FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Rose, ML Germolec, D Arteel, GE Schoonhoven, R Thurman, RG AF Rose, ML Germolec, D Arteel, GE Schoonhoven, R Thurman, RG TI Dietary glycine prevents increases in hepatocyte proliferation caused by the peroxisome proliferator WY-14,643 SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT KUPFFER CELLS; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS; DNA-SYNTHESIS; LIVER; CALCIUM; CARCINOGENESIS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MACROPHAGES; NAFENOPIN AB Peroxisome proliferators are a group of nongenotoxic carcinogens which include a number of hypolipidemic drugs, solvents, and industrial plasticizers. Although the mechanism by which they cause cancer remains unknown, one likely possibility is that they act as tumor promoters by increasing cell proliferation. Hepatic Kupffer cells represent a rich source of mitogenic cytokines (e,g., tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF alpha) and are stimulated by peroxisome proliferators. Since glycine prevents activation of Kupffer cells, these experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that a diet containing glycine could block the mitogenic effect of the peroxisome proliferator [[4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)pyrimidinyl]thio]acetate acid(WY-14,643). The effects of a glycine-enriched diet on WY-14,643-induced increases in cell proliferation after a single dose or after feeding WY-14,643 in the diet for 3 weeks were assessed. As expected, 24 h after a single dose of WY-14,643, rates of cell proliferation increased from basal values of 0.7 +/- 0.3% to 5.1 +/- 0.5%, Glycine largely prevented the increase caused by WY-14,643 with proliferation only reaching 1.9 +/ 0.4% (p < 0,05), Acyl CoA oxidase increased from 1.4 +/- 0.1 to 3.5 +/- 0.6 nmol of H2O2 min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1) (P < 0,05) indicating that peroxisome-specific enzyme activity was induced about 2-fold in livers of WY-14,643-treated rats after 24 h. Unlike cell proliferation, however, acyl CoA oxidase was not affected by dietary glycine, consistent with the hypothesis that cell proliferation and peroxisome proliferation occur via different mechanisms, After 3 weeks, dietary glycine reduced basal rates of cell proliferatian by about 50% and completely prevented the sustained 5-fold increase in cell proliferation caused by feeding WY-14,643. Moreover, the 3-fold increase in TNF alpha mRNA caused by WY-14,643 was blocked completely by the glycine-enriched diet. Similarly, immunohistochemical staining for TNF alpha was increased B-fold by WY-14,643, an increase which was prevented by dietary glycine. However, the g-fold increase in acyl. CoA oxidase activity was unaffected by glycine under similar conditions demonstrating that, a diet containing 5% glycine prevents increased hepatocyte proliferation caused by a potent peroxisome proliferator without affecting induction of peroxisomes. These data demonstrate that a glycine-enriched diet prevents stimulated cell proliferation most likely by inhibiting TNF alpha. production and raise the possibility that dietary glycine will be effective in preventing cancer caused by nongenotoxic carcinogens such as WY-14,643. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PHARMACOL,LAB HEPATOBIOL & TOXICOL CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,LAB HEPATOBIOL & TOXICOL CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5-T32ES-07126-13, ES-04325] NR 36 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 10 IS 10 BP 1198 EP 1204 DI 10.1021/tx970079u PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA YB089 UT WOS:A1997YB08900019 PM 9348444 ER PT J AU Spiegelman, C AF Spiegelman, C TI Papers presented at the third international conference on environmetrics and chemometrics, held in Las Vegas, NV, September 11-13, 1995 - Preface (vol 37, pg 1, 1997) SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Spiegelman, C (reprint author), US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 38 IS 2 BP 245 EP 245 PG 1 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA YH196 UT WOS:A1997YH19600011 ER PT J AU Reife, A Weber, E Freeman, HS AF Reife, A Weber, E Freeman, HS TI Iron: Producing more than rust in our environment SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID MUTAGENICITY TEST; REDUCTION; METAL C1 US EPA, RES LAB, ATHENS, GA USA. RP Reife, A (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT TEXT ENGN CHEM & SCI, BOX 8301, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD OCT PY 1997 VL 27 IS 10 BP 17 EP 25 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA YA092 UT WOS:A1997YA09200008 ER PT J AU