FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Holtzman, AE Aronson, TW Glover, N Froman, S Stelma, GN Sebata, SN Boian, MG Tran, TT Berlin, OGW AF Holtzman, AE Aronson, TW Glover, N Froman, S Stelma, GN Sebata, SN Boian, MG Tran, TT Berlin, OGW TI Examination of bottled water for nontuberculous mycobacteria SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE nontuberculous mycobacteria; bottled water ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; AVIUM COMPLEX; POTABLE WATER; AIDS PATIENTS; INFECTION AB The objective of this study was to examine bottled water for the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria as a potential source of infection in AIDS patients. Twenty brands of bottled water commonly used in the Los Angeles area were tested for the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria. The three brands most commonly used in the Los Angeles area were tested most frequently. Sixty-nine samples were filtered and the filters were treated using cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium hydroxide, or oxalic acid (or a combination of these) as decontaminants to remove background flora. An aliquot of each sample was untreated. The filters were placed on selective Middlebrook 7H10 agar plates containing 500 mu g of cycloheximide per mi. Plates were examined at 3 and 8 weeks. No acid-fast organisms were found. Although no nontuberculous mycobacteria were observed in any samples tested, before recommending the use of bottled water as an alternative to tap water by high-risk patients, the possible presence of other contaminants must be considered. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Holtzman, AE (reprint author), OLIVE VIEW UCLA MED CTR,EDUC & RES INST,14445 OLIVE VIEW DR,SYLMAR,CA 91342, USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 60 IS 2 BP 185 EP 187 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA WJ833 UT WOS:A1997WJ83300017 ER PT J AU Venosa, AD Suidan, MT King, D Wrenn, BA AF Venosa, AD Suidan, MT King, D Wrenn, BA TI Use of hopane as a conservative biomarker for monitoring the bioremediation effectiveness of crude oil contaminating a sandy beach SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oil spills; hydrocarbons; bioremediation; hopane; biomarker ID MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; SPILL BIOREMEDIATION; HYDROCARBONS; PERSISTENCE AB Much of the variability inherent in crude oil bioremediation field studies can be eliminated by normalizing analyte concentrations to the concentration of a nonbiodegradable biomarker such as hopane. This was demonstrated with data from a field study in which crude oil was intentionally released onto experimental plots on the Delaware shoreline. Five independent replicates of three treatments were examined: no nutrient addition, addition of inorganic mineral nutrients alone, and nutrient addition plus indigenous oil-degrading microorganisms from the site. Samples collected biweekly were analyzed for the Most Probable Numbers (MPNs) of alkane and aromatic degraders and oil component analysis by GC/MS. The data were normalized to either the mass of sand that was extracted or to the concentration of hopane that was measured, Hopane normalization enabled detection of significant treatment differences in hydrocarbon biodegradation that were not detected when the data were normalized to sand mass. First-order loss rates for the hopane-normalized data were lower than those for the sand-normalized data because hopane normalization accounts only for loss due to biodegradation whereas sand normalization includes all loss mechanisms. Plots amended with nutrients alone and nutrients plus the inoculum showed enhanced removal of hydrocarbons compared to unamended control plots. However, no differences were detected between the nutrient-amended plots and the nutrient/inoculum-amended plots. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. STATKING CONSULTING,FAIRFIELD,OH 45014. RP Venosa, AD (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 24 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 11 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD FEB-MAR PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2-3 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900304 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA WU511 UT WOS:A1997WU51100008 ER PT J AU Hutchins, SR AF Hutchins, SR TI Effects of microcosm preparation on rates of toluene biodegradation under denitrifying conditions SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microcosm; aquifer; anaerobic; denitrification; rate; toluene ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; BTEX BIODEGRADATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; AQUIFER; BENZENE; BIOTRANSFORMATION AB Microcosms were prepared with subsurface material from two aquifers to examine the effects of preparation methods on rates of toluene biodegradation under denitrifying conditions. In both cases, the data fit a zero-order kinetics plot. However, rates of removal were generally proportional to initial toluene concentrations, resulting in similar half-lives. Increasing the solid/liquid mass ratio resulted in decreased lag times in one aquifer material, although in both cases the specific toluene mass removal rate (g toluene g sediment(-1) day(-1)) also decreased. Varying either the initial toluene concentrations or the solid/liquid ratios by two to three orders of magnitude resulted in a half-life variation of only a factor of two, with most of the differences occurring at the extreme ranges of the test variables. These data indicate that similar biodegradation rates might be expected from microcosms prepared with different contaminant concentrations and solid/liquid ratios, which is useful for design of microcosm studies to evaluate biodegradation at field sites. RP Hutchins, SR (reprint author), US EPA, ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB, ADA, OK 74820 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 EI 1476-5535 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD FEB-MAR PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2-3 BP 170 EP 176 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900318 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA WU511 UT WOS:A1997WU51100012 PM 9134764 ER PT J AU Thomas, JM Bruce, CL Gordy, VR Duston, KL Hutchins, SR Sinclair, JL Ward, CH AF Thomas, JM Bruce, CL Gordy, VR Duston, KL Hutchins, SR Sinclair, JL Ward, CH TI Assessment of the microbial potential for nitrate-enhanced bioremediation of a JP-4 fuel-contaminated aquifer SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioremediation; site characterization; nitrate; alkylbenzenes; aromatic hydrocarbons ID DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; INSITU BIODEGRADATION; SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; AVIATION GASOLINE; JET FUEL; SITE; ADAPTATION; BACTERIA; ECOLOGY AB A site that was contaminated with JP-4 jet fuel was characterized microbiologically to assess the feasibility of nitrate-enhanced bioremediation. The results of microcosm studies indicated that the mean pseudo zero-order rate constants for alkylbenzene biodegradation and NO3--N removal were 1.2 and 2.4 mg L-1 per day, respectively. Several alkylbenzenes were removed to a greater extent in samples contaminated with residual JP-4 than in unexposed samples and samples downgradient of the spill; benzene was recalcitrant in all samples. Numbers of total heterotrophs, JP-4-degraders, oligotrophs, total denitrifiers, denitrifiers growing in the presence of JP-4, estimates of cell number by analysis of phospholipid fatty acids, direct counts and aerobic and anaerobic protozoa were determined; however, numbers of microorganisms were not reliable predictors of alkylbenzene biodegradation activity. The presence of aerobic and anaerobic protozoa suggests that protozoa may be active under a variety of different electron acceptor conditions. The results of the characterization study indicated that the site was amenable to nitrate-enhanced bioremediation. C1 RICE UNIV, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN, HOUSTON, TX 77251 USA. US EPA, ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB, ADA, OK 74820 USA. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC, ADA, OK 74820 USA. NR 47 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD FEB-MAR PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2-3 BP 213 EP 221 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900353 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA WU511 UT WOS:A1997WU51100017 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Brumley, WC AF Grange, AH Brumley, WC TI A mass peak profile generation model to facilitate determination of elemental compositions of ions based on exact masses and isotopic abundances SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ACCURATE AB To identify elemental compositions of ions, a mass peak profile generation model (PGM) was developed to plan data acquisitions and to interpret the data obtained by using a high resolution mass spectrometer (VG70-250SE). The PGM provides a list of all compositions possible for the exact mass of ion M and its error range from which the user selects a hypothetical composition. The PGM then plots [M + 1] and [M + 2] mass peak profiles and calculates masses and abundances of full and partial [M + 1] and [M + 2] profiles relative to the M profile. All possible compositions, calculated values for the exact masses and relative abundances, and measures of profile broadening and the shape of the [M + 2] profile are listed in a table. Pass-fail results for each of six criteria based on a comparison between table entries for the hypothetical composition and each of the other compositions are indicated. Compositions failing one or more criteria will be eliminated if the hypothetical composition is correct. The table provides assurance that all possible compositions based on the elements specified by the user have been considered. The PGM can be used to estimate the minimum resolution and number of determinations necessary to identify the correct composition by eliminating all others. As multiple determinations are made and error limits become smaller, average values are entered into the PGM to determine all compositions consistent with the data, often until only one composition remains. (C) 1997 American Society for Mass Spectrometry RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA,NERL,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 8 IS 2 BP 170 EP 182 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(96)00172-9 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WF079 UT WOS:A1997WF07900009 ER PT J AU Pyle, SM Betowski, LD Marcus, AB Winnik, W Brittain, RD AF Pyle, SM Betowski, LD Marcus, AB Winnik, W Brittain, RD TI Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by ion trap tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID PYRENE AB An ion-trap mass spectrometer with a wave board and tandem mass spectrometry software was used to analyze gas chromatographically separated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by using collision-induced dissociation (CID). The nonresonant (multiple collision) mode was used to determine the conditions for CID ionization of 18 PAHs. Unlike in electron impact (EI) analysis, the relative abundances of progeny ions of isomers were statistically different (using Student's t-test) in CID analysis, thus making isomer identification by CID possible. For comparison, CID and EI were applied to the analysis of used motor oil. CID analysis was shown to be more sensitive than EI analysis of the used motor oil. Precision at the 10-ppb level for EI and CID showed relative standard deviations of 5.2 and 7.7%, respectively. (C) 1997 American Society for Mass Spectrometry C1 VARIAN CHROMATOG SYST,WALNUT CREEK,CA. RP Pyle, SM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 8 IS 2 BP 183 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(96)00201-2 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WF079 UT WOS:A1997WF07900010 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Yang, Y AF Gordon, CJ Yang, Y TI Contribution of spontaneous motor activity to the 24 hour control of body temperature in male and female rats SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sex differences; temperature regulation; ambient temperature; estrous cycle; heat stress; cold stress; hyperthermia ID LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY; RHYTHM; CYCLE; HEAT AB The metabolic heat produced from motor activity contributes to the control of core temperature (T-c); however, little is known regarding the role of motor activity in thermoregulation in warm and cold environments and the influence of sex and the estrous cycle. To address these issues, motor activity and T-c were monitored by radiotelemetry in male and female rats maintained at ambient temperatures (T-a) ranging from 12 to 33.5 degrees C for 24 h under a 12:12 L:D cycle. The contribution of the mean level of motor activity to the elevation in T-c, termed Delta T-ma, was determined using linear regression analysis of T-c vs motor activity recorded at 5 min intervals during the light and dark phases. Delta T-ma was significantly affected by T-a, sex, and stage of the estrous cycle, whereas the light and dark cycle had marginal effects. Delta T-ma was highest in female rats at T(a)s of 22 to 33.5 degrees C. Both sexes exhibited a reduction in Delta T-ma at T(a)s greater than or equal to 26 degrees C. There was no difference in Delta T-ma in rats housed at a T-a of 12 degrees C as compared to 22 degrees C, suggesting that the contribution of motor activity to T-c does not change with cold exposure. There was a 50% reduction in Delta T-ma during proestrus concomitant with a 160% elevation in motor activity compared to metestrus and diestrus but an increase in Delta T-ma during estrus. Overall, the contribution of motor activity on T-c is reduced in the male rat when exposed to warm T(a)s and also in the female rat during proestrus, a period when T-c is elevated. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 22 IS 1 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(96)00035-6 PG 10 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA WT002 UT WOS:A1997WT00200007 ER PT J AU Mage, DT Donner, M AF Mage, DT Donner, M TI A genetic basis for the sudden infant death syndrome sex ratio SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORTALITY AB Sudden infant death syndrome, in 36 global data sets comprising 67 378 postneonatal autopsied cases, has a male fraction of 0.612 which is significantly greater than the male birth fraction of 0.5122. Each of the sex ratios in the 36 data sets cannot be rejected as a random sample from a P=0.612 binomial distribution. We hypothesize that an X-linked two-allele (a,A) single gene may be responsible for this consistent behavior. The Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts, given a 5% excess male birth rate, that a recessive allele (a) associated with sudden infant death syndrome, having a frequency of q = 2/3, could be responsible for the male fraction of 0.612. The absence of the A allele would be a necessary precondition for sudden infant death syndrome. We hypothesize that the syndrome occurs only with additional rare environmental conditions and rare physiological factors leading to extreme hypoxic stress, which reduces the sudden infant death syndrome rate to the order of 1 per 1000 live births. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. WORLD HLTH ORG,ENVIRONM HLTH DIV,GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. INTEGRATED SYST LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0306-9877 J9 MED HYPOTHESES JI Med. Hypotheses PD FEB PY 1997 VL 48 IS 2 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0306-9877(97)90280-2 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA WL196 UT WOS:A1997WL19600006 PM 9076695 ER PT J AU Rygiewicz, PT Johnson, MG Ganio, LM Tingey, DT Storm, MJ AF Rygiewicz, PT Johnson, MG Ganio, LM Tingey, DT Storm, MJ TI Lifetime and temporal occurrence of ectomycorrhizae on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) seedlings grown under varied atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen levels SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE atmospheric carbon dioxide; climate change; minirhizotron tubes; mycorrhizal root tips; nitrogen fertilization ID SEMINAL ROOT-SYSTEM; DOUGLAS-FIR STANDS; FINE ROOTS; MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION; ELEVATED CO2; COMPENSATORY INCREASES; SOIL RESPIRATION; QUERCUS-ALBA; CARBON; FOREST AB Climate change (elevated atmospheric CO2, and altered air temperatures, precipitation amounts and seasonal patterns) may affect ecosystem processes by altering carbon allocation in plants, and carbon flux from plants to soil. Mycorrhizal fungi, as carbon sinks, are among the first soil biota to receive carbon from plants, and thereby influence carbon release from plants to soil. One step in this carbon release is via fine root and mycorrhizal turnover. It is necessary to know the lifetime and temporal occurrence of roots and mycorrhizae to determine the capacity of the soil ecosystem to sequester carbon assimilated aboveground. In this study, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) seedlings were grown under three levels of atmospheric CO2 (ambient, 525 and 700 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)) and three levels of annual nitrogen additions (0,100 and 200 kg N ha(-1)) in open-top chambers. At a two-month frequency during 18 months, we observed ectomycorrhizal root tips observed using minirhizotron tubes and camera. The numbers of new mycorrhizal root tips, the numbers of tips that disappeared between two consecutive recording events, and the standing crop of tips at each event were determined. There were more mycorrhizal tips of all three types seen during the summer compared with other times of the year. When only the standing crop of mycorrhizal tips was considered, effects of the CO2 and N addition treatments on carbon allocation to mycorrhizal tips was weakly evident. However, when the three types of tips were considered collectively, tips numbers flux of carbon through mycorrhizae was greatest in the: (1) high CO2 treatment compared with the other CO2 treatments, and (2) intermediate N addition treatment compared with the other N addition treatments. A survival analysis on the entire 18 month cohort of tips was done to calculate the median lifetime of the mycorrhizal root tips. Average median lifetime of the mycorrhizal tips was 139 days and was not affected by nitrogen and CO2 treatments. C1 DYNAMAC INC,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,QUANTITAT SCI GRP,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Rygiewicz, PT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 47 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 1997 VL 189 IS 2 BP 275 EP 287 DI 10.1023/A:1004210709108 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XJ609 UT WOS:A1997XJ60900013 ER PT J AU Cogliano, VJ AF Cogliano, VJ TI Plausible upper bounds: Are their sums plausible? SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE mixtures; risk assessment; sums; upper bounds; plausibility ID RISK AB Quantitative cancer risk assessments are typically expressed as plausible upper bounds rather than estimates of central tendency. In analyses involving several carcinogens, these upper bounds are often summed to estimate overall risk. This begs the question of whether a sum of upper bounds is itself a plausible estimate of overall risk. This question can be asked in two ways: whether the sum yields an improbable estimate of overall risk (that is, is it only remotely possible for the true sum of risks to match the sum Of upper bounds), or whether the sum gives a misleading estimate (that is, is the true sum of risks likely to be very different from the sum of upper bounds). Analysis of four case studies shows that as the number of risk estimates increases, their sum becomes increasingly improbable, but not misleading. Though the overall risk depends on the independence, additivity, and number of risk estimates, as well as the shapes of the underlying risk distributions, sums of upper bounds provide useful information about the overall risk and can be adjusted downward to give a more plausible [perhaps probable] upper bound, or even a central estimate of overall risk. RP Cogliano, VJ (reprint author), US EPA,QUANTITAT RISK METHODS GRP 8623,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 17 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00845.x PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA WV857 UT WOS:A1997WV85700009 PM 9131827 ER PT J AU Sandler, DP Ross, JA AF Sandler, DP Ross, JA TI Epidemiology of acute leukemia in children and adults SO SEMINARS IN ONCOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ACUTE MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; ACUTE NONLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; HAIR DYE USE; MORTALITY RATIO ANALYSIS; ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS; DRY CLEANING WORKERS; X-RAY-EXPOSURE; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,CTR CANC,DEPT PEDIAT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP Sandler, DP (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,POB 12233,MC A3-05,111 TW ALEXANDER DR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 NR 223 TC 89 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 6 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0093-7754 J9 SEMIN ONCOL JI Semin. Oncol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 24 IS 1 BP 3 EP 16 PG 14 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA WH668 UT WOS:A1997WH66800004 PM 9045302 ER PT J AU Li, K Belanger, JMR Llompart, MP Turpin, RD Singhvi, R Pare, JRJ AF Li, K Belanger, JMR Llompart, MP Turpin, RD Singhvi, R Pare, JRJ TI Evaluation of rapid solid sample extraction using the microwave-assisted process (MAP(TM)) under closed-vessel conditions SO SPECTROSCOPY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SEDIMENTS; SOILS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB The applicability of MAP extraction and subsequent GC/MS determination of mixtures of representative toxic substances including PAH, PCB, base-neutrals, chlorinated pesticides and substituted phenols was evaluated. Typical environmental matrices including sand, soil and air filters were spiked, extracted and analysed. Recoveries from these matrices were acceptable (>80 %); precision was generally in the 10% (RSD) range. The method was then validated using standard reference materials of marine sediments, harbour sediments and a creosote contaminated soil certified with PAH and PCB. Split samples were also obtained from a contract laboratory and the consensus results were used to evaluate recoveries of PAH and organochlorine pesticides. The potential problem of degradation of thermally labile pesticides was addressed by measuring degradation products of DDT and Endrin after MAP extraction. Spiked samples before and after the high temperature/high pressure extraction process did not result in additional decomposition products. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,ENVIRONM TECHNOL CTR,MICROWAVE ASSISTED PROC DIV,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0H3,CANADA. US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM CTR,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA VAN DIEMENSTRAAT 94, 1013 CN AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0712-4813 J9 SPECTROSC-INT J JI Spectr.-Int. J. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Spectroscopy GA WP545 UT WOS:A1997WP54500002 ER PT J AU McMillin, R Miner, LC Hurst, L AF McMillin, R Miner, LC Hurst, L TI Abbreviated microwave extraction of pesticides and PCBs in soil SO SPECTROSCOPY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The Houston Laboratory of the U. S. EPA has been involved in evaluating various new types of organic extraction methods and equipment, focusing on improving productivity and reducing hazardous waste for our pollution prevention program. One such technique we investigated that holds promise is microwave-assisted extraction. Our laboratory has modified a microwave-assisted extraction method by reducing or eliminating the concentration step. This greatly enhances the overall productivity and ease of use of the method while significantly reducing the amount of solvent used. This modified method is compared with sonication and automated Soxhlet techniques in three matrices (sand, clay, and sediment). Accuracy and precision data presented indicate the modified method produces data with equivalent or higher recoveries than the comparison methods. C1 US EPA,HOUSTON LAB REG 6,HOUSTON,TX 77099. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA VAN DIEMENSTRAAT 94, 1013 CN AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0712-4813 J9 SPECTROSC-INT J JI Spectr.-Int. J. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 13 IS 1 BP 41 EP 50 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Spectroscopy GA WP545 UT WOS:A1997WP54500006 ER PT J AU Pare, JRJ Belanger, JMR Li, K Llompart, MP Singhvi, R Turpin, RD AF Pare, JRJ Belanger, JMR Li, K Llompart, MP Singhvi, R Turpin, RD TI Gas-phase extraction method using the microwave-assisted process (MAP(TM)) for the determination of aromatic contaminants in soil SO SPECTROSCOPY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HEADSPACE ANALYSIS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SEDIMENTS AB This work reports on a Microwave-Assisted Process (MAP(TM)) gas-phase extraction method for the determination of aromatic contaminants in soil. Model volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ortho-, meta- and para-xylene (BTEX), chlorobenzene, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. One-gram soil sample immersed in 15 mL of water in a conventional headspace sampler vial subjected to microwave irradiation provided significant sensitivity enhancements when compared to results obtained from conventional static headspace method. Studies were carried out using a fortified soil aged to simulate a real soil matrix. Comparative studies were carried on water and soil samples fortified with a mixture of model VOCs and analysed by conventional static headspace and by this new MAP gas-phase extraction method. The effect of analyte-matrix interaction was evaluated by spiking a mixture of the model compound onto soil samples and processing and analysing them at times of 0-, 24-, and 72-hour, respectively. The proposed method provides a detection limit of 0.020 mu g VOC/g soil (ppm) and precision values (RSD 10%) comparable to conventional automated headspace methods. Linear range for VOC spiked into soils is from 0.2 to 20 ppm. The method will provide a viable alternative to current dynamic-type headspace sampling techniques such as purge-and-trap methods. The method is directly transposable to on-site field work and offers unparalleled sample turn-around time. C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,ENVIRONM TECHNOL CTR,MAP DIV,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0H3,CANADA. US EPA,ENVIRONM RESPONSE TEAM CTR,EDISON,NJ 08837. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA VAN DIEMENSTRAAT 94, 1013 CN AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0712-4813 J9 SPECTROSC-INT J JI Spectr.-Int. J. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 13 IS 1 BP 89 EP 98 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Spectroscopy GA WP545 UT WOS:A1997WP54500011 ER PT J AU Connelly, LE Rogers, JM AF Connelly, LE Rogers, JM TI Methanol causes posteriorization of cervical vertebrae in mice SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RETINOIC ACID; HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; TARGETED DISRUPTIONS; INHALED METHANOL; MUTANT MICE; MOUSE; GENES; EXPRESSION; ETHANOL AB Inhalation of methanol by pregnant mice before gestation day nine (gd 9) produces fetal skeletal alterations, principally in the cervical region. The appearance of these defects suggests homeotic shifts in segment identity, patterning, or both. To explore this possibility, detailed morphological analyses of the effects of methanol on fetal skeletal development were done. Pregnant mice were gavaged with 0, 4.0, or 5.0 g/kg methanol (MeOH) split in two doses on gd 7, the most sensitive day for induction of skeletal alterations with methanol. Dams were killed on gd 18 and the fetuses were counted, weighed, and examined externally. Fetuses were double stained with alcian blue and alizarin red for examination of cartilaginous and ossified vertebral and rib characteristics, and in selected fetuses cervical vertebrae were disarticulated for more detailed analysis. Observations indicative of methanol-induced homeotic transformations were as follows: [GRAPHICS] Examination of disarticulated vertebrae revealed foramina and other distinguishing characteristics on vertebrae anterior to those on which they normally appear. These results demonstrate that maternal methanol exposure can alter segment patterning in the developing mouse embryo, producing posteriorization of cervical vertebrae. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,RES LAB,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV REPROD TOXICOL,DEV BIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27711. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD FEB PY 1997 VL 55 IS 2 BP 138 EP 144 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199702)55:2<138::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-# PG 7 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA WW965 UT WOS:A1997WW96500004 PM 9143095 ER PT J AU Lye, D Fout, GS Crout, SR Danielson, R Thio, CL PaszkoKolva, CM AF Lye, D Fout, GS Crout, SR Danielson, R Thio, CL PaszkoKolva, CM TI Survey of ground, surface, and potable waters for the presence of Legionella species by EnviroAmp(R) PCR Legionella kit, culture, and immunofluorescent staining SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Legionella; PCR; ground water; BCYE alpha culture ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; PONTIAC FEVER; PNEUMOPHILA; OUTBREAK; RECOVERY; SEQUENCE; SURVIVAL; SAMPLES AB A total of 116 samples from numerous aquatic sources including water from faucets, showerheads, dental units, fire sprinklers, and surface waters were examined for the presence of Legionella by the EnviroAmp(R) Legionella PCR Kit, culture on BCYE alpha, or direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining. In addition, 58 ground water samples collected across the U.S. were also examined for the presence of Legionella species by PCR and by culture on BCYE alpha and BCYE alpha-GVPC. Of the 58 ground water samples tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 93% were positive by PCR, while only 7% were culture positive. Analysis of the remaining samples indicated that 52.7% of the samples were positive by PCR, 50.0% were positive by DFA, while 8.3% were culture positive. Although Legionella species were frequently detected by PCR in all water types examined, concentrations were typically less than 10(3) cells per ml. Legionalla species were detected much more frequently than was Legionella pneumophila in all aquatic samples. DFA results correlated well to PCR results but culture results were often negative for Legionella due to overgrowth, competition, or inhibition by background organisms. Results of this type of survey confirm the ubiquity of Legionella in aquatic environments, even ground waters. This study represents the first in depth survey of ground water across the United States. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NO KENTUCKY UNIV LIB,DEPT BIOL SCI,HIGHLAND HTS,KY 41099. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,BERKELEY,CA 94704. PERKIN ELMER CORP,APPL BIOSYST DIV,FOSTER CITY,CA. RP Lye, D (reprint author), US EPA,AQUAT RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 31 IS 2 BP 287 EP 293 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00252-7 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA WD073 UT WOS:A1997WD07300011 ER PT J AU Watanabe, T Kaji, H Takashima, M Kasai, T Lewtas, J Hirayama, T AF Watanabe, T Kaji, H Takashima, M Kasai, T Lewtas, J Hirayama, T TI Metabolic activation of 2- and 3-nitrodibenzopyranone isomers and related compounds by rat liver S9 and the effect of S9 on the mutational specificity of nitrodibenzopyranones SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE metabolic activation; Salmonella typhimurium; nitro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one; nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID BIOASSAY-DIRECTED FRACTIONATION; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PARTICULATE EXTRACTS; XANTHINE-OXIDASE; AMBIENT AIR; MUTAGENICITY; CARCINOGENICITY; GENOTOXICITY; NITROARENES; 3-NITROFLUORANTHENE AB The effect of rat liver Sg on the mutagenicity of 10 nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) was evaluated with Salmonella typhimurium TA98NR using S9 from phenobarbital-, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-, beta-naphthoflavone- and polychlorobiphenyl-treated and untreated rats. 2-Nitrofluorene (2-NFl), 2-nitrofluoren-9-one (2-NFlone), 2-nitrocarbazole (2-NCz), 3-NCz, 2-nitrodibenzothiophene (2-NDBT), 2-nitro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (2-NDBP) and 3-NDBP were metabolically activated by one or more of the S9 fractions, and the highest enhancement of the mutagenic potency of nitro-PAHs was observed with 3-MC-induced S9. Only in the case of 3-NFlone was the mutagenicity in strain TA98NR decreased by the addition of S9, regardless of S9 induction. 2-NDBP was most efficiently activated among nitro-PAHs tested by all S9 fractions used. The cytosolic fraction of S9 accounted for more of the activation of 2-NDBP than the microsomal fraction. NADH and NADPH were the most effective electron donors on the activation of 2-NDBP by S9. 2-NDBP was also metabolically activated by NADH plus commercial preparations of xanthine oxidase. These activations of 2-NDBP were inhibited by allopurinol, indicating that cytosolic xanthine oxidase in rat liver S9 participates in the activation of 2-NDBP. The potency of 2- and 3-NDBP isomers as base substitution mutagens was also enhanced by S9. In the presence of S9, both compounds showed the highest mutagenicity in strain TA7005 (C . G --> A . T) followed by strains TA7004 (G . C --> A . T), TA7006 (C . G --> G . C) and TA7002 (T . A --> A . T), and this mutation specificity was similar to that without S9, indicating that the mechanism of mutagenesis caused by NDBP isomers with S9 is similar to that without S9. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Watanabe, T (reprint author), KYOTO PHARMACEUT UNIV,YAMASHIMA KU,5 NAKAUCHICHO,KYOTO 607,JAPAN. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JAN 15 PY 1997 VL 388 IS 1 BP 67 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(96)00138-6 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WP826 UT WOS:A1997WP82600008 PM 9025793 ER PT J AU Riley, RH Phillips, DL Schuft, MJ Garcia, MC AF Riley, RH Phillips, DL Schuft, MJ Garcia, MC TI Resolution and error in measuring land-cover change: Effects on estimating net carbon release from Mexican terrestrial ecosystems SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL FORESTS; BIOMASS; VEGETATION; ACCURACY; MAPS; CO2 AB Reliable estimates of carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere due to land-use change have become increasingly important. One source of land-use change estimates comes from comparing multi-date remote sensing imagery, though the effect of land-cover classification errors on carbon flux estimates has not been considered to our knowledge. We evaluated the integration of a land-cover change detection methodology using Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) imagery with a regional carbon budget analysis. This work includes the incorporation of image classification accuracy information into the carbon budget of our sample landscape. Our analysis indicates that the Los Tuxtlas, Mexico study region experienced an approximate net loss of 2.146 x 10(6) t C from 1986 to 1990. A carbon loss value which does not include classification error estimates is 34 per cent less than the adjusted value. C1 US EPA,NATL COUNCIL AIR & STREAM IMPROVEMENT,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. PURDUE UNIV,LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 34 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JAN 10 PY 1997 VL 18 IS 1 BP 121 EP 137 DI 10.1080/014311697219312 PG 17 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA WC493 UT WOS:A1997WC49300009 ER PT B AU Eder, BK Davis, JM Nychka, D AF Eder, BK Davis, JM Nychka, D GP AMS TI Modeling ozone's dependence on meteorology: A comparison of clustering and non-parametric regression techniques SO 10TH CONFERENCE ON APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Conference on Applied Climatology CY OCT 20-23, 1997 CL RENO, NV SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Eder, BK (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Drop 80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1997 BP 413 EP 417 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BK86P UT WOS:000073700700116 ER PT B AU Pleim, JE Xiu, AJ Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF AF Pleim, JE Xiu, AJ Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF GP AMS TI Evaluation of a coupled land-surface and dry deposition model through comparison to field measurements of surface heat, moisture, and ozone fluxes SO 12TH SYMPOSIUM ON BOUNDARY LAYERS AND TURBULENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS), Canadian Meteorol & Oceanographic Soc C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Pleim, JE (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1997 BP 478 EP 479 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL60X UT WOS:000075999700242 ER PT B AU Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF Ellestad, TG Pleim, JE AF Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF Ellestad, TG Pleim, JE GP AMS TI Diagnostic evaluation of the multi-layer deposition velocity model SO 12TH SYMPOSIUM ON BOUNDARY LAYERS AND TURBULENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence CY JUL 28-AUG 01, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS), Canadian Meteorol & Oceanographic Soc C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Finkelstein, PL (reprint author), US EPA, MD-80, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/C-1331-2017 OI Pleim, Jonathan Pleim/0000-0001-6190-6082 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1997 BP 484 EP 485 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL60X UT WOS:000075999700245 ER PT S AU FennerCrisp, PA Fisher, RP AF FennerCrisp, PA Fisher, RP GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI Endocrine disrupters: Risk assessment, regulatory issues, and research SO 1997 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBIT, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 1997 Environmental Conference and Exhibit CY MAY 05-07, 1997 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP Tech Assoc Pulp & Paper Ind C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-688-4 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1997 BP 699 EP 699 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BH87S UT WOS:A1997BH87S00093 ER PT S AU Bradbury, SP vanderSchalie, W Ludwig, D AF Bradbury, SP vanderSchalie, W Ludwig, D GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI The evolution of ecological risk assessment: US EPA proposed guidelines as a paradigm with opportunities SO 1997 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBIT, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 1997 Environmental Conference and Exhibit CY MAY 05-07, 1997 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP Tech Assoc Pulp & Paper Ind C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-688-4 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1997 BP 701 EP 701 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BH87S UT WOS:A1997BH87S00094 ER PT S AU Braverman, C Tardiff, RG AF Braverman, C Tardiff, RG GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI USEPA's new cancer risk assessment guidelines: What they are and an illustration (chloroform) of how they can be applied SO 1997 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBIT, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 1997 Environmental Conference and Exhibit CY MAY 05-07, 1997 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP Tech Assoc Pulp & Paper Ind C1 US EPA,CHICAGO,IL. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-688-4 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1997 BP 703 EP 703 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BH87S UT WOS:A1997BH87S00095 ER PT B AU Rigger, D AF Rigger, D GP API TI Edible oils: Are they really that different? SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB Congress passed the Edible Oils Regulatory Reform Act (EORRA) requiring regulatory agencies to differentiate between edible oils and petroleum oils when developing regulations because of the perception that edible oils are less toxic and less persistent. Recent EPA responses to vegetable oil spills on inland waters have highlighted some similarities and distinctions between edible oil spills and the more common petroleum oil spills. This paper looks at this issue broadly and focuses on the underlying premise of the EORRA that edible oils are less harmful and therefore should be regulated less rigorously than other classifications of oil. The paper discusses observations made during spill cleanup operations and examines the practical matter of cleaning lip edible oil spills. The paper will also make recommendations for additional research that would benefit the response community. C1 US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Rigger, D (reprint author), US EPA, Atlanta Fed Ctr, Reg 4,11th Floor,100 Alabama St,SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 59 EP 61 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400009 ER PT B AU Staves, J Taylor, J AF Staves, J Taylor, J GP API TI The "one plan" project: Government and industry working to simplify facility emergency response planning SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB The current approach to preparedness for oil and hazardous materials spills in the United States is a maze of federal, state, and local programs that often overlap. The National Response Team (NRT), in cooperation with the Region 6 Response Team (RRT), has del?eloped a contingency plan format that simplifies existing federal regulatory requirements into a single integrated contingency plan (ICP). This format, which was developed by a working group chaired by the EPA Region 6 with representatives from government, industry, labor, and environmental groups, can be used as a model for cooperative projects involving the public and private sectors. The purpose of the ICP is to simplify emergency response plans at facilities. A facility using the ICP format would benefit from the reduced costs of maintaining and updating plans and from the simplified training for responders. Use of the ICP format should also reduce confusion about which plan to use during a response and should improve coordination between facilities and state and federal response agencies. C1 US EPA, Res & Prevent Branch, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RP Staves, J (reprint author), US EPA, Res & Prevent Branch, Reg 6,1445 Ross Ave,10th Floor, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 261 EP 263 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400037 ER PT B AU Rogow, M Sellwood, S AF Rogow, M Sellwood, S GP API TI Spill prevention at inland marinas: A Shasta Lake, California, case study SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB Since the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), there has been a greater focus on spill prevention and response preparedness at large marine transfer facilities. Little attention, however, has been paid to facilities that fall short of 42,000 gallons. Many of these smaller facilities, which are located on the nation's inland waterways, are marinas that fuel recreational boats. Spill prevention at facilities on inland waterways is complicated by factors such as location, hydrologic conditions, regulation under multiple jurisdictions, and lack of available technology. This paper discusses the various types of petroleum product storage, transfer, and delivery system, as well as spill prevention measures employed by marinas on Shasta Lake, California. Shasta Lake is a mecca of recreational boating, having almost a dozen marinas along its shores. Like many inland waterways, Shasta Lake is affected by precipitation and dam control, which drastically change the surface are of the lake. To stay afloat and operational, marinas, including their fuel transfer capabilities, must be mobile. This presents complex technical and environmental issues for the marinas, which use different combinations of equipment for storing and transferring fuel. Storage systems include fixed or mobile, aboveground or underground storage tanks and floating fuel systems. The piping used to deliver fuel to dispensers located on the marina dock is usually a combination of rigid and flexible lines. Each system is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, with every facility varying in compliance levels. By evaluating the precarious situations and spill events at Shasta Lake and other marinas, we can better assist in compliance efforts and more effectively protect our nation's waterways from oil spills. C1 US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Rogow, M (reprint author), US EPA, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 365 EP 371 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400053 ER PT B AU Tafuri, AN Yezzi, JJ Watts, DJ Carlyle, JM AF Tafuri, AN Yezzi, JJ Watts, DJ Carlyle, JM GP API TI Leak detection and leak location in underground pipelines SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB The use of passive acoustic techniques to detect and locate leaks in underground pipelines that carry pressurized liquids is being investigated in a joint research program between the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of Energy (DOE), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Acoustic techniques permit more cost-effective, timely, and accurate leak detection and location than currently established techniques, such as methodologies based on volumetric changes and others based on pressure loss. AII experimental facility for determining the capabilities and limitations of improved leak detection and leak location methods based on advanced acoustic principles is being developed at the EPA's research facility in Edison, New Jersey. Four representative pipeline systems will be installed and evaluated: one typical of the petrochemical industry, one typical of a navy/airforce hydrant refueling system, one typical of an army central heating system, and a fourth typical of pipelines associated with low-level liquid wastes at DOE facilities. Results of acoustic experiments on an existing 2-inch-diameter test line have indicated that the fundamental theory behind passive acoustic leak detection and location is solid. Several different acoustic leak detection and location methods have been explored to date; data have been produced by all of the techniques, proving their usefulness. C1 US EPA, Edison, NJ USA. RP Tafuri, AN (reprint author), US EPA, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 379 EP 381 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400055 ER PT B AU Smith, DP AF Smith, DP GP API TI Assessing facility-specific risk: A regional perspective SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB It's been six rears since the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Most facilities and regulatory agencies are just now beginning to reflect upon their initial efforts to develop and review facility response plans. The plan reviews and inspections conducted to date within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VI area have identified some common deficiencies. The most prominent and common are the facilities' planning efforts relative to risk. OPA 90 required facilities to assess spill events under adverse weather conditions. Unfortunately most plans were prepared with the intent to meet a regulatory deadline and not necessarily to properly reflect specific risk. This paper will seek to identify the varying risks posed to each facility within Region VI. The following is a list of adverse weather conditions and phenomena that will be examined throughout the region and applied to specific categories of facilities: fire, lightning, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, hail and severe storms, rainfall, drought, floods, temperature extremes, soil corrosivity, and groundwater protection. After the review is completed, facilities will be grouped by their specific hazard and their most probable risk. C1 US EPA, Dallas, TX USA. RP Smith, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Dallas, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 535 EP 538 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400080 ER PT B AU Christenson, C Bart, H AF Christenson, C Bart, H GP API TI International planning as localized planning SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB The Canada-United States Joint Inland Pollution Contingency Plan was signed on July 25, 1994, by the minister of the Department of the Environment for Canada and the administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. As stated in the letter of promulgation, the document provides for cooperative measures for dealing with accidental and unauthorized releases of pollutants that may cause damage to the environment and that may constitute a threat to the public health, property, or welfare along the shared inland boundary of the two nations. The plan divided the international boundary into five regional planning areas and mandated regional annexes that define the jurisdiction, roles, and response procedures of the regulatory and support agencies within each planning area. In our work on this project it is being made clear again and again that responders on both sides of our countries' land border do not want to have their efforts hampered by what in an emergency could be arbitrary borders. We are committed to ensuring that the regulatory agencies in both countries are truly supportive of the on-scene responders, and that these annexes will only serve to enhance this support. C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Christenson, C (reprint author), US EPA, 77 W Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 593 EP 594 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400090 ER PT B AU Stalcup, D Yoshioka, G Kaiman, B Hall, A AF Stalcup, D Yoshioka, G Kaiman, B Hall, A GP API TI Effects of OPA 90 response planning on reported spills SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB In the years following the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), government agencies and regulated parties in the United States have begun to implement spill prevention and preparedness programs. For this analysis, 7 years of oil spill data collected in the Emergency Response Notification System were used to measure the impact that OPA 90 has had on preventing large spills. Furthermore, relationships among the types, sources, and location of spilled oil are characterized A comparison of the number of reported 10,000-gallon oil spills for the gears 1992-1995 to that number for the gears 1989-1991 indicates a decline, not only for vessels but also for pipelines and fixed facilities. The decline in large oil spills to water from various sources appears to indicate that the efforts of government and industry have had a measurable impact on environmental protection. C1 US EPA, Oil Pollut Response & Prevent Ctr, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Stalcup, D (reprint author), US EPA, Oil Pollut Response & Prevent Ctr, 401 M St SW 5203G, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 761 EP 764 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400118 ER PT B AU Rosen, RN AF Rosen, RN GP API TI Boyd's Creek oil spill removal site, Glasgow, Kentucky SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB This paper describes the ongoing oil spill removal action conducted by EPA Region IV in Glasgow, Kentucky. The discharge source is an improperly abandoned oil well that is leaking crude oil through fractures in the limestone bedrock. The discharge is carried to the surface in a spring, which then flows directly into Boyd's Creek and Barren River Lake, a recreational use lake managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Some of the unique technical and policy issues of this removal action include the appropriateness of using Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) monies on this nontraditional "oil spill"; difficulties recovering the product from the karst features; cost recovery and responsible party (RP) identification; and concerns over Emergency Response Program involvement in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. C1 US EPA, Emergency Response & Removal Branch, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Rosen, RN (reprint author), US EPA, Emergency Response & Removal Branch, 100 Alabama St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 795 EP 797 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400124 ER PT B AU Rosen, RN AF Rosen, RN GP API TI Lookout Mountain pipeline rupture, Chattanooga, Tennessee SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB An 8-inch oil pipeline ruptured on Lookout Mountain in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in February 1996. The resulting response was complicated by the unusual geology at the spill site as well as by the proximity of surface waters and sensitive natural resources. Lookout Mountain contains extensive karst cave systems featuring nationally renowned tourist and spelunking destinations. The caves are also a natural resource managed by the National Park Service. A discharge of approximately 65,000 gallons of kerosene-fuel oil mix sprayed into a small ravine that drains toward the nearby Tennessee River. Responders arrived on scene promptly but found little product at the rupture site and so focused their preliminary efforts on containment and cleanup of free product in the ravine. As surface cleanup progressed, it became apparent that most of the discharge was unaccounted for. Responders quickly associated site geology with the "missing" product and feared that oil had entered the cave systems beneath the discharge zone. This paper discusses the strategies used and the problems encountered in attempting to track and clean up the discharge as well as some of the issues surrounding the impact oil natural resources. C1 US EPA, Emergency Response & Removal Branch, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Rosen, RN (reprint author), US EPA, Emergency Response & Removal Branch, 100 Alabama St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 799 EP 801 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400125 ER PT B AU Smith, DP AF Smith, DP GP API TI ATTCO Pipeline tank fire: Responding to the volcanic inferno SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB On a hot afternoon in June 1995, lightning struck a 55,000-barrel crude oil storage tank owned by ATTCO Pipe line Company in Addington, Oklahoma. The lightning strike subsequently caused a fire and explosion that ultimately resulted in the collapse of the tank. During the initial response efforts, specialized fire-fighting equipment and personnel were requested from Sheppard Air Force Base out of Wichita Falls, Texas. Unfortunately: efforts to extinguish the fire resulted in a tragic loss of life. This poster seeks to examine the sequence of events leading Icp to the loss of life and to discuss how these events affected the overall spill response efforts. it will include an analysis of the operational parameters established by ATTCO's Facility Response Plan that was in effect on June 10, 1995, and will also examine the state of preparedness and prevention efforts leading up to June 10, 1995. Ultimately, this poster will determine what effect, if any, the state of readiness had on the events of that day. C1 US EPA, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. RP Smith, DP (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 6,1445 Ross Ave, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 926 EP 927 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400155 ER PT B AU Stalcup, D Yoshioka, G Mantus, E Kaiman, B AF Stalcup, D Yoshioka, G Mantus, E Kaiman, B GP API TI Characteristics of oil spills: Inland versus coastal SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB The Emergency Response Notification System database was searched for information on the size of spills, the sources of spills, and the types of oils spilled for both inland and coastal ,caters. The results of this analysis indicate that the vast majority of spills for both inland and coastal waters are minor discharges, that the sources of the spills differ for inland versus coastal waters, with pipelines representing a minor source for both water systems, and that a wide variety of materials are spilled in both inland and coastal water systems, with crude oil being a more significant contributor for coastal waters. C1 US EPA, Oil Pollut Response & Prevent Ctr 5203G, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Stalcup, D (reprint author), US EPA, Oil Pollut Response & Prevent Ctr 5203G, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 939 EP 940 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400161 ER PT B AU Weiner, JL AF Weiner, JL GP API TI Nutshell summary of EPA's national survey of oil storage facilities SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB In April 1995, EPA conducted a national survey of oil storage facilities potentially subject to its Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulation (40 CFR Part 112). The purpose of the survey was to answer five specific questions: (1) How many facilities are regulated by EPA's SPCC program? (2) What types of facilities does the SPCC program regulate ? (3) What do these facilities look like? (4) Which facilities pose the greatest oil spill risk? And (5) How effective is the SPCC program in reducing oil spill risk? This nutshell summary briefly discusses EPA's analysis of the survey data. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Weiner, JL (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW,Mail Code 5202G, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 952 EP 953 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400168 ER PT B AU Lively-Diebold, B DeMarco, G Gilder, D Fried, J AF Lively-Diebold, B DeMarco, G Gilder, D Fried, J GP API TI Federal spill prevention programs: Could a "one plan" approach work? SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB Much attention has recently been focused on the Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP) Guidance, which is designed to promote more effective and consistent emergency response planning at facilities. This poster will explore the possibility of expanding that concept to the realm of oil spill prevention by promoting increased coordination among the various programs that address technical and operational measures aimed at preventing spills associated with the handling, storage, and transport of oil. For operations subject to multiple federal regulations, the potential for consolidation and resulting efficiencies may exist. Improved coordination among prevention programs is likely to reduce the overall risk of systemwide oil spills as well as duplicative and conflicting requirements. Lessons learned from efforts to coordinate on the response side of the equation can be applied to the prevention side to facilitate such coordination. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lively-Diebold, B (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St,SW 5202-G, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 961 EP 963 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400173 ER PT B AU Bragan, MJ AF Bragan, MJ GP API TI Use of chemical countermeasures on roadside fuel spills SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB As the first and sometimes only line of defense for roadway fuel spills, local responders find themselves in a paradoxical position of having to quickly remove the material while minimizing impacts to the environment. In the past, to facilitate a quick reopening of the roadway, local responders hosed the spilled fuel into a nearby creek or storm drain. Today. in response to the local responders' need for tools to mitigate these spills without damaging the environment, many products. called chemical countermeasures, were developed. Unfortunately, without the technical expertise to adequately evaluate each product, local responders are misled into using countermeasures that when released into the environment actually increase the toxicity mobility and volatility of the material originally spilled. This paper describes an outreach and training program developed to address this problem by EPA Region IV's Emergency Response and Removal Branch (ERRB) in response to a request by several local fire-fighting agencies. C1 US EPA, Emergency Response & Removal Branch, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Bragan, MJ (reprint author), US EPA, Emergency Response & Removal Branch, Reg 4,345 Courtland St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 964 EP 965 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400175 ER PT B AU Worley, R Stalcup, D Kaiman, B Balassiano, K AF Worley, R Stalcup, D Kaiman, B Balassiano, K GP API TI Using GIS to aid in spill prevention, preparedness, and response SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB This poster presentation demonstrates how geographic information systems (GISs) are being employed by the United Stares Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ail Pollution Response and Prevention Center (OPRPC) and regional oil program offices to assist in preventing, preparing for, and responding to oil spills within the United States. Over the past 2 years, EPA's OPRPC has played a key role in facilitating the exchange of spatial data within EPA as well as with various federal, state, and local organizations. Significant advancements have been made in collecting, analyzing, managing, and sharing spatial data, and many opportunities for additional coordination lie ahead. C1 US EPA, Oil Pollut Responce & Prevent Ctr 5203G, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Worley, R (reprint author), US EPA, Oil Pollut Responce & Prevent Ctr 5203G, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 978 EP 979 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400184 ER PT B AU Whelan, AE Calovich, SM AF Whelan, AE Calovich, SM GP API TI Exercise evaluation for industry SO 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE: IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Oil Spill Conference - Improving Environmental Protection CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL SP US Coast Guard, US EPA, Amer Petr Inst, Int Petr Ind Environm Conservat Assoc, Int Maritime Org AB Exercises are evaluated as a test of the utility of a response plan, as a measure of the effectiveness of training, or as an indicator of the general level of preparedness at a facility. Without evaluation, the value of an exercise is weakened and, in some cases, lost. An evaluation document leads the evaluator to look at all of the components of an exercise, provides a competency standard for both government and industry, and provides a mechanism for feedback to players and planholders. The document ran help the designers of an exercise to address a wide variety of issues or, alternatively, aim narrowly at specific issues. C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. RP Whelan, AE (reprint author), US EPA, Region V,77 W Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PETROLEUM INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1220 L STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 1997 BP 1008 EP 1008 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK72X UT WOS:000073241400200 ER PT B AU Macedonia, J Vollaro, R Culligan, K Sheppard, M AF Macedonia, J Vollaro, R Culligan, K Sheppard, M BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI EPA's plan for Part 75 continuous emissions monitoring rule revisions SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Macedonia, J (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div, 401 M St SW 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 59 EP 60 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500001 ER PT B AU Schary, C Shellabarger, M Smith, K AF Schary, C Shellabarger, M Smith, K BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI The Acid Rain Program's 1995 Annual Reconciliation: Design and experience SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The completion of the first year of compliance under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Acid Rain Program provides an excellent opportunity to analyze its results for early indications on the effectiveness of the program's design. Established under Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, the implementation of the program's two-phased approach to reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from electric utilities proved to be more complex and more costly than its supporters anticipated. An unanticipated complication was the difficult task of accounting for shifts in electric generation from Phase I sources to those not affected until Phase II. This paper examines the results of the 1995 reconciliation process and analyzes the value of the two-phased approach in accomplishing the stated goals of the Acid Rain Program: to achieve significant emissions reductions at the lowest possible cost to the affected sources, and to society in general. The paper concludes that Phase I implementation costs were disproportionately large, imposed sizeable costs on Phase II sources as well, who had to install monitors early but did not receive any of its benefits - additional allowances. A better design might have been to include all sources in both phases while maintaining the two-step reduction schedule. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schary, C (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div, 401 M St SW 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 142 EP 151 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500005 ER PT B AU Wockenfuss, ME AF Wockenfuss, ME BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI EPA's overview of the Acid Rain Program's Emissions Tracking System (ETS) quarterly report process SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The Acid Rain Program's Emission Tracking System (ETS) was developed to collect, quality assure and publish the monitored and sampled emissions data collected and reported by the electric utility industry. Data are collected from fossil-fuel burning electrical generating stations that are affected by the Acid Rain Program. Since its operational start in 1993 the ETS and the data collection that surrounds it, the quarterly report process, has evolved to handle the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) increased expectations of quarterly report data quality. The quarterly report process that supports the ETS provides utilities with multiple data submission options. It also provides software tools so that utilities can perform their own data assessment. This paper highlights the quarterly report process and the systems that are at the center of that process. It also analyzes utility performance relating to their 1995 and 1996 quarterly data reports and previews how the EPA's quarterly report process will evolve over the next year. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Wockenfuss, ME (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, 401 M St NW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 195 EP 200 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500010 ER PT B AU Mangus, NJ AF Mangus, NJ BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI Lessons learned about monitor performance from Acid Rain Program Emissions data SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB Affected utilities began collecting emissions data for allowance accounting under the Acid Rain Program in January 1995. The monitor quality assurance requirements and the missing data substitution procedures are major tenets of the program. This paper highlights some coarse statistics from a preliminary analysis of relative accuracy results and the amount of missing data substitution for SO2, NOx, and flow monitors. Relative accuracy test audit (RATA) results from 1/1/95 through 6/30/96 are examined. Of all RATAs performed, 98.1% were passed and 94.5% resulted in the monitor meeting the reduced frequency standard. The analysis of missing data considers only data from second quarter 1996 (4/1/96 - 6/30/96). 5.32 million hourly records were reported, with missing data substituted less than 3% of the time and an average availability for all monitors of 96%. The median percent monitor availability reported for all SO2, NOx, and flow monitors at the end of the quarter was an even higher 98%. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mangus, NJ (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Code 6204J,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 207 EP 215 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500012 ER PT B AU Miller, RL AF Miller, RL BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI State acid rain programs: Progress & issues in phase II SO2, NOx, & Opt-ins permitting SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB Almost all States' have adopted acid rain permitting regulations as part of their title V operating permits programs, and will be adopting acid rain NO, regulations in the near future. Phase II affected sources achieved a high degree of compliance with the statutory requirement to submit initial Phase II acid rain permit applications by January 1, 1996. The Acid Rain Opt-in Program is being implemented; sources are submitting opt-in permit applications to EPA and permits have been issued. Phase II NO, regulations are being promulgated, affected sources are submitting NO, early election plans to EPA and Phase II NO, guidance for States will be distributed in 1997. Forty CFR part 72 (the acid rain program permits regulation) is being revised primarily to streamline the permitting process for State and local permitting authorities and to improve integration with 40 CFR part 70 (the state operating permits program regulation). Acid rain permitting demands will increase for States over the next 3 years; current State adherence to statutory and regulatory acid rain permitting requirements for Phase II affected sources remains high. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Miller, RL (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 271 EP 277 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500017 ER PT B AU Lieberman, E Schakenbach, J AF Lieberman, E Schakenbach, J BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI The flow measurement puzzle - Putting the pieces together SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB Under certain circumstances there appears to be a disparity between the flow measurements obtained from certified stack flow monitors under 40 CFR Part 75 and the flow estimated from combustion factors using the traditional input/output approach. This presentation (1) gives a brief introduction on the technical underpinnings of the issues, (2) lists some of the major questions that have been raised in this regard, (3) identifies some of the key factors that are likely to be contributing to the disparity, (4) describes lab and field investigations that are under way to pin down the contribution of the Various factors, (5) reports some of the interim findings from these investigations, and (6) outlines some of the anticipated actions that are likely to be taken to address the issues. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Lieberman, E (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div, 6204J,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 313 EP 322 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500023 ER PT B AU Dean, M Kruger, J AF Dean, M Kruger, J BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI Using EPA's allowance tracking system to assess the allowance market SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The development of a credible framework for analyzing private allowance transfers recorded in EPA's Allowance Tracking System (ATS) is essential for effective assessment of the sulfur dioxide (SO2) allowance market. The ATS began recording transfers of allowances in March, 1994, and since then has served as an automated record of allowance holdings and transfers of ownership. Though primarily concerned with determining compliance the ATS contains details of private allowance transfers representing what is believed to be a significant portion of overall SO2 allowance market activity. This paper will analyze these private transfers recorded in ATS and will develop relevant categories for classification purposes. The resulting categorization will enable consistent analysis of the SO2 allowance market and provide substantial insight into the level and type of allowance trading activity under the Acid Rain Program. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Dean, M (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 431 EP 438 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500033 ER PT B AU Schary, C Culligan, K AF Schary, C Culligan, K BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI The role of EPA's acid rain division in the ozone transport commission's NOx budget program SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The Ozone Transport Commission's (OTC) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Budget Program will implement the emissions reduction goal of the 1994 Memorandum of Understanding between its twelve member states and the District of Columbia. The program will achieve its significant NOx reductions from electric utilities and industrial boilers using a "cap-and-trade" approach modeled after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's sulfur dioxide emissions trading under the Acid Rain Program The similarity of the two programs has led to the development of an important partnership between the OTC states and EPA's Acid Rain Division. Over the past two years, Acid Rain Program staff have shared their technical expertise and assisted extensively in the development of the program's rules. Leveraging the investment EPA made in the systems used to run the Acid Rain Program, the OTC states have asked the Acid Rain Division to administer the data systems for them, and together are working to expand its existing Emissions Tracking System and to modify a clone of the sulfur dioxide Allowance Tracking System, to fulfill the unique requirements of the NOx Budget Program. This partnership is an important example of the new type of cooperation and sharing of expertise and resources that should develop between EPA and states as they launch multi-state programs to address regional pollution problems that defy a single-state solution. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Schary, C (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div, 401 M St,SW 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 543 EP 555 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500038 ER PT B AU Price, DA Birnbaum, RE AF Price, DA Birnbaum, RE BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI The emerging role of NOx in acid deposition SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) have long been recognized as a principal precursor to acid deposition. Until recently. however, scientific knowledge about the nature and extent of NOx's contribution to acidity in the atmosphere and to acid deposition damages on earth has been nascent; the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) and related research during the 1980s focused primarily on the linkage between sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions with acid deposition. This paper summarizes an integrative assessment on the science of NOx and acid deposition and the multiple environmental benefits associated with decreases in NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants. The Acid Rain Program performed this staff assessment to support the Phase II Acid Rain NOx Emission Reduction Rule, proposed on January 19, 1996 (61 FR 1442), and the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) Integrated NOx Strategy. Model projections from EPA's Acid Deposition Standard Feasibility Study (October 1995) provided the initial indication of the important role of NOx in the future chronic acidification of certain sensitive watershed ecosystems. Corroborative findings from the Bear Brook Watershed Manipulation Experiment and other recent field studies are discussed. This paper also presents an overview discussion of the current slate-of-knowledge with respect to NOx's role in the acidification of forests, soils, and vegetation as well as acidic-related damage to materials and structures. Basic terms and processes such as "atmospheric nitrogen deposition," "nitrogen saturation," "chronic vs. episodic acidification," and "direct vs soil-mediated acidification effects" are defined in context so as to facilitate understanding of the emerging role of NOx in acid deposition. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Price, DA (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div, 6204J,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 571 EP 580 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500040 ER PT B AU Birnbaum, R AF Birnbaum, R BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI Emerging acid deposition research and monitoring issues SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB The research baselines established for acid rain in the 1980s position scientists and policy makers to evaluate the environmental effectiveness of the acid rain control program and to test the variety of scientific hypotheses made regarding the chemical, transport and biological processes involved in acidic deposition. Several new research questions have evolved. How effective are the emissions reductions? What is the residual risk? How have ecological recovery rates been affected and what other environmental factors influence recovery? What are the critical requirements to measure ecological change including the extent aid rate while also capturing the extent and severity of emerging ecological stressors (such as watershed nitrogen saturation)? These and other questions are currently being synthesized within and outside of EPA to develop a long-term strategy to provide guidance to emerging research and monitoring issues. C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Birnbaum, R (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 592 EP 596 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500042 ER PT B AU Srivastava, R Quarles, P AF Srivastava, R Quarles, P BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI Performance of selective catalytic reduction technology at electric utility boilers in the United States, Germany and Sweden SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div, Washington, DC 20001 USA. RP Srivastava, R (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div, 501 3rd St NW,Judiciary Sq, Washington, DC 20001 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 627 EP 641 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500045 ER PT B AU Critchfield, LR AF Critchfield, LR BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI Responses to the advanced notice of proposed rulemaking EPA published on June 6, 1996 regarding changes to the EPA allowance auctions and elimination of the direct sale SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB On June 6, 1996, EPA's Acid Rain Program published an advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) in the Federal Register seeking comment on: 1) whether to change the design of the annual sulfur dioxide (SO2) allowance auctions; 2) whether to change the timing of the allowance auctions; 3) whether to change the requirement that the minimum price of offered allowances must be in whole dollars, and 4) whether EPA should propose the ability to submit allowance transfers electronically.(1) EPA also published on that day a proposed and direct final rule on whether to eliminate the direct sale.(2) This paper documents the issues addressed in the ANPRM, the comments EPA received, and EPA's responses to those comments. EPA received comments from 14 separate commenters.(3) C1 US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Critchfield, LR (reprint author), US EPA, Acid Rain Div 6204J, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 683 EP 687 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500050 ER PT B AU Nguyen, KOT Alexander, TH Dupree, JC AF Nguyen, KOT Alexander, TH Dupree, JC BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI Acid Rain Program CEM Audit Program SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB This presentation will give an overview of the Acid Rain Program CEM Audit Program: electronic and field audits. The presentation will include the reasons for audits, field audit types and levels, the steps used in developing the audit program and the audit procedures. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Nguyen, KOT (reprint author), US EPA, 401 M St SW 6204, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 753 EP 756 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500056 ER PT B AU Grano, DH AF Grano, DH BE PrabhuDayal, PE TI EPA's integrated nitrogen oxides strategy SO ACID RAIN & ELECTRIC UTILITIES II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT II Acid Rain & Electric Utilities Conference CY JAN 21-22, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP US EPA, Elect Power Res Inst, Edison Elect Inst, Air & Waste Management Assoc AB Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are highly reactive and play a major role in the formation of various gases and particles in the atmosphere which lead to harmful effects on human health and welfare. This paper briefly describes the multiple impacts on human health and welfare that result from emissions of NOx and describes EPA's strategy to integrate NOx reductions from Various mobile and stationary sources in a balanced manner to achieve environmental benefits. Based on modeling information, it is clear that substantial reductions in NOx emissions over large geographic areas are needed if many densely populated areas of the nation are to attain the national ambient air quality standard for ozone. In addition to attainment of the health standard for ozone, the reduction of NOx emissions will also likely improve the nation's environment by reducing adverse impacts of acid deposition, eutrophication of waterbodies, global warming, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, stratospheric ozone depletion, taxies, and visibility. C1 US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Grano, DH (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, MD-15, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 943 EP 949 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL49Z UT WOS:000075703500075 ER PT J AU Martonen, T Zhang, ZQ Yang, YD AF Martonen, T Zhang, ZQ Yang, YD TI Particle diffusion from developing flows in rough-walled tubes SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION AB A closed-form solution has been derived which quantitatively describes convective mass transfer in a conduit including wall irregularities and entrance effects. It permits the respective roles of the major diffusional parameters upon deposition to be formulated and examined directly. For testing, the model can be reduced to a limiting case; namely, the particle diffusion problem of Ingham (1991) for idealized (i.e., smooth-walled) short tubes. The mathematical model was used to study inhaled aerosols in the upper airways of the human tracheobronchial tree. We focused on the influences of core flow acceleration (in the lumen of an airway) and various cartilaginous ring structures (embedded in the surface of an airway). The effects of core flow acceleration on particle diffusion calculations were quite small for in vivo conditions. However, particle diffusion due to cartilaginous rings can be increased up to 32% relative to idealized tubes. The enhancement can be written in terms of the airway surface function expressed as a power of the ring shape aspect ratio h/b where h is the amplitude of the surface wave and b is its wavelength. (C) 1997 American Association for Aerosol Research. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT MECH ENGN & APPL MECH,KINGSTON,RI 02881. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Martonen, T (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 13 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1080/02786829708965410 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VZ546 UT WOS:A1997VZ54600001 ER PT S AU Galloway, DF Walker, JM AF Galloway, DF Walker, JM BE Rechcigl, JE MacKinnon, HC TI An entrepreneurial view of the future for the use of wastes and by-products SO AGRICULTURAL USES OF BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Uses of By-Products and Wastes in Agriculture, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Fertilizer & Soil Chem AB Great opportunities exist for creative management of wastes and by-products that result from the centralization, concentration, and intensification of processing and production of animal and plant feedstocks. If these feedstocks are viewed holistically and if animals, humans, factories, and soils are viewed as organic matter and mineral processors, then greater opportunities exist to creatively benefit from the feedstocks at many different times during the various processing and reprocessing sequences. C1 US EPA, OFF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP Galloway, DF (reprint author), RDE INC, 101 N VIRGINIA ST, CRYSTAL LAKE, IL 60014 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3514-7 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 668 BP 22 EP 27 DI 10.1021/bk-1997-0668.ch002 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture; Chemistry GA BJ16J UT WOS:A1997BJ16J00002 ER PT S AU Walker, JM Southworth, RM Rubin, AB AF Walker, JM Southworth, RM Rubin, AB BE Rechcigl, JE MacKinnon, HC TI US Environmental Protection Agency regulations and other stakeholder activities affecting the agricultural use of by-products and wastes SO AGRICULTURAL USES OF BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Uses of By-Products and Wastes in Agriculture, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Fertilizer & Soil Chem AB More than one billion tons of agriculturally recyclable waste organic and inorganic by-products are generated each year in the United States. A large number of Federal and state guidances, policies and rules govern the processing, distribution, and agricultural use or disposal of organic and inorganic by-product materials. Important opportunities exist for tailor-making these by-products and wastes to enhance their benefits when used separately and/or together with conventional fertilizer and soil conditioning materials. This paper discusses the need for stewardship and the implementation of a strategy that makes use of by-products and wastes in a holistic and safe manner, minimizes nuisances, and optimizes the opportunities for sustained agricultural use. C1 US EPA, OFF SCI & TECHNOL, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP Walker, JM (reprint author), US EPA, OFF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT, 401 M ST SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3514-7 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 668 BP 28 EP 47 DI 10.1021/bk-1997-0668.ch003 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture; Chemistry GA BJ16J UT WOS:A1997BJ16J00003 ER PT J AU Christensen, LA Hebert, T Ogg, C Moelleur, R Abdalla, C Banker, D AF Christensen, LA Hebert, T Ogg, C Moelleur, R Abdalla, C Banker, D TI Provisions in the new farm bill: Emerging issues and opportunities for addressing livestock, dairy, and poultry pollution. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1997 VL 79 IS 5 SI SI BP 1694 EP 1694 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA ZN774 UT WOS:000073681300090 ER PT J AU Nehring, R Grube, A AF Nehring, R Grube, A TI Quality adjusted quantity indices for pesticides: A comparison of selected states in the midwest and south. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PY 1997 VL 79 IS 5 SI SI BP 1732 EP 1733 PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA ZN774 UT WOS:000073681300399 ER PT J AU Slade, R Watkinson, WP Hatch, GE AF Slade, R Watkinson, WP Hatch, GE TI Mouse strain differences in ozone dosimetry and body temperature changes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oxygen-18; radiotelemetry; body core temperature; lung; bronchoalveolar lavage ID INDUCED INFLAMMATION; ACUTE INHALATION; MICE; VENTILATION; EXPOSURE; O-18; RESPONSES; TOXICITY; RATS; LUNG AB Strain differences in susceptibility to inhaled ozone (O-3) have been observed in mice, with C57BL/6J (B6) mice reported to be more sensitive than C3H/HEJ (C3) mice when exposed to equal concentrations of O-3. To determine whether differences in the delivered dose of O-3 to the lung could help explain these differences, C3 and B6 mice were exposed to O-18-labeled ozone (O-18(3)), and the resulting O-18 concentrations in pulmonary tissues were monitored as an indicator of O-3 delivered dose. Body core temperatures (T-co) of similarly treated mice were measured during O-3 exposures (using surgically implanted temperature probes) in an effort to correlate lung O-3 dose to changes in basal metabolism. Immediately after exposure to O-18(3), C3 mice had 46% less O-18 (per mg dry wt) in lungs and 61% less in tracheas than B6 mice. Nasal O-18 tended to be lower in the C3 mice, but these differences were not significant. Although both strains responded to the O-3 exposure with significant decreases in T-co, C3 mice had a 70% greater mean temperature X time product decrease during the exposure than B6 mice. These results suggest that the strain differences in O-3 susceptibility may be due to differences in O-3 dose to the lung, which may be related to differences in the ability of the mice to lower their T-co in response to O-3 exposure. RP Slade, R (reprint author), US EPA, EXPT TOXICOL DIV, PULM TOXICOL BRANCH, MD-82, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 272 IS 1 BP L73 EP L77 PG 5 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA WG569 UT WOS:A1997WG56900011 PM 9038905 ER PT J AU DeSoyza, AG Whitford, WG MartinezMeza, E VanZee, JW AF DeSoyza, AG Whitford, WG MartinezMeza, E VanZee, JW TI Variation in creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) canopy morphology in relation to habitat, soil fertility and associated annual plant communities SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; SHRUB; WATER; GROWTH; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS AB Differences in creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) crown morphology may reflect changes in die relative demand for water vs. nutrient resources, coinciding with shrub growth and development. Creosotebushes with inverted cone-shaped crowns were more abundant in water-limited environments whereas hemispherical shaped creosotebushes were more abundant in less water-limited environments. Cone-shaped creosotebushes accumulated substantially less litter under their canopies than did creosotebushes with hemispherical shaped crowns. Soil nutrient concentrations under conical shrubs were similar to those in intershrub spaces and both of these were significantly less than soil nutrient concentrations under hemispherical shrubs. In ecosystems where overland flow of water exerted a greater influence on the movement of organic litter than did wind, shrub shape had little effect on long-term litter accumulation. No persistent differences in the biomass or diversity of ephemeral taxa exploiting undershrub areas were found, probably because the positive effects of greater nutrient resources under hemispherical shrubs were offset by the limitations imposed by the larger, more dense canopies of hemispherical shrubs. Overall, creosotebush morphology affected litter accumulation patterns and soil nutrient patterns, and must be considered when assessing the heterogeneity of desert ecosystems in the southwestern USA. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT 3JER,USDA ARS,JORNADA EXPT RANGE,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, BOX 369, ROOM 295 GLSC, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 137 IS 1 BP 13 EP 26 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WH052 UT WOS:A1997WH05200002 ER PT J AU Sharma, A Quantrill, NSM Rogers, KR AF Sharma, A Quantrill, NSM Rogers, KR TI NADP(+) - Based enzyme assay for D-isocitrate SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article DE enzyme assay; fluorescence quenching NADPH; isocitrate; isocitrate; dehydrogenase AB A novel procedure for the measurement of D-isocitrate is described that utilizes the fluorescence quenching of thionine by the reduced form of the cofactor NADPH, which results from the isocitrate dehydrogenase-catalyzed conversion of D-isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. The procedure is termed substrate induced-quenching (SIQ) assay and results in a fluorescence-quenching constant (K-SIQ) of 4443 M-1 obtained from data collected over the range of 0-500 mu M isocitrate. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV. RP Sharma, A (reprint author), CRANFIELD UNIV,CRANFIELD MOL MEASUREMENT TECHNOL CTR,CRANFIELD MK43 0AL,BEDS,ENGLAND. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 9 BP 1667 EP 1674 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XK866 UT WOS:A1997XK86600006 ER PT B AU Hertzberg, RC AF Hertzberg, RC BE vanZutphen, LFM Balls, M TI Acceptance of the benchmark approach to toxicity testing: Proponent's statement SO ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES, WELFARE, AND ETHICS SE DEVELOPMENTS IN ANIMAL AND VETERINARY SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences CY OCT 20-24, 1996 CL UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS SP Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Alternat Anim Testing, European Cosmet Toiletry & Perfumery Assoc, European Commiss DGXI, European Commiss ECVAM, L Oreal, Procter & Gamble, Solvay Duphar, Wella AB Noncancer health risk assessment is beginning to incorporate statistical dose-response models, as exemplified by the benchmark dose (BMD) method. The difficulties in modeling the multiple and varied types of toxic effects are more than offset by the increased objectivity and clarity of the statistical approach. The BMD method also allows for the incorporation of biologically based models, not only for the BMD itself but also for the uncertainty factors that convert the BMD into a regulatory level. RP Hertzberg, RC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,100 ALABAMA ST SW,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-444-82424-3 J9 DEV AN VET PY 1997 VL 27 BP 755 EP 760 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA BJ87M UT WOS:A1997BJ87M00098 ER PT J AU Church, MR AF Church, MR TI Hydrochemistry of forested catchments SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE catchment hydrochemistry; watersheds; streamwater ID SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS CATCHMENTS; MODELING STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY; HUMID HEADWATER CATCHMENTS; LONG-TERM ACIDIFICATION; STORM RUNOFF GENERATION; SOILWATER END-MEMBERS; NITROGEN SATURATION; ACID DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; HYDROGEOCHEMICAL RESPONSE AB The pathways that water may take through a catchment and its reactions with organisms and soils are myriad and ever varying. A promising means to unraveling the mystery of watershed hydrochemistry is the study of ''small'' catchments, yet the hydrochemical function of even the smallest of catchments involves an amazingly intricate web of flowpaths and biogeochemical processes. Monitoring of catchments and comparison of their inputs to their outputs yields clues to their workings. Manipulation of catchments offers some means of ''controlled'' experimentation as to their nature. Modeling of catchment hydrochemical response attempts to put it all together. Every forested catchment is individual in its structure and hydrochemical response, yet a select, carefully studied few often are drafted to serve as representatives in assessments of responses to environmental influences or perturbations (e.g. acid rain), Many factors must be considered in such extrapolations. Studies of forested catchments often are driven by environmental concerns and thus fluctuate accordingly as to their location and intensity. Despite such fluctuations, the future of the field is clear and bright. Much has been learned as a result of recent studies, not only of what to think about catchment function but, more importantly, how to think about it. RP Church, MR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 144 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 SN 0084-6597 J9 ANNU REV EARTH PL SC JI Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. PY 1997 VL 25 BP 23 EP 59 DI 10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.23 PG 37 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA XB772 UT WOS:A1997XB77200002 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Erickson, RJ Sheedy, BR Kosian, PA Mattson, VR Cox, JS AF Ankley, GT Erickson, RJ Sheedy, BR Kosian, PA Mattson, VR Cox, JS TI Evaluation of models for predicting the phototoxic potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phototoxicity; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; oligochaete; structure activity relationship; ultraviolet light; model ID PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; SELENASTRUM-CAPRICORNUTUM; DAPHNIA-MAGNA; GREEN-ALGA; ANTHRACENE; SEDIMENTS; FLUORANTHENE; RADIATION; DUCKWEED; LIGHT AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of two previously developed models to predict: (a) the relative phototoxic potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through structure activity relationships (SARs), and (b) the interactive effects of variable light intensity and PAH dose on phototoxicity. The oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was exposed to multiple concentrations of the PAHs anthracene, pyrene, fluorene and fluoranthene for 96 h, followed by a 96 h holding period in clean water at three different ultraviolet (UV) light intensities. Based upon measured tissue residue concentrations, anthracene and pyrene were approximately equitoxic, and both were four-fold more potent than fluoranthene. Fluorene was not phototoxic to the oligochaete. These results were in good quantitative agreement with the toxicity predictions of the SAR model. Time-dependent lethality of the three phototoxic PAHs to the oligochaete was accurately modeled by plotting mortality as a function of the product of initial tissue residue of the PAH and UV light intensity to which the organisms were exposed, which also was in good agreement with the interactive toxicity model. These studies contribute to the technical basis for developing an integrated modeling approach to predicting the ecological risk of mixtures of phototoxic PAHs. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA, MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 25 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 37 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(96)00803-X PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA WL880 UT WOS:A1997WL88000004 ER PT J AU Genthner, BRS Townsend, GT Lantz, SE Mueller, JG AF Genthner, BRS Townsend, GT Lantz, SE Mueller, JG TI Persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon components of creosote under anaerobic enrichment conditions SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER SYSTEMS; DENITRIFICATION CONDITIONS; CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; AQUATIC SEDIMENTS; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; BIODEGRADATION; NAPHTHALENE; TRANSFORMATION AB Anaerobic biodegradation of an artificial mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which simulates the PAH component of creosote, was examined under methanogenic, sulfidogenic, and nitrate-reducing conditions using creosote-contaminated sediment as the source of inoculum. PAH degradation, CH4 formation and ion reduction were monitored for up to one year. Despite demonstrating active methanogenic and nitrate-reducing anaerobic bacterial communities, only limited degradation of a few PAHs was observed. Under methanogenic conditions limited degradation of all bicyclic (naphthalene, 1-and 2-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene) and one tricyclic PAH, anthraquinone, was detected. 2-Methylanthracene was apparently degraded under nitrate-reducing conditions. Anthraquinone declined in sulfate enrichments, but this decline was not dependent upon sulfate reduction. None of the 4- or 5-ring PAHs were degraded under any of the enrichment conditions. These data indicate that under the anaerobic conditions tested there is only a limited potential to degrade PAHs which must be considered when proposing bioremediation technologies for PAH-contaminated sites, especially if high-molecular-weight PAHs are present. C1 US EPA,TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. SBP TECHNOL INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Genthner, BRS (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514, USA. NR 35 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1 BP 99 EP 105 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WF163 UT WOS:A1997WF16300012 ER PT J AU Ashley, DL Prah, JD AF Ashley, DL Prah, JD TI Time dependence of blood concentrations during and after exposure to a mixture of volatile organic compounds SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; BENZENE; TOLUENE; POPULATION; CHEMICALS; WORKERS; BREATH AB Volatile organic compounds constitute a group of important environmental pollutants that have been associated with the constellation of symptoms known as sick building syndrome. An understanding of the kinetics of uptake and elimination of volatile organic compounds is important for the proper interpretation of the internal dose concentrations of people exposed to these compounds. Blood concentrations measured before, during, and after exposure of five individuals to a mixture of volatile organic compounds in a controlled chamber are described. Blood concentrations were related directly to air exposure concentrations and appeared to he a function of the blood/air partition coefficient. The half-lives of the internal dose of the volatile organic compounds measured were less than 1/2 k, but the elimination time courses were multiexponential. The complexity of the elimination curve suggested the existence of multiple storage sites within the body. The presence of a long-term exponential in the blood elimination curve suggested that, with repeated exposure, bioaccumulation may occur in humans. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Ashley, DL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,MAILSTOP F-17,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 52 IS 1 BP 26 EP 33 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WK841 UT WOS:A1997WK84100003 PM 9039854 ER PT J AU Horstman, D Kotesovec, F Vitnerova, N Leixner, M Nozicka, J Smitkova, D Sram, R AF Horstman, D Kotesovec, F Vitnerova, N Leixner, M Nozicka, J Smitkova, D Sram, R TI Pulmonary functions of school children in highly polluted northern Bohemia SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY HEALTH; SULFUR-OXIDES; LUNG-FUNCTION; YOUNG-ADULTS; PARTICLES; AMERICAN AB The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether pulmonary function in children who were lifetime residents of the highly polluted district of Teplice in northern Bohemia was lower than that For children who were lifetime residents of the cleaner district of Prachatice in southern Bohemia, Forced expiratory spirometry was measured twice (February/March and April) in approximately 235 eighth-grade students in each district. On both testing occasions, height-adjusted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% forced vital capacity were significantly lower (p < .001) in children from Teplice than in those from Prachatice. These differences were not associated with parental smelting habits, presence of pees, heating/cooking fuels, private home/apartment residency, or rural/urban residency. In Teplice, no differences were observed between lung functions measured at the end of the high pollution season (February/March) and those measured after the children breathed much cleaner air for a 4-wk period (April). This result was suggestive of a condition of chronically depressed lung function. No differences across times were observed in Prachatice, indicating that our measurements were reliable. C1 DIST INST HYG,TEPLICE,CZECH REPUBLIC. PRAGUE INST ADV RES,PRAGUE,CZECH REPUBLIC. DIST INST HYG,PRACHATICE,CZECH REPUBLIC. RP Horstman, D (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN SCI DIV,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Sram, Radim/H-2455-2014 OI Sram, Radim/0000-0003-4256-3816 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 52 IS 1 BP 56 EP 62 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WK841 UT WOS:A1997WK84100008 PM 9039859 ER PT J AU Rose, RJ Dozier, J AF Rose, RJ Dozier, J TI EPA program impacts office zoning SO ASHRAE JOURNAL-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS LA English DT Article RP Rose, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEAT REFRIG AIR- CONDITIONING ENG INC PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J.-Am. Soc. Heat Refrig. Air-Cond. Eng. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 39 IS 1 BP 37 EP 42 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA WC036 UT WOS:A1997WC03600014 ER PT B AU Latimer, JS AF Latimer, JS BE Baker, JE TI The significance of atmospheric deposition as a source of PCBs and PAHs to Narragansett Bay SO ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF CONTAMINANTS TO THE GREAT LAKES AND COASTAL WATERS SE SETAC TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Session on Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters, at the SETAC 15th Meeting CY OCT 30-NOV 03, 1994 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, SETAC Fdn Environm Educ AB Atmospheric inputs of hazardous air pollutants have been investigated as part of an informal national network known as the Great Waters Study. Mandated by the 1991 amendments to the Clean Air Act, this study is aimed at providing environmental authorities with data quantifying the flux of contaminants to the coastal environment so that a framework for assessing ecological effects can be formulated. As part of this network, the Narragansett Bay Atmospheric Deposition Study was undertaken to collect precipitation and air samples from 1992 to 1994 and has produced assessments of pollutant deposition to Narragansett Bay. Over the entire course of the study, wet depositional flux of total PCBs was estimated to be 2.1 +/- 2.4 mu g/m(2)-y, and PAH fluxes (sum of 19 compounds) were observed to be 135 +/- 135 mu g/m(2)-y. Annual differences were not found to be statistically significant due to the large variations in concentration from one sample period to another. Mean dry particle fluxes, estimated from measured air concentrations and reported depositional velocities, were calculated to be from less than 1 to 28 mu g/m(2)-y for individual PAHs, and from 1.7 to 3.1 mu g/m(2)-y for total PCBs. As with the wet deposition, variability between samples was large. Moreover, published ranges for deposition velocity also reduce the certainty of these estimates. A comparison of atmospheric loadings with other sources of organic contaminants to Narragansett Bay indicates that atmospheric deposition of PCBs is, on average, 2% of the total riverine and wastewater sources. In contrast, atmospheric deposition of PAHs is as significant a contributor to Narragansett Bay as are dry weather wastewater inputs, comprising 7% or similar to 0.1 mtons of these contaminants to the estuary every year. The fluxes of PCBs to Narragansett Bay were similar to those reported for other segments of the Great Waters Study (e.g., Chesapeake Bay, Lake Michigan), and PAH fluxes were similar to estimates from Massachusetts Bay, but somewhat greater than observed in Chesapeake Bay. These differences may be due to the proximity of plumes associated with urban areas such as Boston, New York, or Providence, as well as sources nearer the site. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Latimer, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Atlantic Ecol Div, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 N 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501 USA BN 1-880611-10-4 J9 SETAC TECH PUBLICAT PY 1997 BP 227 EP 243 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Toxicology GA BK63H UT WOS:000072818300012 ER PT J AU Cho, JS Wilson, JT DiGiulio, DC Vardy, JA Choi, W AF Cho, JS Wilson, JT DiGiulio, DC Vardy, JA Choi, W TI Implementation of natural attenuation at a JP-4 jet fuel release after active remediation SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE natural attenuation; biodegradation; hydrocarbon; groundwater; BTEX; MTBE; site characterization; fate and transport ID CONTAMINATED AQUIFER; OXIDATION; REDUCTION AB After eighteen months of active remediation at a JP-4 jet-fuel spill, a residual of unremediated hydrocarbon remained. Further site characterization was conducted to evaluate the contribution of natural attenuation to control exposure to hazards associated with the residual contamination in the subsurface. Activities included the detailed characterization of ground-water flow through the spill; the distribution of fuel contaminants in groundwater; and the analysis of soluble electron accepters moving into the spill from upgradient. These activities allowed a rigorous evaluation of the transport of contaminants from the spill to the receptor of groundwater, the Pasquotank River. The transport of dissolved contaminants of concern, that is benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene isomers (BTEX) and methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), into the river from the source area was controlled by equilibrium dissolution from the fuel spill to the adjacent groundwater, diffusion in groundwater from the spill to permeable layers in the aquifer, and advective transport in the permeable layers. The estimated yearly loading of BTEX compounds and MTBE into the receptor was trivial even without considering biological degradation. The biodegradation of hydrocarbon dissolved in groundwater through aerobic respiration, denitrification, sulfate reduction, and iron reduction was estimated from changes in ground-water chemistry along the flow path. The concentrations of target components in permanent monitoring wells continue to decline over time. Long term monitoring will ensure that the plume is under control, and no further active remediation is required. C1 US EPA, NRMRL, SPRD, Ada, OK 74820 USA. US Coast Guard, Civil Engn Unit, Cleveland, OH USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, State Coll, PA USA. RP Cho, JS (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, SPRD, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PY 1997 VL 8 IS 4 BP 265 EP 273 DI 10.1023/A:1008212127604 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZA210 UT WOS:000072340400005 PM 9523452 ER PT J AU Uraizee, FA Venosa, AD Suidan, MT AF Uraizee, FA Venosa, AD Suidan, MT TI A Model for diffusion controlled bioavailability of crude oil components SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE asphaltene; bioavailability; biodegradation; crude oil; diffusivity; modeling ID MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOREMEDIATION; GROWTH; SEA AB Crude oil is a complex mixture of several different structural classes of compounds including alkanes, aromatics, heterocyclic polar compounds, and asphaltenes. The rate and extent of microbial degradation of crude oil depends on the interaction between the physical and biochemical properties of the biodegradable compounds and their interactions with the non-biodegradable fraction. In this study we have systematically altered the concentration of non-biodegradable material in the crude oil and analyzed its impact on transport of the biodegradable components of crude oil to the microorganisms. We have also developed a mathematical model that explains and accounts for the dependence of biodegradation of crude oil through a putative bioavailability parameter. Experimental results indicate that as the asphaltene concentration in oil increases, the maximum oxygen uptake in respirometers decreases. The mathematically fitted bioavailability parameter of degradable components of oil also decreases as the asphaltene concentration increases. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Uraizee, FA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-9820 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PY 1997 VL 8 IS 5 BP 287 EP 296 DI 10.1023/A:1008293024768 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA ZU061 UT WOS:000074157300001 PM 15765608 ER PT J AU Mantiply, ED Pohl, KR Poppell, SW Murphy, JA AF Mantiply, ED Pohl, KR Poppell, SW Murphy, JA TI Summary of measured radiofrequency electric and magnetic fields (10 kHz to 30 GHz) in the general and work environment SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE radiofrequency; microwave; exposure; environmental; occupational ID VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; PLASTIC SEALERS; EXPOSURE; FREQUENCY; OPERATORS; EMISSIONS; HEATERS; UNITS; RISK AB We have plotted data from a number of studies on the range of radiofrequency (RF) field levels associated with a variety of environmental and occupational sources. Field intensity is shown in units of volts/meter (V/m) for electric field strength and amps/meter (A/m) for magnetic field strength. Duty factors, modulation frequencies, and modulation indices are also reported for some sources. This paper is organized into seven sections, each cataloging sources into appropriate RF frequency bands from very-low frequency (VLF) to super-high frequency (SHF), and covers frequencies from 10 kHz to 30 GHz. Sources included in this summary are the following: Coast Guard navigational transmitters, a Navy VLF transmitter, computer visual display terminals (VDTs), induction stoves or range tops, industrial induction and dielectric heaters, radio and television broadcast transmitters, amateur and citizens band (CB) transmitters, medical diathermy and electrosurgical units, mobile and handheld transmitters, cordless and cellular telephones, microwave ovens, microwave terrestrial relay and satellite uplinks, and police, air traffic, and aircraft onboard radars. For the sources included in this summary, the strongest fields are found near industrial induction and dielectric heaters, and close to the radiating elements or transmitter leads of high power antenna systems. Handheld transmitters can produce near fields of about 500 V/m at the antenna. Fields in the general urban environment are principally associated with radio and TV broadcast services and measure about 0.1 V/m root-mean-square (rms). Peak fields from air traffic radars sampled in one urban environment were about 10 V/m, 300 times greater than the rms value of 0.03 V/m when the duty factor associated with antenna rotation and pulsing are factored in. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. RP Mantiply, ED (reprint author), US EPA,NATL AIR & RADIAT ENVIRONM LAB,540 S MORRIS AVE,MONTGOMERY,AL 36115, USA. NR 66 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1997 VL 18 IS 8 BP 563 EP 577 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:8<563::AID-BEM5>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 15 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA YD725 UT WOS:A1997YD72500005 PM 9383245 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Wolf, CJ Ostby, JS AF Gray, LE Wolf, CJ Ostby, JS TI In utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters reproductive development in female long evans hooded rats SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RTD,EB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1997 VL 56 SU 1 BP 66 EP 66 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XG865 UT WOS:A1997XG86500106 ER PT J AU Ostby, JS Gray, LE Kelce, WR Wolf, CJ Huey, OP AF Ostby, JS Gray, LE Kelce, WR Wolf, CJ Huey, OP TI Sexual differentiation in male rats exposed to low doses of the antiandrogen vinclozolin. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RTD,EB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1997 VL 56 SU 1 BP 68 EP 68 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XG865 UT WOS:A1997XG86500108 ER PT J AU Cummings, A AF Cummings, A TI Estrogenicity of bisphenol A and octylphenol measured via the delayed implanting rat model. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1997 VL 56 SU 1 BP 256 EP 256 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XG865 UT WOS:A1997XG86500295 ER PT J AU Wolf, CJ Gray, LE AF Wolf, CJ Gray, LE TI Effects of gestational exposure to TCDD on reproductive function of female hamster offspring. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RTD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1997 VL 56 SU 1 BP 258 EP 258 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XG865 UT WOS:A1997XG86500297 ER PT J AU Kempinas, WG Suarez, J Roberts, N Ferrell, J Strader, L McElroy, WK Goldman, J Klinefelter, G AF Kempinas, WG Suarez, J Roberts, N Ferrell, J Strader, L McElroy, WK Goldman, J Klinefelter, G TI Chemical sympathectomy induced by guanethidine increases sperm transit time in the cauda epididymidis. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1997 VL 56 SU 1 BP 473 EP 473 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XG865 UT WOS:A1997XG86500510 ER PT J AU Welch, JE Keenan, BJ Barbee, RR AF Welch, JE Keenan, BJ Barbee, RR TI Expression of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase mRNA in the developing rat testis. