanced DNA synthesis in response to EGF, HGF, or aFGF alone or in combination with TGF-beta 1. In contrast, hepatocytes from PB treated animals were refractory to the effects of the growth factors at all time periods. These data suggest that the early depression of cell proliferation we have seen during DCA induced hepatocellular cancer is not due to an impaired ability of hepatocytes to respond to growth factors and that the mechanisms of liver tumorigenesis in the mouse induced by PB and DCA are dissimilar. C1 US EPA,TOXICOL RES PROGRAM,UNC CH,EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD FEB 6 PY 1996 VL 99 IS 2 BP 177 EP 183 DI 10.1016/0304-3835(95)04053-6 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TU575 UT WOS:A1996TU57500007 PM 8616822 ER PT J AU Schmitt, P Garrison, A Freitag, D Kettrup, A AF Schmitt, P Garrison, A Freitag, D Kettrup, A TI Separation of s-triazine herbicides and their metabolites by capillary zone electrophoresis as a function of pH SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; s-triazines; herbicides ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; ATRAZINE; WATERS; ISOTACHOPHORESIS; SOIL AB The effects of buffer pH on electrophoretic mobility of various s-triazines (chloro-, hydroxy-, methoxy- and thiomethyl-s-triazines) in light of their chemical properties have been studied. Good separation was achieved for each class of s-triazines as cations, except for the chlorotriazines, with buffer pH around the pK(a) of the herbicides, as well as at a pH of pK(a) - 2. Migration times were correlated with molecular masses (as a first approximation of molecular size and shape). Possible hydrophobic wall interactions were detected at acidic pH and low voltage, Separation of hydroxytriazine metabolites as anions could also be achieved at a high pH of around 8, The detection level calculated for most of these s-triazines was 0.05 mu g/ml of analyte in the injection solution. C1 GSF,INST OKOL CHEM,D-85356 ATTACHING,GERMANY. US EPA,ECOSYST RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 25 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD FEB 2 PY 1996 VL 723 IS 1 BP 169 EP 177 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00805-5 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TW152 UT WOS:A1996TW15200018 ER PT J AU Morris, RD Naumova, EN Levin, R Munasinghe, RL AF Morris, RD Naumova, EN Levin, R Munasinghe, RL TI Temporal variation in drinking water turbidity and diagnosed gastroenteritis in Milwaukee SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB Daily counts of diagnosed gastroenteritis (gastrointestinal events) in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, from January 1992 through April 1993 were compared with reported daily turbidity from the two drinking water treatment plants serving the county. Turbidity in both plants was associated with an increased number of gastrointestinal events even after exclusion of a major documented outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. During the 434-day period prior to the outbreak, an increase in turbidity of 0.5 nephelometric turbidity units at one of the plants was associated with relative risks for gastrointestinal events of 2.35 among children (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34, 4.12) and 1.17 among adults (95% CI = 0.91, 1.52). C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Morris, RD (reprint author), MED COLL WISCONSIN,DEPT COMMUNITY & FAMILY MED,CTR ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL,701 WATERTOWN PLANK RD,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226, USA. RI Naumova, Elena/C-5954-2011; OI Naumova, Elena/0000-0002-9562-4734 NR 14 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 1996 VL 86 IS 2 BP 237 EP 239 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.2.237 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU708 UT WOS:A1996TU70800017 PM 8633742 ER PT J AU Bascom, R Bromberg, PA Hill, C Costa, DL Devlin, R Dockery, DW Frampton, MW Lambert, W Samet, JM Speizer, FE Utell, M AF Bascom, R Bromberg, PA Hill, C Costa, DL Devlin, R Dockery, DW Frampton, MW Lambert, W Samet, JM Speizer, FE Utell, M TI Health effects of outdoor air pollution SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID NITROGEN-DIOXIDE EXPOSURE; CARBON-MONOXIDE EXPOSURE; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ISCHEMIC HEART-DISEASE; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; CHILDHOOD RESPIRATORY ILLNESS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATION; RAT FOLLOWING EXPOSURE; SHORT-TERM C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED & DENT,ROCHESTER,NY. UNIV NEW MEXICO,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,CHANNING LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115. RP Bascom, R (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201, USA. NR 228 TC 223 Z9 230 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 153 IS 2 BP 477 EP 498 PG 22 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA TT884 UT WOS:A1996TT88400001 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Donnelly, JR Sovocool, GW Brumley, WC AF Grange, AH Donnelly, JR Sovocool, GW Brumley, WC TI Determination of elemental compositions from mass peak profiles of the molecular ion (M) and the M+1 and M+2 ions SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The relative abundances of M + 1 and M + 2 ions help to identify the elemental composition of the molecular ion (M). But scan speed, sensitivity, and resolution limitations of mass spectrometers have impeded determination of these abundances, Mass peak profiling from selected ion recording data (MPPSIRD) provided faster sampling and enhanced sensitivity, which permitted use of higher resolution, M + 2 profiles having only a few percent of the ion abundance of M were monitored at 20 000 resolution. The relative abundances, exact masses, and shapes of M, M + 1, and M + 2 mass peak profiles were determined, By applying five criteria based on these quantities, elemental compositions were determined even for ions too large (up to 766 Da) to be uniquely assigned from their exact mass and accuracy limits alone, A profile generation model (PGM) was written to predict these resolution-dependent quantities by considering all M + 1 and M + 2 ions for each candidate composition, The model also provided assurance that no other compositions were possible, Characterization of the M + 1 and M + 2 profiles by MPPSIRD and the PGM greatly expanded the practical ability of high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine elemental compositions. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), LOCKHEED ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 10 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 1 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 3 BP 553 EP 560 DI 10.1021/ac950867t PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TR964 UT WOS:A1996TR96400021 PM 21619089 ER PT J AU Selifonov, SA Grifoll, M Eaton, RW Chapman, PJ AF Selifonov, SA Grifoll, M Eaton, RW Chapman, PJ TI Oxidation of naphthenoaromatic and methyl-substituted aromatic compounds by naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; TOLUENE DIOXYGENASE; ANGULAR DIOXYGENATION; HYDROCARBONS; CATABOLISM; METABOLISM; DIBENZOTHIOPHENE; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROXYLATION; MONOOXYGENASE AB Oxidation of acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene was examined with recombinant strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1(pRE695) expressing naphthalene dioxygenase genes cloned from plasmid NAH7, Acenaphthene underwent monooxygenation to 1-acenaphthenol with subsequent conversion to 1-acenaphthenone and cis- and trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diols, while acenaphthylene was dioxygenated to give cis-acenaphthene-1,2-diol. Nonspecific dehydrogenase activities present in the host strain led to the conversion of both of the acenaphthene-1,2-diols to 1,2-acenaphthoquinone. The latter was oxidized spontaneously to naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, No aromatic ring dioxygenation products were detected from acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Mixed monooxygenase and dioxygenase actions of naphthalene dioxygenase on fluorene yielded products of benzylic 9-monooxygenation, aromatic ring dioxygenation, or both, The action of naphthalene dioxygenase on a variety of methyl-substituted aromatic compounds, including 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and isomers of dimethylnaphthalene, resulted in the formation of benzylic alcohols, i.e., methyl group monooxygenation products, which were subsequently converted to the corresponding carboxylic acids by dehydrogenase(s) in the host strain, Benzylic monooxygenation of methyl groups was strongly predominant over aromatic ring dioxygenation and essentially nonspecific with respect to the substitution pattern of the aromatic substrates, In addition to monooxygenating benzylic methyl and methylene groups, naphthalene dioxygenase behaved as a sulfoxygenase, catalyzing monooxygenation of the sulfur heteroatom of 3-methylbenzothiophene. C1 UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV BARCELONA,DEPT MICROBIOL,E-08028 BARCELONA,SPAIN. RP Selifonov, SA (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT BIOCHEM,140 GORTNER LAB,1479 GORTNER AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. RI Grifoll, Magdalena/G-1131-2016 NR 47 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 507 EP 514 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TT690 UT WOS:A1996TT69000032 PM 16535238 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG AF Whitford, WG TI The importance of the biodiversity of soil biota in arid ecosystems SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE diversity; functional groups; keystone species; microarthropods; nematodes; protozoans; termites; ants ID CHIHUAHUAN DESERT ECOSYSTEM; NORTHERN MOJAVE DESERT; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SIMULATED RAINFALL; FOOD WEBS; MICROARTHROPODS; NEMATODES AB The importance of soil biota in maintaining ecosytem integrity is examined by a review of studies of soil processes and soil biota in arid ecosystems. In decomposition and mineralization processes, there is a temporal succession of microarthropod and nematode species. Tydeid mites are keystone species in the early stages of decomposition. Soil pore neck size variation affects the spatial distribution of soil biota and requires that species differ in size to provide efficient processing of organic matter. In arid ecosystems, the sub-set of soil biota that is active at any point in time is determined by the soil water potential and soil temperature. The structure of soil microarthropod assemblages is similar in several arid regions of the world and abundance and diversity are directly related to quantity of litter accumulations and soil organic matter. The unique life histories and behavioural characteristics of desert soil macrofauna (termites and ants) determine the effects of these organisms on soil properties and soil formation. The soil biota, by affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of essential resources (water and nutrients), are essential to the maintenance of the ecosystem integrity of arid ecosystems. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 51 TC 91 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 43 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2 BP 185 EP 195 DI 10.1007/BF00055829 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TW705 UT WOS:A1996TW70500004 ER PT J AU Ubeda, A Trillo, MA House, DE Blackman, CF AF Ubeda, A Trillo, MA House, DE Blackman, CF TI Melatonin prevents magnetic-field-induced neurite outgrowth in a subline of pheochromocytoma cells, PC12D SO BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS LA English DT Article DE melatonin; ELF magnetic field; cell differentiation ID BREAST-CANCER-CELLS; PINEAL HORMONE MELATONIN; CULTURE; MCF-7; PROLIFERATION AB Exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) has been reported to affect several cellular processes, including cell growth and differentiation. Other research has demonstrated that the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin have a wide spectrum of effects in cells and organs and can exert modulatory actions on cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Since ELF electric and magnetic fields have been shown to influence pineal activity and melatonin synthesis and/or function, it has been suggested that some of the reported effects of ELF MFs could be a consequence of the direct action of these fields on the pineal gland and/or melatonin function. Possible interactions between MFs and melatonin effects are in an early stage of investigation. In this study, we have investigated the influence of melatonin on the in vitro response of a subline of pheochromocytoma cells, PC12D, to a MF. Cells were exposed to the combined action of a physiological concentration (10(-10) M) of melatonin and a vertical, 50 Hz, 40 mo rms MF for 23 h. At the end of the treatment, the percentages of neurite-bearing cells were determined by microscopic examination and compared with those from samples treated with the field alone or with melatonin alone. MF exposure alone significantly increased the neurite outgrowth when compared with negative controls, supporting previous results by Blackman and coworkers; this effect was not observed when melatonin was present in the medium from the onset of the exposure. Although the mechanisms of action of melatonin and ELF MFs at the cellular level remain unknown, the present data suggest that physiological levels of melatonin can prevent PCl2D cells from responding to the MF stimulus. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Ubeda, A (reprint author), HOSP RAMON Y CAJAL,DEPT INVEST,E-28034 MADRID,SPAIN. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PI LAUSANNE 1 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE 1, SWITZERLAND SN 0302-4598 J9 BIOELECTROCH BIOENER JI Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 39 IS 1 BP 77 EP 81 DI 10.1016/0302-4598(95)05025-6 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA TV028 UT WOS:A1996TV02800010 ER PT J AU Machlup, S Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP AF Machlup, S Blackman, CF Blanchard, JP TI Biological effects of extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields may go linearly (not quadratically) with field amplitude. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID MECHANISM; SYSTEMS C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. US EPA,NHEERL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. BECHTEL CORP,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP MP419 EP MP419 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA TZ682 UT WOS:A1996TZ68201304 ER PT J AU Ren, L Lattier, D Lech, JJ AF Ren, L Lattier, D Lech, JJ TI Estrogenic activity in rainbow trout determined with a new cDNA probe for vitellogenesis, pSG5Vg1.1 SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 MED COLL WISCONSIN,DEPT PHARMACOL,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226. US EPA,DIV ECOL MONITORING RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 56 IS 2 BP 287 EP 294 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TM939 UT WOS:A1996TM93900018 PM 8720102 ER PT J AU Hilaly, AK Sikdar, SK AF Hilaly, AK Sikdar, SK TI Process simulators prevent pollution SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID MASS-EXCHANGE NETWORKS; ORGANIC-REACTIONS RP Hilaly, AK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUSTAINABLE TECHNOL DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MCGRAW HILL INC PI NEW YORK PA 1221 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10020 SN 0009-2460 J9 CHEM ENG-NEW YORK JI Chem. Eng. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 103 IS 2 BP 98 EP 105 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA TV958 UT WOS:A1996TV95800021 ER PT J AU Muno, WE AF Muno, WE TI EPA defended SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS LA English DT Letter RP Muno, WE (reprint author), US EPA,SUPERFUND DIV,CHICAGO,IL 60604, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0360-7275 J9 CHEM ENG PROG JI Chem. Eng. Prog. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 92 IS 2 BP 9 EP 9 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA TW204 UT WOS:A1996TW20400005 ER PT J AU Winters, D Cleverly, D Meier, K Dupuy, A Byrne, C Deyrup, C Ellis, R Ferrario, J Harless, R Lesse, W Lorber, M McDaniel, D Schaum, J Walcott, J AF Winters, D Cleverly, D Meier, K Dupuy, A Byrne, C Deyrup, C Ellis, R Ferrario, J Harless, R Lesse, W Lorber, M McDaniel, D Schaum, J Walcott, J TI A statistical survey of dioxin-like compounds in United States beef: A progress report SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds CY NOV 21-25, 1994 CL KYOTO, JAPAN ID FOOD AB The USEPA and the USDA have completed the first statistically designed survey of the occurrence and concentration of CDDs and CDFs in the fat of beef animals raised for human consumption in the United States. Back fat was sampled from 63 carcasses at federally inspected slaughter establishments nationwide. The sample design called for sampling beef animal classes in proportion to national annual slaughter statistics. All samples were analyzed using a modification of EPA method 1613, using isotope dilution, High Resolution GC/MS to determine the rate of occurrence of 2,3,7,8-substituted CDDs/CDFS. The whole weight method detection limits ranged from 0.05 ng kg(-1) for TCDD to 3 ng kg(-1) for OCDD. The results of this survey showed a mean concentration (reported as I-TEQ, lipid adjusted) in U.S. beef animals of 0.35 ng kg(-1) and 0.89 ng kg(-1) when either non-detects are treated as 0 value or assigned a value of 1/2 the detection limit, respectively. C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBSTANCES,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBSTANCES,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529. USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NR 8 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 469 EP 478 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00234-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX425 UT WOS:A1996TX42500006 PM 8907224 ER PT J AU Lu, Y Khalil, MAK AF Lu, Y Khalil, MAK TI The distribution of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere: The effects of ozone, aerosols and clouds SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; ACTINIC FLUX; PHOTODISSOCIATION; TROPOSPHERE; STRATOSPHERE; RATES AB We have developed a detailed model of solar radiation in the atmosphere as it is affected by atmospheric constituents, aerosols, clouds and the surface characteristics of the earth. Such a model is the foundation for studying global change and atmospheric chemistry under natural and disturbed conditions. The model includes radiative transfer processes for solar ultraviolet and visible wavelengths (290 similar to 700 nm) under different environmental conditions. It calculates the optical properties of aerosols and cloud droplets as well as the direct, diffuse, net, and actinic fluxes for different wavelengths, altitudes, and zenith angles at a relatively high computational speed and accuracy. It only takes about three and a half minutes to calculate all the optical properties and radiative fluxes in a cloudy air (including all the properties and fluxes in 100 sub-layers inside a cloud), and about 20 seconds in a clear sky and clean air condition at a SUN SPARCStation 10/50 (with single SPARC CPU running at about 50 MHz). We show that local environmental conditions, particularly in the lower atmosphere, can greatly alter the actinic flux throughout the atmosphere. This feature is especially apparent in the wavelengths with weak or no absorption, as multiple scattering dominates the atmospheric radiative transfer. Compared to the actinic flux under clear sky and clean air conditions, for example, the actinic flux around 400 nm at zero zenith angle decreases by a factor of 5 at the earth's surface while increasing by more than 100% at the top of the atmosphere when a one-lan altostratus cloud is added to the middle troposphere. According to our calculations, the radiation field outside a cloud is mainly controlled by the total liquid water content of the cloud; however, the actinic flux inside a cloud is very sensitive to the macro structure of the cloud. Readers may acquire the computer model from the authors. C1 PORTLAND STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PORTLAND,OR 97207. RP Lu, Y (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MD-80A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 739 EP 758 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00028-8 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TY895 UT WOS:A1996TY89500015 ER PT J AU Silver, WL Brown, S Lugo, AE AF Silver, WL Brown, S Lugo, AE TI Effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function in tropical forests SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; BIOMASS AB Changing land use in the tropics has resulted in vast areas of damaged and degraded lands where biodiversity has been reduced. The majority of research on biodiversity has been focused on population and community dynamics and has rarely considered the ecosystem processes that are intimately related We present a framework for examining the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function in natural managed, and damaged tropical forests. Using a whole-ecosystem approach, the framework identifies key nutrient and energy cycling processes and critical junctures or pathways, termed interfaces, where resources are concentrated and transferred between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Processes occurring at these interfaces, and the organisms or attributes participating in these processes, exert a strong influence on ecosystem structure. We use examples from Puerto Rico, Southern China, Dominica, and Nicaragua to illustrate bow the functional diversity framework can be applied to critically examine the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function, and the relative success or failure of rehabilitation strategies. The few available data suggest that functional diversity, and not just species richness, is important in maintaining the integrity of nutrient and energy fluxes. High species richness, however, may increase ecosystem resiliency following disturbance by increasing the number of alternative pathways for the flow of resources. We suggest ways in which the framework of functional diversity can be used to design research to examine the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem processes and in the design and evaluation of ecosystem management and land rehabilitation projects in the tropics. C1 US FOREST SERV, INT INST TROP FORESTRY, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA. US EPA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RI Silver, Whendee/H-1118-2012 NR 31 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010017.