Enright, PL Burchette, RJ Peters, JA Lebowitz, MD McDonnell, WF Abbey, DE AF Enright, PL Burchette, RJ Peters, JA Lebowitz, MD McDonnell, WF Abbey, DE TI Peak flow lability - Association with asthma and spirometry in an older cohort SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE air pollution; asthma; peak flow; PEF lability; spirometry; wheezing ID EXPIRATORY FLOW; POPULATION-SAMPLE; BRONCHIAL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; CHRONIC DISEASE; AIR-POLLUTION; VARIABILITY; HEALTH; SYMPTOMS; VOLUME; RESPONSIVENESS AB Objective: To determine the success rate and correlates of ambulatory peak expiratory flow (PEF) monitoring in an epidemiologic study. Design: An observational survey. Setting: Several communities in California. Participants: We studied 1,223 nonsmoking men and women (mean age, 66 years) from an established cohort. Outcome measures: A standard respiratory symptoms and diagnoses questionnaire, spirometry before and after bronchodilator, and a diary of PEF recorded four times per day for 7 days at home. Results: A physician diagnosis of asthma was reported in 8.6% of the women and 9.4% of the men, Of those who agreed to complete PEF diaries at home, 87% successfully provided a valid measure of PEF lability, The mean PEF lability from those with asthma was significantly higher than the others (12.0% vs 8.9% in women and 10.2% vs 8.1% in men). Independent correlates of higher PEF lability included asthma, wheezing symptoms, airways obstruction by spirometry, older age, and male gender. Conclusions: Middle-aged and elderly persons are largely successful at providing a measure of PEF lability at home, In nonsmoking adults living in California, increased PEF lability is correlated with asthma, wheezing, airways obstruction, and older age, validating its use in epidemiology studies as an index of airways hyperreactivity. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,RESP SCI CTR,TUCSON,AZ. LOMA LINDA UNIV,SCH MED,CTR HLTH RES,LOMA LINDA,CA. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD OCT PY 1997 VL 112 IS 4 BP 895 EP 901 DI 10.1378/chest.112.4.895 PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA YA351 UT WOS:A1997YA35100009 PM 9377950 ER PT J AU Fowles, JR Fairbrother, A Kerkvliet, NI AF Fowles, JR Fairbrother, A Kerkvliet, NI TI Effects of induced hypo- and hyperthyroidism on immune function and plasma biochemistry in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thyroxine; triiodothyronine; methimazole; endocrine; immunology; natural killer cells; mallard; bird ID IMMATURE MALE CHICKENS; THYROID-HORMONES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; GROWTH-HORMONE; DOMESTIC-FOWL; THYROXINE; RATS; 3,4,3',4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL; HYPOTHYROIDISM AB Hypo- or hyperthyroid states were induced in adult male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) by subchronic exposure to daily injections of methimazole or a 9:1 ratio of thyroxine (T4):triiodothyronine (T3). The levels of T4 given were 0, 125, 250, or 500 mu g/kg/day and for methimazole; 10 mg/kg/day for 22 or 21 days. Plasma T3 showed a lasting decrease with T4:T3 treatment, despite the attempt to maintain the normal T4:T3 ratio. Antibody formation to sheep red blood cells was decreased only at the 125 mu g/kg/day dose of T4, and was unaffected by methimazole treatment. Natural killer cell activity to RP-9 tumor cells and macrophage phagocytosis of killed, opsonized Saccaromyces cereviseae were unaffected by treatment throughout the study. However, lectin dependent cellular cytotoxic activity to RP-9 tumor cells was significantly decreased after 21 days of methimazole treatment, indicating that hypothyroidism may have an influence on cell-mediated immunity. Hypo-and hyperthyroid conditions had opposing effects on plasma cholesterol levels. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,TOXICOL PROGRAM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR CHEM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 118 IS 2 BP 213 EP 220 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00107-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA YJ809 UT WOS:A1997YJ80900015 PM 9440248 ER PT J AU Wang, J Lu, F Kane, SA Choi, YK Smyth, MR Rogers, K AF Wang, J Lu, F Kane, SA Choi, YK Smyth, MR Rogers, K TI Hydrocarbon pasting liquids for improved tyrosinase-based carbon-paste phenol biosensors SO ELECTROANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biosensors for Environmental Application CY MAY, 1997 CL SMOLENICE, SLOVAKIA SP NATO DE carbon paste; pasting liquid; hydrocarbon; tyrosinase; phenols; biosensor; FIA; HPLC ID AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSOR; ORGANIC-PHASE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTRODES; ENZYMES AB Short-chain hydrocarbons are used as pasting liquids in carbon-paste tyrosinase amperometric biosensors. The response of the phenolic substrates decreases rapidly upon increasing the chain length of the hydrocarbon binder from C-10 to C-14, and then it levels off to a size similar to that of the mineral oil biosensor. For example, the dodecane-based enzyme electrode offers a 17.8-fold signal enhancement compared to the mineral-oil one. Such sensitivity enhancements are attributed to the extractive accumulation of the phenolic substrates. The change in the carbon-paste binder influences also the selectivity of the tyrosinase electrode and the K-m,K-app values. Flow-injection analysis yields a detection limit of 6 nM catechol and a relative standard deviation of 2.5% (n = 30). A dual enzyme electrode chromatographic detection, based on the use of different pasting liquids, provides unique characterization of the phenolic substrates. The merits of this strategy are illustrated in connection with a river water sample. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Dublin City Univ, Sch Chem Sci, Dublin 9, Ireland. Chonnam Univ, Dept Chem, Kwangju, South Korea. US EPA, Exposure Res Program, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RI Wang, Joseph/C-6175-2011 NR 17 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1040-0397 J9 ELECTROANAL JI Electroanalysis PD OCT PY 1997 VL 9 IS 14 BP 1102 EP 1106 DI 10.1002/elan.1140091413 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA YQ122 UT WOS:000071350700012 ER PT J AU Chappell, WR Beck, BD Brown, KG Chaney, R Cothern, CR Irgolic, KJ North, DW Thornton, I Tsongas, TA AF Chappell, WR Beck, BD Brown, KG Chaney, R Cothern, CR Irgolic, KJ North, DW Thornton, I Tsongas, TA TI Inorganic arsenic: A need and an opportunity to improve risk assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE arsenic; cancer; dose response; drinking water; food; risk assessment ID DISEASE ENDEMIC AREA; ARTESIAN WELL WATER; DRINKING-WATER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS; BLACKFOOT DISEASE; CANCER RISK; DOSE-RESPONSE; SKIN-CANCER; BLADDER; TAIWAN AB This paper presents views on the current status of (inorganic) arsenic risk assessment in the United States and recommends research needed to set standards for drinking water. The opinions are those of the Arsenic Task Force of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health, which has met periodically since 1991 to study issues related to arsenic risk assessment and has held workshops and international conferences on arsenic. The topic of this paper is made timely by current scientific interest in exposure to and adverse health effects of arsenic in the United States and passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, which has provisions for a research program on arsenic and a schedule mandating the EPA to revise the maximum contaminant level of arsenic in drinking water by the year 2001. Our central premise and recommendations are straightforward: the risk of adverse health effects associated with arsenic in drinking water is unknown for low arsenic concentrations found in the United States, such as at the current interim maximum contaminant level of 50 mu g/l and below. Arsenic-related research should be directed at answering that question. New epidemiological studies are needed to provide data for reliable dose-response assessments of arsenic and for skin cancer, bladder cancer, or other endpoints to be used by the EPA for regulation. Further toxicological research, along with the observational data from epidemiology, is needed to determine if the dose-response relationship at low levels is more consistent with the current assumption of low-dose linearity or the existence of a practical threshold. Other recommendations include adding foodborne arsenic to the calculation of total arsenic intake, calculation of total arsenic intake, and encouraging cooperative research within the United States and between the United States and affected countries. C1 Gradient Corp, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Kenneth G Brown Inc, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Graz Univ, Inst Analyt Chem, Graz, Austria. Decis Focus Inc, Mt View, CA 94041 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Beck, BD (reprint author), Gradient Corp, 44 Brattle St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 87 TC 69 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 19 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 105 IS 10 BP 1060 EP 1067 DI 10.1289/ehp.971051060 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZB726 