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1997 VL 56 SU 1 BP 539 EP 539 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XG865 UT WOS:A1997XG86500576 ER PT J AU Perreault, SD Jeffay, SC AF Perreault, SD Jeffay, SC TI Glutathione depletion in hamster oocytes and ovary by acute exposure to acrylamide. SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RTP,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PY 1997 VL 56 SU 1 BP 604 EP 604 PG 1 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XG865 UT WOS:A1997XG86500640 ER PT J AU Borgwardt, RH AF Borgwardt, RH TI Biomass and natural gas as co-feedstocks for production of fuel for fuel-cell vehicles SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE greenhouse gas; biomass; fuel cells; methanol; hydrogen; natural gas AB Prospects are examined for utilizing renewable energy crops as a source of liquid fuel to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources and reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Fuel-cell vehicles would provide a promising technology for coping with the environmental and economic effects of an expanding vehicle fleer and a decreasing petroleum supply. Fueled with methanol or hydrogen derived From biomass, fuel cells can also effectively address the problem of CO2 emissions From that fleet. The extent to which this combination might affect petroleum displacement depends on the amount of biomass that could be produced and the efficiency of its conversion to a fuel compatible with fuel cells. Reduction of net CO2 emissions by the best current bio-fuel technology will be limited by biomass supply. Biomass conversion efficiency, petroleum displacement and overall net CO2 emission reduction can be improved, and the cost of fuel minimized, by use of natural gas as a co-feedstock. The extra hydrogen provided by natural gas allows these improvements by eliminating the partial shift of CO to CO2 that is otherwise necessary; elimination of that step and additional in situ leveraging of fuel yield by conventional reforming reactions also reduce the production cost. A thermochemical process utilizing both biomass and natural gas as co-feedstocks is compared with other options for methanol production and CO2 mitigation using either biomass or natural gas alone. Use of natural gas as co-feedstock makes possible the additional environmental advantage of utilizing waste methane from landfills and waste-water treatment facilities, as well as the carbonaceous solid wastes and sludge from those facilities, for conversion to clean transportation fuel. Greenhouse pas emissions From these important municipal sources can thus be concurrently I educed, together with landfill disposal requirements. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Borgwardt, RH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 1997 VL 12 IS 5 BP 333 EP 345 DI 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)87131-0 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA XY448 UT WOS:A1997XY44800003 ER PT S AU Tabak, HH Govind, R AF Tabak, HH Govind, R BE Bajpai, RK Zappi, ME TI Bioavailability and biodegradation kinetics protocol for organic pollutant compounds to achieve environmentally acceptable endpoints during bioremediation SO BIOREMEDIATION OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Bioremediation of Surface and Subsurface Contamination CY JAN 21-26, 1996 CL PALM COAST, FLORIDA C1 US EPA, NRMRL, ORD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA, NRMRL, ORD, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-064-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 829 BP 36 EP 61 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48564.x PG 26 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BK42N UT WOS:000072113200005 PM 9472313 ER PT B AU Rogers, KR Koglin, EN AF Rogers, KR Koglin, EN BE Nikolelis, DP Krull, UJ Wang, J Mascini, M TI Biosensors for environmental monitoring: An EPA perspective SO BIOSENSORS FOR DIRECT MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN FIELD SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SUB-SER 2, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biosensors for Direct Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants in Field CY MAY 04-08, 1997 CL SMOLENICE, SLOVAKIA SP NATO, Sci Comm AB Due to the expanding scope and budget for environmental monitoring in the U.S., as well as the high cost and slow turnaround times typically associated with the measurement of regulated pollutants, there exists a clear need for novel environmental diagnostics which are fast, portable, and cost-effective. Although there is a clear opportunity for innovative technologies. methods developed to fill this need must overcome a number of challenges before they find widespread acceptance and use for environmental applications. Some of these challenges include: the number of potential pollutants and range of their chemical classes, the complexity of environmental matrices. and the variety of possible co-contaminants. Due primarily to their versatile operating formats, biosensors show the potential to provide solutions for certain environmental screening and monitoring applications. These analytical devices have been used to measure a wide variety of environmentally related chemical and biological parameters including: organics, heavy metals. bacteria, biological oxygen demand, toxicity, and DNA hybridization. Prototype biosensors have been demonstrated using laboratory standards in buffer solutions as well as matrices such as waste water. surface water, and mixed organic solvents. In addition, several of these devices are undergoing field trials in environmental settings. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4867-2 J9 NATO ASI 2 PY 1997 VL 38 BP 335 EP 349 PG 15 WC Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK63J UT WOS:000072818700030 ER PT B AU Huggett, RJ AF Huggett, RJ GP ORG ECON COOPERAT & DEV TI US Environmental Protection Agency research on drinking water disinfection SO BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WATER USE AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT OECD Workshop Mexico 96 on Biotechnology for Water Use and Conservation CY OCT 20-23, 1996 CL COCOYOC, MEXICO SP Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, Commiss European Communities, Conacyt, Mexico AB Clean water is one of our most valuable resources, both as a source of drinking water and for fisheries and wildlife, agriculture, industry, and recreation. Despite the tremendous progress made in protecting surface and groundwater over the past several decades, substantial threats to water quality and quantity remain. This paper discusses the most serious threats to water quality in the United States and the research program that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is undertaking to understand and reduce these risks. Biotechnology is an important element of the research program. C1 US EPA, Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Huggett, RJ (reprint author), US EPA, Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-15594-5 PY 1997 BP 83 EP 88 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources GA BL64G UT WOS:000076146800001 ER PT B AU Glaser, JA Rock, SA Brown, DS AF Glaser, JA Rock, SA Brown, DS GP ORG ECON COOPERAT & DEV TI Source water protection through plant and plant-microbe interactions SO BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WATER USE AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT OECD Workshop Mexico 96 on Biotechnology for Water Use and Conservation CY OCT 20-23, 1996 CL COCOYOC, MEXICO SP Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, Commiss European Communities, Conacyt, Mexico C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Glaser, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT PI PARIS PA 2, RUE ANDRE PASCAL, CEDEX 16, 75775 PARIS, FRANCE BN 92-64-15594-5 PY 1997 BP 413 EP 429 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources GA BL64G UT WOS:000076146800028 ER PT B AU Boethling, RS AF Boethling, RS BE Sayler, GS Sanseverino, J Davis, KL TI Modeling to predict biodegradability - Applications in risk assessment and chemical design SO BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biotechnology in the Sustainable Environment CY APR 14-17, 1996 CL KNOXVILLE, TN SP Eastman Chem Co, E I DuPont De Nemours & Co Inc, Procter & Gamble, IT Corp, Dow Chem Co, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, GE, Univ Tennessee, Waste Management Res & Educ Inst, Bio Cleanup Report C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7406, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Boethling, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox 7406, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45717-2 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1997 VL 54 BP 233 EP 248 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK14P UT WOS:000071321600022 ER PT B AU Sayre, P AF Sayre, P BE Sayler, GS Sanseverino, J Davis, KL TI Risk assessment for a recombinant biosensor SO BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT SE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biotechnology in the Sustainable Environment CY APR 14-17, 1996 CL KNOXVILLE, TN SP Eastman Chem Co, E I DuPont De Nemours & Co Inc, Procter & Gamble, IT Corp, Dow Chem Co, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Oak Ridge Natl Labs, GE, Univ Tennessee, Waste Management Res & Educ Inst, Bio Cleanup Report C1 US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Sayre, P (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Mail Code 7403,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45717-2 J9 ENVIR SCI R PY 1997 VL 54 BP 269 EP 279 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK14P UT WOS:000071321600025 ER PT J AU Tabak, HH Govind, R Fu, CS Yan, XS Gao, C Pfanstiel, S AF Tabak, HH Govind, R Fu, CS Yan, XS Gao, C Pfanstiel, S TI Development of bioavailability and biokinetics determination methods for organic pollutants in soil to enhance in-situ and on-site bioremediation SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID BIODEGRADATION AB Determination of biodegradation rates of organics in soil slurry and compacted soil systems is essential for evaluating the efficacy of bioremediation for treatment of contaminated soils. In this paper, a systematic protocol has been developed for evaluating biokinetic and transport parameters in soil slurry and compacted soil bioreactors. The protocol involves abiotic evaluation of adsorption/desorption rates, and equilibria followed by the use of respirometry to determine biodegradation rates using soil slurry, wafer, and porous tube reactors. In the soil slurry reactor, mimicking ex-situ soil biotreatment, degradation occurs in the aqueous phase by suspended microorganisms and by immobilized microbiota present in the soil phase. In a soil wafer reactor, which consists of a thin layer of soil, biodegradation occurs primarily in the soil phase, as compared to the aqueous phase, which consists of free and bound water in and around the soil particles. The wafer reactor represents biotreatment using bioventing or land farming methods. In the porous tube reactor, rate of oxygen diffusion through the compacted soil affects the overall rate of biodegradation. The porous tube reactor represents in-situ biotreatment. Experiments were conducted to determine the cumulative oxygen uptake using an uncontaminated low organic carbon soil with phenol as the spiked contaminant. Detailed mathematical models were developed for each type of soil reactor (slurry, wafer, and porous tube), and these models were fitted to the cumulative oxygen uptake data to derive the best-fit transport and biokinetic parameters. Application of the transport and biokinetic parameters to determine the attainable treatment end points is discussed in this paper. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA,ORD,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 13 IS 1 BP 43 EP 52 DI 10.1021/bp9600851 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA WG571 UT WOS:A1997WG57100008 ER PT J AU Styblo, M Serves, SV Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ AF Styblo, M Serves, SV Cullen, WR Thomas, DJ TI Comparative inhibition of yeast glutathione reductase by arsenicals and arsenothiols SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID; RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; PHENYLDICHLOROARSINE; DISULFIDE; BINDING; MICE AB Tri(gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycinyl)trithioarsenite (As-III(GS)(3)) is formed in cells and is a more potent mixed-type inhibitor of the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) by yeast glutathione (GSH) reductase than either arsenite (As-III) or GSH. The present work examines the effects of valence and complexation of arsenicals with GSH or L-cysteine (Cys) upon potency as competitive inhibitors of the reduction of GSH disulfide (GSSG) by yeast GSH reductase. Trivalent arsenicals were more potent inhibitors than their pentavalent analogs, and methylated trivalent arsenicals were more potent inhibitors than was inorganic trivalent As. Complexation of either inorganic trivalent As or methylarsonous diiodide ((CH3AsI2)-I-III) with Cys or GSH produced inhibitors of GSH reductase that were severalfold more potent than the parent arsenicals. In contrast, dimethylarsinous iodide ((CH3)(2)(AsI)-I-III) was a more potent inhibitor than its complexes with either GSH or Cys. Complexes of CH3AsIII with GSH (CH3AsIII(GS)(2)) or with Cys (CH3AsIII(Cys)(2)) were the most potent inhibitors, with K-i's of 0.009 and 0.018 mM, respectively. Inhibition of GSH reductase by arsenicals or arsenothiols was prevented by addition of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) to a mixture of enzyme, GSSG, and inhibitor before addition of NADPH. DMSA added to the reaction mixture after NADPH reversed inhibition by (CH3)(2)(AsI)-I-III but had little effect on inhibition by (CH3AsI2)-I-III, CH3AsIII(GS)(2), CH3AsIII(Cys)(2), Or AS(III)(GS)(3). Partial redox inactivation of the enzyme with NADPH increased the inhibitory potency of (CH3AsI2)-I-III and (CH3)(2)(AsI)-I-III and changed the mode of inhibition for (CH3AsI2)-I-III from competitive to noncompetitive. The greater potency of methylated trivalent arsenicals and arsenothiols than of inorganic trivalent As suggests that biomethylation of As could yield species that inhibit reduction of GSSG and alter the redox status of cells. C1 US EPA,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,ETD,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT CHEM,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Y6,CANADA. NR 30 TC 215 Z9 219 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 10 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1021/tx960139g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA WD805 UT WOS:A1997WD80500004 PM 9074799 ER PT J AU Shim, JY Richard, AM AF Shim, JY Richard, AM TI Theoretical evaluation of two plausible routes for bioactivation of S-(1,1-difluoro-2,2-dihaloethyl)-L-cysteine conjugates: Thiirane vs thionoacyl fluoride pathway SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BETA-LYASE; TOXIC METABOLITES; MERCAPTURIC ACIDS; RAT-KIDNEY; GLUTATHIONE; NEPHROTOXICITY; CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHENE; HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE; MUTAGENICITY; MECHANISMS AB The selective nephrotoxicity of halogenated alkenes has been attributed to a glutathione (GSH) S-conjugate pathway involving enzymatic hydrolysis to the cysteine S-conjugate and beta-lyase bioactivation to thiolates, which are presumed to give rise to the ultimate mutagenic or cytotoxic reactive species. Studies have shown that the brominated S-(2,2-dihalo-1,1-difluoroethyl)-L-cysteine conjugates are mutagenic in the Ames test, whereas the nonbrominated analogues are nonmutagenic. While careful experimentation has contributed much to current understanding, the ultimate reactive species responsible for the differing mutagenic effects remain unknown. Computational methods were applied to the investigation of two proposed metabolic pathways leading from the thiolate to either a thiirane or thionoacyl fluoride intermediate, both electrophilic species presumed capable of binding to proteins or DNA. Studied were six F-, Cl-, and Br-substituted 2,2-dihalo-1,1-difluoroethane-1-thiolates (2,2-dihalo-DFETs). Pathway preference was determined for each thiolate by comparison of reaction energy pro files surd activation energies. At all but the lowest level of ab initio theory, a thionoacyl fluoride pathway was predicted for 2,2-difluoro-DFET, while a thiirane pathway was energetically preferred for the brominated 2,2-dihalo-DFETs. These results offer a clear mechanism-based rationale for distinguishing 2,2-difluoro-DFET from the brominated 2,2-dihalo-DFETs, while the results are less clear for the 2,2-dichloro and 2-chloro-2-fluoro-DFETs, which at the highest level of ab initio treatment had a relatively small energy preference (2.4 kcal/mol) for the thiirane pathway. The predicted clear preference for a thiirane pathway for the brominated 2,2-dihalo-DFETs is not consistent with a recently proposed pathway involving a-thiolactone formation through a thionoacyl fluoride intermediate [Finkelstein, M. B., et al. (1995) J. Am. Chem. Sec. 117, 9590-9591], but is supported by results of a recent study providing experimental evidence for thiirane formation from the brominated 2,2-dihalo-DFETs [Finkelstein, M. B., et al. (1996) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 9, 227-231]. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 10 IS 1 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1021/tx9600863 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA WD805 UT WOS:A1997WD80500014 PM 9074809 ER PT J AU Pinsky, PF Magder, LS AF Pinsky, PF Magder, LS TI Evaluating the tradeoff between bias and variance through use of prior probabilities SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-SIMULATION AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE bias-variance tradeoff; Bayesian decision theory; model selection ID VARIABLE SELECTION AB Increasing the complexity of a model generally decreases the bias but increases the variance of estimates of features of the true distribution. This finding, known as the bias-variance tradeoff, indicates that fitting an extra parameter to a model may either increase or decrease the mean squared error of estimates. In this paper we adopt a Bayesian framework from which to evaluate the bias-variance tradeoff. Using the balanced ANOVA model to illustrate the approach, we define a loss function based an the squared error of the cell mean estimates. Then, using the prior on the parameter of interest, theta, we calculate an expected loss under the decisions to fit or not fit theta. Fitting theta is defined as using the conventional frequentist least squares estimate; not fitting theta means setting it equal to 0. The criterion of minimizing expected loss determines, for each outcome, whether we fit theta (M1 decision) or not (M/0 decision). For different prior distributions, e.g., uniform, normal, we determine the set of outcomes corresponding to choosing M0. When theta has one degree of freedom we find for a zero mean normal prior that, depending on the variance of the prior, either all outcomes favor M0 or all outcomes favor M1. For a zero mean uniform prior all outcomes favor M0 for a compact enough prior; for a more diffuse prior we find the paradoxical result that M0 is favored when the test statistic for theta is large and M1 is favored when the test statistic is small. We compare this method with other common methods of model selection, both Bayesian and non-Bayesian. C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PREVENT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0361-0918 J9 COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C JI Commun. Stat.-Simul. Comput. PY 1997 VL 26 IS 2 BP 399 EP 421 DI 10.1080/03610919708813388 PG 23 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA XC853 UT WOS:A1997XC85300001 ER PT J AU Cabezas, H Bare, JC Mallick, SK AF Cabezas, H Bare, JC Mallick, SK TI Pollution prevention with chemical process simulators: The generalized waste reduction (WAR) algorithm SO COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint 6th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering/30th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (PSE 97-ESCAPE-7) CY MAY 25-29, 1997 CL TRONDHEIM, NORWAY AB A general theory for the flow and the generation of potential environmental impact through a chemical process has been developed. The theory defines six potential impact indexes that characterize the generation of potential impact within a process, and the output of potential impact from a process. The indexes are used to quantify and to guide pollution reduction with changes to process flow sheets using process simulators. The potential environmental impacts are calculated from stream mass flow rates, stream composition, and a relative potential impact score for each chemical present. The chemical impact scores include a comprehensive set of nine effects ranging from ozone depletion potential to human toxicity and ecotoxicity. The resulting Waste Reduction methodology or WAR Algorithm is illustrated with a case study using the chemical process simulator Chemcad III (Does not imply USEPA endorsement of Chemcad III). RP Cabezas, H (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUSTAINABLE TECHNOL DIV,SYST ANAL BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 8 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-1354 J9 COMPUT CHEM ENG JI Comput. Chem. Eng. PY 1997 VL 21 SU S BP S305 EP S310 DI 10.1016/S0098-1354(97)87519-9 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Chemical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA XD313 UT WOS:A1997XD31300051 ER PT J AU Wallace, LA AF Wallace, LA TI Human exposure and body burden for chloroform and other trihalomethanes SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE air; food; water; dermal absorption; breath; blood; bromoform; chloroform; showers; swimming pools; TEAM Study ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY TEAM; INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS; CHLORINATED TAP WATER; HUMAN TOXICS EXPOSURE; DRINKING-WATER; HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS; BREATH CONCENTRATIONS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Existing information on human exposure to chloroform and other trihalomethanes (THMs) in air, water, and food is summarized. Three major surveys have collected data on chloroform levels in finished water at treatment plants. EPA's TEAM Studies have measured concentrations of THMs in residential drinking water and in personal, indoor, outdoor, and expired air from about 800 participants in eight cities. The Food and Drug Administration has surveyed chloroform levels in food and beverages. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have completed measuring blood levels of THMs in about 1000 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Exposure occurs through ingestion (drinking tap water and soft drinks and eating certain dairy foods), inhalation (breathing peak amounts of chloroform emitted during showers or baths, and lower levels in indoor air from other indoor sources), and dermal absorption (during showers, baths, and swimming). Each of these routes of exposure appear to be potentially substantial contributors to total exposure. The major source of exposure to chloroform is chlorination of water supplies. This results in exposure through ingestion of drinking water, but also through inhalation and skin absorption as a result of the myriad other uses of chlorinated water in the home: showers, baths, washing clothes and dishes, etc. Because chlorinated water supplies are used by bottling plants of soft drink manufacturers, even the chloroform found in beverages may be partially due to the chlorination of water supplies. Other sources of exposure, which can be important for specific groups of people, include chlorination of swimming pools, industrial production and use, and use of bleach during clothes washing. RP Wallace, LA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL CTR 555,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 177 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 12 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 IS 2 BP 113 EP 194 PG 82 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WX106 UT WOS:A1997WX10600002 ER PT J AU Alig, R Adams, D Mccarl, B Callaway, JM Winnett, S AF Alig, R Adams, D Mccarl, B Callaway, JM Winnett, S TI Assessing effects of mitigation strategies for global climate change with an intertemporal model of the US forest and agriculture sectors SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN DE land-use change; afforestation; intersectoral; climate change; carbon ID CARBON; LAND; COST AB A model of product and land markets in U.S. forest and agricultural sectors is used to examine the private forest management, land use, and market implications of carbon sequestration policies implemented in a "least social cost" fashion. Results suggest: policy-induced land use changes may generate compensating land use shifts through markets; land use shifts to meet policy targets need not be permanent; implementation of land use and management changes in a smooth or regular fashion over time may not be optimal; land use changes account for the largest part of adjustments to meet policy targets; and forest management changes involve higher intensity and less forest type conversion. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RCG Hagler Bailly Inc, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Alig, R (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S97 EP S111 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800007 ER PT J AU Binkley, CS Apps, MJ Dixon, RK Kauppi, PE Nilsson, LO AF Binkley, CS Apps, MJ Dixon, RK Kauppi, PE Nilsson, LO TI Sequestering carbon in natural forests SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Economics of Carbon Sequestration in Forestry CY MAY 15-19, 1995 CL BERGENDAL, SWEDEN DE sequestering carbon; hectares; forest plantations ID TROPICAL FORESTS; MANAGEMENT; STORAGE; OPPORTUNITIES; FERTILIZATION; ECOSYSTEMS; EMISSIONS; BIOMASS; BUDGET; RUSSIA AB Closed forests cover about 3 billion hectares, or 20% of the world's total land area (excluding Antarctica). Forest plantations comprise less than 1% of this area. Natural forests range from the intensively managed ones of Central Europe and Scandinavia to the wild boreal forests of Russia and Canada and the deep jungles and dry forests of the tropics. Numerous techniques-largely drawn from the ordinary repertoire of forest management-are available to enhance our ability of these forests to sequester and store C. Although the costs of sequestering additional C in these forests may be quite low (even in comparison with intensive plantation options), increased use of natural forests for this purpose raises a host of concerns about competing forest uses, biological risk, and the capacity to actually measure the incremental C sequestered. The problems of poverty, expanding populations, weak institutions, incomplete scientific knowledge, and climatic change itself will challenge the world's capacity to use natural forests as part of a CO2 control strategy. C1 Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Canadian Forestry Serv, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada. US EPA, Washington, DC 20585 USA. Finnish Forest Res Inst, FIN-00170 Helsinki, Finland. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Binkley, CS (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. NR 65 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 6 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1064-3389 J9 CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC JI Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 27 SI SI BP S23 EP S45 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT299 UT WOS:000071586800003 ER PT J AU Cummings, AM AF Cummings, AM TI Methoxychlor as a model for environmental estrogens SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE methoxychlor; proestrogen; HPTE; estrogenic pesticide ID FEMALE MICE; REPRODUCTIVE-TRACT; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; TECHNICAL METHOXYCHLOR; UTERINE PEROXIDASE; INDUCED PROTEIN; DDT ANALOGS; RAT; UTERUS; INDUCTION AB Estrogens can have a variety of physiological effects, especially on the reproductive system. Chemicals with estrogenic activity that are present in the environment may thus be considered potentially hazardous to development and/or reproduction. Methoxychlor is one such chemical, a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide with proestrogenic activity. Metabolism of the chemical either in vivo or using liver microsomes produces 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)- 1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), the active estrogenic form, and the delineation of this mechanism is reviewed herein. When administered in vivo, methoxychlor has adverse effects on fertility, early pregnancy, and in utero development in females as well as adverse effects on adult males such as altered social behavior following prenatal exposure to methoxychlor. Effects of methoxychlor on the female have been studied extensively, whereas reports on the chemical's effects on males are less common. From the studies reviewed here, the reproductive toxicity of methoxychlor is evident, but the significance of this toxicity with respect to human health remains to be determined. RP Cummings, AM (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,MD-72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 75 TC 152 Z9 157 U1 3 U2 13 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1040-8444 J9 CRIT REV TOXICOL JI Crit. Rev. Toxicol. PY 1997 VL 27 IS 4 BP 367 EP 379 DI 10.3109/10408449709089899 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XP890 UT WOS:A1997XP89000002 PM 9263644 ER PT B AU Clegg, E Brown, C Selevan, S Zinaman, M AF Clegg, E Brown, C Selevan, S Zinaman, M BE Waites, GMH Frick, J Baker, GWH TI Prediction of risk to fertility of human males from decrements in production of normal sperm SO CURRENT ADVANCES IN ANDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Congress of Andrology - Current Advances in Andrology CY MAY 25-29, 1997 CL SALZBURG, AUSTRIA RP Clegg, E (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MONDUZZI EDITORE PI 40128 BOLOGNA PA VIA FERRARESE 119/2, 40128 BOLOGNA, ITALY BN 88-323-0529-9 PY 1997 BP 267 EP 271 PG 5 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA BJ47P UT WOS:A1997BJ47P00034 ER PT B AU Jachim, JA Turbini, LJ AF Jachim, JA Turbini, LJ BE Mahidhara, RK Frear, DR Sastry, SML Murty, KL Liaw, PK Winterbottom, WL TI Reliability considerations when choosing water soluble flux for electronic assembly SO DESIGN & RELIABILITY OF SOLDERS AND SOLDER INTERCONNECTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Design and Reliability of Solders and Solder Interconnections, at the TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 10-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, ASM MSD Flow & Fracture Comm, TMS SMD Mech Met Comm, TMS EMPMD Electr Magnet Photon Mat Comm AB There is a need for a fundamental understanding of the interaction of processing chemicals such as fusing fluids, soldering fluxes and cleaning agents with printed wiring board substrates. This need is driven by two factors (1) the increased density of today's electronic products creates voltage gradients which are high enough to enhance degradation modes which are not important for less dense circuitry, and (2) the elimination of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone depleting cleaning agents due to their destructive effect on the stratospheric ozone layer has lead to a proliferation of new soldering fluxes and cleaning agents whose interactions with the printed wiring board (PWB) are not well characterized. Water soluble fluxes have been effectively used in high volume electronic manufacturing operations for a number of years. Their use has increased dramatically as they provided an opportunity to eliminate CFCs in the cleaning process. They provide excellent soldering with low defect levels and with a proper cleaning process can produce highly reliable electronic circuits. However, some water flux and fusing fluid formulations contain ingredients which can have deleterious effects on the reliability of a product under certain operating and use conditions. There is a failure. mechanism known as conductive anodic filament formation (CAF) which has been observed in PWBs boards treated with certain water soluble fluxes. This failure mode involves a debonding of the epoxy-glass interface and the formation of a conductive filament which grows along this interface from anode to cathode. This paper will report on those chemicals which tend to enhance this failure mode and will make recommendations on assuring the reliability of electronic assemblies. C1 US EPA, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jachim, JA (reprint author), US EPA, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-354-6 PY 1997 BP 343 EP 346 PG 4 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK32Q UT WOS:000071821500043 ER PT J AU Mori, C Nakamura, N Dix, DJ Fujioka, M Nakagawa, S Shiota, K Eddy, EM AF Mori, C Nakamura, N Dix, DJ Fujioka, M Nakagawa, S Shiota, K Eddy, EM TI Morphological analysis of germ cell apoptosis during postnatal testis development in normal and hsp 70-2 knockout mice SO DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE testis; spermatogenesis; apoptosis; mouse; TUNEL; HSP70-2 ID DNA FRAGMENTATION; SERTOLI CELLS; ADULT-RATS; SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM; SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; HORMONAL-CONTROL; DEATH; MOUSE; IDENTIFICATION; DEGENERATION AB The present study examined the occurrence of apoptotic cell death in the testis of wild-type mice from postnatal days 3 to 28 and in juvenile Hsp70-2 knockout mice. Adult Hsp70-2 knockout males are infertile and lack spermatids and spermatozoa (Dir et al. [1996a] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:3264-3268). To identify the cell types undergoing apoptosis, we also examined the relationship between the occurrence of apoptotic cell death and the expression pattern of the Hsp70-2 gene product (heat-shock protein 70-2 [Hsp70-2]; marker for spermatocytes and spermatids), germ cell nuclear antigen 1 (GCNA1; marker for spermatogonia and spermatocytes), and vimentin (marker for Sertoli cells). This study shows that during postnatal development of the wildtype mouse testis (1) the percentage of apoptotic cell death detected by the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method is higher in mice from days 8 to 22 than in younger or older mice, (2) the majority of apoptotic cells are spermatogonia and less frequently are spermatocytes, and (3) the degenerative cell death of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes involves apoptosis with fragmentation of DNA. The analysis of apoptotic cell death in the testes of juvenile Hsp70-2 knockout mice showed an additional increased level of apoptosis at day 17, during the first wave of spermatogenesis, in pachytene spermatocytes. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,CENT LAB ELECTRON MICROSCOPY,KYOTO,JAPAN. NIEHS,GAMETE BIOL SECT,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,NIH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Mori, C (reprint author), KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. NR 55 TC 105 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1058-8388 J9 DEV DYNAM JI Dev. Dyn. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 208 IS 1 BP 125 EP 136 PG 12 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Developmental Biology GA WA756 UT WOS:A1997WA75600012 PM 8989527 ER PT B AU Jones, KW Stern, EA Donato, K Clesceri, NL AF Jones, KW Stern, EA Donato, K Clesceri, NL BE Meegoda, JN Wakeman, TH Arulmoli, AK Librizzi, WJ TI Processing of NY/NJ harbor estuarine dredged material SO DREDGING AND MANAGEMENT OF DREDGED MATERIAL SE GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Dredging and Management of Dredged Material Session, at GeoLogan 97 Conference CY JUL 16-18, 1997 CL LOGAN, UT SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Soil Properties Comm Geo Inst AB Management of contaminated dredged material is a major problem for the ports and harbors of the United States. One attractive solution to processing the dredged material is to remove or stabilize the contaminants and produce a material suitable for beneficial use or unrestricted upland disposal. The components of a comprehensive dredged material processing project designed for treatment of the estuarine sediments found in the Port of NY-NJ are described here. C1 US EPA, New York, NY 10007 USA. RP Jones, KW (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 2,DEPP PBPB, New York, NY 10007 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0254-X J9 GEOTECH SP PY 1997 IS 65 BP 49 EP 66 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA BM48A UT WOS:000078861900005 ER PT J AU Schock, SC Brady-Roberts, EG Odin, M AF Schock, SC Brady-Roberts, EG Odin, M TI Advances in EPA's indirect exposure modeling methodology SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OHIO SP Armstrong Lab, Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, Toxicol Div, Navy Med Res Inst Detachment, Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, Army Med Res Detachment, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, US EPA AB The Environmental Protection Agency's National Center for Environmental Assessment is currently revising and updating its approach to modeling the health risks from indirect exposure to combustor emissions. The updated method is intended to provide the necessary tools for estimating these health risks and to provide the necessary algorithms for the calculation of contaminant concentrations in water bodies, soil, and the terrestrial and aquatic food chains resulting from the deposition and transfer of atmospheric pollutants. Significant additions to the approach include the expansion of the application of exposure methods at a site, the description of procedures for defining the study population at a site, and ways to develop distributions of individual risk for members of the study population. This paper focuses on the changes in the human exposure scenarios of the updated method and presents an overview of the development of an exposure scenario. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, N Syracuse, NY USA. RP Brady-Roberts, EG (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MS190,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4 BP 369 EP 374 DI 10.3109/01480549709003893 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YN713 UT WOS:000071198300011 PM 9433664 ER PT J AU French, C Peters, W Maxwell, B Rice, G Colli, A Bullock, R Cole, J Heath, E Turner, J Hetes, B Brown, DC Goldin, D Behling, H Loomis, D Nelson, C AF French, C Peters, W Maxwell, B Rice, G Colli, A Bullock, R Cole, J Heath, E Turner, J Hetes, B Brown, DC Goldin, D Behling, H Loomis, D Nelson, C TI Assessment of health risks due to hazardous air pollutant emissions from electric utilities SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OHIO SP Armstrong Lab, Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, Toxicol Div, Navy Med Res Inst Detachment, Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, Army Med Res Detachment, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, US EPA AB Hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from electric utilities were evaluated. Cancer risks, as well as noncancer effects, due to inhalation exposure were assessed for 67 HAPs. Also, cancer risks due to multipathway exposure to radionuclide emissions were assessed. In addition, an assessment of the fate of mercury (Hg) through various environmental media was included. Results suggest arsenic, chromium, and nickel are the HAPs that present the highest cancer risk due to inhalation exposure. For noncancer effects due to inhalation exposure, hydrogen chloride appears to present the greatest potential concern. The risks due to multipathway exposure to radionuclides are estimated to be of similar magnitude to the risks posed by inhalation of arsenic and nickel. Mercury is of potential concern for multipathway exposures because it persists in the environment and bioaccumulates in the aquatic food web. The study suggests there is a plausible link between Hg emissions from utilities and the Hg found in soil, water, and freshwater fish. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. S Cohen & Associates Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP French, C (reprint author), US EPA, Mail Drop 15, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4 BP 375 EP 386 DI 10.3109/01480549709003894 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YN713 UT WOS:000071198300012 PM 9433665 ER PT J AU Bare, JC Cicmanec, J Cabezas, H AF Bare, JC Cicmanec, J Cabezas, H TI Developments in the application of impact assessment methodologies for pollution prevention SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OHIO SP Armstrong Lab, Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, Toxicol Div, Navy Med Res Inst Detachment, Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, Army Med Res Detachment, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, US EPA AB Pollution prevention requires the assessment of various multimedia environmental impacts to ensure that the alternative selected most closely represents the environmental goals and priorities of the facility. While some facility's environmental policies are easy to assess (e.g., reduce TRI emissions), others require a more sophisticated assessment methodology (e.g., select the most environmentally-friendly manufacturing process). Chemical environmental impact assessment for pollution prevention can be very effective, but can only provide a scientifically defensible decision point if the methodologies, analytical tools, and data quality are consistent with the environmental goals and priorities expressed. In many assessments completed in the past, the assessment methodologies have been overly simplistic when compared to the environmental goals projected. More sophisticated chemical impact assessment methodologies have not been used in the past for a variety of reasons, including: poor study design, poor data quality inadequate funding, inadequate computer systems and databases, and practitioner's lack of understanding. This paper will describe a broad range of assessment methodologies, the steps involved in various evaluations, various resources available to conduct pollution prevention impact assessments, and on-going methodology development. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Bare, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, 26 W MLK Dr,MS-466, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4 BP 411 EP 417 DI 10.3109/01480549709003897 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YN713 UT WOS:000071198300015 PM 9433668 ER PT J AU Maull, EA Cogliano, VJ Scott, CS Barton, HA Fisher, JW Greenberg, M Rhomberg, L Sorgen, SP AF Maull, EA Cogliano, VJ Scott, CS Barton, HA Fisher, JW Greenberg, M Rhomberg, L Sorgen, SP TI Trichloroethylene health risk assessment: A new and improved process SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Issues and Applications in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 07-10, 1997 CL WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB, OHIO SP Armstrong Lab, Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, Toxicol Div, Navy Med Res Inst Detachment, Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, Army Med Res Detachment, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, US EPA ID MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; CANCER RISK; MUTAGENICITY; CARCINOGENICITY; COHORT; RAT; METAANALYSIS AB Trichloroethylene (TCE), an environmental contaminant of National concern, is the focus of a new health risk assessment process incorporating the Proposed Cancer Risk Assessment Guidelines(1). This paper describes not only how TCE became an environmental problem for the Air Force, but also details the new Risk Assessment process envisioned by the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA). Insights on epidemiological evaluations, both past and future, and their impact on the cancer classification of TCE are discussed. Examples of how physiologically based pharmacokinetics and dose-response characterization described in the new Cancer Guidelines are applied to TCE are provided. In addition, a variety of modeling techniques are discussed for the development of reference doses (oral exposure) and reference concentrations (inhalation exposures) for TCE. Finally, the role of risk communication is included, This new process provides an example of how interagency (EPA, Department of Defense, Department of Energy) and extramural (industry, academia) partnerships can provide greater gains to the nation, as a whole, than any of the parts on their own. C1 Armstrong Lab, Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, OEMH, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Washington, DC 20460 USA. ICF Kaiser, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Armstrong Lab, Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Harvard Ctr Risk Anal, Boston, MA 02115 USA. USN, Engn Support Dept, Environm Programs Directorate, Ctr Environm Hlth, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Maull, EA (reprint author), Armstrong Lab, Occupat & Environm Hlth Directorate, OEMH, 2402 E Dr, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4 BP 427 EP 442 DI 10.3109/01480549709003900 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YN713 UT WOS:000071198300018 PM 9433671 ER PT J AU Simmons, JE AF Simmons, JE TI The hepatic interaction of aliphatic alcohols with halogenated hydrocarbons SO DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Arkansas Toxicology Symposium on New Horizons in Chemical-Induced Liver Injury, Honoring Gabriel L Plaa CY OCT 18-20, 1995 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR SP Dorothy Snider Fdn ID CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE HEPATOTOXICITY; LIVER-INJURY; POTENTIATION; ETHANOL; PRETREATMENT; ISOPROPANOL; RATS RP Simmons, JE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 0360-2532 J9 DRUG METAB REV JI Drug Metab. Rev. PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 136 DI 10.3109/03602539709037576 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XC893 UT WOS:A1997XC89300006 PM 9187514 ER PT J AU Rendic, S DiCarlo, FJ AF Rendic, S DiCarlo, FJ TI Human cytochrome P450 enzymes: A status report summarizing their reactions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors SO DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Arkansas Toxicology Symposium on New Horizons in Chemical-Induced Liver Injury, Honoring Gabriel L Plaa CY OCT 18-20, 1995 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR SP Dorothy Snider Fdn ID HUMAN-LIVER-MICROSOMES; HUMAN HEPATIC CYTOCHROME-P450; HUMAN THROMBOXANE SYNTHASE; HYDROXYLATION IN-VITRO; DRUG-METABOLISM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; OXIDATIVE-METABOLISM; REDUCTIVE METABOLISM; POOR METABOLIZERS C1 US EPA, HERD 7403, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP Rendic, S (reprint author), UNIV ZAGREB, FAC PHARM & BIOCHEM, DEPT PHARMACEUT CHEM, PB 156, A KOVACICA 1, HR-10000 ZAGREB, CROATIA. NR 511 TC 832 Z9 882 U1 3 U2 73 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0360-2532 EI 1097-9883 J9 DRUG METAB REV JI Drug Metab. Rev. PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 413 EP 580 DI 10.3109/03602539709037591 PG 168 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XC893 UT WOS:A1997XC89300020 PM 9187528 ER PT B AU Gerson, DJ Wood, SE AF Gerson, DJ Wood, SE BE Schaefer, D Williams, EF TI The RADIUS testbed system SO EMERGING APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION - 25TH AIPR WORKSHOP SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th AIPR Workshop on Emerging Applications of Computer Vision CY OCT 16-18, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Appl Imagery Pattern Recognit Execut Comm DE imagery analysis; imagery interpretation; imagery exploitation; image understanding AB Research and Development for Image Understanding Systems (RADIUS), a two-phase five-year project, was aimed at increasing Imagery Analyst (IA) productivity, and improving the quality and timeliness of IA products. A key feature of RADIUS was Model-Supported Exploitation (MSE) in which two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of a site are used as the basis of much of the subsequent analysis. Image understanding (IU) techniques figure strongly in this analysis. This paper describes the challenges faced in the three-year Phase II RADIUS Testbed System (RTS) development. The development, testing, evaluation, and incremental enhancement of the RTS are described, as the project attempted to define and meet the real-world needs of imagery interpretation and analysis. RP Gerson, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,BOX 4132,WASHINGTON,DC 20505, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 BN 0-8194-2366-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1997 VL 2962 BP 154 EP 161 DI 10.1117/12.267820 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BH32N UT WOS:A1997BH32N00016 ER PT J AU Ma, YJ BergvonderEmde, K Rage, F Wetsel, WC Ojeda, SR AF Ma, YJ BergvonderEmde, K Rage, F Wetsel, WC Ojeda, SR TI Hypothalamic astrocytes respond to transforming growth factor-alpha with the secretion of neuroactive substances that stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION; FEMALE PUBERTY; SYNAPTIC INPUT; CELL-LINE; FACTOR-I; NEURONS; INSULIN AB Previous studies demonstrated the involvement of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, in the developmental regulation of hypothalamic LHRH release. Although both TGF alpha and EGF stimulate LHRH release, they do not appear to act directly on LHRH neurons, as no EGF/TGF alpha receptors are detected on these cells in vivo. Instead, the stimulatory effect of TGF alpha on LHRH release seems to require a glial intermediacy. The present study identifies one of the glial molecules involved in this process. In vitro exposure of purified hypothalamic astrocytes to TGF alpha or EGF in a defined medium led to activation of the cyclooxygenase-mediated pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, as indicated by an increase in PGE, release, but failed to affect lipooxygenase-mediated metabolism, as assessed by the lack of increase in leukotriene C4 production; addition of TCF alpha- (T-CM) or EGF-conditioned medium to cultures of LHRH-producing GT1-1 cells stimulated LHRH release. In contrast, direct exposure of GT1-1 cells to the growth factors was ineffective. Incubation of the cells in medium conditioned by untreated astrocytes (CM) was also ineffective. Blockade of either EGF receptor signal transduction or cyclooxygenase activity in the astrocytic cultures prevented both TGF alpha-induced PGE, formation in astrocytes and the stimulatory effect of T-CM on LHRH release. Immunoneutralization of PGE(2) actions or selective removal of the PG from T-CM also prevented T-CM-induced LHRH release. Addition of exogenous PGE(2) restored the effect. Thus, PGE, is one of the glial molecules involved in mediating the stimulatory effect of TGF alpha on LHRH release. The effectiveness of PGE(2) in eliciting LHRH release was, however, greatly reduced when PG was delivered to GT1-1 cells in astrocyte-defined medium instead of CM. Thus, astrocytes appear to produce a yet to be identified substance(s) that facilitates the stimulatory effect of PGE(2) on LHRH output. We postulate that the ability of TGF alpha to enhance LHRH release depends on the potentiating interaction of PGE(2) with these additional glial-derived molecules. C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV, OREGON REG PRIMATE RES CTR, DIV NEUROSCI, BEAVERTON, OR 97006 USA. NATL INST ENVIRONM & HLTH SCI, LAB CELL & MOL PHARMACOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. RI Rage, Florence/F-4828-2016 NR 38 TC 116 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD JAN PY 1997 VL 138 IS 1 BP 19 EP 25 DI 10.1210/en.138.1.19 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VZ824 UT WOS:A1997VZ82400005 PM 8977380 ER PT J AU Akland, GG Schwab, M Zenick, H Pahl, D AF Akland, GG Schwab, M Zenick, H Pahl, D TI An interagency partnership applied to the study of environmental health in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE AB An environmental monitoring investigation was initiated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in response to concerns about the potential link between local residents' health and environmental pollution. Concerns expressed by residents of the community related to industrial emissions, agricultural pesticide use, and inadequate infrastructure. A field investigation was conducted jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the State of Texas during two sampling periods in 1993. The results provided preliminary data about the levels, sources, and pathways of actual human exposure in the Valley. Samples of indoor and outdoor air, house dust, soil, food, drinking water, urine, blood, and breath were collected and analyzed for several compound classes. This paper presents an overview of the study including the study design, the survey methods, participant selection, and communication of the results. This project has the potential to set a new model for environmental health research which integrates public health concerns, exposure reduction, illness prevention, and regulatory activities of many agencies. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Akland, GG (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 5 BP 595 EP 609 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00064-0 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY856 UT WOS:A1997XY85600002 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S Ellenson, WD Lewis, RG Stevens, RK Somerville, MC Shadwick, DS AF Mukerjee, S Ellenson, WD Lewis, RG Stevens, RK Somerville, MC Shadwick, DS TI An environmental scoping study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas .1. Comparative assessment of air sampling methods SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; AMBIENT AIR; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; POLYURETHANE FOAM; PESTICIDES; EXPOSURE; EMISSIONS; QUALITY; INDOOR AB The atmospheric monitoring component of the 1993 Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Scoping Study measured a wide range of pollutant species from different sampling and analysis methods. Extensive QA/QC activities were also conducted on the sampling and analysis techniques, This enabled a unique comparison of these methods to provide insights into air sampling for larger, long-term exposure monitoring studies. Pollutants monitored were particulate mass and elements, acidic gases, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This included collocated monitoring devices which monitored same-species pollutants, Sample collection efficiencies of certain atmospheric pollutants are discussed. Finally, data from two sites located in the Lower Rio Grande Valley are also presented and compared. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 5 BP 611 EP 628 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00065-2 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY856 UT WOS:A1997XY85600003 ER PT J AU Crescenti, GH AF Crescenti, GH TI Meteorological measurements during the Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Study SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB This paper describes the meteorological conditions observed in Brownsville, Texas, during the Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Study. This study was conducted in two parts during the spring and summer of 1993. Air pollution and meteorological data were acquired from the top of a building located at the University of Texas at Brownsville campus approximately 1 km north of the Rio Grande River. Meteorological measurements taken at this central site included 15-min averages of air temperature, horizontal wind speed, and wind direction. Meteorological observations recorded at a National Weather Service station located at Brownsville International Airport were obtained to supplement the data acquired at the central site. Daily increases in the wind speed were observed during both studies due to convective heating and the onset of the sea breeze. Wind flow was varied from the northeast clockwise to the south during the spring. The flow in the summer, however, was almost exclusively from the east-southeast through the south-southeast. Integral parameters (wind run, resultant transport distance and direction, and recirculation factor) developed by Allwine and Whiteman (1994) were used to assess the air pollution potential for Brownsville and the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Crescenti, GH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 5 BP 629 EP 642 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00066-4 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY856 UT WOS:A1997XY85600004 ER PT J AU Mukerjee, S Ellenson, WD Lewis, RG Stevens, RK Somerville, MC Shadwick, DS Willis, RD AF Mukerjee, S Ellenson, WD Lewis, RG Stevens, RK Somerville, MC Shadwick, DS Willis, RD TI An environmental scoping study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas .3. Residential microenvironmental monitoring for air, house dust, and soil SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; INDOOR AIR; TOBACCO-SMOKE; OUTDOOR AIR; PARTICLES; EXPOSURE; AEROSOL; CALIFORNIA; PESTICIDES AB A principal aspect of the 1993 Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Scoping Study was the analysis and interpretation of residential air, household dust, and soil pollutant concentration data for exposure assessments. Measurements included respirable particulate matter (PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air. Household dust, road dust, and yard soil were analyzed for elements, pesticides, and PAHs. Nine residences were monitored for three weeks in the spring of 1993. Additional monitoring was conducted at six of the nine residences for ten days the following summer. Generally good agreement was found between outdoor residential air and same-species measurements collected concurrently at a non-residential central site in Brownsville, TX (Ellenson et al. 1997) for fine particulate matter, elements, and VOCs indicating the dominance of regional influences. PM2.5 mass and element concentrations in residential indoor and outdoor air were generally higher in the summer than in the spring. Indoor air concentrations of many species were higher than outdoor air concentrations and were attributed to household activities, ventilation of residences, and track-in of dislodged soils. Evidence of agricultural activities was noted in the occurrence of crop-related pesticides (e.g., malathion and chlorpyrifos) in indoor and outdoor air. Concentrations of common household pesticides (e.g., chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, heptachlor, and propoxur) were generally higher indoors than outdoors and were also present in house dust. Seasonal comparisons of pesticides and PAHs were also presented using matched residences in spring and summer; VOCs also may have indicated seasonal effects. VOCs (notably propane and butane isomers) and PAHs were higher indoors, presumably due to cooking-related activities. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Mukerjee, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 42 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 5 BP 657 EP 673 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00068-8 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY856 UT WOS:A1997XY85600006 ER PT J AU Berry, MR Johnson, LS Jones, JW Rader, JI Kendall, DC Sheldon, LS AF Berry, MR Johnson, LS Jones, JW Rader, JI Kendall, DC Sheldon, LS TI Dietary characterizations in a study of human exposures in the Lower Rio Grande Valley .1. Foods and beverages SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID DUPLICATE DIET; LEAD; CORN AB The Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Study (LRGVES), a cooperative effort between various federal and state agencies, responded to concerns of the local community about possible adverse health effects related to environmental conditions. The LRGVES pilot project, conducted during the spring and summer of 1993, was designed as a range-finding or scoping study to evaluate multiple forms of exposure to nine Valley residents in preparation for possible expanded studies. Potential dietary exposures were characterized by the use of food diaries and questionnaires and the collections and analysis of foods, beverages, and drinking water consumed by the participants. This publication describes the results obtained for foods and beverages. Results for drinking water are described in a companion publication. A duplicate-diet collection procedure was used to obtain food and beverage samples. Participants prepared duplicate portions of solid foods and beverages which were composited separately over a 24-h period. A broad-based analytical approach was taken. The duplicate-diet composites and additional local food items were analyzed for numerous pesticides, industrial chemicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), toxic and essential elements, natural toxins, and specific nutrients. While it is not possible to quantify long-term exposures from the results observed during two brief sampling periods, many insights were gained regarding the general levels of nutrients and chemical residues in foods and beverages ingested by the Valley population. Of the more than 200 pesticides potentially detectable by the methods used, 38 were found at levels typical of those reported for foods in the U.S. The most common were DDE and other environmentally persistent pesticides and high-use pesticides. None of the residue findings approached USFDA violative levels for individual food items. However, concentration of lindane and dieldrin found in participants' 24-h composite diets exceed the USEPA's health-based standards for long-term exposures, Several other areas were identified that either required intervention to mitigate exposures or the need for further investigation. Concentration of lead in the 24-h diets of many of the participants were above those typically seen in the U.S. Another notable finding far local foods was a high level (399 mg/kg) of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs) in a carp caught from a local irrigation canal and intended for consumption. Subsequent sampling confirmed PCB contamination of bottom fish. Several local waters were closed to fishing, Levels of nutrients in 24-h diet composites suggested participants' need to increase their intakes of calories, carbohydrates, and many essential vitamins as well as to reduce intakes of fat and salty food. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Berry, MR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 5 BP 675 EP 692 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00069-X PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY856 UT WOS:A1997XY85600007 ER PT J AU Berry, MR Johnson, LS Brenner, KP Thomas, KW AF Berry, MR Johnson, LS Brenner, KP Thomas, KW TI Dietary characterizations in a study of human exposures in the Lower Rio Grande Valley .2. Household waters SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TOTAL COLIFORMS AB The Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Study (LRGVES) was designed to evaluate multiple forms of exposure to Valley residents because of community concerns of possible adverse health effects from environmental conditions. This is the second of two papers that describe the dietary components of the LRGVES scoping study, conducted in the spring and summer of 1993 in nine Valley residences. Drinking water and household water samples were collected along with food and beverage samples to determine potential dietary exposures of the participants. Water samples were analyzed for various organic compounds, including volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, haloacetic acids, chlorinated acids, and benzidines. Samples were also analyzed for trace elements, selected anions, and microbial quality. Sources of water available in the residences for drinking and other household purposes were public treatment facilities, vended water machines, and a private well. In general, organic and inorganic chemicals found in commercial sources of drinking water did not exceed federal criteria. However, products of the disinfection process (total trihalomethanes) exceeded the federal regulatory level in one sample. In addition, tap water samples from public water supplies were high in chloride and sulfate anions, often related to poor odor, color, or taste, resulting in residents of the Valley purchasing water for drinking at local vending machines and storing it in their homes in a variety of containers. Microbiological contamination of these containers was found to be a potential health problem. Coliform levels exceeding federal criteria for public water supplies were found in the water of several participants who did not regularly disinfect the containers in which they stored their drinking water. Water from a private well, which was designated for purposes other than drinking, was also unsuitable for drinking because of microbial contamination. Water sampling in the LRGVES pilot study identified the need for intervention and educational programs to eliminate exposures of Valley residents. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Berry, MR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 5 BP 693 EP 703 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00070-6 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY856 UT WOS:A1997XY85600008 ER PT J AU Buckley, TJ Liddle, J Ashley, DL Paschal, DC Burse, VW Needham, LL Akland, G AF Buckley, TJ Liddle, J Ashley, DL Paschal, DC Burse, VW Needham, LL Akland, G TI Environmental and biomarker measurements in nine homes in the Lower Rio Grande Valley: Multimedia results for pesticides, metals, PAHs, and VOCs SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; URINARY 1-HYDROXYPYRENE LEVELS; GENERAL-POPULATION SURVEY; TOTAL HUMAN EXPOSURE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN-SERUM; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES AB Residential environmental and biomarker measurements were made of multiple pollutants during two seasons (spring and summer, 1993) in order to assess human exposure for a purposeful sample of 18 nonsmoking adults residing within nine homes (a primary and secondary subject in each home) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) near Brownsville, TX. Pesticides, metals, PAHs, VOCs, and PCBs were measured in drinking water, food, air, soil, and house dust over a one-to two-day period in each season. Biomarker measurements were made in blood, breath, and urine. A total of 375 measurements across five pollutant classes (227 pesticides, 44 trace elements, 78 VOCs, 18 PAHs, and 8 PCBs) was possible for each home in one or more media. A large percentage of the measurements was below the method limit of detection ranging from 0-37% for pesticides, 22-61% for metals, 6% and 90% for VOCs in water and air, respectively, and 0-74% for PAHs. The total number of analytes measurable in blood, urine, or breath was considerably less, i.e., 58 (21 pesticides, 1 PCB, 4 metals, 31 VOCs, and 1 PAH) with the percentage above the method limit of detection for pesticides and metals ranging from 40 to 100%, while for VOCs, PAHs, and PCBs, this percentage ranged from 2 to 33%. A significant seasonal difference (p less than or equal to 0.10) was found in the biomarker levels of two of seven nonpersistent pesticides (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and 2,5-dichlorophenol) and 3 of 3 metals (arsenic, cadmium, and mercury) and the pyrene metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene, measured in urine. In all cases, levels were higher in the summer relative to the spring. For the persistent pesticides and PCBs in blood serum, a seasonal effect could be evaluated for 5 of 10 analytes; a significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.10) was observed only for hexachlorobenzene, which like the urine biomarkers, was higher in the summer. In contrast to the urine metals, blood-Pb concentrations did not change significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) from spring to summer. Biological results from the current study are compared to the reference range furnished by the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Comparisons are only suggestive due to limitations in comparability between the two studies. Based on the percentage of measurements above the detection limit, a significant elevation (p less than or equal to 0.10) in 2 of 12 nonpersistent pesticides (4-nitrophenol and 2,4-D) was observed for the LRGV study subjects. The VOC carbon tetrachloride was found in the blood (monitored only in spring) with greater prevalence (p less than or equal to 0.10) than would be expected from NHANES III results. Blood serum levels of two persistent pesticides (4,4'-DDE, and trans-nonachlor) and PCB exceeded median and/or 95th percentile reference levels as did arsenic in urine. Where seasonal differences were identified or for compounds exceeding reference levels, environmental monitoring results were investigated to identify potential contributing pathways and sources of exposure. However, because environmental sampling did not always coincide with the biological sampling and because of the high frequency of analytes measured below the limit of detection, sources and pathways of exposure in many cases could not be explained. Chlorpyrifos was an exception where urine metabolite (3,5,6-TCP) levels were found to be significantly correlated with air (R-2=0.55; p less than or equal to 0.01) and dust (R-2=0.46; p less than or equal to 0.01) concentrations. Based on the results of biomarker and residential environmental measurements over two seasons, this scoping study shows a seasonal effect for some analytes and suggests where exposures may be high for others. This information may be useful in considering future studies in the region. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB MD 56,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 65 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 5 BP 705 EP 732 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00071-8 PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY856 UT WOS:A1997XY85600009 ER PT B AU Frick, WE AF Frick, WE BE Wang, SSY Carstens, T TI Dilution achieved by diffusers parallel to current using EPA UM model SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULICS: PROTECTING THE AQUATIC HABITAT, PROCEEDINGS OF THEME B, VOLS 1 & 2 SE WATER FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL COMMUNITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-for-Hydraulic-Research CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res AB The United States Environmental Protection Agency distributes the Cornell Mixing Zone Model (CORMIX) and PLUMES Roberts, Snyder, and Baumgartner (RSB) and Updated Merge (UM) initial dilution models for designing and assessing aquatic multiport diffusers. CORMIX and RSB are generally recommended for cases in which the current is parallel to the diffuser axis. However, where dilutions at specific locations, e.g., mixing zone boundaries, are required, UM provides a convenient way to obtain estimates. A technique is developed to adapt UM to some cases involving merging plumes in parallel currents. An example demonstrates the technique. C1 US EPA, ERD, Regulatory Support Branch, Athens, GA 30601 USA. RP Frick, WE (reprint author), US EPA, ERD, Regulatory Support Branch, Athens, GA 30601 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0272-8 J9 WATER CHANG GLOB COM PY 1997 VL 27 BP 317 EP 322 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BN27S UT WOS:000081412000054 ER PT J AU Robbins, WA Vine, MF Truong, KY Everson, RB AF Robbins, WA Vine, MF Truong, KY Everson, RB TI Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess effects of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol on aneuploidy load in sperm of healthy men SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE aneuploidy; fluorescence in situ hybridization; semen studies; confounding, smoking, caffeine, alcohol; human sperm and reproduction ID HUMAN-SPERMATOZOA; CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; FERTILIZING-CAPACITY; PARENTAL ORIGIN; SEMEN QUALITY; X-CHROMOSOME; PATERNAL AGE; LIFE-STYLES; IN-VITRO AB Aneuploidy is a common cause of poor reproductive outcomes in humans and is associated with severe medical problems in liveborn offspring, yet little is known about its underlying cause. A substantial amount of aneuploidy is known to be contributed by the Father through cytogenetically abnormal sperm. The purpose of this cross-sectional, observational study was to investigate the potential contribution of common lifestyle exposures (smoking, caffeine, and alcohol) to the aneuploidy load in sperm from 45 healthy male volunteers 19-35 years of age. Sperm FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) was used to determine aneuploidy and diploidy Frequencies for chromosomes X, Y and 18 across varying exposure levels of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol. Caffeine was significantly associated with increased frequencies of sperm aneuploidy XX18 and XY18, diploidy XY18-18 and the duplication phenotype YY18-18 controlling for alcohol, smoking and donor age. Alcohol was significantly associated with increased frequencies of sperm aneuploidy XX18, diploidy XY18-18 and the duplication phenotype XX18-18 controlling for caf feine, smoking and donor age. There was a suggestive, but unstable, association between smoking and XX18. Even within our truncated age range, we were able to confirm an increased risk For XX 18 aneuploidy with increasing donor age. Sperm FISH proved to be a useful biomarker to detect and compare numerical cytogenetic abnormalities in human sperm cells across differing levels of exposure to smoking, caffeine, and alcohol. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Robbins, WA (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,ROOM 266,ROSENAU HALL,CB 7400,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 60 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 2 BP 175 EP 183 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2<175::AID-EM10>3.0.CO;2-A PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XZ456 UT WOS:A1997XZ45600010 PM 9329642 ER PT J AU deBoer, JG Erfle, H Walsh, D Holcroft, J Provost, JS Rogers, B Tindall, KR Glickman, BW AF deBoer, JG Erfle, H Walsh, D Holcroft, J Provost, JS Rogers, B Tindall, KR Glickman, BW TI Spectrum of spontaneous mutations in liver tissue of lacI transgenic mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Big Blue(R) mice; mutational spectra; DNA sequencing; tissues; spontaneous mutation ID INDUCED POINT MUTATIONS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SHUTTLE VECTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS; SPONTANEOUS MUTAGENESIS; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; DNA-SYNTHESIS; BONE-MARROW; HUMAN-CELLS; HPRT GENE AB The advent of transgenic technology has greatly facilitated the study of mutation in animals in vivo. The Big Blue(R) mouse system, transgenic for the loci gene, permits not only the quantification of mutations in different tissues but also provides for the generation of in vivo-derived mutational spectra. This report details the sequence alterations of 348 spontaneous mutations recovered From the liver of 6-8-week-old male Big Blue(R) mice. The spectra recovered from two strains of mice, C57B1/6 and B6C3F1, were compared and found to be very similar. The predominant mutations are G:C --> A:T transitions, with 75% of these occurring at 5'-CpG-3' sequences. This mutational bias is consistent with deamination-directed mutation at methylated cytosine bases. The second most common class of mutations is G:C --> T:A transversions. A significant clonal expansion of mutants was found in several animals, and this was used to make an approximate correction of the mutant frequency such that the most conservative estimate of mutation frequency is presented. The establishment of this substantial data-base of spontaneous mutations in the liver of Big Blue(R) mice is intended to serve as a reference against which mutations recovered after treatment can be compared. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 TACONICS,GERMANTOWN,NY. STRATAGENE INC,LA JOLLA,CA. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP deBoer, JG (reprint author), UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT BIOL,CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,POB 1700,VICTORIA,BC V8W 2Y2,CANADA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-35365] NR 59 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 3 BP 273 EP 286 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YE792 UT WOS:A1997YE79200005 PM 9366905 ER PT J AU Brooks, LR Jacobson, RW Warren, SH Kohan, MJ Donnelly, KC George, SE AF Brooks, LR Jacobson, RW Warren, SH Kohan, MJ Donnelly, KC George, SE TI Mutagenicity of HPLC-fractionated urinary metabolites from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-treated Fischer 344 rats SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; HPLC fractionation; mutagenicity; mutagram ID TRINITROTOLUENE; TNT; ASSAY AB The production and storage of explosives has resulted in the environmental accumulation of the mutagen 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). In order to characterize the production of mutagenic urinary metabolites, 6-week old male Fischer 344 rats were administered 75 mg of TNT/kg or DMSO vehicle by gavage. The animals were placed into metabolism cages, and urine wets collected for 24 hr. Following filtration, metabolites in the urine were deconjugated with sulfatase and beta-glucuronidase and concentrated by solid phase extraction. The eluate was fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using acetonitrile/water, and the fractions were solvent exchanged in DMSO by nitrogen evaporation. Each HPLC fraction was bioassayed in strains TA98, TA98NR, TA100, and TA100NR without metabolic activation using a microsuspension modification of the Salmonella histidine reversion assay. Fractions 3, 5-18, 21, 22, and 24-26 contained mutagens detected by strain TA98. in the nitroreductase-deficient strain TA98NR, some mutagenic activity was lost; however, fractions 3, 6, 9-11, 15, and 25 clearly contained direct-acting mutagens. Fewer fractions were positive in strain TA100 (9-16, 19, 20, and 25) with less activity observed in the nitroreductase deficient strain TA100NR (fractions 3, 12, 14, 15, and 25). Although some mutagenic activity coeluted with known TNT metabolite standards, there were still many unidentified mutagenic peaks. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 INTEGRATED LAB SYST INC, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH, COLLEGE STN, TX USA. RP Brooks, LR (reprint author), US EPA, DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS, MD 68, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 3 BP 298 EP 302 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YE792 UT WOS:A1997YE79200008 PM 9366908 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Warren, SH Ross, TM Shim, SY Richard, AM Pegram, RA AF DeMarini, DM Shelton, ML Warren, SH Ross, TM Shim, SY Richard, AM Pegram, RA TI Glutathione S-transferase-mediated induction of GC -> AT transitions by halomethanes in Salmonella SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE glutathione S-transferase theta; Salmonella; mutagenicity; dihalomethanes; trihalomethanes; mutation spectra; DNA adducts; glutathione conjugate ID TYPHIMURIUM STRAIN TA100; DRINKING-WATER; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; BY-PRODUCTS; MUTATIONAL SPECTRA; MUTAGENICITY TEST; DICHLOROMETHANE; CHEMICALS; DIHALOMETHANES; METABOLISM AB Halomethanes ore among the most common mutagenic and carcinogenic disinfection by-products present in the volatile/semivolatile fraction of chlorinated drinking water. Recent studies have demonstrated that the mutagenicity of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and bromodichloromethane (BrCHCl2) can be mediated by a theta-class glutathione S- transferase (GSTT1-1). These studies used strain RSJ100 of Salmonella, which is a derivative of the base-substitution strain TA1535 (hisG46, rfa, Delta uvrB), into which has been cloned the GSTT1-1 gene from rat. in the present report, Lye have extended these studies by demonstrating that the mutagenicity of two additional brominated trihalomethanes, bromoform (CHBr3) and chlorodibromomethane (ClCHBr2), are also mediated by GSTT1-1 in RSJ100. Using a Tedlar bag vaporization technique, the mutagenic potencies (revertant/ppm) for these two compounds as well as the compounds tested previously rank as follows: CHBr3 approximate to ClCHBr2 > BrCHCl2 approximate to CH2Cl2. To explore the mutational mechanism, we determined the mutation spectra of all four halomethanes at the hisG46 allele by performing colony probe hybridizations of similar to 100 revertants induced by each compound. The majority (96-100%) of the mutations were GC --> AT transitions, and 87-100% of these were at the second position of the CCC/GGG target. In contrast, only 15% of mutants induced by CH2Cl2 were GC --> AT transitions in the absence of the GSTT1-1 gene in strain TA100 (a homologue of TA1535 containing the plasmid pKM101). The ability of GSTT1-1 to mediate the mutagenicity of these di-and trihalomethanes and the induction of almost exclusively GC --> AT transitions by these compounds suggest that these halomethanes are activated by similar pathways in RSJ100, possibly through similar reactive intermediates. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to previous experimental work on the GST-mediated bioactivation of dihalomethanes, which includes the possible formation of GSH intermediates and/or GSH-DNA adducts. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Expt Toxicol Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, MD-68, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 40 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 30 IS 4 BP 440 EP 447 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:4<440::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-M PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YP963 UT WOS:000071333600009 PM 9435885 ER PT J AU Fuscoe, JC Vira, LK Collard, DD Moore, MM AF Fuscoe, JC Vira, LK Collard, DD Moore, MM TI Quantification of hprt gene deletions mediated by illegitimate V(D)J recombination in peripheral blood cells of humans SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE hrpt; illegitimate V(D)J recombination; human somatic mutation; biological monitoring; polymerase chain reaction ID HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES-T; MOLECULAR ANALYSES; SOMATIC MUTATIONS; HUMAN CANCER; IN-VIVO; TRANSLOCATIONS; SEQUENCES; RECEPTOR; LOCUS AB V(D)J recombinase is normally involved in the highly regulated rearrangement of immunoglobulin and T-cell-receptor gene segments (in B and T cells, respectively) to form functional antibody genes and T-cell-receptor genes. Occasionally, this tightly controlled process acts on inappropriate places in the genome and results in deletions and translocations. Some of these illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated events have been implicated in the genetic changes associated with several forms of leukemia and lymphoid malignancy. We have developed a sensitive, specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay to quantify such events in the peripheral blood cells of humans. This assay detects a V(D)J recombinase-mediated deletion in the hprt gene, which codes for a housekeeping enzyme and is not implicated in cancer development. Alterations in this gene serve as a surrogate indicator for these illegitimate events, which may be occurring throughout the genome. The essay involves a hemi-nested PCR with two sets of primers. Multiple replicates of genomic DNA (each representing 4 x 10(5) cells) are amplified with specific primers under conditions in which a single copy will give a detectable PCR product. Poisson statistics are then used to estimate the deletion mutant frequency. The frequency of cells with the hprt deletion among 20 healthy young adults ranged from <1.3 x 10(-7) to 4.1 x 10 and was compared with the frequency of t(14; 18) previously determined in these same individuals. No correlation was found between the frequencies of these two measures of genomic rearrangement. The DNA sequences at the deletion junctions were determined and provided evidence for multiple independent mutations in some individuals. This assay may serve as a biomorker For the level of illegitimate V(D)J recombination occurring in peripheral blood cells of humans. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Fuscoe, JC (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,MD-68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1 BP 28 EP 35 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:1<28::AID-EM4>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WF994 UT WOS:A1997WF99400004 PM 9020304 ER PT J AU Tice, RR NylanderFrench, LA French, JE AF Tice, RR NylanderFrench, LA French, JE TI Absence of systemic in vivo genotoxicity after dermal exposure to ethyl acrylate and tripropylene glycol diacrylate in Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE monofunctional acrylates; multifunctional acrylates; skin; genotoxicity; transgenic mouse; alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis; micronuclei; DNA damage ID PERIPHERAL-BLOOD ERYTHROCYTES; MOUSE LYMPHOMA-CELLS; BONE-MARROW DAMAGE; MULTIFUNCTIONAL ACRYLATES; ONCOGENICITY BIOASSAYS; 2-ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; METHYL ACRYLATE; B6C3F1 MICE; DNA DAMAGE AB Acrylates may be polymerized to stable surface coatings (paints, lacquers, inks, etc.) by alkylation via the Michaelis-type addition reaction. Thus, acrylates have an inherent potential as electrophiles to be genotoxic, limited in their biological activity by their physicochemical properties. To evaluate their systemic genotoxicity, ethyl acrylate (EA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), or Lacquer A, on ultraviolet radiation curable lacquer containing TPGDA as the active ingredient, were applied dermally to Tg.AC mice (3 times a week for 20 weeks). Peripheral blood leukocytes were evaluated for DNA damage (single-strand breaks, alkali labile sites, DNA crosslinking) at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 by using the alkaline (pH > 13) single cell gel (SCG) assay. Peripheral blood polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were evaluated For the presence of micronuclei at week 20. The extent of DNA migration in leukocytes and the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes was not significantly altered by treatment with TPGDA when administered alone or in Lacquer A or with EA, at doses that induced cell proliferation in keratinocytes. The absence of genotoxicity in these two cell populations suggests that these acrylates are not genotoxic or that they are not absorbed systemically when applied dermally. However, a significant, dose-dependent increase in the percentage of PCE relative to the vehicle control was present in mice treated with TPGDA, while a dose-dependent, but nonsignificant, increase in the percentage of PCE was observed in mice treated with lacquer A. This observed increase in the rate of erythropoiesis may reflect bone marrow/blood toxicity, a homeostatic mechanism in response to the treatment-induced tumor burden, and/or a hematopoietic response to epidermal keratinocyte cytokines induced by tissue injury. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NATL INST OCCUPAT HLTH,S-17184 SOLNA,SWEDEN. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP Tice, RR (reprint author), INTEGRATED SYST LAB,POB 13501,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-15321] NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0893-6692 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 240 EP 249 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WX069 UT WOS:A1997WX06900003 PM 9142166 ER PT J AU Fetterman, BA Kim, BS Margolin, BH Schildcrout, JS Smith, MG Wagner, SM Zeiger, E AF Fetterman, BA Kim, BS Margolin, BH Schildcrout, JS Smith, MG Wagner, SM Zeiger, E TI Predicting rodent carcinogenicity from mutagenic potency measured in the Ames Salmonella assay SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE statistics; National Toxicology Program; carcinogenic potency; mutagenic potency; Salmonella ID GENETIC TOXICITY ASSAYS; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; MICROSOME TEST; CHEMICALS AB Many in vitro tests have been developed to identify chemicals that can damage cellular DNA or cause mutations, and secondarily to identify potential carcinogens. The test receiving by far the most use and attention has been the Salmonella (SAL) mutagenesis test developed by Ames and colleagues [(1973). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:2281-2285; (1975): Mutat Res 31:347-364], because of its initial promise of high qualitative (YES/NO) predictivity for cancer in rodents and, by extension, in humans. In addition to the initial reports of high qualitative predictivity, there was also an early report by Meselson and Russell [in Hiatt HH et al. (1977): ''Origins of Human Cancer, Book C: Human Risk Assessment,'' pp 1473-1481] of a quantitative relationship between mutagenic potency measured in SAL and carcinogenic potency measured in rodents, for a small number of chemicals. However, other reports using larger numbers of chemicals have found only very weak correlations. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether mutagenic potency, as measured in a number of different ways, could be used to improve predictivity of carcinogenicity, either qualitatively or quantitatively. To this end, eight measures of SAI mutagenic potency were used. This study firmly establishes that the predictive relationship between mutagenic potency in SAL and rodent carcinogenicity is, at best, weak. When predicting qualitative carcinogenicity, only qualitative mutagenicity is useful, none of the quantitative measures of potency considered improves the carcinogenicity prediction. In fact, when qualitative mutagenicity is forced out of the model, the quantitative measures are still not predictive of carcinogenicity. When predicting quantitative carcinogenicity, several possible methods were considered for summarizing potency over all experiments; however, in all cases, the relationship between mutagenic potency predictors and quantitative carcinogenicity is very weak. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT BIOSTAT, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. YONSEI UNIV, DEPT APPL STAT, SEOUL 120749, SOUTH KOREA. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. FU PHS HHS [273-90-1-0005] NR 23 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0893-6692 EI 1098-2280 J9 ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN JI Environ. Mol. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 312 EP 322 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:3<312::AID-EM12>3.0.CO;2-H PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WX069 UT WOS:A1997WX06900012 PM 9142175 ER PT J AU Woo, YT Lai, D Arcos, J Argus, M Cimino, M DeVito, S Keifer, L AF Woo, YT Lai, D Arcos, J Argus, M Cimino, M DeVito, S Keifer, L TI Mechanism-based structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of carcinogenic potential of 30 NTP test chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS-PART C OF JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH LA English DT Review ID CHRONIC TOXICITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; MOUSE; MICE; RAT; GENE; TETRAHYDROFURAN; TRIETHANOLAMINE; TRANSFORMATION; MUTAGENICITY C1 US EPA, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Woo, YT (reprint author), US EPA, Risk Assessment Div 7403, Off Pollut Prevent & Tox, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 71 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1059-0501 J9 ENVIRON CARCIN ECO R JI Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxical. Rev.-Pt. C J. Env. Sci. Health PY 1997 VL 15 IS 2 BP 139 EP 160 PG 22 WC Oncology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Oncology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YM751 UT WOS:000071097200003 ER PT J AU Perdek, JM AF Perdek, JM TI Decision analysis of incineration costs in Superfund site remediation SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Superfund; site remediation; decision analysis; remedial design; remedial action; incineration AB This study examines the decision-making process of the remedial design (RD) phase of on-site incineration projects conducted at Superfund sites, Decisions made during RD affect the cost and schedule of remedial action (RA), Decision analysis techniques are used to determine the extent of information on the waste characteristics that should be released to prospective bidders on a fixed-price RA contract for a specific site, The decision maker has two alternatives: prepare the project specifications including only the description of the waste provided in the remedial investigation/feasibility study or obtain additional information on the waste characteristics during RD, The dilemma facing decision makers is that costs, in both time and money, are associated with acquiring additional information, whereas having more information may result in cost savings since bidders base their cost estimates on the description of the waste characteristics. In the analysis, the net benefits of providing bidders with additional information are determined for the subject site, The results show that the benefits of obtaining information outweigh the costs only when the cost of obtaining the information, in terms of both time and money, is not too great. RP Perdek, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,2890 WOODBRIDGE AVE,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 1092-8758 J9 ENVIRON ENG SCI JI Environ. Eng. Sci. PY 1997 VL 14 IS 1 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1089/ees.1997.14.15 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YD288 UT WOS:A1997YD28800003 ER PT J AU Foran, JA Allaben, WT Ashby, J Bass, R Wharf, C Bucher, JR Burnam, W Bus, JS Butterworth, BE Carakostas, M Emerson, J Cardona, RA Cohen, SM DeGeorge, J FennerCrisp, P Gaylor, D Gee, JF Goodman, JI Grant, DL Hattan, DG Hayashi, Y Henderson, RF Herrman, JL Koeter, HBWM LeBoeuf, RA Lorentzen, RJ McConnell, EE Mitsumori, K Olin, SS Parker, JC Renwick, A Stevens, JT Swenberg, JA Taylor, AS VanGemert, M Vu, V Walker, R Watson, M Yielding, KL AF Foran, JA Allaben, WT Ashby, J Bass, R Wharf, C Bucher, JR Burnam, W Bus, JS Butterworth, BE Carakostas, M Emerson, J Cardona, RA Cohen, SM DeGeorge, J FennerCrisp, P Gaylor, D Gee, JF Goodman, JI Grant, DL Hattan, DG Hayashi, Y Henderson, RF Herrman, JL Koeter, HBWM LeBoeuf, RA Lorentzen, RJ McConnell, EE Mitsumori, K Olin, SS Parker, JC Renwick, A Stevens, JT Swenberg, JA Taylor, AS VanGemert, M Vu, V Walker, R Watson, M Yielding, KL TI Principles for the selection of doses in chronic rodent bioassays SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material ID CARCINOGENICITY AB Dose selection in chronic rodent bioassays has been one of the most debated issues in risk assessment. The Committee on Risk Assessment Methods of the National Research Council attempted but failed, in 1993 to reach consensus on how to select doses for chronic rodent bioassays. However, a more recent effort conducted by the ILSI Risk Science Institute has resulted in a consensus set of principles for dose selection, including selection of the highest dose for chronic rodent bioassays. The principles encourage a move away from sole reliance on a maximum tolerated dose (MTD), as it has been traditionally defined (primarily by body weight and histopathology), and toward the use of sound scientific and toxicologic principles for the selection of all doses in the chronic bioassay. Specifically, the principles recommend that dose selection for chronic studies must be based on sound toxicologic principles; dose selection should consider human exposure; dose selection should be based on a variety of endpoints and effects derived from prechronic studies; and dose selection should consider physicochemical and other factors. Implementation of the principles internationally will have two important benefits: improvement in the quality and consistency of the rodent bioassay and international harmonization of dose selection procedures. C1 US FDA,NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. ZENECA LTD,ALDERLEY PARK,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND. NIEHS,NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. DOW CHEM CO USA,MIDLAND,MI 48674. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. COCA COLA CO,ATLANTA,GA. UNIROYAL CHEM CO,BETHANY,CT. UNIV NEBRASKA,MED CTR,OMAHA,NE. US FDA,CTR DRUG EVALUAT & RES,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CALIF ENVIRONM PROTECT AGCY,DEPT PESTICIDE REGULAT,SACRAMENTO,CA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. HLTH CANADA,PEST MANAGEMENT REGULATORY AGCY,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0L2,CANADA. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NATL INST HLTH SCI,DIV RISK ASSESSMENT,TOKYO,JAPAN. LOVELACE BIOMED & ENVIRONM RES INST,INHALAT TOXICOL RES INST,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185. WHO,INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. ORG ECON COOPERAT & DEV,ENVIRONM DIRECTORATE,PARIS,FRANCE. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,CINCINNATI,OH. US FDA,OFF PLANNING & STRATEG INITIAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. NATL INST HLTH SCI,BIOL SAFETY RES CTR,TOKYO 158,JAPAN. US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,CLIN PHARMACOL GRP,SOUTHAMPTON,HANTS,ENGLAND. CIBA GEIGY LTD,BASEL,SWITZERLAND. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. BRI INT,SAN DIEGO,CA. US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV SURREY,SCH BIOL SCI,GUILDFORD GU2 5XH,SURREY,ENGLAND. UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,GALVESTON,TX 77550. CHARLES CONN & VAN GEMERT,CHARLOTTE HALL,MD. RP Foran, JA (reprint author), ILSI RISK SCI INST,1126 16TH ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 105 IS 1 BP 18 EP 20 DI 10.2307/3433048 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WM698 UT WOS:A1997WM69800008 PM 9074868 ER PT J AU Fawell, J Robinson, D Bull, R Birnbaum, L Butterworth, B Daniel, P GalalGorchev, H Hauchman, F Julkunen, P Klaassen, C Krasner, S OrmeZavaleta, J Tardiff, T AF Fawell, J Robinson, D Bull, R Birnbaum, L Butterworth, B Daniel, P GalalGorchev, H Hauchman, F Julkunen, P Klaassen, C Krasner, S OrmeZavaleta, J Tardiff, T TI Disinfection by-products in drinking water: Critical issues in health effects research SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 INT LIFE SCI INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA. CTR WATER RES, MEDMENHAM, BUCKS, ENGLAND. PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NIEHS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. CAMP DRESSER & MCKEE INC, WALNUT CREEK, CA 94596 USA. WHO, INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND. COCA COLA CO, ATLANTA, GA 30301 USA. UNIV KANSAS, MED CTR, KANSAS CITY, KS 66103 USA. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF, LA VERNE, CA 91750 USA. COLORADO STATE UNIV, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. EA ENGN SCI & TECHNOL INC, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 105 IS 1 BP 108 EP 109 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105108 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WM698 UT WOS:A1997WM69800030 PM 9074890 ER PT J AU Hogsett, WE Weber, JE Tingey, D Herstrom, A Lee, EH Laurence, JA AF Hogsett, WE Weber, JE Tingey, D Herstrom, A Lee, EH Laurence, JA TI An approach for characterizing tropospheric ozone risk to forests SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; GIS; ozone; risk characterization; forests; trees ID AIR-QUALITY STANDARDS; EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; EXPOSURE INDEXES; LOBLOLLY-PINE; GROWTH; AREAS; TREE AB The risk tropospheric ozone poses to forests in the United States is dependent on the variation in ozone exposure across the distribution of the forests in question and the various environmental and climate factors predominant in the region. All these factors have a spatial nature, and consequently an approach to characterization oi ozone risk is presented that places ozone exposure-response functions for species as seedlings and model-simulated tree and stand responses in a spatial context using a geographical information systems (GIS). The GIS is used to aggregate factors considered important in a risk characterization, including: (1) estimated ozone exposures over forested regions, (2) measures of ozone effects on species' and stand growth, and (3) spatially distributed environmental, genetic, and exposure influences on species' response to ozone. The GIS-based risk characterization provides an estimation oi the extent and magnitude of the potential ozone impact on forests. A preliminary risk characterization demonstrating this approach considered only the eastern United States and only the limited empirical data quantifying the effect oi ozone exposures on forest tree species as seedlings. The area-weighted response of the annual seedling biomass loss formed the basis for a sensitivity ranking: sensitive-aspen and black cherry (14%-33% biomass loss over 50% of their distribution); moderately sensitive-tulip popular, loblolly pine, eastern white pine, and sugar maple (5%-13% biomass loss); insensitive-Virginia pine and red maple (0%-1% loss). In the future, the GIS-based risk characterization will include process-based model simulations of the three- to 5-year growth response of individual species as large trees with relevant environmental interactions and model simulated response of mixed stands. The interactive nature of GIS provides a tool to explore consequences of the range of climate conditions across a species' distribution, forest management practices, changing ozone precursors, regulatory control strategies, and other factors influencing the spatial distribution of ozone over time as more information becomes available. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. BOYCE THOMPSON INST PLANT RES,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Hogsett, WE (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 42 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 21 IS 1 BP 105 EP 120 DI 10.1007/s002679900010 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VZ029 UT WOS:A1997VZ02900010 ER PT J AU Flemer, DA Ruth, BF Bundrick, CM Gaston, GR AF Flemer, DA Ruth, BF Bundrick, CM Gaston, GR TI Macrobenthic community colonization and community development in dredged material disposal habitats off coastal Louisiana SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE macrobenthos; Louisiana coast; colonization; community structure; dredged material ID TEMPORAL VARIATION; ESTUARINE INFAUNA; DISTURBANCE; RECOLONIZATION; BENTHOS; RESPONSES; SEDIMENT; FLORIDA; PATTERN; HYPOXIA AB We examined marine benthic macroinvertebrate colonization and community structure at multiple spatial scales (study areas, reference and disposal sites, and depth zones within sites) within a 3-day period at three relatively widely separated (ca 60km) dredged material disposal areas (Mermentau and Atchafalaya Rivers and freshwater Bayou) in coastal Louisiana. Study areas had different histories of dredged material disposal, bur all three are subject to frequent natural habitat disturbances (e.g. freshets). Nine phyla and 51 taxa were represented among the three study areas at reference (R) and disposal (D) sites (Freshwater Bayou: 21(R), 18 (D); Mermentau River: 14 (R), 17 (D) and Atchafalaya River: 38 (R), 40 (D)). Only 15 taxa were common to all three study areas. At the Freshwater Bayou, average taxa richness and abundance responded to wafer depth, not sires. These response variables averaged higher mean values at the Mermentau River disposal than at the reference site. No consistent pattern in the average of these response variables was detected between sites at the Atchafalaya River. Multidimensional scaling ordination and non-parametric multivariate inferential analysis provided a distinctly different picture of community structure within study areas compared to parametric analyses. A relatively moderate to strong separation in community structure between sites was detected depending on study area. Non-parametric multivariate inferential analysis detected significant differences in internal community structure at the scale of stations and sites within study areas. The weight of evidence suggests that frequent natural disturbances explain differences in macrobenthic animal community structure more than effects of dredged material disposal. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 FLORIDA DEPT ENVIRONM PROTECT,GOVT CTR 160,PENSACOLA,FL 32501. UNIV W FLORIDA,DEPT MATH & STAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. UNIV MISSISSIPPI,DEPT BIOL,UNIVERSITY,MS 38677. RP Flemer, DA (reprint author), US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 64 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 96 IS 2 BP 141 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00028-6 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ897 UT WOS:A1997XQ89700003 PM 15093413 ER PT J AU Hill, BH Lazorchak, JM McCormick, FH Willingham, WT AF Hill, BH Lazorchak, JM McCormick, FH Willingham, WT TI The effects of elevated metals on benthic community metabolism in a Rocky Mountain stream SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE benthic metabolism; chambers; metals; Ceriodaphnia toxicity ID ZINC; COLORADO; TOXICITY; SYSTEMS; PH AB The effects of elevated metals (dissolved Zn, Mn and/or Fe) in a Rocky Mountain stream were assessed using measures of primary productivity, community respiration and water-column toxicity. Primary productivity was measured as rates of O-2 evolution from natural substrates incubated in situ in closed chambers. Oxygen depletion within these chambers, when incubated in the dark, provided estimates of periphyton community respiration. Sediment community respiration on fine-grained sediments, collected and composited along each stream study reach, was measured on-site by incubating these sediments in closed chambers and measuring O-2 depletion. Toxicity was measured as percent mortality of Ceriodaphnia dubia during 48 h acute tests. Gross (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) decreased significantly with increasing metal concentrations, from 10.88 +/- 1.46 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.83 +/- 0.20 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) and 9.85 +/- 1.43 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.81 +/- 0.20 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1), respectively for the reference and most impacted site. Community respiration (CR) declined from 0.65 +/- 0.08 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.02 +/- 0.01 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) with increasing metal concentrations. Sediment community respiration (SCR) decreased from 0.26 +/- 0.02 g O-2 m(-2) day(-1) to 0.01 +/- 0.01 g O-2 m(-1) day(-1) at these same sites. Ceriodaphnia dubia mortality increased from 0% at the reference site to 95 +/- 5% at the most impacted sites. Net daily metabolism, quantum yield and assimilation ratio all decreased with increasing metal concentrations, suggesting that both autotrophic and heterotrophic components of the periphyton community were impaired. Overall, functional measures were able to discern sites receiving greater metal impacts from less-impacted sites, with combinations of dissolved metals explaining between 25 and 92% of the variance in the regression models. Using these regression models we were able to calculate lethal and inhibition concentrations of dissolved Zn in the Eagle River. The lethal concentration (LC50) of Zn for Ceriodaphnia dubia is 123 ntg liter(-1) The concentrations of Zn which inhibited respiration (IC50) were 177 mg liter(-1) for CR and 199 mg liter(-1) for SCR. These results indicate functional measures may be as sensitive to metal concentrations as acute toxicity tests. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,REGION 8 WATER MANAGEMENT DIV,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Hill, BH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,26W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013; OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 40 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 95 IS 2 BP 183 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00123-6 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WY537 UT WOS:A1997WY53700005 PM 15093458 ER PT J AU Greenberg, MM AF Greenberg, MM TI The central nervous system and exposure to toluene: A risk characterization SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; VARYING CONCENTRATIONS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; HUMAN RESPONSE; BLOOD TOLUENE; VENOUS-BLOOD; N-HEXANE; WORKERS; AIR AB The principal health outcome of exposure to toluene is dysfunction of the central nervous system. Effects range from fatalities and severe neurological disorders in toluene abuse situations to deficits in neurobehavioral function in occupational populations. An Inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) of 0.4 mg toluene/m(3) or 0.1 ppm was developed by the U.S. EPA to protect general populations chronically exposed to toluene. The RfC was derived from results of an occupational study involving Asian workers who developed neurobehavioral deficits at a mean toluene exposure level at the time of the study of 88 ppm. The derivation incorporated several uncertainty factors, one of which was a factor of 10 to account for sensitive subpopulations. Recent evidence indicates that some Japanese and possibly other Asian populations harbor a defective gene for aldehyde dehydrogenase, and thus exhibit a decreased rate of toluene metabolism. Although it is not known if reduced metabolism by aldehyde dehydrogenase also was a factor in the occupational study, preshift blood levels of toluene were considerably higher than preshift levels from non-Asian workers exposed to similar air levels of toluene. The elevated blood levels are consistent with defective metabolism but remain to be confirmed. Inasmuch as air levels of toluene in urban environments are about 10-fold lower than the RfC, an adequate measure of protection is afforded by the RfC with or without an uncertainty factor for sensitive subgroups. However, the uncertainty factor for sensitive subgroups should be retained because there is no information regarding toluene metabolism in children. (C) 1997 Academic Press RP Greenberg, MM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,MD-52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 59 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 72 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1006/enrs.1996.3686 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WE814 UT WOS:A1997WE81400001 PM 9012367 ER PT J AU Sagebiel, JC Zielinska, B Walsh, PA Chow, JC Cadle, SH Mulawa, PA Knapp, KT Zweidinger, RB AF Sagebiel, JC Zielinska, B Walsh, PA Chow, JC Cadle, SH Mulawa, PA Knapp, KT Zweidinger, RB TI PM-10 exhaust samples collected during IM-240 dynamometer tests of in-service vehicles in Nevada SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIR AB Twenty-three vehicles that were recruited by remote sensing and roadside inspection and maintenance (I/M) checks during the 1994 Clark and Washoe Remote Sensing Study (CAWRSS) were tested on the IM240 cycle using a transportable dynamometer. Six of these vehicles emitted visible smoke. Total gas-phase hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhaust concentrations were continuously measured in the diluted exhaust stream from the constant Volume sampler (CVS) during IM240 testing. Two isokinetic PM-10 samples were collected simultaneously using cyclones and filter holders connected to a dilution tube. Teflon filters were collected for total mass and then extracted for chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions. Quartz filters were analyzed by the thermal/optical reflectance method for organic and elemental carbon. The quartz filters and backup vapor traps were then extracted and analyzed by GC/MS far 28 separate polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Mass emission rates of PM-10 per vehicle ranged from 5.6 to over 1300 mg/ml, with most of the mass attributable to carbon. Except far one vehicle with high sulfate emissions, the ion emissions were relatively low. Total PAH emissions were in the range of 10-200 mg/ml. C1 GM CORP,CTR RES & DEV,WARREN,MI 48090. US EPA,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Sagebiel, JC (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,EEEC,POB 60220,RENO,NV 89506, USA. NR 10 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1021/es960137i PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WC400 UT WOS:A1997WC40000030 ER PT J AU Glassmeyer, ST DeVault, DS Myers, TR Hites, RA AF Glassmeyer, ST DeVault, DS Myers, TR Hites, RA TI Toxaphene in great lakes fish: A temporal, spatial, and trophic study SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FOOD-WEB; WATER; CONTAMINATION; PESTICIDES; INTERLAKE; SUPERIOR; RESIDUES; SAMPLES AB We report here on the concentrations of toxaphene, a complex mixture of hexa- to decachlorinated norbornanes and norbornenes, in Great Lakes' lake trout and smelt sampled in 1982 and 1992. Lake trout from Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron had higher lipid-normalized toxaphene concentrations than the smelt, while in Lakes Ontario and Erie both trophic levels had about the same concentrations. Concentrations in both species declined between 1982 and 1992, with the exception of Lake Superior, where there was no significant difference. Except for the Lake Superior samples, these trends were expected because toxaphene was banned in the United States in 1982. The fact that the Lake Superior samples did not show lower concentrations over time suggests that there may be some lake-specific source that is continuing to load toxaphene into Lake Superior or that toxaphene is not being removed from Lake Superior as quickly as the other Great Lakes. C1 INDIANA UNIV,SCH PUBL & ENVIRONM AFFAIRS,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. US EPA,GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF,CHICAGO,IL 60604. RI Glassmeyer, Susan/E-5004-2017 OI Glassmeyer, Susan/0000-0002-0538-5793 NR 38 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 1 BP 84 EP 88 DI 10.1021/es9601503 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WC400 UT WOS:A1997WC40000031 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Lee, EH Herstrom, AA Hogsett, WE Tingey, DT AF Phillips, DL Lee, EH Herstrom, AA Hogsett, WE Tingey, DT TI Use of auxiliary data for spatial interpolation of ozone exposure in southeastern forests SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE ozone; interpolation; geostatistics; cokriging; loblolly pine ID MULTIVARIATE GEOSTATISTICS; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; AIR-QUALITY; PRECIPITATION; MODEL AB In order to assess the impact of tropospheric ozone on forests, it is necessary to quantify ozone exposure on regional scales. Since ozone monitoring stations are widely scattered and mostly concentrate in urban and suburban areas, some form of spatial interpolation is necessary to estimate ambient air quality at non-monitored forested sites. This paper examines four different interpolation procedures for estimating ozone exposure as quantified by the SUM06 index (sum of hourly concentrations at or above 0 . 06 ppm) for July 1988 within the geographic range of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southeastern United States. The first three methods, inverse distance weighting (INVD), inverse distance squared weighting (INVD2), and ordinary kriging, are routinely used interpolators. In addition, we examined the use of cokriging, a geostatistical procedure which utilizes additional information from correlated auxiliary variables to aid in estimation, with a synthetic ozone exposure potential index (EPI). This index incorporated monthly data on anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx), average daily maximum temperature, wind directional frequencies, and distance downwind from anthropogenic NO, sources. The EPI index had a correlation coefficient of 0 . 626 with monitored SUM06 measurements. Cross-validation indicated that the accuracy and precision of the interpolators increased in the order: INVD < INVD2 < ordinary kriging < cokriging. Cokriging with EPI exhibited 44-62 per cent lower mean error, 0-10 per cent lower mean absolute error 6-14 per cent lower error standard deviation, and 4-10 per cent higher predicted versus observed r(2) values than the other three methods. These results show the potential for use of additional covariate data for prediction of ozone exposure in forested areas. However, increased monitoring of forested areas is needed to more adequately characterize forest exposure to ozone and its consequences. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DYNAMAC INT INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 43 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 8 IS 1 BP 43 EP 61 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199701)8:1<43::AID-ENV237>3.3.CO;2-7 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA WQ717 UT WOS:A1997WQ71700004 ER PT J AU Hart, SJ Chen, YM Kenny, JE Lien, BK Best, TW AF Hart, SJ Chen, YM Kenny, JE Lien, BK Best, TW TI Field demonstration of a multichannel fiber-optic laser-induced fluorescence system in a cone penetrometer vehicle SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LIF; EEM; in situ; soil contamination; fuels; CPT; fluorescence; fiber optics AB A laser-induced fluorescence system for in situ detection of soil contamination with cone penetrometer technology, capable of collecting three-dimensional fluorescence fingerprints (excitation-emission matrices, or EEMs) as the probe is advanced vertically, has been developed. In this report, we describe a recent field test at Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts, in which we demonstrated successful operation of the system. The system uses a pair of silica-clad-silica optical fibers for each of its channels (eight of which were used in the work described), one to deliver excitation light from the multiwave-length laser excitation source to the sample, and the other to conduct contaminant fluorescence to a grating spectrograph that utilizes a charge-coupled-device detector to record fluorescence intensity as a function of both excitation and emission wavelength. The matrix-formatted field data are displayed as three-dimensional fingerprints of contamination at given push locations and depths; they are also reduced in dimension by summing over one or both wavelength axes and plotting summed fluorescence versus depth to facilitate visualization of the approximate extent of the contaminant plume. Selected EEMs from each push location are examined for characteristic patterns and compared to standard EEMs of pure compounds and fuels. (C) 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 TUFTS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MEDFORD,MA 02155. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. 66SPTG CEV,HANSCOM AFB,MA 01731. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1997 VL 1 IS 6 BP 343 EP 355 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(199712)1:6<343::AID-FACT4>3.0.CO;2-R PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA YJ437 UT WOS:A1997YJ43700004 ER PT B AU Alexander, JK AF Alexander, JK GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Meeting the nation's needs with improved monitoring technologies SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA C1 Environmental Protection Agency, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Alexander, JK (reprint author), Environmental Protection Agency, Off Res & Dev, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 3 EP 19 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900001 ER PT B AU Spittler, TM Ettenhofer, M AF Spittler, TM Ettenhofer, M GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Down-hole sampling: A key to more accurate assessment of VOC contamination of ground water SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB This paper discusses a novel technique for obtaining water samples at varying depths using a results which accurately assess the vertical contamination profile of dissolved volatile organics in ground water. The technique involves lowering a sampling bottle to the appropriate depth in a well and, by a simple mechanical device, filling the bottle with groundwater. The sample is then submitted to field headspace analysis using a portable GC and total assessment of the ground water quality is achieved in real time. studies using this technique will be discussed and evidence will be presented to justify this approach as a simple cost-effective replacement of the conventional well-purging practice. Some observations on the relevance of this type of data to remediation strategy will also be discussed. C1 US EPA, Reg Lab 1, Lexington, MA 02173 USA. RP Spittler, TM (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Lab 1, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02173 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 104 EP 114 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900010 ER PT B AU Barron, J Weisberg, C Foreman, F AF Barron, J Weisberg, C Foreman, F GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Experience of the EPA Region III, regional laboratory in using fixed laboratory equipment as transportable analytical systems SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB An environmental laboratory such as the Region III Laboratory, cannot afford separate fixed laboratory, and field analytical equipment. However due to continually occurring high visibility environmental emergencies and waste site discoveries, it must have state of the art field analytical capability. This presentation discusses Region m's experience in making stationary laboratory equipment transportable, up to and including Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometry systems, as an economical and efficient alternative. C1 US EPA, Reg Lab, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. RP Barron, J (reprint author), US EPA, Reg Lab, 839 Bestgate Rd, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 727 EP 740 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900073 ER PT B AU Allen, FR Guthrie, DA Stephenson, JHM Carlton, RE AF Allen, FR Guthrie, DA Stephenson, JHM Carlton, RE GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Applications of portable GC/purge-and-trap in field analysis SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB A portable gas chromatograph (GC) was used to define the shallow and top of rock ground-water contamination plume at a site in North Carolina. The GC analyses enabled the engineer to design a cost-efficient and accurate system of permanent monitoring wells, instead of random placement. Historical data of this site indicated the presence of tetrachloroethene (PCE), with trichloroethene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-1,2) as lesser constituents. The GC was equipped with a 30-meter fused silica/steel capillary column which completely resolved these analytes and a surrogate compound. The surrogate recovery provided immediate feedback on the analytical run and enhanced the on-site quality assurance objectives. A purge-and-trap accessory with carbon adsorbent was used for the analysis of the water samples. Field values agreed with conventional laboratory volatile analysis. Soil samples taken at the site were also analyzed with the GC using a modified aqueous extraction procedure. This consisted of using a portable balance to weigh 4-6 grams of soil into a standard 40 milliliter water vial followed by adding sufficient reagent water to eliminate headspace. After agitation for 15 seconds, an aliquot of the solution was analyzed as a water sample. Some false negative results from the traditional analytical methods were indicated when compared to the field generated data. Although in situ methods of collection and analysis of media would provide more representative values, this aqueous extraction of minimally disturbed soils proved simple, reliable and required no special equipment. Future plans include an expansion of the analyte list and a more exhaustive comparison of soil collection and analysis techniques. C1 US EPA, SESD, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Allen, FR (reprint author), US EPA, SESD, Reg 4,980 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 743 EP 751 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900074 ER PT B AU Rogers, KR Lu, F Wang, J AF Rogers, KR Lu, F Wang, J GP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC TI Liquid chromatography system with an enzyme biosensor for measurement of phenolics SO FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Specialty Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Chemicals CY JAN 29-31, 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA AB Because phenolic compounds are difficult to measure, even under laboratory conditions, relatively simple and inexpensive methods for screening these compounds in the field can be of considerable value in remediation of phenolics-contaminated sites. Enzyme-based amperometric sensors using polyphenol oxidase have been shown to measure certain of these compounds. This enzyme is particularly stable to high concentrations of organic media allowing it Co be incorporated into liquid chromatography systems. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with dual electrode detection was used to measure phenolic compounds. The carbon paste electrode which contained 3% tyrosinase was held at a potential of -0.2 V and yielded a stable response to phenol, p-methoxyphenol, p-cresol and p-chlorophenol. The signal from the plain carbon paste electrode (held at a potential of +1.0 V) was less stable and degraded by 50% after several consecutive injections. In contrast to the complex gas chromatogram for an extract of a mixture of phenols spiked into soil, the tracing for the HPLC with the tyrosinase electrode detector was relatively simple and detected only phenol and p-cresol. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CTR, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA PY 1997 BP 861 EP 869 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL51T UT WOS:000075753900085 ER PT J AU deSilva, O Cottin, M Dami, N Roguet, R Catroux, P Toufic, A Sicard, C Dossou, KG Gerner, I Schlede, E Spielmann, H Gupta, KC Hill, RN AF deSilva, O Cottin, M Dami, N Roguet, R Catroux, P Toufic, A Sicard, C Dossou, KG Gerner, I Schlede, E Spielmann, H Gupta, KC Hill, RN TI Evaluation of eye irritation potential: Statistical analysis and tier testing strategies SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVITRO AB Eye irritation testing, specifically the Draize test, has been the centre of controversy for many reasons. Several alternatives, based on the principles of reduction, refinement and replacement, have been proposed and are being used by the industry and government authorities. However, no universally applicable, validated non-animal alternative(s) is currently available. This report presents a statistical analysis and two testing approaches: the partial least squares multivariate statistical analysis of de Silva and colleagues from France, the tier-testing approach for regulatory purposes described by Gerner and colleagues from Germany, and the three-step tier-testing approach of the US Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group described by Gupta and Hill. These approaches were presented as three separate papers at the November 1993 Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group (IRAG) Workshop on Eye Irritation Testing; they have been summarized and combined into the following three-part report. The first part (de Silva el al.) presents statistical techniques for establishing test batteries of in vitro alternatives to the eye irritation test. The second (Gerner et nl.) and third (Gupta and Hill) parts are similar in that they stage assessment of information by using a combination of screening information and animal testing to effect reductions in animal use and distress. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 BUNDESINST GESUNDHEITLICHEN VERBRAUCHERSCHUTZ & V,ABT CHEMIKALIENBEWERTUNG,D-14195 BERLIN,GERMANY. ZEBET BGVV,D-12277 BERLIN,GERMANY. US CONSUMER PROD SAFETY COMMISS,BETHESDA,MD 20207. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP deSilva, O (reprint author), LOREAL,ADV RES CTR,F-93600 AULNAY SOUS BOIS,FRANCE. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1 BP 159 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(96)00105-6 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA WR560 UT WOS:A1997WR56000008 PM 9100818 ER PT J AU Bruner, LH Spira, H Balls, M Hill, RN AF Bruner, LH Spira, H Balls, M Hill, RN TI Perspectives on alternatives to the eye irritation test: Industry, public interest, government SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Government mandates are requiring serious consideration of alternatives to animal testing. For eye irritation testing, many non-whole animal alternatives exist that now need to be assessed as to their validity in replacing the animal model. The best promise for identifying useful alternatives comes from using both statistical and biological factors to evaluate results from formal validation studies. Industry submissions of side-by-side animal and alternative test results are also important. Empirical test results should be scrutinized first; mechanistic studies should follow, as needed. Go-operation is required by all parties to develop internationally harmonized test protocols and hazard classification systems. C1 ANIM RIGHTS INT,NEW YORK,NY 10024. ECVAM,JOINT RES CTR,I-21020 ISPRA,VA,ITALY. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Bruner, LH (reprint author), PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,EGHAM TW20 9NW,SURREY,ENGLAND. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1 BP 165 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(96)00104-4 PG 2 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA WR560 UT WOS:A1997WR56000009 PM 9100819 ER PT J AU Bradlaw, J Gupta, K Green, S Hill, R Wilcox, N AF Bradlaw, J Gupta, K Green, S Hill, R Wilcox, N TI Appendix II - Practical application of non-whole animal alternatives: Summary of IRAG workshop on eye irritation testing SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In November 1993, the Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group (IRAG) sponsored a workshop to examine the current scientific status of alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test by assessing the current practical application of methods used to predict in vivo eye irritation. Laboratories from around the world were invited to submit detailed in vitro and in vivo data in parallel according to a specific set of guidelines in a consistent formal. in vitro scores were compared with individual tissue scores. Over 60 data sets from 41 laboratories were received for 29 different test methods. Methods were grouped into five categories: organotypic models, chorioallantoic membrane-based assays, cell function-based assays, cytotoxicity assays and other systems. Data submissions and correlation analyses have been used to demonstrate the application of guidelines in method evaluations. Findings are summarized and future directions are indicated. A significant outcome of the workshop was the co-operation demonstrated among representatives of industry, academia and government in sharing test data on more than 2000 chemicals, products and product formulations for evaluation by their peers. Information obtained from this workshop will add to the weight of scientific evidence and scientific consensus about in vitro test methods and will establish credibility for regulatory acceptance of non-whole animal alternatives for ocular irritation. C1 US CONSUMER PROD SAFETY COMMISS,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. RP Bradlaw, J (reprint author), US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204, USA. NR 0 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(96)00110-X PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA WR560 UT WOS:A1997WR56000011 PM 9100821 ER PT J AU Johnson, SL AF Johnson, SL TI Implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act SO FOOD AND DRUG LAW JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT FDLIs Food Regulatory Update 97 Conference CY JUN 02, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FDLI C1 US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Johnson, SL (reprint author), US EPA, Off Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU FOOD DRUG LAW INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1000 VERMONT AVE NW, SUITE 1200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4903 USA J9 FOOD DRUG LAW J JI Food Drug Law J. PY 1997 VL 52 IS 4 BP 525 EP 529 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology; Law; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Food Science & Technology; Government & Law; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YN516 UT WOS:000071176400010 PM 10346678 ER PT S AU Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL AF Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL BE Seiber, JN Woodrow, JE Yates, MV Knuteson, JA Wolfe, NL Yates, SR TI Hydrolysis of methyl bromide, ethyl bromide, chloropicrin, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, and other halogenated hydrocarbons SO FUMIGANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL FATE, EXPOSURE, AND ANALYSIS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fumigants, at the 210th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society CY AUG 20-25, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP ACS, Div Agrochemicals ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; RATE CONSTANTS; SEDIMENT; TRANSFORMATIONS; ETHANES; SYSTEMS; WATER AB The hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in general, and of four soil fumigants (methyl and ethyl bromide, chloropicrin, and 1,4-dichloro-2-butene), in particular, is reviewed. Experimental methods are discussed, predictive generalizations are presented, and new experimental data on the hydrolysis of the fumigants are given Some semi-quantitative results are mentioned concerning adsorption and enzymatic degradation of methyl bromide and chloropicrin by plant materials. At 25 degrees C, the hydrolysis half-lives of both methyl and ethyl bromide are about 21 days, while at 35 degrees C this value is about 5 days. The 25 degrees C hydrolysis half-life for dichlorobutene is about 3 hours, but chloropicrin has an extrapolated half-life of 500,000 years. Enzymatic dehalogenation of methyl bromide and chloropicrin provides a transformation pathway that results in environmental half-lives of less than 20 hours. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Jeffers, PM (reprint author), SUNY COLL CORTLAND,DEPT CHEM,BOWERS HALL,POB 2000,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3475-2 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1997 VL 652 BP 32 EP 41 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG89Z UT WOS:A1997BG89Z00004 ER PT S AU Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL AF Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL BE Seiber, JN Woodrow, JE Yates, MV Knuteson, JA Wolfe, NL Yates, SR TI Degradation of methyl bromide by green plants SO FUMIGANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL FATE, EXPOSURE, AND ANALYSIS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fumigants, at the 210th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society CY AUG 20-25, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP ACS, Div Agrochemicals AB Eleven experiments with five different green plants showed absorption and/or degradation of methyl bromide both in aqueous solution and in the gas phase. Myriophyllum aquatica (parrot feather), Iris pseudocorus (swamp iris), Draparnaldia and Spirogyra (two filamentous fresh-water algae), and Oxalis corniculata (trefoil, or creeping wood-sorrel) removed methyl bromide with a half-life of 10 to 36 hours for initial gas concentrations from 5-20 ppm (volume) and a mass ratio of air to plant within the range of 0.03 to 50. Reactive removal of methyl bromide from the atmosphere by green plants may be an important pathway to incorporate into global balance schemes that aim to determine the significance of the anthropogenic load of the chemical to the global total. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Jeffers, PM (reprint author), SUNY COLL CORTLAND,DEPT CHEM,BOWERS HALL,POB 2000,CORTLAND,NY 13045, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3475-2 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1997 VL 652 BP 53 EP 59 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BG89Z UT WOS:A1997BG89Z00006 ER PT J AU Herr, DW Boyes, WK AF Herr, DW Boyes, WK TI A comparison of the acute neuroactive effects of dichloromethane, 1,3-dichloropropane, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene on rat Flash Evoked Potentials (FEPs) SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FREELY MOVING RATS; LONG-EVANS RATS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; PATTERN-REVERSAL; CARBON-DISULFIDE; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; FISCHER-344 RATS; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH; INHALATION EXPOSURE; GENERAL-ANESTHESIA AB Previous research showed that acute exposure to dichloromethane (DCM) produced a selective reduction in peak N-30 of flash evoked potentials (FEPs) in rats. In contrast, acute exposures to p-xylene or toluene selectively reduced FEP peak N-160. The present experiments compared the effects of DCM (log P = 1.25; oil:water partition coefficient), 1,3-dichloropropane (DCP; log P = 2.00), and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB; log P = 3.38) on FEPs recorded from adult Long-Evans rats, Before administration of test compounds, FEPs were recorded for five daily sessions to develop FEP peak N-160. Test compounds were dissolved in corn oil and administered ip at doses based on proportions of their LD50 values. The doses were: DCM, 0, 57.5, 115, 230, or 460 mg/kg; DCP, 0, 86, 172, 343, or 686 mg/kg; and DCB, 0, 53, 105, 210, or 420 mg/kg. Testing times after dosing varied among compounds and were based on pilot studies to measure both the times of peak effect and recovery, Each solvent produced significant changes in the latency and amplitude of multiple components of the FEP waveforms. However, the predominant effect of DCM was to reduce the amplitude of peak N-30 (ED50 = 326.3 mg/kg), that of DCP was to reduce both peaks N-30 (ED50 = 231.0 mg/kg) and N-160 (ED50 = 136.8 mg/kg), and that of DCB was to reduce peak N-160 (ED50 = 151.6 mg/kg). There was no consistent relationship between log P values and the potency of the compounds to alter FEP peaks N-30 and N-160. The results suggest that organic solvents have multiple acute effects on the function of the central nervous system, which are not predictable solely by the compound's lipid solubility. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. RP Herr, DW (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,NTD,NPTB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 77 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1 BP 31 EP 48 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.2255 PG 18 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WE862 UT WOS:A1997WE86200004 PM 9024671 ER PT B AU Cho, JS Wilson, JT Beck, FP Vardy, JA Choi, W AF Cho, JS Wilson, JT Beck, FP Vardy, JA Choi, W BE Wise, DL TI Risk assessment at a JP-4 contamination site after active remediation SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Biotechnology on Global Environmental Biotechnology Approaching the Year 2000 CY JUL 15-20, 1996 CL NORTHEASTERN UNIV, BOSTON, MA SP Int Soc Environm Biotechnol, NE Univ, Centennial Celebrat, Coll Engn, US DOE, Off Hlth & Environm Res, Off Energy Res, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Sea Grant Program, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, US Dept Def, USA Res Off, Chem & Biol Div, USA Edgewood Res Dev & Engn Ctr HO NORTHEASTERN UNIV C1 US EPA, Natl Reisk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP Cho, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Reisk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74820 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4515-0 PY 1997 BP 321 EP 339 PG 19 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK47P UT WOS:000072298000029 ER PT J AU Esty, DC Geradin, D AF Esty, DC Geradin, D TI Market access, competitiveness, and harmonization: Environmental protection in regional trade agreements SO HARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW LA English DT Review ID EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UNITED-STATES; EEC TREATY; LAW; INSTITUTIONS; ARTICLE-30; STANDARDS; POLICY; NAFTA; GATT C1 YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. COUDERT BROS,BRUSSELS,BELGIUM. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Esty, DC (reprint author), YALE UNIV,SCH LAW,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520, USA. NR 181 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU HARVARD LAW SCHOOL PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBLICATIONS CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 SN 0147-8257 J9 HARVARD ENVIRON LAW JI Harv. Environ. Law Rev. PY 1997 VL 21 IS 2 BP 265 EP 336 PG 72 WC Environmental Studies; Law SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Government & Law GA XK765 UT WOS:A1997XK76500001 ER PT J AU Simoes, MG Bose, BK Spiegel, RJ AF Simoes, MG Bose, BK Spiegel, RJ TI Fuzzy logic based intelligent control of a variable speed cage machine wind generation system SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article AB The paper describes a variable speed wind generation system where fuzzy logic principles are used for efficiency optimization and performance enhancement control, A squirrel cage induction generator feeds the power to a double-sided pulse width modulated converter system which pumps power to a utility grid or can supply to an autonomous system, The generation system has fuzzy logic control with vector control in the inner loops, A fuzzy controller tracks the generator speed with the wind velocity to extract the maximum power, A second fuzzy controller programs the machine flux for light load efficiency improvement, and a third fuzzy controller gives robust speed control against wind gust and turbine oscillatory torque. The complete control system has been developed, analyzed, and validated by simulation study, Performances have then been evaluated in detail. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT ELECT ENGN, KNOXVILLE, TN 37996 USA. US EPA, AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Simoes, MG (reprint author), UNIV SAO PAULO, BR-05508900 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL. RI Simoes, Marcelo/J-9600-2012 OI Simoes, Marcelo/0000-0003-4124-061X NR 12 TC 214 Z9 224 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0885-8993 J9 IEEE T POWER ELECTR JI IEEE Trans. Power Electron. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1109/63.554173 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA WC915 UT WOS:A1997WC91500010 ER PT S AU Hanig, JP Sobotka, T Contrera, J Rapoport, S Munzner, R Slikker, W Johannessen, J Wilcox, B Vocci, F OCallaghan, JP Lester, D AF Hanig, JP Sobotka, T Contrera, J Rapoport, S Munzner, R Slikker, W Johannessen, J Wilcox, B Vocci, F OCallaghan, JP Lester, D BE Lester, DS Felder, CC Lewis, EN TI Future directions for neurotoxicity testing: Towards a unified approach - Panel Discussion SO IMAGING BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE NEUROSCIENCES SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current and Emerging Techniques in Monitoring Brain Structure and Function CY MAR 28-29, 1996 CL BETHESDA, MD SP US FDA, Ctr Drug Evaluat & Res, NIMH C1 US FDA, CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR, LAUREL, MD USA. NIA, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. US FDA, NATL CTR TOXICOL RES, JEFFERSON, AR 72079 USA. US FDA, CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES, BETHESDA, MD 20014 USA. NIDA, NIH, ROCKVILLE, MD USA. US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Hanig, JP (reprint author), US FDA, CTR DRUG EVALUAT & RES, LAUREL, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-069-7 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 820 BP 300 EP 313 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb46203.x PG 14 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BJ18E UT WOS:A1997BJ18E00019 ER PT B AU Cho, JS Wilson, JT Weaver, JW AF Cho, JS Wilson, JT Weaver, JW GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Criteria for selection of intrinsic bioremediation for petroleum hydrocarbon plumes SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 1 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Decisions on the application of intrinsic bioremediation as a plume management strategy should be based upon risk analysis of the sensitive receptors. Intrinsic bioremediation with natural attenuation requires a thorough understanding of physical, chemical, and biological processes related to the fate and transport of contaminants in ground water and subsurface soil. Predictive capabilities of computational models can be used to assess the risk related to the migration of contaminants to those sensitive receptors. Various factors involved in the fate and transport of contaminants were analyzed with an analytical model and actual field data. Criteria based on such dimensionless numbers as Peclet number (ratio of diffusive and convective transport), Damkoler number (ratio of convection and biological degradation), and retardation factor were sought. Data from two field sites were used to verify the criteria: one site with slow ground-water flow, sufficient assimilative capacity and fast degradation rates, where the plume control within the control boundary was possible; and another site where it was inappropriate to apply intrinsic biodegradation due to rapid flow of ground water. RP Cho, JS (reprint author), US EPA,NRMRL,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(1) IS 1 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89S UT WOS:A1997BH89S00022 ER PT B AU Sayles, GD Mihopoulos, P Suidan, MT AF Sayles, GD Mihopoulos, P Suidan, MT GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Anaerobic bioventing of PCE SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 1 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Here we report initial results from a project to develop anaerobic bioventing, i.e, the use of bioventing techniques to drive anaerobic biotransformations in the vadose zone. A large unsaturated soil column (5 ft (1.5 m) long, 4 in (10 cm) diameter) was established to simulate anaerobic bioventing of the vadose zone. A mixture of oxygen-free gases (1% H-2, 1% CO2, 5% He, balance N-2) was fed to the column at 16 ml/min to establish anaerobic methanogenic conditions. The contaminant? perchloroethylene (PCE), was also delivered in the feed gas as a vapor at 10 ppmv. The gas residence time in the column was approximately 3.7 hr. The non-optimized bioventing system rapidly dechlorinated all the feed PCE, mostly to vinyl chloride and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. Anaerobic (methanogenic) conditions were confirmed by the generation of CH4. We believe that this is the first report of an engineered bioprocess that promotes PCE dechlorination in unsaturated soil. Subsequent optimization of the feed composition and residence time may promote further dechlorination. If not, these mostly dechlorinated compounds are aerobically biodegradable. Thus, a sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioventing system may be required for treatment of PCE. The results here are encouraging for the eventual use of anaerobic bioventing to dechlorinate other highly chlorinated soil contaminants such as PCBs, PCP and DDT. RP Sayles, GD (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(1) IS 1 BP 353 EP 359 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89S UT WOS:A1997BH89S00079 ER PT B AU Potter, CL Glaser, JA Dosani, MA Krishnan, S Krishnan, ER AF Potter, CL Glaser, JA Dosani, MA Krishnan, S Krishnan, ER GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Design and testing of a bench-scale composting system for treatment of hazardous waste SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 2 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB The U.S. EPA has developed bench-scale reactors to study bioremediation of contaminated soils by composting at its Test & Evaluation (T&E) Facility in Cincinnati, OH. In-vessel composters serve as diagnostic tools to estimate the treatment capability of larger systems. Current research investigates the ability of microorganisms to biodegrade polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in compost reactors. In-vessel composting of creosote-contaminated soil reduced concentrations of 2-4 ring PAHs by an average of 74%. Despite large biomass increases during the first 4 weeks of composting, no removal of 5&6 ring PAHs occurred during the 12-week treatment period. Thermophilic temperatures in the composters might have inhibited PAH degradation. RP Potter, CL (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(2) IS 2 BP 85 EP 90 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89T UT WOS:A1997BH89T00023 ER PT B AU Tabak, HH Govind, R AF Tabak, HH Govind, R GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Testing protocol for bioavailability, biokinetics and treatment end-points SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 2 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Laboratory studies provide critical information on biodegradation rates and can be used for determining the effect of additives (surfactants, inducers, nutrients) and in establishing design of pilot and field-scale bioremediation systems. Based on our previous studies with soils freshly spiked with PAHs, a multilevel testing protocol was developed to quantitate adsorption/desorption rates and equilibria, biokinetic rates in soil slurry and compacted soil reactors and obtain natural attenuation rates using microcosms. In this paper, results are presented on the application of this testing protocol to an aged soil, contaminated with several low and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), obtained from the Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation site in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Desorption studies conducted with abiotic soil slurry systems showed that less than 3% of the total PAHs in soil desorbed into the aqueous phase. Respirometric studies using soil slurry reactors were conducted to derive first-order biokinetic parameters for natural attenuation, and in the presence of two nutrient formulations, two surfactants (Tween 80 and Novell II) and four inducers. It was shown that OECD nutrient formulation dramatically increases total PAH degradation. As expected, biodegradation rates for 4- and 6-ring PAHs were slower than for 2- and 3-ring PAHs. Further studies using the testing protocol are on-going with Reilly Tar and other PAH contaminated soils. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(2) IS 2 BP 195 EP 203 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89T UT WOS:A1997BH89T00048 ER PT B AU Pritchard, PH Ho, YF Yang, YJ Mueller, JG Willumsen, P AF Pritchard, PH Ho, YF Yang, YJ Mueller, JG Willumsen, P GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Diversity of PAH-degrading isolates from soil SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 2 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375. NATL RES COUNCIL,WASHINGTON,DC 20418. US EPA,SBP TECHNOL INC,GULF BREEZE,FL. NATL ENVIRONM RES INST,ROSKILDE,DENMARK. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(2) IS 2 BP 249 EP 249 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89T UT WOS:A1997BH89T00059 ER PT B AU Camacho, JM Joyner, W Vemuri, R Holderness, B AF Camacho, JM Joyner, W Vemuri, R Holderness, B GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Anaerobic degradation of toxaphene in soils: A pilot study SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 2 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Pilot studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of solid-phase anaerobic treatment in degrading toxaphene soil at a former crop-dusting landing strip in southern Florida. Ten reactors were prepared by mixing soil with various organic amendments and nutrients. These mixtures were incubated anaerobically and degradation was monitored periodically by measuring the residual toxaphene concentration. Initial toxaphene concentrations ranged from 937 to 2,400 mg/kg. After 184 days, toxaphene concentrations were reduced by up to 91.7%. The optimum removal was achieved with an amendment of 10% (w/w) blood meal. Lower substrate degradation was found in reactors which had other amendments added to the soil. The data fits a first-order rate kinetics equation. The half-life of toxaphene was 39 and 61 days for amendments of 2.5 and 10% blood meal, respectively. Headspace sampling showed no air emissions of concern. Results showed that the addition of blood meal under anaerobic conditions can be used to accelerate remediation of toxaphene contaminated soil. RP Camacho, JM (reprint author), US EPA,ERTC,EDISON,NJ, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(2) IS 2 BP 251 EP 256 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89T UT WOS:A1997BH89T00060 ER PT B AU Wilson, JT Cho, JS Beck, FP Vardy, JA AF Wilson, JT Cho, JS Beck, FP Vardy, JA GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Field estimation of hydraulic conductivity for assessments of natural attenuation SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 2 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB A Geoprobe is a sampling tool that drives hollow steel rods into the earth to serve as a temporary ground water monitoring well. The rods are threaded to allow them to be joined together, and the leading rod is slotted to admit the ground water being sampled. A simple technique was developed by EPA staff that uses a Geoprobe to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the depth interval that provides the water sample. The approach can be used where ground water can be sampled by suction life using a pump on the surface. RP Wilson, JT (reprint author), US EPA,RS KERR RES CTR,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(2) IS 2 BP 309 EP 314 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89T UT WOS:A1997BH89T00075 ER PT B AU Wiedemeier, TH Swanson, MA Moutoux, DE Wilson, JT Kampbell, D Haas, P Hansen, JE AF Wiedemeier, TH Swanson, MA Moutoux, DE Wilson, JT Kampbell, D Haas, P Hansen, JE GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Protocol for supporting natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents - with examples SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 PARSONS ENGN SCI INC,S JORDAN,UT. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 147 EP 147 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00037 ER PT B AU Wilson, BH Wilson, JT Vardy, JA AF Wilson, BH Wilson, JT Vardy, JA GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Selection of core samples for microcosm studies of natural attenuation SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB The North Beach Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Facility in Elizabeth City, NC, served as a location for incidental disposal of industrial wastes over a period of years. The primary contaminants discovered in the ground water are tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and its daughter products, trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-1 ,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE), and vinyl chloride(VC). The principal concern is the potential migration of the chlorinated solvents into the Pasquotank River. The highest measured PCE concentrations were 4700 mu g/L in the water and approximately 700 mu g/Kg on the aquifer solids. Maximum concentrations of TCE and DCE for both solids and water were about an order of magnitude lower. Vinyl chloride concentrations ranged from 6 to 60 mu g/L. To determine the potential for natural attenuation of the site contaminants, both field and laboratory investigations were undertaken. Cores were obtained at the North Beach location for use in batch microcosm studies. Laboratory rate constants obtained from the microcosm studies will be compared to those obtained from the field investigation. Agreement between the rates will permit their use in risk assessment activities associated with the North Beach Site. Prior to selection of core material, the location of the interval of highest ground-water now and geochemical characteristics indicative of biological activity were determined on water sampled with a geoprobe. As part of the investigation, field measurements of geochemical indicators of biological activity were evaluated for their ability to identify contaminated ground water. The identification of ground waters impacted by contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents has been well documented by a low redox potential, no dissolved oxygen, the presence of ferrous iron, and increased alkalinity compared to other ground waters at the site. Contamination is frequently found in the interval with the highest hydraulic conductivity. However, at the North Beach Site, geochemical parameters were not found to easily distinguish between contaminated and uncontaminated ground waters. The selection of core samples for microcosm studies was based primarily on the vertical distribution of PCE and its reduction daughter products and on the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity. RP Wilson, BH (reprint author), US EPA,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 181 EP 186 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00044 ER PT B AU Sayles, GD Moser, LE Gannon, DJ Kampbell, DH Vogel, CM AF Sayles, GD Moser, LE Gannon, DJ Kampbell, DH Vogel, CM GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Development of cometabolic bioventing for the in-situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH. ZENECA CORP,SHERIDAN PK ENVIRONM LAB,MISSISSAUGA,ON,CANADA. US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. AL EQW OL,TYNDALL AFB,FL. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 285 EP 285 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00070 ER PT B AU Medina, VF McCutcheon, SC Wolfe, NL Larson, SL AF Medina, VF McCutcheon, SC Wolfe, NL Larson, SL GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Phytoremediation of explosives in soil and water: Engineering studies SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC. USA,CORPS ENGN WATERWAYS EXPT STN,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 301 EP 301 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00078 ER PT B AU Rock, S Beckman, S AF Rock, S Beckman, S GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Phytoremediation field demonstrations in the US EPA SITE program SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 323 EP 323 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00086 ER PT B AU DavisHoover, WJ Brackett, KA Vesper, SJ AF DavisHoover, WJ Brackett, KA Vesper, SJ GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Reduced bio-availability of lead by a lead-sequestering soil bacterium SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Our soil isolate CHL004, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Vesper et at, 1996),concentrates lead internally as what is probably lead phosphate. The chemical composition of this phase has been studied using energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDXS) after the organism was grown on Peptone Iron Agar with Igm/L of lead nitrate added. Electron microscopy showed that the concentration of ferric ammonium citrate in the medium correlates with both an increase of lead phosphate particles in each organism and in the percentage of organisms which concentrate the lead, when 0.05 %, 0.075 %, 0.175 %, & 0.3 0% of ferric ammonium citrate were evaluated. Thus we believe that the mechanism of lead concentration is through the use of siderophores and is fortuitous. The lead phosphate is formed after five days of incubation at 30 degrees C on Peptone Iron Agar (PIA) media with 1 gm/L of lead nitrate. At four days of incubation an unusually uniform lattice structure can be seen in the organisms using electron microscopy. This structure is not dense enough to determine its chemical composition with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. However, we believe it to be a precursor to the sequestering of lead phosphate. RP DavisHoover, WJ (reprint author), US EPA,NRMRL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 385 EP 390 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00099 ER PT B AU Steed, VS Suidan, MT Gupta, M Miyahara, T Acheson, C Sayles, GD AF Steed, VS Suidan, MT Gupta, M Miyahara, T Acheson, C Sayles, GD GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Sulfate-reducing bioprocess to remove metals from acid mine drainage SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 3 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. TOHOKU UNIV,SENDAI,MIYAGI 980,JAPAN. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(3) IS 3 BP 391 EP 391 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89U UT WOS:A1997BH89U00100 ER PT B AU Hutchins, SR Bantle, JA Schrock, EJ AF Hutchins, SR Bantle, JA Schrock, EJ GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Changes in toxicity of fuel-contaminated sediments following nitrate-based bioremediation: Column study SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 4 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr RP Hutchins, SR (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(4) IS 4 BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89V UT WOS:A1997BH89V00006 ER PT B AU Acree, SD Ross, RR Sewell, GW Weesner, B AF Acree, SD Ross, RR Sewell, GW Weesner, B GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Site characterization methods for the design of in-situ electron donor delivery systems SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 4 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB The Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have been involved in designing and evaluating a pilot field demonstration of reductive anaerobic biological in-situ treatment technologies (RABITT) for use as a standard remedial technology for chloroethene contamination. Innovative site characterization techniques have been utilized to identify the hydraulics of the site and in particular the vertical distribution of relative hydraulic conductivities. Direct extraction of intact frozen cores has been utilized to determine the vertical distribution of contaminants in the pore spaces and on the solid matrix of site material. The combination of these techniques along with standard site characterization methods has been used the develop a three-dimensional picture of the site with vertical resolutions down to 0.5 ft (15 cm). This information has then been used to evaluate different scenarios for nutrient/electron donor delivery at the site, and when used with appropriate transport and flow codes was used to exclude designs which did not allow for significant mixing of donor and contaminants, or which did not efficiently deliver nutrients/donors to all contaminated zones. It is felt that the use of site characterization data in this manner is critical to the effective and appropriate design and implementation of RABITT and other in-situ treatment technologies. RP Acree, SD (reprint author), US EPA,NRMRL,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(4) IS 4 BP 261 EP 266 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89V UT WOS:A1997BH89V00061 ER PT B AU Venosa, AD Haines, JR Holder, EL AF Venosa, AD Haines, JR Holder, EL GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in the field compared to the laboratory SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 4 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB A field study conducted on the shoreline of Delaware in 1994 showed that the first-order rate constants calculated from the field study were nearly identical to rate constants calculated in sealed laboratory flasks, using the same microbial populations from the study site, when the rate data were normalized to the highest alky-substituted homologue in a given polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) series. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine how widespread this relationship was among a diverse series of microbial consortia. Eight undefined mixed cultures isolated from various U.S. marine shorelines were incubated for a period of one month in quadruplicate shake flasks in the presence of artificial seawater containing weathered crude oil. Flasks were sacrificed at periodic intervals and the contents analyzed for depletion of crude oil constituents by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Rates of biodegradation were calculated by nonlinear regression analysis of the analyte depletion data and compared to rates measured in the Delaware field study. Results affirmed the findings from Delaware. Six of the eight mixed cultures isolated from different parts of the U.S, behaved similarly in closed flasks (with respect to the relative rates of biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons) to the microbial consortium that degraded the light crude oil in the open field on the beach of Delaware Bay. Results suggested that one can use the relationship between degradation rate and substrate structure or molecular weight as a reliable indicator of biological activity. RP Venosa, AD (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(4) IS 4 BP 359 EP 364 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89V UT WOS:A1997BH89V00082 ER PT B AU Haines, JR Holder, EL AF Haines, JR Holder, EL GP BATTELLE MEM INST TI Assessment of mixed cultures for bioremediation product testing SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 4 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Samples of beach sediments from many locations in the United States were used to enrich for hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms. Sediments were incubated with mineral nutrients and an aromatic enriched fraction of crude oil to enrich for aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. A shake flask experiment was designed to assess the ability of the various cultures to degrade crude oil as described in the NETAC protocol (NETAC, 1991). Each flask contained 100 mL of artificial seawater, nutrients, and weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil. Eight enrichment cultures were used to inoculate four replicate flasks for each sample time. The sample times were 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, and 28 days. After incubation at 20 degrees C, alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were measured by MPN and residual oil was extracted with methylene chloride, solvent exchanged with hexane, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 28 alkanes and 40 aromatic hydrocarbons were measured. Alkanes were extensively degraded by all cultures with approximately 80% reduction occurring within 8 days of incubation. The cultures were variable in their ability to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons. The greatest reduction in aromatic content (>90%) was achieved by two cultures by day 20. Substituted aromatics were poorly degraded by some cultures. Based on the results of these experiments a positive control culture will be chosen for bioremediation product testing. RP Haines, JR (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(4) IS 4 BP 419 EP 424 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89V UT WOS:A1997BH89V00095 ER PT B AU Hutchins, SR Miller, DE Beck, FP Thomas, A Sweed, HG Bedient, PB Thomas, JM Ward, CH Wiesner, M Bantle, JA Williams, SE Willis, GD Ouyang, Y AF Hutchins, SR Miller, DE Beck, FP Thomas, A Sweed, HG Bedient, PB Thomas, JM Ward, CH Wiesner, M Bantle, JA Williams, SE Willis, GD Ouyang, Y GP BATTELE MEM INST TI Nitrate-based bioremediation of JP4 jet fuel at Eglin AFB, FL: Performance evaluation SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 5 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. USAF,ENVIRON DIRECTORATE,ARMSTRONG LAB,TYNDALL AFB,FL. RICE UNIV,HOUSTON,TX 77251. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,STILLWATER,OK 74078. USAF,INSTALLAT RESTORAT PROGRAM,EGLIN AFB,FL. EA ENGN SCI & TECHNOL,FT WALTON BEACH,FL. COMP DATA SERV INC,ADA,OK. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(5) IS 5 BP 11 EP 11 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89W UT WOS:A1997BH89W00004 ER PT B AU Ouyang, Y Hill, BM Hutchins, SR AF Ouyang, Y Hill, BM Hutchins, SR GP BATTELE MEM INST TI Modeling transport and biodegradation of trimethylbenzene isomers in a sandy aquifer SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 5 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(5) IS 5 BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89W UT WOS:A1997BH89W00006 ER PT B AU Glaser, JA AF Glaser, JA GP BATTELE MEM INST TI Utilization of slurry bioreactors for contaminated solids treatment - An overview SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 5 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB The use of biotreatment strategies to transform soil pollutants into detoxified entities assumes that contact is made between the pollutant molecule and the indigenous or applied biomass leading to a detoxification of the pollutant. The use of microorganisms to treat contaminated soils has been based on the assumption that the biomass capable of degrading the contaminants can move freely throughout the soil matrix. Slurry bioreactor treatment of contaminated soils offers potentially the most suitable set of conditions for the degradation of xenobiotic contaminants. Knowledge of the structure, population dynamics, nutritional requirements, and metabolic activity of soil biofilms coupled with soil composition/texture is required for better management of the treatment. Feedstock, reactor configurations, pretreatment and post treatment phases are often important factors to the cost effective implementation of slurry treatment. RP Glaser, JA (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(5) IS 5 BP 123 EP 130 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89W UT WOS:A1997BH89W00030 ER PT B AU Glaser, JA McCauley, PT Dosani, M Krishnan, ER AF Glaser, JA McCauley, PT Dosani, M Krishnan, ER GP BATTELE MEM INST TI Evidence for foam flotation as part of slurry bioreactor treatment SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 5 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB Soil slurry treatment conditions are designed to optimize biological degradation of organic contaminants in soil by means of soil suspension and deagglomeration which is expected to improve contact between microorganisms and pollutant (bioavailability enhancement) which should increase the apparent the rate of degradation. A more complete description of pollutant mass transfer during the treatment phase is required which includes treatment fate mechanisms attributable to biotic and abiotic processes. There are a wide range of slurry reactor conditions considered in the literature, we will confine our attention to agitated bubble column (ABC) slurry operations which are fairly; common to the field treatment of contaminated soil. Inspection of these soil slurry bioreactor operations has identified operational conditions such as foaming which could contribute to abiotic removal. RP Glaser, JA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(5) IS 5 BP 131 EP 135 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89W UT WOS:A1997BH89W00031 ER PT B AU Uraizee, FA Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Uraizee, FA Suidan, MT Venosa, AD GP BATTELE MEM INST TI Effects of temperature and chemical composition on crude oil biodegradation SO IN SITU AND ON-SITE BIOREMEDIATION, VOL 5 SE BIOREMEDIATION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Battelle Mem Inst, Ajou Univ, Coll Engn, Amer Petr Inst, Asian Inst Technol, Biotreatment News, Fluor Daniel GTI, Gas Res Inst, Inst Francais Petr, Japan Res Inst Ltd, Mitsubishi Corp, Natl Ctr Integrated Bioremediat Res & Dev, OHM Remediat Serv Corp, Parsons Engn Sci Inc, Umweltbundesamt, Germany, USAF Armstrong Lab Environ Directorate, USAF Ctr Environm Excellence, US EPA, USN Facil Engn Ser Ctr, Waste Management Inc, Water Technol Int Corp, W Reg Hazardous Subst Res Ctr AB The rate and extent of microbial degradation of crude oil depends on the interaction between the physical and biochemical properties of the various biodegradable compounds present in it and their interactions with the nonbiodegradable fraction. We have studied the effect of temperature on the biodegradation of two crude oils (Alaska North Slope and Light Arabian) and a refined oil (No. 2 Fuel Oil), which are markedly different in their chemical composition and inert concentration. Experimental results indicate that the specific microbial culture used in this study favors a temperature of 20 degrees C over 12 degrees C or 28 degrees C for degradation. Chemical analysis of 30 alkanes and 40 PAHs present in the reactor at the end of the experiment indicated that while the degradation was extensive at 20 degrees C and at 12 degrees C, a considerable portion of the PAH fraction remained undegraded at 28 degrees C in all cases. The extent of biodegradation of 2, 3 and 4 ring PAHs was fairly low at 28 degrees C. Also, the extent of biodegradation of PAHs was lower for higher alkyl-substituted homologues in any given homologous series. RP Uraizee, FA (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BATTELLE PRESS PI COLUMBUS PA 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 BN 1-57477-031-4 J9 BIOREMED SER PY 1997 VL 4(5) IS 5 BP 663 EP 668 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH89W UT WOS:A1997BH89W00146 ER PT J AU Bennett, WD Zeman, KL Kim, C Mascarella, J AF Bennett, WD Zeman, KL Kim, C Mascarella, J TI Enhanced deposition of fine particles in COPD patients spontaneously breathing at rest SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; AEROSOL DEPOSITION; PATTERNS; LUNG; MORTALITY; ALTERS AB Particulate air pollution has been linked to acute increases in mortality among individuals with preexisting cardiorespiratory disease. While these individuals may be predisposed to acute toxic effects, they may also receive an increased dose of particles to their lungs compared to healthy subjects. We measured fractional deposition (DF) of inhaled, fine particles in subjects with moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; n = 13) and an age-matched group of subjects (n = I ii with normal pulmonary function, mean age = 62 versus 67 yr, and FEV, (%pred) = 33 versus 90, respectively. Each subject inhaled 2-mu m monodisperse, Carnauba wax particles while following a breathing pattern previously determined by respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) for that subject (i.e., that subject's spontaneous pattern at rest). Breath-by-breath DF (ratio of particles not exhaled to total particles inhaled) was determined by photometry at the mouth. The COPD patients had greater DF than normals, 0.40 +/- 0.16(SD) versus 0.26 +/- 0.06, p < 02. In addition, the COPD patients had an increased resting minute ventilation for DF measurements compared to normals, mean V-e = 11.2 L/min versus 7.4 L/min. As a result, deposition rate, D-rate, directly proportional to particles depositing/time, was nearly 2.5 times greater in the COPD subjects relative to normal, D-rate = 4.6 +/- 2.5 and 1.9 +/- 0.8 respectively, p < .005. Among the COPD subjects, D-rate increased with increasing specific airway resistance, sRaw (r = .70, p < .01). These data indicate that at rest COPD patients receive an increasing dose of inhaled, fine particles with increased severity of their airways disease. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WE196 UT WOS:A1997WE19600001 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Stonehuerner, J AF Ghio, AJ Stonehuerner, J TI Complement activation after in vitro asbestos exposure corresponds to oxidant generation by the fiber SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR GENERATION; METHIONINE OXIDIZING-AGENTS; 5TH COMPONENT; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; FREE-RADICALS; CHEMOATTRACTANT; INHALATION; LUNG; RELEASE; PATHWAY AB Asbestos exposures are associated with the generation of oxygen-based free radicals. Such oxidants can affect an activation of the alternative complement pathway. This study tested the hypothesis that complement activation after in vitro exposure to asbestos corresponds to the capacity of the fibers to catalyze oxidant generation. After incubation with 1.0 mM H2O2 and 1.0 mM ascorbate, the oxidation of 1.0 mM deoxyribose by 1.0 mg/ml crocidolite was diminished by both the metal chelator deferoxamine (1.0 mM) and the hydroxyl scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU) (10.0 mM). Similarly, elevations in [C-5b.9] after incubations of plasma with 1.0 mg/ml crocidolite were diminished by inclusion of either 1.0 mM deferoxamine or 10.0 mM DMTU in the reaction mixtures. Pretreatment of crocidolite with deferoxamine to decrease chelatable iron concentrations and the capacity of the dust to generate oxidants resulted in less activation of complement after incubation with plasma. It is concluded that in vitro complement activation by crocidolite is associated with iron-catalyzed oxidant generation by these fibers. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,MD-58,HSD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WE196 UT WOS:A1997WE19600003 ER PT B AU James, SC AF James, SC BE Soares, ODD daCruz, AM Pereira, GC Soares, IMR Reis, AJP TI Technological & management innovation as partners for economic growth SO INNNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY - STRATEGIES AND POLICIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Congress on Innovation and Technology XXI - Strategies and Policies Towards the XXI-Century CY MAR 20-24, 1995 CL UNIV LUSIADA, OPORTO, PORTUGAL SP Cooperat Ensino Univ Lusiada, Porto, Portugal, Junta Nacl Investigac Cient & Tecnol, Lisboa, Portugal HO UNIV LUSIADA C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-4435-9 PY 1997 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1007/978-0-585-29606-7_2 PG 7 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA BJ30S UT WOS:A1997BJ30S00002 ER PT J AU Koren, HS AF Koren, HS TI Environmental risk factors in atopic asthma SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Allergy-A Disease of Modern Society Meeting CY SEP 06-11, 1996 CL SALZBURG, AUSTRIA DE asthma; environment; allergy; controlled-exposure chambers; air pollutants; ozone; lung function; bronchoalveolar lavage; nasal lavage ID RESPIRATORY HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; AIR-POLLUTION; OZONE; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE; DIOXIDE; POLLUTANTS; MORTALITY; UTAH AB The evidence that asthma is increasing in prevalence is compelling. This trend has been demonstrated not only in the US, but also in the UK, New Zealand, Australia and several other Western countries. The causes of this increase are not known, but both indoor and outdoor air pollution are potential contributory factors. Although there is no convincing evidence to implicate air pollutants in the increased prevalence of asthma, the pathophysiology of this disease provides a basis to identify asthmatics as a subpopulation potentially sensitive to the effects of environmental pollutants. This contention is supported by both clinical and epidemiological studies. Epidemiologic studies of hospital admissions for asthma have implicated O-3, the major component of photochemcial smog as contributing to the exacerbation of asthma; however, most study designs could not separate the O-3 effects from the concomitant effects of acid aerosols and SO2. Controlled human clinical studies have suggested that asthmatics have similar changes in spirometry and airway reactivity in response to O-3 exposures compared to healthy adults. However, a possible role of O-3 in worsening atopic asthma has recently been suggested in studies combining allergen challenges following exposure to O-3 Attempts at identification of factors that predispose asthmatics to responsiveness to NO2 have produced inconsistent results and thus further investigation is required. In summary, asthmatics have been shown to be a sensitive population relative to O-3 and possibly other air pollutants. Further research linking epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic approaches is required to better understand and characterize the risk of exposing asthmatics to these pollutants. RP Koren, HS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV MD58A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-2438 J9 INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM JI Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. PY 1997 VL 113 IS 1-3 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA WV647 UT WOS:A1997WV64700016 PM 9130486 ER PT B AU Ferris, J AF Ferris, J GP AMER INST CHEM ENGINEERS TI The general duty clause under the clean air act: Issues of implementation SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON RISK ANALYSIS IN PROCESS SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference and Workshop on Risk Analysis in Process Safety CY OCT 21-24, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Ctr Chem Proc Safety, US EPA, Hlth & Safety Execut, UK, European Federat Chem Engn AB Sections 112 and 113 of the Clean Air Act provide EPA with the authority to implement and enforce the general duty clause. However, these sections do not require EPA to write regulations clarifying it. The challenge to EPA is to develop a proactive implementation strategy for the implementation of the general duty clause to foster owners and operators of facilities to know their responsibilities, to prevent accidents and minimize the consequences of accidents that occur. This paper will discuss the issues the EPA is facing regarding accident prevention and possible strategies for EPA and the chemical processing industry to implement the general duty clause. C1 US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ferris, J (reprint author), US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, 401 M St SW 5104, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-8169-0737-4 PY 1997 BP 323 EP 330 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BK47Q UT WOS:000072298100024 ER PT B AU Mattheissen, C Helsing, L AF Mattheissen, C Helsing, L GP AMER INST CHEM ENGINEERS TI The RMP as a tool for risk-based decision-making SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON RISK ANALYSIS IN PROCESS SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference and Workshop on Risk Analysis in Process Safety CY OCT 21-24, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Ctr Chem Proc Safety, US EPA, Hlth & Safety Execut, UK, European Federat Chem Engn AB The Risk Management Program (RMP) Rule required by section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 was promulgated June 20, 1996. The RMP rule is designed to reduce the potential for catastrophic chemical accidents at certain facilities through the development of risk management programs and sharing information about these programs in a risk management plan. Once this information is shared, industry, government and the local community can work together toward reducing risks to public health and the environment. The elements in the RMP rule requirements and supporting guidance and tools have broader application to the assessment of, and decisions about, chemical and process hazards, worker and public safety, and environmental protection even before the risk management plan is prepared, and in an ongoing way afterward. Consequently, integration of the RMP elements into company safety, health and environmental programs can help companies adopt and implement risk-based decision-making approaches. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the final RMP rule and to discuss some of the questions and interpretations generated since. The status of some of the many tools (guidance and models) that support the RMP rule will also be provided followed by a brief description of the uses of the rule elements and tools that can support and stimulate risk-based decision-making. C1 US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Mattheissen, C (reprint author), US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off, 401 M St SW 5104, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-8169-0737-4 PY 1997 BP 341 EP 347 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BK47Q UT WOS:000072298100026 ER PT B AU Santiago, A Reilly, B AF Santiago, A Reilly, B GP AMER INST CHEM ENGINEERS TI Joint EPA/OSHA chemical accident investigation SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON RISK ANALYSIS IN PROCESS SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference and Workshop on Risk Analysis in Process Safety CY OCT 21-24, 1997 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Ctr Chem Proc Safety, US EPA, Hlth & Safety Execut, UK, European Federat Chem Engn AB An important initiative taking shape between the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a joint chemical accident investigation program. In 1996, an interagency Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed to establish policy and general procedures for cooperation and coordination between EPA and OSHA. The MOU defines the criteria for defining a major chemical accident or release and for initiating a joint. agency investigation, In general, major chemical accidents or releases are those that result in fatalities, serious injuries, significant property damage, environmental damage or other serious off-site impacts such as evacuation. Other less severe accidents or releases with the potential for grave losses may also be investigated. The purpose of these joint investigations is to uncover the root causes, make recommendations to prevent their recurrences, and to make the lessons learned available to other industrial facilities and the public. C1 US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off 5104, Chem Accid Invest Team, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Santiago, A (reprint author), US EPA, Chem Emergency Preparedness & Prevent Off 5104, Chem Accid Invest Team, 401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-8169-0737-4 PY 1997 BP 435 EP 442 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA BK47Q UT WOS:000072298100032 ER PT J AU McLean, BJ AF McLean, BJ TI Evolution of marketable permits: The US experience with sulfur dioxide allowance trading SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE air pollution; allowance trading; emissions trading; environmental policy; marketable permits; sulfur dioxide AB The Sulfur Dioxide Allowance Programme, created under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, is the first national market-based approach to environmental management employed in the United States and represents a radical departure from both the traditional regulatory approach to environmental policy and from previous emissions trading efforts. This paper reviews the goals of the SO2 allowance programme and the results after its first full year of operation, discusses the context for the establishment of the programme and its critical design features, and identifies some lessons learned from implementing this large-scale emissions trading programme. RP McLean, BJ (reprint author), US EPA,ACID RAIN DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA AEROPORT PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG 110 AVE LOUIS CASAI CP 306, CH-1215 GENEVA AEROPORT, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 1997 VL 8 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 36 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YA495 UT WOS:A1997YA49500002 ER PT J AU Xu, N Shen, H Sewell, GW AF Xu, N Shen, H Sewell, GW TI Simultaneous determination of chromate and aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples by capillary electrophoresis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; reversed EOF; chromate reduction ID ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; INORGANIC ANIONS; SEPARATION; ACIDS; ION; DEGRADATION; REDUCTION; WATER AB An analytical method was developed to determine simultaneously, the inorganic anion CrO42-, and organic aromatic compounds including benzoate, 2-Cl-benzoate, phenol, m-cresol and o-/p-cresol by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Chromate and the aromatics were separated in a relatively short time with the use of a tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) modified buffer solution. The detection limits of all the analytes were in the sub mg/L level with the consumption of a very small volume of sample (<0.06 mu L). Calibration curves with high regression coefficient (r(2)) values (0.999-1.000) were obtained within two orders of magnitude of concentrations. Factors affecting the separation and the determination of chromate and the organic aromatics, such as the buffer electrolyte concentration, the voltage applied and the TTAB concentration, were investigated. The effect of TTAB on the direction and the magnitude of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) was also discussed. A study of the microbial catalyzed chromate reduction coupled with benzoate oxidation demonstrated the application potential of the proposed method. C1 US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, Ada, OK 74821 USA. RP Sewell, GW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, POB 1198, Ada, OK 74821 USA. EM sewell@ad3100.ada.epa.gov NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 1997 VL 66 IS 3 BP 175 EP 189 DI 10.1080/03067319708028361 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YZ807 UT WOS:000072293600003 ER PT S AU Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT AF Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT BE Kozai, T Kubota, C Fujiwara, K Ibaraki, Y Sase, S TI Environmental modification and shoot growth in a closed ecosystem to evaluate long-term responses of tree seedlings to stress SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PLANT PRODUCTION IN CLOSED ECOSYSTEMS - AUTOMATION, CULTURE, AND ENVIRONMENT SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems - Automation, Culture, and Environment CY AUG 26-29, 1996 CL NARITA, JAPAN SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Commiss Hort Engn, Japanese Soc Environm Control Biol, Japanese Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Chiba Prefecture, City Narita, Commemorat Assoc Japan World Exposit, Tokyo Elect Power Co, Kansai Elect Power Co, Chubu Power Co, Kyushu Power Co, Shikoku Power Co, Kajima Fdn DE controlled environment; Douglas-fir; Pseudotsuga menziesii vegetation AB Determination of ecosystem responses to stress requires careful control of the environment and measurement of biological effects. Closed chambers provide appropriate environmental control and measurement, but chamber impacts on the ecosystems must be documented so that treatment effects can be interpreted properly. A set of sun-lit chambers with control of atmospheric CO2, air temperature, and dew point has been in operation for over 2 1/2 years. The chambers are being used to evaluate responses of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings to elevated CO2 and temperature. Comparison of trees grown in chambers at ambient CO2 and temperature (ACAT) with corresponding outside "chamberless trees" (CL) indicates that ACAT trees have less growth (e.g. smaller stem diameters, fewer branches, and shorter terminal buds) compared to CL trees. However, needle characteristics are essentially the same for ACAT and CL trees. The differences in growth for ACAT vs. CL trees likely can be attributed to less soil moisture and lower light intensities, and possibly slightly greater vapor pressure deficits in chambers vs. outside. Air temperature and CO2 levels were very similar for ACAT and CL trees and likely do not affect tree growth. Thus, growth of the trees to CO2 and temperature in the chambers are representative of the imposed climatic conditions, and can be used to estimate effects of climate stress. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Olszyk, DM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Ecol Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-888-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1997 IS 440 BP 129 EP 134 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BK30Y UT WOS:000071754800023 ER PT J AU Macler, BA Pontius, FW AF Macler, BA Pontius, FW TI Update on the ground water disinfection rule SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article RP Macler, BA (reprint author), US EPA,75 HAWTHORNE ST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 1 BP 16 EP & PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA WD918 UT WOS:A1997WD91800005 ER PT J AU Peden, DB Boehlecke, B Devlin, R AF Peden, DB Boehlecke, B Devlin, R TI Ozone induces eosinophil influx into the bronchial airways of mite-sensitive asthmatics. SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 99 IS 1 SU S BP 1643 EP 1643 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA WH142 UT WOS:A1997WH14201639 ER PT J AU Morawski, B Eaton, RW Rossiter, JT Sun, GP Griengl, H Ribbons, DW AF Morawski, B Eaton, RW Rossiter, JT Sun, GP Griengl, H Ribbons, DW TI 2-Naphthoate catabolic pathway in Burkholderia strain JT 1500 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METABOLISM; PHENANTHRENE; NAPHTHALENE; 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE; 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE; BIODEGRADATION; OXIDATION; BACTERIA; CLEAVAGE AB A Burkholderia strain (JT 1500), able to use 2-naphthoate as the sole source of carbon, was isolated from soil. On the basis of growth characteristics, oxygen uptake experiments, enzyme assays, and detection of intermediates, a degradation pathway of 2-naphthoate is proposed. The features of this pathway are convergent with those for phenanthrene. We propose a pathway for the conversion of 2-naphthoate to 1 mol (each) of pyruvate, succinate, and acetyl coenzyme A and 2 mol of CO2. During growth in the presence of 2-naphthoate, six metabolites were detected by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and spectroscopy, 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoate accumulated in the culture broth during growth on 2-naphthoate. Also, the formation of 2'-carboxybenzalpyruvate, phthalaldehydate, phthalate, protocatechuate, and beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid was demonstrated. (LR,2S)-cis-1,2-Dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate was thus considered an intermediate between 2-naphthoate and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate, but it was not transformed by whole cells or their extracts. We conclude that this diol is not responsible for the formation of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate from 2-naphthoate but that one of the other three diastereomers is not eliminated as a potential intermediate fora dehydration reaction. C1 GRAZ TECH UNIV,INST ORGAN CHEM,SFB BIOCATALYSIS,A-8010 GRAZ,AUSTRIA. US EPA,PENSACOLA,FL 32561. UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,MIAMI,FL 33133. UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,MIAMI,FL 33133. UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,CTR BIOTECHNOL,LONDON SW 2AZ,ENGLAND. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 179 IS 1 BP 115 EP 121 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VZ792 UT WOS:A1997VZ79200015 PM 8981987 ER PT J AU Jones, TL Riddick, L AF Jones, TL Riddick, L TI Separation and detection of three aryltins by capillary electrophoresis-UV/VIS diode array SO JOURNAL OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; UV/VIS diode array; organotins ID ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SPECIATION; TRIBUTYLTIN; SAMPLES; CELLS; RATS AB The trialkyltins and triphenyltins have widespread application as fungicides, antifouling coatings for porous surfaces, herbicides, insecticides, and generic biocides. Due to the varied toxicity of each species of organotins, it is important that methods address the speciation of the organotins. Traditional methods call for the hydrolysis and subsequent derivatization of the organotins before analysis. These methods can be time consuming, derivatization can be incomplete, and high levels of background interference produce difficulties in identification and quantitation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) current methods do not address the speciation of organotins; instead they only analyze for total tin. It is important, because of the differing levels of toxicity of the various congeners of organotins, to speciate them from each other and inorganic tin. The research reported in this paper addresses the use of CE with UV/VIS diode-array detection to separate and detect three phenyltins (i.e., tri-, di-, and mono-), without the need to either derivatize or complex them. C1 US EPA,NERL CRD,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. US EPA,NATL NETWORK ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT STUDIES PROGRAM,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU I S C TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS, INC PI SHELTON PA 30 CONTROLS DR, BOX 828, SHELTON, CT 06484-0828 SN 1079-5383 J9 J CAPILLARY ELECTROP JI J. Capillary Electrophor. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 4 IS 1 BP 33 EP 37 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry GA XV739 UT WOS:A1997XV73900007 PM 9384718 ER PT J AU Field, R OConnor, TP AF Field, R OConnor, TP TI Control strategy for storm-generated sanitary-sewer overflows SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB This paper presents a strategy for the abatement of pollution from storm-generated sanitary-sewer overflows (SSO). Because of the great lengths of sanitary sewer systems, it is often less expensive to use alternatives to sewerline rehabilitation for infiltration/inflow (I/I) and associated SSO control. Extensive sanitary sewer system rehabilitation can (1) be relatively costly; (2) take a long time to complete; and (3) be extremely disruptive to traffic, businesses, and property owners. I/I control studies have found that just correcting I/I in street sewers will not necessarily correct the problem because building connections contribute as much as 70-80% of the infiltration load. Building connection rehabilitation can be infeasible economically because of the shear number of connections or impractical because of the difficulty in dealing with property owners. Inflow elimination or reduction, cost-effective sewer rehabilitation, and collection system inspection with associated clean out and repair must be performed in all cases; and an integrated economic and feasibility analysis using a combination of maximizing flow to the wastewater treatment plant and maximizing treatment capacity must be considered for controlling the remaining SSO. SSO can be abated using combined sewer overflow (CSO) control methods. SSO and CSO are both mixtures of municipal sewage, storm water, and ground water. RP Field, R (reprint author), US EPA,NAT RISK MGMT RES LAB,URBAN WET WEATHER FLOW RES PROGRAM,EDISON,NJ 08837, USA. OI O'Connor, Thomas/0000-0002-5643-644X NR 51 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 1997 VL 123 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:1(41) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VY932 UT WOS:A1997VY93200008 ER PT J AU Minnich, MM Zimmerman, JH Schumacher, BA AF Minnich, MM Zimmerman, JH Schumacher, BA TI Long-term study of volatile organic compound recovery from ampulated, dry, fortified soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SORPTION; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; DECHLORINATION AB Our objective was to evaluate the stability and extractability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when fortified on dry soils and stored in sealed ampules. Two desiccator-dried soils were fortified with eight neat VOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TTCA) at 800 ng each VOC/g soil. The fortified soil was portioned into ampules, sealed, and stored in the dark at 25 degrees C for up to 56 wk. Replicate ampules were analyzed after 2 d and 2, 4, 8, 13, 34, and 56 wk by two extraction procedures modified from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) low- and high-level purge-and-trap procedures (SW-846 Methods 5030/8021). The modified high-level procedure (1-h methanol extraction at 25 degrees C prior to purge-and-trap analysis) yielded significantly higher recoveries of all compounds on both soils as compared with the low-level procedure, with the exception of benzene on the Charleston soil. Moreover, when measured by the high-level procedure, concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX) remained relatively unchanged during the 56-wk study. The results indicate that the 1-h, 25 degrees C methanol extraction was sufficient for extraction of the BTEX compounds from these soils. For the chlorinated compounds, regression analysis demonstrated significant trends of changing concentrations over time. Recoveries of TCA decreased at a rate of 3 and 4 ng/g/week and recoveries of TTCA decreased at rates of 8 and 17 ng/g/week on the Hayesville and Charleston soils, respectively. PCE concentrations did not show any significant concentration changes, while TCE concentrations increased at 6 and 7 ng/g/week for the Hayesville and Charleston soils, respectively. We submit that the 1-h, 25 degrees C methanol extraction was inadequate for removal of the chlorinated compounds. Additionally, we postulate that dehydrochlorination of TTCA to form TCE occurred in desiccator-dried soil. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Minnich, MM (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN SERV GRP,ENVIRONM SERV,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 108 EP 114 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WE442 UT WOS:A1997WE44200027 ER PT J AU Tabak, HH Govind, R Fu, CS Gao, C Pfanstiel, S AF Tabak, HH Govind, R Fu, CS Gao, C Pfanstiel, S TI Protocol for determining bioavailability and biodegradation kinetics of toxic organic soil pollutants to enhance in situ bioremediation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING & TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CONTROL LA English DT Article AB A systematic protocol involving three types of soil reactors has been developed to quantify soil bioremediation rates. Measuring biodegradation kinetic rates in soil systems is useful in evaluating the efficacy of bioremediation and in developing accurate cost models to compare bioremediation technology with other physical/chemical treatment methods. The approach presented in this paper involves the use of three types of bioreactor systems: soil slurry, soil wafer, and soil tube reactors. Phenol was used as the test compound. The protocol was developed so that the experimental schemes which were used grew in complexity toward the actual in situ case, but remained simple enough to allow them to be adequately modeled. The data gained for each of the schemes agreed with expectations. Both the rate and extent of biodegradation of phenol were found to decrease with increasing complexity of the soil systems in the experimental schemes. Modeling procedures applied to the three experimental schemes proved useful for determining the biokinetic parameters for the degradation of phenol. Model predictions were found to agree very well with experimental data. A bioavailability index is defined which can be obtained using cumulative oxygen uptake data. The application of this protocol to other chemicals should be feasible with only minor alterations in the methodology presented in this paper. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1077-1204 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Environ. Sci. Eng. Toxic Hazard. Subst. Control PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1247 EP 1268 PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WV897 UT WOS:A1997WV89700026 ER PT J AU Berry, MR AF Berry, MR TI Dietary exposure and total human exposure assessment: An overview SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Berry, MR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WN614 UT WOS:A1997WN61400001 ER PT J AU Berry, MR AF Berry, MR TI Advances in dietary exposure research at the United States Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ISEE / ISEA Joint Conference CY SEP 19, 1994 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP ISEE, ISEA DE diet; dietary exposure; dietary model; duplicate diet; exposure; food database; food methods ID DUPLICATE DIET; DATABASES; LEAD AB The United States Environmental Protection Agency-National Exposure Research Laboratory's (USEPA-NERL) dietary exposure research program investigates the role of diet, including drinking water, as a potential pathway of human exposure to environmental contaminants. A primary program goal is to establish measurement methods for ingestion that are consistent with approaches used by the USEPA to measure inhalation and dermal exposures, and, hence, total exposure. Research has focused on developing and field-testing measurement methods for personal dietary monitoring, known as duplicate-diet methodology, and on the methods to support analyses of environmental contaminants in foods and beverages. Guidance for measuring personal dietary exposure has been developed for the researcher performing measurements in which there is an established or potential route of exposure to environmental contaminants from foods consumed. Useful information for other types of dietary exposure assessment can be found in existing food consumption and food residue databases. Several of the major food databases have been integrated into an exposure model that provides estimates of potential dietary exposure and identifies potentially highly exposed people for guidance in exposure monitoring. Another component of this research program explores priority, diet-related issues to identify and reduce exposures from foods and beverages. The methods of preparing mercury-contaminated fish by Native Americans and children exposed to lead-laden environments are currently under investigation. Other research is designed to improve our understanding of the process of excess food contamination and the reduction of dietary exposure. Additional research needs are summarized. An overview of the USEPA-NERL dietary exposure program is presented and research discussed in this paper is described in the following papers in this issue. RP Berry, MR (reprint author), US EPA,NERL,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 3 EP 16 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WN614 UT WOS:A1997WN61400002 PM 9076607 ER PT J AU Melnyk, LJ Berry, MR Sheldon, LS AF Melnyk, LJ Berry, MR Sheldon, LS TI Dietary exposure from pesticide application on farms in the Agricultural Health Pilot Study SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; dietary exposure; exposure; food contaminants; food residues; intake AB As part of total human exposure measurements performed on six farms in Iowa and North Carolina during the Agricultural Health Pilot Study, a household duplicate diet several locally grown foods, an applicator meal, a child duplicate diet, and drinking water samples were collected. The pilot study was designed to test refined and newly developed protocols and analytical methods for collection and analyses of dietary samples to evaluate dietary exposure to farmers and their families in the household associated with current and former applications of pesticides. The household duplicate diet protocol was generally effective as a first step in measuring potential exposures of household members. The analytical methods used were capable of measuring 29 of the 33 targeted Agricultural Health Pilot Study pesticides in dietary samples. Collections were made during a pesticide nonapplication and application monitoring period. Pesticides in the foods and beverages of the participants were quantified at sub-ppb to 30-ppb levels in both the Iowa and North Carolina farms. Increased levels (20 ppb) of the pesticide being applied during the monitoring period were found in the applicator's meal. Dieldrin was persistent in the foods consumed on one Iowa farm. No pesticides were found in drinking water samples. The results show potential dietary exposures exceeding expected values exist to the farmers and their families for several of the pesticides in this study, particularly to those being applied and to the persistent pesticides in the environment. RP Melnyk, LJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 61 EP 80 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WN614 UT WOS:A1997WN61400005 PM 9076610 ER PT J AU Morgan, JN Berry, MR Graves, RL AF Morgan, JN Berry, MR Graves, RL TI Effects of commonly used cooking practices on total mercury concentration in fish and their impact on exposure assessments SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ISEE / ISEA Joint Conference CY SEP 19, 1994 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP ISEE, ISEA DE cooking; exposure; fish; mercury ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; RESIDUES; BLUEFISH; FILLETS; PCB; DDT AB The effects of cooking practices commonly used by Native Americans on total mercury concentrations in fish were investigated. A preparation factor relating mercury concentrations in fish as prepared for consumption to mercury concentration data as measured in typical environmental monitoring programs was calculated. Preparation factors are needed to provide risk assessors with a more accurate estimate of the actual amount of mercury ingested through consumption of contaminated fish. Data on fish preparation and consumption practices of two communities of Chippewa residing on the shores of Lake Superior in northern Wisconsin were used to select practices for study. The most commonly consumed species, walleye and lake trout, were selected. Whitefish livers were also selected for study. Commonly wed cooking techniques including panfrying, deep-frying, baking, boiling, and smoking were duplicated in the laboratory. Total mercury concentrations were determined in fish portions before and after cooking and in a portion representative of that analyzed in programs to assess water quality (skin-on fillets). Total mercury was determined by microwave digestion-cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mercury concentrations (wet weight basis) in panfried, baked, and bailed walleye fillets and deep-fried and baked whitefish livers ranged from 1.1 to 1.5 times higher than in corresponding raw portions. In lake trout, mercury concentrations were 1.5 to 2.0 times higher in cooked portions than in the raw portion. However total mercury levels were constant before and after cooking, indicating the concentration effect is caused by weight (moisture and fat) loss. The addition of lemon juice to potentially release mercury from its bound state and promote volatilization did not exert any measurable influence on mercury concentrations in cooked walleye. In some cases mercury concentrations were increased with increased cooking times due to further loss of moisture and fat. Preparation factors (defined as the ratio of mercury concentration in cooked fish to the mercury concentration in the environmental portion) ranged from 1.3 to 2.0. Results suggest that consideration be given so the use of preparation factors in risk assessments, exposure assessments, or issuance of fish advisories where mercury concentrations in raw fish tissue are used in conjunction with cooked fish meal sizes. RP Morgan, JN (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR MD-564,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 119 EP 133 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WN614 UT WOS:A1997WN61400008 PM 9076613 ER PT J AU Schrank, CS Cormier, SM Blazer, VS AF Schrank, CS Cormier, SM Blazer, VS TI Contaminant exposure, biochemical, and histopathological biomarkers in white suckers from contaminated and reference sites in the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PCBs; PAHs; histopathology; EROD; white suckers; Sheboygan River ID KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI POPULATIONS; ST-MAURICE RIVER; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; STEROID-LEVELS; EROD ACTIVITY; ENGLISH SOLE; MFO ACTIVITY; FISH AB Fish populations of the lower Sheboygan River, located in east-central Wisconsin, are considered impaired under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada. Pollutants in the Sheboygan River system include: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. This study compared general health and biochemical parameters, histology of selected organs, and contaminant residues and metabolites in a population of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from a contaminated reach of the Sheboygan River and an upstream reference site. Fish from the contaminated site had significantly lower hematocrits, significantly induced ethoxyresourfin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity as a measurement of hepatic mixed-function oxygenase activity, higher biliary metabolites of PAHs, and higher tissue concentrations of PCBs and p,p'-DDE relative to art upstream reference population. Analysis of covariance suggests that both PCB and PAH exposure may be influencing EROD activities. Fish from the contaminated site featured more basophilic clusters and developing nephrons in kidney tissue suggesting the presence of a nephro-toxicant. Also, more fish exhibited hepatic lesions including diffuse cellular vacuolation, multifocal coagulative necrosis, bile ductal hyperplasia, and foci of cellular alteration which may be biomarkers for contaminant impacts. This study demonstrates that white suckers residing in the lower reaches of the Sheboygan River absorbed significant amounts of PAHs and PCBs and also exhibited hematological, biochemical and histological alterations some of which suggest impaired fish condition. C1 US EPA,ECOL EXPOSURE RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. USGS,NATL FISH HLTH RES LAB,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Schrank, CS (reprint author), DEPT NAT RESOURCES,MADISON,WI 53707, USA. NR 58 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 2 BP 119 EP 130 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XK458 UT WOS:A1997XK45800001 ER PT J AU Froese, KL Verbrugge, DA Snyder, SA Tilton, F Tuchman, M Ostaszewski, A Giesy, JP AF Froese, KL Verbrugge, DA Snyder, SA Tilton, F Tuchman, M Ostaszewski, A Giesy, JP TI PCBs in the Detroit River water column SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRENTON CHANNEL; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; GREAT-LAKES; ST-CLAIR; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; TRANSPORT; SEDIMENTS; MICHIGAN; ORGANOCHLORINE; ERIE AB Water samples (60 to 190 L) were taken from the Trenton Channel portion of the Detroit River during eight sampling events from March to October 1995, and in May 1996. Samples were filtered on-site or at the field-lab to retain the suspended particulates. Some of the samples were passed through XAD-2 columns to extract dissolved PCBs, depending on total samples volume and logistical consideration. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in both the particulate and dissolved fractions. Concentrations ranged from < 5 to 22 ng/L (average = 10 ng/L) in the particulate, and from < 5 to 13 ng/L in the dissolved fractions. The average ratio of dissolved PCB concentration to particle-bound PCB concentration was 0.6; the calculated average total PCB concentration was 17 ng/L. Annual mass transport of PCBs through the Trenton Channel in 1995 was estimated to be 600 kg, with potential point sources along the west shore of the channel contributing less than 1.5% of the total mass of PCBs. A general seasonal trend was observed, with lowest PCB concentrations in March and greatest in July. Concentrations following a significant rainfall increased within the first 24 hr and decreased to approximate ambient levels after 96 hr. In general, PCB concentrations appear to be greater downstream than upstream, however, this trend was reversed for Day-1 of the rainfall events, perhaps due to greater particulate loading from upstream of the channel. Potential point-sources from industrial or municipal waste-water treatment outfalls showed PCB concentrations up to a factor of 4 greater than those from the transects in the channel. However, the annual loading of PCBs to the channel. Dissolved concentrations of PCBs determined by C-18 Empore disks were 4.7-fold greater than those determined by XAD-2 (s.d. = 1.5, n = 4). Further investigations validating this finding are necessary. For this reason, comparisons among different studies must be done with caution. C1 Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Protect Off, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. Michigan Dept Environm Qual, Water Qual Div, Lansing, MI 48933 USA. RP Giesy, JP (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Inst Environm Toxicol, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM kf@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca; jgiesy@aol.com RI Snyder, Shane/A-3302-2011 OI Snyder, Shane/0000-0003-2709-9840 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 440 EP 449 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YT495 UT WOS:000071611900005 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Pritchard, RJ Dittrich, KL Samet, JM AF Ghio, AJ Pritchard, RJ Dittrich, KL Samet, JM TI Non-heme (Fe3+) in the lung increases with age in both humans and rats SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IRON; FERRITIN; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGENESIS; MACROPHAGES; POPULATION; INFECTIONS; SERUM; MICE AB Increasing non-heme iron concentrations in host tissues are potentially significant, because they can be associated with an increased risk of injury including infections, fibrosis, and neoplasms. We tested the hypothesis that non-heme (Fe3+) in the lung increases with age in both humans and rats. Human tissue was collected at autopsy before fixation occurred. The total number of specimens was 131 with 78 nonsmokers and 53 smokers. Tissue was hydrolyzed in 3 N hydrochloric acid and 10% trichloroacetic acid. Supernatant (Fe3+) was measured with a thiocyanate assay. Non-heme (Fe3+) increased with age in nonsmokers. The correlation coefficient between lung (Fe3+) and age in the nonsmokers was 0.58 (p < 0.0001). Iron stains were negative, whereas those for ferritin demonstrated increased uptake with aging. Smokers had significantly greater non-heme (Fe3+) relative to nonsmokers (101.1 and 46.0 mu mol/L respectively; T = 11.44, p < 0.0001). Lung non-heme (Fe3+) in smokers also increased with age (r = 0.75; p < 0.0001). Iron stains demonstrated uptake in the proximity of retained pigmented material. Ferritin stains demonstrated intense uptake in both the macrophages and the airway and alveolar epithelium of smokers. An animal model was also analyzed for an effect of aging on lung non-heme (Fe3+). At specified times between 30 and 186 days of age, rats (n = 48) were anesthetized and exsanguinated, and the lungs were excised. In rats, similar to humans, a positive correlation was seen between lung non-heme (Fe3+) and age (r = 0.73; p = 0.007). Stains for iron in rat lung were uniformly negative, whereas those for ferritin demonstrated increased uptake by airway and alveolar epithelium in older rats. We conclude that non-heme (Fe3+) in lung tissue increases with age in both humans and rats. Elevations in lung non-heme (Fe-3+) could contribute to an increased incidence of pneumonias, pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchogenic carcinoma observed among older individuals. C1 DUKE UNIV,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC. DUKE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA,HSD,NHEERL,58D,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02655] NR 33 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 129 IS 1 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0022-2143(97)90161-X PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA WB904 UT WOS:A1997WB90400006 PM 9011591 ER PT J AU Matchett, WH Brumley, WC AF Matchett, WH Brumley, WC TI Preconcentration of aliphatic amines from water determined by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; INDIRECT FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION; DERIVATIZATION; SEPARATION; ACIDS AB Preconcentration methodology based on adsorption chromatographies for enriching aliphatic amines (C1 to C4 substituted primary, secondary, and tertiary) and alkanolamines in water was studied by free zone capillary electrophoresis (CZE) with indirect UV detection. The solid-phase extraction of amines from water (pH 5) as a preconcentration step was studied for ion exchange solid-phase extraction (SCX) cartridges, cation ion exchange extraction disks, and ion-pairing with C-18 extraction disks. In the course of the investigations, the electrophoretic properties of the amines was studied in some detail in order to optimize separations and detection limits. The indirect mode is particularly powerful in being able to detect primary through quarternary amines without derivatization. Mobilities of amines were correlated with their Stokes' radii. Increased selectivity for resolving closely related amines under CZE was explored using nonionic surfactants, pH adjustment, and optimized background electrolyte. Techniques were developed for obtaining stable baselines in the indirect detection mode. Linearity, sensitivity, and efficiency were explored for this mode of detection for a large set of amines. RP Matchett, WH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 66 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 7 U2 13 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 1997 VL 20 IS 1 BP 79 EP 100 DI 10.1080/10826079708010638 PG 22 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA WG284 UT WOS:A1997WG28400007 ER PT J AU Brumley, WC Kelliher, V AF Brumley, WC Kelliher, V TI Determination of aliphatic amines in water using derivatization with fluorescein isothiocyanate and capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence detection SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ACIDS; HPLC; IDENTIFICATION; POLYAMINES; BEHAVIOR; MIXTURE; REAGENT AB Detection-oriented derivatization of aliphatic amines and amine functional groups in compounds of environmental interest was studied using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) with separation/determination by capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence. Determinative levels down to 10 ppb were studied in deionized and environmental waters. Practical detection limits of 30 to 100 ppb or more were realized, depending on analyte and water source. Criteria were developed to compare results to desired performance in a derivatization method. FITC was judged to be a moderately successful reagent with drawbacks including extensive by-products, lack of specificity to analyte class, requirement to study each potential analyte carefully, and derivatization limits near 30 ppb. Advantages include low cost of reagent, ease in handling, and synthesis of an ionized derivative for free zone electrophoresis. RP Brumley, WC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 1997 VL 20 IS 14 BP 2193 EP 2205 DI 10.1080/10826079708006556 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XL374 UT WOS:A1997XL37400004 ER PT J AU Mortensen, SR Brimijoin, S Hooper, MJ Padilla, S AF Mortensen, SR Brimijoin, S Hooper, MJ Padilla, S TI Intrinsic sensitivity of tissue acetylcholinesterase to organophosphate inhibition: Is it tissue-dependent? SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL & TIWET,PENDLETON,SC. MAYO CLIN,DEPT PHARMACOL,ROCHESTER,MN. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1997 VL 69 SU S BP S74 EP S74 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA XM285 UT WOS:A1997XM28500288 ER PT J AU Mundy, WR Freudenrich, TM AF Mundy, WR Freudenrich, TM TI Relationship of early changes in oxygen free radicals and intracellular free calcium to cytotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells induced by metals SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PY 1997 VL 69 SU S BP S157 EP S157 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA XM285 UT WOS:A1997XM28500617 ER PT J AU Recknor, JC Reigart, JR Darden, PM Goyer, RA Olden, K Richardson, MC AF Recknor, JC Reigart, JR Darden, PM Goyer, RA Olden, K Richardson, MC TI Prenatal care and infant lead exposure SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of Ambulatory-Pediatric-Association CY MAY 07-11, 1995 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Ambulatory Pediat Assoc ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; BLOOD LEAD; HEALTH AB Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the relation between prenatal care of mothers and blood lead concentrations in their offspring in the first year of life. Methods: A retrospective survey was conducted of 200 predominantly black infants between the ages of 6 and 22 months (mean age, 13.4 months). The infants had been screened for the first time since birth at the Charleston County (South Carolina) Health Department. They resided in a neighborhood with the highest prevalence of lead poisoning in Charleston. Prenatal care use data were obtained after matching birth records with lead-screening records. Results: Seventy-three infants (37%) had blood lead levels 0.48 mu mol/L (greater than or equal to 10 mu g/dl) or higher, Adequacy of prenatal care, defined by the Modified Kessner Index, showed 11% with intensive care (26% of these with high lead levels), 39% with adequate care (35% high blood lead levels), 35% with intermediate care (40% with high blood lead levels), 13% with inadequate care (42% with high blood lead levels), and 2% with no prenatal care (25% with high blood lead levels), With the exception of the small group with no prenatal care (n = 4), the proportion of infants with a high blood lead level was inversely proportional to the level of care, The logistic regression model that best fit the data included age at screen for lead and birth weight. Low birth weight babies (<2500 gm) were more likely to have a high blood lead level at primary screen than babies who were heavier at birth (odds ratio, 2.60; p = 0.04), and the older the baby at screening, the greater the likelihood of a high blood lead level (odds ratio, 1.23; p = 0.01), There was a trend for black infants to have a high blood lead level more often than white infants (odds ratio, 3.05; p = 0.06). Conclusions: Less than adequate use of prenatal care may reflect an increase in risk factors contributing to lead exposure in infancy, Low birth weight also was related to high blood lead levels, Further studies are required to differentiate among several hypotheses for this effect, Intrauterine lead exposure, which is known to reduce birth weight, may contribute to measured blood lead levels at first screen, Alternatively, low birth weight may increase lead absorption and retention in infancy or may increase risk of lead exposure. C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. RP Recknor, JC (reprint author), MED UNIV S CAROLINA, DEPT PEDIAT, 171 ASHLEY AVE, CHARLESTON, SC 29425 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 130 IS 1 BP 123 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70320-2 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA WD718 UT WOS:A1997WD71800022 PM 9003861 ER PT J AU Minnich, MM Schumacher, BA Zimmerman, JH AF Minnich, MM Schumacher, BA Zimmerman, JH TI Comparison of soil VOCs measured by soil gas, heated headspace, and methanol extraction techniques SO JOURNAL OF SOIL CONTAMINATION LA English DT Article DE chlorinated hydrocarbons; 1,1,1-TCA; TCE; PCE; soil properties ID VOLATILE AB Comparisons of soil volatile organic compound (VOC) measurement techniques and soil properties expected to influence these measurements were performed at two dissimilar sites. A total of 41 soil gas, 52 heated headspace, and 51 methanol extraction/purge-and-trap measurements were obtained on collocated samples. Contaminants present at both sites included cis-1,2-dichloroethene, I, I, I-trichloroethane, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene. Heated headspace offered the highest sensitivity, as indicated by the greatest percentage of detections per number of analyses. The statistical regression between headspace concentrations and methanol extraction concentrations was highly significant (p < 0.001) with r(2) = 0.53. Headspace concentrations (range, 7 to 4250 ng/g) ran approximately 20 to 30% of the methanol extraction concentrations (range, 260 to 7300 ng/g), indicating that the methanol was able to extract significantly more of the chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) than the headspace extraction, even in soils with relatively low organic carbon contents (< 0.25%). None of the soil properties (gravimetric moisture content organic carbon content, percent sand, and percent clay) significantly improved the regression fit The soil gas responses were unlike either headspace or methanol extraction data. CHC measurements by vapor extraction/soil gas could not be used to predict soil CHC concentrations at these sites. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SERV ASSISTANCE TEAM,RICHMOND,CA 94804. RP Minnich, MM (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SERV,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1058-8337 J9 J SOIL CONTAM JI J. Soil Contam. PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 187 EP 203 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WR672 UT WOS:A1997WR67200005 ER PT J AU Ijzerman, MM Dahling, DR Fout, GS AF Ijzerman, MM Dahling, DR Fout, GS TI A method to remove environmental inhibitors prior to the detection of waterborne enteric viruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE fulvic acid; human enteric virus; humic acid; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ID HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; ENTEROVIRUSES; PCR; SAMPLES; SEWAGE; RECOVERY; WATERS; DNA AB A method was developed to remove environmental inhibitors from sample concentrates prior to detection of human enteric viruses using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Environmental inhibitors, concentrated along with viruses during water sample processing, are removed by the method through a series of steps that includes dialysis, solvent extraction, ultrafiltration and glass purification. The method was tested by spiking sodium phosphate with poliovirus type 1 with or without humic or fulvic acids and then measuring virus recovery by plaque assay and RT-PCR. Results of the study indicated that (i) 90% of the spiked virus could be recovered from samples at the end of the ultrafiltration step, (ii) virus was detected in the final eluate of samples containing as much as 0.5 mg of humic acid or 5.0 mg of fulvic acid, and (iii) as little as 0.06 plaque forming units (PFU) was detectable per RT-PCR reaction. These results indicate that the described purification method along with RT-PCR is a feasible approach for detecting waterborne human enteric viruses in the presence of interfering substances. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA,NAT EXPOSURE RES LAB,BIOHAZARD ASSESSMENT RES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 28 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JAN PY 1997 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(96)02123-4 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA WF060 UT WOS:A1997WF06000016 PM 9015285 ER PT B AU Birnbaum, LS Abbott, BD AF Birnbaum, LS Abbott, BD BE Klug, S Thiel, R TI Effect of dioxin on growth factor and receptor expression in developing palate SO METHODS IN DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Methods in Developmental Toxicology and Biology CY MAY 31-JUN 02, 1995 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Schering AG, Berlin, Deut Forschungsgemeinsch, Bonn, Freie Univ Berlin, Furstliche Furstenberg Brauerei KG, Donaueschingen, Ciba Geigy, Basel, SmithKline Beecham Stift, Gottingen, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Klinge Pharma GmbH, Munchen, Satorius AG, Gottingen, Glaxo Wellcome GmbH & Co, Hamburg, Sandoz Ltd, Basel, Zyma AG, Lyon, Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden Delkenheim, Harlan Winkelmann, Borchen, Paesel Lorei Gmbh & Co, Frankfurt Main, Verein Verhinder Erbschaden, Munster, Corning Hazleton, Munster, Biochrom KG, Berlin, Serva & Atlanta, Heidelberg C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 0EL BN 0-632-04187-0 PY 1997 BP 51 EP 63 PG 13 WC Developmental Biology; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA BK03R UT WOS:A1997BK03R00005 ER PT B AU Cox, LH AF Cox, LH BE Scott, DW TI Establishing the National Research Center on Statistics and the Environment SO MINING AND MODELING MASSIVE DATA SETS IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND BUSINESS WITH A SUBTHEME IN ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS SE COMPUTING SCIENCE AND STATISTICS (SERIES) LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 29th Symposium on the Interface between Computing Science and Statistics CY MAY 14-17, 1997 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Univ Texas M D Anderson Cancer Ctr, Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Public Hlth, W M Keck Ctr Computational Biol C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERFACE FOUNDATION NORTH AMERICA PI FAIRFAX PA PO BOX 7460, FAIRFAX, VA 22039-7460 USA BN 1-886658-04-8 J9 COMP SCI STAT PY 1997 VL 29 IS 1 BP 272 EP 272 PG 1 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied; Statistics & Probability SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA BM60M UT WOS:000079222400070 ER PT J AU Widmer, F Seidler, RJ Donegan, KK Reed, GL AF Widmer, F Seidler, RJ Donegan, KK Reed, GL TI Quantification of transgenic plant marker gene persistence in the field SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE field experiment; DNA persistence; environmental DNA preparation; quantitative PCR; biotechnology; risk assessment ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC-VIRUS; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR-I; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA; TRANSFORMATION; EXPRESSION; ADSORPTION; TOBACCO AB Methods were developed to monitor persistence of genomic DNA in decaying plants in the field. As a model, we used recombinant neomycin phosphotransferase II (rNPT-II) marker genes present in genetically engineered plants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed, complementary to 20-bp sequences of the nopaline synthase promoter in a transgenic tobacco and the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in a transgenic potato. The PCR reverse primer was complementary to a 20-bp sequence of the N-terminal NPT-II coding region. The PCR protocol allowed for quantification of as few as 10 rNPT-II genes per reaction. We analysed rNPT-II marker gene amounts in samples obtained from two field experiments performed at different locations in Oregon. In transgenic tobacco leaves, buried at 10 cm depth in a field plot in Corvallis, marker DNA amount dropped to 0.36% during the first 14 days and was detectable for 77 days at a final level of 0.06% of the initial amount. Monitoring of residual potato plant litter, from the soil surface of a test field in Hermiston, was performed for 137 days. After 84 days marker gene amounts dropped to 2.74% (leaf and stem) and 0.50% (tuber) of the initially detected amount. At the final sample date 1.98% (leaf and stem) and 0.19% (tuber) were detectable. These results represent the first quantitative analysis of plant DNA stability under field conditions and indicate that a proportion of the plant genomic DNA may persist in the field for several months. C1 DYNAMAC CORP,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OREGON STATE UNIV,HERMISTON AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,HERMISTON,OR 97838. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 33 TC 63 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00145.