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX280 UT WOS:A1996TX28000010 ER PT J AU Waller, CL Evans, MV McKinney, JD AF Waller, CL Evans, MV McKinney, JD TI Modeling the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of chlorinated volatile organic compounds SO DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVE METABOLISM; ANAEROBIC REDUCTION; HALOGENATED ALKANES; HEPATIC MICROSOMES; CHLOROFORM; LIVER; BIOACTIVATION; VALIDATION; REGRESSION; ACTIVATION AB Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (BD-QSAR) paradigm, has been used to analyze the metabolic rates, as intrinsic clearance, of a series of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VCCs). A comparison between 3D-QSAR and conventional Hansch-type QSAR is provided, To develop predictive 3D-QSARs for metabolism, the standard CoMFA model based on steric and electrostatic potential fields must be supplemented with hydropathic and molecular orbital information also in the form of three-dimensional fields. A mechanistic interpretation of chlorinated VOC metabolism by cytochrome P450 isozymes is provided as a rationalization for the inclusion of multiple fields in the CoMFA 3D-QSAR model. Models of this type have practical utility in the development of generalized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models, as well as the rational, structure-based, design and/or selection of compounds for use in the in vivo and in vitro metabolic studies. RP Waller, CL (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH MD74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0090-9556 J9 DRUG METAB DISPOS JI Drug Metab. Dispos. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 24 IS 2 BP 203 EP 210 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TW125 UT WOS:A1996TW12500010 PM 8742232 ER PT J AU Burton, RM Suh, HH Koutrakis, P AF Burton, RM Suh, HH Koutrakis, P TI Spatial variation in particulate concentrations within metropolitan Philadelphia SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; MORTALITY; ASSOCIATIONS; ONTARIO; HEALTH AB During the summers of 1992 and 1993, particle mass concentrations (PM(2.5) and PM(10)) were measured at eight sites located within metropolitan Philadelphia. Particle sampling was performed simultaneously at these sites on alternate days during the summer of 1992 and every day at seven of these sites during the summer of 1993. Sampling was conducted over 24-h periods beginning at 9 AM (EDT) during both summers. All PM(2.5) and PM(10) samples were collected using 10 L/min inertial impactors with particle cutpoints of 2.5 and 10 mu m, respectively. In this paper, we examine the relationship among PM(2.5), coarse particulate (2.5 < d(a) < 10 mu m), and PM(10) concentrations. In addition, we analyze their spatial variation and compare our findings with those made in an earlier study of sulfate (SO42-) concentrations. PM(2.5) and PM(10) concentrations were found to be relatively uniform across Philadelphia, suggesting that concentrations measured at a single monitoring site are able to characterize particulate concentrations across Philadelphia and other similar urban areas well. Coarse particulate concentrations were found to vary spatially within Philadelphia, with its variation related to population density. Coarse particulate levels were also shown to vary by day of week as weekday levels were higher than weekend levels. Variability in PM(10) concentrations was driven primarily by variability in PM(2.5) concentrations, which in Philadelphia comprised approximately 75% of PM(10). SO42- related species in Philadelphia were, in turn, responsible for variability in PM(2.5) and, as a result, in PM(10) as well. SO42--associated species were the largest component of both PM(2.5) and PM(10) concentrations, comprising approximately 65 and 50% of their concentrations, respectively. C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 19 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 400 EP 407 DI 10.1021/es950030f PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TT496 UT WOS:A1996TT49600025 ER PT J AU Lugar, RM Harless, RL Dupuy, AE McDaniel, DD AF Lugar, RM Harless, RL Dupuy, AE McDaniel, DD TI Results of monitoring for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air at McMurdo Station, Antarctica SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS; TRANSPORT AB This paper presents the results of ambient air monitoring for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) performed during the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 austral summers in the vicinity of McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Twenty-eight air samples were collected from four different locations to determine the identity and concentration of PCDD/PCDF compounds. PCDD/PCDF compounds were not detected at either the predominantly upwind location or a more remote site on Black Island. Trace levels of only a few PCDD/PCDF congeners were detected sporadically at a location approximately 500 m downwind of the station. The most frequent, most varied, and highest levels of PCD Ds/PCDFs were measured at a ''downtown'' location, where concentrations of total PCDDs ranged from 0.12 to 1.80 pg/m(3) and total PCDFs ranged from less than 0.02 to 2.77 pg/m(3). The data indicate that there are combustion sources at McMurdo other than the solid waste incinerator (power pla nts, vehicles, heating furnaces, etc.)that contribute PCDD/PCDF compounds to the ambient air. The greatest variety and highest concentration of PCDD/PCDF congeners measured in 1992-1993 during incineration of selected solid wastes implicates the interim incinerator as the likely source of the increased presence of these compounds in air. Results from the remote Black Island site indicate that the background Antarctic air is still ''free'' of PCDD/PCDF compounds (not detectable at current method detection limits in the sub-pg/m(3) range). C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,OPPTS,OPP,BEAD,ACB,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529. RP Lugar, RM (reprint author), ERM PROGRAM MANAGEMENT CO,402 SHOUP AVE,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83402, USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 555 EP 561 DI 10.1021/es950309w PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TT496 UT WOS:A1996TT49600046 ER PT J AU Weber, EJ AF Weber, EJ TI Iron-mediated reductive transformations: Investigation of reaction mechanism SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 15 TC 193 Z9 208 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 716 EP 719 DI 10.1021/es9505210 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TT496 UT WOS:A1996TT49600067 ER PT J AU Meylan, WM Howard, PH Boethling, RS AF Meylan, WM Howard, PH Boethling, RS TI Improved method for estimating water solubility from octanol water partition coefficient SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE water solubility; estimation; log K-0w; chemical properties; environmental fate ID AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY; CHEMICALS AB Water solubility is a critical property in risk assessments for chemicals, but measured values are often unavailable. The most practical approach to estimating solubility for diverse and complex structures involves regression against the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log K-ow). However, currently used equations were developed from relatively small training sets (200-300 compounds). Our objective was to upgrade log K-ow-based methods by examining a much larger and diverse training set and, if possible, to improve estimation accuracy further by incorporating a series of simple correction factors. We also evaluated the contributions of melting temperature (T-m) and molecular weight (MW). Measured values of water solubility, log K-ow and T-m (solids only) were available for all compounds in the training set (n = 1,450). The best equation for this dataset included log K-ow, T-m, MW, and 12 correction factors as independent variables, with r(2) = 0.970, SD = 0.409, ME = 0.313. Statistics for an independent validation set of 817 compounds were consistent with these results: r(2) = 0.902, SD = 0.615, ME = 0.480. We found that T-m contributed significantly to estimation accuracy for solids; addition of MW also increased accuracy; measured values of log K-ow, and T-m produced more accurate solubility estimates than did estimated values; and the new method outperformed other widely used general-purpose equations based on log K-ow. C1 US EPA, OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7406, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. SYRACUSE RES CORP, SYRACUSE, NY 13210 USA. NR 25 TC 158 Z9 162 U1 5 U2 43 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 100 EP 106 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0100:IMFEWS>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TU207 UT WOS:A1996TU20700005 ER PT J AU Erickson, RJ Benoit, DA Mattson, VR Nelson, HP Leonard, EN AF Erickson, RJ Benoit, DA Mattson, VR Nelson, HP Leonard, EN TI The effects of water chemistry on the toxicity of copper to fathead minnows SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE copper; toxicity; water chemistry effects; bioavailability; fathead minnow ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAINBOW-TROUT; HUMIC-ACID; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; CHEMICAL SPECIATION; METAL TOXICITY; PH; HARDNESS; ALKALINITY AB The effects of various water chemistry parameters on the toxicity of copper to larval fathead minnows were investigated. Increased pH, hardness, sodium, dissolved organic matter, and suspended solids each caused toxicity to decrease on the basis of total copper concentrations. In contrast, added potassium resulted in increased toxicity. Alkalinity had no observed effect on total copper LC50s, but its effects might have been masked by those of the cations added with it. In most cases, the effects of water chemistry were found to be similar for different endpoints (growth, survival at different durations), but there were differences in the relative magnitude of some effects across these endpoints. Over all experimental treatments, 96-h total copper LC50s varied 60-fold. Every water chemistry parameter also caused toxicity to vary significantly when expressed on the basis of cupric ion selective electrode measurements, sometimes more so than on the basis of total copper. Therefore, this study does not support attributing to cupric ion a singular importance in regulating toxicity to this test organism. A variety of copper species might be contributing to toxicity and it is evident that toxicity is also affected by water chemistry in ways not related to copper speciation. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,MCLEAN,VA 22102. RP Erickson, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 60 TC 246 Z9 258 U1 2 U2 46 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0181:TEOWCO>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TU207 UT WOS:A1996TU20700017 ER PT J AU Brooke, LT Ankley, GT Call, DJ Cook, PM AF Brooke, LT Ankley, GT Call, DJ Cook, PM TI Gut content weight and clearance rate for three species of freshwater invertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; bias; gut; sediment; invertebrate ID HEXAGENIA-LIMBATA; SEDIMENT; CONTAMINANT AB There is concern for potential error in the accurate estimation of chemical bioaccumulation in benthic organisms due to chemicals associated with gut contents (sediments). In this study the benthic macroinvertebrates Hexngenia limbata, Chironomus tentans, and Lumbriculus variegatus were exposed to five sediments from the Lower Fox River/Green Bay area of Wisconsin to determine the percentage of their weight due to gut contents and the rare at which guts were emptied when the animals were held in clean water. Upon removal from the test sediments, inorganic gut contents in H. limbata, C. tentans, and L. variegatus represented approximately 9, 10, and 10% of their whole body dry weights, respectively. Depuration rates were relatively rapid, with mayflies, midges, and oligochaetes losing approximately 75, 90, and 100% of their gut contents during the first 12 h of depuration. This suggests that a 12-24-h holding period in clean water at the conclusion of sediment bioaccumulation tests with the three species should be sufficient to eliminate potential bias in tissue residue concentrations due to gut contents. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,LAKE SUPERIOR RES INST,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 17 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 223 EP 228 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0223:GCWACR>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TU207 UT WOS:A1996TU20700021 ER PT J AU FennerCrisp, PA AF FennerCrisp, PA TI Impact of the Delaney Clause in the EPA SO EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Federation-of-Societies-of-Toxicologic-Pathologists (IFSTP) CY APR 23-26, 1995 CL TOURS, FRANCE SP IFSTP DE Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA; pesticides; food, safety; nutrition, safety RP FennerCrisp, PA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG JENA PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0940-2993 J9 EXP TOXICOL PATHOL JI Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2-3 BP 199 EP 200 PG 2 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA TY331 UT WOS:A1996TY33100017 PM 8672877 ER PT J AU Williams, GM Karbe, E FennerCrisp, P Iatropoulos, MJ Weisburger, JH AF Williams, GM Karbe, E FennerCrisp, P Iatropoulos, MJ Weisburger, JH TI Risk assessment of carcinogens in food with special consideration of non-genotoxic carcinogens - Scientific arguments for use of risk assessment and for changing the Delaney Clause specifically SO EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Discussion DE non-genotoxic carcinogens; risk assessment, carcinogens; Delaney Clause; carcinogens, risk assessment; food, carcinogens, risk assessment ID D-LIMONENE; BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE; MALE-RAT; FISCHER-344 RATS; F344 RATS; ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN; NEPHROTOXICITY; FORESTOMACH; NEPHROPATHY AB The document ''Risk Assessment of Carcinogens in Food with Special Consideration of Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens'' was produced by the International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists on the occasion of its triannual meeting in Tours, France, April 23-26, 1995. Subsequently, it was endorsed by the North American Society of Toxicologic Pathologists at its annual meeting in San Diego, CA, USA, June 11-15, 1995. This document was written to address up-to-date risk assessment of carcinogens and anachronisms in the Delaney Clause of the US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which have become evident since its enactment in 1958. In the intervening years, major progress has been made in understanding mechanisms of cancer induction and in recognizing causes of human cancer. The Clause in conjunction with its present legal interpretation and implementation does not provide for rational, scientific evaluation of carcinogens. It ignores the fact that the diverse mechanisms now known to underlie cancer increases in rodents exposed to high doses of chemicals are often inapplicable to man. In this regard, current evaluation of chemicals based on the tenents of the Delaney Clause is irrational in many cases. The document presents several examples of chemicals to which humans may be exposed through food and which illustrate the need for science-based risk assessment. Appropriate risk assessment methods are available to provide assurance of negligible risk, and accordingly, it is recommended that the Delaney Clause be rescinded as it has outlived its usefulness. This will enable US governmental agencies to regulate the use of chemicals in foods by using appropriate current scientific methods on a case by case basis within the context of other relevant legislation. C1 BAYER AG,W-5600 WUPPERTAL,GERMANY. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Williams, GM (reprint author), AMER HLTH FDN,DIV PATHOL & TOXICOL,1 DANA RD,VALHALLA,NY 10595, USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG JENA PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0940-2993 J9 EXP TOXICOL PATHOL JI Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2-3 BP 209 EP 215 PG 7 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA TY331 UT WOS:A1996TY33100019 PM 8672879 ER PT J AU Morrow, PE Haseman, JK Hobbs, CH Driscoll, KE Vu, V Oberdorster, G AF Morrow, PE Haseman, JK Hobbs, CH Driscoll, KE Vu, V Oberdorster, G TI The maximum tolerated dose for inhalation bioassays: Toxicity vs overload SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MACROPHAGE-MEDIATED INDUCTION; OXYGEN RADICAL SCAVENGERS; DIESEL-ENGINE EMISSIONS; PULMONARY RESPONSE; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; RATS; EXPOSURE; ASBESTOS; FIBERS; HAMSTERS C1 UNIV ROCHESTER, DEPT ENVIRONM MED, ROCHESTER, NY 14642 USA. NIEHS, STAT & BIOMATH BRANCH, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. INHALAT TOXICOL RES INST, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87185 USA. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO, MIAMI VALLEY LABS, CINCINNATI, OH 45253 USA. US EPA, OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 68 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 29 IS 2 BP 155 EP 167 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0017 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TX206 UT WOS:A1996TX20600001 PM 8742311 ER PT J AU Abernathy, CO Chappell, WR Meek, ME Gibb, H Guo, HR AF Abernathy, CO Chappell, WR Meek, ME Gibb, H Guo, HR TI Is ingested inorganic arsenic a ''Threshold'' Carcinogen? SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Discussion ID DISEASE ENDEMIC AREA; WELL WATER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS; DRINKING-WATER; SKIN-CANCER; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE; BLADDER; TAIWAN AB Ingested inorganic arsenic (As) is known to be a human carcinogen. An intriguing question is whether there is a threshold for the carcinogenic effects of As, i.e., is there a level below which it does not induce the development of cancer(s)? This Roundtable will discuss the United States Environmental Protection Agency's As risk assessment using the Taiwan data from different viewpoints. It will also consider the hypothesis that there is a threshold for As and data for or against this hypothesis. For example, some scientists believe that epidemiological data cannot answer this question, while others feel that different study designs and larger sampling will provide adequate data. Reasons for each position are given. This Roundtable discussion demonstrates the controversy surrounding the use of the Taiwan data for risk assessment. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 UNIV COLORADO,DENVER,CO 80217. HLTH CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A O12,CANADA. UNIV CINCINNATI,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. RP Abernathy, CO (reprint author), US EPA,HUMAN RISK ASSESSMENT BRANCH 4303,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 57 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 29 IS 2 BP 168 EP 175 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0018 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TX206 UT WOS:A1996TX20600002 PM 8742312 ER PT J AU Wang, ZY Lubin, JH Wang, LD Conrath, S Zhang, SZ Kleinerman, R Shang, B Gao, SX Gao, PY Lei, SW Boice, JD AF Wang, ZY Lubin, JH Wang, LD Conrath, S Zhang, SZ Kleinerman, R Shang, B Gao, SX Gao, PY Lei, SW Boice, JD TI Radon measurements in underground dwellings from two prefectures in China SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Rn-222; cancer; epidemiology; exposure, radiation ID LUNG-CANCER; RESIDENTIAL RADON; WOMEN AB Radon, an established lung carcinogen, remains the single most important environmental radiation exposure. Yet, an excess of lung cancer from breathing radon in homes has not been consistently demonstrated in studies conducted to date. To address several major problems that have hindered previous studies of lung cancer and radon in homes, we have embarked upon a lung cancer case-control study in Gansu Province, China, where a substantial proportion of the population live in underground dwellings. In this paper, we report on results of a pilot study in which radon measurements were made for 3 days in the summer in 40 homes under normal occupancy conditions using short-term E-PERM detectors and for 6 months from February through August in 49 homes using long-term alpha-track detectors. Useable E-PERM data were obtained from 38 homes and useable alpha-track data from 47 homes. For both types of detectors, measurements were approximately log-normally distributed. Arithmetic and geometric means were 233 and 185 Bq m(-3) (range 74-1,590 Bq m(-3)) for E-PERM measurements and 165 and 158 Bq m(-3) (range 74-592 Bq m(-3)) for alpha-track measurements, respectively; 68% of E-PERM measured homes and 55% of alpha-track measured homes exceeded 148 Bq m(-3). Alpha-track measurements made at the entry, middle, and rear areas of the underground dwellings did not differ significantly (arithmetic means of 168, 162, and 165 Bq m(-3) with standard deviations 63, 73, and 48, respectively), which suggests that air circulation may be minimal. The underground dwellings measured in the pilot study had high radon levels and the underground dwellers