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA WH498 UT WOS:A1997WH49800001 ER PT S AU Fang, JS Barcelona, MJ West, C AF Fang, JS Barcelona, MJ West, C BE Eganhouse, RP TI The use of aromatic acids and phospholipid-ester-linked fatty acids for delineation of processes affecting an aquifer contaminated with JP-4 fuel SO MOLECULAR MARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on the Application of Molecular Markers in Environmental Geochemistry, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Geochem Inc ID CRUDE-OIL; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SHALLOW SAND; MONOAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS; AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; ANOXIC GROUNDWATER; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; GRAVEL AQUIFER AB A glacio-fluvial aquifer located at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, has been contaminated with JP-4 fuel hydrocarbons released by the crash of a tanker aircraft in October of 1988. A comprehensive analysis of the inorganic and organic geochemical constituents and geomicrobiological markers has documented the occurrence of in situ biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the aquifer. Concentration profiles of aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic acids, and phospholipid ester-Iinked fatty acids (PLFA) in aquifer solids suggest microbially mediated degradation of hydrocarbons and production of aromatic acid metabolites. Microbial community structure as indicated by the PLFA patterns shows an absence of polyunsaturated fatty acids characteristic of microeukaryotes and high proportions of C-12-C-20 fatty acids typical of bacteria. Contamination increased microbial biomass by one order of magnitude and shifted the community to a more anaerobic bacterial consortium. C1 US EPA, NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB, SUBSURFACE PROTECT & REMEDIAT DIV, ADA, OK 74820 USA. RP Fang, JS (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN, NATL CTR INTEGRATED BIOREMEDIAT RES & DEV, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. NR 57 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3518-X J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 671 BP 65 EP 76 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Chemistry; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BJ87C UT WOS:A1997BJ87C00005 ER PT S AU Isaacson, RL Varner, JA Jensen, KF AF Isaacson, RL Varner, JA Jensen, KF BE Slikker, W TI Toxin-induced blood vessel inclusions caused by the chronic administration of aluminum and sodium fluoride and their implications for dementia SO NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS - THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Neuroprotective Agents - Clinical and Experimental Aspects CY SEP 09-12, 1996 CL VARENNA, ITALY SP New York Acad Sci, FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Arkansas, Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Togus, Maine ID ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; SYSTEM; DRUGS; RATS C1 LINEBERRY RES ASSOCIATES, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Isaacson, RL (reprint author), SUNY BINGHAMTON, DEPT PSYCHOL, BINGHAMTON, NY 13902 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-093-X; 1-57331-092-1 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 825 BP 152 EP 166 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48426.x PG 15 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BJ99G UT WOS:A1997BJ99G00015 PM 9369984 ER PT J AU Lopachin, RM Tilson, HA AF Lopachin, RM Tilson, HA TI The forum section: Open letter to the readership SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Lopachin, RM (reprint author), ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,111 E 210TH ST,BRONX,NY 10467, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 1 BP 6 EP 6 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XG646 UT WOS:A1997XG64600001 ER PT J AU Veronesi, B Ehrich, M Blusztajn, JK Oortgiesen, M Durham, H AF Veronesi, B Ehrich, M Blusztajn, JK Oortgiesen, M Durham, H TI Cell culture models of interspecies selectivity to organophosphorus insecticides SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE interspecies selectivity; in vitro neurotoxicity; organophosphorus compounds; OPIDN; cholinesterase; neuroblastoma cell lines; immortalized cells; acetylcholinesterase; neurotoxic esterase; cholinergic receptors ID MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR-BINDING; HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS; PHOSPHOLIPASE-D; RAT-BRAIN; LINE; NEUROTOXICITY; INVITRO AB In toxicology, the need to reduce uncertainties in human risk assessment is met by understanding why species and individuals within that species respond differently to chemical exposure. This kind of information is needed when extrapolating data from experimental (i.e., whole animal) systems to the human condition in terms of risk assessment. In 1993 the Neurotoxicology Division of the Environmental Protection Agency funded several investigators to examine this phenomenon (i.e., interspecies selectivity) using cell culture models. Organophosphorus (OF) insecticides were examined since they are characterized by an extremely divergent interspecies response. In 1995, a symposium entitled Novel Insights into Chemical Neurotoxicity, sponsored by the Society for In Vitro Biology featured this research. In it, a historical overview of the phenomenon of interspecies selectivity to OP insecticides was given, current explanations for it were discussed and contemporary in vitro models being used to explain it, were described. Data from these studies have helped to redefine the underlying mechanisms that characterize and influence the cross-species response to insecticides. These experiments have refocused the explanation of this phenomenon to include cellular metabolism, target enzyme baseline activities, and receptor-mediated electrophysiological and second-messenger events. Several investigators on this panel also reported on the use of subcellular markers (e.g., target esterases, second messengers, ionic fluxes) to differentiate neuropathy-causing OP compounds from acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. After these presentations, technical considerations used in the design of in vitro neurotoxicity studies were discussed. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, VIRGINIA MARYLAND REG COLL VET MED, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. BOSTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA. BOSTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA. UNIV UTRECHT, TOXICOL RES INST, NL-3581 TD UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS. MCGILL UNIV, MONTREAL NEUROL INST, NEUROTOXICOL LAB, MONTREAL, PQ H3A 284, CANADA. RP US EPA, NATL HLTH EFFECTS & ENVIRONM RES LABS, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, CELLULAR & MOL TOXICOL BRANCH, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 81 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0161-813X EI 1872-9711 J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 1 BP 283 EP 297 PG 15 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XG646 UT WOS:A1997XG64600029 PM 9216006 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA Kavlock, RJ AF Tilson, HA Kavlock, RJ TI The workshop on endocrine disrupter research needs: A report SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Neurotoxicology Conference on Developmental Neurotoxicity of Endocrine Disrupters - Dioxins, PCBs, Pesticides and Metals CY OCT 29-NOV 01, 1995 CL HOT SPRINGS, AR SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, US EPA, NIH, NIEHS, Cranmer & Assoc Inc, Eastman Kodak Co, Environm Hlth Fdn, Redfield Labs, TSI Genzyme Transegen, Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res DE endocrine disrupters; neurotoxicology; workshop report AB On April 10-13, 1995 the US EPA sponsored a workshop to develop research needs for endocrine disrupters, Participants were assigned to discussion groups for health effects issues and risk assessment methodologies. The neurotoxicology workgroup identified several chemicals including the PCBs and dioxins that affect nervous system function possibly by acting on the endocrine system during development. The study of endocrine disrupter is confounded by a number of uncertainties, including the presence of chemical mixtures in the environment unclear exposure parameters, poorly understood mechanisms of action, poor dose-response characterization, and uncertain anima I-to-human extrapolation. The working group proposed a research strategy to address these uncertainties, which includes initial identification of effects of concern to human and/or wildlife populations and determining whether those effects can be associated with exposure to specific chemicals in the environment and neuroendocrine disruption. Once a problem chemical has been identified and the exposure conditions established, hypothesis-driven research to determine mechanism of action could proceed. (C) 1997 Inter Press, Inc. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 3 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 389 EP 392 PG 4 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XU979 UT WOS:A1997XU97900010 PM 9291489 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA AF Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA TI Structure-activity relationships of potentially neurotoxic PCB congeners in the rat SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Neurotoxicology Conference on Developmental Neurotoxicity of Endocrine Disrupters - Dioxins, PCBs, Pesticides and Metals CY OCT 29-NOV 01, 1995 CL HOT SPRINGS, AR SP Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, US EPA, NIH, NIEHS, Cranmer & Assoc Inc, Eastman Kodak Co, Environm Hlth Fdn, Redfield Labs, TSI Genzyme Transegen, Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res DE polychlorinated biphenyls; halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons; structure-activity relationships; second messengers; calcium homeostasis; neurotoxicity ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; DIPHENYL ETHER CONGENERS; NONHUMAN PRIMATE BRAIN; PHORBOL ESTER BINDING; UPSTATE NEW-YORK; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; NOREPINEPHRINE CONCENTRATIONS; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM AB We have explored the effects of PCBs on Ca2+-homeostasis and inositol phosphates in an attempt to understand cellular mechanism(s) for neurotoxicity of PCBs. The selected prototypic congeners have non-dioxin-like (2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl; 2,2'-DCB; IUPAC # 4; ortho-substituted and dioxin-like (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 3,3',4,4',5-PeCB; IUPAC # 126; non-ortho substituted) properties. The hypothesis is that some PCBs in vitro alter Ca2+-homeostasis and interfere with intracellular second messengers. One of the consequences of this perturbation is protein kinase C (PKC) translocation, and these events could lead to cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that the non-dioxin like PCB (ortho-substituted one) is active in vitro and perturbed signal transduction mechanisms including Ca2+-homeostasis and PKC translocation. The effects were seen at relatively low concentrations (5-50 mu M) whereas higher concentrations (>200 mu M) were required to produce cytotoxicity. Results from SAR, in general, indicate that congeners with chlorine substitutions at ortho-position or low lateral substitutions (mostly meta-) are active in vitro where as non-ortho congeners are inactive. In summary, these results indicate that low lateral substitution (especially without para-substitution that favor coplanarity) or high lateral content in the presence of ortho-substitution (to hinder coplanarity) may be the most critical structural requirement underlying the activity of PCB congeners in vitro. Additional experiments with polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) and their analogs, where coplanarity is difficult regardless of degree and pattern of chlorination, provided important information supporting our hypothesis that coplanarity plays a key role in the activity of PCBs in vitro. For example, a PCB congener with 3,3',4,4'-chlorine substitutions is not active whereas a PCDE with the same chlorine substitutions is active. Similarly, 4,4'-DCB is not active whereas PCDE with 4,4'-substitutions is active. One major structural difference in PCDE when compared to the corresponding PCB is non-coplanarity. The PCBs compared here are coplanar and not active, whereas PCDEs are non-coplanar and active in vitro in neuronal preparations. Molecular mechanics calculations and conformational searches confirmed the extent of coplanarity among PCBs and PCDEs. Non-ortho PCBs are more coplanar in nature when compared to ortho-PCBs and PCDEs. These results demonstrate that the extent of coplanarity of certain chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons can affect their potency in vitro, and ortho-substitutions on the biphenyl, which increase non-coplanarity, are characteristic of the most active PCB congeners. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CELLULAR & MOL TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 110 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 425 EP 441 PG 17 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XU979 UT WOS:A1997XU97900013 PM 9291492 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS AF Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS TI Neurochemical effects of polychlorinated biphenyls: An overview and identification of research needs SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Environmental Neurotoxicology - From Molecular Biology to Behaviour CY SEP 11-15, 1995 CL DUSSELDORF, GERMANY SP Deut Forschungsgemeinsch, Gesell Forder Lufthyg & Silikoseforsch DE PCBs; neurotoxicity; calcium homeostasis ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; THYROID-HORMONE METABOLISM; SUBSTITUTED PCB CONGENERS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; NOREPINEPHRINE CONCENTRATIONS; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; REGIONAL ALTERATIONS; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; RAT CEREBELLUM AB The PCBs are members of the halogenated hydrocarbon class of environmental chemicals that includes the dibenzofurans and dioxins. The PCBs were used over a period of 40 years for number of industrial purposes. Their appearance in the ecosystem and biological samples from wildlife, as well as documented cases of accidental poisoning led to the banning of their manufacture in 1977. The PCBs continue to be of concern to environmental toxicologists because of their persistence in the environment and reports that exposure to relatively low levels may be associated with subtle behavioral and neurological deficits, particularly ii exposure occurs during development. Developmental neurotoxicity of PCBs has been reported in humans and confirmed in several laboratory animal species, including non-human primates. During the last 20 years, there has been an attempt to understand the cellular bases of PCB-induced behavioral and neurological effects in animal models. Exposure of adult animals to a single, relatively high dose of PCBs decreases the content of several brain neurotransmitters, while repeated exposure to lower PCB doses appears to affect brain DA metabolism. The mechanism by which PCB affects DA remains unclear. It is now known that some PCB congeners have a structural configuration that facilitates binding to an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor like other polychlorinated compounds, including 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Some PCB congeners, on the other hand, have structural characteristics, e.g., non-coplanarity, that diminish access to the Ah receptor. Non-TCDD-like PCB congeners that appear in the brain following in vivo exposure demonstrate the highest potency in terms of decreasing DA content in PC-12 cells and inhibiting calcium homeostasis mechanisms in vitro. The biological significance of the effects of the PCBs on DA content or calcium homeostasis with regard to the behavioral and neurological effects observed following developmental exposure in vivo is not clear. Recent research, however, suggests that PCBs can alter a number of physiological processes that may be important for development. For example, PCB-induced alterations in thyroid function during development may underlie some of the developmental effects of PCBs reported in humans and animal models. Additional research on the PCBs seems warranted in a number of areas, including the: 1) structural requirements necessary for binding to the Ah-receptor, 2) mechanism(s) of PCB-induced alterations in DA content and calcium homeostasis in vitro, 3) relationship between observed neurochemical effects in vitro and effects in vivo, and 4) relationship between PCB-induced neurochemical effects and crucial developmental processes such as those controlled by thyroid hormone development. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,NEUROTOXICOL DIV,MD 74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 85 TC 112 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 3 BP 727 EP 743 PG 17 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XZ559 UT WOS:A1997XZ55900010 PM 9339820 ER PT J AU MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM Winneke, G AF MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM Winneke, G TI The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening I. Background and genesis SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neurobehavioral screening; IPCS Collaborative Study; neurotoxicity ID TOXICITY; CHEMICALS; BATTERY AB Numerous events over several years culminated in recognition of the need to explicitly evaluate the nervous system as a potential target for environmental chemicals. Based on recommendations from several international expert panels, the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) sponsored the Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods. A Steering Committee was created to oversee the project, develop the testing protocol, recruit participating laboratories and review and analyze the data. The protocol specified the tests, the chemicals (supplied from a common source) and the exposure conditions (acute and repeated dosing). Test methods were based upon existing practices in toxicological screening as well as recent advances in neurotoxicity screening. Chemicals were selected to produce different profiles of neurobehavioral effects. Considerable latitude was afforded the participating laboratories in the choice of several key variables (e.g., strain of rat, testing device for motor activity assessment) that could potentially affect the results of the experiments. The approach therefore provided a standardized yet flexible protocol for evaluating the reproducibility of neurobehavioral screening data in diverse laboratory settings. (C) 1997 Inter Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Bari, Inst Pharmacol, Bari, Italy. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. TNO Nutr & Food Res, Zeist, Netherlands. Inst Environm Hyg, Dusseldorf, Germany. RP MacPhail, RC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD MD74B, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Cuomo, Vincenzo/D-2772-2009; cuomo, vincenzo/J-6777-2012 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 925 EP 928 PG 4 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400002 PM 9457729 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM Winneke, G AF Moser, VC Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM Winneke, G TI The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: II. Protocol design and testing procedures SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neurotoxicity screening; functional observational battery; motor activity; Collaborative Study; rats ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; NEUROTOXICITY AB This paper describes the development of the protocol for the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)-sponsored Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods, including background on the methods and chemicals selected, as well as details concerning the conduct of the collaborative study, including proficiency testing, rangefinding and main study. Participating laboratories in the collaborative study received training in the conduct and scoring of the behavioral tests and each laboratory received a Video training film to train additional personnel as needed. Each of the eight laboratories that chose to participate in the study completed proficiency testing and assessed seven representative chemicals using a functional observational battery and automated motor activity assessment. The seven chemicals studied were acrylamide, bis-acrylamide, p,p'-DDT, lead acetate, parathion, toluene, and triethyl tin. Participants received coded samples of the chemicals from a common source. Each laboratory derived doses for single and repealed administration based on the determination of a within-laboratory acute "top dose." Animal strains were not standardized and laboratory conditions were standardized to a limited degree in order to judge the general utility and robustness of these procedures in a diversity of testing situations. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Bari, Inst Pharmacol, Bari, Italy. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. TNO Nutr & Food Res, Zeist, Netherlands. Inst Environm Hyg, Dusseldorf, Germany. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Cuomo, Vincenzo/D-2772-2009; cuomo, vincenzo/J-6777-2012 NR 22 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 929 EP 938 PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400003 PM 9457730 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Winneke, G Brightwell, WS Cagiano, R Gill, MW Haggerty, GC Hornychova, M Lammers, J Larsen, JJ McDaniel, KL Nelson, BK Ostergaard, G AF Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Winneke, G Brightwell, WS Cagiano, R Gill, MW Haggerty, GC Hornychova, M Lammers, J Larsen, JJ McDaniel, KL Nelson, BK Ostergaard, G TI The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: III. Results of proficiency studies SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE functional observational battery; motor activity; DDT; parathion; acrylamide; triadimefon; chlorpromazine ID TRIAZOLE FUNGICIDE; TRIADIMEFON AB The goal of the IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods was to determine the intra- and inter-laboratory reliability of a functional observational battery (FOB) and an automated assessment of motor activity in eight laboratories world-wide. The first phase of the Collaborative Study involved training the participants: evidence of training was then evaluated using positive-control compounds. The positive-control studies required the laboratories to identify, using the FOE, specific neurotoxic syndromes produced by acute exposure to p,p'-DDT, parathion, and by short-term repeated dosing with acrylamide. For the sake of expediency, only one dose of each chemical was used instead of collecting dose-response data. Motor activity test chambers were not of uniform design. The laboratories were therefore required to demonstrate adequate sensitivity by the ability to detect statistically-significant activity increases and decreases produced by triadimefon and chlorpromazine, respectively, following acute administration of a range of doses. The resulting FOE and motor activity data showed variability in the magnitude of effects obtained: some of these differences were attributed to miscommunications, difficulties with the techniques or protocol, or the limitations of having only one dose. All laboratories, however, successfully met the criteria set forth by the Study Steering Committee. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Bari, Inst Pharmacol, Bari, Italy. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. TNO Nutr & Food Res, Zeist, Netherlands. Inst Environm Hyg, Dusseldorf, Germany. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Union Carbide Corp, Bushy Run Res Ctr, Export, PA USA. GD Searle & Co, Skokie, IL 60077 USA. Minist Hlth, Natl Food Agcy, Soborg, Denmark. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Cuomo, Vincenzo/D-2772-2009; cuomo, vincenzo/J-6777-2012 NR 6 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 939 EP 946 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400004 PM 9457731 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Winneke, G Brightwell, WS De Salvia, MA Gill, MW Haggerty, GC Hornychova, M Lammers, J Larsen, JJ McDaniel, KL Nelson, BK Ostergaard, G AF Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Winneke, G Brightwell, WS De Salvia, MA Gill, MW Haggerty, GC Hornychova, M Lammers, J Larsen, JJ McDaniel, KL Nelson, BK Ostergaard, G TI The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: IV. Control data SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE functional observational battery; motor activity; between-laboratory comparisons; within-laboratory comparisons; control data AB The goal of the international Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods was to determine the intra-and inter-laboratory reliability of a functional observational battery (FOB) and an automated assessment of motor activity in eight laboratories worldwide. The control data were crucial to the outcome of the studies in terms of sensitivity and reliability of the lest measures, which in turn impact on the between-laboratory comparisons of chemical effects. In addition, analyses of control data can aid in determining endpoints that may require modification to improve their sensitivity and reliability. The control data from the eight laboratories were examined in terms of the following parameters: 1) control variability within studies for each laboratory; 2) within-laboratory replicability of control values across studies; 3) within-laboratory stability of control values over the course of testing for a given study; and 4) between-laboratory comparisons of parameters (1), (2), and (3). The analyses indicated considerable differences across endpoints, wherein some measures showed high variability and little replicability, while others were extremely reproducible. Generally, there were similar ranges of variability and replicability of control data across laboratories, although in some cases one or two laboratories were markedly different from the others. The physiological (weight, body temperature) and neuromuscular (grip strength, landing foot splay) endpoints exhibited the least variability, whereas the subjective assessments of reactivity varied the most. These data indicate a reasonable degree of comparability in the data generated in the participating laboratories. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. Univ Bari, Inst Pharmacol, Bari, Italy. TNO Nutr & Food Res, Zeist, Netherlands. Inst Environm Hyg, Dusseldorf, Germany. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Union Carbide Corp, Bushy Run Res Ctr, Export, PA USA. GD Searle & Co, Skokie, IL 60077 USA. Minist Hlth, Natl Food Agcy, Soborg, Denmark. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Cuomo, Vincenzo/D-2772-2009; cuomo, vincenzo/J-6777-2012; OI De Salvia, Maria Antonietta/0000-0001-5326-792X NR 3 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 947 EP 967 PG 21 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400005 PM 9457732 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Winneke, G Brightwell, WS De Salvia, MA Gill, MW Haggerty, GC Hornychova, M Lammers, J Larsen, JJ McDaniel, KL Nelson, BK Ostergaard, G AF Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM MacPhail, RC Tilson, HA Winneke, G Brightwell, WS De Salvia, MA Gill, MW Haggerty, GC Hornychova, M Lammers, J Larsen, JJ McDaniel, KL Nelson, BK Ostergaard, G TI The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: V. Results of chemical testing SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE functional observational battery; motor activity; between-laboratory comparisons; within-laboratory comparisons; acrylamide; bis-acrylamide; p,p '-DDTT; lead acetate; parathion; toluene; triethyl tin ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; ACRYLAMIDE NEUROPATHY; MUSCARINIC AGONISTS; ACOUSTIC STARTLE; BEHAVIORAL-TESTS; TIN DISTRIBUTION; MOUTH MOVEMENTS; TOXIC AGENTS; RATS; NEUROTOXICITY AB The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods was undertaken to determine the intra-and inter-laboratory reliability of a functional observational battery (FOE) and an automated assessment of motor activity in eight laboratories world-wide. Following the training phase and the conduct of proficiency studies in all laboratories, participants proceeded to test the effects of seven chemicals in both single dose and four-week repeated dosing scenarios. The chemicals studied were acrylamide, bisacrylamide, p,p'-DDT, lead acetate, parathion, toluene, and triethyl tin. Participants received coded samples from a common source. In order to judge the general utility of these procedures in a diversity of testing situations, laboratories conducted the studies under their standard conditions, using their choice of rat strain and test equipment Chemical doses and time of peak effect for acute testing were determined by each laboratory: these parameters were guile similar for some chemicals, but varied greatly for others. The results of the chemical tests indicated that while there was some variability in the data on specific endpoints, all laboratories detected and characterized the effects of all but one of the known neurotoxicants. The one exception (toluene) was probably due to other factors (e.g., dose level, route of administration) rather than lack of sensitivity of the test methods. This study provides extensive data regarding the use of neurobehavioral screening methods over a range of laboratory conditions as well as the reliability, sensitivity, and robustness of the tests to detect neurotoxic potential of chemicals. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Bari, Inst Pharmacol, Bari, Italy. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. TNO Nutr & Food Res, Zeist, Netherlands. Inst Environm Hyg, Dusseldorf, Germany. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Union Carbide Corp, Bushy Run Res Ctr, Export, PA USA. GD Searle & Co, Skokie, IL 60077 USA. Minist Hlth, Natl Food Agcy, Soborg, Denmark. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Cuomo, Vincenzo/D-2772-2009; cuomo, vincenzo/J-6777-2012; OI De Salvia, Maria Antonietta/0000-0001-5326-792X NR 105 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 969 EP 1055 PG 87 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400006 PM 9457733 ER PT J AU Catalano, PJ McDaniel, KL Moser, VC AF Catalano, PJ McDaniel, KL Moser, VC TI The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: VI. Agreement and reliability of the data SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE functional observational battery; motor activity; reliability estimates; percent agreement AB The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods was undertaken to determine the intra-and inter-laboratory reliability of a functional observational battery (FOB) and an automated assessment of motor activity in eight laboratories world-wide. The effects of seven chemicals (acrylamide, bis-acrylamide, p,p'-DDT, lead acetate, parathion, toluene, and triethyl tin) were studied during two dosing regimens: single-dose and four-week repeated dosing. All participating laboratories generally could detect and characterize the effects of known neurotoxicants, even though there were some differences in outcome on specific endpoints. The results were further evaluated to assess the agreement across laboratories in the dose-response data at the expected times of maximal effect (time of peak effect for the single-dose studies, and during or at the end of dosing for repeated-exposure studies). Percent agreement was calculated as the percentage of laboratories agreeing on an outcome (whether it be a significant dose effect or not). As an alternative approach, slopes of the dose-response functions were calculated, and reliability of those slope estimates across laboratories and chemicals was determined. Reliability was defined as the degree of agreement across laboratories (intra-class correlation coefficient) of the dose-response slopes within and between chemicals. These reliability estimates were calculated for each domain and for each endpoint. Relative reliability of the endpoints was evaluated, and hypotheses concerning the influence of outlying data were tested. The data clearly showed that reliability was not influenced by the objectivity or subjectivity of the test measure. Thus these data provide additional information regarding the reliability and robustness of the tests across the participating laboratories. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Div Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 1057 EP 1064 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400007 PM 9457734 ER PT J AU Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM Winneke, G AF Tilson, HA MacPhail, RC Moser, VC Becking, GC Cuomo, V Frantik, E Kulig, BM Winneke, G TI The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: VII. Summary and conclusions SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IPCS Collaborative Study; conclusions and recommendations; future research needs; neurotoxicity Screening ID RISK ASSESSMENT; NEUROTOXICITY; RATS AB In the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods, eight participating laboratories used a standard battery of behavioral tests to determine, in rats, the effects of seven representative chemicals following acute and repeated dosing. The results of the collaborative study indicate good agreement across laboratories with regard to the data collected in vehicle controls. It was clear, however, that some behavioral measures had significantly more variability than other tests. The laboratories also demonstrated the ability to detect known neurotoxic chemicals and identify profiles of effects that differed from non-neurotoxic agents. The results of the study suggest that appropriate training of personnel is crucial to ensure the reliability of the test battery. The results also underscore the importance of dose selection in behavioral screening studies, since it is sometimes difficult to determine the specificity of behavioral changes in animals receiving high doses of some chemicals. The collaborative study also emphasizes the need to utilize a battery of tests in screening a wide range of potential neurotoxic agents. Analysis of data from such studies poses unique challenges due to the large number of tests and test times, and the consequent possibility of false positives. Some statistical concerns may De alleviated by grouping the results from tests that measure similar functions into neurobiological domains. Although this approach improves confidence in the biological relevance of chemical-induced changes in behavior, it may also lead to false negatives. The exploration of other statistical approaches to analyze data from experiments using a test battery is encouraged. Nevertheless, results of the collaborative study strongly support the use of behavioral tests in hazard identification. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. WHO, Int Programme Chem Safety, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Bari, Inst Pharmacol, Bari, Italy. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic. TNO Nutr & Food Res, Zeist, Netherlands. Inst Environm Hyg, Dusseldorf, Germany. RP Tilson, HA (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Cuomo, Vincenzo/D-2772-2009; cuomo, vincenzo/J-6777-2012 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 1065 EP 1069 PG 5 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400008 PM 9457735 ER PT J AU McDaniel, KL Moser, VC AF McDaniel, KL Moser, VC TI The influence of dosing volume on the toxicity of p,p '-DDT SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE functional observational battery; p,p '-DDT; dose volume; corn oil ID DDT; MYOCLONUS AB In the IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods, the "Top Dose" (TD) of p,p'-DDT (oral gavage, in corn oil, was determined to be different depending on the volume of administration: TD=87 mg/kg when delivered in 1 ml/kg (i.e., 87 mg/ml) vs. TD=130.5 mg/kg when given at 5 ml/kg (26.1 mg/ml). Two acute dose-response studies were conducted, the only difference being the doses used (pre-established percentages of the TD) and dosing volume (1 and 5 ml/kg); a third study was conducted using a single dose and varying the dosing volume (1 and 5 ml/kg). In the higher-volume study, dose-response curves for almost all the affected endpoints were shifted to the right, and the effects of the highest dose were less severe compared to the lower-volume study. For example, tremors were observed in all rats dosed with 43.5 mg/kg at 1 ml/kg, but only in 40% of the dose group given 65.3 mg/kg at 5 ml/kg. The highest dose groups (100% TD) showed myoclonus in both studies, but the incidence was 100% at 87 mg/kg (1 ml/kg) compared to 60% at 130.5 mg/kg (5 ml/kg). The dose-response curves indicated that the effective doses were generally 2-5 times higher, i.e., less potent, using a volume of 5 ml/kg. In general, the profiles of effect were similar in that the Sensorimotor and Convulsive domains were significantly altered in both studies, but again the dose-response curves were shifted; these domains were affected by both 43.5 and 87 mg/kg at 1 ml/kg, but only by 130.5 mg/kg at 5 ml/kg. The Neuromuscular domain, however, was only affected in the 1 ml/kg study (at 87 mg/kg). These differences in outcome could be due to higher partitioning of DDT into the oil, or increased gut motility, both of which could be due to the larger volume of oil delivered. The findings illustrate the importance of knowing the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound in question, as well as standardization of such variables whenever direct comparisons of dose levels are conducted. (C) 1997 Intox Press, Inc. C1 US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA, NTD, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 1071 EP 1077 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YT265 UT WOS:000071582400009 PM 9457736 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA AF Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA TI Comments on ''Developmental neurotoxicity of PCBs in humans: What do we know and where do we go from here?'' SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID CONGENERS RP Kodavanti, PRS (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(96)00189-4 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA WP695 UT WOS:A1997WP69500001 PM 9088005 ER PT B AU Dettmann, EH Abdelrhman, MA AF Dettmann, EH Abdelrhman, MA BE Delic, G Wheeler, MF TI Modeling short-term behavior of dredged material disposed in very shallow and very deep coastal waters SO NEXT GENERATION ENVIRONMENT MODELS AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS SE SIAM PROCEEDINGS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Next Generation Environmental Models Computational Methods (NGEMCOM) Workshop CY AUG 07-09, 1995 CL NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR, BAY CITY, MI SP US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, US EPA, Enterprise Technol Serv Div, Natl Environm Supercomp Ctr HO NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR AB Modifications have been made to the model for Disposal From an Instantaneous Dump (DIFID), commonly used to simulate transport and fate of dredged material rapidly disposed from a dredge or barge into aquatic systems. Changes include simulation of particulate and contaminant detachment from the descending cloud into the water column, and detailed representation and simulation of discharge dynamics. The latter include effects of vertical density gradients within the dredge hopper on discharge rates, dynamic simulation of exit speed and mass discharge rate from the hopper, and representation of the release as a line source. These revisions increase the range of physical processes incorporated in the model, permit more realistic calculation of particulate and contaminant concentrations in the water column, and extend its applicability to a broader range of depths. The model gives reasonable agreement with water column and benthic results obtained in a field study of disposal into a 12-meter water column. Data for model calibration and verification in deep water are not available at this time. RP Dettmann, EH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SIAM PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 BN 0-89871-378-1 J9 SIAM PROC S PY 1997 BP 109 EP 115 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BH23R UT WOS:A1997BH23R00010 ER PT B AU Abdelrhman, MA Dettmann, EH AF Abdelrhman, MA Dettmann, EH BE Delic, G Wheeler, MF TI Two-dimensional modeling of current circulation and contaminant transport in surface waters SO NEXT GENERATION ENVIRONMENT MODELS AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS SE SIAM PROCEEDINGS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Next Generation Environmental Models Computational Methods (NGEMCOM) Workshop CY AUG 07-09, 1995 CL NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR, BAY CITY, MI SP US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, US EPA, Enterprise Technol Serv Div, Natl Environm Supercomp Ctr HO NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR AB This paper briefly describes and evaluates three different applications of two-dimensional, depth-averaged, finite element hydrodynamics and transport models. Model evaluations are based on the ease and success of performing simulations, calibration, meaningful predictions, and CPU time. The models are used to simulate dynamic flow circulation and transport in three different water bodies to address flushing behavior, water residence time, salinity distribution, and origins of different water masses. Model performance was found to be generally reasonable. RP Abdelrhman, MA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SIAM PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 BN 0-89871-378-1 J9 SIAM PROC S PY 1997 BP 117 EP 123 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BH23R UT WOS:A1997BH23R00011 ER PT B AU Plis, YM AF Plis, YM BE Delic, G Wheeler, MF TI Responses of structured plankton population to toxicant: Computational aspects of modeling SO NEXT GENERATION ENVIRONMENT MODELS AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS SE SIAM PROCEEDINGS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Next Generation Environmental Models Computational Methods (NGEMCOM) Workshop CY AUG 07-09, 1995 CL NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR, BAY CITY, MI SP US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, US EPA, Enterprise Technol Serv Div, Natl Environm Supercomp Ctr HO NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR AB The partial differential equations governing transport of population properties along spatial and physiological independent variables are applied for simulation of toxicant impact on plankton population dynamics. The numerical method of model realization is discussed. RP Plis, YM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,NATL ACAD SCI,NATL RES COUNCIL,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 BN 0-89871-378-1 J9 SIAM PROC S PY 1997 BP 139 EP 142 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BH23R UT WOS:A1997BH23R00014 ER PT B AU Weaver, JW Wilson, JT Kampbell, DH Randolph, ME AF Weaver, JW Wilson, JT Kampbell, DH Randolph, ME BE Delic, G Wheeler, MF TI Field-derived transformation rates for modeling natural bioattenuation of trichloroethene and its degradation products SO NEXT GENERATION ENVIRONMENT MODELS AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS SE SIAM PROCEEDINGS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Next Generation Environmental Models Computational Methods (NGEMCOM) Workshop CY AUG 07-09, 1995 CL NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR, BAY CITY, MI SP US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Subsurface Protect & Remediat Div, US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, US EPA, Enterprise Technol Serv Div, Natl Environm Supercomp Ctr HO NATL ENVIRONM SUPERCOMP CTR AB Subsurface contamination by trichloroethene (TCE) was detected at the St. Joseph, Michigan site in 1982. The contamination resulted from disposal of TCE and other chemicals at an industrial facility located near the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Investigation of the site revealed the presence of TCE degradation products, including three dichloroethene isomers, vinyl chloride, and ethene. The plume was found to be depleted of oxygen and methanogenic at certain depths, Portions of the plume were sampled by slotted auger borings in 1991 and 1992. In August of 1994, water samples were taken from a barge situated about 100 m offshore in Lake Michigan. Each round of samples was taken along transects that crossed the width of the plume as determined in the field by gas chromatography. From the data set, the average concentration of each chemical and net apparent loss coefficients between appropriate pairs of transects were calculated. The loss rates were calculated from the solution of the one-dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive transport equation. The net apparent rate coefficients and a set of coupled reaction rate equations were used to extract the apparent loss coefficients from the field data. RP Weaver, JW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUBSURFACE PROTECT & REMEDIAT DIV,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 BN 0-89871-378-1 J9 SIAM PROC S PY 1997 BP 177 EP 186 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BH23R UT WOS:A1997BH23R00019 ER PT J AU Kern, JS Gong, ZT Zhang, GL Zhuo, HZ Luo, GB AF Kern, JS Gong, ZT Zhang, GL Zhuo, HZ Luo, GB TI Spatial analysis of methane emissions from paddy soils in China and the potential for emissions reduction SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil-Source and Sink of Greenhouse Gases CY SEP 18-21, 1995 CL CHINESE ACAD SCI, INST SOIL SCI, NANJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, China Natl Nat Sci Fdn, China Int Ctr Technol Exchange, Chisso, K K Corp, Finnigan Corp, Bio Rad Labs Inc, Beckman Instruments Inc, USDA NCRS HO CHINESE ACAD SCI, INST SOIL SCI DE climate and soil carbon; factors of soil carbon pools; soil classification; soil organic carbon; spatial analysis ID RICE FIELDS AB China is a major source of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions because it is the world's largest producer of rice grain, nearly all of which is grown in irrigated paddies. This study sought to reduce the uncertainty in estimates of CH4 emissions from rice cultivation in China by improving the quantification of the effects of management practices (intermittent drainage and fertilizer inputs) on emissions. These results were spatially extrapolated with digital maps of type of rice using new estimates of organic matter and fertilizer inputs, as well as estimates of soil drainage. The estimated total annual CH4 emissions from rice agriculture in China in 1990 were 9.9 +/- 3.0 x 10(12) g. If intermittent drainage practices were adopted on 33% of the poorly drained soils used for rice cultivation in southern China, the estimated emissions would be 8.9 +/- 2.7 x 10(12) g CH4 yr(-1). Reducing projected organic matter inputs by 50% as a sensitivity analysis to reflect the trend for reduced use of organic fertilizer, resulted in emissions of 9.6 +/- 2.9 x 10(12) g CH4 yr(-1), with 8.7 +/- 6 x 10(12) yr(-1) emitted with 33% adoption of intermittent drainage on poorly drained paddies. Although intermittent drainage has been shown to reduce emissions by 50%, the area of rice that is relatively easy to drain and re-flood is not very large. The use of intermittent drainage with better drained paddies is limited because of problems with re-flooding and it is also limited with very poorly drained paddies that are difficult to drain. The 10% emission reduction predicted with 33% adoption of intermittent drainage practices, while not large, is conservative and may be possible to realize. These CH4 emissions results are relative estimates because the uncertainty remains large due to a lack of emissions measurements from paddies in more regions and a lack of detailed information about organic fertilizer application rates. RP Kern, JS (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB, DYNAMAC CORP, WESTERN ECOL DIV, 200 SW 35TH ST, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 51 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PY 1997 VL 49 IS 1-3 BP 181 EP 195 DI 10.1023/A:1009710425295 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XY553 UT WOS:A1997XY55300025 ER PT S AU Solomon, AM AF Solomon, AM BE Huntley, B Cramer, W Morgan, AV Prentice, HC Allen, JRM TI Natural migration rates of trees: Global terrestrial carbon cycle implications SO PAST AND FUTURE RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES: THE SPATIAL AND EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES OF TERRESTRIAL BIOTA SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SERIES I, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Past and Future Rapid Environmental Changes - The Spatial and Evolutionary Responses of Terrestrial Biota CY JUN 26-30, 1995 CL CRIEFF, SCOTLAND SP NATO C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Solomon, AM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1431-7125 BN 3-540-61877-5 J9 NATO ASI SER SER I PY 1997 VL 47 BP 455 EP 468 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BK99K UT WOS:000074024600035 ER PT S AU Leifer, KB AF Leifer, KB BE Goss, GR Hopkinson, MJ Collins, HM TI New developments in the regulation of pesticide inert ingredients in the United States SO PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION SYSTEMS: 17TH VOLUME SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems - The Changing Face of Agricultural Delivery Systems CY OCT 29-30, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP ASTM Comm E 35 Pesticides DE pesticide; inert ingredient; regulation; formulation; toxicity AB The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority to regulate inert ingredients present in pesticide products registered for use in the United States. Until recently, most of EPA's regulatory activities focused on the pesticide active ingredient, rather than the other components of the pesticide formulation known as inert ingredients. Although EPA has considered inert-specific data when reviewing some of the inert ingredients currently accepted for use in pesticides applied to food, it wasn't until the publication of EPA's Inert Strategy that a comprehensive policy regarding the information needed to determine the acceptability of a pesticide product inert ingredient was established. The implementation of this policy has lea-to changes in the types of substances proposed for use as inert ingredients as well as advancements in the methods for reviewing new inert ingredients. Emphasis on the long-term health and environmental effects of inert ingredients now requires pesticide registrants and others to consider these effects when developing new formulations. In order to encourage the use of less toxic inert ingredients, EPA has streamlined its review process, resulting in quicker decisions and more timely market introductions. RP Leifer, KB (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,DIV REGISTRAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2469-4 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1997 VL 1328 BP 5 EP 10 DI 10.1520/STP13828S PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BJ74F UT WOS:A1997BJ74F00001 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Use of graph-theoretical parameters to predict activity of organosilane insecticides SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE organosilane insecticide; graph theory; connectivity index AB Descriptions have appeared in the literature of insecticide analogues in which silicon was substituted for quaternary carbon. The interest in these compounds was that they appeared to be approximately as toxic to the target species as the carbon analogues but significantly less acutely toxic to fish. In the present paper, chemical graph theory and principal component analysis were applied to a series of these: silane compounds to predict insecticidal activity, thereby unlocking the potential to identify promising candidates for chemical synthesis. Good correlations (r > 0.9) were demonstrated, and possible physical interpretations of the relevant graph-theoretical parameters were discussed. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM EFFECTS BRANCH,HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW DIV 7403,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 49 IS 1 BP 29 EP 34 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA WH921 UT WOS:A1997WH92100004 ER PT J AU Tong, YY Lighthart, B AF Tong, YY Lighthart, B TI Solar radiation is shown to select for pigmented bacteria in the ambient outdoor atmosphere SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The percentage of pigmented to total bacteria in the outdoor atmospheric population was studied in the field and in controled laboratory experiments to evaluate the effects of solar radiation (SR) on bacterial survival, The field experiments showed that the percentage of pigmented bacteria positively correlated with SR activity during clear summer days, The percentage was lowest during darkness before dawn and around midnight (ca 33%) and as the SR increased during the day, gradually increased to a maximum of ca 50-60% at noontime to early afternoon and decreased thereafter. In the laboratory the ambient outdoor atmospheric bacteria impacted on culture plates were exposed to simulated SR and a germicidal light, With increased exposure, more nonpigmented bacteria were killed and the percentage of pigmented bacteria gradually increased, These observations suggest an inverse relationship between the atmospheric bacterial survival and the percentage of pigmented bacteria contained therein, thus supporting the notion that pigmentation might provide protection for outdoor atmospheric bacteria from sunlight damage, As a consequence, viable pigmented bacteria (and other UV-resistant forms) in the atmosphere could be enriched under areas of stratospheric ozone depletion. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. INST MICROBIOL & EPIDEMIOL,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 65 IS 1 BP 103 EP 106 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01884.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA WD168 UT WOS:A1997WD16800023 ER PT J AU Gaston, GG Bradley, PM Vinson, TS Kolchugina, TP AF Gaston, GG Bradley, PM Vinson, TS Kolchugina, TP TI Forest ecosystem modeling in the Russian Far East using vegetation and land-cover regions identified by classification of GVI SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; FORMER SOVIET-UNION; AMERICAN BOREAL FORESTS; SATELLITE DATA; CARBON POOLS; INDEX; PATTERNS; CANOPY; BIOMES; FLUXES AB Forest ecosystem models are an important fool for estimating carbon pools and fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere. Models can provide dynamic estimates through time and can predict the results of changes in forest management practices or changes in the forest ecosystem resulting from natural disturbances. Vegetation and landcover regions identified through unsupervised classification of Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data provide an appropriate ecosystem and species description for model input parameters. The timing and magnitude of photosynthesis as indicated by NDVI observed from four year average monthly GVI composites were used to identify 42 distinct regions of the former Soviet Union (FSU). These regions represent areas of similar vegetation and land cover at a higher level of spatial detail and with more thorough species description than provided by available continental scale thematic maps. The image classes provide a consistent framework of vegetation and land-cover information across the FSU. Qualitative comparison on a pixel-by-pixel basis with detailed topographic maps and other data showed that, in general, despite the widely acknowledged problems with GVI, surface conditions were well identified by the GVI classification. The image class descriptions for the continental scale analysis required a supplemental description of the species specific to regional ecosystems before they could be used as a forest ecosystem model input parameter. Model predictions for carbon pools in test sites located in the Amur region of Russia compared well to carbon estimates made using other techniques. While GVI-based image classes appear to be appropriate for continental scale analysis, there is still a need to validate the GVI classification approach using higher resolution remote sensing data and field investigations. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Gaston, GG (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 63 IS 1 BP 51 EP 58 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA WC714 UT WOS:A1997WC71400016 ER PT S AU Entry, JA Watrud, LS Manasse, RS Vance, NC AF Entry, JA Watrud, LS Manasse, RS Vance, NC BE Kruger, EL Anderson, TA Coats, JR TI Phytoremediation and reclamation of soils contaminated with radionuclides SO PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL AND WATER CONTAMINANTS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem Inc ID SR-90; RADIOCESIUM; CESIUM-137; DEPOSITION; VEGETATION; PONDEROSA; SEEDLINGS; ACCIDENT; MODEL; SEED AB As a result of nuclear testing and nuclear reactor accidents, large areas of land have become contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides. Removal, transport and treatment of large volumes of soil may be logistically difficult and prohibitively costly. Using plants to remove low concentrations of radionuclides from soil in situ is expected to be less expensive than mechanical, physical or chemical methods, particularly for treatment of large areas. Phytoremediation is applicable to a wide range of terrestrial environments and plants can be selected for given soil and climatic conditions. Phytoremediation of contaminated sites should also leave treated sites amenable to subsequent reclamation efforts. The points to consider for initial phytoremediation and subsequent reclamation of contaminated soils include: enhancement of plant accumulation of radionuclides by addition of mycorrhizal or bacterial inocula, chelating agents or organic amendments, periodic harvests to recover or dispose of radionuclides in the ashed plant materials minimization of potential environmental effects on non-target organisms and replacement or augmentation of the initial remediating species with a complex plant community. C1 US EPA, TERR PLANT ECOL BRANCH, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. US EPA, NATL RES COUNCIL, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. USDA, US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV, COLL AGR, DEPT AGRON & SOILS, 202 FUCHESS HALL, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3503-1 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 664 BP 299 EP 306 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BH71Y UT WOS:A1997BH71Y00022 ER PT B AU Cox, LH Ross, NP AF Cox, LH Ross, NP BE Barnett, V Turkman, KF TI Statistical, issues in environmental monitoring and assessment of anthropogenic pollution SO POLLUTION ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL SE STATISTICS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Conference on Statistics in Public Resource, Utilities and in Care of the Environment (SPRUCE III) CY DEC 11-15, 1995 CL MERIDA, MEXICO C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Cox, LH (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND BN 0-471-96435-2 J9 STAT ENVIRON PY 1997 VL 3 BP 303 EP 316 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA BK86Q UT WOS:000073705500016 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Permanents of adjacency matrices of fullerenes SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE fullerenes; permanents; adjacency matrix; graph theory ID GENERATION AB This study examines the relationships between structural parameters for 28 Fullerenes and the permanents of their adjacency matrices, per(A). In particular, the structural parameters examined were related to the adjoining of pentagons. A new parameter, r, was introduced which counts contiguous pentagon triplets that have no single vertex in common. The quantity well-correlated with structure was not per(A) itself, but ln(per(A))/lnK, where K is the Kekule structure count. For all 28 fullernes, ln(per(A))/lnK > 2, contrary to expectations. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM EFFECTS BRANCH,HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW DIV 7403,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 61 EP 69 DI 10.1080/10406639708233828 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA XB997 UT WOS:A1997XB99700005 ER PT S AU Stallworth, H AF Stallworth, H BE Bingham, E Rall, DP TI The use of economics in environmental decision making (Reprinted from New Solutions, A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, Fall, pg 8-13, 1996) SO PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR LIVING IN A CHEMICAL WORLD: A SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF IRVING J. SELIKOFF SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Reprint CT International Symposium on Preventive Strategies for Living in a Chemical World, Dedicated to the Memory of Irving J Selikoff CY NOV 02-05, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Collegium Ramazzini C1 US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Stallworth, H (reprint author), US EPA, Off Policy Planning & Evaluat, Mail Code 2184,401 M St SW, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM stallworth.holly@epamail.epa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-074-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 837 BP 433 EP 439 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb56891.x PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Toxicology GA BK42P UT WOS:000072113300030 ER PT B AU Kerr, T Paleyanda, PK Forbes, CD AF Kerr, T Paleyanda, PK Forbes, CD GP SOC WASTE ASSOC N AMER TI EPA'S' landfill methane outreach program: Demonstration of the new E-plus economic evaluation model; Future trends and activities SO PROCEEDINGS FROM SWANA'S 20TH ANNUAL LANDFILL GAS SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Landfill Gas Symposium CY MAR 25-27, 1997 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Soc Waste Assoc N Amer RP Kerr, T (reprint author), US EPA,METHANE BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATIONNORTH AMERICA PI SILVER SPRING PA 1100 WAYNE AVE SUITE 700, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 PY 1997 BP 27 EP 30 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BJ43D UT WOS:A1997BJ43D00002 ER PT B AU Haines, JR Holder, EL Venosa, AD AF Haines, JR Holder, EL Venosa, AD GP PURDUE UNIV TI Respirometry as a tool to assess effects of environmental variables in bioremediation research and field testing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 51ST INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Industrial Waste Conference CY MAY 06-08, 1996 CL PURDUE UNIV, W LAFAYETTE, IN SP Purdue Univ, Continuing Educ, Sch Civil Engn, Indiana Dept Environm Management, Indiana Dept Nat Resources, Indiana Environm Management Board, Purdue Univ, Indiana Pollut Prevent & Safe Mat Inst, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Indiana Sect, Amer Water Works Assoc, Indiana Sect, Indiana State Board Hlth, Indiana Stream Pollut Control Board, Indiana Water Pollut Control Assoc HO PURDUE UNIV RP Haines, JR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ANN ARBOR PRESS, INC PI CHELSEA PA 121 SOUTH MAIN STREET, CHELSEA, MI 48118 BN 1-57504-052-2 J9 PROC IND WASTE CONF PY 1997 BP 463 EP 472 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BH42A UT WOS:A1997BH42A00048 ER PT B AU Flotemersch, JE Jackson, DC Jackson, JR AF Flotemersch, JE Jackson, DC Jackson, JR BE Eversole, AG TI Channel catfish movements in relation to river channel-floodplain connections SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONFERENCE - SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 04-08, 1997 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OK SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies AB We conducted a study of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) movements in the Yockanookany River, Mississippi, a river subjected to a long-reach decoupling of the river channel from its respective floodplain. We collected 40 channel catfish and surgically implanted radio-transmitters. Fish were tracked during 2 periods-March-June 1994 and November 1994-June 1995. Most fish moved less than or equal to 5 km. During elevated flows, radio-tagged fish in the river moved to or remained in the river section coupled with the floodplain. Four fish moved from the river channel into an oxbow lake when it was coupled with the river by high water. While we recognize the importance of addressing floodplain river ecosystems at a landscape and system level of resolution, and absolutely support management at this scale, our study indicates that 5-km channel sections should be considered the minimum management unit for channel catfish in small Mississippi rivers. C1 US EPA, SBI Environm, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. RP Flotemersch, JE (reprint author), US EPA, SBI Environm, 26 Martin Luther King Dr W, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 1997 BP 106 EP 112 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology SC Fisheries; Forestry; Zoology GA BN40S UT WOS:000081833300019 ER PT B AU Beasley, CS Turpin, RD Metz, M Lupiano, A Pierson, R AF Beasley, CS Turpin, RD Metz, M Lupiano, A Pierson, R GP EC EC TI Mercury clean-up levels and decontamination methods in schools, commercial and industrial areas vs. residential homes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 09-10, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Environm Protect Serv, Environm Technol Advancement Directorate, Environm Canada AB Mercury clean-up operations have captured the attention of many commerical firms as well as governmental agencies for clean-up methodologies. Reported mercury spills require specialized training and a good understanding of exposure impact. Mercury is an odorless chemical that vaporizes at room temperature and becomes an exposure hazardous to individuals at great concentrations. This paper discusses the different sampling methodologies, the various sampling/monitoring instruments, and cleanup action goals in accordance with the American Congress Governing Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This paper also discusses the various properties and materials that can be decontaminated or disposed of. C1 US EPA, Environm Response Team Ctr, Edison, NJ USA. RP Beasley, CS (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Response Team Ctr, Edison, NJ USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA, ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1997 BP 69 EP 73 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BP61Z UT WOS:000085691100007 ER PT B AU Turpin, R Mickunas, DB Beasley, C Smith, A Xu, Y Trespalacios, M Zarus, G AF Turpin, R Mickunas, DB Beasley, C Smith, A Xu, Y Trespalacios, M Zarus, G GP EC EC TI Air monitoring data: Comparing apples and oranges SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 09-10, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Environm Protect Serv, Environm Technol Advancement Directorate, Environm Canada AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Response Team (ERT) was established in October 1978 to provide technical assistance to On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs), Regional Response Team (RRT), EPA Headquarters, and Regional Offices, as well as, other United States and foreign governmental agencies in the area of emergency environmental issues, hazardous waste activities, and accidental chemical releases. Over the past 19 years, the capability of ERT's field analytical instruments have gone from detection limits in the low ppm range to low ppb range. The detectors have progressed from PID and FID GCs to the open-path IR/UV and mobile MS/MS units. The purpose of this paper to address some of the factors which must be taken into consideration when using the air monitoring data collected by the various methods and instruments. In general, this paper is based not only on ERT's years of air sampling experience at various hazardous waste site and accidental chemical release, and the experience obtained while working with the Emergency Science Division, Environment Canada's NOBE project, but more specifically, on a initiative co-sponsored by ATSDR, Atlanta, GA, and the ERT. The objective of the ERT/ATSDR initiative was to evaluate the various methods and analytical instruments under actual site conditions and compare the data to a reference point. This paper highlights the following analytical instruments: OP-IR OP-UV, and the reference point - TAGA MS/MS mobile unit. The paper addresses the response of these instruments to methyl ethyl ketone, benzene, toluene, xylenes, and ethyl benzene present during the various sampling activities. C1 US EPA, Environm Response Team, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Turpin, R (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Response Team, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA, ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1997 BP 143 EP 150 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BP61Z UT WOS:000085691100014 ER PT B AU Turpin, R Nadeau, R Finelli, S Chaney, L Prasek, M AF Turpin, R Nadeau, R Finelli, S Chaney, L Prasek, M GP EC EC TI The ERT homepage - One stop shopping SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 09-10, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Environm Protect Serv, Environm Technol Advancement Directorate, Environm Canada AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Response Team (U.S. EPA/ERT) was established in October 1978 to provide technical assistance to On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs), Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), Regional Response Teams (RRTs), EPA Headquarters, and Regional Offices, as well as, other United States and foreign governmental agencies in the area of emergency environmental issues, hazardous waste activities and accidental chemical releases. Over the past 19 years, the ERT has used various methods and resources to obtain the needed technical information to prepare and/or respond to hazardous waste sites and accidental chemical releases. Between the late 70s and early 80s, ERT responders would use telefaxes, references books, match covers, and napkins to obtain and discuss the possible options necessary for the response activity. Between the mid 80s and 90s, the ERT's response developed/utilized computer programs, portable fax machines and mobile phones to obtain the needed information. This paper will address the state-of-the-art media which ERT responders currently use to obtain necessary information. This paper highlights what is on the current ERT homepage and the ERT's plans for expanding the homepage in the future. This paper will give an overview of all the information available to any responder via the ERT Homepage and focus on the "One Stop Shopping" features with regard to Health and Safety issues associated with hazardous waste activities and accidental chemical releases health and safety. C1 US EPA, Environm Response Team, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Turpin, R (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Response Team, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA, ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1997 BP 237 EP 239 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BP61Z UT WOS:000085691100019 ER PT B AU Turpin, RD Pierson, RM Mignone, AT Pereira, CJ AF Turpin, RD Pierson, RM Mignone, AT Pereira, CJ GP EC EC TI Palmtop computers at work during emergency response and hazardous waste activities SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL SPILLS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills CY JUN 09-10, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Environm Protect Serv, Environm Technol Advancement Directorate, Environm Canada AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Response Team (ERT) was established in October 1978 to provide technical assistance to On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs), Regional Response Teams (RRTs), EPA Headquarters, Regional Offices, as well as other United States and foreign governmental agencies in the area of emergency environmental issues, hazardous waste activities, and accidental chemical releases. While extensive use of laptop and notebook class computers are being implemented by response personnel, they have a high price tag, short battery life, respond poorly to changes in temperature, and become less portable when all the necessary support equipment is considered. This paper will discuss the use of small hand-held computers utilized by ERT and Response Engineering and Analytical Contract (REAC) responders to hazardous waste activities and accidental chemical releases. Based on our experience, this type of computer is ideally suited for emergency response situations, and in many ways is superior to the much larger notebook computer. Running on an IBM PC platform, the palmtop computer is fully DOS compatible, supports a RS-232 serial port and Type II PCMCIA port. This computer has the same basic dimensions of an average check book, runs at least twice as long as the average notebook computer, on two AA type alkaline batteries, and has a 2MB RAM hard drive at approximately one-quarter the cost of a laptop or notebook. C1 US EPA, Environm Response Team, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. RP Turpin, RD (reprint author), US EPA, Environm Response Team, 2890 Woodbridge Ave, Edison, NJ 08837 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA, ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1997 BP 241 EP 243 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BP61Z UT WOS:000085691100020 ER PT B AU Borries, SF AF Borries, SF GP EC EC TI Emergency response cleanup of a petroleum pipeline leak - Hammond, Indiana SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTIETH ARCTIC AND MARINE OILSPILL PROGRAM (AMOP) TECHNICAL SEMINAR, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 20th Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar CY JUN 11-13, 1997 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Environm Protect Serv, Environm Technol Advancement Directorate, Environm Canada AB On October 17, 1996 a leak was discovered in a high pressure 12-inch petroleum pipeline with product migrating into a combined sewer system in Hammond, Indiana. Gasoline vapors were recorded at 80-100% Lower Explosive Limits (LEL) venting from manholes at street level. A high threat of fire and explosion and release to the Little Calumet River, an inland waterway, were imminent. Response operations consisted of containment, recovery, and vapor suppression. Containment methods used were flooding, bypassing, weir installation, and sand bag hanging. Recovery techniques included air sparging, venting and combustion, oil water separation, vacuuming, and well point recovery. Chemical vapor suppression was conducted inside the sewer system. An Incident Command System (ICS) command structure was developed from the involved parties consisting of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), Hammond Department of Environmental Management (HDEM), and the responsible party. C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Borries, SF (reprint author), US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENT CANADA PI OTTAWA PA OTTAWA, ON K1A OH3, CANADA PY 1997 BP 1163 EP 1179 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BP62A UT WOS:000085691200074 ER PT B AU Mintz, D Fitz-Simons, T Wayland, M AF Mintz, D Fitz-Simons, T Wayland, M GP SAS USERS GRP INT SAS USERS GRP INT SAS USERS GRP INT TI Tracking air quality trends with SAS/GRAPH (R) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL SAS USERS GROUP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual SAS Users Group International Conference (SUGI 22) CY MAR 16-19, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SAS Users Grp Int AB Tracking and interpreting ambient air quality trends are the main functions of the Air Quality Trends Analysis Group at EPA. SAS/GRAPH is instrumental in this process, allowing us to study trends using several graphing techniques. This paper discusses graphics we have generated using combinations of the GMAP, GCHART, and GPLOT procedures. We will show how these graphics help us to discover, and to some extent explain, geographical, seasonal, and temporal patterns in the data. C1 US EPA, OAQPS, EMAD, AQTAG, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mintz, D (reprint author), US EPA, OAQPS, EMAD, AQTAG, Mail Drop 14, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAS INST INC PI CARY PA SAS CIRCLE, PO BOX 8000, CARY, NC 27511 USA BN 1-55544-961-1 PY 1997 BP 807 EP 812 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BK10B UT WOS:000071189600133 ER PT J AU Nelson, CB Phipps, AW Silk, TJ Kendall, GM AF Nelson, CB Phipps, AW Silk, TJ Kendall, GM TI The ICRP publication 60 formulation of remainder dose and its contribution to effective dose in internal dosimetry SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB In ICRP Publication 60 the calculation of effective dose allows for the tissue weighting factor for remainder to be divided equally between the average dose to remainder tissues and the single most exposed remainder tissue if this receives the highest equivalent dose of all tissues. An investigation of the frequency and importance of this so-called 'split' remainder dose formulation is presented, with reference to the adult dose coefficients given in ICRP Publication 68. It is found that the 'split' remainder formulation is used more often than might first be expected. Although rare for ingestion dose coefficients, it is invoked in 65% of the inhalation dose coefficients considered. RP Nelson, CB (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1997 VL 71 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA WX787 UT WOS:A1997WX78700004 ER PT J AU Linder, RE Klinefelter, GR Strader, LF Veeramachaneni, DNR Roberts, NL Suarez, JD AF Linder, RE Klinefelter, GR Strader, LF Veeramachaneni, DNR Roberts, NL Suarez, JD TI Histopathologic changes in the testes of rats exposed to dibromoacetic acid SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dibromoacetic acid; disinfectant by-product; subchronic; male rat; histopathology; testis; epididymis; sequential changes ID DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM; INTERCELLULAR BRIDGES; SERTOLI CELLS; OZONATION; DICHLOROACETATE; SODIUM; CYCLE; LIGHT AB The present report details histopathologic changes in the testis and epididymis of rats gavaged daily for 2 to 79 d with a by-product of water disinfection, dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), On treatment day 2 abnormal retention of Step 19 spermatids was observed in animals given the highest dosage of 250 mg/kg, Additional changes on day 5 included the fusion of mature spermatids and the presence of atypical residual bodies (ARB) in the epithelium and lumen of Stage X-XII seminiferous tubules. By day 9, ARB were seen in most stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle and in the caput epididymidis. On day 16 distorted sperm heads were recognized in Step 12, and older spermatids, and luminal cytoplasmic debris was found throughout the epididymis, On day 31, there was vacuolation of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm, extensive retention of Step 19 spermatids near the lumen of Stage IX and X tubules, and vesiculation of the acrosomes of late spermatids. Marked atrophy of the seminiferous tubules was present 6 months after 42 doses of 250 mg/kg. ARB and retention of Step 19 spermatids were observed after 31 and 79 doses of 50 mg/kg and increased retention of Step 19 spermatids was seen in several rats dosed with 10 mg/kg, No abnormalities were detected at the dosage of 2 mg/kg, The changes suggest that the testicular effects of DBAA are sequelae to structural and/or functional changes in the Sertoli cell. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB MD72,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYSIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. NR 31 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 47 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00196-7 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WK538 UT WOS:A1997WK53800006 PM 9138633 ER PT J AU Clegg, ED Cook, JC Chapin, RE Foster, PMD Foster, GP AF Clegg, ED Cook, JC Chapin, RE Foster, PMD Foster, GP TI Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenoma formation: Mechanisms and relevance to humans SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Leydig cell hyperplasia; adenoma formation; humans ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE LEVELS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INHALATION TOXICITY; OXOLINIC ACID; GERM-CELL; MALE-RAT; AMMONIUM PERFLUOROOCTANOATE AB Leydig cell adenomas are observed frequently in studies evaluating the chronic toxicity of chemical agents in laboratory animals, Doubts have been raised about the relevance of such responses for human risk assessment, but the question of relevance has not been evaluated and presented in a comprehensive manner by a broad group of experts, This article reports the consensus conclusions from a workshop on rodent Leydig cell adenomas and human relevance. Five aspects of Leydig cell biology and toxicology were discussed: 1) control of Leydig cell proliferation; 2) mechanisms of toxicant-induced Leydig cell hyperplasia and tumorigenesis; 3) pathology of Leydig cell adenomas; 4) epidemiology of Leydig cell adenomas; and 5) risk assessment for Leydig cell tumorigens. Important research needs also were identified, Uncertainty exists about the true incidence of Leydig cell adenomas in men, although apparent incidence is rare and restricted primarily to white males, Also, surveillance databases for specific therapeutic agents as well as nicotine and lactose that have induced Leydig cell hyperplasia or adenoma in test species have detected no increased incidence in humans, Because uncertainties exist about the true incidence in humans, induction of Leydig cell adenomas in test species may be of concern under some conditions, Occurrence of Leydig cell hyperplasia alone in test species after lifetime exposure to a chemical does not constitute a cause for concern in a risk assessment for carcinogenic potential, but early occurrence may indicate a need for additional testing, Occurrence of Leydig cell adenomas in test species is of potential concern as both a carcinogenic and reproductive effect if the mode of induction and potential exposures cannot be ruled out as relevant for humans, The workgroup focused on seven hormonal modes of induction of which two, GnRH agonism and dopamine agonism, were considered not relevant to humans, Androgen receptor antagonism, 5 alpha-reductase inhibition, testosterone biosynthesis inhibition, aromatase inhibition, and estrogen agonism were considered to he relevant or potentially relevant, but quantitative differences may exist across species, with rodents being more sensitive, A margin of exposure (MOE; the ratio of the lowest exposure associated with toxicity to the human exposure level) approach should be used for compounds causing Leydig cell adenoma by a hormonal mode that is relevant to humans. For agents that are positive for mutagenicity, the decision regarding a MOE or linear extrapolation approach should be made on a case-by-case basis, In the absence of information about mode of induction, it is necessary to utilize default assumptions, including linear behavior below the observable range, All of the evidence should be weighed in the decision-making process. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 DUPONT CO INC,HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED,CENT RES & DEV,NEWARK,DE 19714. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Clegg, ED (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,8623,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 170 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 11 IS 1 BP 107 EP 121 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00203-1 PG 15 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WK538 UT WOS:A1997WK53800013 PM 9138629 ER PT J AU Perciasepe, R AF Perciasepe, R TI EPA: Building partnerships to tackle old & emerging problems SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Perciasepe, R (reprint author), US EPA,OFF WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 38 IS 1 BP 18 EP & PG 3 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA WE084 UT WOS:A1997WE08400006 ER PT S AU Tsiros, IX AF Tsiros, IX BE Chartzoulakis, KS Angelakis, AN TI Environmental models for assessing impacts of irrigated agriculture on aquatic systems SO SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops CY SEP 09-13, 1996 CL KHANIA, GREECE SP Natl Agr Res Fdn, Greece, Greek Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Prefectural Adm Chania, EU, DG VI, EU, DG XII DE simulation; agricultural pollution; nonpoint sources AB Environmental modeling provides a reliable tool for assessing and evaluating impacts of agriculture on surface water systems. In this context, state-of-the-art modeling concepts that can be used in an integrated modeling approach based on terrestrial and surface water models are reviewed. The review focus on the techniques and underlying assumptions used to conceptualize and simulate the processes involved. Selected compatible sets of environmental models for agricultural pollution assessments are also presented. The paper concludes with an indication of topics for future research and model development. C1 US EPA, Natl Acad Sci, Natl Exposure Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tsiros, IX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Acad Sci, Natl Exposure Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-869-2 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1997 IS 449 BP 715 EP 721 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BK31F UT WOS:000071758000098 ER PT S AU Tsiros, IX Elmaloglou, S Ambrose, RB AF Tsiros, IX Elmaloglou, S Ambrose, RB BE Chartzoulakis, KS Angelakis, AN TI Evaluation of two unsaturated flow methods in agricultural ecosystem hydrology models SO SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops CY SEP 09-13, 1996 CL KHANIA, GREECE SP Natl Agr Res Fdn, Greece, Greek Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Prefectural Adm Chania, EU, DG VI, EU, DG XII DE simulation; environmental models; agrometeorological models AB Two methods used in simulation models for describing unsaturated zone flow conditions are evaluated based on their ability to predict experimental data from a single field study. The first method is based on a numerical solution to the Richards equation for describing water movement in the soil profile, while the second method is based on soil-water capacity terms. The evaluation of the performance of the two methods is based on goodness-of-fit statistics and graphical analysis. Results indicate that the first method is more accurate for both the upper and the deeper soil zones; the second method is less reliable for characterizing the upper soil zone moisture conditions, but it can adequately describe soil moisture conditions in the lower soil zones. Recommendations are made for model use based on comparison results, the intended model use, and the difficulty in the acquisition of the required model input data. C1 US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Tsiros, IX (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Res Council, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-869-2 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1997 IS 449 BP 723 EP 728 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BK31F UT WOS:000071758000099 ER PT B AU Magraw, D AF Magraw, D BE Nayak, RK TI Environmental justice and children SO SHAPING THE FUTURE BY LAW: CHILDREN, ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Shaping the Future by Law - Children, Environment and Human Health CY MAR 21-25, 1994 CL NEW DELHI, INDIA SP Indian Law Inst, UN, Childrens Fund, Indian Country Off, UN, Environm Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, Earth Council, San Jose, Costa Rica, Univ California, San Francisco, California, US, Ctr Children Poverty, Columbia Univ, New York, New York, US, Ctr Global Environm Technol, Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, US, Int Ctr Law Dev, New York, New York, US, Pacific Inst Resource Management Inc, Wellington, New Zealand, Int Bar Assoc, London, England, Med Council India, Indian Med Assoc, Indian Inst Mass Commun, Grand Juri X, New Delhi, India, J K Cement, Himalayan Environm Trust, New Delhi, India C1 US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INDIAN LAW INSTITUTE PI NEW DELHI PA BHAGWAN DAS RD, NEW DELHI 110001, INDIA PY 1997 BP 21 EP 27 PG 7 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations; Social Issues; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations; Social Issues; Biomedical Social Sciences GA BL51X UT WOS:000075760200003 ER PT B AU Martonen, TB Hwang, D Guan, X Yang, Y Fleming, JS AF Martonen, TB Hwang, D Guan, X Yang, Y Fleming, JS BE Power, H Brebbia, CA Kenny, J TI Supercomputer-generated human lung morphologies for use in imaging analysis SO SIMULATIONS IN BIOMEDICINE IV LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Computer Simulations in Biomedicine (BIOMED 97) CY JUN 09-11, 1997 CL ACQUASPARTA, ITALY SP Wessex Inst Technol, Southampton, UK, Univ Perugia, Mat Engn Ctr, Italy, Ctr Ric WIT Ingegneria Computaz, Terni, Italy AB This manuscript concerns a component of an international collaborative research program involving matters of aerosol therapy and nuclear medicine. Specifically, we shall address applications of supercomputer simulations of lung morphology to the medical arena. Laboratory investigators use a variety of techniques (PET, the planar gamma camera, and SPECT) to define the geometry of the human lung via images and measure the distributions of aerosolized drugs or diagnostic particles and gases. The techniques have inherent limitations regarding their respective capabilities of spatial discrimination. The fundamental problem is: how call particle deposition and/or gas uptake be identified on a localized, airway-by-airway basis? If the resolution of such images could be enhanced medical regimens could benefit immensely. Therefore, a straightforward goal of our work is to provide laboratory clinicians with 3-D graphical displays (i.e., templates) of human lungs. The supercomputer-generated illustrations presented herein are intended to complement, not replace, the abstract images of the lung available to clinical personnel. Regarding resolution, the templates identify individual airways within the lung network on a generation-by-generation basis. The supercomputer displays have a dual function: to aid in the interpretation of gas perfusion and aerosol deposition experiments (nuclear medicine); and, to assist in the design of future drug delivery protocols (aerosol therapy). RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON, HANTS, ENGLAND S04 2AA BN 1-85312-462-1 PY 1997 BP 281 EP 290 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BJ34K UT WOS:A1997BJ34K00026 ER PT J AU Su, CM Suarez, DL AF Su, CM Suarez, DL TI Boron sorption and release by allophane SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CLAY MINERAL SURFACES; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; ADSORPTION; GOETHITE; SOIL; FTIR; COORDINATION; DESORPTION; MECHANISMS; ALUMINUM AB To predict B behavior in soils and its influence on plants, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of B sorption by mineral phases. Because B reacts with clay minerals and Al and Fe oxides, it should also sorb to poorly crystalline aluminosilicates such as allophane. Boron sorption, with and following allophane precipitation, was studied in batch experiments. Solutions containing AlCl3 and Na2SiO3 (concentrations <47 mM with Al/Si molar ratio of 1:1) and B(OH)(3) (0, 4.4, and 32 mM) were mixed and titrated to pH 8.0 with 1 M NaOH at two rates (1 and 5 mL min(-1)) at 23 degrees C, then incubated at 23 and 90 degrees C for 5 d. More B was removed from solution when B was present during allophane precipitation than when B of an equal concentration was reacted with freshly precipitated allophane, In addition, more B was removed when allophane was formed by slower mixing at a slower titration rate, with higher initial B concentration, and incubated at lower temperature. More B was released by repeated washing with dionized water from allophane precipitated in the presence of B(OH)(3) than from allophane reacted with B(OH)(3). Boron sorption was investigated with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, Adsorbed B was both trigonally and tetrahedrally coordinated, with the former being predominant. Boron reacted with allophane precipitate was surface sorbed. Coprecipitated B occurred only in tetrahedrally coordinated positions, presumably by substituting for Si in the tetrahedral layer, The structurally coprecipitated B is expected to be more resistant to release than the adsorbed B. C1 USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. RP Su, CM (reprint author), US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,919 KERR RES DR,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 40 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 61 IS 1 BP 69 EP 77 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WH680 UT WOS:A1997WH68000012 ER PT J AU Bailey, GW Shevchenko, SM Yu, YS Kamermans, H AF Bailey, GW Shevchenko, SM Yu, YS Kamermans, H TI Combining scanning tunneling microscopy and computer simulation of humic substances: Citric acid, a model SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE; CITRATE AB Citric acid (CA) is a model for soil humic substances and an important participant in many biochemical processes. Humic and humic-like materials play crucial roles in the bioavailability and mobility of organic and inorganic pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to image and analyze the morphological character of CA aggregates on graphite. Nano-scale images of CA also were simulated and interpreted using a molecular mechanics technique. The effects of intermolecular association and hydration on the electronic properties and chemical reactivity of CA were analyzed in relation to the behavior of similar compounds in natural processes. Computer-assisted STM proved to be a powerful technique to investigate structure, morphology, and chemical reactivity of soil organic matter components and their aggregates. The CA molecule aggregation and hydration do not affect the electronic properties significantly. However, electrostatic potential is highly sensitive to the conformation of the molecule and the morphology of the ensuing molecular aggregate. C1 UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT CHEM,VICTORIA,BC V8W 3V6,CANADA. EQUIFAX DECIS SYST,ALPHARETTA,GA 30202. AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT SOIL SCI & PLANT NUTR,WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Bailey, GW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 61 IS 1 BP 92 EP 101 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WH680 UT WOS:A1997WH68000015 ER PT S AU Ekhtera, MR Mansoori, GA Mensinger, MC Rehmat, A Deville, B AF Ekhtera, MR Mansoori, GA Mensinger, MC Rehmat, A Deville, B BE Abraham, MA Sunol, AK TI Supercritical fluid extraction for remediation of contaminated soil SO SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS: EXTRACTION AND POLLUTION PREVENTION SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Supercritical Fluids - Extraction and Pollution Prevention, at the 211th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 24-28, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Ind & Engn Chem Inc ID WET AIR OXIDATION; SOLIDS AB The supercritical fluid extraction liquid phase oxidation (SELPhOx) process is being developed as a highly flexible means of remediating and destroying both high and low concentrations of light aliphatic to heavy aromatic contaminants from solid matrices. The process employs two distinct technologies: extraction of organic contaminants with supercritical carbon dioxide and wet air oxidation (WAO) destruction of the extracted contaminants. A separation step links the two process stages. Supercritical fluid extraction tests are conducted over wide ranges of temperature, pressure, and CO2/contaminant ratios with soils from a wood treatment plant and two manufacturing gas plant sites. Extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from these soil samples are studied experimentally. The addition of methanol as an extraction modifier was also explored. At comparable CO2-to-contaminant ratios and extraction conditions of 48 degrees C and 137 atm, the total PAHs removed from the three soils ranged from 76.9 to 97.9 percent with CO2 alone and from 88.4 to 98.6 percent with methanol added. Results of these tests are presented and analysed. A skid-mounted Field Test Unit (FTU) based on the laboratory bench-scale test results is being constructed which allows on-site testing of the integrated SELPhOx process with contaminated soils. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT CHEM ENGN, CHICAGO, IL 60607 USA. INST GAS TECHNOL, DES PLAINES, IL 60018 USA. US EPA, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3517-1 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1997 VL 670 BP 280 EP 298 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA BJ86W UT WOS:A1997BJ86W00020 ER PT J AU Rejeski, D AF Rejeski, D TI Getting into the swing SO TECHNOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,OFF ECON & ENVIRONM,TECHNOL PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS INST TECHNOL PI CAMBRIDGE PA BUILDING W59, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 SN 0040-1692 J9 TECHNOL REV JI Technol. Rev. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 100 IS 1 BP 56 EP 57 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VX003 UT WOS:A1997VX00300024 ER PT J AU Brown, JL Kitchin, KT George, M AF Brown, JL Kitchin, KT George, M TI Dimethylarsinic acid treatment alters six different rat biochemical parameters: Relevance to arsenic carcinogenesis SO TERATOGENESIS CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE arsenate; monomethylarsonic acid; dimethylarsinic acid; heme oxygenase; ornithine decarboxylase; DNA damage; carcinogenesis ID DNA STRAND BREAKS; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; INDUCTION; LIVER AB In a previous study, we found that sodium arsenite increased hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and hepatic heme oxygenase (HO) activity, but did not cause any DNA damage in adult female rat liver or lung, suggesting that arsenite may be a promoter of carcinogenesis. In this study sodium arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were administered orally in equitoxic doses to adult female rats at 21 and 4 h prior to sacrifice. DNA damage (DD), cytochrome P450 content (P450), glutathione content (GSH), ODC, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and HO were measured in liver and/or lung tissue. At 60 mg/kg in rat liver, sodium arsenate increased hepatic HO fivefold. MMA decreased ALT at 226 mg/kg, decreased ALT and GSH at 679 mg/kg and also increased P450 at 679 mg/kg in rat liver. DMA decreased ALT and hepatic GSH and increased hepatic HO at 387 mg/kg. In the lung, DMA decreased ODC at both 129 and 387 mg/kg. DD in lung tissue was significantly higher at 387 mg/kg DMA, demonstrating organ specific DNA damage. The biochemical effects and the inferred oncologic potential of the four major forms of arsenic (arsenate, arsenite, MMA and DMA) differ dramatically. The inorganic forms (arsenate and arsenite) are similar to each other (both good HO inducers); the methylated organic forms of arsenic (MMA and DMA) also share a similar pattern of biochemical effects (decreased GSH and ALT, increased P450). All six of the biochemical parameters studied were altered by DMA in either rat liver or lung. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 22 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0270-3211 J9 TERATOGEN CARCIN MUT JI Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 71 EP 84 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6866(1997)17:2<71::AID-TCM3>3.3.CO;2-X PG 14 WC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Oncology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XN840 UT WOS:A1997XN84000003 PM 9261921 ER PT S AU Gordon, CJ Yang, Y AF Gordon, CJ Yang, Y BE Blatteis, CM TI Thermoregulatory response to chemical toxicants and other insults - Extrapolation from experimental animal to human SO THERMOREGULATION: TENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THERMOREGULATION SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Thermoregulation CY AUG 17-22, 1996 CL MEMPHIS, TN SP New York Acad Sci, Mini Mitter Co Inc, Data Sci Int, Augustine Med Inc, Int Sci Fdn, Int Union Physiol Sci, IUPS Commiss Thermal Physiol, Univ Tennessee, Memphis, Dept Physiol & Biophys ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; AMBIENT-TEMPERATURE; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; MICE; INJURY; TOXICITY; ETHANOL; RATS; ENVIRONMENT; NECROSIS C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM gordon@her145.herl.epa.gov NR 54 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-088-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 813 BP 835 EP 848 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51789.x PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BM49A UT WOS:000078895700125 PM 9100976 ER PT S AU Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Lyon, JY Highfill, JW Wiester, MJ Costa, DL AF Watkinson, WP Campen, MJ Lyon, JY Highfill, JW Wiester, MJ Costa, DL BE Blatteis, CM TI Impact of the hypothermic response in inhalation toxicology studies SO THERMOREGULATION: TENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THERMOREGULATION SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Thermoregulation CY AUG 17-22, 1996 CL MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE SP New York Acad Sci, Mini Mitter Co Inc, Data Sci Int, Augustine Med Inc, Int Sci Fdn, Int Union Physiol Sci, IUPS Commiss Thermal Physiol, Univ Tennessee, Memphis, Dept Physiol & Biophys ID OZONE TOXICITY; AMBIENT-TEMPERATURES; RAT; PARAMETERS C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. N Carolina Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27707 USA. RP Watkinson, WP (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Expt Toxicol Div, Pulm Toxicol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-088-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1997 VL 813 BP 849 EP 863 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51790.x PG 15 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA BM49A UT WOS:000078895700126 PM 9100977 ER PT B AU Ruddy, D Schmaltz, T AF Ruddy, D Schmaltz, T GP CIBO TI Comparison of coverage between the first and second parts of EPA's fossil fuel combustion Bevill studies under RCRA SO THIRTEENTH ANNUAL FLUIDIZED BED CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Fluidized Bed Conference CY NOV 17-19, 1997 CL LAKE CHARLES, LA SP CIBO, Tech Comm C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Ruddy, D (reprint author), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COUNCIL INDUSTRIAL BOILER OWNERS PI BURKE PA 6035 BURKE CENTER PARKWAY, SUITE 360, BURKE, VA 22015 USA PY 1997 BP 293 EP 307 PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BK71Y UT WOS:000073207600018 ER PT J AU Copley, MP AF Copley, MP TI Environmental protection agency risk assessment - Process and toxicologic pathology SO TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hazard identification; historical control; pathology data presentation; pathology reports; pesticides AB Risk assessment of a pesticide includes the identification of hazard, dose-response, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Toxicology study reports undergo several levels of scientific and regulatory review in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Pesticide Programs. A Health Effects Division (HED) scientist reviews the reports. The resulting Data Evaluation Records are presented to several internal HED Peer Review committees to ensure consistency across chemicals in establishing which hazard end points to use when determining the reference dose and carcinogenicity potential for use in dietary and nondietary risk assessments. There may also be external reviews. The toxicologic pathologist can impact many steps in this process. The noncancer end points are just as important as the cancer end points when evaluating the hazard component of a pesticide. The toxicologic pathologist can assist in the hazard and risk characterization by being clear and concise, carefully defining terms and relating individual lesions to the animal, study, and database as a whole. The preceding will assist the HED in fulfilling EPA Administrator Carol Browner's guidance for risk characterizations that are transparent, clear, concise, and reasonable. RP Copley, MP (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,DIV HLTH EFFECTS,WATERSIDE MALL,401 M ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0192-6233 J9 TOXICOL PATHOL JI Toxicol. Pathol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1 BP 68 EP 71 PG 4 WC Pathology; Toxicology SC Pathology; Toxicology GA WK635 UT WOS:A1997WK63500013 PM 9061854 ER PT J AU Kelce, WR Lambright, LR Gray, LE Roberts, KP AF Kelce, WR Lambright, LR Gray, LE Roberts, KP TI Vinclozolin and p,p'-DDE alter androgen-dependent gene expression: In vivo confirmation of an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT VENTRAL PROSTATE; BINDING-PROTEIN; MESSENGER-RNA; CELLS; SPECIFICITY; ANTAGONIST; CLUSTERIN; CLONING AB Vinclozolin and p,p'-DDE induce antiandrogenic developmental effects in vivo and are potent inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) binding and AR-dependent gene expression in vitro. To determine whether this molecular mechanism is operative in vivo, the effects of these compounds on two androgen-regulated prostatic mRNAs were studied. Rats were sham operated or castrated and immediately implanted with one or two empty 2.5-cm silastic capsules or with one (1X) or two (2X) 2.5-cm capsules containing testosterone (T). T-implanted rats were treated by gavage for 4 days with vehicle (corn oil), vinclozolin (200 mg/kg/day), p,p'-DDE (200 mg/kg/day), or the antiandrogen flutamide (100 mg/kg/day) as a positive control. Vinclozolin, p,p'-DDE, and flutamide all induced a reciprocal decline in seminal vesicle (p < 0.01) and prostate (p < 0.01) weight as well as a reduction in immunohistochemical staining of AR in epididymal nuclei compared to vehicle-treated T-implanted controls. Specific AR antagonism was assessed by determining the ability of these chemicals to induce a testosterone-repressed prostatic message (i.e., TRPM-2) and/or repress a testosterone-induced prostatic message (i.e., prostatein subunit C3). Densitometry scans of Northern blots indicated that vinclozolin, p,p'-DDE, and flutamide each induced TRPM-2 mRNA and repressed C3 mRNA compared to vehicle-treated T-implanted controls. These antiandrogenic effects were competitively reduced in castrate rats implanted with two 2.5-cm T capsules (2X), where serum T levels were elevated more than twofold above physiological levels. Taken together, these data indicate that vinclozolin and p,p'-DDE act as antiandrogens in vivo by altering the expression of androgen-dependent genes. (C) 1997 Academic Press C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH MED,DEPT UROL SURG,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP Kelce, WR (reprint author), US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Roberts, Ken/D-5701-2012 NR 33 TC 273 Z9 278 U1 2 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 142 IS 1 BP 192 EP 200 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.7966 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WD570 UT WOS:A1997WD57000022 PM 9007049 ER PT J AU Hunter, DL Marshall, RS Padilla, S AF Hunter, DL Marshall, RS Padilla, S TI Automated instrument analysis of cholinesterase activity in tissues from carbamate-treated animals: A cautionary note SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE automated analysis; carbamate; cholinesterase inhibition AB When using a spectrophotometric method to measure cholinesterase activity in carbamate-treated tissues, precautions must be taken to limit the reactivation of the inhibited cholinesterase, Many testing laboratories use automated instruments to measure cholinesterase activity, instruments that usually employ a spectrophotometric method. To date, there has been no systematic investigation of the validity of the cholinesterase data obtained from carbamate-treated tissues using these automated instruments. The purpose of this study was to compare the cholinesterase data obtained using an automated analyzer with those obtained using a radiometric assay (i.e., the optimal method for unstable inhibitors). Using both an automated analyzer and the radiometric method, cholinesterase activity was measured in whole blood and brain tissue taken from rats treated with various dosages of carbaryl. Reactivation occurred when using the automated instrument. In the brain tissue, cholinesterase activity of the treated tissues was as much as 16% higher with the automated method than with the radiometric method. In the whole blood, there was an 18-26% reactivation using the automated method. Further detailed analyses indicate that this reactivation is not due to the initial dilution required of the tissue sample for automated analysis. The results indicate that the length of the preincubation may be a major factor that encourages the reactivation of the cholinesterase activity; however, even when the preincubation period is minimized, reactivation still occurs. RP Hunter, DL (reprint author), US EPA,CELLULAR & MOL TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 10 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JAN-MAR PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 43 EP 53 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XC193 UT WOS:A1997XC19300005 ER PT J AU Collette, TW AF Collette, TW TI Predicting environmental fate parameters with infrared spectroscopy SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; RATE CONSTANTS AB One of the principal uncertainties associated with risk assessments of organic chemicals in the environment is the lack of chemical-specific values that quantify the many processes determining the chemical's transport and transformation, Because it is not feasible to measure the many constants that are required when thousands of chemicals must be considered, reliable predictive methods are required, A precise theory-based method is now available for many processes whose mechanisms are understood well enough to model theoretically, However, a void exists for processes that are not well understood, We have been developing an infrared spectroscopy-based method to fill that void. Herein, we summarize previously published progress to date, and present new results that strengthen the feasibility of the method, Specifically, we show that the method is capable of predicting constants for ten physical/chemical properties and distribution coefficients for a diverse set of organic esters, typically to within an error percent of ten, The predictive models are built using full infrared spectra and partial least-squares (PLS) modeling, A critical evaluation of the approach, and a brief description of ongoing developments, is presented. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 1 BP 24 EP 36 DI 10.1016/S0165-9936(96)00073-8 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA WD052 UT WOS:A1997WD05200011 ER PT J AU Newell, AD Skjelkvale, BL AF Newell, AD Skjelkvale, BL TI Acidification trends in surface waters in the international program on acidification of rivers and lakes SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE acidification; trends; sulfate; nitrate; United States; Europe ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; TEMPORAL VARIATION; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; DEPOSITION; CHEMISTRY; SULFATE; NITRATE; NETHERLANDS; ONTARIO AB We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme for Acidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changes in surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes to trends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO42- concentrations predominated at European sites in the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sites in Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Other predominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of the sites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO3.- were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increased occurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack of documented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in several variables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changes in deposition were found using these data. C1 US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NORWEGIAN INST WATER RES,N-0411 OSLO,NORWAY. NR 47 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 93 IS 1-4 BP 27 EP 57 DI 10.1007/BF02404746 PG 31 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA WL535 UT WOS:A1997WL53500002 ER PT J AU Govind, R Gao, C Lai, L Tabak, HH AF Govind, R Gao, C Lai, L Tabak, HH TI Continuous, automated and simultaneous measurement of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution in biological systems SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; carbon dioxide; kinetics; model; oxygen uptake ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BIODEGRADATION; SOIL; CHEMICALS AB Commercial respirometers are capable of continuously and automatically measuring oxygen uptake in bioreactors. A method for continuously and automatically measuring carbon dioxide evolution can be retrofitted to commercial respirometers. Continuous and automatic measurements of carbon dioxide evolution are achieved by measuring the change in electrical conductivity of barium hydroxide solution. Continuous stirring of the barium hydroxide solution was necessary to prevent the carbon dioxide absorption from controlling the oxygen uptake rate. Three separate experiments (aqueous biodegradation of phenol, soil slurry biotreatment of soil contaminated with phenol, and aqueous biodegradation of crude oil) were conducted to test the oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution measurement system. The respiratory quotient, defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide evolution to oxygen uptake, is close to one until a plateau of oxygen uptake is reached, after which it is greater than one due to degradation of biomass and metabolite products. Unsteady-state simulation of CO2 evolution in batch reactors, based on the experimental data, showed that carbon dioxide exists primarily as bicarbonate in the liquid phase. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas phase is small mainly due to fast reaction with the stirred barium hydroxide solution. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Govind, R (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,ML 171,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 1997 VL 69 IS 1 BP 73 EP 80 DI 10.2175/106143097X125209 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA WD069 UT WOS:A1997WD06900010 ER PT J AU Wu, YS Kool, JB Huyakorn, PS Saleem, ZA AF Wu, YS Kool, JB Huyakorn, PS Saleem, ZA TI An analytical model for nonlinear adsorptive transport through layered soils SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE; SYSTEMS AB Solute transport with nonlinear adsorption occurs in many situations involving inorganic chemical and metal contamination in soil and groundwater systems. The resulting isotherms can be highly nonlinear, and numerical solutions of the transport equation can encounter severe convergence difficulties. An analytical solution is developed for simulating one-dimensional transport in the layered soil column with nonlinear adsorption effects. The analytical solution is an exact solution for nondispersive transport and becomes an approximate one when dispersion effects are included. The accuracy of the solution has been examined using a numerical model under advection-dominated conditions. The derived analytical solution can be used for any form of nonlinear sorption isotherms given as closed-form functions, or tabulated data, with a general time-dependent source boundary condition. The heterogeneity of soils is handled by treating the soil column as a layered system. The resulting analytical model is suitable for estimating the leaching potential of metals or other solutes in the subsurface and for determining travel times of contaminants. Our analysis shows that the shape and nonlinearity of the sorption isotherm may have a controlling influence on transport behavior. Evaluation and application examples are provided to demonstrate applicability of the solution to solute and metal transport with both functional and tabular nonlinear isotherms. C1 HYDROGEOLOG INC,HERNDON,VA 22070. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Wu, Yu-Shu/A-5800-2011 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.1029/96WR02716 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA WA147 UT WOS:A1997WA14700003 ER PT J AU Wilson, GJ Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Brenner, RC AF Wilson, GJ Khodadoust, AP Suidan, MT Brenner, RC TI Anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol using GAC fluidized bed reactors: Optimization of the empty bed contact time SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th IAWQ International Conference on Anaerobic Digestion CY MAY 25-29, 1997 CL SENDAI, JAPAN SP Int Assoc Water Qual, Specialist Grp Anaerob Digestion, Japan Soc Water Environm, Tohoku Univ, Sendai DE PCP; anaerobic; EBCT; fluidized bed; activated carbon; chlorophenols; aerobic ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; SLUDGE; MICROORGANISMS; CHLOROPHENOLS; SORPTION; SOILS; FRESH AB An integrated reactor system has been developed to remediate pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing wastes using sequential anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation. Anaerobically, PCP was degraded to predominately equimolar concentrations (>99%) of monochlorophenol (MCP) in two GAC fluidized bed reactors at Empty Bed Contact Times (EBCTs) ranging from 18.6 to 1.15 hours. However, at lower EBCTs, MCP concentrations decreased to less than 10% of the influent PCP concentration suggesting mineralization. The optimal EBCT was determined to be 2.3 hours based on PCP conversion to MCPs and stable reactor operation. Decreasing the EBCT fourfold did not inhibit degradation of PCP and its intermediates, thus allowing removal of PCP at much lower detention time and resulting in a significant cost advantage. Analytical grade PCP was fed via syringe pumps into two fluidized bed reactors at influent concentrations of 100 mg/l and 200 mg/l, respectively. Acting as the primary substrate, ethanol was also fed into the reactors at concentrations of 697 and 1388 mg/l. Effluent PCP and chlorinated phenolic compounds were analyzed weekly to evaluate reactor performance. Biodegradation pathways were also identified. 3-chlorophenol (CP) was the predominant MCP and varied simultaneously with 3,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) concentrations. Likewise, 4-CP concentrations varied simultaneously with 3,4-DCP concentrations. A second stage aerobic GAC fluidized bed reactor was added after the anaerobic reactor to completely mineralize the remaining MCP and phenols. Data show no presence of phenol and MCP in the effluent or on the GAG. Overall, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fed to the system was reduced from 75 g/d in the influent to less than 1.5 g/d in the effluent. (C) 1997 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 36 IS 6-7 BP 107 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00513-1 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA YL959 UT WOS:000071012600014 ER PT J AU Schreiner, SP Gaughan, M Myint, T Walentowicz, R AF Schreiner, SP Gaughan, M Myint, T Walentowicz, R TI The exposure models of library and integrated model evaluation system: A modeling information system on a CD-ROM with World-Wide Web links SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th IAWQ International Symposium on Systems Analysis and Computing in Water Quality Management (WATERMATEX 97) CY JUN 17-20, 1997 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA SP Intl Assoc Water Qual, Univ Laval DE CD-ROM; exposure assessment; groundwater; model selection; non-point source; software; surface water; model validation; WWW AB We developed the Exposure Models Library and Integrated Model Evaluation System (EML/IMES) to distribute models and information about models used for exposure assessments and other fate/transport studies. The library includes models and their documentation, a model selection system, and a model validation information system (IMES) containing information about these computer models. We published the latest version of the EML/IMES on a hybrid CD-ROM with World-Wide Web (WWW) links to allow the model codes and documentation to be more easily and efficiently distributed and updated. The disc contains over 100 models which may be used for exposure assessments and fate/transport modeling. The model subdirectories contain source code, sample input and output files, and in some cases, model documentation in electronic formats. All models contained in this CD-ROM are in the public domain. The disc also contains the IMES with information and assistance on selecting an appropriate model and information on validation of models from field applications. The IMES software is available as MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows applications and can be used on a PC-compatible system. An MS-DOS and HTML interface is included to provide easy access to the IMES and to the model directories. WWW links to sources of many of the models are also provided. (C) 1997 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Schreiner, SP (reprint author), VERSAR INC,9200 RUMSEY RD,COLUMBIA,MD 21045, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 36 IS 5 BP 243 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00480-0 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA YL200 UT WOS:A1997YL20000028 ER PT J AU Cheng, JY Suidan, MT Venosa, AD AF Cheng, JY Suidan, MT Venosa, AD TI Kinetics of anaerobic cometabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with ethanol as the primary substrate SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th IAWQ International Conference on Anaerobic Digestion CY MAY 25-29, 1997 CL SENDAI, JAPAN SP Int Assoc Water Qual, Specialist Grp Anaerob Digestion, Japan Soc Water Environm, Tohoku Univ, Sendai DE anaerobic; biotransformation; cometabolism; 2,4-dinitrotoluene; ethanol; inhibition; kinetics; model ID ELECTROLYTIC RESPIROMETRY; BIODEGRADATION KINETICS; INHIBITION AB A kinetic model that describes the anaerobic cometabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) with ethanol as the primary substrate has been developed based on experimental results. The kinetic parameters were estimated using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. 