may provide an excellent population for studying indoor radon and risk of lung cancer. C1 NCI, BIOSTAT BRANCH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. NCI, DIV CANC & GENET EPIDEMIOL, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. MINIST PUBL HLTH, LAB IND HYG, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA. US EPA, DIV RADON, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. OI Kleinerman, Ruth/0000-0001-7415-2478 NR 23 TC 27 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP 192 EP 198 DI 10.1097/00004032-199602000-00006 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA TT677 UT WOS:A1996TT67700008 PM 8567286 ER PT J AU Geldreich, EE AF Geldreich, EE TI Pathogenic agents in freshwater resources SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE pathogens; water quality; surrogate criteria; indicator organisms; water-borne outbreaks; stormwater; sewage; irrigation; recreational waters ID YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; BOTTOM SEDIMENTS; WATER; DISEASE; SALMONELLAE; OUTBREAK; QUALITY; SURFACE AB Numerous pathogenic agents have been found in freshwaters used as sources for water supplies, recreational bathing and irrigation. These agents include bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses, several protozoans and parasitic worms more common to tropical waters. Although infected humans are a major source of pathogens, farm animals (cattle, sheep, pigs), animal pets (dogs, cats) and wildlife serve as significant reservoirs and should not be ignored. The range of infected individuals within a given warm-blooded animal group (humans included) may range from 1 to 25%. Survival times for pathogens in the water environment may range from a few days to as much as a year (Ascaris, Taenia eggs), with infective dose levels varying from one viable cell for several primary pathogenic agents to many thousands of cells for a given opportunistic pathogen. As pathogen detection in water is complex and not readily incorporated into routine monitoring, a surrogate is necessary. In general, indicators of faecal contamination provide a positive correlation with intestinal pathogen occurrences only when appropriate sample volumes are examined by sensitive methodology. Pathways by which pathogens reach susceptible water users include ingestion of contaminated water, body contact with polluted recreational waters and consumption of salad crops irrigated by polluted freshwaters. Major contributors to the spread of various water-borne pathogens are sewage, polluted surface waters and stormwater runoff. All of these contributions are intensified during periods of major floods. Several water-borne case histories are cited as examples of breakdowns in public health protection related to water supply, recreational waters and the consumption of contaminated salad crops. In the long term, water resource management must focus on pollution prevention from point sources of waste discharges and the spread of pathogens in watershed stormwater runoff. RP Geldreich, EE (reprint author), US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 81 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 5 U2 27 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 10 IS 2 BP 315 EP 333 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199602)10:2<315::AID-HYP361>3.0.CO;2-H PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA TZ263 UT WOS:A1996TZ26300009 ER PT J AU Graham, RC Menache, MG Overton, JH AF Graham, RC Menache, MG Overton, JH TI Models of the tracheobronchial airways of the dog lung SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION AB Two models of the geometry of the tracheobronchial (TB) region of the dog have been developed based upon lung cast data of two beagle dogs (Raabe et al., 1976). These models consist of lengths, diameters, and branching angles of the TB airways. Because the data were incomplete, a method was developed to estimate these parameters for the missing airways based upon relationships between parent airway diameter and daughter airway diameters. Compared to the model of the complete TB region for one dog, the cast data account for only 8% of the total number oi TB airways, 42% of the surface area, and 84% of the volume. Single-path models, in which one path represents the entire TB region, were then constructed based upon the two completed models and assumptions about air flow rates in their airways. The airway dimensions in the sequential segments of the single-path models were calculated using the subset of complete model airways that had the average time of flight from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. The simpler single-path models were developed to be used with dosimetry simulation models for the investigation of particle deposition or gas uptake in the dog. C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,CTR EXTRAPOLAT MODELING,DURHAM,NC. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Graham, RC (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,POB 12313,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD FEB-MAR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 2 BP 121 EP 142 DI 10.3109/08958379609046559 PG 22 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TW878 UT WOS:A1996TW87800001 ER PT J AU Becker, S Roger, LJ Devlin, RB Horstman, DH Koren, HS AF Becker, S Roger, LJ Devlin, RB Horstman, DH Koren, HS TI Exposure to nitric acid stimulates human alveolar macrophage function but does not cause inflammation or changes in lung function SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; AEROSOLS; INHALATION; AIRWAYS; CLEARANCE; TOXICITY; INVITRO; FOG AB Nitric acid (HNO3) is common component of air pollution possibly associated with increased risk for airway infection, airway injury, and inflammation. To experimentally address this question, we exposed 9 healthy nonsmoking volunteers once to HNO3 vapor (200 mu g/m(3), 0.08 ppm), and once to filtered air, for 2 h with 100 min of moderate intermittent exercise (ventilation rate 39 L/min). Pulmonary functions (spirometry and airway resistance) were measured, as were subjective symptoms of response. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 18 h after exposure, and cells and fluid were analyzed for indicators of airway injury and inflammation. As a measure of host defense capability against infectious disease, alveolar macrophages (AM) were tested for phagocytosis of Candida albicans and for susceptibility to infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Exposure to HNO3 did not change pulmonary function nor measures of symptoms. Compared to air-exposed BAL, there was no significant increase in protein, lactate dehydrogenase, fibronectin, prostaglandin E(2), leukotriene B-4, C3a, alpha-l-antitrypsin, or interleukin 6 in the HNO3-exposed BAL, nor was there an increase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). This indicates that acute exposure to environmentally high levels of HNO3 vapor that can be encountered in ambient air does not cause permeability changes, cell damage, or inflammation in the lung. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the phagocytic activity of AM after HNO3 exposure. Phagocytosis of both unopsonized and serum-opsonized C. albicans was increased by 85% and 24% respectively. Furthermore, HNO3-exposed AM showed increased resistance to infection with RSV and released 72% less RSV than AM from subjects exposed to filtered air. Superoxide anion production in response to adherence was undetectable in the HNO3-exposed AM but was produced by the air-exposed cells. Thus, these results suggest that HNO3 at 0.08 ppm does not cause acute injury in the lung. instead host defense functions of AM such as phagocytic and antiviral activities are stimulated after HNO3 inhalation. C1 TRC ENVIRONM CORP,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD FEB-MAR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 2 BP 185 EP 200 DI 10.3109/08958379609046562 PG 16 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TW878 UT WOS:A1996TW87800004 ER PT J AU McKenney, CL AF McKenney, CL TI The combined effects of salinity and temperature on various aspects of the reproductive biology of the estuarine mysid, Mysidopsis bahia SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Mysidopsis bahia; mysid; reproduction; salinity; temperature; maturation; young production ID CRUSTACEA; AMPHIPODA AB A broad range of salinity-temperature conditions (salinities from 3-31 parts per thousand and temperatures from 19-31 degrees C) significantly influenced various aspects of the reproductive biology of the estuarine mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, reared in the laboratory from newly released juveniles through first brood production by mature adults. Response surface methodology was used to depict the combined relationships of salinity and temperature on several reproductive functions, and canonical analysis was employed to produce absolute maximum/minimum values for these functions at specific salinity-temperature conditions. Developmental rate functions related to reproduction were more influenced by temperature than by salinity. Timing of both appearance of the marsupium (indicative of sexual maturity) and release of the first brood was directly related to temperature. Salinity had a greater impact than temperature on the percentage of females that were reproductively active and on young production, both by individual females and by isolated populations. Progressively lower salinities reduced both of these ultimate measures of reproductive capacity. For all reproductive observations, salinity and temperature interacted so that the influence of varying either of these environmental factors on reproduction was governed by the level of the other factor. RP McKenney, CL (reprint author), US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, 1 SABINE ISL DR, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0792-4259 EI 2157-0272 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 29 IS 1 BP 9 EP 18 DI 10.1080/07924259.1996.9672490 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA UQ574 UT WOS:A1996UQ57400002 ER PT J AU Wallace, L AF Wallace, L TI Indoor particles: A review SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; RESPIRABLE PARTICLES; PERSONAL EXPOSURE; IONIC SUBSTANCES; OUTDOOR RELATIONSHIPS; PARTICULATE MATTER; COARSE PARTICLES; AIR-POLLUTION; AEROSOL AB This paper reviews studies of particle concentrations and sources in homes and buildings. Three major studies of indoor and outdoor concentrations in U.S. homes are summarized in detail and compared. A number of smaller studies in homes are also briefly summarized. One study of 38 buildings and several smaller studies of buildings are also reviewed. All major studies found that an important indoor source of fine and coarse particles was cigarette smoking, with estimated increases in homes with smokers ranging from 25 to 45 mu g/m(3) PM(2.5). Several studies identified cooking as a second important source. All of the three major studies found a substantial portion of indoor particles to be due to unexplained indoor sources, suggesting a topic for future research. One study also found a large unexplained increase in personal exposure to PM(10) compared to concurrent indoor or outdoor concentrations-the so-called ''personal cloud,'' a second topic for further research. The impact of outdoor air particles on indoor concentrations was considered. Equilibrium mass balance models indicate that this is a function of the penetration P through the building envelope, the air exchange rate a, and the particle decay rate k. EPA's PTEAM Study provided an estimate for k of 0.39 h(-1) for fine particles and 1.01 h(-1) for coarse particles. Two studies suggest that P = 1 for PM(10). Using these results, the fraction of outdoor air PM(2.5) and PM(10) particles found indoors at a given air exchange rate can be calculated. The protective effect of reducing air exchange rates during periods of high outdoor particle pollution can thus be quantified. Most studies showed poor correlations of personal exposures with outdoor concentrations. However, for those studies with seven or more repeated measurements, longitudinal regressions on exposures of individual subjects showed much improved correlations with outdoor particle concentrations. This new finding provides some support for the epidemiological findings of increased morbidity and mortality associated with higher outdoor particle concentrations. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,WARRENTON,VA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 105 TC 425 Z9 433 U1 20 U2 131 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 98 EP 126 PG 29 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TU039 UT WOS:A1996TU03900001 PM 8846246 ER PT J AU Altshuller, AP Lefohn, AS AF Altshuller, AP Lefohn, AS TI Background ozone in the planetary boundary layer over the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SURFACE OZONE; NITROGEN-OXIDES; 19TH-CENTURY; TROPOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; LOCATIONS; AIRBORNE; TRENDS; EUROPE; URBAN AB Reliable estimates of background O-3 in the planetary boundary layer are needed as part of the current review by the U.S. EPA of O-3 health and welfare criteria and of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for O-3. Such estimates are especially necessary for comparing O-3 concentrations at which vegetation effects occur to O-3 concentrations reported to represent background levels. Some vegetation researchers have used the seasonal average of the daily 7-h (0900-1559 h) average as the exposure parameter in exposure-response models. The 7-h (0900-1559 h) seasonal mean reference point for O-3 was assumed to be 0.025 ppm. Ozone aerometric data are presented from the monitoring sites in the United States which experience some of the lowest maximum hourly average concentrations, as identified in the U.S. EPA AIRS database. Criteria are enumerated and discussed for determining whether O-3 concentrations at a given site can be considered to be ''background'' O-3. The paper also suggests statistical techniques for estimating background O-3 concentrations. Linear regression techniques yield valuable information about O-3 concentration data from the literature. Coupled with other criteria, such analyses can be used to select sites that represent ''background'' sites for O-3. Selection of such sites thus allows estimations of background O-3 in different areas of the country, at different elevations, and for different averaging times. Using several techniques, the current O-3 background at inland sites in the United States and Canada for the daylight 7-h (0900-1559 h) seasonal (April-October) average concentrations usually occurred within the range of 35 +/- 10 ppb. For coastal sites, the corresponding O-3 concentrations were somewhat lower, occurring within the range of 25 +/- 10 ppb for locations in the northern hemisphere, but with most O-3 concentrations at the coastal sites in the range of 30 +/- 5 ppb. The 50th percentile concentrations range from 16 ppb to 45 ppb at inland sites and range from 10 ppb to 33 ppb at coastal sites. The maximum hourly concentrations range from 50 ppb to 98 ppb at inland sites and range from 44 ppb to 80 ppb at coastal sites. We believe that the maximum hourly concentration of 98 ppb experienced in 1988 was influenced by the massive fires in Yellowstone National Park. These ranges suggest that the background O-3 is somewhat dependent on a number of conditions such as the nature of upwind flow, lack of pollution sources, and terrain conditions including deposition with respect to forest or agricultural areas. C1 ASL & ASSOCIATES,HELENA,MT. RP Altshuller, AP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 51 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 134 EP 141 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TU039 UT WOS:A1996TU03900003 PM 28081414 ER PT J AU Stephens, RD Mulawa, PA Giles, MT Kennedy, KG Groblicki, PJ Cadle, SH Knapp, KT AF Stephens, RD Mulawa, PA Giles, MT Kennedy, KG Groblicki, PJ Cadle, SH Knapp, KT TI An experimental evaluation of remote sensing-based hydrocarbon measurements: A comparison to FID measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LOS-ANGELES; EMISSIONS; VEHICLES AB The purpose of this study was to intercompare hydrocarbon (HC) measurements performed by a number of different instruments: a gas chromatograph (GC), a flame ionization detector (FID), a fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), a commercially produced non-dispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR), and two remote sensors. These instruments were used to measure total HC concentrations in a variety of samples, including (1) ten different individual HC species, (2) 12 different vehicle exhaust samples, and (3) three different volatilized fuel samples. The 12 exhaust samples were generated by operating two different vehicles on a dynamometer. Each vehicle was operated at different times with three different fuels. The vehicles were operated fuel rich, i.e., with low air/fuel ratios to encourage elevated exhaust HC levels. Some of the exhaust samples were obtained while operating each vehicle at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio with one spark plug wire disconnected. To quantify the degree to which the various instruments agreed with the FID, a parameter called the response factor was used, where the response factor was defined as the HC/CO2 ratio measured by each instrument divided by the HC/CO2 ratio measured by the dynamometer bench. Of the various instruments, only the GC yielded response factors that were consistently at or close to one. The other instruments typically had values at or below one. For the ten individual HC species studied, the NDIR and remote sensors obtained response factors between 0.05 and 1.0, with the highest response factors being obtained for the alkanes and the lowest response factors obtained for toluene and ethylene. For the exhaust samples, the NDIR and remote sensors obtained response factors between 0.23 and 0.68. For raw fuel samples, the response factors were between 0.44 and 0.68. NDIR and remote sensor measurements correlated very poorly with total HC in exhaust. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Stephens, RD (reprint author), GEN MOTORS CORP,CTR RES & DEV,NAO,POB 9055,WARREN,MI 48090, USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 148 EP 158 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TU039 UT WOS:A1996TU03900005 PM 28081416 ER PT J AU Piccot, SD Masemore, SS LewisBevan, W Ringler, ES Harris, DB AF Piccot, SD Masemore, SS LewisBevan, W Ringler, ES Harris, DB TI Field assessment of a new method for estimating emission rates from volume sources using open-path FTIR spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB An auto-positioning open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer can be used to directly measure vertical concentration profiles in a plume downwind from an emission source. The multi-component analysis capabilities of FTIR spectroscopy allow simultaneous measurement of diverse downwind pollutant species. Using concentration measurements and meteorological data, it is possible to estimate the emission fluxes across the plume and, thus, the emission rates of pollutants from the source. The field assessment goals were to conduct the first in a series of field tests of a new measurements system developed to perform such emission rate determinations, and to evaluate the system's performance and feasibility. For these purposes, a simple volume source simulator was constructed to emulate process equipment leaks encountered at chemical plants, refineries, and other facilities. By metering the release rates from the volume source simulator, ''actual'' release rates were compared to the ''estimated'' release rates calculated using the measurements system. Using simple data screening techniques, over 90% of the field tests conducted produced run-average emission rate estimates within 20% of the actual emission rates. Half of the tests were within 10% of the actual emission rates. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Piccot, SD (reprint author), SO RES INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 7 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 159 EP 171 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TU039 UT WOS:A1996TU03900006 ER PT J AU Daston, GP Rogers, JM AF Daston, GP Rogers, JM TI Developmental toxicity risk assessment: What's really important? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID RELIABILITY C1 US EPA,DEV BIOL BRANCH,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Daston, GP (reprint author), PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,POB 398707,CINCINNATI,OH 45253, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0730-0913 J9 J AM COLL TOXICOL JI J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 90 EP 92 PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TW829 UT WOS:A1996TW82900006 ER PT J AU Boyd, RK Henion, JD Alexander, M Budde, WL Gilbert, JD Musser, SM Palmer, C Zurek, EK AF Boyd, RK Henion, JD Alexander, M Budde, WL Gilbert, JD Musser, SM Palmer, C Zurek, EK TI Mass spectrometry and good laboratory practices SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY. SANDOZ PHARMACEUT CORP,E HANOVER,NJ. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. MERCK SHARP & DOHME RES LABS,W POINT,PA. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. GOLDMAN ASSOCIATES INT,HERNDON,VA. RP Boyd, RK (reprint author), NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,INST MARINE BIOSCI,1411 OXFORD ST,HALIFAX,NS B3H 3Z1,CANADA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 211 EP 218 DI 10.1016/1044-0305(95)00631-1 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA TX747 UT WOS:A1996TX74700013 PM 24203245 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ AF Gordon, CJ TI Homeothermy: Does it impede the response to cellular injury? SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ischemia; hypoxia; trauma; hypothermia; hyperthermia; human; rodent; temperature regulation ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; BRAIN TEMPERATURE; NICKEL CHLORIDE; RATS; MICE; ISCHEMIA; MODULATION; MAMMALS AB Homeostasis of core temperature is considered to be one of the most precise regulatory processes. In this paper it is postulated that homeothermy is so effective, especially in species of relatively large mass (including humans), that it limits the ability to survive ischemia, toxic insult, and other types of cellular damage. This hypothesis is developed from the following: (i) hypothermia benefits recovery from ischemia in the heart and CNS, exposure to chemical toxicants, physical injuries, and other types of trauma; (ii) relatively small homeothermic species such as mouse and rat take advantage of this protective effect by using behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory effecters to lower their body temperature when subjected to trauma; (iii) homeothermic stability is improved with increasing body size. Hence, it follows that homeothermy can be an impediment to large species from the standpoint that their internal body temperature is less likely to change during trauma. This characteristic of homeothermy can be crucial to many facets of biomedical research. For example, protective hypothermia observed in rodents can lead one to underestimate the toxicity of drugs and chemical toxicants when extrapolating to humans. That body size limits the natural hypothermic response to cellular injury may alter our view of the evolution of homeothermy. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 29 EP 36 DI 10.1016/0306-4565(95)00017-8 PG 8 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA TM275 UT WOS:A1996TM27500005 ER PT J AU Nestor, DV Podolsky, MJ AF Nestor, DV Podolsky, MJ TI The demand for solid waste disposal: Comment SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Nestor, DV (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1 BP 129 EP 131 DI 10.2307/3147162 PG 3 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TT368 UT WOS:A1996TT36800010 ER PT J AU Hoch, MP Snyder, RA Cifuentes, LA Coffin, RB AF Hoch, MP Snyder, RA Cifuentes, LA Coffin, RB TI Stable isotope dynamics of nitrogen recycled during interactions among marine bacteria and protists SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE stable nitrogen isotopes; protist grazing; marine bacteria; ammonium regeneration; dissolved organic nitrogen ID FREE AMINO-ACIDS; NATURAL ABUNDANCE; DISSOLVED FREE; HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA; FOOD WEB; CARBON; PROTOZOA; AMMONIUM; FRACTIONATION; PARTICLES AB Variation in the distribution of stable nitrogen isotopes among different size classes of particulate organic nitrogen (PON) in aquatic environments may be partly explained by isotope effects associated with regeneration of NH4+ by the microbial food web. Protists fed the marine bacterium Vibrio natriegens were grown in batch and continuous culture to define the isotope discrimination between NH4+, microbial biomass, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) for culture systems closed or open to exogenous nutrient inputs. In batch cultures of a flagellate Pseudobodo sp. and a scuticociliate Uronema sp., the nitrogen isotope discrimination between biomass and NH4+ was 3 to 5 % during exponential growth of protists corresponding to the highest rates of biomass-specific NH4+ release. The delta(15)N of DON, calculated by mass balance, was very depleted in N-15 relative to NH4+ and biomass during exponential and early stationary growth when DON and dissolved free amino acid (DFAA) concentrations increased. In contrast to batch culture results, for continuous culture of the flagellate the isotope discrimination between biomass and NH4+ and the change in the calculated delta(15)N Of DON were small: 1 to 2 %. Based on rates of thymidine incorporation and turnover of DFAA, protist excretion and bacterial uptake of DON were less coupled for exponentially growing protists fed starved bacteria in batch cultures than for the flagellate fed active bacteria growing in a 2-stage continuous culture. Coupling between release and utilization of DON, as well as isotope effects associated with protist metabolism, are proposed to constrain the nitrogen isotope dynamics of NH4+, suspended PON, and DON within marine ecosystems, especially those environments dominated by regenerated primary production. C1 UNIV W FLORIDA, CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT, PENSACOLA, FL 32561 USA. US EPA, GULF ECOL DIV, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. RP Hoch, MP (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT OCEANOG, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. NR 44 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 17 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 132 IS 1-3 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.3354/meps132229 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA UD223 UT WOS:A1996UD22300021 ER PT J AU Nichols, M AF Nichols, M TI Air pollution in the United States SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Air Pollution Impacts on Body Organs and Systems CY NOV 18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Natl Assoc Physicians Environm, Natl Press Club RP Nichols, M (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST,SW 6101,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0194-5998 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 114 IS 2 BP 253 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0194-5998(96)70177-8 PG 2 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA TX013 UT WOS:A1996TX01300016 PM 8637744 ER PT J AU Barnes, DG AF Barnes, DG TI Future of environmental pollution SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Air Pollution Impacts on Body Organs and Systems CY NOV 18, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Natl Assoc Physicians Environm, Natl Press Club AB In recent years, the concept of pollution prevention has overtaken end-of-pipe controls as the paradigm of choice for effecting environmental protection, Through cooperative mechanisms, significant progress is being made to reduce or eliminate upstream processes and practices that can lead to downstream pollution. These efforts, coupled with productive interactions with the public, are making an impact, The Science Advisory Board released a report in January that described the ''next wave'' of pollution prevention, Specifically, the report described approaches for anticipating environmental problems of tomorrow so that preventive actions can be taken today. The potential of air pollution problems figures prominently in the Board's vision of the future. RP Barnes, DG (reprint author), US EPA,SCI ADVISORY BOARD,401 M ST,SW 1400,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0194-5998 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 114 IS 2 BP 292 EP 294 DI 10.1016/S0194-5998(96)70188-2 PG 3 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA TX013 UT WOS:A1996TX01300027 PM 8637755 ER PT J AU Herr, DW Vo, KT King, D Boyes, WK AF Herr, DW Vo, KT King, D Boyes, WK TI Possible confounding effects of strobe ''clicks'' on flash evoked potentials in rats SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR, 1993 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Soc Toxicol DE FEPs; flash evoked potential; strobe click; auditory potential ID PATTERN-REVERSAL; NEUROTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH; VISUAL-SYSTEM; PEAK N160; VEP; AMPLITUDE; TEMPERATURE; STIMULATION; RESPONSES AB Flash evoked potentials (FEPs) undergo within- and between-session changes and are modified by auditory white noise (26). We examined whether an auditory potential produced by the ''click'' associated with the strobe discharge could be recorded, and if alterations in an auditory response could explain the within- and between-session changes in FEPs. We also examined differences between a frontal cortex or a nasal reference electrode location on FEPs and auditory potentials. An auditory potential associated with the strobe discharge could be clearly recorded. This response was eliminated by the presence of 80 dB SPL masking white noise. However, the within- and between-session changes in FEPs could not be explained by modifications of the auditory potential. Animals whose ear drums were ruptured did not exhibit an auditory response, and their FEPs were similar to those of controls tested in the presence of masking white noise; A nasal reference electrode decreased the impact of auditory potentials on FEPs, but may allow visual potentials (electroretinogram and optic tract activity) to influence FEPs. The data show that auditory potentials associated with the strobe discharge can be recorded from the visual cortex of rats, and that these auditory responses represent a possible confounding factor in the interpretation of toxicological studies employing FEPs. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Herr, DW (reprint author), US EPA,NPTB,NTD,NHEERL,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 52 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 59 IS 2 BP 325 EP 340 DI 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02133-7 PG 16 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA VG962 UT WOS:A1996VG96200017 PM 8838613 ER PT J AU Benson, RS AF Benson, RS TI Update on the common sense initiative SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article RP Benson, RS (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 83 IS 2 BP 45 EP 46 PG 2 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA TV345 UT WOS:A1996TV34500008 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM AF Bushnell, PJ Oshiro, WM TI 2,4-Dithiobiuret in rats: Cognitive facilitation after acute injection precedes motor impairment after repeated daily injections SO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 14, 1994 CL DALLAS, TX SP Soc Toxicol DE 2,4-dithiobiuret; rat; cognitive facilitation; motor impairment ID NEUROMUSCULAR-TRANSMISSION; DITHIOBIURET TOXICITY; WEAKNESS; MUSCLE AB 2,4-Dithiobiuret (DTB) is a sulfonated derivative of urea that is used as a reducing agent in chemical manufacture. Its low acute toxicity to rodents belies a peripherally mediated, delayed-onset muscle weakness which develops during repeated daily exposure. In experiment 1, a standard dose regimen of DTB (0.5 mg/kg per day IP for 5 days) was used to induce motor dysfunction as a way to dissociate peripheral and central influences on a test of cognitive and motor function in rats. Sixteen male rats were trained to perform a Delayed Matching-to-Position/Visual Discrimination (DMTP/VD) task which permits quantification of working memory (matching accuracy), reference memory (discrimination accuracy), and motor function (choice response latency and nosepoke inter-response time, IRT). The first dose of DTB significantly increased matching accuracy; during the following week, DTB reduced matching accuracy, increased choice response latency and nosepoke IRT, and reduced trial completion. Discrimination accuracy remained unaffected. Experiment 2 explored the effects of single administrations of DTB on DMTP/VD. Sixteen other trained rats were divided into two groups with equal matching accuracy. One group received DTB (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, IF) in separate injections at least 1 week apart; the other group received vehicle at the same times. Matching accuracy increased significantly in the treated rats and not in the controls following each dose of DTB. The magnitude of this increase was dose-dependent, and lasted from 1 to 8 weeks after each injection. Discrimination accuracy, response latency, nosepoke IRT and trial completion remained unaffected throughout the study. After DTB, matching accuracy was less easily disrupted by scopolamine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg, IF). However, DTB did not alter the rats' response to reducing the distance between the response levers, to reversal of the matching rule to a nonmatching rule, or to challenge with MK-801 (0.05-0.10 mg/kg, IP). These data indicate that acute DTB causes a long-lasting facilitation of working memory in rats in the absence of any of the indications of motor impairment which follow repeated, daily injections of the chemical. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0033-3158 J9 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY JI Psychopharmacology PD FEB PY 1996 VL 123 IS 3 BP 267 EP 279 DI 10.1007/BF02246581 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA TZ770 UT WOS:A1996TZ77000006 PM 8833420 ER PT J AU Barry, TM AF Barry, TM TI Recommendations on the testing and use of pseudo-random number generators used in Monte Carlo analysis for risk assessment SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE Monte Carlo; random numbers; random number testing; probabilistic risk assessment ID MODULUS 2(31)-1 AB Monte Carlo simulation requires a pseudo-random number generator with good statistical properties. Linear congruential generators (LCGs) are the most popular and well-studied computer method for generating pseudo-random numbers used in Monte Carlo studies. High quality LCGs are available with sufficient statistical quality to satisfy all but the most demanding needs of risk assessors. However, because of the discrete, deterministic nature of LCGs, it is important to evaluate the randomness and uniformity of the specific pseudo-random number subsequences used in important risk assessments. Recommended statistical tests for uniformity and randomness include the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, extreme values test, and the runs test, including runs above and runs below the mean tests. Risk assessors should evaluate the stability of their risk model's output statistics, paying particular attention to instabilities in the mean and variance. When instabilities in the mean and variance are observed, more stable statistics, e.g., percentiles, should be reported. Analyses should be repeated using several non-overlapping pseudo-random number subsequences. More simulations than those traditionally used are also recommended for each analysis. RP Barry, TM (reprint author), US EPA,MC 2137,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 16 IS 1 BP 93 EP 105 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01439.x PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA TZ844 UT WOS:A1996TZ84400010 ER PT J AU Lashof, DA AF Lashof, DA TI Cool solutions for global warming SO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Lashof, DA (reprint author), NAT RESOURCES DEF COUNCIL,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MASS INST TECHNOL PI CAMBRIDGE PA CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 SN 0040-1692 J9 TECHNOL REV JI Technol. Rev. PD FEB-MAR PY 1996 VL 99 IS 2 BP 62 EP 64 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA TR314 UT WOS:A1996TR31400030 ER PT J AU Ciereszko, A Toth, GP Christ, SA Dabrowski, K AF Ciereszko, A Toth, GP Christ, SA Dabrowski, K TI Effect of cryopreservation and theophylline on motility characteristics of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) spermatozoa SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish; sturgeon; cryopreservation; sperm motility; theophylline; acrosin ID RAINBOW-TROUT; SPERM; FERTILIZATION; PRESERVATION; BIOLOGY; SEMEN; FISH AB Computer-assisted motility analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the effect of cryopreservation and theophylline treatment on sperm motility of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Motility was recorded at 0 and 5 min postactivation. The effect of cryopreservation on sperm acrosin-like activity was also measured. Cryopreservation led to a decline in the percentage of motile spermatozoa, while other parameters of sperm motion, curvilinear and straight line velocities, linearity and amplitude of lateral head displacement were unchanged. Reductions in straight line velocity observed with fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa and in linearity with cryopreserved spermatozoa 5 min postactivation were not seen in the presence of 5 mM theophylline at this time point. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa retained acrosin-like activity, and it correlated with the percentage of post-thaw motility (r = 0.95 and r = 0.90, P < 0.05, for 0 and 5 min post-activation time, respectively). C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,ECOL MONITORING RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. POLISH ACAD SCI,CTR AGROTECHNOL & VET SCI,PL-10718 OLSZTYN,POLAND. OI CIERESZKO, Andrzej/0000-0002-1103-624X NR 27 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD FEB PY 1996 VL 45 IS 3 BP 665 EP 672 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(95)00412-2 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA UC112 UT WOS:A1996UC11200013 PM 16727828 ER PT J AU Driscoll, KE Carter, JM Howard, BW Hassenbein, DG Pepelko, W Baggs, RB Oberdorster, G AF Driscoll, KE Carter, JM Howard, BW Hassenbein, DG Pepelko, W Baggs, RB Oberdorster, G TI Pulmonary inflammatory, chemokine, and mutagenic responses in rats after subchronic inhalation of carbon black SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INHALED DIESEL EXHAUST; CELLS; CARCINOGENESIS; MECHANISMS; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN-1; ASSAYS AB Chronic inhalation of carbon black can produce carcinomas in rat lungs. At present the mechanisms underlying the rat lung tumor response to carbon black are unknown, although a significant role for inflammation and cell proliferation has been postulated. To investigate the processes which may contribute to development of rat lung tumors after carbon black exposure, we characterized the effects of subchronic inhalation of carbon black by rats on mutagenesis in alveolar epithelial cells, pulmonary inflammation, inflammatory cytokine/growth factor expression, and lung histopathology. Briefly, rats were exposed for 6 hr/day, 5 days/ week for up to 13 weeks to 1.1, 7.1, and 52.8 mg/m(3) carbon black and the effects on the lung were characterized after 6.5 and 13 weeks of exposure and 3 and 8 months of recovery. Endpoints characterized after carbon black exposure included mutation in the hprt gene of alveolar epithelial cells, changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid markers of lung injury and inflammation, expression of mRNA for the chemokines, MIP-2 and MCP-1, and lung histopathology. Lung burdens of carbon black were also determined. After 13 weeks of exposure to 1.1, 7.1, and 52.8 mg/m(3) carbon black, lung burdens were 354, 1826, and 7861 mu g carbon black, respectively. The lung clearance of carbon black appeared impaired after exposure to 7.1 and 52.8 mg/m(3). Lung tissue injury and inflammation, increased chemokine expression, epithelial hyperplasia, and pulmonary fibrosis were observed after exposure to 7.1 and 52.8 mg/m(3) carbon black, with the effects being more pronounced at the higher exposure level. Subchronic inhalation of 1.1 mg/m(3) carbon black did not elicit any detectable adverse lung effects. A significant increase in hprt mutation frequency in alveolar epithelial cells was detected immediately after 13 weeks of exposure to 7.1 and 52.8 mg/m(3) carbon black as well as after 3- and 8-month recovery periods for the group exposed to 52.8 mg/m(3). No increase in hprt mutation frequency was observed for epithelial cells obtained from rats exposed to 1.1 mg/m(3) carbon black. The observation that genotoxic effects (i.e., mutations) on alveolar epithelial cells occurred only after carbon black exposures which resulted in significant inflammation and epithelial hyperplasia supports the hypothesis that inflammatory cell-derived oxidants and increased cell proliferation play a role in the pathogenesis of rat lung tumors in response to carbon black. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. UNIV ROCHESTER, ROCHESTER, NY 14627 USA. RP Driscoll, KE (reprint author), PROCTER & GAMBLE CO, CINCINNATI, OH 45253 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES01247, ES04872] NR 47 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 136 IS 2 BP 372 EP 380 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0045 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TW998 UT WOS:A1996TW99800019 PM 8619246 ER PT J AU Cheng, JY Kanjo, Y Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Cheng, JY Kanjo, Y Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Anaerobic biotransformation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with ethanol as primary substrate: Mutual effect of the substrates on their biotransformation SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE 2,4-dinitrotoluene; anaerobic biotransformation; ethanol; primary substrate; methanogenic culture; biochemical methane potential; propionate; inhibition ID BIODEGRADATION; IDENTIFICATION; PROPIONATE; BACTERIA; SULFATE AB The effect of the initial concentration of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) on its biotransformation and on the microbial utilization of ethanol was investigated. The culture used in this study was acclimated in a continuous flow laboratory fermenter with 2,4-DNT and ethanol as substrates under strict anaerobic conditions at 35 degrees C. Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests were conducted in an anaerobic respirometer, and the acclimated culture from the fermenter served as the inoculum. 2,4-DNT was completely transformed to 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) under anaerobic conditions. Two intermediates, 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) and 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT), were found during the biotransformation. 2,4-DNT inhibited its own biotransformation as well as the acetogenesis of ethanol. The extent of the inhibition increased with the increase of the initial concentration of 2,4-DNT. Propionate was formed during the fermentation of ethanol without 2,4-DNT or with low initial concentrations of 2,4-DNT. Higher initial concentrations of 2,4-DNT caused a decrease in the extent of formation of propionate with acetate production being favored. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. OSAKA CITY UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,SUMIYOSHI KU,OSAKA 558,JAPAN. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 307 EP 314 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00169-7 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA TM416 UT WOS:A1996TM41600009 ER EF