2,4-DNT is anaerobically biotransformed to 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) via 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) by the bacteria whose growth is supported by utilizing ethanol. 2,4-DNT shows inhibition to its own biotransformation. It also exhibits a very strong competitive inhibition to further biotransformation of 4-A-2-NT and 2-A-4-NT. Ail the aromatics in the system, 2,4-DNT, 4-A-2-NT, 2-A-4-NT, and 2,4-DAT, inhibit the conversion of ethanol. Hydrogen produced from the acetogenesis of ethanol is utilized for the transformation of the nitroaromatics. The utilization of hydrogen and acetate by methanogenic bacteria is very strongly inhibited by the presence of the nitroaromatics. Acetate exhibits strong competitive inhibition to the biodegradation of propionate. (C) 1997 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Cheng, JY (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 36 IS 6-7 BP 271 EP 278 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00532-5 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA YL959 UT WOS:000071012600033 ER PT J AU Kim, IS Tabak, HH Young, JC AF Kim, IS Tabak, HH Young, JC TI Modeling of the fate and effect of chlorinated phenols in anaerobic treatment processes SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th IAWQ International Conference on Anaerobic Digestion CY MAY 25-29, 1997 CL SENDAI, JAPAN SP Int Assoc Water Qual, Specialist Grp Anaerob Digestion, Japan Soc Water Environm, Tohoku Univ, Sendai DE acetoclastic methanogenesis; acetogenesis; anaerobic; chlorophenols; co-substrate; dechlorination; inhibition; kinetic; modeling; specific biomass ID KINETICS; METHANOGENESIS AB Studies were conducted to assess the biotransformation kinetics and inhibitory effects of mono-, di-, and trichlorophenol on acetogenic and methanogenic reactions using a standardized anaerobic protocol (Young and Tabak, 1993). Intrinsic kinetic parameters were estimated for each reaction using the Monod model. Reductive dechlorination of the toxicants was investigated using acclimated mixed cultures under methanogenic conditions. The studies indicated that inhibition of acetogenesis and methanogenesis was best described using exponential rather than linear inhibition terms. A second significant observation was that acclimated test cultures had a finite biodegradation capacity for each chemical that was related to the mass of microorganism present. A unique feature of the test program was that inhibition and biodegradation were modeled using the specific biomass responsible for acetogenesis and methanogenesis rather than the total anaerobic biomass. (C) 1997 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Kwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Kwangju, South Korea. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Civil Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Kim, IS (reprint author), Kwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, 572 Sangamdong, Kwangju, South Korea. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 36 IS 6-7 BP 287 EP 294 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA YL959 UT WOS:000071012600035 ER PT J AU Slifko, TR Friedman, DE Rose, JB Upton, SJ Jakubowski, W AF Slifko, TR Friedman, DE Rose, JB Upton, SJ Jakubowski, W TI Unique cultural methods used to detect viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental samples SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Symposium of the Health-Related-Water-Microbiology-Group of the IAWQ CY OCT, 1996 CL MALLORCA, SPAIN SP IAWQ, Hlth Related Water Microbiol Grp DE Cryptosporidium parvum; cell culture; detection; immunofluorescence; oocyst; sporozoite; viability; waterborne pathogen ID CELL MONOLAYERS; IN-VITRO; WATER; APICOMPLEXA AB Crytosporidium parvum is an infectious enteric protozoan parasite that causes waterborne disease, severe gastroenteritis and is associated with high mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Detection of oocysts in water is very difficult and current methodologies do not determine viability. This project has focused on low level detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples using a unique cultural method. Previously, cell culture methods have been used to assess the developmental stages of Cryptosporidium; however, no cultural methods have been employed with environmental samples. The percentage of viable oocysts can be estimated by detecting intracellular developmental stages of the parasite using fluorescently labelled antibodies. Other methods are not capable of low level detection or high sensitivity. We are evaluating detection of single foci of infection, indicating that one of the four sporozoites released from the viable oocyst has infected a single cell. (C) 1997 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Slifko, TR (reprint author), UNIV S FLORIDA,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1997 VL 35 IS 11-12 BP 363 EP 368 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00286-2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA XV495 UT WOS:A1997XV49500062 ER PT J AU Lebrec, H Sarlo, K Burleson, GR AF Lebrec, H Sarlo, K Burleson, GR TI Effect of influenza virus infection on ovalbumin-specific IgE responses to inhaled antigen in the rat SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION; RESPIRATORY VIRUSES; VIRAL-INFECTIONS; ASTHMA; MICE; EXACERBATIONS AB Upper respiratory tract viral infections have been reported in clinical studies to serve as risk factors for allergic sensitization. In order to study the relationship linking influenza virus illnesses to development of allergy, murine models of allergen sensitization were previously employed. These models showed that lethal influenza viruses were able to trigger allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production and to inhibit tolerance to repeated exposure to aerosolized allergen in the mouse. The disadvantage of these murine models consists in the utilization of virulant and lethal strains of influenza virus. A nonlethal rat-adapted influenza virus (RAIV) host resistance model has been developed in our laboratory. It was used to evaluate the effect of influenza virus infection on IgE responses to inhaled ovalbumin (OA) in the rat. The high IgE-responder Brown-Norway (BN) rat was chosen for further study after comparing the IgE response to OA in Fischer 344 (F344) and BN rats. On d 1, BN rats were sensitized by administration of 1 mg OA subcutaneously alone or together with aluminum hydroxide (200 mg) and Bordetella pertussis (15 x 10(9) killed bacilli per rat in 1 mi), or only received saline. Rats were either infected with RAIV or sham-infected on d 0 (24 h prior to sensitization) or on d 15, 17, or 57. Rats were exposed for 3 min to aerosolized OA (OA 3% in phosphate-buffered saline) every week, starting on d 18. Serum OA-specific IgE was evaluated by reverse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 3 d after each OA challenge. BN rats elicited a detectable OA-specific IgE response that decreased after repeated aerosol exposures. influenza virus infection transiently increased the OA-specific IgE response when rats were immunized with OA alone and were infected 1 d prior to the first challenge and also when rats received only saline on d 1, were exposed each week to aerosolized OA, and were infected prior to the seventh challenge. These results, with data previously reported in mice, emphasize the importance of upper respiratory tract viral infection in increasing IgE responses to allergens and may be of importance in human disease. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,IMMUNOL HUMAN & ENVIRONM SAFETY DIV,DEPT RES & DEV,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD DEC 27 PY 1996 VL 49 IS 6 BP 619 EP 630 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VZ048 UT WOS:A1996VZ04800005 PM 8977628 ER PT J AU Chen, CL Fuscoe, JC Liu, Q Pui, CH Mahmoud, HH Relling, MV AF Chen, CL Fuscoe, JC Liu, Q Pui, CH Mahmoud, HH Relling, MV TI Relationship between cytoxicity and site-specific DNA recombination after in vitro exposure of leukemia cells to etoposide SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; 11Q23 CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS; ACUTE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; II CLEAVAGE SITES; TOPOISOMERASE-II; ORAL ETOPOSIDE; MLL GENE; DROSOPHILA-TRITHORAX; V(D)J RECOMBINATION AB Background: Etoposide, an inhibitor of the normal religation activity of the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase II, can induce a secondary acute myeloid leukemia characterized by site-specific DNA rearrangements. The schedule of drug administration appears to he a clinical risk Patter for this devastating treatment complication. Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that prolonged exposure of leukemia cells in vitro to low concentrations of etoposide, compared with short exposures to high concentrations, could produce equivalent of greater desired cytotoxic effects, with decreased occurrence of undesired site-specific double-stranded DNA recombinational events (i.e., recombinogenesis). Methods: We used the frequency of V(D)J (variable-diversity-joining) recombinase-mediated deletions of exons 2 and 3 of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene as a biomarker of etoposide-induced, nonhomologous, site-specific DNA rearrangement. A polymerase chain reaction-based technique was used to measure exon 2 + 3 deletions in human lymphoid leukemia CCRF-CEM cells 6 days after either 4-hour or 24-hour treatment with etoposide al clinically relevant concentrations. Cytotoxic effects of etoposide determined by the number of viable cells present in the treated compared with the control [i.e., untreated] cells) were measured 6 days after treatment of the cells. The frequency of the exon 2 + 3 deletion following the two treatment-duration conditions was compared by use of the Mantel-Haenszel statistic. All P values resulted from two-sided tests. Results: Cytotoxicity increased with increasing etoposide concentration and exposure duration. as expected, By day 6, the frequency of exon 2 + 3 deletions was significantly higher (global P value = .0003) after the 4-hour treatment than after the 24-hour treatment, regardless of whether the frequency was assessed at etoposide concentrations achieving equivalent (e.g., 95%) cytotoxicity (14.2 x 10(-7) versus 3.1 x 10(-7)) or at equivalent etoposide concentrations (e.g., 1 mu M) (10.8 x 10(-7) versus 1.3 x 10(-7)). Thus, the ratio of desired cytotoxic to undesired recombinogenic effects was higher with the 24-hour schedule, After the treated cells were subcloned at limiting dilutions, the frequency of the exon 2 + 3 deletion increased from 16.3 x 10(-7) to 4.33 x 10(-3)-indicating that the recombinational event is not necessarily lethal. Conclusion: For all drug concentrations and levels of cytotoxicity studied in CCRF-CEM cells, there was a greater ratio of cytotoxicity to genetic recombination following prolonged exposure to etoposide than following brief exposure. Implication: These data suggest that recombinogenesis is not inextricably linked to cytotoxicity. If confirmed in the clinical setting, the use of prolonged dosage schedules may provide a means to decrease the risk of etoposide-induced acute myeloid leukemia without compromising treatment efficacy. C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT PHARMACEUT SCI, MEMPHIS, TN 38101 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, COLL PHARM, MEMPHIS, TN 38163 USA. US EPA, DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT BIOSTAT, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA. ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT HEMATOL ONCOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, COLL MED, MEMPHIS, TN USA. MED COLL WISCONSIN, MIDWEST CHILDRENS CANC CTR, MILWAUKEE, WI 53226 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA51001, CA 20180, CA21765] NR 56 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD DEC 18 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 24 BP 1840 EP 1847 DI 10.1093/jnci/88.24.1840 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VY199 UT WOS:A1996VY19900013 PM 8961974 ER PT J AU DeAngelo, AB Daniel, FB Most, BM Olson, GR AF DeAngelo, AB Daniel, FB Most, BM Olson, GR TI The carcinogenicity of dichloroacetic acid in the male fischer 344 rat SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dichloroacetic acid; drinking water disinfection by-products; hepatocarcinogenicity ID CHEMICALLY-INDUCED MAMMARY; MALE B6C3F1 MOUSE; 90 DAY TOXICITY; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS; DRINKING-WATER; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; VINYLIDENE-CHLORIDE; CHLOROACETIC ACIDS; DIETARY-FAT; BY-PRODUCTS AB The chlorinated acetic acids, in particular dichloroacetic acid (DCA), are found as chlorine disinfection by-products in finished drinking water supplies. DCA has previously been demonstrated to be a mouse liver carcinogen. Chronic studies are described in which male Fischer (F344) rats were exposed to DCA in their drinking water. In the first study, 28 day old rats were exposed to a regimen of 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0g/l DCA. When animals in the high dose group began to exhibit peripheral hind leg neuropathy, the dose was lowered in stages to 1g/l. These animals were sacrificed at 60 weeks due to the severe, irreversible neuropathy and were. not included in this analysis. The remaining groups of animals were treated for 100 weeks. In the second study, rats were initially exposed to 2.5g/l DCA which was lowered to lg/l after 18 weeks. The mean daily concentration (MDC) of 1.6g/l was calculated over the 103 week exposure period. Time-weighted mean daily doses (MDD) based on measured water consumption were 3.6, 40.2 and 139mg/kg bw/day for the 0.05, 0.5 and 1.6g/l DCA respectively. Based upon the pathologic examination, DCA induced observable signs of toxicity in the nervous system, liver and myocardium. However, treatment related neoplastic lesions were observed only in the liver. A statistically significant increase of carcinogenicity (hepatocellular carcinoma) was noted at 1.6g/l DCA. Exposure to 0.5g/l DCA increased hepatocellular neoplasia, (carcinoma and adenoma) at 100 weeks. These data demonstrate that DCA is an hepatocarcinogen to the male F344 rat. Calculation of the MDD at which 50% of the animals exhibited liver neoplasia indicated that the F344 male rat (approximately 10 mg/kg bw/day) is ten times more sensitive than the B6C3F1 male mouse (approximately 100mg/kg bw/day). A 'no observed effects level' (NOEL) of 0.05g/l (3.6mg/kg/day) was the same as for the mouse (3-8mg/kg/day). C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. PATHOL ASSOCIATES INC,W CHESTER,OH 45069. RP DeAngelo, AB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 65 TC 131 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 18 PY 1996 VL 114 IS 3 BP 207 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03510-X PG 15 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VZ206 UT WOS:A1996VZ20600004 PM 8980710 ER PT J AU Kitchin, KT Brown, JL AF Kitchin, KT Brown, JL TI Dose-response relationship for rat liver DNA damage caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dose-response; 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; chemical carcinogenesis; risk assessment; DNA damage; alkaline elution ID CARCINOGENESIS; ALKYLATION; INVIVO; COLON AB An experimental approach was taken to the question of dose-response curves for chemical carcinogenesis, using DNA damage as a biomarker. Female rats were given 13 different doses of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (from 1.4 to 135000 mu g/kg) and the subsequent hepatic DNA damage was determined by the alkaline elution technique. DMH doses below 450 mu g/kg did not significantly damage DNA; all DMH doses of 1000 mu g/kg or higher damaged rat hepatic DNA (P < 0.05). In this study the x values (dose) ranged over five orders of magnitude and the y values (DNA damage) ranged 30-fold. Ten different regression models (linear, quadratic, cubic, power, and six nonlinear transition models) were compared in their ability to gt the experimental data. With respect to log transformed dose, the six nonlinear transition equations fit the data considerably better than the four power type of equations. A sigmoid model fit to the log transformed dose of 1,2-dimethlyhydrazine had an r(2) of 0.9979, a degree of freedom adjusted r(2) of 0.9969, a F-statistic of 1,457, and a tit standard error of 0.50. With respect to untransformed dose, only three equations (sigmoid, cascade and gaussian cumulative) could creditably fit the DMH data. The experimental results are interpreted with respect to hormesis, use of log transformed dose, sigmoid dose-response models, thresholds of biological response and cancer risk assessment. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 2 PY 1996 VL 114 IS 2 BP 113 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03478-6 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VV927 UT WOS:A1996VV92700003 PM 8947610 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Lee, JJ Dodson, RF AF Phillips, DL Lee, JJ Dodson, RF TI Sensitivity of the US corn belt to climate change and elevated CO2 .1. Corn and soybean yields SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; CROP RESPONSES; ENRICHMENT; TEMPERATURE; PLAINS; GROWTH; MODEL AB Climate models indicate that increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases could alter climate globally. The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) model was used to examine the sensitivity of corn and soybean yields over the US corn belt to changes in temperature, precipitation, wind and atmospheric CO2 concentration. A statistically representative sample of 100 corn and soybean production sites was selected from the 1987 National Resources Inventory (NRI). One-hundred-year simulations were run for each site under 36 different climate/CO2 scenarios. The results were area weighted according to the NRI area expansion factor's to produce a regionally aggregated estimate of yields. EPIC did an excellent job of reproducing current regional mean expected yields under the baseline scenario. There were 3% decreases in both corn and soybean yields in response to a 2 degrees C temperature increase at baseline precipitation levels, with larger and smaller temperature effects under drier and wetter conditions, respectively. Crop yields increased and decreased in response to increases and decreases of 10% or 20% precipitation. A 10% precipitation increase roughly balanced the negative effect of the 2 degrees C temperature increase. Whether the precipitation changes resulted from altered precipitation event frequency or amount per event had little effect on mean crop yields; however interannual yield variability was higher when precipitation decreases were due to frequency rather than intensity. The opposite was true, though to a lesser extent, far precipitation increases. Potential evapotranspiration responded linearly to changes in mean wind speed, leading to modest changes of 1-3 days of water stress per growing season, yield increases of up to 2% for decreased wind, and yield decreases of up to 6% for increased wind. Elevated CO2 concentrations of 625 ppmv gave the greatest yield increases, +17% for corn and +27% for soybean at baseline temperature and precipitation levels. The relative CO2 effect was larger under drier conditions. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 36 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 52 IS 4 BP 481 EP 502 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(96)00014-5 PG 22 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA VX916 UT WOS:A1996VX91600005 ER PT J AU Lee, JJ Phillips, DL Dodson, RF AF Lee, JJ Phillips, DL Dodson, RF TI Sensitivity of the US corn belt to climate change and elevated CO2 .2. Soil erosion and organic carbon SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID YIELD; MODEL AB Climate models indicate that increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases could alter climate globally. The EPIC (Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator) model was used to examine the sensitivity of soil erosion (wind, water) and soil organic carbon (SOC) (15 cm and 1 m depth) across the US corn belt to changes in temperature (+2 degrees C), precipitation (+/-10%, +/-20%), wind speed (+/-10%, +/-20%), and atmospheric CO2 concentration (350, 625 ppmv). One-hundred-year simulations were run for each of 100 sites under 36 climate/CO2 regimes. The 100-year regionally aggregated mean water erosion rates increased linearly with precipitation, whereas the wind erosion rates decreased and total erosion rates increased by 15-18%. Total erosion increased with increased temperature. Increasing CO2 from 350 to 625 ppmv (with temperature increased by 2 degrees C and mean wind speed held constant) had no effect on water erosion, despite increases in annual total and peak runoff; this was attributed to increased vegetation cover. Wind erosion decreased by 4-11% under increased CO2. Wind erosion was very sensitive to mean wind speed, increasing four-fold and decreasing 10-fold for a 20% increase or decrease in mean wind speed, respectively. This was attributed to a threshold effect. SOC to 1 m decreased 4.8 Mg-C ha(-1) from an initial value of 18.1 Mg-C ha(-1) during the 100-year baseline simulation. About 50% of this loss (2.3 Mg-C ha(-1)) was due to transport off-site by soil erosion. SOC in the top 15 cm decreased 0.8 Mg-C ha(-1) from an initial value of 4.9 Mg-C ha(-1). Increased temperature and precipitation accelerated these losses of SOC, whereas increased CO2 slowed the losses. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 US EPA, MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NATL HLTH ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 28 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 52 IS 4 BP 503 EP 521 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(96)00015-7 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA VX916 UT WOS:A1996VX91600006 ER PT J AU Kuch, PJ Ogg, CW AF Kuch, PJ Ogg, CW TI The 1995 farm bill and natural resource conservation: Major new opportunities SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Agricultural-Economics-Association CY JUL 28-31, 1996 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Agr Econ Assoc ID NITRATE; LOSSES; STRIPS RP Kuch, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY DEV,NAT RESOURCES SECTORS PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 78 IS 5 BP 1207 EP 1214 DI 10.2307/1243492 PG 8 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA WZ984 UT WOS:A1996WZ98400008 ER PT J AU Gurka, DF Titus, R Robins, K Wong, A Wurrey, CJ Durig, JR Shen, ZN Burkhard, LP AF Gurka, DF Titus, R Robins, K Wong, A Wurrey, CJ Durig, JR Shen, ZN Burkhard, LP TI Environmental analysis by ab initio quantum mechanical computation and gas chromatography Fourier transform infrared spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SPECTRA; SPECTROSCOPY; INTENSITIES; SOLVENT; MOMENTS; ENERGY AB Computational chemistry, in conjunction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC/MS/FT-IR), was used to tentatively identify seven tetrachlorobutadiene (TCBD) isomers detected in an environmental sample. Computation of the TCBD infrared spectra was performed with the Gaussian quantum chemistry software. The Hartree-Fock/6-31G* level of theory was employed, with IR frequencies scaled by a standard factor of 0.89. This approach shows great promise as a means of characterizing or confirming environmental analyte identifications when standard spectra, or pure standards required to measure standard spectra, are unavailable. C1 UNIV NEVADA, DEPT CHEM, LAS VEGAS, NV 89154 USA. UNIV MISSOURI, DEPT CHEM, KANSAS CITY, MO 64110 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV, DUBLIN, MN 55804 USA. RP Gurka, DF (reprint author), US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV, POB 93478, LAS VEGAS, NV 89193 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 23 BP 4221 EP 4227 DI 10.1021/ac960463g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VV333 UT WOS:A1996VV33300029 PM 21619333 ER PT J AU Palm, CJ Schaller, DL Donegan, KK Seidler, RJ AF Palm, CJ Schaller, DL Donegan, KK Seidler, RJ TI Persistence in soil of transgenic plant produced Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki delta-endotoxin SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transgenic plants; Bacillus thuringiensis toxin; risk assessment ID INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY; RESISTANCE; TOBACCO AB Transgenic plants that produce pesticidal proteins will release these proteins into the soil when these plants are incorporated into the soil by tillage or as leaf litter. Little is known about the fate and persistence of transgenic plant pesticidal products in the soil. We used a model system of transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki delta-endotoxin (Btk toxin) to evaluate the persistence of transgenic pesticides in soil. Purified Btk toxin or transgenic cotton leaves containing Btk toxin were added to soil in five different microcosm experiments in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1600 ng Btk toxin/g soil. The concentration of the extractable Btk toxin was measured for up to 140 days. An initial rapid decline in extractable toxin concentration in the first 14 days, followed by a slower decline, was observed in four of the five experiments. At the end of the experiments, Btk toxin from transgenic plant tissue was undetectable (less than 0.1% of starting concentration) in two of the microcosm experiments and at 3, 16, and 35% of the original amounts in the other experiments. In addition, experiments using gamma-irradiated sterilized soil indicated that the observed decline in extractable toxin concentration was due largely to biotic degradation rather than to physical adsorption by the soil. C1 US EPA,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 26 TC 100 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 42 IS 12 BP 1258 EP 1262 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA WA929 UT WOS:A1996WA92900012 ER PT J AU Rothman, N Hayes, RB Zenser, TV DeMarini, DM Bi, WF Hirvonen, A Talaska, G Bhatnagar, VK Caporaso, NE Brooks, LR Lakshmi, VM Feng, PW Kashyap, SK You, XJ Eischen, BT Kashyap, R Shelton, ML Hsu, FF Jaeger, M Parikh, DJ Davis, BB Yin, SN Bell, DA AF Rothman, N Hayes, RB Zenser, TV DeMarini, DM Bi, WF Hirvonen, A Talaska, G Bhatnagar, VK Caporaso, NE Brooks, LR Lakshmi, VM Feng, PW Kashyap, SK You, XJ Eischen, BT Kashyap, R Shelton, ML Hsu, FF Jaeger, M Parikh, DJ Davis, BB Yin, SN Bell, DA TI The glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype and benzidine-associated bladder cancer, urine mutagenicity, and exfoliated urothelial cell DNA adducts SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID TRANS-STILBENE OXIDE; CARCINOGEN-METABOLISM; HOMOZYGOUS DELETION; EXPOSED WORKERS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENE; SMOKERS; POLYMORPHISM; COMMON; RISK AB Multiple studies in the general population have suggested that subjects with the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1)-null genotype, who lack functional GSTM1, are at higher risk for bladder cancer, To evaluate the impact of the GSTM1-null genotype on bladder cancer caused by occupational exposure to benzidine and to determine its influence on benzidine metabolism, we carried out three complementary investigations: a case-control study of bladder cancer among workers previously exposed to benzidine in China, a cross-sectional study of urothelial cell DNA adducts and urinary mutagenicity in workers currently exposed to benzidine in India, and a laboratory study of the ability of human GSTM1 to conjugate benzidine and its known metabolites in vitro, There was no overall increase in bladder cancer risk for the GSTM1-null genotype among 38 bladder cancer cases and 43 controls (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.7), although there was some indication that highly exposed workers with the GSTM1-null genotype were at greater risk of bladder cancer compared to similarly exposed workers without this allele. However, the GSTM1 genotype had no impact on urothelial cell DNA adduct and urinary mutagenicity levels in workers currently exposed to benzidine, Furthermore, human GSTM1 did not conjugate benzidine or its metabolites, These results led us to conclude that the GSTM1-null genotype does not have an impact on bladder cancer caused by benzidine, providing a contrast to its association with elevated bladder cancer risk in the general population. C1 VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,ST LOUIS,MO 63125. ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63125. US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. CHINESE ACAD PREVENT MED,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. NIEHS,BIOCHEM RISK ANAL LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. NATL INST OCCUPAT HLTH,AHMEDABAD 380016,GUJARAT,INDIA. TIANJIN BUR CHEM IND,INST LABOR HYG,TIANJIN,PEOPLES R CHINA. SHANGHAI INST OCCUPAT MED,SHANGHAI,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Rothman, N (reprint author), NCI,NIH,DIV CANC EPIDEMIOL & GENET,EPN 418,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00954]; NIADDK NIH HHS [AM-20579]; NIEHS NIH HHS [1-P30-ES06096-01] NR 24 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 5 IS 12 BP 979 EP 983 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VX384 UT WOS:A1996VX38400006 PM 8959320 ER PT J AU Waller, CL Oprea, TI Chae, K Park, HK Korach, KS Laws, SC Wiese, TE Kelce, WR Gray, LE AF Waller, CL Oprea, TI Chae, K Park, HK Korach, KS Laws, SC Wiese, TE Kelce, WR Gray, LE TI Ligand-based identification of environmental estrogens SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-FIELD ANALYSIS; POLYCHLORINATED HYDROXYBIPHENYLS; RECEPTOR; BINDING; COMFA; VALIDATION; REGRESSION; DIOXINS; MODELS; QSAR AB Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) paradigm, was used to examine the estrogen receptor (ER) binding affinities of a series of structurally diverse natural, synthetic, and environmental chemicals of interest. The CoMFA/3D-QSAR model is statistically robust and internally consistent, and successfully illustrates that the overall steric and electrostatic properties of structurally diverse ligands for the estrogen receptor are both necessary and sufficient to describe the binding affinity. The ability of the model to accurately predict the En binding affinity of an external test set of molecules suggests that structure-based 3D-QSAR models may be used to supplement the process of endocrine disrupter identification through prioritization of novel compounds for bioassay. The general application of this 3D-QSAR model within a toxicological framework is, at present, limited only by the quantity and quality of biological data for relevant biomarkers of toxicity and hormonal responsiveness. C1 US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Waller, CL (reprint author), US EPA,DIV EXPT TOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Oprea, Tudor/A-5746-2011; OI Oprea, Tudor/0000-0002-6195-6976; Korach, Kenneth/0000-0002-7765-418X NR 25 TC 183 Z9 186 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 8 BP 1240 EP 1248 DI 10.1021/tx960054f PG 9 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA VV616 UT WOS:A1996VV61600004 PM 8951225 ER PT J AU Gan, H Bailey, GW Yu, YS AF Gan, H Bailey, GW Yu, YS TI Morphology of lead(II) and chromium(III) reaction products on phyllosilicate surfaces as determined by atomic force microscopy SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; clay; FTIR; geochemical equilibrium model; mica; remediation; smectite; X-ray ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; IRON OXIDATION-STATE; OCTAHEDRAL-IRON; NA-NONTRONITE; REDUCTION; REOXIDATION; MINERALOGY; DIMENSIONS; ELECTRON; WATER AB Redox and acid-base reactions play important roles in the fate of metal contaminants in soils and sediments. The presence of significant amounts of Cr, Pb and other toxic heavy metals in contaminated soils and sediments is of great environmental concern. Oxidation states and dissolution characteristics of the heavy metals can exert negative effects on the natural environment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to follow the changes in morphology and structure of reaction products of Cr and Pb formed on mineral surfaces. Nitrate salts of Cr(III) and Pb(II) were used to replace the native exchangeable cations on muscovite and smectite surfaces and the metal-mineral systems were then reacted at different pH's and redox conditions. For Pb, aggregate morphological forms were found at pH 6.1 and 12.4. At pH 6.1, the mean roughness value was 0.70 nm, and at pH 12.4 it was 5.30 nm. The fractal dimensions were 2.03 at pH 6.1 and 2.05 at pH 12.4. For Cr(III), both layered and aggregate morphological forms were found at pH 6.8 and 10.8. The mean roughness values were 0.90 nm at pH 6.8 and 4.3 nm at pH 10.8. Fractal dimensions for both were 2.00. The effect of redox conditions on morphological characteristics was studied on a smectite substrate. The reduced clays were more compacted than oxidized ones and the reduced clay could reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), forming new minerals on the surfaces. A geochemical equilibrium model, MINTEQA2, was used to simulate the experimental conditions and predict possible reaction products. Simulation results agreed well with data from experiments, providing evidence that modeling can provide a useful ''reality check'' for such studies. Together, MINTEQA2 and AFM can provide important information for evaluating the morphologies and chemical reactivities of metal reaction products formed on phyllosilicate surfaces under varying environmental conditions. C1 US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,ECOSYST RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. DYN CORP TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 16 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 734 EP 743 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440603 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA WU514 UT WOS:A1996WU51400003 ER PT J AU Wallace, L AF Wallace, L TI Environmental exposure to benzene: An update SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on the Toxicity, Carcinogenesis, and Epidemiology of Benzene (Benzene 95) CY JUN 17-20, 1995 CL PISCATAWAY, NJ SP Rutgers Univ, Off Continuing Profess Educ, State Univ New Jersey, Univ Med Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Joint Grad Program Toxicol DE benzene; exposure; indoor air; outdoor air; personal monitors; TEAM study; body burden; breath; blood ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; INDOOR-OUTDOOR RELATIONSHIPS; ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY TEAM; PERSONAL EXPOSURES; NEW-JERSEY; DRINKING-WATER; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BREATH LEVELS; MAJOR SOURCES; AIR AB During the 1990s, several large-scale studies of benzene concentrations in air, food, and blood have added to our knowledge of its environmental occurrence. In general, the new studies have confirmed the earlier findings of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) studies and other large-scale studies in Germany and the Netherlands concerning the levels of exposure and major sources. For example, the new studies found that personal exposures exceeded indoor concentrations of benzene, which in turn exceeded outdoor concentrations. The new studies or food concentrations have confirmed earlier indications that food is not an important pathway for benzene exposure. The results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on blood levels in a nationwide sample of 883 persons are in good agreement with the concentrations in exhaled breath measured in about 800 persons a decade earlier in the TEAM studies. Major sources of exposure continue to be active and passive smoking, auto exhaust, and driving or riding in automobiles. New methods in breath and blood sampling and analysis offer opportunities to investigate short-term peak exposures and resulting body burden under almost any conceivable field conditions. RP Wallace, L (reprint author), US EPA, 11568 WOODHOLLOW COURT, RESTON, VA 22091 USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 45 TC 204 Z9 208 U1 0 U2 28 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 104 SU 6 BP 1129 EP 1136 DI 10.2307/3433152 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WC466 UT WOS:A1996WC46600003 PM 9118882 ER PT J AU Huff, J AF Huff, J TI alpha 2 mu-globulin nephropathy, posed mechanisms, and white ravens - Response SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN NEPHROPATHY; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; RENAL CARCINOGENESIS; CELL-PROLIFERATION; RATS; TOXICITY; CANCER; EXPOSURE; ABSENCE; TUMORS RP Huff, J (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC, USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 104 IS 12 BP 1264 EP 1267 DI 10.2307/3432949 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WE308 UT WOS:A1996WE30800003 ER PT J AU Mekenyan, OG Veith, GD Call, DJ Ankley, GT AF Mekenyan, OG Veith, GD Call, DJ Ankley, GT TI A QSAR evaluation of Ah receptor binding of halogenated aromatic xenobiotics SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Ah receptor; molecular descriptors; PCB; PCDD; PCDF; polychlorinated biphenyls; polychlorinate dibenzofurans; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; quantum chemistry; QSAR ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; SYSTEM; MODEL; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; CONFORMATIONS; DERIVATIVES; VALIDATION; INDUCTION AB Because of their widespread occurrence and substantial biological activity halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) comprise one of the more important classes of contaminants in the environment. Some chemicals in this class cause adverse biological effects after binding to an intracellular cytosolic protein called the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxic responses such as thymic atrophy, weight loss, immunotoxicity, and acute lethality, as well as induction of cytochrome P4501A1, have been correlated with the relative affinity of PCBs, PCDFs, and PCDDs for the AhR. Therefore, an important step in predicting the effects of these chemicals is the estimation of their binding to the receptor. To date, however, the use of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models to estimate binding affinity across multiple chemical classes has shown only modest success possibly due, in part, to a focus on minimum energy chemical structures as the active molecules. In this study, we evaluated the use of structural conformations other than those of minimum energy for the purpose of developing a model for AhR binding affinity that encompasses more of the halogenated aromatic chemicals known to interact with the receptor. Resultant QSAR models were robust, showing good utility across multiple classes of halogenated aromatic compounds. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. UNIV WISCONSIN,LAKE SUPER RES INST,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. HIGHER INST CHEM TECHNOL,BURGAS 8010,BULGARIA. NR 36 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 21 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 104 IS 12 BP 1302 EP 1310 DI 10.2307/3432966 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WE308 UT WOS:A1996WE30800024 PM 9118871 ER PT J AU SahleDemessie, E Meckes, MC Richardson, TL AF SahleDemessie, E Meckes, MC Richardson, TL TI Remediating pesticide contaminated soils using solvent extraction SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB Bench-scale solvent extraction studies were performed on soil samples obtained from a Superfund site contaminated with high levels of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and toxaphene. The effectiveness of the solvent extraction process was assessed using methanol and 2-propanol as solvents over a wide range of operating conditions. It was demonstrated that a six-stage methanol extraction using a solvent-to-soil ratio of 1.6 can decrease pesticide levels in the soil by more than 99% and reduce the volume of material requiring further treatment by 25 times or more. The high solubility of the pesticides in methanol resulted in rapid extraction rates, with the system reaching quasi-equilibrium state in 30 minutes. The extraction efficiency was influenced by the number of extraction stages, the solvent-to-soil ratio, and the soil moisture content. Various methods weve investigated to regenerate and recycle the solvent. Evaporation and solvent stripping ave low cost and reliable methods for removing high pesticide concentrations from the solvent. For low concentrations, GAC adsorption may be used. Precipitating and filtering pesticides by adding water to the methanol/pesticide solution was not successful when tested with soil extracts. RP SahleDemessie, E (reprint author), US EPA,NATL MANAGEMENT RES LAB,MS 489,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD WIN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 4 BP 293 EP 300 DI 10.1002/ep.670150420 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VZ006 UT WOS:A1996VZ00600014 ER PT J AU Brown, SL Chaney, RL Lloyd, CA Angle, JS Ryan, JA AF Brown, SL Chaney, RL Lloyd, CA Angle, JS Ryan, JA TI Relative uptake of cadmium by garden vegetables and fruits grown on long term biosolid-amended soils SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SLUDGE; TISSUE; ZINC AB Cadmium contamination of soils has been viewed as the most dangerous form of trace element contamination of soil. The primary risk posed by Cd contamination is through the ingestion of vegetables grown on Cd-contaminated soil. A variety of garden vegetables selected as representatives of the major food groups were grown on long-term sludge and control plots at high and low pH levels to determine their patterns of Cd uptake in reference to an indicator crop. This was done to determine the potential for a relative uptake index. This relative uptake index (RUI) can be used to assess the risk potential for transfer of soil Cd to the food chain for contaminated sites. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was used as the indicator crop. For all vegetables excluding dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), which shows very low Cd uptake, it was possible to define a statistically significant log linear relationship with Cd accumulation in lettuce. When only the more contaminated treatments were included, a more quantitative relation between Cd in the indicator crop and Cd in the other vegetables (including bean) was defined. This indicates that a RUI may be appropriate for risk evaluation on more heavily Cd-contaminated soils. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45224. RP Brown, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC W,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 3508 EP 3511 DI 10.1021/es9601797 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV205 UT WOS:A1996VV20500037 ER PT J AU Betowski, LD Kendall, DS Pace, CM Donnelly, JR AF Betowski, LD Kendall, DS Pace, CM Donnelly, JR TI Characterization of groundwater samples from superfund sites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatagraphy mass spectrometry SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE BEAM; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRINKING-WATER; STRINGFELLOW; POLLUTANTS; CALIFORNIA; LEACHATES; ACIDS AB Groundwater at or near Superfund sites often contains much organic matter, as indicated by total organic carbon (TOC) measurements. Analyses by standard GC and GC/MS methodology often miss the more polar or nonvolatile of these organic compounds. The identification of the highly polar or ionic compounds may be needed to assess toxicity more reliably, to plan remediation, and to establish the possible source of a waste and the responsible party. This study characterized water samples from two Superfund sites for organic components where routine methods had failed to account for a majority of the TOC. Carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones were detected by GC/MS using a new capillary column designed for polar organic compounds. Particle beam LC/MS allowed for identifying several additional compounds. Finally, thermospray LC/MS was shown to be an excellent means of detecting ionic constituents, such as aromatic sulfonic acids, in the water samples. C1 US EPA,OFF ENFORCEMENT,NATL ENFORCEMENT INVEST CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SERV GRP,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP Betowski, LD (reprint author), US EPA,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 17 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 3558 EP 3564 DI 10.1021/es9602206 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV205 UT WOS:A1996VV20500044 ER PT J AU Bryndzia, LT AF Bryndzia, LT TI Destruction of organohalides in water using metal particles: Carbon tetrachloride water reactions with magnesium, tin, and zinc - Comment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Bryndzia, LT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,5995 CTR HILL AVE,CINCINNATI,OH 45224, USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 30 IS 12 BP 3642 EP 3644 DI 10.1021/es960585q PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV205 UT WOS:A1996VV20500060 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT DiToro, DM Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ AF Ankley, GT DiToro, DM Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ TI Assessing the ecological risk of metals in sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; TOXICITY; BIOAVAILABILITY; CADMIUM C1 MANHATTAN COLL,BRONX,NY 10471. HYDROQUAL,MAHWAH,NJ. US EPA,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2053 EP 2055 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2053:ATEROM>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800001 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT DiToro, DM Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ AF Ankley, GT DiToro, DM Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ TI Technical basis and proposal for deriving sediment quality criteria for metals SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; metal; criteria; programmic input; interstitial water; acid-volatile sulfide ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; TRACE-METALS; PORE-WATER; POTENTIAL BIOAVAILABILITY; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; CHEMICAL SPECIATION; ACUTE TOXICITY; CADMIUM AB In developing sediment quality criteria (SQC) for metals, it is essential that bioavailability be a prime consideration. Different studies have shown that while dry weight metal concentrations in sediments are not predictive of bioavailability, metal concentrations in interstitial (pore) water are correlated with observed biological effects. A key partitioning phase controlling cationic metal activity and toxicity in the sediment-interstitial water system is acid-volatile sulfide (AVS). Acid-volatile sulfide binds, on a mole-to-mole basis, a number of cationic metals of environmental concern (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc) forming insoluble sulfide complexes with minimal biological availability. Short-term (10-d) laboratory studies with a variety of marine and freshwater benthic organisms have demonstrated that when AVS concentrations in spiked or field-collected sediments exceed those of metals simultaneously extracted with the AVS, interstitial water metal concentrations remain below those predicted to cause effects, and toxicity does not occur. Similar observations have been made in life-cycle laboratory toxicity tests with amphipods and chironomids in marine and freshwater sediments spiked with cadmium and zinc, respectively. In addition, field colonization experiments, varying in length from several months to more than 1 year, with cadmium- or zinc-spiked freshwater and marine sediments, have demonstrated a lack of biological effects when there is sufficient AVS to limit interstitial water metal concentrations. These studies on metal bioavailability and toxicity in sediments serve as the basis for proposed SQC for the metals cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. Specifically, four approaches for deriving criteria are described: (a) comparison of molar AVS concentrations to the summed molar concentration of the five metals simultaneously extracted with the AVS; (b) measurement of interstitial water metal concentrations and calculation of summed interstitial water criteria toxic units (IWCTU) for the five metals, based upon final chronic values from water quality criteria documents; (c) calculation of summed IWCTU based upon sediment AVS concentrations and metal-specific partitioning of the metals to organic carbon; and (d) calculation of summed IWCTU based upon partitioning of the metals to a minimum binding phase sorbent (chromatographic sand). For a number of reasons, SQC derived using these approaches generally should be considered ''no effect'' values, i.e., with these techniques it is possible to predict when sediment metals will not be toxic, but not necessarily when metal toxicity will be manifested. Currently, approaches (a) and (b) are the most useful in terms of predicting metal bioavailability and deriving SQC. Further research is required, however, to fully implement approaches (c) and (d). Additional research also is required to thoroughly understand processes controlling bioaccumulation of metals from sediments by benthic organisms, as well as accumulation of metals by pelagic species that ingest metal-contaminated benthos. C1 HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07030. MANHATTAN COLL,DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN,BRONX,NY 10471. US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Cheng, Jason/A-9296-2010; Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 81 TC 278 Z9 305 U1 4 U2 37 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2056 EP 2066 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2056:TBAPFD>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800002 ER PT J AU Berry, WJ Hansen, DJ Mahony, JD Robson, DL DiToro, DM Shipley, BP Rogers, B Corbin, JM Boothman, WS AF Berry, WJ Hansen, DJ Mahony, JD Robson, DL DiToro, DM Shipley, BP Rogers, B Corbin, JM Boothman, WS TI Predicting the toxicity of metal-spiked laboratory sediments using acid-volatile sulfide and interstitial water normalizations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acid-volatile sulfide; interstitial water; metals; sediments; toxicity ID QUALITY CRITERIA; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; AMPHIPOD; NICKEL; COPPER; DDT AB Numerous studies have shown that dry weight concentrations of metals in sediments cannot be used to predict toxicity across sediments. However, several studies using sediments from both freshwater and saltwater have shown that interstitial water concentration or normalizations involving acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) can be used to predict toxicity in sediments contaminated with cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, or zinc across a wide range of sediment types. Six separate experiments were conducted in which two or three sediments of varying AVS concentration were spiked with a series of concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, or zinc or a mixture of four of these metals. The amphipod Ampelisca abdita was then exposed to the sediments in 10-d toxicity tests. Amphipod mortality was sediment dependent when plotted against dry weight metals concentration but was not sediment dependent when plotted against simultaneously extracted metal (SEM)/AVS or interstitial water toxic units (IWTUs). Sediments with SEM/AVS ratios <1.0 were seldom (2.3%) toxic (i.e., caused >24% mortality), while sediments with SEM/AVS ratios >1.0 were frequently (80%) toxic. Similarly, sediments with <0.5 IWTU were seldom toxic (3.0%), while sediments with >0.5 IWTU were toxic 94.4% of the time. These results, coupled with results from related studies, demonstrate that an understanding of the fundamental chemical reactions which control the availability of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc in sediments can be used to explain observed biological responses. We believe that using SEM/AVS ratios and IWTUs allows for more accurate predictions of acute mortality, with better causal linkage to metal concentration, than is possible with sediment evaluation tools which rely on dry weight metal concentrations. C1 MANHATTAN COLL,DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN,RIVERDALE,NY 10471. RHODE ISL DEPT ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,PROVIDENCE,RI 02908. HYDROQUAL,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. SPRINGBORN LABS,WAREHAM,MA 02571. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. TEXAS NATL RESOURCE CONSERVAT COMMISS,AUSTIN,TX 78711. RP Berry, WJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 39 TC 154 Z9 170 U1 2 U2 25 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2067 EP 2079 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2067:PTTOMS>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800003 ER PT J AU Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ Mahony, JD Boothman, WS DiToro, DM Robson, DL Ankley, GT Ma, D Yan, Q Pesch, CE AF Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ Mahony, JD Boothman, WS DiToro, DM Robson, DL Ankley, GT Ma, D Yan, Q Pesch, CE TI Predicting the toxicity of metal-contaminated field sediments using interstitial concentration of metals and acid-volatile sulfide normalizations SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; acid-volatile sulfide; metals; toxicity; interstitial water ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; BIOAVAILABILITY; CADMIUM; NICKEL; COPPER AB We investigated the utility of interstitial water concentrations of metals and simultaneously extracted metal/acid-volatile sulfide (SEM/AVS) ratios to explain the biological availability of sediment-associated divalent metals to benthic organisms exposed in the laboratory to sediments from five saltwater and four freshwater locations in the United States, Canada, and China. The amphipod Ampelisca abdita or the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata were exposed to 70 sediments from the five saltwater locations, and the amphipod Hyalella azteca or the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus were exposed to 55 sediments from four freshwater locations in 10-d lethality tests. Sediment toxicity was nor related to dry weight metals concentrations. Almost complete absence of toxicity in spiked sediments and field sediments where metals were the only known source of contamination and where interstitial water toxic units (IWTUs) were <0.5 indicates that toxicity associated with sediments having SEM/AVS ratios <1.0 from two saltwater locations in industrial harbors was not metals-related as these sediments contained <0.5 IWTU. Metals-associated toxicity was absent in 100% of sediments from the remaining three saltwater field locations, where metals were the only known source of contamination and SEM/AVS ratios were less than or equal to 1.0. Two-thirds of 45 sediments from seven saltwater and freshwater field locations having both IWTUs >0.5 and SEM/AVS ratios >1.0 were toxic. Toxicity was observed less often when SEM/AVS ratios >1.0 (39%) or IWTUs >0.5 (55%) were used alone. The difference between the molar concentrations of SEM and AVS (SEM AVS) can provide important insight into the extent of additional available binding capacity, The magnitude by which AVS binding has been exceeded, and, when organism response is considered, the potential magnitude of importance of other metal binding phases. For these reasons, SEM - AVS should be used instead of SEM/AVS ratios as a measure of metals availability. Over all published experiments with both metal-spiked and field sediments, SEM - AVS and IWTUs accurately (99.2%) identified absence of sediment toxicity and with less accuracy (79.1%) identified the presence of toxicity. C1 MANHATTAN COLL,DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN,BRONX,NY 10471. HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. RHODE ISL DEPT ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT,PROVIDENCE,RI 02903. US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. PRC OCEAN ADM,INST MARINE ENVIRONM PROTECT,DALIAN,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Hansen, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 29 TC 123 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 24 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2080 EP 2094 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2080:PTTOMC>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800004 ER PT J AU DeWitt, TH Swartz, RC Hansen, DJ McGovern, D Berry, WJ AF DeWitt, TH Swartz, RC Hansen, DJ McGovern, D Berry, WJ TI Bioavailability and chronic toxicity of cadmium in sediment to the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amphipods; acid-volatile sulfide; cadmium; chronic toxicity; sediment ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; MARINE INFAUNAL AMPHIPOD; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; NICKEL; METALS; COPPER; AVS AB Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of interstitial water metal concentrations and simultaneously extracted metals/acid-volatile sulfide (SEM/AVS) ratios in explaining the acute toxicity of sediment-associated metals to benthic organisms. However, no full life-cycle chronic marine or estuarine tests have been conducted for this purpose. In this study, cohorts of newborn amphipods, Leptocheirus plumulosus, were exposed to cadmium-spiked estuarine sediment for 28 d to determine effects on mortality, growth, and reproduction relative to interstitial water and SEM/AVS normalization. Seven treatments of cadmium were tested: 0 (control), 0.34, 0.74, 1.31, 1.55, 2.23, and 4.82 M SEM(Cd)/AVS ratios (measured concentrations). Interstitial water cadmium (IWCd) and sediment concentrations of SEM(Cd) and AVS were monitored periodically and by depth during the exposure. When sediment SEM(Cd)/AVS ratios were less than or equal to 1.55, mean IWCd concentrations were less than the 96-h water-only cadmium LC50 for juvenile and subadult L. plumulosus, and mortality, growth, and reproduction were not affected. When SEM(Cd)/AVS ratios were greater than or equal to 2.23, IWCd concentrations were more than 100 times greater than the 96-h water-only cadmium LC50, and all amphipods died. These results are consistent with predictions of metal bioavailability from acute tests with metal-spiked sediments, i.e., that sediments with SEM(Cd)/AVS ratios <1 are not toxic, while sediments with SEM(Cd)/AVS ratios >1 may be toxic. C1 US EPA, WESTERN ECOL DIV, NEWPORT, OR 97365 USA. US EPA, ATLANTIC ECOL DIV, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. RP DeWitt, TH (reprint author), PACIFIC NW NATL LAB, BATTELLE MARINE SCI LAB, 1529 W SEQUIM BAY RD, SEQUIM, WA 98382 USA. NR 28 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2095 EP 2101 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2095:BACTOC>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800005 ER PT J AU Sibley, PK Ankley, GT Cotter, AM Leonard, EN AF Sibley, PK Ankley, GT Cotter, AM Leonard, EN TI Predicting chronic toxicity of sediments spiked with zinc: An evaluation of the acid-volatile sulfide model using a life-cycle test with the midge Chironomus tentans SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Chironomus tentans; zinc; chronic toxicity; sediments; acid-volatile sulfide ID METAL CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; TRACE-METALS; CADMIUM; WATER; BIOAVAILABILITY; DIPTERA; COPPER; NICKEL; LARVAE AB The development of sediment quality criteria for the cationic metals cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc has focused on the use of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) as the primary normalization phase for predicting interstitial pore-water concentrations and bioavailability of the metals. To date, most of the research in support of AVS in this context has utilized short-term laboratory exposures, with a relative paucity of information pertaining to long-term exposures. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the use of AVS as a predictor of metal toxicity to a benthic organism in a long-term laboratory exposure. Clean sediment was spiked with zinc to obtain nominal treatments ranging from -2.34 to 58.5 mu g/g dry weight with respect to the molar difference between simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) and AVS. The test was initiated with newly hatched larvae of the midge Chironomus tentans and carried through one complete generation (56 d) during which survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction were monitored. When the molar difference between SEM and AVS (i.e., SEM - AVS) was <0, the concentration of zinc in the sediment interstitial water was low and no adverse effects were observed for any of the biological endpoints measured. Conversely, when SEM - AVS exceeded 0, a dose-dependent increase in the relative concentration of zinc in the pore water was detected. However, the absolute concentration of pore-water zinc at each treatment declined over the course of the study, corresponding to an increase in sediment AVS and to a loss of zinc due to diffusion into the overlying water, which was renewed twice daily. Only when SEM - AVS exceeded 0 were significant reductions in survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction observed. Together, the chemical and biological data from this study compare favorably with observations made in short-term exposures and thus support the use of AVS as a normalization phase for predicting toxicity in metal-contaminated sediments. RP Sibley, PK (reprint author), US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 44 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 10 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2102 EP 2112 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2102:PCTOSS>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800006 ER PT J AU Liber, K Call, DJ Markee, TP Schmude, KL Balcer, MD Whiteman, FW Ankley, GT AF Liber, K Call, DJ Markee, TP Schmude, KL Balcer, MD Whiteman, FW Ankley, GT TI Effects of acid-volatile sulfide on zinc bioavailability and toxicity to benthic macroinvertebrates: A spiked-sediment field experiment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acid-volatile sulfide; zinc bioavailability; sediment toxicity; benthic macroinvertebrates ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; LITTORAL ENCLOSURE; AQUATIC INSECTS; CADMIUM; NICKEL; AVS; CHIRONOMUS; ELEMENTS AB Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) has been proposed as the primary normalization phase for the development of sediment quality criteria for certain cationic metals. This study was designed to assist in this development by providing necessary field data on the relationships among season, AVS concentrations, and zinc bioavailability and toxicity in freshwater sediments. Zinc was spiked into uncontaminated sediments collected from a local pond, creating five simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 12.0 mu mol/g dry weight. The spiked sediments were transferred to 4-L plastic trays, returned to the bottom of the pond, and sampled on five dates during 1993-1994. Results revealed a pronounced increase in AVS concentration with increasing zinc concentration. Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations in zinc-spiked sediments displayed only minor seasonal variation but were lowest in surficial (0-2 cm) sediments. Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations always exceeded SEM concentrations at less than or equal to 6.0 pmol SEM/g; only at 12.0 mu mol SEM/g did SEM/AVS ratios exceed 1.0. Zinc was rarely detected in pore water at any treatment and never at concentrations which should have posed a hazard to benthic macroinvertebrates. No substantial effect on colonization of zinc-spiked sediments by benthic macroinvertebrates was observed. Only oligochaetes (Naididae) were significantly reduced in abundance at the high zinc treatment, although reductions were occasionally evident for other taxa. Lack of noteworthy pore-water zinc concentrations and lack of associated, ecologically meaningful effects were attributed to the increase in AVS levels observed with increasing SEM zinc sediment concentration. The increases in AVS theoretically resulted from a replacement of natural iron and manganese sulfides with the more stable zinc sulfide complex. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN SUPERIOR,LAKE SUPER RES INST,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 41 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2113 EP 2125 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2113:EOAVSO>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800007 ER PT J AU Hansen, DJ Mahony, JD Berry, WJ Benyi, SJ Corbin, JM Pratt, SD DiToro, DM Abel, MB AF Hansen, DJ Mahony, JD Berry, WJ Benyi, SJ Corbin, JM Pratt, SD DiToro, DM Abel, MB TI Chronic effect of cadmium in sediments on colonization by benthic marine organisms: An evaluation of the role of interstitial cadmium and acid-volatile sulfide in biological availability SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; acid-volatile sulfide; cadmium; toxicity; interstitial water ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; QUALITY CRITERIA; ACUTE TOXICITY; BIOAVAILABILITY; METALS; ACCUMULATION; NICKEL; COPPER; AVS AB The role of interstitial cadmium and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) in controlling the bioavailability of sediment-associated metal was examined using the chronic saltwater benthic colonization test. Sediments were spiked to achieve nominal cadmium/AVS molar ratios of 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.8, and 3.0 in this 118-d test. Oxidation of AVS in the surficial 2.4 cm within 2 to 4 weeks resulted in sulfide profiles similar to those occurring naturally in local sediments. In the nominal 0.1 cadmium/AVS treatment, measured simultaneously extracted metal (SEM(Cd)) was always less than AVS. Interstitial cadmium concentrations (<3-10 mu g/L) were less than those likely to cause biological effects. No significant biological effects were detected. In the nominal 0.8 cadmium/AVS treatment, measured SEM,, commonly exceeded AVS in the surficial 2.4 cm of sediment. Interstitial cadmium concentrations (24-157 mu g/L) were of likely toxicological significance to highly sensitive species. Shifts in the presence or absence over all taxa, and fewer macrobenthic polychaetes (Mediomastus ambiseta, Streblospio benedicti, and Podarke obscura) and unidentified meiofaunal nematodes, were observed. In the nominal 3.0 cadmium/AVS treatment, concentrations of SEM(Cd) were always greater than AVS throughout the sediment column. Interstitial cadmium ranged from 28,000 to 174,000 mu g/L. In addition to the effects above, these sediments were colonized by fewer macrobenthic species, polychaete species, and harpacticoids; had lower densities of diatoms; lacked bivalve molluscs; and exhibited other impacts. Over all treatments, the observed biological responses were consistent with SEM(Cd)/AVS ratios in surficial sediments and interstitial water cadmium concentrations. C1 MANHATTAN COLL,DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN,BRONX,NY 10471. TEXAS NAT RESOURCE CONSERVAT COMMISS,ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT DIV,AUSTIN,TX 78711. UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT BOT,KINGSTON,RI 02881. RP Hansen, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 37 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2126 EP 2137 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2126:CEOCIS>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800008 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT AF Ankley, GT TI Evaluation of metal/acid-volatile sulfide relationships in the prediction of metal bioaccumulation by benthic macroinvertebrates SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE metal; sediment; bioaccumulation; acid-volatile sulfide ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; ACUTE TOXICITY; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; ACCUMULATION; NICKEL; COPPER; ZINC; LEAD AB Recent studies have demonstrated that the toxicity of divalent cationic metals (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc) in sediments can be controlled through binding to acid-volatile sulfide (AVS). When the molar concentration of AVS exceeds that of the metals (i.e., the metal/AVS ratio is less than unity), they exist predominantly as insoluble metal sulfides, which presumably are not biologically available. Thus, at metal/AVS ratios less than 1, toxicity of sediment-associated metals to benthic macroinvertebrates has not been observed. However, bioaccumulation may provide a more direct assessment of contaminant bioavailability than the presence or absence of toxicity. The purpose of this report is to comprehensively review available literature on metal bioaccumulation versus sediment metal/AVS relationships to further examine the tenet that AVS controls metal bioavailability. In all, 12 studies were evaluated; these ranged from short-term (10-d) laboratory experiments with metal-spiked or field-collected sediments containing cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and/or zinc to long-term (>1-year) field studies with sediments spiked with cadmium or zinc. Test organisms included mollusks, oligochaetes, polychaetes, amphipods, and midges. The preponderance of studies indicated reduced accumulation of metals at sediment metal/AVS ratios of less than 1. However, there were exceptions to this general observation, two of which occurred in short-term laboratory experiments with cadmium- or nickel-spiked sediments. In these studies there appeared to be a linear accumulation of metals with increasing sediment metal concentrations irrespective of the metal/AVS ratio. Although there is experimental evidence suggesting that significant bioaccumulation of metals does not occur when there is sufficient AVS available to bind them, the existence of at least some data to the contrary indicates the need for further research relative to factors controlling the bioaccumulation of metals from sediments. RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 26 TC 83 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2138 EP 2146 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2138:EOMAVS>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800009 ER PT J AU Peterson, GS Ankley, GT Leonard, EN AF Peterson, GS Ankley, GT Leonard, EN TI Effect of bioturbation on metal-sulfide oxidation in surficial freshwater sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediment; acid-volatile sulfide; metal; oxidation; bioavailability ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; WATER SEDIMENTS; OVERLYING WATER; ACUTE TOXICITY; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; NICKEL; COPPER; OLIGOCHAETA AB Recent studies have demonstrated the role of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) in controlling the bioavailability of several cationic metals in anoxic sediments. However, metal-sulfide complexes can be relatively labile with respect to oxidation associated with factors such as seasonal changes in rates of oxidation/production of AVS. Another potentially important mechanism of AVS oxidation in surficial sediments is bioturbation. We used different densities of the burrowing oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus in a series of laboratory experiments to evaluate the effect of bioturbation on oxidation of AVS and subsequent bioavailability of cadmium and zinc spiked into freshwater sediments. Metal bioavailability was determined directly by bioaccumulation in the test organisms and indirectly through analysis of interstitial (pore) water metal concentrations. In our studies, horizon-specific sediment analyses were conducted to assess spatial differences in AVS and pore-water metal concentrations specifically related to organism activity. Burrowing activity of the oligochaete significantly reduced AVS concentrations in surficial sediments in a density-dependent manner and resulted in elevated interstitial water concentrations of cadmium but not zinc. Concentrations of cadmium in pore water from deeper horizons (below the zone of active burrowing) were consistently lower than those in the surficial sediments. The bioaccumulation of cadmium and zinc by L. variegatus was reflective of pore-water concentrations of the two metals, i.e., there was significant accumulation of cadmium, but not zinc, by the oligochaetes. Overall, our results indicate that bioturbation can enhance the bioavailability of some cationic metals in surficial sediments, via oxidation of AVS, and demonstrate the importance of analyzing surficial sediments when assessing bioavailability of metals in sediments. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,MINNESOTA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US EPA,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 37 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 21 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2147 EP 2155 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2147:EOBOMS>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800010 ER PT J AU DiToro, DM Mahony, JD Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ AF DiToro, DM Mahony, JD Hansen, DJ Berry, WJ TI A model of the oxidation of iron and cadmium sulfide in sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE model; seasonal variation; sediment quality criteria ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; ORGANIC-MATTER; TOXICITY; METALS; AVS AB A model is presented for the temporal and vertical variation of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extracted cadmium (SEM(Cd)), and cadmium interstitial water concentration in sediments. The model is based on the one-dimensional advective-dispersive mass balance equation. Transport by particle and pore-water mixing is considered. The state variables include the components of AVS and SEM(Cd), namely iron sulfide (FeS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS), and sorbed + pore-water cadmium (Cd-T). In addition, particulate organic carbon (POC), iron oxyhydroxide, and dissolved oxygen are explicitly modeled. The oxidation, displacement, and partitioning reactions that are sources and sinks of the state variables are included. The model is applied to three experimental data sets. Two of these employed marine sediments with typical organic carbon and AVS concentrations. The third employed a freshwater sediment with a high POC and low AVS. The calibration produced similar partitioning parameters on an organic carbon basis for both sediments. However, the oxidation and partitioning behavior of the FeS in the low AVS freshwater sediment was distinctly different from the high AVS cases. The model successfully reproduces the major features of the experimental data: the progressive decrease in AVS and SEM(Cd), and an increase in the SEM(Cd) to AVS ratio in the surface layers. It is less successful in reproducing the pore-water cadmium concentrations. C1 HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07431. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP DiToro, DM (reprint author), MANHATTAN COLL,DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN,BRONX,NY 10471, USA. NR 35 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2168 EP 2186 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2168:AMOTOO>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800012 ER PT J AU Hassan, SM Garrison, AW Allen, HE DiToro, DM Ankley, GT AF Hassan, SM Garrison, AW Allen, HE DiToro, DM Ankley, GT TI Estimation of partition coefficients for five trace metals in sandy sediments and application to sediment quality criteria SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE metal cations; adsorption; partition coefficient; sandy sediments; chromatographic sand; sediment ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; ADSORPTION; SOILS; SORPTION; CADMIUM; TOXICITY AB Six low-capacity natural adsorbents-were identified for the five metal cations (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) for which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing sediment quality criteria (SQC). The adsorbents were commercial sea sand and chromatographic sand (both from natural sources) and four sandy sediments collected from different parts of the continental United States. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted for each sediment with a mixture of the five cations at low concentrations (from about 15 to 700 mu g/L) using a 48-h equilibration time. The distribution coefficients (K(d)s) were calculated using the initial linear segment of the plotted adsorption isotherms; selection of the linear segment involved repetitive regression analysis of selected data points. Chromatographic sand at pH 3.7 showed the lowest adsorption capacity for all the metal cations. An increase in pH of the medium generally resulted in a higher K-d, whereas an increase in ionic strength resulted in a lower K-d. Chromatographic sand, especially at low natural pH levels, may serve as a limiting adsorbent or a benchmark for maximum pore-water concentrations for these five metal cations because its associated pore water would contain higher levels of the cations than other sediments. These measured K(d)s, which are expected to be minimum values for natural sediments, were applied to screen sediment samples for SQC. An equation that can predict the K-d for each of the five metals for sandy sediments at neutral and lower pH levels was derived from the regression of the measured K(d)s against the pH of the six sediments used in this study. This equation was tested with a data set from Lake Michigan sediment samples. Porewater metal concentrations calculated from the predicted K-d values were used to predict whether a sediment would pass SQC in terms of predicted interstitial water criteria toxic units; 16 of 38 of these sediments were predicted not to exceed proposed SQC for metals. C1 US EPA,EXPOSURE RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,DYNCORP,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,NEWARK,DE 19716. HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DULUTH,MN 55804. OI Hassan, Sayed/0000-0003-4713-0892 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2198 EP 2208 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2198:EOPCFF>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800014 ER PT J AU Leonard, EN Ankley, GT Hoke, RA AF Leonard, EN Ankley, GT Hoke, RA TI Evaluation of metals in marine and freshwater surficial, sediments from the environmental monitoring and assessment program relative to proposed sediment quality criteria for metals SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediments; metals; sediment quality criteria; pore water; acid-volatile sulfide ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS; WATER SEDIMENTS; SULFATE REDUCTION; ACUTE TOXICITY; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; NICKEL; AVS; COPPER AB Surficial sediments collected from Lake Michigan (N = 46) and the Virginian Province of the east coast of the U.S. (N = 131) by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were evaluated relative to a proposed approach to sediment quality criteria (SQC) for five metals (copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and lead). Concentrations of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) from the AVS extraction, total metals, and total organic carbon were measured in the sediments. Interstitial pore-water concentrations of the five metals also were measured in the freshwater sediment samples. Overall, 91% of 131 surficial marine sediments and 50% of 46 surficial freshwater sediments contained detectable AVS. In 93 of the marine sediments the concentrations of AVS were greater than total SEM (molar sum of copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and lead) indicating a low probability of bioavailable metal. In contrast, 91% of the surficial freshwater samples contained greater concentrations of total SEM than AVS. However, pore-water concentrations of the five metals in the freshwater samples were uniformly low and never exceeded 0.3 toxic units based on an additive toxicity model that utilized final chronic values from EPA water quality criteria documents for the five metals. These predictions of minimal metal bioavailability in the EMAP samples were consistent with a general lack of toxicity in laboratory assays with the sediments and with the fact that they had been collected predominantly from ostensibly uncontaminated sites. C1 SAIC CORP,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. RP Leonard, EN (reprint author), US EPA,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 45 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2221 EP 2232 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2221:EOMIMA>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800016 ER PT J AU Lake, JL McKinney, R Osterman, FA Lake, CA AF Lake, JL McKinney, R Osterman, FA Lake, CA TI C-18-coated silica particles as a surrogate for benthic uptake of hydrophobic compounds from bedded sediment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; PCBs; PAHs ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AB To simulate the bioaccumulation of neutral organic contaminants by infaunal benthos, the partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between a contaminated estuarine sediment and admired C-18-coated silica particles was measured. The concentrations of lower chlorinated PCB congeners (less than five chlorine atoms per molecule) on the C-18-coated silica particles reached apparent steady state within 300 h while congeners with greater numbers of chlorine atoms required much greater time periods (greater than 1 year) to reach apparent steady state. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons showed less partitioning from sediment to the C-18 particles than PCB congeners, although the log K-ow ranges of the compounds in these comparisons were similar. The biota sediment accumulation factors, defined as the lipid-normalized contaminant concentration in an exposed organism divided by the organic carbon-normalized contaminant concentration of the sediment, were calculated for these exposures using the C-18 of the particles as the lipid. The results from these exposures agreed closely with those measured in studies where living benthic organisms were exposed to contaminated sediment. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,COMP SCI CORP,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Lake, JL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2284 EP 2289 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<2284:CCSPAA>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VX138 UT WOS:A1996VX13800024 ER PT J AU Cifuentes, LA Coffin, RB Solorzano, L Cardenas, W Espinoza, J Twilley, RR AF Cifuentes, LA Coffin, RB Solorzano, L Cardenas, W Espinoza, J Twilley, RR TI Isotopic and elemental variations of carbon and nitrogen in a mangrove estuary SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tropical mangroves; detritus; isotopic variation; nitrogen immobilization; tidal variation ID ORGANIC-CARBON; DETRITUS NITROGEN; DELAWARE ESTUARY; MARINE; AVAILABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; SEDIMENTS; BACTERIA; FLORIDA; LEAVES AB Variations in elemental and isotopic ratios of suspended particulate matter (SPM) were investigated in the Guayas River Estuary Ecosystem (GREE) that empties into the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Detritus in the system was identified on the basis of extremely high carbon:chlorophyll a ratios (>1000). This material had mean delta(13)C of -26.4 +/- 0.3, delta(15)N of +4.8 +/- 0.2, and (C:N)(atomic) of 14.1 +/- 0.9. The isotopic data were comparable to measurements reported for fresh and degrading mangrove leaves, whereas the elemental ratio was comparatively enriched in nitrogen. Isotope measurements of SPM throughout the GREE were more similar to values for riverine material and detritus compared with that for the coastal end-member. Values indicative of in situ produced algae, sewage and shrimp pond effluent were only found at selected sites. Bacterial bioassays, which were used to document potential sources of dissolved organic matter in the GREE, were isotopically similar to SPM. This correspondence coupled with the relatively low (C:N), of SPM could be explained by bacterial immobolization of nitrogen onto detritus. Finally, tidal variations of (C:N), and delta(13)C at a brackish mangrove site were similar in magnitude to spatial variations encountered throughout the GREE. Based on these results, the authors caution that care must be taken when samples are taken for food-web studies in these systems. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 US EPA,GULF BREEZE ENVIRONM RES LAB,MEBB,SABINE ISL,FL 32561. UNIV SW LOUISIANA,DEPT BIOL,LAFAYETTE,LA 70504. INST NACL PESCA,GUAYAQUIL,ECUADOR. RP Cifuentes, LA (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. RI Nguyen, Lich/F-6231-2010 NR 58 TC 94 Z9 135 U1 6 U2 38 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 43 IS 6 BP 781 EP 800 DI 10.1006/ecss.1996.0103 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VZ534 UT WOS:A1996VZ53400009 ER PT J AU Berger, BM Wolfe, NL AF Berger, BM Wolfe, NL TI Multiresidue determination of sulfonylurea herbicides by capillary electrophoresis for hydrolysis studies in water and sediments SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHLORSULFURON; DEGRADATION; METSULFURON; METHYL AB Twelve sulfonylurea herbicides (bensulfuronmethyl, sulfometuron-methyl, ethametsulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, chlorimuronethyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, primisulfuron-methyl. metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, and amidosulfuron) were separated by free zone capillary electrophoresis with migration times less than 20 min. The additional simultaneous determination of the 2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulfonazole (saccharin) degradation product was possible after application of a temperature and voltage gradient. Detector responses (absorbances) at 239 and 220 nm were linear between 0.1 and 10.0 mu g/ml. After extraction with acetonitrile, recoveries for the same concentration range from two different sediments were higher than 90% with variation coefficients lower than 16%. Dissociation constants of the sulfonylurea herbicides were determined. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 356 IS 8 BP 508 EP 511 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA WA490 UT WOS:A1996WA49000010 ER PT J AU AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR AbdelRahman, AA Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, TL AF AbouDonia, MB Wilmarth, KR AbdelRahman, AA Jensen, KF Oehme, FW Kurt, TL TI Increased neurotoxicity following concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and chlorpyrifos SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED DELAYED POLYNEUROPATHY; METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE; TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; INSECT-REPELLENT; NORMAL-HEXANE; ESTERASE; HENS; RAT; NEUROPATHY AB The operating environment of the service personnel during the Persian Gulf War involved psychological, biological, and chemical elements including exposure to pesticides such as the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridinyl phosphorothioate) and to pyridostigmine bromide (PB, 3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methylpyridinium bromide) that was administered as a prophylactic agent against possible nerve gas attack. The present study was designed to determine the toxicity produced by individual or coexposure of hens 5 days/week for 2 months to 5 mg PB/kg/day in water, by gavage; 500 mg DEET/kg/day, neat, sc; and 10 mg chlorpyrifos kg/day in corn oil, sc. Coexposure to various binary treatments produced greater neurotoxicity than that caused by individual exposures and was characterized by severe neurologic deficit and neuropathological alterations. Also, neurotoxicity was further enhanced following concurrent administration of the three chemicals. Severe inhibition of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was produced in hens treated with PB (activity 17% of control) compared to those treated with chlorpyrifos (activity 51% of control) or DEET (activity 83% of control). BuChE inhibition was further increased in binary and tertiary treatment groups compared to individual treatment groups. In contrast, a significant inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was produced in hens administered chlorpyrifos alone (activity 67% of control), while those given chlorpyrifos in combination with other compounds exhibited a significant inhibition of brain AChE activity ranging from 43 to 76%. Brain neurotoxicity target esterase (NTE) was not inhibited in any of the individual treatment groups or PB/DEET, but was significantly inhibited and had activity expressed as a percentage of control in groups administered combined chlorpyrifos with PB of 73% or DEET of 74% and in the tertiary treatment group of 71%. We hypothesize that test compounds may compete for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver and blood and may also compromise the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, leading to an increase in their ''effective concentrations'' in the nervous system to levels equivalent to the toxic doses of individual compounds. This is consistent with the present observation of increases in (1) the inhibition of brain AChE and NTE, (2) the extent of neurologic dysfunction, and (3) the severity and frequency of neuropathologic lesions in the combined treatment groups compared to those administered individual compounds. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT CLIN SCI,COMPARAT TOXICOL LABS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED SCH,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DALLAS,TX 75235. RP AbouDonia, MB (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. NR 59 TC 106 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 201 EP 222 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0190 PG 22 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VZ317 UT WOS:A1996VZ31700004 PM 8954750 ER PT J AU Santostefano, MJ Johnson, KL Whisnant, NA Richardson, VM DeVito, MJ Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS AF Santostefano, MJ Johnson, KL Whisnant, NA Richardson, VM DeVito, MJ Diliberto, JJ Birnbaum, LS TI Subcellular localization of TCDD differs between the liver, lungs, and kidneys after acute and subchronic exposure: Species/dose comparisons and possible mechanism SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; YA SUBUNIT GENE; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION; AH RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS; CYTOCHROME P-450D AB Subcellular localization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds has been examined only in the liver, The objective of this study was (1) to examine and compare the subcellular distribution of TCDD within hepatic and nonhepatic (lungs/kidneys) tissues of female Sprague-Dawley rats acutely exposed to TCDD, (2) to analyze species comparisons in the subcellular localization of TCDD in multiple tissues, (3) to investigate the effect of dose on subcellular distribution of TCDD, (4) to analyze the effect of subchronic exposure on the subcellular distribution of TCDD, and (5) to examine one possible mechanism for subcellular localization of TCDD. Female Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice received a single oral dose of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mu g [H-3]TCDD/kg body weight and subcellular fractions of the liver, lungs, and kidneys were prepared by differential centrifugation 3 days after exposure, Analysis of the rat subcellular fractions revealed that TCDD was equally distributed between the hepatic P9 (mitochondrial, lysosomal, and nuclear) and S9 (cytosol and microsomal) fractions at all doses tested. In contrast, TCDD was concentrated in the P9 of rat nonhepatic tissues at all doses studied, Differential centrifugation of the hepatic S9 showed that TCDD was localized within the hepatic P100 (microsomal) fraction at all doses tested, In contrast, TCDD localized in pulmonary and renal S100 (cytosolic) fractions at all doses. The subcellular distribution of TCDD in the liver and lungs of acutely exposed B6C3F1 mice was similar to that observed in the rats, Although TCDD was concentrated within the renal P9, the remainder of TCDD in the S9 was evenly distributed between the S100 and the P100 fractions of acutely exposed B6C3F1 mice, Subchronic exposure of B6C3F1 mice to 1.5 or 150 ng [H-3]TCDD/kg/day revealed that increasing dose resulted in equal distribution of TCDD between the hepatic S9 and P9 versus concentration in the renal P9. In addition, a dose-dependent increase in accumulation of TCDD in the hepatic P100 was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in TCDD localization in the renal S100 of mice subchronically exposed to TCDD. TCDD exposure in rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the induction of CYP1A1 protein and associated enzyme activity in hepatic, pulmonary, and renal microsomes, TCDD-induced CYP1A2 protein levels and associated enzymatic activity were only present in hepatic microsomes, This is the first report to suggest that subcellular distribution of TCDD differs between hepatic and nonhepatic tissues and demonstrate that the liver-specific microsomal localization of TCDD in female Sprague-Dawley rats also occurs in the liver of female B6C3F1 mice acutely or subchronically exposed to TCDD. In addition, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hepatic sequestration of TCDD is due to an interaction with CYP1A2, Furthermore, the lack of pulmonary/renal sequestration coupled with the lack of localization of TCDD in pulmonary/renal microsomes also supports the role of CYP1A2 as a hepatic microsomal binding protein involved in TCDD sequestration. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 49 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 265 EP 275 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0196 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VZ317 UT WOS:A1996VZ31700010 PM 8954756 ER PT J AU Karakouzian, M Pitchford, A Leonard, M Johnson, B AF Karakouzian, M Pitchford, A Leonard, M Johnson, B TI Measurements of soluble salt content of soils from arid and semi-arid regions SO GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE soil; solubility; saturation; electrical conductivity; settlement; piping; salt heave; collapsing soil AB Soils with soluble salts occur in arid regions worldwide. Depending an the amount of soluble salts present, treatment of these soils may be needed before construction. In engineering, the amount present is usually determined gravimetrically by finding the weight loss for a soil diluted with a fixed quantity of water. However, if the soluble salt content is evaluated with an insufficient amount of water, same of the salt present may not dissolve. This condition, termed ''salt saturation,'' may cause the amount of soluble salts present to be underestimated. To identify the correct dilution, this paper proposes checking successive dilutions until an unsaturated solution is obtained. This can be accomplished using either gravimetric or electrical conductivity measurements to detect salt saturation. The volume of water used to determine percent soluble salts can then be adjusted accordingly. This paper describes how to find the most suitable dilution using either method and how to determine the percent of soluble salts. Using this approach, five different soils from Las Vegas, Nevada, were evaluated. Unsaturated water-soil dilution ratios ranged from 2:1 to 100:1. In two cases, the 2:1 dilution was adequate, but for the other three it was not. Soil ''M'' exemplified this best: percent soluble salts increased from 1% measured at a 5:1 dilution (indicating a leave-in-place/no-action recommendation) to 7% at a 100:1 dilution (indicating a removal recommendation). This result illustrates the importance of using an unsaturated dilution for determining percent soluble soil. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. UNIV NEVADA,DEPT CHEM,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. RP Karakouzian, M (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154, USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 0149-6115 J9 GEOTECH TEST J JI Geotech. Test. J. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 19 IS 4 BP 364 EP 372 PG 9 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA WA685 UT WOS:A1996WA68500003 ER PT J AU Brattin, WJ Barry, TM Chiu, N AF Brattin, WJ Barry, TM Chiu, N TI Monte Carlo modeling with uncertain probability density functions SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE uncertainty; variability; two-dimensional analysis ID RADIOACTIVE-WASTE DISPOSAL; EPA RELEASE LIMITS; RISK AB Monte Carlo modelling is a powerful mathematical technique that offers many advantages compared to traditional point estimate methods for characterizing the inherent variability in exposure to environmental chemicals among different members of a population. However, Monte Carlo analyses of variability are often limited by uncertainty (lack of knowledge) about the true distribution of key exposure and risk parameters. Because of this uncertainty, it is not appropriate to select only one value (either a ''best estimate'' or, even worse, an intentionally conservative value) for each uncertain parameter, because the result of a simulation employing such fixed point estimates is only one of many possible results that could be true. The solution to this problem is to run repeated Monte Carlo simulations, using different combinations of the uncertain parameters as inputs. The degree of variation between the output of different simulations then reveals how certain (or how uncertain) any particular estimate (e.g., mean, 95th percentile) of exposure or risk may be. This type of information maximizes the opportunity for risk managers to make informed decisions. C1 US EPA,OFF PROGRAM PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 2 IS 4 BP 820 EP 840 PG 21 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WT987 UT WOS:A1996WT98700015 ER PT J AU Ibanes, JD Leininger, JR Jarabek, AM Harkema, JR Hotchkiss, JA Morgan, KT AF Ibanes, JD Leininger, JR Jarabek, AM Harkema, JR Hotchkiss, JA Morgan, KT TI Reexamination of respiratory tract responses in rats, mice, and rhesus monkeys chronically exposed to inhaled chlorine SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID F344 RATS; QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY; EPITHELIAL MUCOSUBSTANCES; INHALATION EXPOSURE; B6C3F1 MICE; NASAL; TOXICITY; LESIONS; OZONE; DIMETHYLAMINE AB Important data for human risk assessment of inhaled chlorine are provided by a recent rodent cancer bioassay (Wolf et al., 1995) and a chronic inhalation toxicity study in rhesus monkeys (Klonne et al., 1987), To improve interspecies comparisons based upon these data sets, the tissues from these studies were reexamined to (a) map the location of responses to assess the potential role of local chlorine dosimetry, (b) generate quantitative data on selected endpoints to compliment subjective scores, and (c) further characterize the responses in relation to interspecies differences and potential human health risks. Chlorine-induced lesions, which were confined to the respiratory tract, exhibited both similarities and differences among rodents and primates. At equivalent airborne concentrations (similar to 2.5 ppm), chlorine-induced responses were less severe in rhesus monkeys, but extended more distally in the respiratory tract to involve the trachea, while treatment-induced lesions were confined to the nose in rats and mice. Quantitation of septal fenestration, intraepithelial mucus, intraepithelial eosinophilic material, eosinophil infiltration (detected during the present study), and olfactory sensory cell loss generally supported previously reported subjective pathology scores and clarified concentration-response relationships. In both rodents and rhesus monkeys, airflow-driven regional dosimetry patterns were considered to play a major role in lesion distribution. The present work highlights the need for understanding regional respiratory-tract dosimetry and mechanisms of tissue response for inhaled chlorine in laboratory animals and humans. C1 CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 8 IS 9 BP 859 EP 876 DI 10.3109/08958379609034268 PG 18 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VZ087 UT WOS:A1996VZ08700002 ER PT J AU Yang, Y Martonen, TB AF Yang, Y Martonen, TB TI Flow dynamics in human respiratory and circulatory systems SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; CAROTID-ARTERY BIFURCATION; NEWTONIAN BLOOD-FLOW; VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS; INHALED PARTICLE DEPOSITION; FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD; WALL SHEAR-STRESS; ICRP TASK GROUP; PULSATILE FLOW; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION AB Inhalation toxicology requires an understanding of fluid dynamics within airways because particles are transported by inhaled air. That is, since particles are entrained in airstreams, their trajectories will reflect the character of the fluid carrying them. We have addressed how airflow research can benefit from the rich tradition of blood-flow studies available in the literature. The salient point is that the Navier-Stokes and mass conservation equations governing fluid dynamics are applicable to the motion oi liquids (e.g., blood flow in the circulatory system,, and gases (e.g., airflow in the respiratory system). The sources cited herein suggest the study of blood flow to be more advanced than airflow historically having received considerably more attention. Theoretical investigations of the circulatory system have been (1) more elegant and rigorous from mathematical perspectives and (2) more biologically realistic regarding considerations of complex elements such as transient motion, three-dimensional simulations, and morphological effects. Perhaps attributable to that advanced state of modeling, it has been well documented that fluid dynamics factors such as velocity gradients and mechanical stresses on tubular surfaces play important, direct roles in the actual manifestation of heart diseases, specifically atherosclerosis. Alternatively, perhaps the clear cause-and-effect relationship has resulted in the more sophisticated level of blood flow studies. We have examined the literature with regard to the feasibility of extrapolating results from analyses of the circulatory system to the respiratory system. Our findings indicate that, although caution must be exercised when making comparisons, blood-flow studies can indeed shed valuable insight on the behavior of airflow. This suggests that a new library of information is available for inhalation toxicologists interested in particle dosimetry and risk assessment issues. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 92 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 8 IS 9 BP 877 EP 901 DI 10.3109/08958379609034269 PG 25 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VZ087 UT WOS:A1996VZ08700003 ER PT J AU Dabrowski, K Ciereszko, RE Ciereszko, A Toth, GP Christ, SA ElSaidy, D Ottobre, JS AF Dabrowski, K Ciereszko, RE Ciereszko, A Toth, GP Christ, SA ElSaidy, D Ottobre, JS TI Reproductive physiology of yellow perch (Perca flavescens): Environmental and endocrinological cues SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ICHTHYOLOGIE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Percid Fish Symposium (PERCID II) CY AUG 21-25, 1995 CL VAASA, FINLAND SP Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; GERMINAL VESICLE BREAKDOWN; STEROID-PRODUCTION; OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OOCYTE MATURATION; PHORBOL ESTER; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; CALCIUM IONOPHORE; TELEOST FISHES; SEMINAL PLASMA AB An understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of reproductive processes in yellow perch is fundamental for intensive culture of this commercially important, freshwater, perciform fish. This paper describes the annual reproductive cycle of female and male perch. It presents the current state of knowledge on the regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis, final maturation of oocytes and ovulation in this species. Moreover, data concerning biochemistry of spermatozoa and seminal plasma as well as testicular steroidogenesis are summarized. In addition to endocrinological factors, the involvement of environmental (photoperiod and temperature) cues in the regulation of yellow perch reproduction is reviewed. Finally, practical aspects of controlling perch reproduction are outlined. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. UNIV AGR & TECHNOL,INST ANIM PHYSIOL,OLSZTYN,POLAND. POLISH ACAD SCI,OLSZTYN,POLAND. US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. MENOUFIA UNIV,FAC AGR,SHIBIN AL KAWM,EGYPT. RP Dabrowski, K (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,2021 COFFEY RD,KOTTMAN HALL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. RI Ciereszko, Renata/J-4098-2012; OI CIERESZKO, Andrzej/0000-0002-1103-624X NR 66 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol.-Z. Angew. Ichthyol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00079.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WD044 UT WOS:A1996WD04400002 ER PT J AU Surampalli, RY Chou, SC Banerji, SK AF Surampalli, RY Chou, SC Banerji, SK TI Performance evaluation of overland flow wastewater treatment system under winter and summer conditions SO JOURNAL OF COLD REGIONS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID WATER AB A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations, summer and winter conditions, on the performance of an existing and successfully operated overland how wastewater treatment system in the Midwest. The effect of design parameters, such as hydraulic and organic loading rates, and the seasonal temperature effects on performance were investigated. The overland Bow system studied consists of an aerated lagoon, two conventional lagoons, and an overland Bow area. The overland flow area is divided into six groups of terraces and the terraces are constructed at a slope of 2% with slope length of 341.3 m (1,120 ft). The influent and effluent samples were analyzed for biological oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids (SS), pH, and temperature. The effluent samples were also analyzed for ammonia nitrogen. The results of the study indicate that the overland flow system provided excellent treatment of municipal wastewater. The average removal for BOD5 and SS were 89% and 85%, respectively, in warm weather. During cold weather the percent removals for these parameters were 81% and 69%, respectively. The effluent ammonia-nitrogen was 1.2 and 2.9 mg/L, respectively, for summer and winter, which indicates significant ammonia nitrification, especially in summer months. Regardless of seasonal conditions. the effluent BOD5 and SS for the system met the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System effluent permit requirements throughout the year. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65201. RP Surampalli, RY (reprint author), US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS 66101, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0887-381X J9 J COLD REG ENG JI J. Cold Reg. Eng. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 163 EP 177 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1996)10:4(163) PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA VU815 UT WOS:A1996VU81500001 ER PT J AU Morris, JG Sztein, MB Rice, EW Nataro, JP Losonsky, GA Panigrahi, P Tacket, CO Johnson, JA AF Morris, JG Sztein, MB Rice, EW Nataro, JP Losonsky, GA Panigrahi, P Tacket, CO Johnson, JA TI Vibrio cholerae 01 can assume a chlorine-resistant rugose survival form that is virulent for humans SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Vibrio cholerae can shift to a ''rugose'' colonial morphology associated with expression of an amorphous exopolysaccharide that promotes cell aggregation. Flow cytometric studies indicated that up to 3% of particles in rugose cultures represented aggregates of >5 bacterial cells. Rugose variants of our test strains displayed resistance to killing by chlorine, with viable cells persisting for >30 min in 2 mg/L free chlorine; strains also showed resistance to killing by complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity. Six volunteers fed 10(6) cfu of a rugose variant of V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba N16961 developed symptoms typical of cholera, with a mean diarrheal stool volume of 2,2 L (range, 1.4-4.3). Isolates recovered from the stool of infected volunteers retained the rugose phenotype. The data suggest that rugose strains cause human disease. The role of these strains in the epidemiology of cholera remains to be determined. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,CTR VACCINE DEV,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV NEONATOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Morris, JG (reprint author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,INFECT DIS SECT,10 N GREENE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21201, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-15096] NR 16 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 174 IS 6 BP 1364 EP 1368 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VV272 UT WOS:A1996VV27200035 PM 8940236 ER PT J AU Thomas, WB AF Thomas, WB TI Methyl bromide: Effective pest management tool and environmental threat SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Nematologists CY AUG 05-09, 1995 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR SP Soc Nematologists DE environment; fumigant; methyl bromide; nematicide; ozone depletion; pest management; policy ID SOIL; SOLARIZATION; NEMATODES AB Methyl bromide is used extensively on a global basis as a pesticide against nematodes, weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria. and rodents. As a soil fumigant, it is used in significant quantities in the production of strawberry and tomato, as well as other agriculture commodities. Grain, fresh fruit, forestry products, and other materials are fumigated with methyl bromide to control pest infestations during transport and storage. Structures also are treated with this chemical to control wood-destroying insects and rodents. However, methyl bromide has been identified as a significant ozone-depleting substance, resulting in regulatory actions being taken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the United Nations Environment Program (Montreal Protocol). The science linking methyl bromide to ozone depletion is strong and was reinforced by the 1994 UNEP Montreal Protocol Science Assessment on Ozone Depletion, which states, ''Methyl bromide continues to be viewed as a significant ozone-depleting compound.'' Identifying efficacious and viable alternatives in the near term is critical. RP Thomas, WB (reprint author), US EPA,6205J,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 13 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 SU S BP 586 EP 589 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WC414 UT WOS:A1996WC41400002 PM 19277178 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS Winstead, JT Oliver, LM Edmiston, HL Bailey, GO AF Fisher, WS Winstead, JT Oliver, LM Edmiston, HL Bailey, GO TI Physiologic variability of eastern oysters from Apalachicola Bay, Florida SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE eastern oysters; Crassostrea virginica; bivalve physiology ID MYTILUS-EDULIS-L; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA GMELIN; CONDITION INDEX; SALINITY; STARVATION; ESTUARIES; STRESS AB Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were collected monthly during a 1-y period from two study sites in Apalachicola Bay, FL, and several measurements were made of their physiologic condition. Continuous and intermittent temperature measurements at both sites shows highly coincident ambient temperature regimens. Salinity measurements, however, were erratic and varied dramatically between sites. Oyster gonad size and gametogenic condition were highly synchronous at both sites, supporting the concept of temperature-driven reproductive cycles. Other measurements, including condition index, wet:dry tissue weight ratio, digestive tubule condition, and vesicular connective tissue condition, showed significant variability as the result of sampling month. but also differed because of site and/or interaction between date and site, indicating that local effects influenced oyster physiology. Temperature control over condition index and wet:dry tissue weight seems apparent, bur it is not known whether the changes resulted directly from temperature or from temperature-driven reproductive and metabolic cycles. A significant difference between site means at specific dates was observed for digestive tubule condition and may relate to short-term salinity differences. Other physiologic variations could not be attributed to any of the physical conditions monitored (temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen). The variability of oyster physiologic measurements inherent at different sires and seasons must be well understood to properly interpret them in the context of biologic indicators of environmental condition. C1 FLORIDA DEPT ENVIRONM PROTECT,APALACHICOLA NATL ESTUARINE RES RESERVE,APALACHICOLA,FL 32320. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA,CTR MARINE & ESTUARINE DIS RES,GULF ECOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 46 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 543 EP 553 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WB852 UT WOS:A1996WB85200003 ER PT J AU Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Edwards, P AF Fisher, WS Oliver, LM Edwards, P TI Hematologic and serologic variability of eastern oysters from Apalachicola Bay, Florida SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica); bivalve immunology; invertebrate hematology; invertebrate serology ID CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA HEMOCYTES; HAPLOSPORIDIUM-NELSONI MSX; DEFENSE-RELATED ACTIVITIES; PERKINSUS-MARINUS; AMERICAN OYSTER; CHESAPEAKE BAY; HEMOLYMPH; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PARASITE; AGGLUTININS AB Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were collected monthly from two sites approximately 15 km apart in Apalachicola Bay, FL, during a 1-y period. Hematologic and serologic measurements were made on hemolymph withdrawn from the adductor muscle. The two sites experienced nearly identical temperature patterns during the study period, but salinity and other physical factors fluctuated. Significant differences attributable to sampling date were found for circulating hemocyte density, phagocytic activity, and superoxide anion (O-2(-))-producing ability and for serum protein, lysozyme, and agglutinating activity, with data from both sites combined. This variability was most likely related to temperature or temperature-influenced reproductive cycling. Oyster hemocyte locomotion did not vary significantly with time over the study period, nor were significant differences found between sites. Significant differences between site means (combined for all dates) were found for O-2(-) protein and lysozyme, and significant date * site interactions were found for phagocytosis, agglutination, and lysozyme, indicating that local conditions, such as salinity fluctuations, influenced these measurements. An accurate description of variability in oyster defensive functions will require more frequent sampling and a better understanding of local environmental influences. C1 FLORIDA MARINE RES INST, DEPT ENVIRONM PROTECT, FT WALTON BEACH, FL 32548 USA. RP Fisher, WS (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, GULF ECOL DIV, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 58 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 555 EP 564 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WB852 UT WOS:A1996WB85200004 ER PT J AU Ott, W Switzer, P Robinson, J AF Ott, W Switzer, P Robinson, J TI Particle concentrations inside a tavern before and after prohibition of smoking: Evaluating the performance of an indoor air quality model SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTION; CIGARETTE; NICOTINE; AEROSOL AB Measurements were made of respirable suspended particles (RSP) in a large sports tavern on 26 dates over approximately two years in which smoking was allowed, followed by measurements on 50 dates during the year after smoking was prohibited. The smoking prohibition occurred without warning when the city government passed a regulation restricting smoking in local restaurants and taverns. Two follow-up held surveys, consisting of 24 and 26 visits, respectively were conducted to measure changes in RSP levels after smoking was prohibited. No decrease in tavern at-tendance was evident after smoking was prohibited. During the smoking period, the average RSP concentration was 56.8 mu g/m(3) above the outdoor concentrations, but the average abruptly dropped to 5.9 mu g/m(3) above outdoor levels-a 90% decrease-on 24 visits in the first two months immediately after smoking was prohibited (first follow-up study). A second set of 26 follow-up visits (matched by time of day day of the week, and season to the earlier smoking visits) yielded an average concentration of 12.9 mu g/m(3) above the outdoor levels, or an overall decrease in the average RSP concentration of 77% compared with the smoking period. During the smoking period, RSP concentrations more than 100 mu g/m(3) above outdoor levels occurred on 30.7% of the visits. During the 50 nonsmoking visits, 92% of the RSP concentrations were less than 20 mu g/m(3) above outdoor levels, and no concentration exceeded 100 mu g/m(3) on any nonsmoking visit. The data show there was a striking decline in indoor RSP concentrations in the tavern after smoking was prohibited. The indoor concentration observed in the nonsmoking periods (9.1 mu g/m(3) average for all nonsmoking visits) was attributed to cooking and resuspended dust. A mathematical model based on the mass balance equation was developed that included smoking, cooking, and resuspeded dust. Using cigarette emission rates from the literature, the tavern volume of 521 m(3), and the air exchange rate measured in the tavern under conditions regarded by the management as ''typical,'' the model predicted 42.5 mu g/m(3) for an average smoking count of 1.17 cigarettes, which compared favorably with the average concentration of 43.9 mu g/m(3) observed in the tavern. A regression analysis indicated that the active smoking count explained over 50% of the variation of the RSP concentrations measured on different dates. The mathematical model can be used to estimate RSP concentrations from smoking in other similar taverns under similar conditions. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV MARYLAND,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Ott, W (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA. NR 43 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 4 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 12 BP 1120 EP 1134 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VY409 UT WOS:A1996VY40900006 PM 28081396 ER PT J AU Johnson, LD AF Johnson, LD TI Research and evaluation of organic hazardous air pollutant source emission test methods SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 has increased the need for well defined and tested stationary source emission sampling and analysis methods. The Methods Branch of the Air Measurements Research Division of U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development is responsible for a major methods development and evaluation program intended to help fill that need. This paper summarizes recent developments from several of the component projects of that program. Primary emphasis is placed on status and references for methods for organic hazardous air pollutants, such as phosgene, methanol, chloroform, acetonitrile, isocyanates, aldehydes, halogenated organics, non-halogenated organics, and volatile organic material. RP Johnson, LD (reprint author), US EPA,METHODS BRANCH,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MD-44,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 12 BP 1135 EP 1148 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VY409 UT WOS:A1996VY40900007 PM 28081397 ER PT J AU Stump, FD Knapp, KT Ray, WD AF Stump, FD Knapp, KT Ray, WD TI Influence of ethanol-blended fuels on the emissions from three pre-1985 light-duty passenger vehicles SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Tailpipe and evaporative emissions from three pre-1985 passenger motor vehicles operating on an ethanol oxygenated and on a nonoxygenated (base) fuel were characterized. Emission data were collected for vehicles operating over the Federal Test Procedure at 90 degrees F, 75 degrees F, and 40 degrees F to simulate ambient driving conditions. The two fuels tested were a commercial summer-grade regular gasoline (the nonoxygenated base fuel) and an oxygenated fuel containing 8.8% ethanol, more paraffins and olefins, and less aromatics than the base fuel. The Reid vapor pressure (RVP) was adjusted to correspond to that of the base fuel. The emissions measured were total hydrocarbons (THCs), speciated hydrocarbons, speciated aldehydes, carbon monoxide (GO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). This study showed a general reduction in tailpipe emissions of THC, CO, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene when tested with the ethanol fuel. The ethanol fuel significantly reduced these emissions from the high emitting vehicle, MU098, at 90 degrees F, 75 degrees F, and 40 degrees F test temperatures. Additionally, the ethanol fuel reduced CO emissions from vehicle BU950, with and without catalyst, and from vehicle CI415 at 40 degrees F. Both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions generally increased when tested with the oxygenated fuel. The acetaldehyde emissions were about double with this fuel. The limited data indicate that most emissions, including toxics, occur during the first 124 seconds of vehicle start-up. Diurnal evaporative emissions were less from the oxygenated fuel, while hot-soak evaporative emissions were greater from the oxygenated fuel (for all vehicles except MU098). Evaporative emissions were generally greatest at the 90 degrees F test temperature. C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 46 IS 12 BP 1149 EP 1161 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VY409 UT WOS:A1996VY40900008 PM 28081398 ER PT J AU Parent, A Fass, S Dincher, ML Reasoner, D Gatel, D Block, JC AF Parent, A Fass, S Dincher, ML Reasoner, D Gatel, D Block, JC TI Control of coliform growth in drinking water distribution systems SO JOURNAL OF THE CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biofilm; chlorination; E-coli; microbial counts; propella reactor; water distribution system ID BIOFILMS; BACTERIA; INACTIVATION; CHLORINE; SURVIVAL AB The occurrence of coliforms in drinking water distribution systems may be explained by (i) inadequate water treatment, (ii) post-treatment contamination, or (iii) coliform growth in the network. In order to confirm the third hypothesis, a 24 h-starved dense suspension of Escherichia coli was injected into an experimental water distribution system. Results from this experiment clearly indicate that E. coli may find ecological conditions in drinking water distribution systems which will allow growth, particularly in the biofilm phase. Chlorination is an appropriate tool to limit coliform much more easily than the total heterotrophic bacterial biomass. However, in all cases, biofilm associated bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria, because of chlorine consumption by the pipe material, and because of a diffusion-limited reaction between chlorine and the biofilm. C1 CGE,QUARTIER VALMY,PARIS,FRANCE. RP Parent, A (reprint author), US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH, USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU CHARTERED INST WATER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PI LONDON PA 15 JOHN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1N 2EB SN 0951-7359 J9 J CHART INST WATER E JI J. Chart. Inst. Water. Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 442 EP 445 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA WB516 UT WOS:A1996WB51600010 ER PT J AU Rayburn, JR Glas, PS Foss, SS Fisher, WS AF Rayburn, JR Glas, PS Foss, SS Fisher, WS TI Characterization of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryo toxicity tests using the water soluble fraction of number 2 fuel oil SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Toxicity test procedures using grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio exposed to water soluble fraction (WSF) of Number 2 fuel oil were modified to improve test utility and efficiency. The original test procedure, a 12-day embryo exposure period in glass tubes, was compared with modified 4-day and 12-day tests in plastic tissue culture plates. Comparison of LC(50) values, coefficients of variation and time to hatch indicated no significant change in test sensitivity due to the plastic containers, Sensitivity was slightly reduced by shortening the test to a 4-day exposure period initiated 9 days after oviposition, This exposure period encompassed sensitive life stages of the developing organism. Using the 4-day exposure in plastic plates, variability due to different broods and preparations of WSF was characterized. RP US EPA, NATL RES COUNCIL, NHEERL, GED, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 12 BP 860 EP 866 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00046-X PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WC930 UT WOS:A1996WC93000017 ER PT J AU OBrien, DA Welch, JE Bunch, DO Magyar, PL Brown, PR Eddy, EM AF OBrien, DA Welch, JE Bunch, DO Magyar, PL Brown, PR Eddy, EM TI Expression of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-S (GAPD-S) in condensing spermatids. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,REPROD BIOL LABS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NIEHS,NIH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 1996 VL 7 SU S BP 714 EP 714 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA WB018 UT WOS:A1996WB01800716 ER PT J AU Wang, X Andrew, PW Ubeda, A House, DE Blackman, CF AF Wang, X Andrew, PW Ubeda, A House, DE Blackman, CF TI Melatonin enhances gap junction communication in normal primary hepatocyte from B6C3F1 mice. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 HOSP RAMON Y CAJAL,DEPT INVEST,E-28034 MADRID,SPAIN. US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 1996 VL 7 SU S BP 1632 EP 1632 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA WB018 UT WOS:A1996WB01801633 ER PT J AU Zhu, DH Dix, D Eddy, EM AF Zhu, DH Dix, D Eddy, EM TI HSP70-2 is required for CDC2 kinase activity in meiosis I of mouse spermatocytes. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIEHS,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,NHEERL,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 1996 VL 7 SU S BP 2072 EP 2072 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA WB018 UT WOS:A1996WB01802072 ER PT J AU DeFlora, S Izzotti, A Randerath, K Randerath, E Bartsch, H Nair, J Balansky, R vanSchooten, F Degan, P Fronza, G Walsh, D Lewtas, J AF DeFlora, S Izzotti, A Randerath, K Randerath, E Bartsch, H Nair, J Balansky, R vanSchooten, F Degan, P Fronza, G Walsh, D Lewtas, J TI DNA adducts and chronic degenerative diseases. Pathogenetic relevance and implications in preventive medicine SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN GENETIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review DE DNA adduct; nuclear DNA; mitochondrial DNA; chronic degenerative disease; heart disease; atherogenesis; carcinogenesis; prevention ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION PRODUCTS; MODIFICATIONS I-COMPOUNDS; AGE-DEPENDENT INCREASES; CHINESE-HAMSTER OVARY; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CIGARETTE-SMOKE; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AB Chronic degenerative diseases are the leading causes of death in developed countries. Their control is exceedingly difficult due to their multiplicity and diversity, the interconnection with a network of multiple risk factors and protective factors, the long latency and multistep pathogenesis, and the multifocal localization. Adducts to nuclear DNA are biomarkers evaluating the biologically effective dose, reflecting an enhanced risk of developing a mutation-related disease more realistically than the external exposure dose. The localization and accumulation of these promutagenic lesions in different organs are the composite result of several factors, including (a) toxicokinetics (first-pass effect); (b) local and distant metabolism; (c) efficiency and fidelity of DNA repair; and (d) cell proliferation rate. The last factor will affect not only the dilution of DNA adducts but also the possible evolution towards either destructive processes, such as emphysema or cardiomyopathies, or proliferative processes, such as benign or malignant tumors at various sites. They also include heart tumors affecting fetal myocytes after transplacental exposure to DNA-binding agents, blood vessel tumors, and atherosclerotic plaques, In this article, particular emphasis is given to molecular alterations in the heart, which is the preferential target for the formation of DNA adducts in smokers, and in human aorta, where an extensive molecular epidemiology project is documenting the systematic presence of adducts to the nuclear DNA of smooth muscle cells from atherosclerotic lesions, and their significant correlation with known atherogenic risk factors. Exocyclic DNA adducts resulting from lipid peroxidation, and age-related indigenous adducts (I-compounds) may also originate from endogenous sources, chronic infections and infestations, and inflammatory processes. Type II I-compounds are bulky DNA lesions resulting from oxidative stress, whereas type I I-compounds are presumably normal DNA modifications, which display positive correlations with median life span and are decreased in cancer and other pathological conditions. Profiles of type I I-compounds strongly depend on diet and are related to the antidegenerative effects of caloric/dietary restriction. Even broader is the possible meaning of adducts to mitochondrial DNA, which have been detected in rodents exposed to genotoxic agents and complex mixtures, as well as in untreated rodents, in larger amounts when compared to the nuclear DNA of the same cells. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA increase the number of oxidative phosphorylation-defective cells, especially in energy-requiring postmitotic tissues such as brain, heart and skeletal muscle, thereby playing an important role in aging and a variety of chronic degenerative diseases. A decreased formation of DNA adducts is an indicator of reduced risk of developing the associated disease. Therefore, these molecular dosimeters can be used as biomarkers in the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases, pursued either by avoiding exposure to adduct-forming agents or by using chemopreventive agents. Interventions addressed to the human organism by means of dietary measures or pharmacological agents have encountered a broad consensus in the area of cardiovascular diseases, and are deserving a growing interest also in cancer prevention. The efficacy of chemopreventive agents can be assessed by evaluating inhibition of nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA adduct formation in vitro, in animal models, and in phase II clinical trials in high-risk individuals. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PHARMACOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. GERMAN CANC RES CTR, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. NATL ONCOL CTR, SOFIA 1756, BULGARIA. UNIV LIMBURG, DEPT HLTH RISK ANAL & TOXICOL, NL-6200 MD MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS. NATL INST CANC RES, I-16132 GENOA, ITALY. US EPA, EPIDEMIOL & BIOMARKER BRANCH, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP DeFlora, S (reprint author), UNIV GENOA, INST HYG & PREVENT MED, VIA A PASTORE 1, I-16132 GENOA, ITALY. OI izzotti, alberto/0000-0002-8588-0347 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA32157]; NIA NIH HHS [AG07750]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P42 ES04917] NR 221 TC 131 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1110 J9 MUTAT RES-REV GENET JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Genet. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 366 IS 3 BP 197 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S0165-1110(96)00043-7 PG 42 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WE925 UT WOS:A1996WE92500002 PM 9033668 ER PT J AU Vu, V Barrett, JC Roycroft, J Schuman, L Dankovic, D Baron, P Martonen, T Pepelko, W Lai, D AF Vu, V Barrett, JC Roycroft, J Schuman, L Dankovic, D Baron, P Martonen, T Pepelko, W Lai, D TI Chronic inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity testing of respirable fibrous particles SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID WORKSHOP AB On May 8-10, 1995, a workshop on chronic inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity testing of respirable fibrous particles was held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, The workshop was sponsored by the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in collaboration with the National institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The goal of the workshop was to obtain input from the scientific community on a number of issues related to fiber testing. Major issues for discussion were: (i) the optimal design and conduct of studies of the health effects of chronic inhalation exposure of animals to fibers; (ii) preliminary studies which would be useful guides in designing the chronic exposure study; (iii) mechanistic studies which would be important adjuncts to the chronic exposure study to enable better interpretation of study results and extrapolation of potential effects in exposed humans; and (iv) available screening tests which can be used to develop a minimum data set for (a) making decisions about the potential health hazard of the fibers and (b) prioritizing the need for further testing in a chronic inhalation study. After extensive discussion and debate of the workshop issues, the general consensus of the expert panel is that chronic inhalation studies of fibers in the rat are the most appropriate tests for predicting inhalation hazard and risk of fibers to humans. A number of guidances specific for the design and conduct of prechronic and chronic inhalation studies of fibers in rodents were recommended, For instance, it was recommended that along with other information (decrease in body weight, systemic toxicity, etc.), data should be obtained on lung burdens and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis to assist in establishing the chronic exposure levels, Lung burden data are also important for quantifying aspects of risk assessment related to dosimetric adjustments before extrapolation. Although mechanistic studies are not recommended as part of the standard chronic inhalation studies, the expert panel stressed the need for obtaining mechanistic information as far as possible during the course of subchronic or chronic inhalation studies. At present, no single assay and battery of short-term assays can predict the outcome of a chronic inhalation bioassay with respect to carcinogenic effects. Meanwhile, several short-term in vitro and in vivo studies that may be useful to assess the relative potential of fibrous substances to cause lung toxicity/carcinogenicity have been identified. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7403,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH. US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 5 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 202 EP 212 DI 10.1006/rtph.1996.0128 PG 11 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WA825 UT WOS:A1996WA82500003 PM 8975745 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ Ankley, GT AF Kavlock, RJ Ankley, GT TI A perspective on the risk assessment process for endocrine-disruptive effects on wildlife and human health SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; LAWRENCE BELUGA WHALES; PULP-MILL EFFLUENT; EXPERIMENTAL-ANIMALS; SPERM COUNTS; WHITE SUCKER; GREAT-LAKES; FOLLOW-UP; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; EXPOSURE C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB 71,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB 71,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 65 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 6 BP 731 EP 739 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb00824.x PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA VY703 UT WOS:A1996VY70300002 PM 8972105 ER PT J AU Craun, G Dufour, A Eisenberg, J Foran, J Gauntt, C Gerba, C Haas, C Highsmith, A Irbe, R Julkunen, P Juranek, D LeChevallier, M Levine, M Macler, B Murphy, P Payment, P Pfaender, F Regli, S Roberson, A Rose, J Schaub, S Schiff, G Seed, J Smith, C Sobsey, M Spear, R Walls, I AF Craun, G Dufour, A Eisenberg, J Foran, J Gauntt, C Gerba, C Haas, C Highsmith, A Irbe, R Julkunen, P Juranek, D LeChevallier, M Levine, M Macler, B Murphy, P Payment, P Pfaender, F Regli, S Roberson, A Rose, J Schaub, S Schiff, G Seed, J Smith, C Sobsey, M Spear, R Walls, I TI A conceptual framework to assess the risks of human disease following exposure to pathogens SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE pathogen risk assessment; microbial; framework ID DRINKING-WATER AB Currently, risk assessments of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to pathogens are utilizing the conceptual framework that was developed to assess risks associated with chemical exposures. However, the applicability of the chemical framework is problematic due to many issues that art: unique to assessing risks associated with pathogens. These include, but are not limited to, an assessment of pathogen/host interactions, consideration of secondary spread, consideration of short- and long-term immunity, and an assessment of conditions that allow the microorganism to propagate. To address this concern, a working group was convened to develop a conceptual framework to assess the risks of human disease associated with exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. The framework that was developed consists of three phases: problem formulation, analysis (which includes characterization of exposure and human health effects), and risk characterization. The framework emphasizes the dynamic and iterative nature of the risk assessment process, and allows wide latitude for planning and conducting risk assessments in diverse situations, each based on the common principles discussed in the framework. C1 ILSI,RISK SCI INST,WASHINGTON,DC 20036. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. GLOBAL CONSULTING ENVIRONM HLTH,RADFORD,VA. US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,SAN ANTONIO,TX. UNIV ARIZONA,TUCSON,AZ 85721. DREXEL UNIV,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. NUTRASWEET CO,MT PROSPECT,IL 60056. COCA COLA CO,ATLANTA,GA. AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC SERV CO,VOORHEES,NJ. UNIV MARYLAND,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. US EPA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV QUEBEC,ST FOY,PQ G1V 2M3,CANADA. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC,WASHINGTON,DC. UNIV FLORIDA,ST PETERSBURG,FL. JAMES N GAMBLE INST MED RES,CINCINNATI,OH. CHARLOTTE SMITH & ASSOCIATES,VENICE,FL. NATL FOOD PROCESSORS ASSOC,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. NR 13 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 6 BP 841 EP 848 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA VY703 UT WOS:A1996VY70300013 ER PT J AU Wai, CM Wang, SF Liu, Y LopezAvila, V Beckert, WF AF Wai, CM Wang, SF Liu, Y LopezAvila, V Beckert, WF TI Evaluation of dithiocarbamates and beta-diketones as chelating agents in supercritical fluid extraction of Cd, Pb, and Hg from solid samples SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE Cd; chelating agents; Hg; Pb; supercritical fluid extraction ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; METAL-IONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB The use of four dithiocarbamates and three fluorinated beta-diketones as potential chelating agents for three transition metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+) extracted from spiked sand and filter paper samples by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was investigated. The extractions were performed at 45 degrees C and 250 atm for spiked sand samples and at 60 degrees C and 200 atm for filter paper samples using supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 5% methanol. At 250 atm and using carbon dioxide modified with 5% methanol, the recoveries of Cd2+, Pb(2+)and Hg2+ ions from spiked sand samples were greater than or equal to 95% with lithium bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate (LiFDDC) as the chelating agent; they ranged from 83-97% with diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate and from 87-97% with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as chelating agents, and from 68-96% with trifluoracetylacetone, hexafluoroacetylacetone, and thenoylfluoroacetone as chelating agents. Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate was not effective in the chelation SFE of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ ions from either spiked sand or spiked filter paper samples under the extraction conditions used. Supercritical carbon dioxide alone gave consistently lower analyte recoveries than supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 5% methanol. The results suggest that the solubility of the metal chelate in the supercritical fluid plays a more important role than the solubility of the chelating agent in the supercritical fluid, as long as sufficient chelating agent is present in the fluid phase. Fluorination of the chelating agent, as in the case of LiFDDC, increases the solubility of the metal chelate, and subsequently enhances the extraction efficiency for the metal ions. C1 MIDWEST RES INST,MOUNTAIN VIEW,CA 94043. US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP Wai, CM (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,DEPT CHEM,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 14 TC 64 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD DEC PY 1996 VL 43 IS 12 BP 2083 EP 2091 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(96)01993-5 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VU493 UT WOS:A1996VU49300008 PM 18966701 ER PT J AU Shafer, TJ Mundy, WR Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS AF Shafer, TJ Mundy, WR Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS TI Disruption of inositol phosphate accumulation in cerebellar granule cells by polychlorinated biphenyls: A consequence of altered Ca2+ homeostasis SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS; PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; PHORBOL ESTER; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RAT; CONGENERS; NEUROTOXICITY; EXPOSURE AB The present study examined the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis as potential mechanisms underlying effects of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) on inositol phosphate (IP) signaling in cerebellar granule cells. DCB (100 mu M) increased basal IP accumulation in cerebellar granule cells when the extracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](e)) was 0.75 mM but not when [Ca2+](e) was 1 mu M. Ionomycin (0.1 to 30 mu M), a Ca2+ ionophore, also increased basal IP accumulation and [Ca2+](i) in a concentration-dependent manner in cerebellar granule cells in the absence of DCB; increases in basal IP accumulation induced by 100 mu M DCB were not additive with ionomycin. Ionomycin also disrupted carbachol (CARB, 1 mM)-stimulated IP accumulation, A 30-min preincubation with 0.3 or 1.0 mu M ionomycin decreased CARB-stimuIated IP accumulation, whereas simultaneous addition of 1.0 and 10 mu M ionomycin with CARB increased and decreased, respectively, IP accumulation. DCB caused concentration-dependent increases in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) in cerebellar granule cells under experimental conditions identical to those used to measure IP accumulation. Following a one-half hour exposure to DMSO, 50 or 100 mu M DCB, the [Ca2+](i) was 36, 103, and 453 nM, respectively. We examined whether direct or indirect activation of PKC underlies DCB-induced inhibition of agonist-stimulated IP accumulation. DCB (100 mu M) did not alter PKC activity in cytosolic or membrane fractions of granule cell homogenates. In intact cells, 50 nM phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited CARB-stimulated IP accumulation by 80%, an effect which was blocked completely by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (2 mu M; BIM). However, inhibition of CARB-stimulated IP accumulation (90%) induced by 100 mu M DCB was not relieved by BIM. These results suggest that (1) perturbations of Ca2+ homeostasis may underlie DCB effects on IP accumulation, (2) at a time which corresponds to addition of agonists in IP accumulation assays, [Ca2+](i) is elevated in cerebellar granule cells exposed to DCB, and (3) activation of PKC is not a mechanism by which DCB inhibits agonist-stimulated IP accumulation. RP US EPA, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, CELLULAR & MOL TOXICOL BRANCH, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Shafer, Timothy/D-6243-2013; OI Shafer, Timothy/0000-0002-8069-9987 NR 45 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 141 IS 2 BP 448 EP 455 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0311 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WC222 UT WOS:A1996WC22200013 PM 8975770 ER PT J AU Becker, S Soukup, JM Gilmour, MI Devlin, RB AF Becker, S Soukup, JM Gilmour, MI Devlin, RB TI Stimulation of human and rat alveolar macrophages by urban air particulates: Effects on oxidant radical generation and cytokine production SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; RESPIRATORY HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; FACTOR-ALPHA; KAPPA-B; PULMONARY INFLAMMATION; LUNG INFLAMMATION; GUINEA-PIGS; POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; RELEASE AB A number of epidemiological studies have associated increased cardiopulmonary mortality and hospital admissions with episodes of high particulate air pollution. Inhaled particles, with a mass median aerodynamic diameter <10 mu m (PM10) reach the lower respiratory tract where they are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages (AM). Depending on particle composition, exposed AM may produce reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators resulting in vascular permeability changes, airway constriction, tissue injury, and inflammation. In the present study human and rat AM were reacted with a range of environmental particles, including oil fly ash (OFA), diesel dust (DD), and ambient air particles (UAP) collected in four urban centers. AM were tested for a chemiluminescence response induced by the particles as well as IL-6 and TNF production. While OFA in a dose range of 1000-10 mu g/2-3 x 10(5) AM caused acute cytotoxicity above 100 mu g in both human and rat AM (LDH release at 2 hr), DD and UAP were found to be nontoxic in the same dose range. However, after 20 hr of coincubation, UAP concentrations >167 mu g/ml were also cytotoxic. Subcytotoxic concentrations of OFA induced a strong immediate chemiluminescence response by AM. A small but significant chemiluminescence response was induced by two out of three UAP tested, while no chemiluminescence was generated in response to DD. The magnitude of particle-induced chemiluminescence was not predictive of a cytokine response by either human or rat AM. TNF and IL-6 production was strongly induced by UAP over a range of noncytotoxic concentrations of particles. OFA induced only small amounts of TNF in a subset of human AM preparations, but not in rat AM. The AM cytokine response to UAP was partly inhibitable by polymyxin B, but not by the iron chelator deferoxamine, indicating that endotoxins but not transitional iron were cytokine-inducing moieties in the tested UAP preparations. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. RP US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 58 TC 231 Z9 238 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X EI 1096-0333 J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 141 IS 2 BP 637 EP 648 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0330 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WC222 UT WOS:A1996WC22200032 PM 8975789 ER PT J AU Polit, JI Brown, S AF Polit, JI Brown, S TI Mass and nutrient content of dead wood in a central Illinois floodplain forest SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE dead wood; floodplain forest; Illinois; nutrient concentrations; nutrient pools; woody debris ID DEBRIS; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS; STREAMS; HABITAT; BIOMASS AB The quantity and quality of dead wood in a central Illinois floodplain forest was measured to determine its role in organic matter and nutrient budgets. Dead wood (downed wood and standing dead trees) was inventoried using plots and the line intersect method for mass, and samples were analyzed for density and concentration of ash, N, and P. Total dead wood was estimated at 15.9 Mg ha(-1) and was comprised of 9.3 Mg ha(-1) as standing dead (59%) and 6.6 Mg ha(-1) as downed wood (41%), Most of the downed wood (82% of the total) was in the intermediate decomposition class. Density of downed wood (0.19-0.47 g cm(-3)) decreased and concentrations of N (0.18-1.29%), P (0.12-0.56 mg g(-1)), and ash (1-23%) increased with increasing state of decomposition. Mean N, P, and ash pools in dead wood were 47 kg ha(-1), 3.1 kg ha(-1), and 481 kg ha(-1), respectively. Downed wood contained 56%, 54%, and 69% of the total N, P, and ash pools, respectively. During periods of rapid decomposition of leaves and reproductive parts, downed dead wood is the dominant and often sole component of the floor litter mass. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 488 EP 494 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WB279 UT WOS:A1996WB27900010 ER PT J AU Phillips, DL Marks, DG AF Phillips, DL Marks, DG TI Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE error; evapotranspiration; kriging; spatial patterns; uncertainty analysis ID FOREST EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GEOSTATISTICS; SIMULATION; CLIMATE AB In simulation modelling, it is desirable to quantify model uncertainties and provide not only point estimates for output variables but confidence intervals as well. Spatially distributed physical and ecological process models are becoming widely used, with runs being made over a grid of points that represent the landscape. This requires input values at each grid point, which often have to be interpolated from irregularly scattered measurement sites, e.g., weather stations. Interpolation introduces spatially varying errors which propagate through the model. We extended established uncertainty analysis methods to a spatial domain for quantifying spatial patterns of input variable interpolation errors and how they propagate through a model to affect the uncertainty of the model output. We applied this to a model of potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a demonstration. We modelled PET for three time periods in 1990 as a function of temperature, humidity, and wind on a 10-km grid across the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed were interpolated using kriging from 700-1000 supporting data points. Kriging standard deviations (SD) were used to quantify the spatially varying interpolation uncertainties. For each of 5693 grid points, 100 Monte Carlo Simulations were done, using the kriged values of temperature, humidity, and wind, plus random error terms determined by the kriging SDs and the correlations of interpolation errors among the three variables. For the spring season example, kriging SDs averaged 2.6 degrees C for temperature, 8.7% for relative humidity, and 0.38 m s(-1) for wind. The resultant PET estimates had coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 14% to 27% for the 10-km grid cells. Maps of PET means and CVs showed the spatial patterns of PET with a measure of its uncertainty due to interpolation of the input variables. This methodology should be applicable to a variety of spatially distributed models using interpolated inputs. RP Phillips, DL (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 26 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 213 EP 229 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL664 UT WOS:A1996VL66400015 ER PT J AU Creed, JT Magnuson, ML Pfaff, JD Brockhoff, C AF Creed, JT Magnuson, ML Pfaff, JD Brockhoff, C TI Determination of bromate in drinking waters by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE water analysis; sample preparation; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; bromate ID LEVEL AB Bromate is a disinfection by-product in drinking water, formed during the ozonation of source water containing bromide. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer is combined with an ion chromatograph for the analysis of bromate in drinking waters. Three chromatographic columns are evaluated in terms of detection limits, analysis time and tolerance to potentially interfering inorganic anions. The detection limits for all columns are in the 1-2 mu g/l range for the direct analysis of bromate. A 5-min analysis time was achieved using a Dionex AG10 column and 100 mM NaOH as the eluent. Recoveries for bromate in fortified samples containing chloride (1000 ppm) or nitrate (50 ppm) were 96-107%. Recoveries for bromate in fortified samples containing sulfate (1000 ppm) were 91-124%. The R.S.D. values for drinking water analyses are in the 2-6% range. A 1.8-ml sample was preconcentrated on a Dionex AG10 column. This system produced bromate detection limits in the 0.1-0.2 mu g/l range. Coupling the AG10 preconcentrator column with an ultrasonic nebulizer produced a detection limit of 50 ppt for bromate. The precision for samples which are preconcentrated is degraded due to an adjacent peak interfering with integration of the bromate peak. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 15 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 753 IS 2 BP 261 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00560-2 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VW917 UT WOS:A1996VW91700012 ER PT J AU Guth, DJ Raymond, TS AF Guth, DJ Raymond, TS TI A database designed to support dose-response analysis and risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dose-response; benchmark; relational database ID ADVERSE EFFECT LEVELS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; TOXICOLOGY; INFORMATION AB Risk assessment for various human exposures depends on evaluation of existing toxicological literature from a variety of sources. Risk assessors may have limited resources for obtaining raw data, performing additional analyses and initiating new laboratory or epidemiological studies. These constraints must be balanced against a need to improve scientific credibility by developing improved statistical and analytical methods that optimize the use of the available information. A database is described that was designed specifically to support emerging analytical approaches for dose-response assessment, while accommodating the diverse nature of published literature. The database allows entry of exposure and response information in a relational multi-table design, with closely controlled standard fields for recording values and free-text fields for describing unique aspects of a study. To include data needed for current as well as proposed methods, multiple fields were created for different data types and for exposure characterization. The database structure allows rapid access to, and versatile use of, toxicological data for dose-response analyses. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Guth, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT RTP,MD-52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD NOV 15 PY 1996 VL 114 IS 1 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03414-2 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VT721 UT WOS:A1996VT72100009 PM 8931763 ER PT J AU Shen, H Pritchard, PH Sewell, GW AF Shen, H Pritchard, PH Sewell, GW TI Kinetics of chromate reduction during naphthalene degradation in a mixed culture SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE chromium; chromate; naphthalene; reduction; kinetics; model ID HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM REDUCTION; PHENOL DEGRADATION; BIOREMEDIATION; COCULTURE; BACTERIA AB A mixed culture of Bacillus so. K1 and Sphingomonas paucimobilis EPA 505 was exposed to chromate and naphthalene. Batch experiments showed that chromate was reduced and naphthalene was degraded by the mixed culture. Chromate reduction occurred initially at a high rate followed by a decrease in rate until chromate reduction ceased. Chromate reduction decreased in the mixed culture when a lower ratio of S. paucimobilis EPA 505 to Bacillus sp. K1 was utilized. A kinetic model incoporating a term for the cell density ratio is proposed to describe chromate reduction in the mixed culture under both chromate limited and electron donor limited conditions. The validity of the model, and its parameter values, was verified by experimental data gene rated under a variety of initial population compositions and a broad range of chromate concentrations. The consistent result of experimental data with model predictions implies that the model is useful for evaluating the interactions and the use of mixed culture for chromate removal. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUBSURFACE PROTECT & REMEDIAT DIV,ADA,OK 74820. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EXPOSURE RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD NOV 5 PY 1996 VL 52 IS 3 BP 357 EP 363 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19961105)52:3<357::AID-BIT1>3.0.CO;2-J PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VM105 UT WOS:A1996VM10500001 PM 18629905 ER PT J AU Benigni, R Richard, AM AF Benigni, R Richard, AM TI QSARS of mutagens and carcinogens: Two case studies illustrating problems in the construction of models for noncongeneric chemicals SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE QSAR; neural network; expert judgement; carcinogenicity; mutagenicity; noncongeneric chemical ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; REGULATING MUTAGENICITY; HAZARD IDENTIFICATION; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; STRUCTURAL BASIS; NEURAL NETWORKS; 44 CHEMICALS; AMES TEST; PREDICTION AB There is a strong motivation to develop QSAR models for toxicity prediction for use in screening, for setting testing priorities, and for reducing reliance on animal testing. Decisions must be made daily by toxicologists in governments and industry to direct limited testing resources to the most urgent public health problems, and to direct the types of chemical synthesis and product development efforts undertaken. This need has motivated attempts to construct general QSAR models (e.g., for rodent carcinogenicity), not tailored to congeneric series of chemicals. These various attempts have provided interesting and important scientific evidence; however, they have also shared a limited overall performance. The goal of this paper is to illustrate, by two unrelated actual examples of QSARs for mutagens and carcinogens, some fundamental problems relative to the application of general QSAR approaches to noncongeneric chemicals. Both examples consider data sets that are noncongeneric in a chemical structure and mechanism of action sense: in the first case, a mean mutagenic potency defined as an average over multiple genetic toxicity endpoints, and, in the second case, the NTP two-sexes, two species rodent carcinogenicity bioassay results for 280 carcinogens and noncarcinogens. The problems encountered with the QSAR analyses of these two cases indicate that a successful approach to the problem of QSAR modeling of noncongeneric data will need to consider the multidimensional nature of the problem in both a chemical and a biological sense. Since different chemical classes represent largely independent action mechanisms, some means for extracting local QSARs for constituent classes will be necessary. Alternatively, a general QSAR derived for a noncongeneric data set will need to be scrutinized and decomposed along chemical class lines in order to establish boundaries for application and confidence levels for prediction. C1 US EPA, DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Benigni, R (reprint author), IST SUPER SANITA, COMPARAT TOXICOL & ECOTOXICOL LAB, VIALE REGINA ELENA 299, I-00161 ROME, ITALY. NR 51 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1218 J9 MUTAT RES-GENET TOX JI Mutat. Res.-Genet. Toxicol. PD NOV 4 PY 1996 VL 371 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0165-1218(96)90092-0 PG 18 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VU932 UT WOS:A1996VU93200004 PM 8950348 ER PT J AU Kinney, PL Nilsen, DM Lippmann, M Brescia, M Gordon, T McGovern, T ElFawal, H Devlin, RB Rom, WN AF Kinney, PL Nilsen, DM Lippmann, M Brescia, M Gordon, T McGovern, T ElFawal, H Devlin, RB Rom, WN TI Biomarkers of lung inflammation in recreational joggers exposed to ozone SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKIN-8; ACTIVATION; INHALATION; EXPOSURES; LAVAGE AB Humans exhibit an acute inflammatory response in the lungs after controlled laboratory exposure to ozone. The present study was designed to test whether biomarkers of inflammation are detectable in humans exposed to ozone and associated copollutants under natural conditions outdoors. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out on 19 normal volunteer joggers from Governors Island, NY, who exercised in the afternoon during the 1992 summer (S1) season. Fifteen subjects were retested during the following, low ozone, winter season (W). The BAL protocol involved an initial instillation of 20 ml saline followed by four sequential 50-ml saline washes carried out in both the right middle lobe and the lingula. The eight 50-ml samples were pooled as the ''alveolar'' sample. Analyses performed on the alveolar lavage samples included cell differentials, release of IL-8, TNF-alpha, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by pooled cells, and levels of IL-8, protein, LDH, fibronectin, alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), complement fragment 3a (C3a), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in lavage fluids. Release of ROS by stimulated BAL cells was lower in S1 than in W (p = 0.03). In contrast, LDH levels in BAL fluids were 2-fold higher in 51 than in W (p = 0.02), as were IL-8 (p = 0.12) and PGE(2) (p = 0.06). These results suggest a possible ongoing inflammatory response in the lungs of recreational joggers exposed to ozone and associated copollutants during the summer months. C1 NYU,MED CTR,DEPT ENVIRONM MED,NEW YORK,NY 10016. NYU,MED CTR,DEPT MED,DIV PULM & CRIT CARE MED,NEW YORK,NY 10016. NYU,MED CTR,BELLEVUE CHEST SERV,NEW YORK,NY 10016. US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,CHAPEL HILL,NC. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR-00096]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-48619]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-0256] NR 19 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 154 IS 5 BP 1430 EP 1435 PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA VT369 UT WOS:A1996VT36900032 PM 8912760 ER PT J AU Nebeker, AV Onjukka, ST Stevens, DG Chapman, GA AF Nebeker, AV Onjukka, ST Stevens, DG Chapman, GA TI Effect of low dissolved oxygen on aquatic life stages of the caddisfly Clistoronia magnifica (Limnephilidae) SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Embryos, larval stages (instars I-V), pupal stages, and pharate adults of the caddisfly Clistoronia magnifica (Limnephilidae) were exposed to a range of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (0.9-8.3 mg/L) for 4-88 days in the laboratory. Some embryos suspended growth at low DO, resuming growth and hatch when DO was increased. Embryos and larvae all had 96-h EC50 values (50% mortality at 96 h) of about 2.0 mg/L DO. The statistical Effect and No-Effect Thresholds for larvae exposed through two molts from instars I-III were 1.6 and 2.4 mg/L, respectively. At DO concentrations below 4.6 mg/L, egg hatch, larval development, molting success, time of molting, pupation, and adult emergence were delayed. RP Nebeker, AV (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 31 IS 4 BP 453 EP 458 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WA366 UT WOS:A1996WA36600003 PM 8975816 ER PT J AU Sullivan, LJ Moore, TC Aneja, VP Robarge, WP Pierce, TE Geron, C Gay, B AF Sullivan, LJ Moore, TC Aneja, VP Robarge, WP Pierce, TE Geron, C Gay, B TI Environmental variables controlling nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils in the southeast United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE natural emissions; nitric oxide; environmental variables ID TROPICAL SAVANNA SOILS; FIELD-MEASUREMENTS; NITROGEN-OXIDES; NORTH-CAROLINA; NO; FOREST; FLUXES; N2O AB Fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) Were measured during the summer of 1994 (12 July to 11 August) in the Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina in a continuing effort to characterize NO emissions from intensively managed agricultural soils in the southeastern United States. Previous work during a similar time of year on the same soil type was characterized by severe moisture stress conditions. The summer of 1994 provided a more diverse weather pattern and as a result represented a set of measurements more typical of soil temperature and soil moisture relationships for the southeastern United States. In order to ascertain NO Aux response to fertilization and crop type, measurements were made on fields with three distinct fertilizer practices and crop types, namely corn, cotton, and soybean. Average NO fluxes were 21.9 +/- 18.6, 4.3 +/- 3.7, and 2.1 +/- 0.9 ng N m(-1)s(-1), respectively, for corn, cotton, and soybean. NO flux increased exponentially with soil temperature when soil water content was not limiting [> 30% Water Filled Pore Space (%WFPS)]. During conditions when soil water content was limiting, NO flux was inhibited and had no relationship with soil temperature. Above a value of 30% WFPS, increasing soil water content had no effect on NO emissions (the upper limit of %WFPS could not be estimated due to a lack of data in this regime). Below 30% WFPS, increasing soil moisture increased NO production and lower soil moistures led to decreased NO flux. Increased nitrogen fertilization rates led to higher NO fluxes. However, differences in physiological growth stages between crops confound extractable nitrogen values as decomposing root biomass in the mature corn crop added an undetermined amount of available nitrogen to the soil. Interactions between soil water content, fertilizer application, and soil temperature make it very difficult to predict day-to-day variations of NO Bur from our data. There appears to be no simple relation between NO flux and the environmental variables measured in Clayton, NC during the summer of 1994. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MARINE EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 21 BP 3573 EP 3582 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(96)00086-6 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VD987 UT WOS:A1996VD98700002 ER PT J AU Gouchoe, S James, M Lynch, KM Rose, MF Usher, SM AF Gouchoe, S James, M Lynch, KM Rose, MF Usher, SM TI Integrate your plant's pollution prevention plans SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID WASTE MINIMIZATION; EMISSIONS C1 QUANTUMM CORP,SHREWSBURY,MA. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,FAIRFIELD,CA. WMX CO,AETS,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,POLLUT PREVENT CAPSTONE GRP,HAZARDOUS MAT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,MEDFORD,MA 02155. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0360-7275 J9 CHEM ENG PROG JI Chem. Eng. Prog. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 92 IS 11 BP 30 EP 43 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA VR830 UT WOS:A1996VR83000017 ER PT J AU Cash, GG AF Cash, GG TI Estimation of octanol-water partition coefficients from a molecular similarity parameter SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID DISTANCE MATRIX; ALGORITHM AB For 1966 compounds for which experimental values of the octanol-water partition coefficient (as logK(ow)) were known, the value of an intermolecular similarity parameter, S, was computed for all 3,863,190 possible pairs. The S parameter differs from those most often used to predict molecular properties in that S depends on the difference between whole structures rather than on the difference between two numbers derived from the structures individually. For each compound, the largest S values were used to estimate logK(ow), and the statistical quality of the results was compared with results for the same 1966 compounds obtained by fragment-constant methods. RP Cash, GG (reprint author), US EPA,DIV HLTH & ENVIRONM REVIEW 7403,ENVIRONM EFFECTS BRANCH,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 1996 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2081 EP 2087 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00294-9 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VT314 UT WOS:A1996VT31400018 PM 8930106 ER PT J AU DeVito, SC AF DeVito, SC TI Designing safer chemicals: Toxicological considerations SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID METABOLISM RELATIONSHIPS SMR; ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS SAR; RAT-LIVER SLICES; BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE; QUINONE METHIDES; ORGANOSILANE INSECTICIDES; ALIPHATIC-ACIDS; TOXIC POTENCY; VALPROIC ACID; MECHANISMS RP DeVito, SC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOXICS,GREEN CHEM PROGRAM,MAIL CODE 7406,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 92 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD NOV PY 1996 VL 26 IS 11 BP 34 EP 47 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA VQ899 UT WOS:A1996VQ89900009 ER PT J AU Fowle, JR AF Fowle, JR TI Risk management SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material RP Fowle, JR (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD NOV PY 1996 VL 38 IS 9 BP 5 EP & PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR117 UT WOS:A1996VR11700004 ER PT J AU Smythe, KD Bernabo, JC Carter, TB Jutro, PR AF Smythe, KD Bernabo, JC Carter, TB Jutro, PR TI Focusing biodiversity research on the needs of decision makers SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; ecosystem management; ecological stewardship; sustainable development; assessment AB The project on Biodiversity Uncertainties and Research Needs (BURN) ensures the advancement of usable knowledge on biodiversity by obtaining input from decision makers on their priority information needs about biodiversity and then using this input to engage leading scientists in designing policy-relevant research. Decision makers articulated concerns related to four issues: significance of biodiversity; status and trends of biodiversity; management for biodiversity; and the linkage of social, cultural, economic, legal, and biological objectives. Leading natural and social scientists then identified the research required to address the decision makers' needs and determined the probability of success. The diverse group of experts reached consensus on several fundamental issues, helping to clarify the role of biodiversity in land and resource management. The BURN participants identified several features that should be incorporated into policy-relevant research plans and management strategies for biodiversity. Research and assessment efforts should be: multidisciplinary and integrative, participatory with stakeholder involvement, hierarchical (multiple scales), and problem- and region-specific. The activities should be focused regionally within a global perspective. Meta-analysis of existing data is needed on ail fronts to assess the slate of the science. More specifically, the scientists recommended six priority research areas that should be pursued to address the information needs articulated by decision makers: (1) characterization of biodiversity, (2) environmental valuation, (3) management for sustainability-for humans and the environment (adaptive management), (4) information management strategies, (5) governance and stewardship issues, and (6) communication and outreach. Broad recommendations were developed for each research area to provide direction for research planning and resource management strategies. The results wilt directly benefit those groups that require biodiversity research to address their needs-whether to develop policy, manage natural resources, or make other decisions affecting biodiversity. C1 US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. RP Smythe, KD (reprint author), SCI & POLICY ASSOCIATES INC, W TOWER, SUITE 400, 1333 H ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 20 IS 6 BP 865 EP 872 DI 10.1007/BF01205966 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VQ941 UT WOS:A1996VQ94100013 ER PT J AU Nishioka, MG Burkholder, HM Brinkman, MC Gordon, SM Lewis, RG AF Nishioka, MG Burkholder, HM Brinkman, MC Gordon, SM Lewis, RG TI Measuring transport of lawn-applied herbicide acids from turf to home: Correlation of dislodgeable 2,4-D tuff residues with carpet dust and carpet surface residues SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDOOR AIR; PESTICIDES; DIAZINON; EXPOSURE; CHILDREN; DRIFT; SOIL AB Transport of lawn-applied herbicides into the home via walking over treated turf, defined here as track-in, was measured at five different times out to 1 week after application. Residues of turf-applied 2,4-D and dicamba were measured in carpet dust and on the carpet surface after track-in. Both carpet dust levels and carpet surface dislodgeable residue levels were highly correlated with turf dislodgeable residue levels. Turf dislodgeable residues were 0.1-0.2% of turf application levels. Transfer of herbicides from turf to carpet dust was 3% of the turf dislodgeable residues. Transfer from turf to carpet surface was 0.3% of the turf dislodgeable residues. Herbicide 2,4-D was measured in the carpet dust of suburban homes at the 0.1-5 mu g/g levels that are predicted by this efficiency of mass transfer. New tools used to collect these samples included the polyurethane foam roller dislodgeable residue sampler and the high-volume solid surface sampler. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Nishioka, MG (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST,505 KING AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43201, USA. NR 34 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 11 BP 3313 EP 3320 DI 10.1021/es960111r PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR631 UT WOS:A1996VR63100048 ER PT J AU Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Collette, TW Patterson, KS Lykins, BW Ireland, JC AF Richardson, SD Thruston, AD Collette, TW Patterson, KS Lykins, BW Ireland, JC TI Identification of TiO2/UV disinfection byproducts in drinking water SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; BY-PRODUCTS; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION; CONTAMINANTS; CATALYSIS AB Due to concern over the presence of trihalomethanes (THMs) and other chlorinated byproducts in chlorinated drinking water, alternative disinfection methods are being explored. One of the alternative treatment methods currently being evaluated for potential use with small systems (less than 3300 people) is titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis. Using a combination of unconventional GC/MS and GC/FT-IR techniques, we identified organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed by photocatalytic treatment of water with TiO2 and ultraviolet (UV) light. The identifications also reflect the effects of ultrafiltration prior to treatment with TiO2/UV as well as secondary chlorination. Only a single organic DBP (tentatively identified as 3-methyl-2,4-hexanedione) was observed in ultrafiltered raw water treated with TiO2/UV alone. When chlorine was used as a secondary disinfectant (following treatment with TiO2/UV), several chlorinated and brominated DBPs were formed, among them some halomethanes and several halonitriles. Most of these halogenated DBPs were the same as those observed when chlorine was used as the sole disinfectant. However, one byproduct, tentatively identified as dihydro-4,5-dichloro-2(3H)furanone, was formed only by a combination of TiO2/UV and chlorine disinfection. Although many chlorinated DBPs were produced when chlorine was used as a secondary disinfectant, the number and concentration of these chlorinated DBPs were lower than when chlorine was used as the sole disinfectant. C1 US EPA, NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB, WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. RP US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, ECOSYST RES DIV, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. NR 29 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 11 BP 3327 EP 3334 DI 10.1021/es960142m PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR631 UT WOS:A1996VR63100050 ER PT J AU Hanlon, EJ AF Hanlon, EJ TI Soil cleanup goals SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Hanlon, EJ (reprint author), US EPA,REGION 5,CHICAGO,IL 60604, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 11 BP A468 EP A468 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR631 UT WOS:A1996VR63100002 PM 21649285 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Gerlach, CL AF Rogers, KR Gerlach, CL TI Environmental biosensors - A status report SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SERV,LAS VEGAS,NV. RP Rogers, KR (reprint author), EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV, USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 11 BP A486 EP A491 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VR631 UT WOS:A1996VR63100024 PM 21649327 ER PT J AU VanHoof, PL Jafvert, CT AF VanHoof, PL Jafvert, CT TI Reductive dechlorination of chlorobenzenes in surfactant-amended sediment slurries SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hexachlorobenzene; Tween; Brij; nonionic surfactants; solubilization ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYOXYETHYLENE ALKYL; NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CRUDE-OIL; BIODEGRADATION; WATER; SOLUBILIZATION; PHENANTHRENE; ADSORPTION AB Microbial anaerobic dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was examined in sediment slurries amended with two classes of nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene (POE) sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens) and POE alcohols (Brijs). The rationale for surfactant addition was to increase the bioavailability of highly sorbed organic pollutants to degrading microorganisms by enhancing their solubility. The solubility of HCB was initially enhanced via micellar partitioning; however, primary degradation of most surfactants occurred within 10 d. Dechlorination activity was significantly reduced at POE alcohol concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (cmc), with or without the occurrence of surfactant degradation. Tween 80 decreased HCB dechlorination at concentrations significantly above the cmc (1,500-5,000 mg/L). At concentrations closer to the cmc (300-1,200 mg/L). Tween 80 increased dechlorination rate constants four- to fivefold in acclimated slurries. Additions of Tween 80 at or below the cmc (3, 30, 300, and 911 mg/L) stimulated dechlorination activity in unacclimated slurries that exhibited very little activity in unamended controls. An average of 89% of HCB was dechlorinated after 90 d, compared to 20% in unamended sediments. No effect was observed for POE alcohols at these sub-cmc levels. The lack of a stimulated response for the POE alcohols suggests that Tween 80 may not be acting simply as a source of carbon or energy. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RI Jafvert, Chad/D-9551-2013 NR 37 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1914 EP 1924 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1914:RDOCIS>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VR118 UT WOS:A1996VR11800009 ER PT J AU Bradbury, SP Mekenyan, OG Ankley, GT AF Bradbury, SP Mekenyan, OG Ankley, GT TI Quantitative structure-activity relationships for polychlorinated hydroxybiphenyl estrogen receptor binding affinity: An assessment of conformer flexibility SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE quantitative structure-activity relationships; conformational searching; polychlorinated hydroxybiphenyls estradiol; estrogen receptor ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; CONFORMATIONS; LIGAND; SYSTEM; QSAR; ACTIVATION; PARAMETERS; INDUCTION; SEARCH AB A diverse group of xenobiotics has a high binding affinity to the estrogen receptor (ER), suggesting that it can accommodate large variability in ligand structure. Relationships between xenobiotic structure, binding affinity, and estrogenic response have been suggested to be dependent on the conformational structures of the ligands. To explore the influence of conformational flexibility on ER binding affinity, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study was undertaken with estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and a set of polychlorinated hydroxybiphenyls (PCHBs) of environmental concern. Although the low-energy minima of the PCHB congeners suggested that interconversions among conformers were likely, the electronic parameters associated with the conformer geometries for a specific PCHB congener could vary significantly. The results of the QSAR analysis suggested that among the PCHBs studied, the most polarizable conformers (lower absolute volume polarizability values) were most closely associated with ER binding affinity. Across the set of ''polarizable'' conformers, which did not include the low-energy gas-phase conformers, the electron donating properties of the hydroxy moiety and the aromatic component of the estradiol A ring analogue in the PCHBs were found to be correlated with higher ER binding affinity. C1 HIGHER INST CHEM TECHNOL,BURGAS 8010,BULGARIA. RP Bradbury, SP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 35 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1945 EP 1954 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1945:QSARFP>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VR118 UT WOS:A1996VR11800013 ER PT J AU Lessie, TG Hendrickson, W Manning, BD Devereux, R AF Lessie, TG Hendrickson, W Manning, BD Devereux, R TI Genomic complexity and plasticity of Burkholderia cepacia SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Review DE Burkholderia cepacia; phylogenetic relationship; chromosomal multiplicity; macrorestriction fragment; insertion sequence ID PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA; INSERTION SEQUENCES; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PLASMID; BACTERIA; REARRANGEMENTS; PROTEOBACTERIA; BIODEGRADATION; TRANSPOSITION AB Burkholderia cepacia has attracted attention because of its extraordinary degradative abilities and its potential as a pathogen for plants and for humans. This bacterium was formerly considered to belong to the genus Pseudomonas in the gamma-subclass of the Proteobacteria, but recently has been assigned to the beta-subclass based on rrn gene sequence analyses and other key phenotypic characteristics. The B. cepacia genome is comprised of multiple chromosomes and is rich in insertion sequences. These two features may have played a key role in the evolution of novel degradative functions and the unusual adaptability of this bacterium. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,CHICAGO,IL 60612. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Lessie, TG (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT MICROBIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 51 TC 139 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 2-3 BP 117 EP 128 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08517.x PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VP815 UT WOS:A1996VP81500001 PM 8900054 ER PT J AU Simmons, JE AF Simmons, JE TI Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to combination toxicology SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAS-UPTAKE PHARMACOKINETICS; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; METABOLIC INTERACTIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RATS; CONSTANTS; TOLUENE; INVIVO; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; HEPATOTOXICITY AB Non-additive toxicity has been demonstrated in laboratory animals for a large number of temporally separated or concurrent multiple chemical exposures. These exposures are typically at concentrations higher than those found in the environment, leading to the question of the applicability of the results to the human situation. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling has been applied successfully to single chemicals; its utility for extrapolation across species and dose has been demonstrated. Use of PBPK modelling in the study of chemical mixtures is increasing although still limited. The use of PBPK modelling by various investigators in the field of combination toxicology is reviewed. PBPK modelling has been used to examine: the role of increased metabolism in non-additive toxicity resulting from temporally separated exposures; the influence of the time interval separating two chemical exposures; and the role of inhibition of metabolism in concurrent exposure to two chemicals. In summary, development of a PBPK or PBPK/pharmacodynamic model for a combined exposure provides a basis for extrapolation across species, route and dose, and a useful tool for risk assessment. RP Simmons, JE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 11-12 BP 1067 EP 1073 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00076-8 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA WP015 UT WOS:A1996WP01500008 PM 9119317 ER PT J AU Simmons, JE Gennings, C AF Simmons, JE Gennings, C TI Experimental designs, statistics and interpretation SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Working Group on Experimental Designs, Statistics and Interpretation considered the use of statistics in combination toxicology, the terminology used to describe the interaction(s) of chemicals, the use of efficient experimental designs to minimize animal use, the diverse interests and goals covered by combination toxicology and approaches useful for complex mixtures. The importance of the use of appropriate experimental designs and statistical methodology was recognized. Given the present lack of consensus on terminology and methodology, it is recommended that investigators provide in their publications the definition of additivity and the mathematical model being used. C1 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,MED COLL VIRGINIA,DEPT BIOSTAT,RICHMOND,VA 23298. RP Simmons, JE (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 11-12 BP 1169 EP 1171 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00092-6 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA WP015 UT WOS:A1996WP01500025 PM 9119334 ER PT J AU vanBirgelen, APJM Ross, DG DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS AF vanBirgelen, APJM Ross, DG DeVito, MJ Birnbaum, LS TI Interactive effects between 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in female B6G3F1 mice: Tissue distribution and tissue-specific enzyme induction SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; PARA-DIOXINS PCDDS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; AH-RECEPTOR; RAT-LIVER; TOXICOKINETIC INTERACTIONS; CYTOCHROME P-450D; HUMAN-MILK; TCDD AB The distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) was studied in female B6C3F1 mice. Single doses of TCDD alone (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 mu g [H-3]TCDD/kg), PCB 153 alone (0, 3.58, 35.8, or 358 mg [C-14]PCB 153/kg), and all possible combinations of these doses were administered in corn oil, po. At 7 days after dosing, 11 different tissues were analyzed for radioactivity. When TCDD was administered alone, TCDD-derived radioactivity distributed to all tissues in a dose-dependent manner, increasing with dose in the liver, while decreasing (as a percentage of the administered dose) in all other tissues. When PCB 153 was administered alone, the PCB 153 concentration was dose-dependently (percentage of dose) decreased in liver, skin, lung, adrenals, kidney, and blood; no dosimetric effects were observed in the other organs. Coadministration of low doses of both TCDD and PCB 153 resulted in little or no effect on the distribution of either compound. Interactive effects occurred in the pharmacokinetic behavior of both compounds only at higher doses. For example, the amount of TCDD in the liver was increased by 358 mg PCB 153/kg. In most other organs administration of PCB 153 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the TCDD content. Coadministration of PCB 153 with 10 mu g TCDD/kg increased PCB 153 in the liver, but not in other tissues. These results clearly demonstrate that interactive effects on pharmacokinetic behavior occur only at high doses. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP vanBirgelen, APJM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 55 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 118 EP 131 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0182 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VV022 UT WOS:A1996VV02200014 PM 8937899 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J Anigstein, R Back, D Bartlett, JW Beres, D Chan, D Clark, ME Doehnert, M Durman, E Hay, S Hull, HB Lailas, N MacKinney, J Ralston, L Tsirigotis, PL AF Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J Anigstein, R Back, D Bartlett, JW Beres, D Chan, D Clark, ME Doehnert, M Durman, E Hay, S Hull, HB Lailas, N MacKinney, J Ralston, L Tsirigotis, PL TI Technical basis for EPA's proposed regulation on the cleanup of sites contaminated with radioactivity SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE contamination; radioactivity; waste management; radiation protection ID CANCER AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is proposing a regulation for the protection of the public from radioactive contamination at sites that are to be cleaned up and released for public use. The rule will apply to sites under the control of Federal agencies, and will impose limits on radiation doses to individuals living or working on a site following cleanup; it will thereby provide site owners and managers with uniform, consistent cleanup criteria for planning and carrying out remediation. This paper presents an overview of EPA's approach to assessing some of the beneficial and adverse effects associated with various possible values for the annual dose limit. In particular, it discusses the method developed to determine how the choice of cleanup criterion affects (1) the time-integrated potential numbers of non-fatal and fatal radiogenic cancers averted among future populations, (2) the occurrence of radiogenic cancers among remediation workers and the public caused by the cleanup process itself, and (3) the volumes of contaminated soil that may require remediation. The analytic methods described here were used to provide input data and assumptions for the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) that supports the proposed regulation; the RIA also considered non-radiological benefits and costs (i.e., public health, economic, and ecological) of the standards. C1 S COHEN & ASSOCIATES INC, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA. RP Wolbarst, AB (reprint author), US EPA, OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR 6603J, 401 M ST, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 71 IS 5 BP 644 EP 660 DI 10.1097/00004032-199611000-00004 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA VM896 UT WOS:A1996VM89600006 PM 8887509 ER PT J AU Lawless, PA Yamamoto, T Shofran, SP Boss, CB Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH Engels, RL AF Lawless, PA Yamamoto, T Shofran, SP Boss, CB Nunez, CM Ramsey, GH Engels, RL TI Characteristics of a fast rise time power supply for a pulsed plasma reactor for chemical vapor destruction SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Industry-Applications-Society 28th Annual Meeting CY OCT 02-08, 1993 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc DE corona discharge; gas cleaning; nanosecond rise time; power supply; pulsed plasma; rotating spark gap; VOC destruction AB Rotating spark gap devices for switching high-voltage direct current (dc) into a corona plasma reactor can achieve pulse rise times in the range of tens of nanoseconds, The fast rise times lead to vigorous plasma generation without sparking at instantaneous applied voltages higher than can be obtained with de. The resulting energetic plasma is effective for destroying a variety of molecules, The spark gap circuit configuration plays an important role in the effectiveness of the plasma generation, A single-gap circuit is effective for generating moderate peak voltages, but is limited by a multiple sparking phenomenon, A double-gap circuit can achieve equal peak voltages with every spark, but with a reduced number of pulses, compared to the single gap. Both configurations have an upper voltage imposed by the changing impedance of the reactor as voltage and frequency are varied, The pulse characteristics are reported for both types of circuits, The general performance of the reactors for destruction of some compounds with both circuits is also reported. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,RALEIGH,NC 27603. US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. USN,CTR SURFACE WARFARE,DEPT NAVY,DAHLGREN,VA 22448. RP Lawless, PA (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST,POB 12194,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. RI Engels, Rutger/A-5984-2010 NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0093-9994 J9 IEEE T IND APPL JI IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1257 EP 1265 DI 10.1109/28.556627 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA WC669 UT WOS:A1996WC66900003 ER PT J AU Mallick, SK Cabezas, H Bare, JC Sikdar, SK AF Mallick, SK Cabezas, H Bare, JC Sikdar, SK TI A pollution reduction methodology for chemical process simulators SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WASTE MINIMIZATION; MINIMIZING WASTE AB A pollution minimization methodology was developed for chemical process design using computer simulation. It is based on a pollution balance that at steady state is used to define a pollution index with units of mass of pollution per mass of products. The pollution balance has been modified by weighing the mass flowrate of each pollutant by its potential environmental impact score. This converts the mass balance into an environmental impact balance. This balance defines an impact index with units of environmental impact per mass of products. The impact index measures the potential environmental effects of process wastes. Three different schemes for chemical ranking were considered: (i) no ranking, (ii) simple ranking from 0 to 3, and (iii) ranking by a scientifically derived measure: of human health and environmental effects. Use of the methodology is illustrated with two examples from the production of (i) methyl ethyl ketone and (ii) synthetic ammonia. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUSTAINABLE TECHNOL DIV,SYST ANAL BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 13 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 35 IS 11 BP 4128 EP 4138 DI 10.1021/ie9601108 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA VR705 UT WOS:A1996VR70500035 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Hu, SC DeWitt, P Gerrity, TR AF Kim, CS Hu, SC DeWitt, P Gerrity, TR TI Assessment of regional deposition of inhaled particles in human lungs by serial bolus delivery method SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerosols; respiratory airways; inhalation ID HUMAN RESPIRATORY-TRACT; AIRWAYS OBSTRUCTION; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; MODELS; DISPERSION; CLEARANCE AB Detailed regional deposition of inhaled particles was investigated in young adults (n = 11) by use of a serial bolus aerosol delivery technique. A small bolus (45 mi half-width) of monodisperse aerosols [1-, 3-, and 5-mu m particle diameter (D-p)] was delivered sequentially to a specific volumetric depth of the lung (100-500 mi in 50-ml increments), while the subject inhaled clean air via a laser aerosol photometer (25-ml dead volume) with a constant flow rate (Q = 150, 250, and 500 ml/s) and exhaled with the same Q without a pause to the residual volume. Deposition efficiency (LDE) and deposition fraction in 10 local volumetric regions and total deposition fraction of the lung were obtained. LDE increased monotonically with increasing lung depth for all three D-p. LDE was greater with smaller Q values in all lung regions. Deposition was distributed fairly evenly throughout the lung regions with a tendency for an enhancement in the distal lung regions for D-p = 1 mu m Deposition distribution was highly uneven for D-p = 3 and 5 mu m, and the region of the peak deposition shifted toward the proximal regions with increasing D-p. Surface dose was 1-5 times greater in the small airway regions and 2-17 times greater in the large airway regions than in the alveolar regions. The results suggest that local or regional enhancement of deposition occurs in healthy subjects and that the local enhancement can be an important factor in health risk assessment of inhaled particles. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,MD-58B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 33 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 81 IS 5 BP 2203 EP 2213 PG 11 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA VT205 UT WOS:A1996VT20500047 PM 8941546 ER PT J AU Brumley, WC Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Donnelly, JL Farley, JW AF Brumley, WC Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Donnelly, JL Farley, JW TI Applications of capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence detection to groundwater migration studies SO JOURNAL OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; fluorescent dyes; groundwater tracers; laser-induced fluorescence; solid-phase extraction; tinopal ID WATER AB Capillary electrophoresis has been applied to the determination of groundwater migration based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and traditional spectrofluorimetry. Detection limits of injected dye-fluorescent whitening agent (tinopal) in the low ppt ranges have been accomplished with both a spectrofluorometer and with CE/LIF based on the HeCd laser. The real-world problem was the determination of groundwater migration between adjacent Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Superfund sites. Fluorescent dyes were injected into wells and were discovered in monitoring wells by extracting pads that adsorbed the dye. The methodology based on CE/LIF exhibits increased specificity over existing methodology due to the separation and unique migration time of the dye. Additional studies were aimed at achieving sub-ppt levels in the water directly using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and field-amplified injection techniques. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. LOCKHEED MARTIN SERV GRP,LAS VEGAS,NV. UNIV NEVADA,DEPT PHYS,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU I S C TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS, INC PI SHELTON PA 30 CONTROLS DR, BOX 828, SHELTON, CT 06484-0828 SN 1079-5383 J9 J CAPILLARY ELECTROP JI J. Capillary Electrophor. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 3 IS 6 BP 295 EP 299 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Electrochemistry GA XL150 UT WOS:A1996XL15000005 PM 9384723 ER PT J AU Lavy, TL Mattice, JD Massey, JH Skulman, BW Senseman, SA Gbur, EE Barrett, MR AF Lavy, TL Mattice, JD Massey, JH Skulman, BW Senseman, SA Gbur, EE Barrett, MR TI Long-term in situ leaching and degradation of six herbicides aged in subsoils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY; SOIL; ATRAZINE; METRIBUZIN; METOLACHLOR; DESORPTION; ALACHLOR; RESIDUES; SURFACE; SAMPLES AB Only limited information exists concerning the fate of aged herbicide residues in subsurface soils. To assess the importance of degradation and leaching in the persistence of aged herbicide residues in subsoils, formulations of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-4,5-dihydro-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5-one), metolachlor (2-chloro-6'-ethyl-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acet-o-toluidide), picloram (4-amino-3,5, 6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid), 2,4-D) (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-methoxyethylacetanilide) were applied separately to two moist Arkansas subsoils and buried for up to 3 yr. The treated subsoils were placed in one of two storage container types, buried in situ at 30, 90, or 150 cm with the soil profile, and retrieved at 6-mo intervals. Amounts of herbicide remaining in the subsoils at two study locations were determined chromatographically. Use of two different types of storage containers allowed for comparison of the relative degradation and leaching that occurred with time. Statistical evaluation of these data found that significant early (less than 6 mo after treatment) degradation occurred in 80% of 36 possible herbicide x soil depth x location combinations. Early leaching occurred between 30 and 50% of the time. Long-term degradation (greater than 6 mo after treatment) occurred in 23 of 28 cases, while long-term leaching occurred in 7 cases. Slow degradation and notable leaching of picloram occurred at 90 and 150 cm at the loamy fine sand location. In addition, prolonged persistence of alachlor relative to metoachlor was observed in subsoils at both study locations. C1 DUPONT CO INC,AGR PROD EXP STN,WILMINGTON,DE 19880. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Lavy, TL (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,ALTHEIMER LAB,276 ALTHEIMER DR,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72704, USA. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 25 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1268 EP 1279 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW226 UT WOS:A1996VW22600028 ER PT J AU Hurst, CJ Sims, RC Sims, JL Sorensen, DL McLean, JE Huling, S AF Hurst, CJ Sims, RC Sims, JL Sorensen, DL McLean, JE Huling, S TI Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation as a function of oxygen tension in contaminated soil SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; biodegradation; oxygen tension; contaminated soil ID DEGRADATION AB Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effect of soil gas oxygen concentration on the degradation and mineralization of spiked C-14-pyrene and nonspiked 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in the soil. The soil used for the evaluation was taken from a prepared-bed land treatment unit at the Champion International Superfund Site in Libby, Montana. This soil was contaminated with wood preserving wastes including creosote (composed primarily of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pentachlorophenol). Degradation rates of C-14-pyrene and PAH compounds were found to be enhanced under soil gas oxygen concentrations between 2% and 21% in the contaminated soil. Between 45% and 55% of C-14-pyrene spiked onto the soil was mineralized after 70 days at soil gas oxygen levels between 2% and 21%. No statistically significant mineralization was found to occur at 0% oxygen concentrations. Mineralization of C-14-pyrene in contaminated soil poisoned with mercuric chloride was determined to be less than 0.5%. Degradation of indigenous nonradiolabeled PAH in non-poisoned soil was statistically significantly greater than in poisoned soil. These results indicated that the degradation of C-14-pyrene and PAH compounds was biological and would occur under low oxygen concentrations. For example, the use of soil aeration technology in order to achieve continued treatment for buried lifts of soil while new lifts are added will decrease the total time for soil remediation of the prepared-bed. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,UTAH WATER RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK. RP Hurst, CJ (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,DIV ENVIRONM ENGN,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 31 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 51 IS 1-3 BP 193 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(96)01793-1 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WB584 UT WOS:A1996WB58400013 ER PT J AU Evans, CD Davies, TD Wigington, PJ Tranter, M Kretser, WA AF Evans, CD Davies, TD Wigington, PJ Tranter, M Kretser, WA TI Use of factor analysis to investigate processes controlling the chemical composition of four streams in the Adirondack Mountains, New York SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; FORESTED WATERSHEDS; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS; SURFACE WATERS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; CHEMISTRY; ACIDIFICATION; SNOWMELT; LAKES; CATCHMENT AB Four streams were monitored intensively over a 2 year period. Factor analysis was used to identify interrelationships between dissolved species during this period, and to determine physical processes controlling their behaviour. Analysis of the full dataset identified species which varied predominantly on an episodic timescale, and species which were subject to seasonal cycles. Two-month subsets of data were defined to remove the influence of seasonal cycles, and factor analysis of individual subsets then allowed episodic behaviour to be examined for each 2 month period. Results showed that base cation dilution was a consistent cause of changes in acid neutralising capacity (ANC) in all four streams. NO3- exhibited strong seasonality in concentration and also in episode behaviour, increasing during winter-snowmelt episodes, but diluting during some summer episodes. DOC concentrations also varied seasonally, but 2 month analysis indicated episodic increases during all periods. SO42- did not exhibit consistent episodic behaviour, as it was strongly influenced by antecedent conditions. Behaviour of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was apparently influenced by a significant soil source in three of the streams. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOG,BRISTOL BS8 1SS,AVON,ENGLAND. ADIRONDACKS LAKES SURVEY CORP,RAY BROOK,NY 12977. RP Evans, CD (reprint author), UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH ENVIRONM SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND. RI Tranter, Martyn/E-3722-2010; Evans, Christopher/F-2087-2010 OI Tranter, Martyn/0000-0003-2071-3094; Evans, Christopher/0000-0002-7052-354X NR 43 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD NOV 1 PY 1996 VL 185 IS 1-4 BP 297 EP 316 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(95)02997-4 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VX295 UT WOS:A1996VX29500015 ER PT J AU Brenner, KP Rankin, CC Sivaganesan, M AF Brenner, KP Rankin, CC Sivaganesan, M TI Interlaboratory evaluation of MI agar and the US Environmental Protection Agency-approved membrane filter method for the recovery of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from drinking water SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE drinking water; Escherichia coli; total coliforms AB A new membrane filter (MF) medium, MI agar, recently validated for use in recovering chlorine-damaged total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli from drinking water, was compared to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved MF method (mEndo agar and nutrient agar supplemented with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide) in a collaborative study. Six wastewater-spiked Cincinnati tap water samples, containing three different concentrations of E. coli (less than or equal to 10, 11-30, and >30 E. coli/100 ml), were analyzed concurrently by 19 geographically dispersed laboratories. Results showed that although the overall recoveries of TC and E. coli with MI agar were 12% and 26% greater, respectively, than those of the approved method, the differences were not statistically significant (alpha=0.05). However, the overall recovery of background/non-coliforms by the new method, 5% of the mEndo agar recovery, was significantly lower (P=0.0009). Since the results of this study show MI agar to be equal to or better than the current method, it meets the criteria for routine compliance monitoring of drinking water. C1 DYNCORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Brenner, KP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,ML 314,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD NOV PY 1996 VL 27 IS 2-3 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(96)00932-3 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA WF752 UT WOS:A1996WF75200002 ER PT J AU Ingram, J Lee, J AF Ingram, J Lee, J TI The GCTE Soil Erosion Network: A Multi participatory research program (vol 51, pg 377, 1996) SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Correction, Addition RP Ingram, J (reprint author), USDA,EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 51 IS 6 BP 452 EP 452 PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA WF476 UT WOS:A1996WF47600005 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD AF Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD TI A methodological approach for exposure assessment studies in residences using volatile organic compound-contaminated water SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BREATH CONCENTRATIONS; DRINKING-WATER; EXHALED BREATH; TAP WATER; CHEMICALS; AIR; BENZENE; MODEL AB This paper presents a methodological approach for assessing total exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences using contaminated water supplies. This approach is founded on assessment of ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures; both long-term (i.e., 12 to 24 hr) low-level exposures and short-term (i.e., approximate to 10 min) high-level exposures are considered. The methodology is based on the collection of water samples to establish the identity of the contaminants, maximum source terms, and possible dermal and ingestion exposures; integrated whole-air samples are collected to assess long- and short-term inhalation exposures; whole-air grab samples are used to confirm peak and typical inhalation exposures; and alveolar breath samples are used to confirm exposures and to estimate contaminant concentrations in the blood of the test subjects. While we do not suggest that this methodology should supersede any current investigative approach, this material is primarily offered as a consolidated reference to the many people or organizations who might contemplate a study of this type. Application of this investigative protocol should provide detailed exposure assessment information, while it supplies critical real world data for risk assessment specialists, toxicologists, and modeling experts. Data from a recent field study assessing exposures to trichloroethylene are presented to illustrate the utility and some of the limitations of this strategy. RP Lindstrom, AB (reprint author), US EPA,NERL,MAIL DROP 56,,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1058 EP 1066 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VT096 UT WOS:A1996VT09600004 PM 8933751 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Brumley, WC AF Grange, AH Brumley, WC TI Identification of ions produced from components in a complex mixture using mass peak profiling SO LC GC-MAGAZINE OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COMPREHENSIVE 2-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATIONS; CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; PEPTIDES; ACCURATE AB The characterization of complex mixtures is a goal of environmental, pharmaceutical, synthetic, and biochemists, When performing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, total ion chromatograms for extracts of complex samples can provide numerous chromatographic peaks, Many of the compounds responsible for the peaks cannot be identified because the background-subtracted mass spec tra are degraded by coelution of multiple components, In addition, library mass spectra often are unavailable for all compounds in a mixture, The authors used a high-resolution technique, called mass peak profiling from selected-ion recording data, to characterize a complex sample from a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site, The technique was adapted to determine compositions of molecular ions and other prominent ions corresponding to 47 chromatographic peaks. RP Grange, AH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 SN 0888-9090 J9 LC GC-MAG SEP SCI JI LC GC-Mag. Sep. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 14 IS 11 BP 978 EP & PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VR676 UT WOS:A1996VR67600015 ER PT J AU Smith, MW Kreutzer, RA Goldman, L CaseyPaal, A Kizer, KW AF Smith, MW Kreutzer, RA Goldman, L CaseyPaal, A Kizer, KW TI How economic demand influences access to medical care for rural Hispanic children SO MEDICAL CARE LA English DT Article DE Hispanic children; demand; access to care; health services research; physician availability ID HEALTH-CARE; MEXICAN-AMERICANS; EMPIRICAL-EVIDENCE; HHANES 1982-84; SERVICES; BARRIERS AB OBJECTIVES. In a study of access to medical care, the authors analyzed the relationship between factors influencing demand, local unmet needs, and the availability of physicians in a rural California community. METHODS. The California Department of Health Services screened 1,697 (90%) of children aged 1 to 12 years in McFarland, CA. The relation of demand to unmet needs was examined using multiple logistic regression. Factors influencing demand for medical care were: ability to pay (income, health insurance) desire to purchase care (ethnicity, education, perceived need), and incidental costs (transportation, child care, etc). Questions from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Survey were reconstrued to fit the demand model. Local need and demand for physicians was compared with state levels to assess whether sufficient physicians were available. RESULTS. Eighty-six percent of the children were of Mexican ancestry. Factors influencing demand were linked with specific unmet needs. Although unmet needs were high, demand was low; 46% of all families were below the poverty level. Although four primary care physicians were needed, only one could be supported in the private sector because of low demand. CONCLUSIONS. Advantages to the demand model are: (1) it shows why medical services are underused and lacking in low-income areas although need is high, (2) it permits an economic rationale for extra services for poor diverse populations, (3) it estimates the amount of resources lacking to assure adequate levels of care, (4) it shows why facilitated access is needed for certain groups. C1 CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,ENVIRONM HLTH INVEST BRANCH,BERKELEY,CA 94704. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,CANC CONTROL SECT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414. US DEPT VET AFFAIRS,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Smith, MW (reprint author), CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,HUMAN POPULAT LAB,2151 BERKELEY WAY,ANNEX 2,BERKELEY,CA 94704, USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0025-7079 J9 MED CARE JI Med. Care PD NOV PY 1996 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1135 EP 1148 DI 10.1097/00005650-199611000-00007 PG 14 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VQ875 UT WOS:A1996VQ87500007 PM 8911429 ER PT J AU Devereux, R Hines, ME Stahl, DA AF Devereux, R Hines, ME Stahl, DA TI S cycling: Characterization of natural communities of sulfate-reducing bacteria by 16S rRNA sequence comparisons SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Microbiology CY MAY, 1994 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; ELEMENTAL SULFUR; SALT-MARSH; SEDIMENTS; BIOFILMS; IDENTIFICATION; REDUCTION; CELLS AB Past studies of microbial communities responsible for geochemical transformations have been limited by an inability to representatively cultivate, and then identify, the constituent members. Ribosomal RNA sequences, particularly 16S-like rRNAs, provide a measure of phylogenetic relationship that can now be used to examine the structure and diversity of microbial communities. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) play an important role in the sulfur cycle and the terminal mineralization of organic matter in estuarine and marine environments. Because the Gram-negative mesophilic SRB comprise a phylogenetically coherent assemblage, their communities are well suited to explorations through rRNA sequence-based methodologies. In this study we related molecular biological methods using rRNA probes to geochemical measurements at two different sites. At an unvegetated site in northwest Florida, rates of sulfate reduction were low and SRB rRNA comprised about 5% of the total rRNA extracted from the sediment. The other site, a salt marsh in New Hampshire, had higher rates of sulfate-reduction with SRB rRNA accounting for up to 30% of the total rRNA extracted from the sediment. SRB community structure differed dramatically between the two sites with Desulfobulbus rRNA much less abundant in the unvegetated site than in the salt marsh. The differences in these SRB communities reflect differences in the ecology of their habitats. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,DURHAM,NH 03824. NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,EVANSTON,IL 60208. RP Devereux, R (reprint author), US EPA,1 SABINE ISLAND DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 26 TC 43 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 283 EP 292 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA VH388 UT WOS:A1996VH38800005 ER PT J AU Jeffrey, WH Nazaret, S Barkay, T AF Jeffrey, WH Nazaret, S Barkay, T TI Detection of the merA gene and its expression in the environment SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Microbiology CY MAY, 1994 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MERCURY-RESISTANCE GENES; AQUATIC MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; MESSENGER-RNA; HG(II) VOLATILIZATION; MARINE-ENVIRONMENT; TRANSPOSON TN501; SOIL BACTERIA; HYBRIDIZATION; DETERMINANTS AB Bacterial transformation of mercury in the environment has received much attention owing to the toxicity of both the ionic form and organomercurial compounds, Bacterial resistance to mercury and the role of bacteria in mercury cycling have been widely studied. The genes specifying the required functions for resistance to mercury are organized on the mer operon. Gene probing methodologies have been used for several years to detect specific gene sequences in the environment that are homologous to cloned mer genes. While mer genes have been detected in a wide variety of environments, less is known about the expression of these genes under environmental conditions. We combined new methodologies for recovering specific gene mRNA transcripts and mercury detection with a previously described method for determining biological potential for mercury volatilization to examine the effect of mercury concentrations and nutrient availability on rates of mercury volatilization and merA transcription. Levels of merA-specific transcripts and Hg(II) volatilization were influenced more by microbial activity (as manipulated by nutrient additions) than by the concentration of total mercury. The detection of merA-specific transcripts in some samples that did not reduce Hg(II) suggests that rates of-mercury volatilization in the environment may not always be proportional to merA transcription. C1 UNIV LYON 1,LAB ECOL MICROBIENNE SOL,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Jeffrey, WH (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAG & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514, USA. NR 49 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 293 EP 303 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA VH388 UT WOS:A1996VH38800006 ER PT J AU James, K AF James, K TI Metal finishers increase profits with climate wise program SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Editorial Material RP James, K (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,401 M ST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 83 IS 11 BP 52 EP 53 PG 2 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA VP366 UT WOS:A1996VP36600008 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR AF Goldman, LR TI EPA seeks public health views on new pesticide law SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Goldman, LR (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 111 IS 6 BP 512 EP 514 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VT972 UT WOS:A1996VT97200025 PM 8955696 ER PT J AU Fu, SS Sakanashi, TM Rogers, JM Hong, KH Keen, CL AF Fu, SS Sakanashi, TM Rogers, JM Hong, KH Keen, CL TI Influence of dietary folic acid on the developmental toxicity of methanol and the frequency of chromosomal breakage in the CD-1 mouse SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methanol; folic acid; development; nutrition; nutrient-drug interaction; chromosomal breakage; pregnancy; diet ID WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; FOLATE-DEFICIENCY; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; INHALED METHANOL; FORMIC-ACID; RAT EMBRYOS; MICE; DERIVATIVES; INHALATION AB The proposed increased use of methanol (MeOH)-based fuels raises the concern for an increased risk for MeOH toxicity. MeOH, which is detoxified in part via a folate-dependent pathway, is known to be teratogenic in rodents. Previous observations have implicated maternal folate status as a critical modulator for the developmental toxicity of MeOH. The current study extends these findings, examining the effect of maternal dietary folate intake on fetal folate stores, as well as identifying a possible marker for the prediction of the developmental toxicity of MeOH. Virgin female CD-1 mice were assigned to diets containing either 400 (marginal) or 1200 (control) nmol folic acid (FA)/kg, and 1% succinylsulfathiazole for 5 weeks prior to mating and throughout breeding and gestation. From gestation day (GD) 6 through 10 dams were given by gavage deionized, distilled water (dH(2)O) or MeOH at 2.5 g/kg body weight, twice daily. On GD 18, mice were weighed and killed and the liver, kidneys, and gravid uteri removed and weighed. Implantation sites, live and dead fetuses, and resorptions were counted; fetuses were weighed individually and examined for cleft palate and exencephaly. The marginal FA dietary treatment resulted in low maternal liver (50% reduction) and red cell folate (30% reduction) concentrations, as well as low fetal tissue folate concentrations (60 to 70% reduction) relative to the adequate FA dietary groups. Marginal FA treatment alone resulted in cleft palate in 13% of the litters; there were no litters affected with cleft palate in the adequate PA-control group. Marginal FA-MeOH treatment resulted in a further increase in the litters affected by cleft palate (72% of litters affected). The percent of litters affected by exencephaly was highest in the marginal FA-MeOH group. The frequency of micronuclei in maternal and fetal reticulocytes, a marker for chromosomal abnormalities, was not influenced by either the marginal FA diet or by MeOH treatment. These results show that marginal folate deficiency in pregnant dams significantly increases the teratogenicity of MeOH. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NUTR,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DAVIS,CA 95616. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 455 EP 463 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00132-3 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA VV528 UT WOS:A1996VV52800005 PM 8946559 ER PT J AU Strader, LF Linder, RE Perreault, SD AF Strader, LF Linder, RE Perreault, SD TI Comparison of rat epididymal sperm counts by IVOS HTM-IDENT and hemacytometer SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sperm count; rat; epididymis; HTM-IDENT AB Epididymal sperm counts, a common measurement in male reproductive toxicity studies, are routinely determined using a hemacytometer. Recently, computer assisted methods for automated sperm counts have been developed. In the present study we evaluated an automated system, the TOX IVOS (Hamilton Thorne Research, Beverly, MA) HTM-IDENT option, that utilizes a DNA-specific stain and fluorescence illumination to identify sperm for enumeration, Cauda and caput epididymal sperm counts were determined in 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, using both the hemacytometer and HTM-IDENT. The mean hemacytometer and HTM-IDENT counts (+/- SD) were 250 +/- 43 and 254 +/- 52 million, respectively, for cauda sperm, and 123 +/- 13 and 127 +/- 18 million, respectively, for caput sperm. The average coefficient of variation using the hemacytometer was 13.8% as compared to 17.3% for the HTM-IDENT. Comparison of the machine count and a visual count from the Display Statics screen of the HTM-IDENT indicated that when two or more sperm heads touched or overlapped, the machine counted them as one. Manual (visual) and machine counts when compared over a range of nine concentrations from 3.7 to 47.8 million/mL differed by 4 to 12% at the lowest to highest concentration. The concentration of epididymal sperm samples used in comparing the two counting methods ranged from 5.8 to 17.7 million/mL. Therefore, the HTM-IDENT undercounting error attributable to sperm heads touching was less than 6%. Overall the data indicate good agreement between the HTM-IDENT and the hemacytometer counts. Furthermore, both counting time and technician fatigue were markedly reduced. Thus the HTM-IDENT option improves the efficiency of epididymal sperm counting without loss of precision. RP Strader, LF (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,RTD,MD-72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 6 BP 529 EP 533 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00140-2 PG 5 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA VV528 UT WOS:A1996VV52800013 PM 8946567 ER PT J AU Nicholson, BT Center, SA Randolph, JF Rowland, PJ Thompson, MB Yeager, AE Erb, HN Corbett, J Watrous, D AF Nicholson, BT Center, SA Randolph, JF Rowland, PJ Thompson, MB Yeager, AE Erb, HN Corbett, J Watrous, D TI Effects of oral ursodeoxycholic acid in healthy cats on clinicopathological parameters, serum bile acids and light microscopic and ultrastructural features of the liver SO RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY BILIARY-CIRRHOSIS; CLASS-I; CHOLESTASIS; THERAPY; DISEASE; SALTS; HEPATOCYTES; EXPRESSION; ABSORPTION; RABBIT AB A blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) given orally, at a dose of 15 mg kg(-1) per day for eight weeks, on the physical condition, haematological and serum biochemical profiles, urinalysis, total serum bile acids (TSBA) and hepatic histology of four healthy cats. There were no clinically important significant differences between the groups or within thr treatment groups in clinicopathological parameters, TSBA concentrations or histology. A significant lower concentration/proportion of taurochenodeoxycholic acid was observed in the treated cats (P=0 . 05). Only one treated cat accumulated measurable quantities of UDCA, and the compound appeared to be non-toxic. It did not increase the concentration of TSBA, and accumulated minimally in the serum. It should be investigated for therapeutic use in cats with hepatobiliary disease. C1 CORNELL UNIV,SECT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. CORNELL UNIV,SECT RADIOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,EPIDEMIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Nicholson, BT (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,SECT SMALL ANIM MED,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0034-5288 J9 RES VET SCI JI Res. Vet. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 61 IS 3 BP 258 EP 262 DI 10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90074-0 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VU441 UT WOS:A1996VU44100015 PM 8938858 ER PT J AU Shaughnessy, LW Barone, S Mundy, WR Tilson, HA AF Shaughnessy, LW Barone, S Mundy, WR Tilson, HA TI Neurochemical and behavioral recovery after colchicine lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in rats SO RESTORATIVE NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ChAT activity; lesion-induced compensation; nucleus basalis; passive avoidance; water maze ID CHOLINE-ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; IBOTENIC ACID; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA; EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS; SPATIAL NAVIGATION; FOREBRAIN LESIONS; DISCRETE REGIONS; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; SENILE DEMENTIA AB Experimentally-induced lesions of the basal forebrain have been used to test the hypothesis that the cholinergic system plays a critical role in learning and memory. In the present study, a basal forebrain infusion of colchicine, a microtubule assembly inhibitor, was used to characterize the relationship between a cholinergic marker and behavioral function. Bilateral infusions were made in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) of male Long-Evans rats. At 4 weeks post-lesion, behavioral assessments were made on half of the rats in each group. These rats were sacrificed 1 week later and regional choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was measured. The remaining rats were behaviorally tested 11 weeks post-lesion and sacrificed 12 weeks post-lesion. The brains of additional rats were studied for Nissl-staining, ChAT-, GAD- and metEnk immunoreactivity (IR) and AChE histochemistry. At 5 weeks after colchicine infusion, there was a significant decrease in parietal and frontal cortical ChAT activity, impaired acquisition of a water maze spatial navigation task and decreased passive avoidance cross-over latency. At 12 weeks after colchicine infusion, ChAT activity was decreased in frontal but not parietal cortex; acquisition of the water maze task was not significantly different from vehicle-infused rats, and a significant deficit was observed in passive avoidance latency. ChAT-IR in the NBM showed a significant decrease at both time points, while changes in AChE-stained cortical fibers paralleled the ChAT activity. GAD- and metEnk-IR were decreased but were not different between the two time points. These data show task-specific behavioral recovery associated in time with recovery of regional cholinergic markers. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM NEUROBIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 56 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA VAN DIEMENSTRAAT 94, 1013 CN AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6028 J9 RESTOR NEUROL NEUROS JI Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 135 EP 146 PG 12 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA WA402 UT WOS:A1996WA40200002 PM 21551514 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZZ Sparks, DL AF Zhang, ZZ Sparks, DL TI Sodium-copper exchange on Wyoming montmorillonite in chloride, perchlorate, nitrate, and sulfate solutions SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MAGNESIUM EXCHANGE; CALCIUM; SELECTIVITY; BENTONITE; LAYER AB The effect of anions on the Na-Cu exchange reactions on montmorillonites is not well understood and discrepancies exist in the literature. This study was conducted to examine the role of anions on the Na-Cu exchange reaction on Wyoming montmorillonite. The copper exchange capacity (CuEC) and Na-Cu exchange reactions on Wyoming montmorillonite Here studied in Cl-, ClO4-, NO3-, and SO42- solution media at a constant total metal charge concentration of 0.0200 mol(c) L(-1). We found that the values of CuEC were similar in Cl-, ClO4-, NO3-, and SO42- electrolyte media, and the quantity of Cu extracted by Na-2-EDTA solution was only 1.0 to 1.2% of the CuEC and was not affected by anions, The apparent adsorbed metal charge, Q, and Vanselow selectivity coefficients, K-v, were determined across a wide range of exchanger phase composition, with Cu2+ occupying 30 to 95% of the charge sites, We found that the values of Q increased with Cu saturation in each of the anionic media, and the increase Has not affected by anions, The increase in Q was attributed to decrease in negative adsorption of anions, We observed that K-v was independent of exchanger composition in each of the four anionic media. The values of K-v in the SO4- medium were lower than those in other anionic media because of the complexation reaction between Cu2+ and SO42-. The data show ed that Cu2+ ions were not specifically adsorbed under our experimental conditions and that the exchanger phase behaved as an ideal mixture, It was concluded that no detectable monovalent complexes such as CuCl+ and CuNO3+ were adsorbed on Wyoming montmorillonite in the Na-Cu exchange reaction. C1 UNIV DELAWARE,COLL AGR SCI,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,DELAWARE AGR EXP STN,NEWARK,DE 19717. RP Zhang, ZZ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1750 EP 1757 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WA786 UT WOS:A1996WA78600018 ER PT J AU Wang, J Nascimento, VB Kane, SA Rogers, K Smyth, MR Angnes, L AF Wang, J Nascimento, VB Kane, SA Rogers, K Smyth, MR Angnes, L TI Screen-printed tyrosinase-containing electrodes for the biosensing of enzyme inhibitors SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE biosensing; electrodes; enzyme inhibitors; screen printing; tyrosinase ID PEROXIDASE AB Disposable amperometric inhibition biosensors have been microfabricated by screen printing a tyrosinase-containing carbon ink. The decrease in the substrate (catechol) steady-state current, caused by the addition of various pesticides and herbicides, offers convenient quantitation of micromolar levels of these pollutants. Unlike esterase-based disposable strips, the tyrosinase thick-film devices can be fabricated by incorporating the enzyme within the carbon ink, and do not require a prolonged incubation step in the presence of the inhibitor. The effect of experimental variables, such as the enzyme loading or substrate concentration, is assessed. Applicability to an untreated river water sample is illustrated. Such use of single-use devices for monitoring toxins addresses the problem of irreversible enzyme inhibition, and holds great promise for on-site field analysis. C1 US EPA,EXPOSURE RES PROGRAM,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. DUBLIN CITY UNIV,SCH CHEM SCI,DUBLIN 9,IRELAND. UNIV SAO PAULO,DEPT QUIM,BR-05508 SAO PAULO,BRAZIL. UNIV FED RURAL PERNAMBUCO,DEPT QUIM,BR-52171030 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. RP Wang, J (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. RI Nascimento, Valberes/B-3200-2013; Institute of Chemistry - USP, Dept. of Chemistry/B-8988-2012; Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011; OI Nascimento, Valberes/0000-0002-8274-3291 NR 13 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD NOV PY 1996 VL 43 IS 11 BP 1903 EP 1907 DI 10.1016/0039-9140(96)01967-4 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VK974 UT WOS:A1996VK97400010 PM 18966679 ER PT J AU Aneja, VP Robarge, WP Sullivan, LJ Moore, TC Pierce, TE Geron, C Gay, B AF Aneja, VP Robarge, WP Sullivan, LJ Moore, TC Pierce, TE Geron, C Gay, B TI Seasonal variations of nitric oxide flux from agricultural soils in the Southeast United States SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; TROPICAL SAVANNA; NORTH-CAROLINA; NOX EMISSIONS; RAIN-FOREST; FIELD; N2O; CONSUMPTION; ATMOSPHERE; VARIABLES AB Fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) were measured from the summer of 1994 to the spring of 1995 from an intensively managed agricultural soil using a dynamic flow through chamber technique in order to study the seasonal variability in the emissions of NO. The measurements were made on a Norfolk sandy loam (Fine-Loamy, Siliceous, Thermic Typic Paleudult) soil located at an agricultural research station in the Upper Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. Soil nitric oxide fluxes from 3 crops, representing 3 levels of fertilizer application (corn, 168 kg N ha(-1); cotton, 68 kg N ha(-1) and soybean, 0 kg N ha(-1)), were measured in each season (summer, fall, winter, and spring). Additional measured soil parameters included soil temperature, soil water content (expressed as percent water filled pore space, %WFPS), and extractable nitrogen. The greatest NO flux observed in each crop occurred during the summer (June to August) measurement period (corn, 21.9 +/- 18.6 ng N m(-2) s(-1); cotton, 4.3 +/- 3.7 ng N m(-2) s(-1); and soybean, 2.1 +/- 0.9 ng N m(-2) s(-1)). NO flux decreased in each crop through the fall months to a minimum flux in the winter. Application of fertilizer during the spring months once again produced substantial NO flux, but not as high as during the summer months. Over 80% of NO flux from the three crops measured occurred in the summer months with an estimated 5% of the nitrogen applied as fertilizer emitted as NO in a year's time. The corn crop, which had the highest amount of applied fertilizer, had the highest average yearly NO flux (7.0 +/- 4.8 ng N m(-2) s(-1)) followed by cotton and soybean in order (1.7 +/- 1.2 ng N m(-2) s(-1) and 1.0 +/- 0.3 ng N m(-2) s(-1), respectively). NO flux from soil tracked soil temperature very closely throughout the year, especially through the summer and spring months. However, NO flux measured under a cotton canopy decreased when soil temperature was >25 degrees C and soil moisture content was <20%WFPS. Overall, the data support the assumption that in the Southeast United States, which has naturally emitted VOC's and large acreages of fertilized soils, NO emissions from agricultural soils may result in the formation of tropospheric ozone, especially during the summer months when NO emissions are highest. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Aneja, VP (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MARINE EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,BOX 8208,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6509 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 48 IS 5 BP 626 EP 640 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1996.t01-4-00002.x PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WA120 UT WOS:A1996WA12000002 ER PT J AU Crocker, PA Koska, PC AF Crocker, PA Koska, PC TI Trends in water and sediment quality for the Houston Ship Channel SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Ambient monitoring data collected by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission from 1971 through 1991 were assessed for five stations located on the Houston Ship Channel mainstem (Turning Basin, Greens Bayou, San Jacinto Monument, Channel Marker 120 and Morgans Point). Water quality was most impacted in the upper channel, especially at the Turning Basin, improving downstream of the San Jacinto River confluence. This is consistent with the more confined physical characteristics and the high degree of point and non-point source pollutant loading in the upper channel. Water quality has improved over the last couple of decades as demonstrated by declining trends for total organic carbon, total suspended solids, fecal coliforms, ammonia nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphate, total arsenic and total copper. Increases in nitrate nitrogen, over time were found at all sites. Declining trends for total cadmium, mercury, nickel and zinc were found for the upper (industrialized) portion of the channel only. Other findings for total metals indicated site-specific differences for silver, possible increasing trends for selenium and no trends for chromium. Increasing dissolved oxygen and decreasing biochemical oxygen demand and Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations were evident at the upstream stations but, unexpectedly, trends reversed further downstream. Concentrations of heavy metals and PCBs in bottom sediment were greatest in the Turning Basin and dropped progressively downstream. Levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc in Turning Basin sediments decreased significantly over time. Improving water and sediment quality has enhanced utilization of the Ship Channel system by aquatic life. RP Crocker, PA (reprint author), US EPA,ECOSYST PROTECT BRANCH,1445 ROSS AVE,DALLAS,TX 75202, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, LUBBOCK, TX 79401 SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 48 IS 4 BP 267 EP 282 PG 16 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VY500 UT WOS:A1996VY50000003 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Reed, W Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB Carter, JD Dailey, LA Bromberg, PA Madden, MC AF Samet, JM Reed, W Ghio, AJ Devlin, RB Carter, JD Dailey, LA Bromberg, PA Madden, MC TI Induction of prostaglandin H synthase 2 in human airway epithelial cells exposed to residual oil fly ash SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NF-KAPPA-B; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; G/H SYNTHASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; PHOSPHOLIPASE A(2); CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 EXPRESSION; INHALABLE PARTICLES AB Exposure to ambient air containing respirable particulate matter at concentrations below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard has been associated with increased rates of pulmonary-related morbidity and mortality. To identify mechanisms involved in pulmonary responses to such exposure, we studied the effects of the emission source particulate air pollutant residual oil fly ash (ROFA) on prostaglandin metabolism in cultured human airway epithelial cells. Epithelial cells exposed to ROFA for 24 hr secreted substantially increased amounts of the prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) products prostaglandins E(2) and F-2 alpha. The ROFA-induced increase in prostaglandin synthesis was correlated with a marked increase in PHS activity. Western blots showed that ROFA exposure induced dose-dependent increases in PHS2 protein levels. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses demonstrated accompanying increases in PHS2 mRNA which were evident by 2 hr of continuous exposure. In contrast, expression of PHS1 was not affected by ROFA treatment of airway epithelial cells. There were no alterations in arachidonic acid release, incorporation, or availability in ROFA-exposed cells. These data show that exposure to ROFA induces PHS2 expression, leading to increased prostaglandin synthesis in cultured airway epithelial cells. These findings suggest that prostaglandins may play a role in the toxicology of air pollution particle inhalation. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 72 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 141 IS 1 BP 159 EP 168 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VV016 UT WOS:A1996VV01600020 PM 8917688 ER PT J AU Lee, JG Madden, MC Reed, W Adler, K Devlin, R AF Lee, JG Madden, MC Reed, W Adler, K Devlin, R TI The use of the single cell gel electrophoresis assay in detecting DNA single strand breaks in lung cells in vitro SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; RESPIRATORY-FUNCTION; AMBIENT OZONE; FREE-RADICALS; DAMAGE; PRODUCTS; INJURY; REPAIR; MECHANISMS AB DNA single strand breaks (SSB) can be used as a biomarker of oxidant exposure, and also as an indicator of the carcinogenicity/mutagenicity of a substance, The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay is more sensitive and requires fewer cells compared to other techniques used for detecting SSB, We examined the utility of using the SCGE assay for human lung cells exposed to endogenous and exogenous oxidants. A human bronchial cell line (BEAS) was used as a model of airway epithelial cells in this study, BEAS cells exposed to 0-50 mu M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 60 min at 4 degrees C exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in SSB as determined by an increased DNA migration area in a gel undergoing electrophoresis. H2O2-induced increases in DNA SSB were also demonstrated using cultured normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and human alveolar macrophages in a concentration response manner. BEAS cells were also exposed to air or ozone (O-3) on a Transwell filter without medium present apically. Cells exposed to O-3 at 0.1 or 0.4 ppm at 37 degrees C for up 120 min had a time- and concentration-dependent increase in SSB compared to air-exposed cells. NHBE cells exposed to 0.4 ppm O-3 (60 min) also had increased DNA SSB, Cells with H2O2-induced DNA SSB can be frozen and stored up to 4 weeks without altering the original DNA SSB, These findings indicate that SCGE can be used to detect SSB in cultured lung cells, and has applicability for detecting SSB in lung cells recovered from in vivo and in vitro exposures to oxidants. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,SCH VET MED,RALEIGH,NC 27606. OI LEE, JIANN-GWU/0000-0002-4321-0185 NR 42 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 141 IS 1 BP 195 EP 204 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VV016 UT WOS:A1996VV01600024 PM 8917692 ER PT J AU Abbott, BD Birnbaum, LS Diliberto, JJ AF Abbott, BD Birnbaum, LS Diliberto, JJ TI Rapid distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to embryonic tissues in C57BL/6N mice and correlation with palatal uptake in vitro SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPITHELIAL-CELL DIFFERENTIATION; FREE ORGAN-CULTURE; MOUSE PALATE; RETINOIC ACID; CLEFT-PALATE; AH RECEPTOR; RAT; EXCRETION; EXPRESSION; SHELVES AB 2,3,7,8-Tetracholoridbenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a developmentally toxic environmental contaminant capable of inducing deft palate and hydronephrosis in embryonic C57BL/6N mice, In this study, the disposition of TCDD was determined in pregnant C57BL/6N mice in the 24 hr immediately following oral administration on Gestation Day (GD) 12, TCDD was detected in maternal blood, liver, and fat and in the placenta, embryonic liver, and palate within 30 min after dosing on GD 12, The levels peaked in blood and placenta at 3 hr and in the other tissues at 8 hr, Levels of TCDD decreased slightly after 8 hr in embryonic liver and palate, In vitro systems were used to study the mechanisms of action of TCDD and in these models exposure is typically reported as concentration of TCDD in the culture medium, The present study is the first to allow a direct comparison of the level of TCDD in embryonic tissue after in vivo and in vitro exposures. Uptake of TCDD was determined in embryonic palatal organ culture and tissue levels were then expressed in comparable units for both in vivo and in vitro exposures, The data provide new information on distribution in the pregnant mouse and the embryo and also show that the palatal organ culture model provides a reasonable dosimetric representation of in utero exposure. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Abbott, BD (reprint author), US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 141 IS 1 BP 256 EP 263 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VV016 UT WOS:A1996VV01600030 PM 8917698 ER PT J AU Lang, DS Becker, S Devlin, RB Koren, HS AF Lang, DS Becker, S Devlin, RB Koren, HS TI 2,3,7,8-TCDD induces cytochrome P450 enzyme activity but not proliferation or phenotypical changes in human peripheral blood lymphocytes SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th European Meeting of Environmental Hygiene CY JUN 27-29, 1995 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Univ Dusseldorf, Med Inst Environm Hygiene, Alfried Krupp von Bohlen & Halbach Fdn Essen DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations; lymphoproliferation; cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) enzyme induction ID PRIMATE CALLITHRIX-JACCHUS; DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS; INVITRO; CELLS; SUBPOPULATIONS; ACTIVATION; EXPOSURE AB In contrast to the well documented immunosuppressive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in experimental animals, the impact of dioxin on the human immune system remains controversial, although adverse health effects have been reported in humans accidentally or occupationally exposed to dioxin. More recently, a dose-dependent decrease of specific subpopulations of mitogen-activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), including helper-inducer/memory cells (CD4+CD29+) and B cells (CD20+), was reported after in vitro treatment with dioxin concentrations as low as 10(-12)-10(-14) NI TCDD [1]. Therefore, the direct effects of dioxin on human PBL subpopulations have been studied in more detail, in order to assess the availability of a sensitive indicator system for human dioxin exposure. PBL from healthy volunteers were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3) and treated with 10(-7)-10(-14) M TCDD for 3-4 days. Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) enzyme induction was determined by the ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay. Percentages of the different lymphocytes subsets, including CD2 (T cells), CD4, CD45 RA (suppressor-inducer/virgin T cells), CD4, CD29, CD8, CD19 (B cells), as well as interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor (CD25) and class II antigen (human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR) expression, were analyzed by flow cytometry. The proliferative activity was determined by JH-thymidine uptake after 3-4 days of culture. in the present study, all stimulated lymphocyte cultures showed a significant increase of CYP1A1 activity at dioxin concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-9) M. In contrast, alterations in surface antigen expression or suppression of proliferative responses did not occur in the mitogen-activated PBL over the whole concentration range of TCDD. These results clearly demonstrate that lymphoproliferation, as well as phenotypes of human PBL, are not affected by dioxin treatment and thus are not useful as sensitive biomarkers in human exposure studies. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD NOV PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 317 EP 325 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(96)03756-3 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VR059 UT WOS:A1996VR05900048 PM 8920755 ER PT J AU Tingey, DT Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Johnson, DW Ball, JT AF Tingey, DT Johnson, MG Phillips, DL Johnson, DW Ball, JT TI Effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen on the synchrony of shoot and root growth in ponderosa pine SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots CY OCT 08-11, 1995 CL ITHACA, NY SP Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, USEPA Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, W Ecol Div, Corvallis DE leaf area index; minirhizotron; N fertilization; open-top chambers; Pinus ponderosa; root-shoot balance ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; SITKA SPRUCE PLANTATION; FINE ROOTS; QUERCUS-ALBA; SOIL N; SEEDLINGS; ENRICHMENT; RESPONSES; MYCORRHIZAL; ECOSYSTEMS AB We monitored effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on shoot and fine root growth of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. and C. Laws. grown in native soil in open-top field-exposure chambers at Placerville, CA, over a 2-year period. The experimental design was a replicated 3 x 3 factorial with the center treatment missing; plants were exposed to ambient (similar to 365 mu mol mol(-1)) air or ambient air plus either 175 or 350 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 in combination with one of three rates of N addition (0, 100 or 200 kg ha(-1) year(-1)). All CO2 by N interactions were nonsignificant. Both the CO2 and N treatments increased plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index (LAI). Elevated CO2 increased fine root area density and the occurrence of mycorrhizae, whereas N fertilization increased coarse root area density but had no effect on fine root area density. Spring flushes of shoot height and diameter growth were initiated concurrently with the increase in new root area density but height and diameter growth reached their maxima before that of fine roots. The temporal patterns of root and shoot growth were not altered by providing additional CO2 or N. Greatest root loss occurred in the summer, immediately following the period of greatest new fine root growth. Elevated N initially reduced the fine root area density/LAI ratio independently of CO2 treatment, indicating that the relationship between fine roots and needles was not changed by CO2 exposure. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506. RP Tingey, DT (reprint author), US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 47 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 11-12 BP 905 EP 914 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VX155 UT WOS:A1996VX15500006 ER PT J AU Cofer, WR Levine, JS Winstead, EL Cahoon, DR Sebacher, DI Pinto, JP Stocks, BJ AF Cofer, WR Levine, JS Winstead, EL Cahoon, DR Sebacher, DI Pinto, JP Stocks, BJ TI Source compositions of trace gases released during African savanna fires SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOMASS FIRES; EMISSIONS; WETLANDS; AEROSOL; METHANE; FLUXES; CARBON; OXIDE; CO2 AB Measurements of biomass burn-produced trace gases were made using low-altitude helicopter penetrations of smoke plumes above burning African savanna during the Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI-92). Smoke from two large prescribed fires conducted in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, on September 18 and 24, 1992, was sampled at altitudes ranging from 20 to 100 m above ground level during flaming and smoldering phases of combustion. Carbon dioxide (CO2) normalized emission ratios (dX/dCO(2) (vol/vol), where X denotes a trace gas) for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H-2), methane (CH4), total nonmethane hydrocarbons (TNMHC), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were determined. The emission ratios were used in conjunction with fuel consumption estimates to calculate emission factors (grams df product per gram of fuel) for these gases. Emission factors for CO2, CO, CH4, and N2O of 1.61, 0.055, 0.003, and 1.6 x 10(-4) g/g fuel, respectively, were determined. The fires advanced rapidly through the savanna (primarily grass) fuels with minimal amounts of smoldering combustion. The relatively low emission ratios determined for these fires indicated excellent combustion efficiency. About 93% of the carbon released into the atmosphere as a result of these fires was in the form of CO2. C1 US EPA, ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, HAMPTON, VA 23666 USA. FORESTRY CANADA, GREAT LAKES FORESTRY CTR, SAULT ST MARIE, ON P6A 5M7, CANADA. RP Cofer, WR (reprint author), NASA, LANGLEY RES CTR, DIV ATMOSPHER SCI, HAMPTON, VA 23681 USA. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D19 BP 23597 EP 23602 DI 10.1029/95JD02048 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ493 UT WOS:A1996VQ49300009 ER PT J AU Kuhlbusch, TAJ Andreae, MO Cachier, H Goldammer, JG Lacaux, JP Shea, R Crutzen, PJ AF Kuhlbusch, TAJ Andreae, MO Cachier, H Goldammer, JG Lacaux, JP Shea, R Crutzen, PJ TI Black carbon formation by savanna fires: Measurements and implications for the global carbon cycle SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION FIRES; ATMOSPHERE; EMISSIONS; CHARCOAL; NITROGEN; RESIDUES; TROPICS; SULFUR AB During a field study in southern Africa (Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI-92)), black carbon formation was quantified in the residues of savanna fires. The volatilization ratios of C, H, N, and S were determined by measuring their contents in the fuel and residue loads on six experimental sites. The volatilization of sulfur (86+/-8%) was significantly higher than previously reported. Volatilization of H, N, and S was significantly correlated with that of carbon, enabling us to estimate their volatilization during savanna fires by extrapolation from those of carbon. By partitioning the residues in various fractions (unburned, partially burned, and ash), a strong correlation between the H/C ratio in the residue and the formation of black carbon was obtained. The ratio of carbon contained in ash to carbon contained in the unburned and partially burned fraction is introduced as an indicator of the degree of charring. As nitrogen was enriched in the residue, especially in the ash fraction of > 0.63 mm, this indicator may be useful for an assessment of nutrient cycling. We show that the formation of black carbon is dependent on the volatilization of carbon as well as the degree of charring. The ratio of black carbon produced to the carbon exposed to the fire in this field study (0.6-1.5%) was somewhat lower than in experimental fires under laboratory conditions (1.0-1.8%) which may be due to less complete combustion. The average ratio of black carbon in the residue to carbon emitted as CO2 ranged from 0.7 to 2.0%. Using these ratios together with various estimates of carbon exposed or emitted by savanna fires, the worldwide black carbon fonnation was estimated to be 10-26 Tg C yr(-1) with more than 90% of the black carbon remaining on the ground. The formation of this black carbon is a net sink of biospheric carbon and thus of atmospheric CO2 as well as a source of O-2. C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM, D-55020 MAINZ, GERMANY. CEA, LAB MIXTE CNRS, CTR FAIBLES RADIACT, F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE. UPS, CNRS, LAB AEROL, F-31400 TOULOUSE, FRANCE. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Kuhlbusch, TAJ (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, 960 COLL STN RD, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. RI Kuhlbusch, Thomas/G-8920-2011; Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012; Andreae, Meinrat/B-1068-2008 OI Andreae, Meinrat/0000-0003-1968-7925 NR 39 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D19 BP 23651 EP 23665 DI 10.1029/95JD02199 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ493 UT WOS:A1996VQ49300013 ER PT J AU Zepp, RG Miller, WL Burke, RA Parsons, DAB Scholes, MC AF Zepp, RG Miller, WL Burke, RA Parsons, DAB Scholes, MC TI Effects of moisture and burning on soil-atmosphere exchange of trace carbon gases in a southern African savanna SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; TROPICAL SAVANNA; NITRIC-OXIDE; BIOGENIC EMISSIONS; METHANE UPTAKE; MONOXIDE OXIDATION; TEMPERATE FOREST; DRY SEASON; FLUXES; CH4 AB Soil fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured during a period of extreme drought at semi-arid savanna sites located in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, as part of the SAFARI-92 experiments (Sept., 1992). Soil respiration in this savanna was little affected by burning, but was strongly stimulated by addition of moisture. Mean soil respiration from the dry soil was 0.4 g C m(-2) d(-1) in open savanna plots that had been burned biennially and 0.5 g C m(-2) d(-1) in woody savanna plots. A light natural rain (about 0.6 mm) increased the CO2 flux in the open savanna sites by 5-fold but the effect was short-lived. A simulated heavy rain (25 mm of added distilled water) increased CO2 fluxes by over an order of magnitude in both burned and control sites and the emissions remained over 5 times pre-wetting values during a week of drying. Over 65% of our measurements indicated no significant soil-atmosphere methane exchange; most of the few non-zero measurements indicated a small (<1 mg CH4-C m(-2) d(-1)) flux of methane to the atmosphere. Soil-atmosphere CH4 exchange was not significantly affected by either burning the grass layer or by the addition of distilled water to the soil. The net soil CO fluxes, which generally increased with increasing soil temperature, were positive up to 356 x 10(9) molecules cm(-2) s(-1) with an average of 8.8 x 10(10) molecules cm(-2) s(-1) for the untreated open savanna plots. After burning, the fluxes rose by over an order of magnitude but dropped back to preburn levels within a few days. Observed CO fluxes were higher than those previously reported for southern Africa savannas during non-drought conditions. Added moisture had little effect on CO fluxes during the 3-week period of SAFARI-92. C1 UNIV WITWATERSRAND, DEPT BOT, JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA. RP Zepp, RG (reprint author), US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, 960 COLL STN RD, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. NR 58 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 30 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D19 BP 23699 EP 23706 DI 10.1029/95JD01371 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ493 UT WOS:A1996VQ49300018 ER PT J AU Walsh, PA Sagebiel, JC Lawson, DR Knapp, KT Bishop, GA AF Walsh, PA Sagebiel, JC Lawson, DR Knapp, KT Bishop, GA TI Comparison of auto emission measurement techniques SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Highway and Urban Pollution CY MAY 22-24, 1995 CL WHO EUROPEAN OFF, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP WHO European Off HO WHO EUROPEAN OFF DE auto emissions; air quality; measurement techniques AB The Clark and Washoe Remote Sensing Study (CAWRSS) field season took place in September 1994. The study was designed to characterize the exhaust emissions of the on-road vehicle fleet in the two major urban centers of the State of Nevada. The air quality in Las Vegas (Clark County) and Reno (Washoe County) is significantly worse than the surrounding rural areas and vehicle emissions have been identified as one of the primary sources of the pollution. Inspection and maintenance programs, mandated by the federal government, have been implemented in both urban areas. The study compared the State-approved test, a no-load, two-speed idle test, to two other measurement techniques: remote sensing devices (RSDs) and the IM240 test, a loaded-mode test run on a dynamometer. Results were viewed from two different perspectives. Fleet-wide characteristics showed that concentrations of CO (%) measured with RSDs were higher than those obtained with the no-load idle tests. Characteristics of pollution distributions derived from the two techniques were similar in range and shape. Observations for individual vehicles were then compared. CAWRSS is in agreement with earlier studies in that high emitters in the idle test are also high emitters on-road. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. UNIV DENVER, DEPT CHEM, DENVER, CO 80208 USA. RP Walsh, PA (reprint author), DESERT RES INST, ENERGY & ENVIRONM ENGN CTR, POB 60220, RENO, NV 89506 USA. RI Bishop, Gary/E-6994-2015 OI Bishop, Gary/0000-0003-0136-997X NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD OCT 28 PY 1996 VL 189 BP 175 EP 180 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05207-2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VN110 UT WOS:A1996VN11000025 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, LS Keller, DA AF Birnbaum, LS Keller, DA TI Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 1,3-butadiene SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Evaluation of Butadiene and Isoprene Health Risks CY JUN 27-29, 1995 CL BLAINE, WA SP Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, EPA, European Chem Ind Council, European Ctr Ecotoxicol & Toxicol Chem, Hlth Effects Inst, Int Agcy Res Canc, Int Inst Synthet Rubber Producers, Int Programme Chem Safety, NIEHS, Soc Toxicol, Univ Washington, Sch Public Hlth & Community Med, Int Congress Toxicol DE 1,3-butadiene; pharmacokinetics; metabolism C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. DUPONT CO INC,HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED,NEWARK,DE 19714. OI Keller, Douglas/0000-0002-6186-2881 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD OCT 28 PY 1996 VL 113 IS 1-3 BP 14 EP 16 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03421-X PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VQ391 UT WOS:A1996VQ39100004 ER PT J AU Koppikar, AM AF Koppikar, AM TI Future research needs for non-cancer and cancer effects among populations exposed to 1,3-butadiene SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Evaluation of Butadiene and Isoprene Health Risks CY JUN 27-29, 1995 CL BLAINE, WA SP Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, EPA, European Chem Ind Council, European Ctr Ecotoxicol & Toxicol Chem, Hlth Effects Inst, Int Agcy Res Canc, Int Inst Synthet Rubber Producers, Int Programme Chem Safety, NIEHS, Soc Toxicol, Univ Washington, Sch Public Hlth & Community Med, Int Congress Toxicol DE risk assessment; cancer; biomarkers; adducts ID SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; INHALATION PHARMACOKINETICS; BUTADIENE MONOXIDE; RATS; MICE; WORKERS; MORTALITY; CROTONALDEHYDE; 1,2-EPOXYBUTENE-3; CARCINOGENESIS AB In the last decade there has been in-depth research into understanding the health effects of 1,3-butadiene in humans and in animals. With increasing knowledge of metabolism, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action studied in animals, the uncertainties in risk assessment will be lessened. Still, some data gaps exist which, if filled, will be useful for meaningful risk assessments for the general population. This paper discusses the future needs for research in both non-cancer and cancer effects. RP Koppikar, AM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT DC,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD OCT 28 PY 1996 VL 113 IS 1-3 BP 203 EP 209 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03445-2 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VQ391 UT WOS:A1996VQ39100028 PM 8901899 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Milholland, VS Tennant, AH AF Kligerman, AD Doerr, CL Milholland, VS Tennant, AH TI Cytogenetic effects of butadiene metabolites in rat and mouse splenocytes following in vitro exposures SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Evaluation of Butadiene and Isoprene Health Risks CY JUN 27-29, 1995 CL BLAINE, WA SP Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, Amer Petr Inst, Chem Ind Inst Toxicol, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, EPA, European Chem Ind Council, European Ctr Ecotoxicol & Toxicol Chem, Hlth Effects Inst, Int Agcy Res Canc, Int Inst Synthet Rubber Producers, Int Programme Chem Safety, NIEHS, Soc Toxicol, Univ Washington, Sch Public Hlth & Community Med, Int Congress Toxicol DE butadiene; diepoxybutane; epoxybutene; sister chromatid exchange; chromosome aberrations ID SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES; 1,3-BUTADIENE; MICE; INHALATION; EPOXIDES; INVITRO; INVIVO; TISSUES; REPAIR; DAMAGE AB As a first step in investigating the genotoxic effects of the principal metabolites of 1,3-butadiene (ED) in both rats and mice, splenocytes (which have little mixed function oxidase activity) from each specimen were exposed to a series of concentrations of either 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) (20 to 931 mu M) or 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) (2.5 to 160 mu M) for 1 h. The splenocytes were then washed, cultured, and stimulated to divide with concanavalin A, and metaphases were analyzed for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations (CAs). In addition, cells from some experiments were taken after exposure but before culture, and subjected to the single cell gel (SCG) assay to measure DNA damage in the form of DNA strand breakage and/or alkaline-labile sites. Initial studies indicate that EB does not induce cytogenetic damage in either rat or mouse G(0) splenocytes. However, DEB was an extremely potent SCE- and CA-inducer in both species with no species differences apparent. Neither DEB nor EB produced any statistically significant DNA-damaging effects as measured by the SCG assay. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,MD-68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD OCT 28 PY 1996 VL 113 IS 1-3 BP 336 EP 340 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03469-5 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VQ391 UT WOS:A1996VQ39100052 PM 8901921 ER PT J AU Piccot, SD Beck, L Srinivasan, S Kersteter, SL AF Piccot, SD Beck, L Srinivasan, S Kersteter, SL TI Global methane emissions from minor anthropogenic sources and biofuel combustion in residential stoves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB Most global methane (CH4) budgets have failed to include emissions from a diverse group of minor anthropogenic sources. Individually, these minor sources emit small quantities of CH4 but collectively, their contributions to the budget may be significant. In this paper, CH4 emissions are estimated for a wide variety of individual minor emissions sources on a country-specific basis. Emissions from biomass combustion in the residential sector are also examined. The minor sources examined include fuel combustion in furnaces, vehicles, aircraft, ship, rail systems, industrial waste treatment and combustion processes, various industrial manufacturing processes (e.g., chemical manufacturing), on-site residential waste burning, forest wildfires, and prescribed burning activities, oil refining, and the storage/distribution of oil-derived products, coke production, and charcoal production. Country-specific emissions associated with residential wood, charcoal, and dung combustion are also estimated. The total annual CH4 emissions from all sources examined here are estimated to be about 40 Tg. Almost half of this total is due to residential fossil fuel and biofuels combustion. C1 US EPA, AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Piccot, SD (reprint author), SO RES INST, DEPT ENVIRONM, POB 13825, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 20 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D17 BP 22757 EP 22766 DI 10.1029/95JD01920 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VN184 UT WOS:A1996VN18400001 ER PT J AU Lamb, B Pierce, T Baldocchi, D Allwine, E Dilts, S Westberg, H Geron, C Guenther, A Klinger, L Harley, P Zimmerman, P AF Lamb, B Pierce, T Baldocchi, D Allwine, E Dilts, S Westberg, H Geron, C Guenther, A Klinger, L Harley, P Zimmerman, P TI Evaluation of forest canopy models for estimating isoprene emissions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID INVENTORY; FLUXES AB During the summer of 1992, isoprene emissions were measured in a mixed deciduous forest near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Measurements were aimed at the experimental scale-up of emissions from the leaf level to the forest canopy to the mixed layer. Results from the scale-up study are compared to different canopy models for determining the leaf microclimate as input to isoprene emission algorithms. These include (1) no canopy effects, (2) a simple vertical scaling canopy model with a leaf energy balance, and (3) a numerical canopy model which accounts for leaf-sun geometries, photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and gas transport in the canopy. Initial evaluation of the models was based upon a standard emission rate factor of 90 mu gC g(-1) hr(-1) (0.42 nmol g(-1) s(-1)) taken from leaf cuvette measurements and a biomass density factor of 203 g m(-2) taken from biomass surveys and a flux footprint analysis. The results indicated that predicted fluxes were consistent among the models to within approximately +/-20%, but that the models overestimated the mean flux by about a factor of 2 and overestimated the maximum observed flux by 30 to 50%. Adjusting the standard emission factor and biomass density each downward by 20% yielded predicted means approximately 20% greater than the observed means and predicted maxima approximately 25%, less than the observed maxima. Accounting for changes in biomass density as a function of direction upwind of the tower improved the overall model performance. C1 US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. NOAA, ATMOPHER TURBULENCE & DIFFUS DIV, OAK RIDGE, TN USA. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RP Lamb, B (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN, LAB ATMOSPHER RES, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 14 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 20 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D17 BP 22787 EP 22797 DI 10.1029/96JD00056 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VN184 UT WOS:A1996VN18400004 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF AF McDonnell, WF TI Individual variability in human lung function responses to ozone exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IPCS/UK DOH Workshop on Variability in Toxic Response - Human and Environmental CY MAR 08-AUG 10, 1995 CL SOUTHAMPTON, ENGLAND SP Int Programme Chem Safety, UK Dept Hlth DE ozone; risk analysis; lung function ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION; MODERATE EXERCISE; 0.12 PPM AB Ozone is a common photochemical air pollutant which is present in the ambient air of many urban areas at concentrations sufficient to produce acute respiratory effects in humans. Because individuals vary considerably in the magnitude of their responses to ozone exposure, it is difficult to estimate the number of individuals in a given population who are experiencing adverse effects. Consequently risk and benefits analysis for various regulatory scenarios cannot be carried out with precision. As an aid to risk assessment this paper presents a method of predicting the proportion of individuals in the population who experience a particular health effect. Risk equations predicting the proportion of individuals experiencing lung function decrements as a function of ozone concentration, duration of exposure, and age are presented. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES FACIL,CLIN RES BRANCH,104 MASON FARM RD CB 7315,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1382-6689 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR JI Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT 15 PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2-3 BP 171 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S1382-6689(96)00050-6 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VU843 UT WOS:A1996VU84300019 PM 21781722 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Mack, CM Lasley, SM AF Gilbert, ME Mack, CM Lasley, SM TI Chronic developmental lead exposure increases the threshold for long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus in vivo SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dentate gyrus; long-term potentiation; lead; hippocampus; rat; neurotoxicity; learning and memory ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; H-3 MK-801 BINDING; PERFORANT PATH; NMDA-RECEPTORS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; SELECTIVE BLOCKADE; CHANNEL CURRENTS; INORGANIC LEAD; AMINO-ACIDS AB Chronic developmental lead (Pb) exposure has been long associated with cognitive dysfunction in children and animals. In an attempt to more directly relate the behavioral observations of impaired cognitive ability to Pb-induced effects on neuronal activity, we utilized the long-term potentiation (LTP) model of neural plasticity to assess synaptic function. Male rats were chronically exposed to 0.2% Pb2+-acetate through the drinking water of the pregnant dam, and directly through their own water supply at weaning. As adults, field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus under urethane anesthesia. LTP threshold was determined by applying a series of stimulus trains of increasing intensities. Baseline testing of dentate gyrus field potentials indicated that input/output functions, maximal response amplitudes, and threshold currents required to evoke a population spike (PS) did not differ for control and Pb-exposed animals. Despite similarities in baseline synaptic transmission, Pb-exposed animals required a higher train intensity to evoke LTP than controls. With maximal train stimulation, however, control and Pb animals exhibited comparable levels of potentiation. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of LTP induction are preferentially impaired by Pb exposure. Although baseline synaptic transmission was not altered in Pb-exposed animals, decreases in glutamate release following high K+ perfusion and reductions in paired pulse facilitation have been reported in the intact animal. Pb-induced reductions in calcium influx through voltage-sensitive or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent channels may mediate increases in LTP threshold. It is possible that the threshold changes in the induction of LTP reported here contribute to cognitive impairments associated with Pb exposure. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT BIOMED & THERAPEUT SCI,PEORIA,IL 61656. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-06253] NR 60 TC 66 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD OCT 14 PY 1996 VL 736 IS 1-2 BP 118 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)00665-8 PG 7 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA VR613 UT WOS:A1996VR61300015 PM 8930316 ER PT J AU Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME AF Lasley, SM Gilbert, ME TI Presynaptic glutamatergic function in dentate gyrus in vivo is diminished by chronic exposure to inorganic lead SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chronic lead; dentate gyrus; glutamate release; GABA release; calcium; microdialysis; paired-pulse facilitation; paired-pulse depression; MK-801 ID PAIRED-PULSE FACILITATION; CALCIUM-CHANNEL CURRENTS; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; RAT-BRAIN; ACETYLCHOLINE-RELEASE; ASTROCYTE CULTURES; FASCIA-DENTATA; AMINO-ACIDS; SYNAPTOSOMES AB Reductions in membrane Ca2+ channel currents and depolarization-evoked neurotransmitter release have been repeatedly observed as a result of acute exposure to Pb2+. This study was performed to determine whether hippocampal glutamate and GABA release are impaired in intact animals chronically exposed to lead (Pb). As paired-pulse facilitation in the hippocampus is primarily mediated by an enhancement of glutamate release, this neurophysiological measure was also assessed in the dentate gyrus of Pb-exposed animals. Pregnant dams received 0.2% Pb acetate in the drinking water at parturition, and male offspring were weaned to the same solution as that given their dams. Control animals were maintained on distilled water. As adults, animals had intracerebral dialysis probes inserted through guide cannulae implanted 2-4 days previously and the hippocampal CA1-dentate area was perfused with modified Ringer's solution. Transmitter release was induced by perfusion with 150 mM K+ with half the animals in each group tested with Ca2+ present in the perfusate (total release) and the other half with Ca2+ absent (Ca2+-independent release). K+-stimulated total glutamate release was reduced in Pb-exposed animals relative to controls. No group differences were observed under Ca2+-free conditions, indicating that Ca2+-dependent glutamate release was decreased in exposed rats. In contrast no group differences in K+-stimulated total GABA release were evident, whereas an augmentation in GABA release under Ca2+-free conditions was revealed in Pb-exposed animals. The effects of exposure on the Ca2+-dependent components of release are consistent with in vitro evidence indicating an inhibitory action of Pb2+ at voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. A separate group of animals was prepared under urethane anesthesia with stimulating and recording electrodes placed in the perforant path and dentate gyrus, respectively. Pairs of stimulus purses were delivered at interpulse intervals (IPI) of 10-250 ms. Pb exposure induced an increase in paired-pulse depression at the 20 ms IPI and reduced paired-pulse facilitation at the 30 ms IPI. Decreases in paired-pulse facilitation could not be attributed to the reported effects of Pb2+ on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) administration produced an opposing pattern of effects on paired-pulse measures. The Pb-induced suppression of paired-pulse facilitation is consistent with exposure-related decreases in total glutamate release. The impact of these effects of Pb exposure on hippocampal glutamatergic transmission may contribute to the reported effects of Pb on other forms of synaptic plasticity including long-term potentiation, a model of learning and memory. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Lasley, SM (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT BIOMED & THERAPEUT SCI,BOX 1649,PEORIA,IL 61656, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 06253] NR 43 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD OCT 14 PY 1996 VL 736 IS 1-2 BP 125 EP 134 DI 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00666-X PG 10 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA VR613 UT WOS:A1996VR61300016 PM 8930317 ER PT J AU Gao, P ThorntonManning, JR Pegram, RA AF Gao, P ThorntonManning, JR Pegram, RA TI Protective effects of glutathione on bromodichloromethane in vivo toxicity and in vitro macromolecular binding in Fischer 344 rats SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID (THM)-INDUCED RENAL DYSFUNCTION; CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; HEPATIC MICROSOMES; CHLOROFORM; METABOLISM; MICE; BROMOTRICHLOROMETHANE; HEPATOTOXICITY; BIOACTIVATION; ACTIVATION AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM), a carcinogenic water disinfection by-product, has been shown to be metabolized to intermediates that covalently bind to lipids and proteins, and this binding has been associated with trihalomethane-induced renal and hepatic toxicity. In this study, the effects of glutathione (GSH) on in vivo BDCM toxicity and in vitro BDCM macromolecular binding were evaluated. The in vivo toxicity of BDCM in animals pretreated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, a glutathione synthesis inhibitor) and in untreated male Fischer 344 rats was investigated. In another experiment, covalent binding to protein and lipid was quantified after [(1)4C]BDCM was incubated with hepatic microsomal and S9 fractions and renal microsomes from F344 rats, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with and without added GSH. After oral dosing with BDCM, the BSO-pretreated animals had greatly increased levels of serum indicators of hepatotoxicity and serum and urinary indicators of nephrotoxicity compared to those in animals dosed solely with BDCM. Histopathological examination revealed that hepatic necrosis was more severe than renal necrosis in the BSO-treated rats. When GSH was added to an aerobic incubation, protein binding was decreased in hepatic microsomal and S9 fractions by 92 and 83%, respectively. GSH also decreased lipid binding by 55% in hepatic microsomal incubations carried out under anaerobic conditions. Addition of GSH decreased renal microsomal protein (aerobic) and lipid binding (anaerobic) by 20 and 43%, respectively. These data indicate that GSH is an important protective factor in the toxicity associated with BDCM. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD OCT 11 PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2 BP 145 EP 159 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VN198 UT WOS:A1996VN19800003 PM 8874533 ER PT J AU Parvatiyar, MG Govind, R Bishop, DF AF Parvatiyar, MG Govind, R Bishop, DF TI Biodegradation of toluene in a membrane biofilter SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biofilter; membrane reactor; fiber membrane; kinetics; biotechnology ID WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; ATTACHED BIOFILMS; DEGRADATION; THICKNESS AB A membrane biofilter is used to biodegrade toluene in the gas phase. Active microorganisms are immobilized on the outside of a hollow fiber membrane cartridge and air containing toluene as the contaminant is passed through the membrane fibers. A porous polysulfone membrane containing water in the pore is used through which both toluene and oxygen are diffused to the biofilm attached to the outside surface. High conversion of toluene (84%) is achieved with a 16 second gas-phase residence time, based on total internal volume of the hollow fibers. A mathematical model is then developed to estimate toluene removal efficiencies at higher air flow rates. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD OCT 2 PY 1996 VL 119 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1016/0376-7388(96)00021-X PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA VK056 UT WOS:A1996VK05600003 ER PT J AU Coogan, PF Clapp, RW Newcomb, PA Mittendorf, R Bogdan, G Baron, JA Longnecker, MP AF Coogan, PF Clapp, RW Newcomb, PA Mittendorf, R Bogdan, G Baron, JA Longnecker, MP TI Variation in female breast cancer risk by occupation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; occupational factors; case-control studies ID UNITED-STATES; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; WOMEN; EXPOSURE; MORTALITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ASSOCIATIONS; WORKERS AB Data from a population-based case control study were used to estimate occupation-specific relative risks for female breast cancer, adjusted for established breast cancer risk factors. Breast cancer cases under age 75 were identified from tumor registries in four states. Controls were randomly selected from driver's license and Medicare beneficiary lists. Information on usual occupation and risk factors was obtained by telephone interview. Odds ratios from logistic regression adjusted for age, state, body mass index, benign breast disease, family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, lactation history, education, and alcohol consumption were calculated for each of 26 occupational groups. Complete occupational information was obtained for 6,835 cases and 9,453 controls. Of 26 occupational groups, only ''administrative support occupation'' had a statistically significantly increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24). In these data, no specific occupational group had an unusual risk of breast cancer. Increased risks reported elsewhere for nurses and teachers were not corroborated. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOSTON,MA. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,DEPT HUMAN ONCOL,MADISON,WI. UNIV CHICAGO,PRITZKER SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637. MAINE BUR HLTH,DIV DIS CONTROL,AUGUSTA,ME. DARTMOUTH COLL SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY & COMMUNITY MED,HANOVER,NH. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. OI Clapp, Richard/0000-0001-8174-0825; Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 47147, CA 47305] NR 36 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 30 IS 4 BP 430 EP 437 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199610)30:4<430::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK111 UT WOS:A1996VK11100008 PM 8892548 ER PT J AU Vincent, R Vu, D Hatch, G Poon, R Dreher, K Guenette, J Bjarnason, S Potvin, M Norwood, J McMullen, E AF Vincent, R Vu, D Hatch, G Poon, R Dreher, K Guenette, J Bjarnason, S Potvin, M Norwood, J McMullen, E TI Sensitivity of lungs of aging Fischer 344 rats to ozone: Assessment by bronchoalveolar lavage SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; endotoxin; antioxidant defense; air pollution ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ASCORBIC-ACID; HUMAN-PLASMA; VITAMIN-C; EXPOSURE; AGE; INTERLEUKIN-6; GLUTATHIONE; TOLERANCE AB Biological effects indicators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were studied in Fischer 344 rats of different ages after exposure to 0.4-0.8 ppm ozone for periods of 2-6 h on a single day or on 4 consecutive days. The magnitude of alveolar protein transudation induced by ozone was not different between age groups, but the interindividual variability of protein changes was higher in senescent (24-mo-old) rats. By comparison to juvenile (2-mo-old) and adult (9-mo-old) rats, senescent animals had higher increases of interleukin-6 (up to 10-fold higher) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGA; 2-fold higher) in lung lavage after ozone. Ascorbic acid was lower in lunes of senescent rats (one-half of juvenile values), and acute ozone exposure brought a further decrease in lung ascorbate. Whereas alveolar protein transudation was attenuated after ozone exposure on 4 days, persistent elevation of NAGA in senescent rats suggested only partial adaptation. Injection of endotoxin did not modify the patterns of effects. Incorporation of O-18-ozone into macrophages and surfactant was not different between age groups, indicating that the magnified biological responses in senescent rats were not dominated by differences in internal dose of ozone. The results indicate that senescent rats respond differently than juvenile and adult rats to lung injury. C1 US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Vincent, R (reprint author), HLTH CANADA, CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, ENVIRONM HLTH DIRECTORATE, 0803C TUNNEYS PASTURE, RM 332, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0L2, CANADA. NR 37 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 271 IS 4 BP L555 EP L565 PG 11 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA VM088 UT WOS:A1996VM08800008 PM 8897902 ER PT J AU Hammond, PI Jelacic, T Padilla, S Brimijoin, S AF Hammond, PI Jelacic, T Padilla, S Brimijoin, S TI Quantitative, video-based histochemistry to measure regional effects of anticholinesterase pesticides in rat brain SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY AB Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry was coupled to inexpensive and widely available apparatus for video microscopy and densitometry to study enzyme activity and inhibition in different parts of the rat brain. Quantitative histochemistry, under properly defined conditions, yielded an output that increased linearly with incubation time and section thickness and was a smooth hyperbolic function of substrate concentration. The time-course of staining after in vivo exposure to eserine revealed no sign that carbamate-induced cholinesterase inhibition was readily reversed in vitro. Brains from rats treated either with a carbamate or an organophosphate anticholinesterase pesticide showed significant regional variation in cholinesterase inhibition. The histochemical data corresponded well. with data from bio chemical as says of acetylcholinesterase activity (overall correlation coefficient of absolute values, r = 0.95). Also, a comparison of assay types by two-way analysis of variance showed no significant main effect. These results support the conclusion that video based histochemistry is suitable for detailed studies of developmental and toxicological influences on cholinesterases in multiple microscopic regions of the rat brain. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Hammond, PI (reprint author), MAYO CLIN,DEPT PHARMACOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905, USA. FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS 29646] NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 241 IS 1 BP 82 EP 92 DI 10.1006/abio.1996.0381 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VL138 UT WOS:A1996VL13800014 PM 8921169 ER PT J AU Budde, WL AF Budde, WL TI EPA water methods revisited SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 19 BP A590 EP A590 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VK590 UT WOS:A1996VK59000003 ER PT J AU Nacci, DE Cayula, S Jackim, E AF Nacci, DE Cayula, S Jackim, E TI Detection of DNA damage in individual cells from marine organisms using the single cell gel assay SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; DNA damage; biomarkers; aquatic/marine species ID ALKALINE UNWINDING ASSAY; STRAND BREAKS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; ELECTROPHORESIS; REPAIR; ABNORMALITIES; QUANTITATION; HEPATOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTES AB The single cell gel (SCG) or comet assay is a simple method by which DNA damage is expressed as relative nuclear 'tail' length of gel-embedded cells following alkaline electrophoresis. While potentially applicable to any cell type, laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the utility of the SCG method for the detection of genotoxicity in cells of marine fish and invertebrates. Selected cells included those from flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) and oysters (Crassostrea virginica). In vitro exposures were used to optimize parameters and evaluate sensitivity, reproducibility and dose-responsiveness of the SCG method. In vivo exposures were used to examine the effects of factors such as intra-animal variability on low level DNA damage detection. In one experimental series, individually identified oysters were repeatedly sampled to monitor DNA damage and recovery following in vivo exposure to genotoxicant-spiked sediment. Preliminary results suggest that the SCG may be a useful tool to monitor for genotoxic environmental exposures and investigate pollution-mediated health effects. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,MARINE SCI DIV,ENVIRONM TESTING CTR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Nacci, DE (reprint author), US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV NARRAGANSETT,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 36 TC 113 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 210 DI 10.1016/0166-445X(96)00016-1 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA VQ474 UT WOS:A1996VQ47400005 ER PT J AU Middaugh, DP Chapman, PJ Shelton, ME AF Middaugh, DP Chapman, PJ Shelton, ME TI Responses of embryonic and larval inland silversides, Menidia beryllina, to a water-soluble fraction formed during biodegradation of artificially weathered Alaska north slope crude oil SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; SPILL BIOREMEDIATION; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; BAY; HYDROCARBONS; ATHERINIDAE; CREOSOTE AB Weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS 521) was stirred for 2 and 14 days in 20 parts per thousand salinity sterile seawater or for 14 days in seawater with nutrients and a group of three (G03) microorganisms from Prince William Sound, Alaska, that were capable of biodegrading hydrocarbons. A total of 0.65 and 0.69 mg/L water soluble fraction (WSF) of neutral fraction hydrocarbons was recovered from the 2- and 14-day stirred sterile systems, respectively. In comparison, a total of 7.5 mg/L WSF neutral fraction hydrocarbons was recovered from systems containing ANS 521 that were stirred and biodegraded by the G03 microbes for 14 days. Toxicity/teratogenicity tests were conducted with neutral fraction hydrocarbons recovered from the sterile and biodegraded systems using embryonic inland silversides, Menidia beryllina. Hydrocarbons from the sterile systems did not cause statistically significant teratogenic responses at concentrations of 1%, 10%, and 100% (w/v) of recovered fractions (redissolved in 20 parts per thousand salinity sterile seawater). Counts of heart contraction rates were significantly lower (alpha less than or equal to 0.05) at the 100% WSF concentration of hydrocarbons on days 5 and 6 of embryogenesis. In contrast, recovered and redissolved neutral fraction hydrocarbons from ANS 521, that were biodegraded for 14 days, caused statistically significant (alpha less than or equal to 0.05) teratogenic responses at the 1, 10, and 100% WSF concentrations. Measurement of heart contraction rates showed statistically significant (alpha less than or equal to 0.05) reductions at the 100% WSF concentration on days 2 through 6 of embryogenesis, compared to controls. RP Middaugh, DP (reprint author), US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE LAB,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 41 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 410 EP 419 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VQ162 UT WOS:A1996VQ16200015 PM 8854836 ER PT J AU Howarth, RW Billen, G Swaney, D Townsend, A Jaworski, N Lajtha, K Downing, JA Elmgren, R Caraco, N Jordan, T Berendse, F Freney, J Kudeyarov, V Murdoch, P Zhu, ZL AF Howarth, RW Billen, G Swaney, D Townsend, A Jaworski, N Lajtha, K Downing, JA Elmgren, R Caraco, N Jordan, T Berendse, F Freney, J Kudeyarov, V Murdoch, P Zhu, ZL TI Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE anthropogenic; atmospheric deposition; eutrophication; fertilizer; nitrogen; nitrogen budget; nitrogen fixation; N:P ratio; phosphorus; pristine; rivers; temperate; tropical ID NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; COASTAL EUTROPHICATION; NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS; INORGANIC NITROGEN; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; AMAZON BASIN; WEST-AFRICA; ST-LAWRENCE; COSTA-RICA AB We present estimates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus fluxes in rivers to the North Atlantic Ocean from 14 regions in North America, South America, Europe, and Africa which collectively comprise the drainage basins to the North Atlantic. The Amazon basin dominates the overall phosphorus flux and has the highest phosphorus flux per area. The total nitrogen flux from the Amazon is also large, contributing 3.3 Tg yr(-1) out of a total for the entire North Atlantic region of 13.1 Tg yr(-1). On a per area basis, however, the largest nitrogen fluxes are found in the highly disturbed watersheds around the North Sea, in northwestern Europe, and in the northeastern U.S., all of which have riverine nitrogen fluxes greater than 1,000 kg N km(-2) yr(-1). Non-point sources of nitrogen dominate riverine fluxes to the coast in all regions. River fluxes of total nitrogen from the temperate regions of the North Atlantic basin are correlated with population density, as has been observed previously for fluxes of nitrate in the world's major rivers. However, more striking is a strong linear correlation between river fluxes of total nitrogen and the sum of anthropogenically-derived nitrogen inputs to the temperate regions (fertilizer application, human-induced increases in atmospheric deposition of oxidized forms of nitrogen, fixation by leguminous crops, and the import/export of nitrogen in agricultural products). On average, regional nitrogen fluxes in rivers are only 25% of these anthropogenically derived nitrogen inputs. Denitrification in wetlands and aquatic ecosystems is probably the dominant sink, with storage in forests perhaps also of importance. Storage of nitrogen in groundwater, although of importance in some localities, is a very small sink for nitrogen inputs in all regions. Agricultural sources of nitrogen dominate inputs in many regions, particularly the Mississippi basin and the North Sea drainages. Deposition of oxidized nitrogen, primarily of industrial origin, is the major control over river nitrogen export in some regions such as the northeastern U.S. Using data from relatively pristine areas as an index of change, we estimate that riverine nitrogen fluxes in many of the temperate regions have increased from pre-industrial times by 2 to 20 fold, although some regions such as northern Canada are relatively unchanged. Fluxes from the most disturbed region, the North Sea drainages, have increased by 6 to 20 fold. Fluxes from the Amazon basin are also at least 2 to 5 fold greater than estimated fluxes from undisturbed temperate-zone regions, despite low population density and low inputs of anthropogenic nitrogen to the region. This suggests that natural riverine nitrogen fluxes in the tropics may be significantly greater than in the temperate zone. However, deforestation may be contributing to the tropical fluxes. In either case, projected increases in fertilizer use and atmospheric deposition in the coming decades are likely to cause dramatic increases in nitrogen loading to many tropical river systems. C1 FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, GRP MICROBIOL MILIEUX AQUAT, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, AMES, IA 50011 USA. UNIV STOCKHOLM, DEPT SYST ECOL, S-10691 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. UNIV STOCKHOLM, CTR MARINE RES, S-10691 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. INST ECOSYST STUDIES, MILLBROOK, NY 12545 USA. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONM RES CTR, EDGEWATER, MD 21037 USA. DLO, CABO, NL-6700 AA WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS. CSIRO, DIV PLANT IND, CANBERRA, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA. INST SOIL SCI & PHOTOSYNTH, PUSHCHINO 142292, RUSSIA. US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, ALBANY, NY 12201 USA. INST SOIL SCI, LAB MAT CYCLING PEDOSPHERE, NANJING, PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Howarth, RW (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; Elmgren, Ragnar/A-1854-2013; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529; Kudeyarov, Valery/0000-0002-0217-2872 NR 217 TC 931 Z9 996 U1 61 U2 379 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 1 BP 75 EP 139 DI 10.1007/BF02179825 PG 65 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA VU200 UT WOS:A1996VU20000004 ER PT J AU Nixon, SW Ammerman, JW Atkinson, LP Berounsky, VM Billen, G Boicourt, WC Boynton, WR Church, TM Ditoro, DM Elmgren, R Garber, JH Giblin, AE Jahnke, RA Owens, NJP Pilson, MEQ Seitzinger, SP AF Nixon, SW Ammerman, JW Atkinson, LP Berounsky, VM Billen, G Boicourt, WC Boynton, WR Church, TM Ditoro, DM Elmgren, R Garber, JH Giblin, AE Jahnke, RA Owens, NJP Pilson, MEQ Seitzinger, SP TI The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE continental shelf; estuaries; mass balance; nitrogen; North Atlantic; nutrient budget; phosphorus ID ORGANIC-CARBON ACCUMULATION; AMAZON CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; NUTRIENT INPUTS; SCOTIAN SHELF; MASS-BALANCE; FRESH-WATER; NEW-ENGLAND AB Five large rivers that discharge on the western North Atlantic continental shelf carry about 45% of the nitrogen (N) and 70% of the phosphorus (P) that others estimate to be the total flux of these elements from the entire North Atlantic watershed, including North, Central and South America, Europe, and Northwest Africa. We estimate that 61 . 10(9) moles y(-1) of N and 20 . 10(9) moles y(-1) of P from the large rivers are buried with sediments in their deltas, and that an equal amount of N and P from the large rivers is lost to the shelf through burial of river sediments that are deposited directly on the continental slope. The effective transport of active N and P from land to the shelf through the very large rivers is thus reduced to 292 . 10(9) moles y(-1) of N and 13 . 10(9) moles y(-1) of P. The remaining riverine fluxes from land must pass through estuaries. An analysis of annual total N and total P budgets for various estuaries around the North Atlantic revealed that the net fractional transport of these nutrients through estuaries to the continental shelf is inversely correlated with the log mean residence time of water in the system. This is consistent with numerous observations of nutrient retention and loss in temperate lakes. Denitrification is the major process responsible for removing N in most estuaries, and the fraction of total N input that is denitrified appears to be directly proportional to the log mean water residence time. In general, we estimate that estuarine processes retain and remove 30-65% of the total N and 10-55% of the total P that would otherwise pass into the coastal ocean. The resulting transport through estuaries to the shelf amounts to 172-335 . 10(9) moles y(-1) of N and 11-19 . 10(9) moles y(-1) of P. These values are similar to the effective contribution from the large rivers that discharge directly on the shelf. For the North Atlantic shelf as a whole, N fluxes from major rivers and estuaries exceed atmospheric deposition by a factor of 3.5-4.7, but this varies widely among regions of the shelf. For example, on the U.S. Atlantic shelf and on the northwest European shelf, atmospheric deposition of N may exceed estuarine exports. Denitrification in shelf sediments exceeds the combined N input from land and atmosphere by a factor of 1.4-2.2. This deficit must be met by a flux of N from the deeper ocean. Burial of organic matter fixed on the shelf removes only a small fraction of the total N and P input (2-12% of N from land and atmosphere; 1-17% of P), but it may be a significant loss for P in the North Sea and some other regions. The removal of N and P in fisheries landings is very small. The gross exchange of N and P between the shelf and the open ocean is much lager than inputs from land and, for the North Atlantic shelf as a whole, it may be much larger than the N and P removed through denitrification, burial, and fisheries. Overall, the North Atlantic continental shelf appears to remove some 700-950 . 10(9) moles of N each year from the deep ocean and to transport somewhere between 18 and 30 . 10(9) moles of P to the open sea. If the N and P associated with riverine sediments deposited on the continental slope are included in the total balance, the net flux of N to the shelf is reduced by 60 . 10(9) moles y(-1) and the P flux to the ocean is increased by 20 . 10(9) moles y(-1). These conclusions are quite tentative. however, because of large uncertainties in our estimates of some important terms in the shelf mass balance. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. OLD DOMINION UNIV, NORFOLK, VA 23529 USA. FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. UNIV MARYLAND, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. UNIV DELAWARE, NEWARK, DE 19716 USA. MANHATTAN COLL, BRONX, NY USA. UNIV STOCKHOLM, S-10691 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. BIOL MARINE LAB, WOODS HOLE, MA USA. SKIDAWAY INST OCEANOG, SAVANNAH, GA 31406 USA. UNIV NEWCASTLE, NEWCASTLE, NSW 2308, AUSTRALIA. RUTGERS STATE UNIV, NOAA, CMER PROGRAM, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA. RP Nixon, SW (reprint author), UNIV RHODE ISL, KINGSTON, RI 02881 USA. RI Wood, Chris/I-5638-2012; Elmgren, Ragnar/A-1854-2013; Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; Owens, Nicholas/B-6639-2015 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Owens, Nicholas/0000-0003-4245-5858 NR 128 TC 483 Z9 502 U1 19 U2 147 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 1 BP 141 EP 180 DI 10.1007/BF02179826 PG 40 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA VU200 UT WOS:A1996VU20000005 ER PT J AU Cotter, AM Kosian, PA Hoke, RA Ankley, GT AF Cotter, AM Kosian, PA Hoke, RA Ankley, GT TI Extraction and analysis of low concentrations of DDT, DDE and DDD in small volumes of sediment pore-water SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE DDT; pore water; sediment; chemical analysis; methods ID ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; CONTAMINATION; SAMPLES AB As a result of effluent discharges by a previous chemical manufacturer, sediments in the Huntsville Spring Branch-Indian Creek (HSB-IC) near Huntsville, AL are contaminated with DDT and its metabolites. This area was selected as a field location at which to evaluate equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP) to predict the bioavailability of nonionic organic chemicals associated with sediments. An important component of the evaluation of EqP features determination of contaminant concentrations in the sediment interstitial (pore) water. The objective of our study was to develop an analytical method to measure o,p'- and p,p'-DDE, DDD and DDT at low concentrations (< 1 ng/mL) in small volumes (ca., 30 mL) of sediment pore water. initially, pore water from a clean, uncontaminated (control) sediment was spiked with DDT and its metabolites and extracted with hexane. The extracts were applied to chromatography columns packed with acid silica gel or acid celite to remove interfering compounds. Gas chromatograms of extracts treated with acid celite exhibited lower background interferences and were easier to interpret than chromatograms for samples processed using acid silica gel. The acid celite technique was further assessed by spiking uncontaminated pore water over a range of DDE, DDD and DDT concentrations and evaluating recovery efficiencies for each target analyte. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 065) was determined to be a good compound for monitoring method performance (e.g., analyte recovery). Pore water samples were obtained from nine sampling sites in the HSB-IC system and analyzed for DDT and its metabolites where concentrations ranged from 0.020 ng/mL (detection limit) to 8.200 ng/mL in 30 mL of pore water. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 DUPONT CO INC,CRD,HASKELL LAB,NEWARK,DE 19714. US EPA,MED,DULUTH,MN 55804. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 1996 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1341 EP 1354 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00271-8 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VF703 UT WOS:A1996VF70300012 ER PT J AU Yu, YS Bailey, GW AF Yu, YS Bailey, GW TI Redox characterization of the surfaces of seven iron-bearing minerals: Use of molecular probes and UV-visible spectroscopy SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE electron activity; indicators; iron-bearing minerals; redox potential; surface acidity; UV-visible spectroscopy ID PYRITE OXIDATION AB Redox properties of iron-bearing mineral surfaces may play an important role in controlling the transport and transformation of pollutants into ground waters. Suspensions of seven iron-bearing minerals were reacted with pH and redox indicators under anaerobic conditions at the pH of the natural suspension. The responses of the indicators to the mineral surfaces were monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy using a scattered transmission technique. The Hammett surface acidity function (H-s) and the surface redox potential (Eh(s)) of these iron-bearing minerals were measured. These measured values were used to calculate Eh values for the seven minerals: goethite = +293 mV; chlorite = +290 mV; hematite = +290 mV; almandite = +282 mV; ferruginous smectite = +275 mV; pyrite = +235 mV; and Na-vermiculite = +223 mV. Calculated surface redox potentials of minerals are different from their potentials measured by platinum electrode in bulk suspensions. W-visible spectroscopy provides a quick and nondestructive way of monitoring organic probe response at the mineral surface. C1 DYN CORP TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 9 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 5 BP 573 EP 586 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440501 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA VT786 UT WOS:A1996VT78600001 ER PT J AU Hardy, J Hanneman, A Behrenfeld, M Horner, R AF Hardy, J Hanneman, A Behrenfeld, M Horner, R TI Environmental biogeography of near-surface phytoplankton in the southeast Pacific Ocean SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC; CHLOROPHYLL; ABUNDANCE; ATLANTIC; GROWTH; MAXIMA; RATES AB Biogeographic interpretation of large-scale phytoplankton distribution patterns in relation to surface hydrography is essential to understanding pelagic food web dynamics and biogeochemical processes influencing global climate. We examined the abundance and biomass of phytoplankton in relation to physical and chemical parameters in the southeast Pacific Ocean. Samples were collected along longitude 110 degrees W, between 10 degrees N and 60 degrees S during late austral summer. Patterns of taxa abundance and hydrographic variables were interpreted by principal components analysis. Five distinct phytohydrographic regions were identified: (i) a north equatorial region of moderate productivity dominated by small flagellates, low nitrate and low-to-moderate pCO(2); (ii) a south equatorial region characterized by high primary productivity dominated by diatoms, high nutrient levels, and relatively high pCO(2); (iii) a central gyre region characterized by low productivity dominated by small flagellates, low nitrate, and high pCO(2); (iv) a sub-Antarctic region with moderate productivity dominated by coccolithophores, moderate nitrate concentrations, and low pCO(2); and (v) an Antarctic region with high productivity dominated by diatoms, very high nitrate, and low pCO(2). Productivity and average phytoplankton cell size were positively correlated with nitrate concentration. Total phytoplankton abundance was negatively correlated with pCO(2), photosynthetically active radiation, and ultraviolet-B radiation. The interaction between phytoplankton carbon assimilation, atmospheric CO2, and the inhibitory effect of ultraviolet radiation could have implications for the global climate. These data suggest that the effects would be greatest at southern mid-latitudes (40-50 degrees S) where present phytoplankton production and predicted future increases in UV-B are both relatively high. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 US EPA,ASCI CORP,PACIFIC ECOSYST LAB,NEWPORT,OR 97365. UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH OCEANOG,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Hardy, J (reprint author), WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV,HUXLEY COLL ENVIRONM STUDIES,CTR ENVIRONM SCI,BELLINGHAM,WA 98225, USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1647 EP 1659 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(96)00054-4 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA WD667 UT WOS:A1996WD66700005 ER PT J AU Lin, ELC Cormier, SM Torsella, JA AF Lin, ELC Cormier, SM Torsella, JA TI Fish biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites estimated by fixed-wavelength fluorescence: Comparison with HPLC-fluorescent detection SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID BROWN BULLHEAD; BILE; EXPOSURE; XENOBIOTICS; PETROLEUM; FATE AB Fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F) as an estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure to fish. Two excitation/emission wavelength pairs were used to measure naphthalene- and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-type metabolites. Early nonmetabolite fluorescent peaks were negligible in HPLC chromatograms of bile of brown bullhead, white sucker, and common carp. Linear regression analysis of FF and HPLC-F data had r(2) values between 0.89 and 1.00. Although the linear regression was significant, the absolute HPLC-F and FF values were not equivalent. HPLC-F values for B[a]P-type metabolites were always higher than those determined by FF. For naphthalene-type metabolites there was no consistent relationship between the HPLC-F and FF values. These inequivalencies were possibly due to the variable HPLC-elution patterns caused by the composition of metabolites and the unique fluorescent response exhibited in different solvent concentrations. Nevertheless, mean concentration estimates divided by the value obtained at the reference site were similar by both methods. The FF method can be used to estimate biliary PAH concentrations in these three species and allows PAH metabolites to become a routine measurement end point for environmental assessments. RP Lin, ELC (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,ECOL MONITORING RES DIV,PHYSIOL & CLIN INDICATOR BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 19 TC 99 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 1 BP 16 EP 23 DI 10.1006/eesa.1996.0077 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VT159 UT WOS:A1996VT15900003 PM 8930501 ER PT J AU Wallace, L Buckley, T Pellizzari, E Gordon, S AF Wallace, L Buckley, T Pellizzari, E Gordon, S TI Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Air Toxics - Biomarkers in Environmental Applications CY APR 27-28, 1995 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Mickey Leland Natl Urban Air Tox Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIEHS, US EPA, Soc Toxicol DE breath measurements; volatile organic compounds; benzene; aromatics; aliphatics; terpenes; halocarbons; chlorinated chemicals; TEAM Study ID CHLORINATED TAP WATER; CHLOROFORM EXPOSURE; PERSONAL EXPOSURES; DRINKING-WATER; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HEALTH RISK; LUNG-CANCER; NEW-JERSEY; BENZENE AB A brief review of the uses of breath analysis in studies of environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is provided. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's large-scale Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Studies have measured concentrations of 32 target VOCs in the exhaled breath of about 800 residents of various U.S. cities. Since the previous 12-hr integrated personal air exposures to the same chemicals were also measured, the relation between exposure and body burden is illuminated. Another major use of the breath measurements has been to detect unmeasured pathways of exposure; the major impact of active smoking on exposure to benzene and styrene was detected in this way. Following the earlier field studies, a series of chamber studies have provided estimates of several important physiological parameters. Among these are the fraction, f, of the inhaled chemical that is exhaled under steady-state conditions and the residence times, tau(i) in several body compartments, which may be associated with the blood (or liver), organs, muscle, and fat. Most of the targeted VOCs appear to have similar residence times of a few minutes. 30 min, several hours, and several days in the respective tissue groups. Knowledge of these parameters can be helpful in estimating body burden from exposure or vice versa and in planning environmental studies, particularly in setting times to monitor breath in studies of the variation with time of body burden. Improvements in breath methods have made it possible to study short-term peak exposure situations such as filling a gas tank or taking a shower in contaminated water. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. BATTELLE MEM INST,COLUMBUS,OH 43201. RP Wallace, L (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LAB,11568 WOODHOLLOW COURT,RESTON,VA 22091, USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 80 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 22 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 104 SU 5 BP 861 EP 869 DI 10.2307/3433003 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VU005 UT WOS:A1996VU00500003 PM 8933027 ER PT J AU Talaska, G Underwood, P Maier, A Lewtas, J Rothman, N Jaeger, M AF Talaska, G Underwood, P Maier, A Lewtas, J Rothman, N Jaeger, M TI Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs and related environmental compounds: Biological markers of exposure and effects SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; lung cancer; biomarkers; DNA adducts; lymphocytes; urothelial cells ID EXFOLIATED UROTHELIAL CELLS; CARCINOGEN-DNA ADDUCTS; WHITE BLOOD-CELLS; ORGANIC-MATTER; 1-NITROPYRENE; METABOLISM; SMOKING; LUNG; PARTICULATE; MUTAGENS AB Lung cancer caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs and related environmental agents is a major problem in industrialized nations. The high case-fatality rate of the disease, even with the best supportive treatment, underscores the importance of primary lung cancer prevention. Development of biomarkers of exposure and effects to PAHs and related compounds is now underway and includes measurement of urinary metabolites of specific PAHs as well as detection of protein and DNA adducts as indicators of effective dose. Validation of these markers in terms of total environmental dose requires that concurrent measures of air levels and potential dermal exposure be made. In addition, the interrelationships between PAH biomarkers must be determined, particularly when levels of the marker in surrogate molecules (e.g., protein) or markers from surrogate tissues (e.g., lymphocyte DNA) are used to assess the risk to the target organ, the lung. Two approaches to biomarker studies will be reviewed in this article: the progress made using blood lymphocytes as surrogates for lung tissues and the progress made developing noninvasive markers of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels in lung-derived cells available in bronchial-alveolar lavage and in sputum. Data are presented from studies in which exfoliated urothelial cells were used as a surrogate tissue to assess exposure to human urinary bladder carcinogens in occupational groups. C1 US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NCI, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. RP Talaska, G (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI, SCH MED, DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH, CINCINNATI, OH 45267 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1P30 ES06096] NR 38 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 5 U2 21 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 104 SU 5 BP 901 EP 906 DI 10.2307/3433008 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VU005 UT WOS:A1996VU00500008 PM 8933032 ER PT J AU Folmar, LC Denslow, ND Rao, V Chow, M Crain, DA Enblom, J Marcino, J Guillette, LJ AF Folmar, LC Denslow, ND Rao, V Chow, M Crain, DA Enblom, J Marcino, J Guillette, LJ TI Vitellogenin induction and reduced serum testosterone concentrations in feral male carp (Cyprinus carpio) captured near a major metropolitan sewage treatment plant SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE estradiol; fish; sewage effluent; testosterone; vitellogenin ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; CATFISH CLARIAS-BATRACHUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; OREOCHROMIS-AUREUS; RANA-ESCULENTA; PLASMA-LEVELS AB Endocrine disrupting chemicals can potentially alter the reproductive physiology of fishes. To test this hypothesis, serum was collected from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at five riverine locations in Minnesota. Male fish collected from an effluent channel below the St. Paul metropolitan sewage treatment plant had significantly elevated serum egg protein (vitellogenin) concentrations and significantly decreased serum testosterone concentrations compared to male carp collected from the St. Croix River, classified as a National Wild and Scenic River. Carp collected from the Minnesota River, which receives significant agricultural runoff, also exhibited depressed serum testosterone concentrations, but no serum vitellogenin was apparent. These data suggest that North American rivers are receiving estrogenic chemicals that are biologically active, as has been reported in Great Britain. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. TULANE UNIV,CTR BIOENVIRONM RES,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. RP Folmar, LC (reprint author), US EPA,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. FU OCPHP CDC HHS [PR471437]; PHS HHS [E507375] NR 66 TC 421 Z9 444 U1 6 U2 43 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 104 IS 10 BP 1096 EP 1101 DI 10.2307/3433123 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VR978 UT WOS:A1996VR97800024 PM 8930552 ER PT J AU Rohlf, FJ Akcakaya, HR Ferraro, SP AF Rohlf, FJ Akcakaya, HR Ferraro, SP TI Optimizing composite sampling protocols SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Composite samples are often used in environmental studies to reduce costs by decreasing the number of expensive tests that have to be performed. Statistical models for composite sampling are discussed, and procedures are given for determining the optimal number of primary sampling units to include in each composite sample. For the problem of comparison of means, methods are presented (a)to find the optimum sampling protocol that stays within a fixed budget and (b) to find the least costly sampling protocol that is still able to reliably detect a specified difference In means. C1 APPL BIOMATH,SETAUKET,NY 11733. US EPA,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,NEWPORT,OR 97365. RP Rohlf, FJ (reprint author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA. RI Akcakaya, H. Resit/A-7830-2008; Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008 OI Akcakaya, H. Resit/0000-0002-8679-5929; NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 30 IS 10 BP 2899 EP 2905 DI 10.1021/es950733x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL046 UT WOS:A1996VL04600023 ER PT J AU Barrows, SE Cramer, CJ Truhlar, DG Elovitz, MS Weber, EJ AF Barrows, SE Cramer, CJ Truhlar, DG Elovitz, MS Weber, EJ TI Factors controlling regioselectivity in the reduction of polynitroaromatics in aqueous solution SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-ORBITAL METHODS; CHEMICAL CONFORMATIONAL-ANALYSIS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH; MECHANICAL SOLVATION MODEL; GAUSSIAN-TYPE BASIS; FREE-ENERGIES; MEDIATED REDUCTION; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; SPIN-DENSITIES; BASIS SETS AB Regioselectivities in the bisulfide reduction of 10 polynitroaromatics (PNAs) to monoamine products have been determined; four of these compounds have also been reduced by anoxic sediments in heterogeneous aqueous solution, and the same regioselectivities are observed. Analyses of Austin Model 1-Solvation Model 2 electrostatic potential surfaces for the radical anions of these polynitroaromatic compounds provides a reliable method of predicting the regioselectivity of their reduction. In particular, at their minimum-energy geometries in aqueous solution, it is the more negative nitro group that is selectively reduced. This is consistent with a mechanism where regioselection occurs upon kinetic protonation at the site of maximum negative charge in the radical anion formed after the first electron transfer to the neutral PNA. Inclusion of solvation effects is critical in order to confidently predict the electrostatic preference for the reduction of one nitro group over the others. Sterically uncongested nitroaromatic radical anions have gas-phase geometries in which the nitro group is coplanar with the aromatic ring. However, ortho substituents and solvation effects both oppose this tendency and can lead to nitro groups that are rotated out of the ring plane and pyramidalized. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CHEM,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. UNIV MINNESOTA,INST SUPERCOMP,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. US EPA,ECOSYST RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RI Truhlar, Donald/G-7076-2015; Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011 OI Truhlar, Donald/0000-0002-7742-7294; Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859 NR 72 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 30 IS 10 BP 3028 EP 3038 DI 10.1021/es960004x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL046 UT WOS:A1996VL04600040 ER PT J AU Hockett, JR Mount, DR AF Hockett, JR Mount, DR TI Use of metal chelating agents to differentiate among sources of acute aquatic toxicity SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE EDTA; thiosulfate; metals; toxicity; Ceriodaphnia dubia ID WATER AB Metals are common toxicants found in effluents and other environmental samples. Within Toxicity Identification Evaluation methods proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and others, addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used as an indicator of metal toxicity. Previous experiments showed that addition of sodium thiosulfate, originally included to detect toxicity due to oxidants, was also effective at reducing toxicity from some common metals. In the present study, we characterized the effectiveness of both EDTA and thiosulfate in removing the toxicity of 16 different metal ions to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid addition removed toxicity associated with all cationic metals tested except for Cr3+, Fe2+, Al3+, and Ag+. Thiosulfate addition was less effective than EDTA for Zn2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Ni2+, but reduced toxicity of both Ag+ and selenite (Se[VI]), which EDTA did not. Results of this research can be used to categorize metal toxicity in unknown samples based on the response to additions of EDTA and thiosulfate. C1 US EPA,DULUTH,MN 55804. ENSR CONSULTING & ENGN,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. NR 18 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1687 EP 1693 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1687:UOMCAT>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VK145 UT WOS:A1996VK14500006 ER PT J AU Langdon, CJ Harmon, VL Vance, MM Kreeger, KE Kreeger, DA Chapman, GA AF Langdon, CJ Harmon, VL Vance, MM Kreeger, KE Kreeger, DA Chapman, GA TI A 7-D toxicity test for marine pollutants using the Pacific mysid Mysidopsis intii .1. Culture and protocol development SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE marine; pollution; mysid; toxicity test; sodium dodecyl sulfate ID HOLMESIMYSIS-COSTATA; NUTRITIONAL-VALUE; BAHIA; ARTEMIA; GROWTH AB The purpose of this study was to develop a short-term (7-d) toxicity test for marine pollutants that is practical to perform at sites remote from a source of test organisms. Laboratory culture methods were developed that allowed successful long-term rearing of populations of the mysid Mysidopsis intii, a species indigenous to the Pacific coast of the United States. Mysidopsis intii was found to have a short life cycle of 20 d at 20 degrees C, making it useful for chronic toxicity tests. A 7-d toxicity test was developed by comparing the sensitivities of various life stages of M. intii to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The most sensitive end point was found to be growth (final body length) of juveniles during the first 7 d after release. The sensitivity of mysids to SDS decreased with increasing age. To allow for shipping newly released juveniles to remote sites, a 7-d test was evaluated starting with 2-d-old mysids. The median lethal concentration for M. intii exposed to SDS at ages from 2 to 9 d was 4.59 mg/L (95% confidence Limits, 4.21-5.00), and the maximum acceptable SDS concentration was 4.99 mg/L for both survival and growth. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,NEWPORT,OR 97365. VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCI,SCH MARINE SCI,GLOUCESTER POINT,VA 23602. THE SCIENTIST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. ACAD NAT SCI PHILADELPHIA,PATRICK CTR ENVIRONM RES,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19103. US EPA,PACIFIC ECOSYST BRANCH,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,NEWPORT,OR 97365. RP Langdon, CJ (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,COASTAL OREGON MARINE EXPT STN,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1815 EP 1823 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1815:ADTTFM>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VK145 UT WOS:A1996VK14500024 ER PT J AU Sharma, A Rogers, KR AF Sharma, A Rogers, KR TI Immobilized bioreagent-based molecular devices SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE molecular biosensor; immobilized bioreagent; food industry; environmental monitoring; clinical analysis; process control ID IMMUNOSENSOR; BIOSENSORS; ELECTRODE; SYSTEMS AB An overview of the current state of the art technology that is applied in the molecular biosensor development is presented. Science and technology behind these devices are introduced followed by some examples. The industrial needs, in particular of the food industry, environmental monitoring clinical analysis, etc., that are to be addressed by such devices are discussed. C1 CRANFIELD UNIV,CRANFIELD MOL MEASUREMENT TECHNOL CTR,CRANFIELD MK43 0AL,BEDS,ENGLAND. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FACULTY FOOD TECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY PI ZAGREB PA UNIV ZAGREB, KACIECEVA 23, 41000 ZAGREB, CROATIA SN 1330-9862 J9 FOOD TECHNOL BIOTECH JI Food Technol. Biotechnol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 113 EP 123 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XJ816 UT WOS:A1996XJ81600001 ER PT J AU Criscenti, LJ Laniak, GF Erikson, RL AF Criscenti, LJ Laniak, GF Erikson, RL TI Propagation of uncertainty through geochemical code calculations SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS; SYSTEMS AB Geochemical codes are used to identify the processes (speciation, solubility, and adsorption) controlling both natural water and waste leachate compositions. The uncertainties in geochemical calculations are important to environmental assessments, because decision-makers must be alerted to the potential error associated with predictions derived from the calculations. In this study, overall uncertainty is determined by propagating Monte Carlo-generated analytical and thermodynamic uncertainties through a geochemical code, and generating probabilistic distributions of the calculated output. Then Generalized Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) is used to separate the model responses into two classes or groups based on specified performance criteria. The relative contribution of the uncertainty associated with each input parameter to the output uncertainty is determined by comparing the cumulative distribution functions of the parameters in the two classes. The combined use of the Monte Carlo method with GSA is used to examine the significance of analytical and thermodynamic uncertainties in predicted pH values for a simple sodium bicarbonate buffer solution and for calcite saturation indices in the system Ca-CO3-Na-Cl-H2O. Statistical results concur with a geochemically based interpretation of each system. This agreement suggests that in the study of complex environmental systems that are not well known, GSA may be used both to focus the investigator's attention on the key parameters and uncertainties in the system, and to distinguish between the parameters that require more precise measurement and those that are sufficiently well known for model interpretation. C1 US EPA, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. COLUMBIA ENVIRONM SCI INC, KENNEWICK, WA 99336 USA. RP Criscenti, LJ (reprint author), PACIFIC NW LAB, POB 999, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 19 BP 3551 EP 3568 DI 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00188-3 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA WB001 UT WOS:A1996WB00100001 ER PT J AU Overton, JH Graham, RC Menache, MG Mercer, RR Miller, FJ AF Overton, JH Graham, RC Menache, MG Mercer, RR Miller, FJ TI Influence of tracheobronchial region expansion and volume on reactive gas uptake and interspecies dose extrapolations SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OZONE EXPOSURE; GASEOUS-POLLUTANTS; MODEL; LUNG; RAT; SENSITIVITY; ABSORPTION; AIRWAYS; PARAMETERS; SIMULATION AB The influence of the value of the tracheobronchial region volume at functional residual capacity (V-TB(FRC)) and tracheobronchial (TB) region expansion during breathing on fractional uptake, proximal alveolar region (PAR) dose, and the ratio of rat to human PAR doses was investigated. A dosimetry model was used to simulate the uptake of reactive gases in the respiratory tracts of rats and humans. The PAR dose was chosen because this region is the site of the most severe lesions in laboratory animals exposed to reactive gases, such as O-3 and NO2. PAR dose ratios can be used to establish exposure concentrations that yield the same PAR dose in different species, thereby facilitating extrapolation of animal toxicological results to humans. The influence of V-TB(FRC) and expansion was explored using different breathing frequencies, tidal volumes, and TB region mass transfer coefficients. For TB region expansion, results for uniform expansion of all lower respiratory tract airways and airspaces were compared to results obtained when the TB region did not expand. TB region expansion decreased both predicted fractional uptake and PAR dose, with the decreases being greater for the rat than the human. For example, reductions in predicted fractional uptake due to TB region expansion ranged from 7% to 43% for the rat, but were less than 8% in humans; PAR doses in the rat were reduced by 23% to 67% and in the human by 0.5% to 24%, but generally by less than 8%. The effect of uniform expansion relative to no expansion was to reduce the predicted PAR dose ratio by up to 67%. For the effect of V-TB(FRC), results for V-TB(FRC) that were two standard deviations (25D) less than or greater than mean V-TB(FRC) were compared to dosimetry predictions for the mean. Doses were predicted to be up to 57%, smaller and up to 197% larger than doses associated with the mean V-TB(FRC). Accounting for uncertainty in both rat and human V-TB(FRC), PAR dose ratios were predicted to be as small as 74% less than or as large as 307% more than the dose ratio estimated for the mean V-TB(FRC), depending on the expansion mode and other parameters. Our analyses yield the following general conclusions: (1) A better understanding and characterization of the role of TB region expansion (particularly for the rat) and volume is critically important for an improved understanding of respiratory-tract dosimetry of reactive gases and for decreasing uncertainties in inter- and intraspecies extrapolations of dose associated with toxicological effects. (2) Extrapolations based on dose at toxicologically relevant sites (the PAR in this investigation) can differ significantly from those based on exposure concentration or total uptake. (3) Human subjects who appear similar outwardly may have very different PAR doses and consequently potentially different responses to the same exposure. (4) Controlling for dead-space volume may become important in clinical studies using extended exposure periods (6-8 h/day) with levels of exercise considerably lower than those used in past 2-h exposure studies. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC 27710. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Overton, JH (reprint author), US EPA,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,DIV EXPT TOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 8 IS 8 BP 723 EP 745 PG 23 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VN298 UT WOS:A1996VN29800001 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Riitters, KH ONeill, RV Jones, KB Wade, TG AF Wickham, JD Riitters, KH ONeill, RV Jones, KB Wade, TG TI Landscape 'contagion' in raster and vector environments SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID PATTERNS AB Raster land cover data has been used to construct adjacency matrices by scanning the pixel edges and calculating proportions according to the land cover types joined. Like joins (e.g., forest to forest) are most common because pixel size is typically much smaller than the average patch size. The dominance of like joins (the matrix diagonal) of the adjacency matrix has led to one interpretation of the matrix as landscape contagion (the tendency of land cover to cluster into a few, large patches). Construction of the adjacency matrix in a vector environment results in a different measurement. In a vector environment, land cover patches are not sub-divided into pixels. Therefore, the main diagonal of the adjacency matrix is zero. Construction of an adjacency matrix in a vector environment estimates the evenness of distribution of edge types, not contagion. The same edge type evenness metric is estimated in a raster environment by ignoring the matrix diagonal and re-scaling the off-diagonal elements so that they sum to one (1). C1 DESERT RES INST,CTR BIOL SCI,RENO,NV 89512. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHOR,SO APPALACHIAN MAN & BIOSPHERE PROGRAM,HIST FORESTRY BLDG,17 RIDGEWAY RD,NORRIS,TN 37828, USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0269-3798 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SYST JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 10 IS 7 BP 891 EP 899 DI 10.1080/02693799608902115 PG 9 WC Geography; Information Science & Library Science SC Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA VH727 UT WOS:A1996VH72700006 ER PT J AU Katul, GG Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF Ellestad, TG AF Katul, GG Finkelstein, PL Clarke, JF Ellestad, TG TI An investigation of the conditional sampling method used to estimate fluxes of active, reactive, and passive scalars SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RELAXED EDDY-ACCUMULATION; INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; ORTHONORMAL WAVELET ANALYSIS; SURFACE-LAYER TURBULENCE; SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; PROBABILITY DENSITY; DRY DEPOSITION; FOREST CANOPY; DESIGN; SYSTEM AB The conditional sampling flux measurement technique was evaluated for four scalars (temperature, water vapor, ozone, and carbon dioxide) by comparison with direct eddy correlation measurements at two sites. The empirical constant beta relating the turbulent flux to the accumulated concentration difference between updrafts and downdrafts was computed from 10-Hz turbulence measurements. Comparison between the simulated relaxed eddy accumulation flux formulation and the eddy correlation measurements allowed the direct determination of beta for all four scalars. The beta models previously proposed overpredicted the measured beta by about 8%-10%. It was found that a mean beta = 0.58 reproduced the eddy correlation measurements independent of the scalar type being analyzed, roughness and atmospheric stability conditions, in agreement with previous studies. The role of energy-containing eddy motion in the deviations between the measured and predicted beta was considered using orthonormal wavelet expansion in conjunction with a wavelet shrinkage approach. It was demonstrated that the energy-containing large eddy motion contributed to a reduction in beta when compared to the predicted beta. Finally, the deadband vertical velocity effects were also considered and found to reduce beta exponentially, in agreement with other studies. C1 NOAA,AIR RESOURCES LAB,ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Katul, GG (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,SCH ENVIRONM,DURHAM,NC 27708, USA. RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008 OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693 NR 53 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1835 EP 1845 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1835:AIOTCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VP281 UT WOS:A1996VP28100017 ER PT J AU Wiester, MJ Watkinson, WP Costa, DL Crissman, KM Richards, JH Winsett, DW Highfill, JW AF Wiester, MJ Watkinson, WP Costa, DL Crissman, KM Richards, JH Winsett, DW Highfill, JW TI Ozone toxicity in the rat .3. Effect of changes in ambient temperature on pulmonary parameters SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bronchoalveolar lavage; lung volumes; adaptation; antioxidants; lung epithelial lining fluid ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; URIC-ACID; GUINEA-PIGS; EXPOSURE; FLUID; ADAPTATION; HEALTHY; HUMANS; NASAL; LUNG AB Pulmonary toxicity of ozone (O-3) was examined in adult male Fischer 344 rats exposed to 0.5 parts/million O-3 for either 6 or 23 h/day over 5 days while maintained at an ambient temperature (T-a) of either 10, 22, or 34 degrees C. Toxicity was evaluated by using changes in lung volumes and the concentrations of constituents of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid that signal lung injury and/or inflammation. Results indicated that toxicity increased as T-a decreased. Exposures conducted at 10 degrees C were associated with the greatest decreases in body weight and total lung capacity and the greatest increases in lavageable protein, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase activity, and percent neutrophils. O-3 effects not modified by T-a included increases in residual volume and lavageable potassium, glucose, urea, and ascorbic acid. There was a progressive decrease in lavageable uric acid with exposure at 34 degrees C. Most effects were attenuated during the 5 exposure days and/or returned to normal levels after 7 air recovery days, regardless of prior O-3 exposure or T-a. It is possible that T-a-induced changes in metabolic rate may have altered ventilation and, therefore, the O-3 doses among rats exposed at the three different T-a levels. RP Wiester, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,EXPT TOXICOL DIV MD 82,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 81 IS 4 BP 1691 EP 1700 PG 10 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA VM563 UT WOS:A1996VM56300036 PM 8904588 ER PT J AU Mumtaz, MM Durkin, P Diamond, GL Hertzberg, R AF Mumtaz, MM Durkin, P Diamond, GL Hertzberg, R TI Exercises in the use of weight-of-evidence approach for chemical-mixture interactions SO JOURNAL OF CLEAN TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cadmium; carbon tetrachloride; chemical mixtures; polychlorinated biphenyls; risk assessment; weight-of-evidence AB Consistency and accuracy are two testable characteristics of a proposed weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate chemical interactions (Mumtaz and Durkin, 1992). A study was designed to evaluate the consistency characteristics. Existing interaction data between two pairs of chemicals were evaluated using this approach: (1) polychlorinated biphenyls and carbon tetrachloride, and (2) cadmium and zinc. The results of this study show that this methodology can be consistently applied by a group of scientists with varying experience in risk assessment. The influence on toxicity can be estimated with confidence for certain pairs of chemicals, but not for others. The next step to further the development of this approach is to test its accuracy characteristics and this work is underway. Accuracy characteristics cannot be determined through existing data, bur only through specifically designed experimental studies to discern chemical interactions at low and high concentrations of chemical mixtures and as a function of the individual component ratios. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. SYRACUSE ENVIRONM RES ASSOC,SYRACUSE,NY. SYRACUSE RES CORP,SYRACUSE,NY. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1052-1062 J9 J CLEAN TECHNOL E T JI J. Clean Technol. Environ. Toxicol. Occup. Med. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 5 IS 4 BP 339 EP 345 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WP418 UT WOS:A1996WP41800005 ER PT J AU Lee, CC Huffman, GL Mao, YL AF Lee, CC Huffman, GL Mao, YL TI A comparision of regulated chemicals versus emitted PICs and PICs for risk analysis SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB In general, toxic combustion byproducts (TCBs) are the unwanted residues remaining in flue gases, combustion ashes, and wastewaters from the operation of an incineration or combustion facility, If a combustor is not well designed and operated, it may emit too high a level of TCBs. Categories of TCBs and some example constituents are as follows: 1. Acid gas: HCl, NOx and SO2; 2. Organics: Hydrocarbons such as dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs); 3. Particulates: Trace metals (conventional metals and radioactive metals) and soots; 4. Contaminants in ash; and 5. Contaminants in spent wastewater, Pollutants in Category (2) above are generally considered to be the products of incomplete combustion (PICs) in the field of hazardous waste incineration, TCBs has been one of the major technical and sociological issues surrounding the use of incineration as a waste treatment alternative, Because of the complexity and controversy, the U.S. EPA issued a draft ''Combustion Strategy'' on May 18, 1993, The objective of the ''Combustion Strategy'' was to address the needs of and to outline the approaches for upgrading the existing incineration standards to better control TCB emissions, This article lists those chemicals and metals which are regulated by two major U.S. environmental laws, namely, the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, The CAAA is to regulate the air emissions from major sources, and the RCRA is to protect human health and the environment from the management of solid wastes, particularly from waste incineration, This paper also lists the PIC chemicals that were studied under U.S. EPA incineration research programs in the 1980s and the PIC chemicals that EPA permit writers are considering be the subject of risk analyses during the process of industry's applying for an incinerator operating permit. C1 SOOCHOW UNIV,DEPT CHEM,TAIPEI,TAIWAN. RP Lee, CC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,SUSTAINABLE TECHNOL DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 50 IS 2-3 BP 199 EP 225 DI 10.1016/0304-3894(96)01758-X PG 27 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM598 UT WOS:A1996VM59800007 ER PT J AU Wolff, GT AF Wolff, GT TI The particulate matter NAAQS review SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 GM CORP,DETROIT,MI 48202. RP Wolff, GT (reprint author), US EPA,CLEAN AIR SCI ADVISORY COMM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 926 EP 926 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VL828 UT WOS:A1996VL82800001 ER PT J AU Dimitriades, B AF Dimitriades, B TI Scientific basis for the VOC reactivity issues raised by Section 183(e) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; OZONE AB This article deals with reactivity and photochemical modeling methods needed to develop emission control strategies for ambient ozone reduction, and with the uncertainties associated with relevant data and methods. Specifically, the article identifies and describes existing reactivity data for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from consumer and commercial products (CCP), and methods for developing control strategies for such emissions that take into account emissions reactivities. Existing reactivity data consist of Incremental Reactivity data and K-OH-reactivity data. Both types of data are subject to uncertainties associated with lack of experimental evidence, which is particularly severe for CCP emissions species; theoretical derivation and/or experimental measure ment of reactivity; and variation of VOC reactivity with ambient conditions. Methods are described for using the reactivity concept to estimate the contribution of CCP emissions to ambient ozone. Also, to comply with one of the requirements of Section 183(e) of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and with current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy on reactivity, existing reactivity data were used to classify VOCs into three reactivity classes: ''negligibly reactive'', ''reactive'', and ''highly reactive''. RP Dimitriades, B (reprint author), US EPA,NERL MD80,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 963 EP 970 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VL828 UT WOS:A1996VL82800005 PM 28065145 ER PT J AU Meckes, MC Engle, SW Kosco, B AF Meckes, MC Engle, SW Kosco, B TI Site demonstration of Terra-Kleen Response Group's mobile solvent extraction process SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The U.S. EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program evaluated a pilot-scale solvent extraction process developed by the Terra-Kleen Response Group (TKRG). This process uses a proprietary solvent, or mixture of solvents, to extract organic contaminants from solids. A pilot-scale evaluation was conducted at Naval Air Station North Island (NASNI), near San Diego, CA, on soils which were contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other organic substances. Five tons of soil with an average PCB concentration of 144 mg/kg were excavated, homogenized, and equally distributed to five extraction vessels. Eleven extraction cycles were used to produce a treated soil with an average PCB concentration of 1.71 mg/kg on a dry weight basis (98.8% removed). Oil and Grease (O&G) removal efficiencies were found to be 65.9%. This low O&G removal efficiency was attributed to solvent/solute relationships. Initial concentrations of hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) in soils averaged 0.697 mu g/kg. Following solvent extraction, no HxCDFs were detected (<0.117 mu g/kg) in soil samples. A full-scale solvent extraction system was operated at a site in Stockton, California. Pesticides were extracted from 500 tons of contaminated soil using 19 extractors, each 20 cubic yards in volume. Three extraction cycles produced solids with less than or equal to 0.093 mg/kg residual pesticide (>99% removed). These results demonstrate that the TKRG's solvent extraction process is effective in removing organic contaminants from soils. C1 TERRA KLEEN RESPONSE GRP INC,CINCINNATI,OH. PRC ENVIRONM MANAGEMENT INC,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Meckes, MC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 971 EP 977 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VL828 UT WOS:A1996VL82800006 PM 28065146 ER PT J AU Wester, BL AF Wester, BL TI The Black laws in the old Northwest: A documentary history - Middleton,S SO JOURNAL OF THE WEST LA English DT Book Review RP Wester, BL (reprint author), US EPA,CHICAGO,IL 60604, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU J WEST INC PI MANHATTAN PA P O BOX 1009 1531 YUMA, MANHATTAN, KS 66502 SN 0022-5169 J9 J WEST JI J. West PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 4 BP 107 EP 108 PG 2 WC History SC History GA VM552 UT WOS:A1996VM55200041 ER PT J AU Yang, Y Gordon, CJ AF Yang, Y Gordon, CJ TI Ambient temperature limits and stability of temperature regulation in telemetered male and female rats SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature regulation; radiotelemetry; estrous cycle; ambient temperature; heart rate; motor activity; sex difference ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; HEAT; HYPERTHERMIA; HORMONES; STRESS; CYCLE AB Knowing the ambient temperature (T-a) limits of normothermia in laboratory rodents is important because their thermoregulatory responses are useful in studies of physiology, pharmacology and toxicology. The present study assessed the T-a limits of normothermia using radiotelemetry to monitor core temperature (T-c) heart rate (HR), and motor activity (MA) in unrestrained, male and female Long-Evans rats over a 24 h period. Rats were housed individually in acrylic cages with wire-screen tops and bottoms and maintained at T-a's ranging from 12 to 33.5 degrees C for 24 h with food and water provided ad libitum on a 12:12 L:D photoperiod. The limits of normothermia (i.e. where there was no significant change in T-c) were < 12-29.5 degrees C for females and 14.5-29.5 degrees C for males. T-c of males at T-a's of 12, 32, and 33.5 degrees C increased significantly above the baseline T-c. Female rats had a lower T-c than males at the warmest and coldest T-a's. HR and MA were generally higher in females at all T-a's. Males appeared to be poorly adapted to thermoregulate at T-a's above 30 degrees C as based on their excessively high T-c's, low MA, and marked weight loss compared to that of the females. Within the limits of normothermia the stability of T-c regulation (i.e. [(Delta T-c/Delta T-a) x 100]/2) was +/-1.3 and +/-0.9% for males and females, respectively, over a 24 h period. These data on the stability of T-c in the male and female rat provide a valuable framework to study the acute and chronic effects of drugs, chemicals and other agents that affect temperature regulation. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 5-6 BP 353 EP 363 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(96)00021-6 PG 11 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA VY720 UT WOS:A1996VY72000012 ER PT J AU Whitmore, SP Gilliam, AF Hendren, RW Lewis, SE Rao, GN Whisnant, CC AF Whitmore, SP Gilliam, AF Hendren, RW Lewis, SE Rao, GN Whisnant, CC TI Genetic monitoring of inbred rodents from controlled production colonies through biochemical markers and skin grafting procedures SO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MUTATIONS; MOUSE; ANTIGENS; LOCUS; MICE C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-38044, N01-ES-65131, N01-ES-15317] NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CORDOVA PA 70 TIMBERCREEK DR, SUITE 5, CORDOVA, TN 38018 SN 0023-6764 J9 LAB ANIM SCI JI Lab. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 5 BP 585 EP 588 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA VN008 UT WOS:A1996VN00800022 PM 8905598 ER PT J AU Widmer, F Seidler, RJ Watrud, LS AF Widmer, F Seidler, RJ Watrud, LS TI Sensitive detection of transgenic plant marker gene persistence in soil microcosms SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental DNA preparation; quantitative PCR; NPT-II gene detection; DNA persistence; biotechnology; risk assessment ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; DNA EXTRACTION; RAPID METHOD; INHIBITOR-I; PLASMID DNA; TRANSFORMATION; SEDIMENTS; ADSORPTION; SEQUENCE AB Genetic engineering offers the opportunity to generate plants with useful new traits conferred by genes originating from a variety of organisms. The objectives of this study were to establish methods for investigating persistence of recombinant plant marker DNA after introduction into soil and to collect data from controlled laboratory test systems. As a model system, we studied the stability of DNA encoding recombinant neomycin phosphotransferase II (rNPT-II), a neomycin/kanamycin resistance marker, used in plant genetic engineering. The recombinant nature of the target (i.e. fusion of nopaline synthase promoter and NPT-II coding region) allowed us to design a rNPT-II-specific PCR primer pair. DNA preparation and quantitative PCR protocols were established. Effects of temperature and moisture, on DNA persistence in soil were determined in two laboratory test systems. In the first system, purified plasmid DNA was added to soil and incubated under controlled conditions. Up to 0.08% of the rNPT-II target sequences were detectable after 40 days. In the second system, fresh leaf tissue of transgenic tobacco was ground, added to soil, and incubated under controlled conditions. After 120 days, up to 0.14% of leaf tissue-derived genomic rNPT-II sequences were detectable. Under most experimental conditions, leaf tissue-derived and plasmid DNA were initially degraded at a high rate. A small proportion of the added DNA resisted degradation and was detectable for several months. We hypothesize that this DNA may have been adsorbed to soil particles and was protected from complete degradation. C1 US EPA,WESTERN ECOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,TERR BRANCH,BIOTECHNOL PROGRAM,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 42 TC 90 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 5 IS 5 BP 603 EP 613 DI 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1996.tb00356.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA VK764 UT WOS:A1996VK76400001 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ AF Gordon, CJ TI Pharmacological analysis of diisopropyl fluorophosphate: Effects on core temperature, heart rate, and motor activity in the unrestrained rat SO PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE anticholinesterase; scopolamine; methylscopolamine; propranolol; salicylate; fever; telemetry; hypothermia; hyperthermia ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; AGENTS; THERMOREGULATION; PHYSOSTIGMINE; HYPERTHERMIA; INVITRO; SYSTEM; DRUGS AB Humans acutely exposed to anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) pesticides often become febrile, whereas rats and other rodents become markedly hypothermic. The rat may nonetheless be a useful model for anti-ChE toxicity because recent work using radiotelemetry demonstrated an elevation in core temperature of unrestrained rats for several days following acute exposure to the anti-ChE, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). To discern the mechanisms of DFP-induced hypothermia and hyperthermia, various pharmacological agents were administered acutely or chronically to rats injected with 1.5 mg/kg DFP (SC). Core temperature, heart rate, and motor activity were monitored continuously via radiotelemetry. Methylscopolamine, a peripheral muscarinic antagonist, attenuated the DFP-induced hypothermia by 1.0 degrees C and reversed the DFP-induced bradycardia. Chronic scopolamine, a central and peripheral muscarinic antagonist, delivered via a subcutaneously implanted minipump (9.5 mg/kg/day) blocked DFP-induced hypothermia and hyperthermia. Propranolol (10 mg/kg; SC), a general beta blocker, augmented the bradycardic effects of DFP but had no effect on body temperature. Sodium salicylate (200 and 300 mg/kg; IP), an antipyretic that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, administered during the period of DFP-induced hyperthermia produced a transient recovery in body temperature. Overall, DFP-induced hypothermia and hyperthermia in the rat appear to be mediated via cholinergic activation in the CNS because both are blocked by scopolamine. The decrease in core temperature following sodium salicylate suggests that prostaglandin release is involved in the manifestation of DFP-induced hyperthermia. The elevation in core temperature after DFP appears to involve neurochemical pathways similar to that of fever. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0091-3057 J9 PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE JI Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 55 IS 2 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00063-9 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VV761 UT WOS:A1996VV76100003 PM 8951953 ER PT J AU Zabowski, D Rygiewicz, PT Skinner, MF AF Zabowski, D Rygiewicz, PT Skinner, MF TI Site disturbance effects on a clay soil under radiata pine .1. Soil solutions and clay mineral stability SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE mineral stability; radiata pine; site disturbance; soil solutions AB Timber harvesting of forested lands can cause impacts which reduce the long-term productivity of the soil. This study examined long-term effects of timber harvesting on soil morphology, soil solutions and clay mineral stability. A disturbance study established in 1981 an Ultisol located in the North Island of New Zealand was examined in 1990. Disturbance treatments were installed following cable logging of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don); treatments consisted of no disturbance (UN), O horizon removed (OR), and O and A horizons removed with compaction of the Bt1/A horizon (OARHC). The morphology of the A and Bt1/A horizons of the OR treatment showed little difference from the UN treatment. Soil solutions were collected using centrifugation and soil mineralogy determined. Soil solutions of the O horizon had nutrient concentrations that were approximately 10 times greater than that of the mineral horizons, indicating that nutrient availability would be reduced by removal of this horizon during harvesting. Soil solutions of the Bt1/A horizon showed substantially lower nutrient concentrations in the OARHC treatment compared to the UN and OR treatment, at 9-years after treatment. Stability diagrams of soil solutions for clay minerals of the soil showed that smectite was unstable and weatherable with the highest disturbance treatment, but was stable in the no and low disturbance treatment. No disturbance effects were evident in the stability of iron minerals. Results suggest that this soil is capable of returning to pre-disturbance conditions well-within a rotation period when disturbance is limited, but that recovery with the highest disturbance treatment could take substantially longer. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY RES INST,ROTORUA,NEW ZEALAND. RP Zabowski, D (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,AR-10,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD OCT PY 1996 VL 186 IS 2 BP 343 EP 351 DI 10.1007/BF02415529 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD381 UT WOS:A1996WD38100017 ER PT J AU Ginsberg, GL Pepelko, WE Goble, RL Hattis, DB AF Ginsberg, GL Pepelko, WE Goble, RL Hattis, DB TI Comparison of contact site cancer potency across dose routes: Case study with epichlorohydrin SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE epichlorohydrin; dose-route extrapolation; pharmacokinetic modeling; cancer potency ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; UPPER RESPIRATORY-TRACT; SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; CELL-PROLIFERATION; ANIMAL BIOASSAYS; RISK ASSESSMENT; CHRONOLOGICAL SUPPLEMENT; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; LIVER CARCINOGENESIS AB Risk assessment for airborne carcinogens is often limited by a lack of inhalation bioassay data. While extrapolation from oral-based cancer potency factors may be possible for some agents, this is not considered feasible for contact site carcinogens. The change in contact sites (oral: g.i. tract; inhalation: respiratory tract) when switching dose routes leads to possible differences in tissue sensitivity as well as chemical delivery. This research evaluates the feasibility to extrapolate across dose routes for a contact site carcinogen through a case study with epichlorohydrin (EPI). EPI cancer potency at contact sites is compared across three bioassays involving different dose routes (gavage, drinking water, inhalation) through the use of dosimetry models to adjust for EPI delivery to contact sites. Results indicate a large disparity (two orders of magnitude) in potency across the three routes of administration when expressed as the externally applied dose. However, when expressed as peak delivered dose, inhalation and oral potency estimates are similar and overall, the three potency estimates are within a factor of seven. The results suggest that contact site response to EPI is more dependent upon the rate than the route of delivery, with peak concentration the best way to extrapolate across dose routes. These results cannot be projected to other carcinogens without further study. C1 US EPA,OFF HLTH & ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. CLARK UNIV,CTR TECHNOL ENVIRONM & DEV,WORCESTER,MA 01610. RP Ginsberg, GL (reprint author), DEPT PUBL HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL & OCCUPAT HLTH,410 CAPITOL AVE,MS 11CHA,HARTFORD,CT 06134, USA. NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 16 IS 5 BP 667 EP 681 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb00816.x PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA VY474 UT WOS:A1996VY47400010 PM 8962517 ER PT J AU Sakanashi, TM Rogers, JM Fu, SS Connelly, LE Keen, CL AF Sakanashi, TM Rogers, JM Fu, SS Connelly, LE Keen, CL TI Influence of maternal folate status on the developmental toxicity of methanol in the CD-1 mouse SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; FOLIC-ACID; INHALED METHANOL; MICE; RAT; MULTIVITAMINS; INHALATION; DEFICIENCY; RECURRENCE; FORMATE AB Methanol, which is detoxified via a folic acid-dependent pathway, has been shown to be teratogenic in mice. Given recent observations that the level of dietary folic acid intake may be inversely related to the occurrence of select birth defects in humans, we tested the hypothesis that dietary folic acid intake would influence the developmental toxicity of methanol. Virgin female mice were fed one of three diets containing 400 (low), 600 (marginal), or 1,200 (adequate) nmol folic acid/kg diet for 5 weeks prior to and following mating. On gestation days (GD) 6-15, dams were administered by gavage either vehicle (distilled, deionized water) or methanol at 2.0 or 2.5 g/kg body weight, twice daily. On GD 18, mice were weighed and killed and the liver, kidneys, and gravid uteri removed and weighed. Implantation sites, live and dead fetuses, and resorptions were counted; fetuses were weighed individually and examined for cleft palate and exencephaly. One third of the fetuses in each litter were examined for skeletal morphology. Maternal liver folate concentrations were approximately 40-50% lower in the low dietary folic acid groups than in the marginal and adequate groups; methanol did not affect maternal liver folate concentration at term. Maternal net gestational weight gain was lowest at the lowest dietary folate level but was not affected by methanol. Gravid uterus weights were lowest in the low dietary folic acid groups exposed to the high methanol dose and the number of live fetuses per litter was lowest in the low folic acid groups. Fetal body weights were lowest in the low folic acid groups and significantly lower in the methanol groups relative to vehicle treated animals. Fetal crown-rump lengths were shorter in the methanol-treated groups; this parameter was not affected by folic acid treatment. Both methanol and low dietary folic acid increased the incidence of cleft palate, with the highest number of affected litters in the low dietary folic acid group. These results support the concept that maternal folate status can modulate the developmental toxicity of methanol. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NUTR,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DAVIS,CA 95616. US EPA,DEV BIOL BRANCH,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 198 EP 206 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199610)54:4<198::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 9 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA WG150 UT WOS:A1996WG15000004 PM 9122889 ER PT J AU Evans, MV Simmons, JE AF Evans, MV Simmons, JE TI Physiologically based pharmacokinetic estimated metabolic constants and hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride after methanol pretreatment in rats SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INHALED METHANOL; POTENTIATION; TOXICITY; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; LETHALITY; ETHANOL; MODEL; BIOACTIVATION; SIMULATION; TOLUENE AB A single 6-hr exposure to inhaled methanol (MeOH) has been shown to enhance carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity. The objective of the present study was to use gas uptake data and the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) to determine in vivo changes in CCl4 metabolism resulting from MeOH pretreatment. Adult male F344 rats (167-197 g) were exposed to 10,000 ppm MeOH (constant concentration) via inhalation for 6 hr. Individual rats were exposed using gas uptake techniques to CCl4 alone or to CCl4 either 24 or 48 hr after initiation of MeOH pretreatment. The following initial concentrations were used for CCl4: 0, 25, 100, 250, and 1000 ppm with exposures lasting 6 hr, V-max (metabolic rate) was estimated from gas uptake data and K-m (Michaelis constant) was assumed constant after methanol pretreatment, For CCl4 alone, V-max was 0.11 mg/hr (V-maxc = 0.37 mg/hr/kg) and K-m was 1.3 g/liter. V-max was 0.48 mg/hr (V-maxc = 1.6 mg/hr/kg) for the 24-hr MeOH +/- CCl4 group and V-max was 0.18 mg/hr (V-maxc = 0.6 mg/hr/kg) for the 48-hr MeOH + CCl4 group. For CCl4 alone, serum markers of hepatotoxicity alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were increased significantly only at 1000 ppm CCl4. Both serum markers of hepatotoxicity in the 24-hr MeOH + CCl4 group increased as a function of CCl4 concentration when compared with 0 ppm CCl4 controls, The maximum increase occurred at 1000 ppm CCl4, where ALT and SDH increased by 392- and 286-fold, respectively. At 100, 250, and 1000 ppm CCl4, ALT and SDH values for the 24-hr MeOH + CCl4 groups were significantly increased relative to control (0 ppm CCl4), CCl4 alone, and 48-hr MeOH + CCl4. ALT and SDH levels in the 48-hr MeOH + CCl4 groups were not statistically different from the respective CCl4 alone groups. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Evans, MV (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 140 IS 2 BP 245 EP 253 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.0219 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VN707 UT WOS:A1996VN70700006 PM 8887440 ER PT J AU Lilly, PD Simmons, JE Pegram, RA AF Lilly, PD Simmons, JE Pegram, RA TI Effect of subchronic corn oil gavage on the acute toxicity of orally administered bromodichloromethane SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE bromodichloromethane (BDCM); corn oil pretreatment; hepatotoxicity; nephrotoxicity ID CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; DOSING VEHICLES; DRINKING-WATER; BY-PRODUCTS; HEPATOTOXICITY; CHLOROFORM; RAT; OXIDATION; CANCER; MICE AB Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a by-product of water chlorination and is the second most common trihalomethane (THM) in finished drinking water. It has been reported that delivery of THMs in corn oil can influence the site and magnitude of toxic and carcinogenic responses in rodents, perhaps by inducing metabolizing enzymes or altering tissue composition. To determine if corn oil influences the acute toxicity of BDCM, adult male F-344 rats were pretreated 5 days/week for 6 weeks with oral doses of corn oil or water at a volume of 5 ml/kg. Following pretreatment, animals were gavaged with a single dose of 0, 200 or 400 mg BDCM/kg in 10% Emulphor(R). Urine was collected at timed intervals over a 48-h period following BDCM administration. Rats were sacrificed at this time and organs and blood removed. Urine and serum were analyzed for indicators of toxicity. Corn oil pretreatment did not enhance the acute hepato- or nephrotoxicity of BDCM, suggesting that vehicle effects noted in previous THM toxicity and carcinogenicity studies are more likely due to pharmacokinetic differences between administration in corn oil and aqueous gavage vehicles than to altered tissue composition or physiological changes. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 87 IS 2-3 BP 93 EP 102 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(96)03765-4 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VR058 UT WOS:A1996VR05800005 PM 8914616 ER PT J AU Andersen, J Leslie, A Matten, S Kumar, R AF Andersen, J Leslie, A Matten, S Kumar, R TI The environmental protection agency's programs to encourage the use of safer pesticides SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE accelerated registration; biological pesticides; environmental stewardship; pollution prevention; regulatory relief AB The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) within the United Stales Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has initiated several programs to reduce risks associated with the use of pesticides. Examples include accelerated registration of new products (including biological pesticides) that offer reduced risk to human health and the environment, and regulatory relief for products posing virtually no risk to provide replacement for more problematic pesticides. In addition, efforts are being undertaken to reduce pesticide resistance in target pests, develop joint ''Environmental Stewardship'' efforts between the EPA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the United Slates Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The new Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division (BPPD), established as a pilot in October 1994, has responsibility for many above functions, with special emphasis on registration of biological pesticides and development of the new Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP). This program is designed to recognize achievements already made by farmers to reduce conventional pesticide use and to find further improvements through cooperative efforts with growers. RP Andersen, J (reprint author), US EPA,7501W,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 966 EP 968 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD969 UT WOS:A1996WD96900047 ER PT J AU Chen, CL Fuscoe, JC Liu, Q Relling, MV AF Chen, CL Fuscoe, JC Liu, Q Relling, MV TI Etoposide causes illegitimate V(D)J recombination in human lymphoid leukemic cells SO BLOOD LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYELOID-LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA; SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION; DNA TOPOISOMERASE-II; PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE GENE; CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS; 11Q23 ABNORMALITIES; ACTIVATING GENE; CLEAVAGE SITES; T-LYMPHOCYTES AB Etoposide is one of the most widely used antineoplastics. Unfortunately, the same treatment schedules associated with impressive efficacy are associated with an increased risk of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which has prompted its withdrawal from some treatment regimens, thereby potentially compromising efficacy against the original tumor. Because etoposide-associated AML is characterized by site-specific illegitimate DNA recombination, we studied whether etoposide could directly cause site-specific deletions of exons 2 and 3 in the hprt gene, Human lymphoid CCRF-CEM cells were treated with etoposide for 4 hours, and DNA was isolated after subculturing. The deletion of exons 2 and 3 from hprt was assayed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. In the absence of etoposide treatment, the frequency of deletions of exons 2 and 3 was very low (5.05 x 10(-8)). After exposure to 10 mu mol/L etoposide, the frequency of the exon 2+3 deletion was increased immediately after and at 24 hours after etoposide treatment (65 to 89 x 10(-8)) and increased to higher levels (128 to 173 x 10(-8)) after 2 and 6 days of subculture (P<.001 overall). The frequency of the exon 2+3 deletion assessed at 6 days of subculture after 4 hours of 0, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mu mol/L etoposide treatment increased with etoposide concentration, is, 5.05 x 10(-8), 89.2 x 10(-8) 108 x 10(-8), 142 x 10(-8), 163 x 10(-8), and 173 x 10(-8), respectively (P<.0001). Sequencing of a subset of amplified products confirmed the presence of DNA sequences at the breakpoints consistent with V(D)J recombination. By contrast, exon 2+3 deletions after etoposide treatment in the myeloid cell lines KG-1A and K562 showed no evidence of V(D)J recombinase in their genesis. We conclude that etoposide can induce the illegitimate site-specific action of V(D)J recombinase on an unnatural DNA substrate after a single treatment in human lymphoid cells. (C) 1996 by The American Society of Hematology. C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT PHARMACEUT SCI, MEMPHIS, TN 38101 USA. ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT BIOSTAT, MEMPHIS, TN 38101 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, COLL PHARM, MEMPHIS, TN USA. US EPA, DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-51001, CA-21765] NR 52 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M STREET. NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD SEP 15 PY 1996 VL 88 IS 6 BP 2210 EP 2218 PG 9 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA VK565 UT WOS:A1996VK56500034 PM 8822941 ER PT J AU Cox, LH AF Cox, LH TI Protecting confidentiality in small population health and environmental statistics SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Symposium on Statistical Methods - Small Area Statistics in Public Health: Design, Analysis, Graphic and Spatial Methods CY 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry AB Public policy decisions are fuelled by information. Often, this information is in the form of statistical data. Questions stemming from public health and environmental concerns often arise or are studied within small subgroups of a population. Continuing improvements in the performance and availability of computing resources, including geographic information systems, and the need to better understand environmental exposures and consequent health effects create increasing demand for small population health and environmental data. These demands are at odds with the need to preserve the privacy and data confidentiality of persons, groups or organizations covered by the data. Although confidentiality issues for demographic and economic data are well-studied and are gaining maturity for health data, these issues are only beginning to emerge for environmental data and combined environmental-health data. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework for that examination. Herein we examine confidentiality problems posed by small population health and environmental data, summarize available statistical methods, and propose avenues for the solution of new problems. RP Cox, LH (reprint author), US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB MD75, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD SEP 15 PY 1996 VL 15 IS 17-18 BP 1895 EP 1905 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960915)15:17<1895::AID-SIM401>3.0.CO;2-W PG 11 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA VG312 UT WOS:A1996VG31200009 PM 8888482 ER PT J AU Kligerman, AD Morgan, DL Doerr, CL Milholland, V Tennant, AH AF Kligerman, AD Morgan, DL Doerr, CL Milholland, V Tennant, AH TI Cytogenetic effects in mice of divinylbenzene-55 inhalation SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE divinylbenzene; cytogenetics; mouse; styrene ID MUTAGENICITY; STYRENE AB Male B6C3F1 mice (8 weeks of age) were exposed by inhalation to divinylbenzene-55 (DVB-55), at target concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm for 6 h per day for 3 days. Following exposure the animals were killed, blood smears were prepared for micronucleus (MN) analysis, and the spleens were removed and cultured for sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration (CA) analyses. DVB-55 induced a dose-dependent increase in SCE with the two highest doses reaching statistical significance. Similarly, there was a statistically significant although less pronounced increase in the frequency of CAs in splenocytes and MN in polychromatic erythrocytes. There was no indication of toxicity as measured by cell cycle kinetics in the splenocytes or the percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood smears. Thus, DVB-55 appears to be a weak genotoxicant in vivo. C1 NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Kligerman, AD (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,MAIL DROP 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1218 J9 MUTAT RES-GENET TOX JI Mutat. Res.-Genet. Toxicol. PD SEP 13 PY 1996 VL 370 IS 2 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1016/0165-1218(96)00050-X PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VM859 UT WOS:A1996VM85900005 PM 8879268 ER PT J AU Gormly, NM Singer, S Genthner, FJ AF Gormly, NM Singer, S Genthner, FJ TI Nontarget testing of microbial pest control agents using larvae of the coot clam Mulinia lateralis SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE biological control; nontarget effects; Mulinia lateralis ID TOXICITY; FISH; EMBRYOS AB A short-term (48 h) chemical toxicity test using larvae of the coot clam Mulinia lateralis was modified to evaluate potential toxicity and pathogenicity of microbial pest control agents. M. lateralis larvae, at the straight-hinged stage of development, were exposed to various microbial pest control agents including: a mosquito larvacide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti); a molluscicidal strain of Bacillus alvei; a viral pathogen of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV); and a broad host-range fungal insect pathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae. Mortalities significantly higher than heat-killed controls were obtained with Bti at a 10(-4) dilution of a commercial preparation, and with LdNPV at an occlusion body density of 1 x 10(6) ml(-1). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil (WSFoil) were also tested to provide a measure of comparison, sensitivity and precision. SDS, toxic at an LC(50) of 6.3 mg l(-1), had a mean coefficient of variation of 23 %. The clam larval toxicity test was very sensitive to WSFoil; exposures resulted in an LC(50) Of <10% v/v. Because of its precision, sensitivity and simplicity, the hi, lateralis larval test has the potential to be useful for assessing adverse effects that microbial pest control agents may have on nontarget bivalves. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECT RES LAB, GULF ECOL DIV, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, MACOMB, IL 61455 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 EI 1616-1580 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD SEP 12 PY 1996 VL 26 IS 3 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.3354/dao026229 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA VN429 UT WOS:A1996VN42900009 ER PT J AU Pakulski, JD Coffin, RB Kelley, CA Holder, SL Downer, R Aas, P Lyons, MM Jeffrey, WH AF Pakulski, JD Coffin, RB Kelley, CA Holder, SL Downer, R Aas, P Lyons, MM Jeffrey, WH TI Iron stimulation of Antarctic bacteria SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID PACIFIC-OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. RP Pakulski, JD (reprint author), US EPA,DIV GULF ECOL,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. RI Kelley, Cheryl/K-9392-2015 NR 12 TC 105 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 9 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD SEP 12 PY 1996 VL 383 IS 6596 BP 133 EP 134 DI 10.1038/383133b0 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VG148 UT WOS:A1996VG14800034 ER PT J AU Potter, CL Chang, LW DeAngelo, AB Daniel, FB AF Potter, CL Chang, LW DeAngelo, AB Daniel, FB TI Effects of four trihalomethanes on DNA strand breaks, renal hyaline droplet formation and serum testosterone in male F-344 rats SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE trihalomethanes; DNA strand breaks; hyaline droplets; alpha 2u-globulin; testosterone ID SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES; MARROW CELLS INVIVO; DRINKING-WATER; REVERSIBLE BINDING; B6C3F1 MICE; CORN-OIL; CHLOROFORM; ALPHA-2U-GLOBULIN; MUTAGENICITY; NEPHROTOXICITY AB All four possible trihalomethanes (THMs) containing bromine and chlorine, as well as perchloroethylene (PCE), were evaluated for their ability to produce DNA strand breaks, alpha 2u-globulin rich renal deposits, and testosterone changes in male F-344 rats. Rats received daily equimolar doses (0.75 or 1.5 mmol/kg) of THMs or PCE (1000 mg/kg) in 4% Emulphor vehicle by oral gavage for 7 days. No significant DNA strand breaks were produced by any THM or PCE treatment. PCE treatment produced increased hyaline droplet formation in renal tubules. However, all THM treatments reduced or eliminated the appearance of renal hyaline droplets. All four THM treatments also produced a decrease in serum testosterone concentrations on day 7, which might account for decreased hyaline droplet formation. No significant increase in cell proliferation, measured by [H-3]thymidine incorporation in vivo, appeared in this 1-week study. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Potter, CL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT LAB,26 W M L KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD SEP 10 PY 1996 VL 106 IS 2 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04331-5 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VJ545 UT WOS:A1996VJ54500013 PM 8844978 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME Burdette, LJ AF Gilbert, ME Burdette, LJ TI Enhancement of paired-pulse depression in the dentate gyrus in vivo by the NMDA antagonist, MK-801, and electrical kindling SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dentate gyrus; in vivo; paired-pulse depression; kindling; MK-801; N-methyl-D-aspartate; gamma-aminobutyric acid ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; HIPPOCAMPAL PYRAMIDAL CELLS; PERFORANT PATH; GRANULE CELLS; SYNAPTIC INHIBITION; FIELD POTENTIALS; RAT; NEURONS; STIMULATION; RECEPTORS AB We have previously demonstrated that late paired-pulse depression of dentate granule cell field potentials decreases when stimulus intensity is increased from moderate to high levels. Voltage-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) currents are increasingly activated within this stimulus range, and are enhanced following the development of kindled seizures. The NMDA antagonist, MK-801 (0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), was used in the present experiments to evaluate the contribution of NMDA currents to the loss of late paired-pulse depression at high stimulus intensities in naive and kindled rats. Paired-pulse stimulus intensity functions were obtained from animals prepared with chronic electrodes in the perforant path and dentate gyrus. MK-801 administration had no effect on the stimulus intensity function for early paired-pulse depression (20-30 ms interpulse intervals, IPI) in either preparation. Late paired-pulse depression (150-500 ms IPI) was significantly enhanced in naive rats by MK-801. In contrast, MK-801 had no effect on the potentiation of late paired-pulse depression recorded from kindled animals. These findings suggest that the ability of NMDA currents to reduce the strength of late paired-pulse depression in naive animals is altered following the development of kindled seizures. A decrease in late paired-pulse depression was observed at high stimulus intensities under all experimental conditions. The latter findings indicate that the processes responsible for the reduction in late paired-pulse depression at high stimulus intensities are unaffected by either NMDA or kindling-induced modulation of late paired-pulse depression. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV PENN,GRAD HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), NATL RES COUNCIL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH-45961] NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD SEP 2 PY 1996 VL 732 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 208 DI 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00521-5 PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA VJ037 UT WOS:A1996VJ03700023 PM 8891285 ER PT J AU Laws, SC Carey, SA Kelce, WR Cooper, RL Gray, LE AF Laws, SC Carey, SA Kelce, WR Cooper, RL Gray, LE TI Vinclozolin does not alter progesterone receptor (PR) function in vivo despite inhibition of PR binding by its metabolites in vitro SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vinclozolin; dicarboximide fungicide; progesterone and estrogen receptors; rat ID FUNGICIDE VINCLOZOLIN; SEX-DIFFERENTIATION; ESTROGEN ACTION; RAT; ANTIANDROGEN; HYDROXYFLUTAMIDE; INTERFERENCE; HYDROLYSIS; OVULATION; FLUTAMIDE AB Vinclozolin, a dicarboximide fungicide, alters morphological sex differentiation in male rats following perinatal exposure. The occurrence of these abnormalities correlates with the in vivo formation of two antiandrogenic metabolites of vinclozolin, (i.e. 2-[[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy]-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid (M1) and 3',5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide (M2)), which are potent inhibitors of rat androgen receptor binding. As steroid hormone receptors exhibit promiscuity in their ability to bind different ligands, the present study evaluated the ability of these vinclozolin metabolites to bind to the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in vitro, and to alter ER and PR function following in vivo exposure. To this end, in vitro ligand binding assays demonstrated that both M1 and M2 can compete with endogenous ligand for binding to the PR (K(i) = 400 and 60 mu M, respectively). In contrast, neither metabolite exhibited the ability to bind ER. Subsequent in vivo studies to evaluate the potential of vinclozolin to alter ER or PR function demonstrate that, (1) the estrogen-dependent increases in uterine weight and PR induction were not altered by vinclozolin; (2) the distribution of nuclear and cytosolic PR was not altered following short-term vinclozolin exposure: and (3) vinclozolin did not disrupt ovulation in cycling female rats. These studies indicate that although vinclozolin metabolites can compete for binding to the PR in vitro, concentrations of these metabolites do not reach sufficient levels to disrupt female reproductive function following short-term in vivo exposure to vinclozolin. In addition, these studies demonstrate the importance of correlating in vitro receptor binding data with in vivo studies in order to understand the physiological consequences of exposure to environmental toxicants. RP Laws, SC (reprint author), US EPA, ENDOCRINOL BRANCH, REPROD TOXICOL DIV, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 2 PY 1996 VL 112 IS 3 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(96)03354-9 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VL148 UT WOS:A1996VL14800001 PM 8845038 ER PT J AU Lordo, RA Dinh, KT Schwemberger, JG AF Lordo, RA Dinh, KT Schwemberger, JG TI Semivolatile organic compounds in adipose tissue: Estimated averages for the US population and selected subpopulations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. The fiscal year (FY) 1986 Environmental Protection Agency National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS) was conducted to estimate average concentrations of 111 semivolatiles in human adipose tissue within the US general population and selected subpopulations. Methods. Population and subpopulation estimates of average Semivolatile concentrations were established from 671 adipose tissue specimens pooled across 50 analytical samples. Results. Among polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), average concentrations for the group aged 45 and older were from 188% to 706% higher than for the 0- through 14-year-old age group. Similar increases with age were observed for pesticides. Geographic effects on average concentration were mixed, and no significant race or sex effects were observed. Statistically significant increases from FY 1982 NHATS results were observed for PCBs and hexachlorobenzene, whereas a decrease from FY 1982 was significant for beta-BHC (benzene hexachloride). Increases from FY 1984 NHATS results were significant for p,p-DDT (dichlordiphenylethylene), p,p-DDE (dichlordiphenyldichlor), hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs. Conclusions. The survey establishes baseline average levels of semivolatile compounds in the adipose tissue of US residents. C1 US EPA,TECH PROGRAMS BRANCH TS 7404,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. BATTELLE STAT & DATA ANAL SYST,COLUMBUS,OH. NR 13 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD SEP PY 1996 VL 86 IS 9 BP 1253 EP 1259 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.9.1253 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VH212 UT WOS:A1996VH21200012 PM 8806377 ER PT J AU McDaniels, AE Rice, EW Reyes, AL Johnson, CH Haugland, RA Stelma, GN AF McDaniels, AE Rice, EW Reyes, AL Johnson, CH Haugland, RA Stelma, GN TI Confirmational identification of Escherichia coli, a comparison of genotypic and phenotypic assays for glutamate decarboxylase and beta-D-glucuronidase SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; UIDA GENE-SEQUENCES; DEFINED SUBSTRATE; SEROTYPE O157-H7; FECAL POLLUTION; WATER; SHIGELLA; EXPRESSION; COLIFORMS; PROBE AB Genotypic and phenotypic assays for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and beta-D-glucuronidase (GUD) were compared for their abilities to detect various strains of Escherichia coli and to discriminate among other bacterial species, Test strains included nonpathogenic E. coli, three major groups of diarrheagenic E. coli, three other non-coli Escherichia species, and various other gram-negative and -positive bacteria found in water, The genotypic assays were performed with hybridization probes generated by PCR amplification of 670- and 623-bp segments of the gadA/B (GAD) and uidA (GUD) genes, respectively, The GAD enzymes catalyze the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to yield gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide, which are detected in the phenotypic assay by a pH-sensitive indicator dye, The phenotypic assay for GUD involves the transformation of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide to the fluorogenic compound 4-methylumbelliferone. The GAD phenotypic assay detected the majority of the E. coli strains tested, whereas a number of these strains, including all representatives of the O157:H7 serotype and several nonpathogenic E. coli strains, gave negative results in the CUD assay. Both phenotypic assays detected some but not all strains from each of the four Shigella species, A strain of Citrobacter freundii was also detected by the GUD assay but not by the GAD assay, All E. coli and Shigella strains were detected with both the gadA/B and uidA probes, A few Escherichia fergusonii strains gave weak hybridization signals in response to both probes at 65 degrees C but not at 68 degrees C, None of the other bacterial species tested were detected by either probe, These results were consistent with previous reports which have indicated that the GAD phenotypic assay detects a wider range of E. coli strains than does the GUD assay and is also somewhat more specific for this species, The genotypic assays for the two enzymes were found to be equivalent in both of these respects and superior to both of the phenotypic assays in terms of the range of E. coli strains and isolates detected. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. US EPA,SENIOR ENVIRONM PROGRAM,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP McDaniels, AE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 34 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3350 EP 3354 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600044 PM 8795225 ER PT J AU Inn, KGW Lin, ZV Liggett, WS Schima, FJ Krey, P Feiner, M Liu, CK Holloway, R Harvey, J Larsen, IL Beasley, T Huh, CA McCurdy, D Germain, P Yamamoto, M Handl, J Popplewell, DS Woods, MJ Jerome, S Bates, TH Holms, A Harvey, BR Odell, KJ Warren, BB Young, P AF Inn, KGW Lin, ZV Liggett, WS Schima, FJ Krey, P Feiner, M Liu, CK Holloway, R Harvey, J Larsen, IL Beasley, T Huh, CA McCurdy, D Germain, P Yamamoto, M Handl, J Popplewell, DS Woods, MJ Jerome, S Bates, TH Holms, A Harvey, BR Odell, KJ Warren, BB Young, P TI Low-level radioactivity ocean sediment standard reference material SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Committee-for-Radionuclide-Metrology Conference on Low-Level Measurement Techniques CY OCT 02-06, 1995 CL SEVILLE, SPAIN SP Int Comm Radionuclide Metrol AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in cooperation with experienced international laboratories, will issue a low-level radioactivity Ocean Sediment Standard Reference Material (SRM) 4357 in 1996. The Ocean Sediment joins the NIST suite of six other 'natural matrix' environmental radioactivity Standard Reference Materials. This family of natural matrix materials have already been used: (1) to develop radiochemical procedures; (2) to test radiochemical procedures already in use for environmental and biokinetic evaluations; (3) to calibrate instruments; (4) to intercompare and evaluate radiochemical methods; (5) to test competency of technicians to do radiochemical assays; and (6) to demonstrate that data output is reliable. The participating laboratories provided data for the following 25 radionuclides: K-40, Sr-90, (TC)-T-99, I-129, (CS)-C-137, Eu-155, Pb-210, Po-210, Pb-212, Bi-214, Ra-226, Ra-228, Ac-228, Th-228, Th-230, Th-232, U-234, U-235, Np-237, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239+Pu-240, Pu-241, and Am-241. The data for many of these radionuclides are of sufficient quality to establish certified values and reasonable uncertainty limits given the relatively low concentrations of the radionuclides. The uncertainties for a number of certified radionuclides are non-symmetrical and large because of the non-normal distribution of reported values. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,STAT ENGN DIV,COMP & APPL MATH LAB,TECHNOL ADM,US DEPT COMMERCE,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. US DOE,ENVIRONM MEASUREMENTS LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10014. INT TECHNOL CORP,OAK RIDGE,TN. MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYST INC,OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. OREGON STATE UNIV,NEWPORT,OR. YANKEE ATOM ELECT CO,BOLTON,ENGLAND. CEA,CTR STUDIES NUCL,LAB RADIOECOL MARINE,FONTENAY ROSES,FRANCE. KANAZAWA UNIV,KANAZAWA,ISHIKAWA 920,JAPAN. NIEDERSACHS INST RADIOOKOL,HANNOVER,GERMANY. NATL RADIOL PROTECT BOARD,OXFORD,ENGLAND. NATL PHYS LAB,TEDDINGTON TW11 0LW,MIDDX,ENGLAND. BRITISH NUCL FUELS PLC,SELLAFIELD,ENGLAND. LAB GOVT CHEMIST,TEDDINGTON TW11 0LY,MIDDX,ENGLAND. MAFF,LOWESTOFT NR33 OHT,SUFFOLK,ENGLAND. NUCL ELECT,GRAVESEND,ENGLAND. ATOM WEAPONS ESTAB,ALDERMASTON,ENGLAND. S SCOTLAND ELECT BOARD,HUNTERSTON,SCOTLAND. RP Inn, KGW (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,IONIZING RADIAT DIV,PHYS LAB,TECHNOL ADM,US DEPT COMMERCE,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. RI Huh, Chih-An/N-4610-2013 NR 1 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 47 IS 9-10 BP 967 EP 970 DI 10.1016/S0969-8043(96)00094-2 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA VX653 UT WOS:A1996VX65300027 ER PT J AU Jones, CG Ostfeld, RS Wolff, JO AF Jones, CG Ostfeld, RS Wolff, JO TI A correction to ''Of mice and mast'' SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; LYMANTRIIDAE C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Jones, CG (reprint author), INST ECOSYST STUDIES,BOX AB,MILLBROOK,NY 12545, USA. RI Jones, Clive/I-4603-2014 OI Jones, Clive/0000-0001-7630-7285 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 8 BP 565 EP 565 DI 10.2307/1312982 PG 1 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA VD351 UT WOS:A1996VD35100004 ER PT J AU Guiney, PD Cook, PM Casselman, JM Fitzsimmons, JD Simonin, HA Zabel, EW Peterson, RE AF Guiney, PD Cook, PM Casselman, JM Fitzsimmons, JD Simonin, HA Zabel, EW Peterson, RE TI Assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced sac fry mortality in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from different regions of the Great Lakes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LIFE-STAGE MORTALITY; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; RAINBOW-TROUT; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; TCDD TOXICITY; FISH; EGGS; CONGENERS AB Background levels of TCDD toxic equivalents (TEs) in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) eggs (calculated using fish-specific toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs)) were higher for two locations in Lake Ontario than Lake Superior and a hatchery (10.5-10.9 versus 0.3 and 0.05 pg TE/g egg). Despite the higher contamination of Lake Ontario eggs, sac fry mortality was uniformly low for all eggs. This is consistent with TCDD toxicity equivalence concentrations (TECs) of all eggs being less than the TCDD no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for Lake Superior lake trout sac fry mortality (34 pg TCDD/g egg). Eggs exposed in the laboratory to [H-3]TCDD and maintained at either 8 or 8-3-8 degrees C had similar sac fry mortalities. For all sources of eggs, [3H]TCDD-induced sac fry mortality was associated with blue sac disease, which was not affected by water temperature, and resulted in similar LD(50) values (42-72 pg[H-3]TCDD/g egg). Thus, lack of sac fry mortality in wild Lake Ontario lake trout eggs was not caused by lack of responsiveness to TCDD but rather was attributable to egg TECs being below the TCDD NOAEL for sac fry mortality. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,NIEHS,AQUAT BIOMED CTR,MILWAUKEE,WI 53204. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. BAYFIELD INST,GREAT LAKES LAB FISHERIES & AQUAT SCI,BURLINGTON,ON L7R 4A6,CANADA. NEW YORK DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,ROME,NY 13440. UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MADISON,WI 53706. CTR ENVIRONM TOXICOL,MADISON,WI 53706. SCH PHARM,MADISON,WI 53706. ONTARIO MINIST NAT RESOURCES,GLENORA FISHERIES RES STN,PICTON,ON K0K 2T0,CANADA. NR 54 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 53 IS 9 BP 2080 EP 2092 DI 10.1139/cjfas-53-9-2080 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WE259 UT WOS:A1996WE25900017 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Poziomek, EJ AF Rogers, KR Poziomek, EJ TI Fiber optic sensors for environmental monitoring SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Review ID HEAVY-METAL IONS; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; CHEMICAL SENSORS; ACETYLCHOLINE ESTERASE; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; NEUTRAL IONOPHORES; ABSORPTION SENSOR; BIOSENSOR; WATER; IMMUNOSENSOR AB Due to decades of neglect as well as ever-increasing industrial activity, environmental monitoring has become an important issue. Given the expense and time constraints associated with classical laboratory analysis, there exists a growing interest in cost-effective and real-time technologies suited to environmental monitoring applications. Recent advances in fiber optic technology and miniaturized optical instrumentation, as well as increasing environmental regulations, are driving an expanded interest in fiber optic sensors for environmental applications. This review of current literature will provide information concerning some of the recent advances in this area. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 OLD DOMINION UNIV, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, NORFOLK, VA 23529 USA. RP US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, LAS VEGAS, NV 89193 USA. NR 112 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 EI 1879-1298 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1151 EP 1174 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00255-X PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE440 UT WOS:A1996VE44000014 ER PT J AU Turner, DP Dodson, R Marks, D AF Turner, DP Dodson, R Marks, D TI Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; climate; production, primary; scale; spatial patterns; water dynamics ID FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; LEAF-AREA INDEX; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; CLIMATIC GRADIENT; PONDEROSA PINE; SATELLITE DATA; GENERAL-MODEL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Spatially distributed biogeochemical models may be applied over grids at a range of spatial resolutions, however, evaluation of potential errors and loss of information at relatively coarse resolutions is rare, In this study, a georeferenced database at the l-km spatial resolution was developed to initialize and drive a process-based model (Forest-BGC) of water and carbon balance over a gridded 54976 km(2) area covering two river basins in mountainous western Oregon. Corresponding data sets were also prepared at 10-km and 50-km spatial resolutions using commonly employed aggregation schemes. Estimates were made at each grid cell for climate variables including daily solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation, The topographic structure, water holding capacity, vegetation type and leaf area index were likewise estimated for initial conditions. The daily time series for the climatic drivers was developed from interpolations of meteorological station data for the water year 1990 (1 October 1989-30 September 1990), Model outputs at the l-km resolution showed good agreement with observed patterns in runoff and productivity. The ranges for model inputs at the 10-km and 50-km resolutions tended to contract because of the smoothed topography. Estimates for mean evapotranspiration and runoff were relatively insensitive to changing the spatial resolution of the grid whereas estimates of mean annual net primary production varied by 11%, The designation of a vegetation type and leaf area at the 50-km resolution often subsumed significant heterogeneity in vegetation, and this factor accounted for much of the difference in the mean values for the carbon flux variables. Although area-wide means for model outputs were generally similar across resolutions, difference maps often revealed large areas of disagreement. Relatively high spatial resolution analyses of biogeochemical cycling are desirable from several perspectives and may be particularly important in the study of the potential impacts of climate change. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,US GEOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Turner, DP (reprint author), MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 49 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1 BP 53 EP 67 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA857 UT WOS:A1996VA85700004 ER PT J AU Killingbeck, KT Whitford, WG AF Killingbeck, KT Whitford, WG TI High foliar nitrogen in desert shrubs: An important ecosystem trait or defective desert doctrine? SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE desert shrubs; ecosystem traits; green leaves; leaf litter; nitrogen in desert shrubs; nutrient cycling ID LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION; USE EFFICIENCY; NUTRIENT; SOIL; RESORPTION; RAINFALL; PLANTS AB Nitrogen concentrations in green and senesced leaves of perennial desert shrubs were compiled from a worldwide literature search to test the validity of the doctrine that desert shrubs produce foliage and leaf litter much richer in nitrogen than that in the foliage of plants from more mesic environments. Mean nitrogen concentration in the green leaves of 78 species of shrubs growing in 11 deserts on five continents (2.2%) was not different from that in 67 species of trees and shrubs growing in deciduous, and mixed deciduous forests (2.2%), and only slightly higher than that in overstory (2.0%) and understory (2.1%) plants growing in tropical wet forest. Mean nitrogen concentration in the green leaves of a ubiquitous shrub that dominates large areas of desert in the United States (Larrea tridentata, 2.1%), and in the green-stem tissues of leafless desert shrubs (2.1%) were also similar to that in plants from mesic environments. Mean green-leaf nitrogen was similar in shrubs growing in different deserts. Mean nitrogen concentration in leaf litter was 1.1% for 11 species of desert shrubs, and 1.0% for the 10 species of this group that were not capable of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Both concentrations were lower than those routinely provided to describe nitrogen in the litter of desert shrubs (1.5-1.7%), and only slightly higher than the mean nitrogen concentration in 77 species of woody perennials growing in a wide variety of environments worldwide (0.9%). Nitrogen in the leaf litter of one desert shrub (0.4%, Brickellia laciniata) was nearly as low as the lowest leaf-litter nitrogen concentration known for any woody species (0.3%). Because nitrogen concentrations in the foliage of desert shrubs are not higher than those in plants growing in more mesic environments, the tenet that desert shrubs support extraordinarily nitrogen-rich foliage can no longer be supported. C1 US EPA,ORD,NERL,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Killingbeck, KT (reprint author), UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT BIOL SCI,KINGSTON,RI 02881, USA. OI Killingbeck, Keith/0000-0002-4971-3592 NR 47 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 15 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1728 EP 1737 DI 10.2307/2265778 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE198 UT WOS:A1996VE19800016 ER PT J AU Hogan, K AF Hogan, K TI Code green SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material RP Hogan, K (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER POLLUT PREVENT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD SEP PY 1996 VL 38 IS 7 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD305 UT WOS:A1996VD30500002 ER PT J AU Neumann, DA Crisp, TM Olin, SS AF Neumann, DA Crisp, TM Olin, SS TI Mammary gland neoplasia SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; chemical carcinogens; estrogen; hormones; interspecies extrapolation; mammary tumors; risk assessment; rodent bioassay ID BREAST-CANCER AB Determining how findings of chemically induced carcinogenic effects in rodents can properly he interpreted for human health poses a continuing challenge to the risk assessment community. One approach begins by comparing and contrasting carcinogenic processes in rodents and humans, identifying biologically significant similarities and differences and gaps in scientific knowledge and understanding. Russo and Russo (in this issue) use just such an approach to evaluate the current mate of scientific understanding of the comparative mechanisms of mammary tumorigenesis in humans and rodents, particularly the role of reproductive hormones. This commentary describes the basis for this review and suggests some of the implications the report may have for human health risk assessment and for future research. C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Neumann, DA (reprint author), ILSI,RISK SCI INST,1126 16TH ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL INST ENVIRON HEALTH SCI PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 104 IS 9 BP 912 EP 914 DI 10.2307/3433131 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VL036 UT WOS:A1996VL03600003 PM 8899366 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, OJ AF Gonzalez, OJ TI Formulating an ecosystem approach to environmental protection SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem approach; ecological risk assessment; environmental protection; EPA ID ECOLOGICAL LAND CLASSIFICATION; SCALE AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has embraced a new strategy of environmental protection that is place-driven rather than program-driven. This new approach focuses on the protection of entire ecosystems. To develop an effective strategy of ecosystem protection, however, EPA will need to: (1) determine how to define and delineate ecosystems and (2) categorize threats to individual ecosystems and priority rank ecosystems at risk. Current definitions of ecosystem in use at EPA are inadequate for meaningful use in a management or regulatory context. A landscape-based definition that describes an ecosystem as a volumetric unit delineated by climatic and landscape features is suggested. Following this definition, ecosystems are organized hierarchically, from megaecosystems, which exist on a continental scale (e.g., Great Lakes), to small local ecosystems. Threats to ecosystems can generally be categorized as: (1) ecosystem degradation (occurs mainly through pollution) (2) ecosystem alteration (physical changes such as water diversion), and (3) ecosystem removal (e.g., conversion of wetlands or forest to urban or agricultural lands). Level of threat (i.e., how imminent), and distance from desired future condition are also important in evaluating threats to ecosystems. Category of threat, level of threat, and ''distance'' from desired future condition can be combined into a three-dimensional ranking system for ecosystems at risk. The purpose of the proposed ranking system is to suggest a preliminary framework for agencies such as EPA to prioritize responses to ecosystems at risk. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RESUITS BRANCH,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 20 IS 5 BP 597 EP 605 DI 10.1007/BF01204133 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD303 UT WOS:A1996VD30300001 ER PT J AU Weber, EJ Spidle, DL Thorn, KA AF Weber, EJ Spidle, DL Thorn, KA TI Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances .1. Kinetic studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS; SOIL; ATTACHMENT; CARBONYLS; BENZIDINE; REDUCTION; QUINONES; SITES; HUMUS AB The reaction kinetics for the covalent binding of aniline with reconstituted IHSS humic and fulvic acids, unfractionated DOM isolated from Suwannee River water, and whole samples of Suwannee River water have been investigated. The reaction kinetics in each of these systems can be adequately described by a simple second-order rate expression. The effect of varying the initial concentration of aniline on reaction kinetics suggested that approximately 10% of the covalent binding sites associated with Suwannee River fulvic acid are highly reactive sites that are quickly saturated. Based on the kinetic parameters determined for the binding of aniline with the Suwannee River fulvic and humic acid isolates, it was estimated that 50% of the aniline concentration decrease in a Suwannee River water sample could be attributed to reaction with the fulvic and humic acid components of the whole water sample. Studies with Suwannee River fulvic acid demonstrated that the rate of binding decreased with decreasing pH, which parallels the decrease in the effective concentration of the neutral form, or reactive nucleophilic species of aniline. The covalent binding of aniline with Suwannee River fulvic acid was inhibited by prior treatment of the fulvic acid with hydrogen sulfide, sodium borohydride, Dr hydroxylamine. These observations are consistent with a reaction pathway involving nucleophilic addition of aniline to carbonyl moieties present in the fulvic acid. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ATHENS,GA 30605. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP Weber, EJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 38 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2755 EP 2763 DI 10.1021/es9509341 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE883 UT WOS:A1996VE88300026 ER PT J AU Thorn, KA Pettigrew, PJ Goldenberg, WS AF Thorn, KA Pettigrew, PJ Goldenberg, WS TI Covalent binding of aniline to humic substances .2. N-15 NMR studies of nucleophilic addition reactions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMUS COMPLEXES; C-13 NMR; 3,4-DICHLOROANILINE; SOIL; ACID; 4-CHLOROANILINE; OLIGOMERIZATION; BIODEGRADATION; ATTACHMENT; QUINONES AB Aromatic amines are known to undergo covalent binding with humic substances in the environment. Although previous studies have examined reaction conditions and proposed mechanisms, there has been no direct spectroscopic evidence for the covalent binding of the amines to the functional groups in humic substances, In order to further elucidate the reaction mechanisms, the Suwannee River and IHSS soil fulvic and humic acids were reacted with N-15-labeled aniline at pH 6 and analyzed using N-15 NMR spectrometry. Aniline underwent nucleophilic addition reactions with the quinone and other carbonyl groups in the samples and became incorporated in the form of anilinohydroquinone, anilinoquinone, anilide, imine, and heterocyclic nitrogen, the latter comprising 50% or more of the bound amine. The anilide and anilinohydroquinone nitrogens were determined to be susceptible to chemical exchange by ammonia. In the case of Suwannee River fulvic acid, reaction under anoxic conditions and pretreatment with sodium borohydride or hydroxylamine prior to reaction under oxic conditions resulted in a decrease in the proportion of anilinohydroquinone nitrogen incorporated. The relative decrease in the incorporation of anilinohydroquinone nitrogen with respect to anilinoquinone nitrogen under anoxic conditions suggested that inter- or intramolecular redox reactions accompanied the nucleophilic addition reactions. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP Thorn, KA (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER FED CTR,MAIL STOP 408,BOX 25046,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 45 TC 132 Z9 135 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 9 BP 2764 EP 2775 DI 10.1021/es9509339 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VE883 UT WOS:A1996VE88300027 ER PT J AU Leonard, EN Cotter, AM Ankley, GT AF Leonard, EN Cotter, AM Ankley, GT TI Modified diffusion method for analysis of acid volatile sulfides and simultaneously extracted metals in freshwater sediment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acid volatile sulfides; metals; sediment; method; freshwater ID TOXICITY; CADMIUM; NICKEL; AVS AB A modified procedure was developed for determining acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in freshwater sediments. A simple diffusion system employing relatively inexpensive glassware was compared to the more commonly utilized purge-and-nap system for generating AVS and SEM. Results obtained using the two different methods were generally comparable. RP Leonard, EN (reprint author), US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 12 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 1479 EP 1481 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1479:MDMFAO>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF252 UT WOS:A1996VF25200009 ER PT J AU Berger, BM Wolfe, NL AF Berger, BM Wolfe, NL TI Hydrolysis and biodegradation of sulfonylurea herbicides in aqueous buffers and anaerobic water-sediment systems: Assessing fate pathways using molecular descriptors SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sulfonylureas; degradation; sediments; products; QSAR ID MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; SULFOMETURON METHYL; METSULFURON-METHYL; SOIL; TRANSFORMATION; RATES; CHLORSULFURON; TRIASULFURON AB The degradation of 12 sulfonylurea herbicides in buffers at different pH levels and in anaerobic sediments was investigated in laboratory studies. Reaction products, which are not commercially available, were synthesized in order to follow degradation kinetics. Different hydrolysis processes were shown to occur under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions. At 40 degrees C, pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants between pH 4 and 10 covered two orders of magnitude. Activation energies of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis were about 100 kJ/mol. Reaction rate-pH profiles were different for all compounds. In native sediments at neutral pH, microbial degradation was prevalent. At lower pH, chemical hydrolysis became more important. Pseudo-first-order dissipation rate constants between 12.50 x 10(-2) d(-1) and 0.19 x 10(-2) d(-1) were determined. Quantum-chemical molecular descriptors were calculated with MOPAC, and steric, electronic, and geometrical descriptors with Molecular Modeling Pro. Quantitative structure-reactivity relationships were found between bond orders, atomic charges, lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, and pK(a) values on one hand and rate constants on the other. Disappearance rates in native sediments could be assessed with a multiple correlation considering calculated octanol water partition coefficients, parachors, and the atomic charges at the main reactive site of the molecules. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 36 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 31 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 1500 EP 1507 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1500:HABOSH>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF252 UT WOS:A1996VF25200012 ER PT J AU Bergen, BJ Nelson, WG Pruell, RJ AF Bergen, BJ Nelson, WG Pruell, RJ TI Comparison of nonplanar and coplanar PCB congener partitioning in seawater and bioaccumulation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PCBs; coplanar congeners; partitioning; bioaccumulation ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; NEW-BEDFORD HARBOR; PERNA-VIRIDIS; MASSACHUSETTS; TOXICITY; MARINE; DIBENZOFURANS; HYDROCARBONS; PERSISTENCY; MECHANISM AB The partitioning of 18 nonplanar and three coplanar (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry [IUPAC] numbers 77, 126, and 169) polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was quantified in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, USA. Concurrently, bioaccumulation of these congeners was measured in blue mussels deployed for 7 and 28 d in New Bedford Harbor, and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated for each congener. The PCB concentrations measured in the dissolved and particulate fractions of seawater samples were used to calculate partition coefficients (K-p) for each congener. These values were correlated with reported octanol/water partition coefficients (K-ow). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the relationships between K-p and K-ow for the coplanar congeners relative to the nonplanar congeners. Coplanar congeners reached steady state faster than the nonplanar congeners; however, after 28 d a similar relationship was observed between BCF and K-ow in coplanar and nonplanar congeners. These data indicate that coplanar PCBs partition in seawater and accumulate in mussels similarly to nonplanar PCBs with the same number of chlorines. RP Bergen, BJ (reprint author), US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 1517 EP 1523 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1517:CONACP>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF252 UT WOS:A1996VF25200014 ER PT J AU Yeardley, RB Lazorchak, JM Gast, LC AF Yeardley, RB Lazorchak, JM Gast, LC TI The potential of an earthworm avoidance test for evaluation of hazardous waste sites SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE earthworm; avoidance; toxicity; hazardous waste ID TOXICITY; SOIL AB An earthworm avoidance test has potential advantages for use in evaluation of hazardous wastes sites. Because organisms often exhibit behavioral responses at lower levels of stress than those that acute toxicity tests are able to detect, avoidance tests could provide increased sensitivity to hazardous chemicals. Avoidance is an ecologically relevant endpoint that neither acute nor sublethal tests measure. Avoidance can potentially indicate sublethal stress in a short period of time, testing is easily done in a soil matrix, and an avoidance test has the potential for specialized applications for soil testing. ''Dual-control'' test data established that, in absence of a toxicant, worms did not congregate, but instead distributed themselves fairly randomly with respect to the two sides of the test chambers, that is, they did not display behavior that might be mistaken for avoidance. In tests with artificial soil spiked with reference toxicants and hazardous site soils, worms avoided soils containing various toxic chemicals. Avoidance behavior proved in most cases be a more sensitive indicator of chemical contamination than acute tests. Determination of avoidance was possible in 1 to 2 d, much less than the current duration of acute and sublethal earthworm tests. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Yeardley, RB (reprint author), US EPA,DYNCORP,3411 CHURCH ST,CINCINNATI,OH 45244, USA. OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 29 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 4 U2 31 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 1532 EP 1537 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1532:TPOAEA>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF252 UT WOS:A1996VF25200016 ER PT J AU Boese, BL Lee, H Specht, DT Pelletier, J Randall, R AF Boese, BL Lee, H Specht, DT Pelletier, J Randall, R TI Evaluation of PCB and hexachlorobenzene biota-sediment accumulation factors based on ingested sediment in a deposit-feeding clam SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biota-sediment accumulation factor; PCBs; Macoma; sediment; bioaccumulation ID BIOACCUMULATION; MODEL AB Contaminated sediment exposure experiments were conducted using a marine deposit-feeding clam (Macoma nasuta) to determine biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) based on ingested sediment and fecal organic carbon. Internal, or gut, BSAFs were determined for hexachlorobenzene and 13 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and were compared to those found with the standard method of calculating BSAFs, which uses the organic carbon and contaminant concentration of the whole or external sediment. The results of these experiments indicated that gut BSAFs were consistently smaller and less variable across sediment types than the corresponding standard BSAFs. Although these results indicate that using ingested sediment concentrations and fecal total organic carbon to calculate gut BSAFs might improve the predictive ability of the standard BSAF model, the benefit is small when compared to the difficulty in measuring the contaminant concentration on ingested sediment and the organic carbon content of feces. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,DYNCORP,NEWPORT,OR 97365. RP Boese, BL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR,COASTAL ECOL BRANCH,NEWPORT,OR 97365, USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 9 BP 1584 EP 1589 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1584:EOPAHB>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VF252 UT WOS:A1996VF25200024 ER PT J AU Summers, JK Wade, TL Engle, VD Malaeb, ZA AF Summers, JK Wade, TL Engle, VD Malaeb, ZA TI Normalization of metal concentrations in estuarine sediments from the Gulf of Mexico SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID QUALITY CRITERIA; HEAVY-METALS; TRACE-METALS; MARINE; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENT; ELEMENT; BAY AB Metal concentrations were examined in sediments from 497 sites within the estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). Data were normalized for extant concentrations of aluminum to isolate natural factors from anthropogenic ones, The normalization was based on the hypothesis that metal concentrations vary consistently with the concentration of aluminum, unless metals are of anthropogenic origin. Strong linear correlations (>75% variation explained) were observed between Al and Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn, Moderate correlations (50-75% variation explained) were observed between Al and As or Ag. Weak but significant correlations (30-40% variation explained) were observed between Al and Hg or Cd. Based on these results, the spatial extent of contamination was examined. About 39% of sites with contamination by at least one metal occurred near population centers, industrial discharge sites, or military bases. The remainder of the observed contamination represented a dispersed pattern, including the lower Mississippi River (7%) and numerous agricultural watersheds (54%), suggesting that the contamination might be from nonpoint sources. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,GEOCHEM & ENVIRONM RES GRP,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NATL BIOL SERV,SO SCI CTR,GULF BREEZE PROJECT OFF,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Summers, JK (reprint author), US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. RI Wade, Terry/A-4012-2012 NR 35 TC 101 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 18 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD SEP PY 1996 VL 19 IS 3 BP 581 EP 594 DI 10.2307/1352519 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VP806 UT WOS:A1996VP80600007 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Jaskot, RH Bonner, J Badgett, A Dreher, KL AF Kodavanti, UP Jaskot, RH Bonner, J Badgett, A Dreher, KL TI Eosinophilic lung inflammation in particulate-induced lung injury: Technical consideration in isolating RNA for gene expression studies SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE eosinophils; inflammation; lung tissue; particles; ribonucleases; RNA isolation ID CATIONIC PROTEIN; RIBONUCLEASE; ASTHMA; OZONE; AIR; PROTEOGLYCAN; MACROPHAGES; LYMPHOCYTES; EXTRACTION; NEUROTOXIN AB Particulate and other pollutant exposures are associated with lung injury and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach by which intact RNA could be obtained from inflamed lung tissue from particulate-exposed animals in order to correlate injury with specific gene expression. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) and Fischer-344 (F-344) rats were intratracheally instilled with saline or residual oil fly ash (ROFA) instillation, lungs were either lavaged or used for RNA isolation. ROFA exposure produced an increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils in both SD and F-344 rats. A time-dependent increase in eosinophils occurred only in SD rats but not in F-344 rats. Extraction if inflamed pulmonary tissue having a high influx of eosinophils for RNA using the conventional acid guanidinium thiocyanate phenol-chloroform (AGPC) procedure failed to provide undergraded RNA suitable for RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis of beta-actin mRNA expression. Mixing intact total RNA from saline control rat lungs with degraded RNA samples from inflamed lung yielded a gel profile of degraded RNA, indicating the presence of ribonuclease-like activity in the RNA extracted from lung tissues having eosinophil influx. Evidently, the conventional AGPC procedure failed to completely remove ribonuclease activity associated with ROFA-induced pulmonary eosinophil influx. This study reports a single-step modification to the AGPC extraction method that does not require additional reagents or additional precipitation steps for extracting undergraded RNA from nuclease-rich inflamed lung tissue. The aqueous layer resulting from mixing homogenate and chloroform is extracted a second time using an equal volume of AGPC buffer followed by addition of chloroform and centrifugation. This simple aqueous phase is then treated as described in the conventional RNA extraction protocol. This simple aqueous phase is then treated as described in the conventional RNA extraction protocol. This sample and convenient modification does not require multiple precipitations of RNA and yields undergraded RNA from inflamed lung tissue with a slightly higher A(260)/A(280) ratio without affecting overall RNA recovery. The results indicate that undergraded RNA could not be isolated using the routine ROFA exposure. The degraded RNA preparations were unsuitable for gene expression studies. However, undergraded RNA can be isolated from these tissues by modifying the original AGPC RNA extraction procedure, which is suitable for gene expression analysis using northern blot and RT-PCR techniques. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,PULM PATHOBIOL SECT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU HEMISPHERE PUBL CORP PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 22 IS 5 BP 541 EP 554 DI 10.3109/01902149609046041 PG 14 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA VJ555 UT WOS:A1996VJ55500004 PM 8886758 ER PT J AU Dong, WM Lewtas, J Luster, MI AF Dong, WM Lewtas, J Luster, MI TI Role of endotoxin in tumor necrosis factor alpha expression from alveolar macrophages treated with urban air particles SO EXPERIMENTAL LUNG RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE alveolar macrophage; diesel particles; endotoxin; inflammatory cytokines; lung inflammation; urban air particles ID PULMONARY TOXICITY; LUNG INFLAMMATION; DUST EXPOSURE; GROWTH-FACTOR; COTTON DUST; POLLUTION; RELEASE; INHALATION; CYTOKINE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AB The effects of urban air and diesel particles on inflammatory cytokine gene expression, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in particular, were studied in rat alveolar macrophages. TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 gene expression and TNF-alpha secretion were increased in cells treated with 50 to 200 mu g/mL of urban air particles in a concentration-related manner. There was no cytokine induction by diesel particles at any of the concentrations tested. Cytokine expression was not related to reactive oxygen species since antioxidants, such as catalase, TMTU, or DMSO, had not effect on TNF-alpha secretion. However, cytokine induction by urban air particles was completely prevented by polymyxin B, an antibiotic capable of neutralizing bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activities. Furthermore, LPS was detected on the urban air particles, but not on diesel particle. These results suggest that activation of cytokine gene expression and secretion in rat alveolar macrophages by urban air particles is due to the presence of endotoxin on the particles. C1 US EPA, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. NIOSH, TOXICOL & MOL BIOL BRANCH, MORGANTOWN, WV USA. RP Dong, WM (reprint author), NIEHS, ENVIRONM IMMUNOL & NEUROBIOL SECT, C1-04, POB 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 48 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0190-2148 J9 EXP LUNG RES JI Exp. Lung Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 22 IS 5 BP 577 EP 592 DI 10.3109/01902149609046043 PG 16 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA VJ555 UT WOS:A1996VJ55500006 PM 8886760 ER PT J AU Kimber, I Bernstein, IL Karol, MH Robinson, MK Sarlo, K Selgrade, MK AF Kimber, I Bernstein, IL Karol, MH Robinson, MK Sarlo, K Selgrade, MK TI Identification of respiratory allergens SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MOLECULAR-WEIGHT CHEMICALS; GUINEA-PIGS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; IGE PRODUCTION; EXPERIMENTAL SENSITIZATION; TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE; ANTIBODY-PRODUCTION; IMMEDIATE-ONSET; DELAYED-ONSET; MICE AB A variety of chemicals and proteins can sensitize the respiratory tract, Among these are materials of industrial importance, including certain diisocyanates, acid anhydrides, reactive dyes, and enzymes. Currently, no widely accepted or well-validated methods for the prospective identification of respiratory allergens exist. Most progress has been made with guinea pig methods where sensitizing potential is measured usually by assessment of changes in pulmonary function induced following sensitization and challenge, However, these methods are often prohibitively expensive, particularly for screening purposes, A number of alternative approaches are under consideration and are described here, The nature of the health problems associated with occupational respiratory sensitization, chemical structure-activity analyses as a tool for detecting pulmonary allergens, approaches used to test for respiratory allergens in guinea pigs, and alternative approaches using mice are all discussed, Finally, regulatory issues and needs with respect to respiratory sensitization are outlined. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV IMMUNOL & ALLERGY,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,CTR ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH & TOXICOL,PITTSBURGH,PA 15238. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,DIV HUMAN & ENVIRONM SAFETY,CINCINNATI,OH 45253. US EPA,IMMUNOTOXICOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kimber, I (reprint author), ICI PLC,CENT TOXICOL LAB,ALDERLEY PK,MACCLESFIELD SK10 4TJ,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND. OI Robinson, Michael/0000-0002-6914-8543 NR 52 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0136 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VF995 UT WOS:A1996VF99500001 PM 8812200 ER PT J AU Herr, DW Goldey, ES Crofton, KM AF Herr, DW Goldey, ES Crofton, KM TI Developmental exposure to aroclor 1254 produces low-frequency alterations in adult rat brainstem auditory evoked responses SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; STEM RESPONSES; CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; COCHLEAR DAMAGE; POTENTIALS; OTOTOXICITY; PCBS; CAT AB Developmental exposure of Long-Evans rats to 0, 1, 4, or 8 mg/kg/day Aroclor 1254 (A1254) from Gestational Day 6 through Postnatal Day 21 produces an elevated behavioral threshold for a 1-kHz tone. Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) were assessed in a subset of these animals (about 1 year old) using filtered clicks at 1 (65 and 80 dB SPL), 4 (60 and 80 dB SPL), 16 (40 and 80 dB SPL), and 32 (40 and 80 dB SPL) kHz. Aroclor 1254 decreased BAER amplitudes at 1 and 4 kHz, but not at 16 or 32 kHz. A dose-related decrease in the baseline-to-peak P-1A amplitude was observed for the 1-kHz (80-dB) stimulus. Doses of 1, 4, or 8 mg/kg/day A1254 decreased the peak-to-peak amplitude of both P1AN1 and P1BN1 for a 1-kHz (80-dB) stimulus. Doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg/day A1254 decreased the peak-to-peak amplitude of N1P2 and P2N2 for a 4-kHz (60-dB) or 1-kHz (80-dB) stimulus. At 8 mg/kg/day, A1254 also increased the latency of peak P-4 at 1 kHz (65 dB). The decreases in peak P-1A amplitudes are consistent with a dysfunction of the cochlea and/or auditory nerve. Together, the data confirm that developmental exposure of rats to A1254 produces a permanent low- to mid-frequency auditory dysfunction and suggest a cochlear and/or auditory nerve site of action. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology RP Herr, DW (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,NTD,NPTB,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 60 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 1 BP 120 EP 128 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0149 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VF995 UT WOS:A1996VF99500014 PM 8812251 ER PT J AU Sidle, WC Lee, PY AF Sidle, WC Lee, PY TI Uranium contamination in the Great Miami Aquifer at the Fernald Environmental Management Project, Fernald, Ohio SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Ground-water investigations at a former U.S. Department of Energy nuclear weapons complex near Fernald, in southwestern Ohio, included the delineation of uranium contamination above the USEPA pro posed drinking water standard of 20 mu g/l. Contamination occurs in a buried valley and has migrated > 1.5 km south-southeast of the facility boundary. Flooring of the plume(s) appears to be congruent to 32 m below the water table of the Great Miami Aquifer. U6+ predominates in the modeled U-O-2-CO2-H2O system and U retardation decreases at depth. U-234/U-238 disequilibria analyses complement hydrogeologic studies which suggest that U leakage through the clayey till cap is less significant than the predominant transport pathway of infiltration via drainage channels incised into the aquifer. C1 GROUNDWATER RES,OXFORD,OH 45056. RP Sidle, WC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,MAIL STOP 690,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 34 IS 5 BP 876 EP 882 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02082.x PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA VF569 UT WOS:A1996VF56900017 ER PT J AU Manning, L King, R Heisler, R AF Manning, L King, R Heisler, R TI STORET - A good place for ground water data SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Manning, L (reprint author), US EPA,OFF WETLANDS OCEANS & WATERSHEDS,MAIL CODE 4503F,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 45 EP 48 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb01167.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA VU517 UT WOS:A1996VU51700001 ER PT J AU Ankley, GT Mount, DR AF Ankley, GT Mount, DR TI Retrospective analysis of the ecological risk of contaminant mixtures in aquatic sediments SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE contaminant; mixture; toxicity; methods RP Ankley, GT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ECOL EFFECTS RES LAB,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 2 IS 3 BP 434 EP 440 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WT986 UT WOS:A1996WT98600008 ER PT J AU Guth, DJ AF Guth, DJ TI Dose-response assessment of non-cancer effects of propionaldehyde based on comparative toxicity with other short-chain aldehydes SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE propionaldehyde; aldehyde; risk assessment ID INHALED ALDEHYDES; ACETALDEHYDE; DEHYDROGENASE; FORMALDEHYDE; HEMOGLOBIN; RATS AB Propionaldehyde, the three-carbon saturated aldehyde, has been the subject of limited toxicological investigation. Other low-molecular-weight aldehydes such as formaldehyde, unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein, and the two-carbon saturated acetaldehyde have been studied much more extensively due to their more widespread use and more severe toxicity, including carcinogenicity. For propionaldehyde, the current toxicological literature cannot support an evaluation of human risk from long-term exposure because current practice requires both an adequate subchronic study to assess noncancer endpoints and a chronic bioassay to evaluate carcinogenic potential. The biological activities of propionaldehyde and other low-molecular-weight aldehydes, especially acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, have been evaluated in several different systems, both in vitro and in vivo. The results of these investigations show consistent similarities in effects and potency between propionaldehyde and acetaldehyde in a range of test systems. A detailed comparison of the noncancer toxicological activity of short-chain aldehydes is presented with a discussion of the use of studies of acetaldehyde to make inferences regarding noncancer effects from propionaldehyde. RP Guth, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,MD-52,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 2 IS 3 BP 580 EP 590 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WT986 UT WOS:A1996WT98600017 ER PT J AU Fox, KR AF Fox, KR TI Waterborne disease outbreaks and small systems SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Fox, KR (reprint author), US EPA,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 88 IS 9 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VH208 UT WOS:A1996VH20800004 ER PT J AU Craun, GF Calderon, RL Frost, FJ AF Craun, GF Calderon, RL Frost, FJ TI An introduction to epidemiology SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; CANCER; LOGIC; RISK AB Epidemiologists study the occurrence and causes of disease in human populations and apply this knowledge to the prevention and control of health problems. Studies are increasingly being conducted to determine health risks that may be associated with environmental exposures, especially water professionals become more familiar with the terminology, types of studies that can be conducted, sources of possible bias, and some of the reasons why results can be controversial. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. LOVELACE BIOMED & ENVIRONM RES INST,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87111. RP Craun, GF (reprint author), CRAUN & ASSOCIATES,101 W FREDERICK ST,ROOM 104,STAUNTON,VA 24401, USA. NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 88 IS 9 BP 54 EP 65 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VH208 UT WOS:A1996VH20800008 ER PT J AU Frost, FJ Craun, GF Calderon, RL AF Frost, FJ Craun, GF Calderon, RL TI Waterborne disease surveillance SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM INFECTION; OUTBREAK; GIARDIASIS; COLORADO AB One option for obtaining information about the occurrence and causes of epidemic and endemic waterborne disease is to improve disease surveillance systems now in place in most state and local health departments. In addition, the authors recommend additional ways of improving disease surveillance and investigating endemic waterborne disease. Health care reform may reduce the effectiveness of the current system of laboratory-based disease reporting, but opportunities for enhanced disease surveillance may also emerge from these reforms. In addition, new laboratory technologies may make routine surveillance of enteric pathogen infections, rather than disease from these pathogens, increasingly feasible. The interests and information needs of the drinking water industry and its customers can best be assured by its informed participation in the debate over the design and goals of new disease surveillance programs. C1 CRAUN & ASSOCIATES,STAUNTON,VA 24411. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Frost, FJ (reprint author), LOVELACE BIOMED & ENVIRONM RES INST,2425 RIDGECREST DR SE,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87108, USA. NR 35 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 88 IS 9 BP 66 EP 75 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VH208 UT WOS:A1996VH20800009 ER PT J AU Fox, KR Lytle, DA AF Fox, KR Lytle, DA TI Milwaukee's crypto outbreak: Investigation and recommendations SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AB In March and April 1993, the largest US waterborne disease outbreak occurred in Milwaukee, Wis., causing illness in more than 400,000 people. The etiological agent responsible for most cases was Cryptosporidium. Milwaukee was served by two water treatment plants that used raw water from Lake Michigan. Before the outbreak, severe spring storms caused the lake's turbidity and bacterial counts to rise dramatically During the outbreak, effluent produced by one plant had a turbidity approaching 2.5 ntu, a high reading that indicated an increase in particulates passing through the plant. The increase may have also meant an increase in passage of Cryptosporidium oocysts. This article discusses the investigation by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division (formerly the Drinking Water Research Division) of the US Environmental Protection Agency into what may have happened to allow the oocysts to pass through the treatment plant. RP Fox, KR (reprint author), US EPA,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 5 TC 66 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 88 IS 9 BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VH208 UT WOS:A1996VH20800011 ER PT J AU Jakubowski, W Boutros, S Faber, W Fayer, R Ghiorse, W LeChevallier, M Rose, J Schaub, S Singh, A Stewart, M AF Jakubowski, W Boutros, S Faber, W Fayer, R Ghiorse, W LeChevallier, M Rose, J Schaub, S Singh, A Stewart, M TI Environmental methods for cryptosporidium SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IN-VITRO; GIARDIA CYSTS; PARVUM APICOMPLEXA; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; WATER SAMPLES; RIVER WATER; OOCYSTS; PCR; IDENTIFICATION AB This report was prepared by the Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis (Technical Task Force E, Developmental Status of Environmental Sampling, Water Testing, and Surrogate Indicators). Methods for detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in water have centered around microscopic examination of fluorescent antibody-stained concentrates from large-volume water samples. The limitations of these antibody-based methods include the need for experienced analysts, lengthy analytical time, expense, lack of specificity, erratic efficiency, low precision, and difficulty in determining viability. A number of methods, assays, and procedures that have the potential for ameliorating some of these limitations are currently being evaluated. How successful such processes will. be remains to be demonstrated by the scientific community. C1 ENVIRONM ASSOCIATES,BRADFORD,PA 16701. NEW YORK CITY DEPT ENVIRONM PROTECT,NEW YORK,NY 11368. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. AMER WATER WORKS SERV CO INC,VOORHEES,NJ 08043. UNIV S FLORIDA,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. MILWAUKEE HLTH DEPT,MILWAUKEE,WI 53224. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF,LA VERNE,CA 91750. RP Jakubowski, W (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 49 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 88 IS 9 BP 107 EP 121 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VH208 UT WOS:A1996VH20800013 ER PT J AU Rice, EW Fox, KR Miltner, RJ Lytle, DA Johnson, CM AF Rice, EW Fox, KR Miltner, RJ Lytle, DA Johnson, CM TI Evaluating plant performance with endospores SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AB Spores of aerobic spore-forming bacteria were used as microbial surrogates for evaluating drinking water treatment plant performance. A method for assaying for the microbial surrogate was developed. Various water sources were surveyed, and data were collected from coagulation and chlorine inactivation studies. Evaluations for spore removals and turbidity and particle removals were compared for pilot-scale and full-scale water treatment plants. RP Rice, EW (reprint author), US EPA,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 13 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 88 IS 9 BP 122 EP 130 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VH208 UT WOS:A1996VH20800014 ER PT J AU Ball, BA Folinsbee, LJ Peden, DB Kehrl, HR AF Ball, BA Folinsbee, LJ Peden, DB Kehrl, HR TI Allergen bronchoprovocation of patients with mild allergic asthma after ozone exposure SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE asthma; allergen; bronchial provocation; allergen challenge; ozone ID AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; BRONCHIAL RESPONSIVENESS; MODERATE EXERCISE; 0.12 PPM; RESPONSES; REACTIVITY; POLLUTION; HISTAMINE AB Background: Clinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that ambient ozone exposure may increase the response of patients with asthma to inhaled allergen. Objectives: The study was designed to evaluate whether a resting 1-hour exposure to 0.12 ppm ozone increases the sensitivity of patients with atopic asthma to inhaled allergen. Methods: Outside of their allergen season, 15 patients with mild atopic asthma (5 women and 10 men) were exposed, on separate occasions for 1 hour at rest to clean air and 0.12 ppm ozone. Exposures were separated by a minimum of 4 weeks in a counterbalanced, double-blind design. After exposure, subjects underwent inhalation challenge with doubling doses of aerosolized allergen (0.05 to a maximum of 1600 protein nitrogen units/ml) until we elicited a 20% FEV(1) decrement (PC20). Results: Baseline symptoms spirometry, and histamine bronchoreactivity were similar for the two exposures. Neither spirometry results nor symptoms were significantly changed after either exposure. The mean difference in response to allergen challenge on the air and ozone days, for the 12 subjects who attained a PC20, was not significant (p = 0.124). Three subjects required the same allergen dose to reach PC20 for both exposures, five required less allergen after ozone exposure, and four required more. There was no order effect for the acute response to allergen challenges (p = 0.325). However 20 hours after allergen challenge, histamine bronchoreactivity was increased (p < 0.05) to a similar degree for both air and ozone. Conclusions: A testing exposure for 1 hour to 0.12 ppm ozone did not potentiate an immediate bronchoconstrictive response to grass allergen in this group of patients with mild atopic asthma. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV HUMAN STUDIES,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Ball, BA (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CB NO 7310,104 MASON FARM RD,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00046] NR 29 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 563 EP 572 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70090-8 PG 10 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA VJ428 UT WOS:A1996VJ42800013 PM 8828534 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA AF Magnuson, ML Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA TI Speciation of arsenic compounds by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection utilizing hydride generation with a membrane separator SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY JAN 08-13, 1996 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL DE speciation; arsenic; ion chromatography; hydride generation; microporous membrane gas-liquid separator; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; FLOW-INJECTION; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; GAS; SELENIUM; INTERFERENCE; NEBULIZATION; CHLORIDE; SAMPLES AB Ion chromatography (IC) was used to speciate four of the environmentally significant, toxic forms of arsenic: arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid Hydride generation (HG) was used to convert the species to their respective hydrides, These hydride species mere detected with ICP-MS. The gas-liquid separator for the HG unit was based on microporous PTFE tubing. Two novel features which reduce noise are incorporated into the membrane-based HG unit: firstly, gas is added to the liquid stream prior to entering the membrane, and secondly, the flow of carrier gas through the gas-liquid separator forms a 'feedback' loop, Absolute detection limits based on 3.14 sigma from 7 replicates for the four arsenic species listed above were 0.6, 3.1, 1.1, and 0.7 pg, respectively, The overall IC-HG-ICP-MS system produced RSD values of 1-6% over 30 min and 2-6% over a week. for the four compounds, Two saline reference materials, NASS-4 and SLEW-2 (National Research Council of Canada), were analysed to determine concentrations of the fear arsenic species, and the sum of the arsenic concentration was compared with-the certified total arsenic value for each of the reference materials. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 36 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 11 IS 9 BP 893 EP 898 DI 10.1039/ja9961100893 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA VG928 UT WOS:A1996VG92800039 ER PT J AU Minnich, MM Zimmerman, JH Schumacher, BA AF Minnich, MM Zimmerman, JH Schumacher, BA TI Extraction methods for recovery of volatile organic compounds from fortified dry soils SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID SLOWLY REVERSIBLE SORPTION; LONG-TERM SORPTION; ALIPHATIC HALOCARBONS; AQUIFER MATERIAL; CHEMICALS; 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE; EQUILIBRIUM AB Recovery of 8 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from dry soils, each fortified at 800 ng/g soil, was studied in relation to the extraction method and time of extraction. Extraction procedures studied on 2 desiccator-dried soils were modifications of EPA low- and high-level purge-and-trap extractions (SW-846 Method 5030A): treatment 1, unmodified low-level procedure; treatment 2, 18 h water pre-soak followed by low-level procedure; treatment 3, 24 h methanol extract at room temperature followed by high-level procedure; and treatment 4, 24 h methanol extract at 65 degrees C followed by high-level procedure, VOC recoveries from replicate soil samples increased in the treatment order 1 through 4, With Charleston soil (8% clay and 3.8% organic carbon), highly significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.001) in recoveries among treatments were observed for trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene, with 2- to 3-fold increased recoveries between treatments 1 and 3, With Hayesville soil (32% clay and 0.2% organic carbon), significant improvements (p less than or equal to 0.05) in recoveries of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, TCE, and PCE were observed for heated methanol (treatment 4) rather than water extraction (treatment 1), but the increases were less than 2-fold. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Minnich, MM (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SERV,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 79 IS 5 BP 1198 EP 1204 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VJ030 UT WOS:A1996VJ03000026 ER PT J AU Hernlem, BJ AF Hernlem, BJ TI A versatile and economical automated titration apparatus SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID APPLE RP Hernlem, BJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 73 IS 9 BP 878 EP 881 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA VD551 UT WOS:A1996VD55100034 ER PT J AU Clark, RM Abdesaken, F Boulos, PF Mau, RE AF Clark, RM Abdesaken, F Boulos, PF Mau, RE TI Mixing in distribution system storage tanks: Its effect on water quality SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Nearly all distribution systems in the United States include storage tanks and reservoirs. They are the most visible components of a water distribution system but are generally the least understood in terms of their impact on water quality. Long residence times in storage tanks can have negative impacts on water quality in drinking water distribution systems, including the loss of chlorine residuals and the regrowth of microorganisms. It is generally accepted that complete mixing maximizes water quality but little is understood about mixing regimes in general. This paper demonstrates the use of compartment models to characterize mixing in three tanks. It was found that the mixing regimes in these tanks were well characterized by compartment-type models and that these tanks were not completely mixed, contrary to conventional wisdom. It is clear that much more research is needed in order to truly understand mixing regimes in tanks and reservoirs and that this understanding, if properly applied, can have a positive impact on water quality. C1 US EPA,DYNCORP,DIV WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCE,NAT RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH. MONTGOMERY WATSON,WATER DISTRIBUT TECHNOL,PASADENA,CA 91101. MONTGOMERY WATSON,DEPT MUNICIPAL SERV,PASADENA,CA 91101. RP Clark, RM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCE,NAT RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 1996 VL 122 IS 9 BP 814 EP 821 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:9(814) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD781 UT WOS:A1996VD78100008 ER PT J AU Bird, SL Esterly, DM Perry, SG AF Bird, SL Esterly, DM Perry, SG TI Off-target deposition of pesticides from agricultural aerial spray applications SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DRIFT; RESIDUES AB Drift of pesticides at the times of aerial spray application is a source of concern because of potential impacts on human health, contamination of crops and livestock, and endangerment of sensitive ecological resources, A substantial body of information from field trials aimed at evaluating off-target deposition of pesticides from aerial spray applications was analyzed, Forty-five trials previously reported in the open literature were extrapolated and normalized and quantitatively compared to trials performed during the summer of 1992 in Plainview, TX, by the Spray Drift Task Force (SDTF). In general, the results observed in the SDTF studies are consistent with those reported in the open literature. Both sets of data show median values of pesticide deposition dropping from similar to 5% of the nominal application rate at 30 m downwind to similar to 0.5% at 150 m during low-flight applications. Based on results from these trials and others reported in the literature, droplet size is consistently the primary application variable controlling off-target drift during low-flight applications, Application of a fine spray with a volume median diameter (VMD) <200 mu m in an oil-based carrier, typical of ultra-low volume (ULV) applications, ran yield np to a 10-fold increase in off-target drift, whereas use of solid stream nozzles producing a relatively coarse spray (VMD > 500 mu m) can reduce drift 10-fold relative to conventional application equipment producing a medium spray (YMD similar to 300 mu m), Off-target drift increases with increasing wind speeds, but the magnitude of the effect is less significant than effects of droplet size. The SDTF trials were performed under neutral to unstable atmospheric conditions and the effects of stability for this range of conditions were not distinguishable from the effects of wind speed. In previously reported studies under a wider range of conditions, stability effects are most significant 100 m downwind and beyond with an increase in deposition of more than 10-fold reported on occasion between unstable and very stable conditions, Currently, pesticide use labels restrict application during strongly stable atmospheric conditions and during high winds. In conjunction with these weather-related restrictions, clear specification of nozzles and operating conditions is the best approach for effective control of off-site drift and deposition from aerial applications. C1 EI DUPONT NEMOURS & CO,WILMINGTON,DE 19880. NATL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER ADM,AIR RESOURCES LAB,ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP Bird, SL (reprint author), US EPA,ECOSYST RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 27 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1095 EP 1104 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300022 ER PT J AU Ingram, J Lee, J Valentin, C AF Ingram, J Lee, J Valentin, C TI The GCTE Soil Erosion Network: A multi participatory research program. SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. ORSTOM, NIAMEY, NIGER. RP Ingram, J (reprint author), NERC, CTR ECOL & HYDROL, GCTE FOCUS 3 OFF, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, OXON, ENGLAND. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 51 IS 5 BP 377 EP 380 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA WC484 UT WOS:A1996WC48400006 ER PT J AU Wolff, GT AF Wolff, GT TI The ozone NAAQS review SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 GM CORP,DETROIT,MI 48202. RP Wolff, GT (reprint author), US EPA,CLEAN AIR SCI ADVISORY COMM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 9 BP 807 EP 807 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VG129 UT WOS:A1996VG12900002 ER PT J AU Leovic, KW Sheldon, LS Whitaker, DA Hetes, RG Calcagni, JA Baskir, JN AF Leovic, KW Sheldon, LS Whitaker, DA Hetes, RG Calcagni, JA Baskir, JN TI Measurement of indoor air emissions from dry-process photocopy machines SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Engineering Solutions to Indoor Air Quality Problems CY JUL, 1995 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div AB Presently, no standard test method exists to evaluate the various emissions from office equipment (e.g., ozone, volatile organic compounds, inorganic eases, and particulates) so it is difficult to compare data from different studies.' As a result, the authors are developing a standardized guidance document for measuring indoor air emissions from office equipment. The ultimate goal is to apply the test method to better understand emissions from office equipment and to develop lower emitting machines. This paper provides background information on indoor air emissions from office equipment with an emphasis on dry-process photocopy machines. The test method is described in detail, along with the results of a study to evaluate the test method using four dry-process photocopy machines. The results from this study indicate that the test method provides acceptable performance for characterizing emissions; that it call adequately identify differences in emissions between machines both in compounds emitted and their emission rates; and that it is capable of measuring both intra- and inter-machine variability in emissions. Challenges and complications were encountered in developing and implementing the test method. These included heat generation, which can cause large increases in chamber temperature; finite paper supplies for photocopy machines, which limit test duration; varying power requirements that may require changes in chamber electrical supply; and remote starting of the machines, which is necessary to maintain chamber integrity. Results show that dry-process photocopy machines can produce emissions of ozone and volatile organic compounds that can potentially have a significant impact on indoor air quality. For the four machines tested in this study, the compounds with the highest emission rates overall were ethylbenzene (28,000 mu g/hour), m,p-xylenes (29,000 mu g/hour), o-xylene (17,000 mu g/hour), 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (14,000 mu g/hour), and styrene (12,000 mu g/hour). Although many of the same compounds tended to be detected in emissions from each of the four photocopiers, the relative contribution of individual compounds varied considerably between machines, with differences greater than an order of magnitude for some compounds. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Leovic, KW (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,MD-54,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 7 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 11 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 9 BP 821 EP 829 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VG129 UT WOS:A1996VG12900005 ER PT J AU VanOsdell, DW Owen, MK Jaffe, LB Sparks, LE AF VanOsdell, DW Owen, MK Jaffe, LB Sparks, LE TI VOC removal at low contaminant concentrations using granular activated carbon SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Engineering Solutions to Indoor Air Quality Problems CY JUL, 1995 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div ID INDOOR AIR; ADSORPTION; VAPOR AB Small-scale beds of granular activated carbon (GAG) have been tested in this research using challenges of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air at concentrations ranging from approximately 0.5 to 100 ppm. The research linked the performance of GAC from high-concentration quickly completed tests to performance at low concentrations near those encountered indoors. For all tests, the carbon bed was approximately 2.54 cm thick and operated with a residence time of 0.11 s. The tests were conducted at 25 degrees C and 50% relative humidity. The measured 10% breakthrough times ranged from about 0.5 hour to several hundred hours. For the individual compounds, the relationship between the logarithms of breakthrough time and concentration was approximately linear over the experimental range, with different compounds producing lines having different slopes. The measured breakthrough times compared favorably to published data and models. The results suggest that higher-concentration single-component breakthrough tests, which are short and easily obtained, may be cautiously extrapolated to indoor concentrations for these compounds. C1 US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP VanOsdell, DW (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST,POB 12194,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 20 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 9 BP 883 EP 890 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VG129 UT WOS:A1996VG12900012 PM 8925389 ER PT J AU Rao, CY Burge, HA Chang, JCS AF Rao, CY Burge, HA Chang, JCS TI Review of quantitative standards and guidelines for fungi in indoor air SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Engineering Solutions to Indoor Air Quality Problems CY JUL, 1995 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, US EPA, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div ID VIABLE MOLD PROPAGULES; STACHYBOTRYS-ATRA; ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; AFLATOXINS; CONTAMINANTS; CONIDIA AB Existing quantitative standards/guidelines for fungi in indoor air issued by governmental agencies are based primarily on baseline data (rather than health effects data), and are either absolute (numerical) or relative (indoor/outdoor comparisons) or a combination of the two. The Russian Federation is the only governmental agency that has binding quantitative regulations for bioaerosols. Recommended guidelines have been proposed or sponsored by North American and European governmental agencies and private professional organizations. A considerable number of frequently cited guidelines have been proposed by individuals based either on baseline data or on personal experience. Quantitative standards/guidelines range from less than 100 CFU/m(3) to greater than 1000 CFU/m(3) (total fungi) as the upper limit for non-contaminated indoor environments. Major issues with existing quantitative standards and guidelines are the lack of connection to human dose/response data, reliance on short term grab samples analyzed only by culture, and the absence of standardized protocols for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Urgent research needs include the study of human responses to specific fungal agents, development and widespread use of standard protocols using currently available sampling methodologies, and the development of long term, time-discriminating personal samplers that are inexpensive, easy to use, and amenable to straightforward, relevant analysis. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Rao, CY (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2 T32 ES07155] NR 77 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 5 U2 10 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 9 BP 899 EP 908 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VG129 UT WOS:A1996VG12900014 PM 8806223 ER PT J AU Song, XB Budde, WL AF Song, XB Budde, WL TI Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectra of the herbicides paraquat and diquat SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; IONIZATION; SPECTROMETRY AB The positive ion electrospray mass spectra of the quaternary ammonium salt herbicides paraquat and diquat are examined by on-line separation with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and by direct infusion of the analytes. The analytes are separated by CE in 7-10 min at pH 3.9 in 50% methanol-water by using several different separation buffer electrolytes. The capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization (CE-ES) mass spectra of paraquat and diquat consist primarily of doubly charged molecular ions, singly charged molecular ions, and singly charged deprotonated ions. The direct infusion spectra consist primarily of doubly charged molecular ions and singly charged deprotonated ions. The relative abundances of the doubly charged and deprotonated ions depend strongly on the presence or absence of ammonium ion in the CE separation buffer or the direct infusion solution. A deprotonation mechanism is proposed in which the free base ammonia is the deprotonating agent in the desolvating charged droplets or in the gas phase. The analytical potential of the CE-ES electrospray approach for environmental analyses is evaluated in terms of the precision of replicate injections, linear concentration range, and estimated detection Limit. C1 US EPA, OFF RES & DEV, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC, CINCINNATI, OH USA. NR 10 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1044-0305 EI 1879-1123 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP 981 EP 986 DI 10.1016/1044-0305(96)00070-0 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA VE058 UT WOS:A1996VE05800010 PM 24203613 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Pritchard, RJ Lehmann, JR Winsett, DW Hatch, CE AF Ghio, AJ Pritchard, RJ Lehmann, JR Winsett, DW Hatch, CE TI Lung inflammation after exposure to nonfibrous silicates increases with chelatable [Fe3+] SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL SILICOSIS; DIESEL EXHAUST; IRON; ACCUMULATION; REDUCTION; DEPLETION AB Lung exposures to complexes of coordinated iron can be associated with a neutrophilic alveolitis. We tested the hypothesis that lung inflammation after intratracheal instillation of mineral oxides in rats increases with surface-complexed [Fe3+]. The 10 mineral oxides employed had measurable [Fe3+] complexed to the dust surface. The metal was incompletely coordinated, as demonstrated by the ability of the particles to catalyze electron transfer and generate thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive products of deoxyribose. After exclusion of those silicates containing structural iron within the crystal lattice, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of chelatable metal and TBA-reactive products (r = 0.82; p = .04). Four days after intratracheal instillation of the 10 mineral oxide particles into rats, lavage neutrophils and protein were significantly increased for all dusts compared to injected saline. Among those dusts with no structural iron, the correlation between chelatable iron concentrations and percentage neutrophils did not reach significance (r = 0.73; p = .10), but that between metal and lavage protein did (r = 0.80; p = .05). We conclude that (1) mineral oxides complex iron cations at the surface, (2) in vitro measures of oxidant generation increase with the concentration of surface iron among those dusts with no structural iron, and (3) acute inflammation following introduction of these particles into the lower respiratory tract also increases with surface iron concentrations among those mineral oxides with no structural iron. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. VET ADM MED CTR,DURHAM,NC. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,DIV PULM & CRIT CARE MED,DURHAM,NC 27710. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02655] NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 1 BP 11 EP 28 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA VH813 UT WOS:A1996VH81300002 PM 8816931 ER EF