UT WOS:000072501400014 PM 9349827 ER PT J AU Svendsgaard, DJ Ward, TR Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS AF Svendsgaard, DJ Ward, TR Tilson, HA Kodavanti, PRS TI Empirical modeling of an in vitro activity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and mixtures SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE empirical model; in vitro activity; neurotoxicity; polychlorinated biphenyls; repeated measures design ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; PHORBOL ESTER BINDING; AMINO-ACIDS; NEURONS; INVOLVEMENT; WATER AB The goal of this research is to predict an in vitro activity of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and their mixtures and to describe the relationship between this activity and chemical structure. The test system used multiple PCB concentrations on each cell culture plate in a repeated measures design, which improved precision for comparing between concentration levels. A weighted regression that accounted for this experimental design feature was used in fitting a nonlinear dose-response exponential model to the PCB concentration-activity data from an in vitro test system in which H-3-phorbol ester binding was measured in cerebellar granule cells exposed to different PCB congeners to test for their effects on protein kinase C translocation. The model allowed for the minimum level to be less than control, a common slope, and the estimation of the log of the concentration that produces an activity 50% above the control activity (E50) for 36 congeners and 3 commercial mixtures. Next, weighted logistic regression using a second order response model in the and Cl-ortho, Cl-para, and Cl-meta was used to relate the estimated log E50s to indicators of chemical structure. This model was preferred over models that might seem more mechanistically based because in internal validation, it attained a smaller PRESS statistic (the sum of squares between all observed and predicted observations) than other models. Evidently, this second order model makes more efficient use of parameters than other models considered. Plots of the predictions of the logistic second order response model versus log K-ow confirm the usual pattern that congeners with intermediate levels of log K-ow are the more active. The data of three commercial mixtures were included in this regression by assuming a common combination index (ratio of observed E50 to predicted E50, assuming dose addition). The logistic model suggests that congeners with one, two, or three chlorine substitutions at the ortho position are more active than other congeners. Also, congeners with log K-ow between 5.2 and 6.6 are generally more active. The estimated combination index indicated that the joint action of PCB congeners in the three commercial mixtures was less than dose additive. The error sum of squares was significantly large, which may indicate a lack of fit of the logistic model. Empirical Bayes estimates (EBE) are weighted averages of model predictions and observations of E50s and can be better estimates than the fitted model when there is a lack of fit. The PRESS statistic for the EBE indicated larger prediction error than for the logistic model, but the EBE provided better estimates of commercial mixture E50s based on dose addition. This may indicate that the logistic model is not incorporating all the information in the single congener data needed to predict mixtures. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Svendsgaard, DJ (reprint author), 8874 Lansdowne Dr NW, Calabash, NC 28467 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 105 IS 10 BP 1106 EP 1115 DI 10.1289/ehp.971051106 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZB726 UT WOS:000072501400020 PM 9349838 ER PT J AU Ho, K Caudle, D AF Ho, K Caudle, D TI Ion toxicity and produced water SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter C1 SOUND ENVIRONM SOLUT,HOUSTON,TX 77079. RP Ho, K (reprint author), US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02874, USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 16 IS 10 BP 1993 EP 1995 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1993:ITAPW>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XZ451 UT WOS:A1997XZ45100002 ER PT J AU Mount, DR Gulley, DD Hockett, JR Garrison, TD Evans, JM AF Mount, DR Gulley, DD Hockett, JR Garrison, TD Evans, JM TI Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ions; total dissolved solids; salinity; toxicity; Ceriodaphnia dubia ID IRRIGATION DRAIN WATER; SEDIMENTS; SALINITY AB Toxicity of fresh waters with high total dissolved solids has been shown to be dependent on the specific ionic composition of the water. To provide a predictive tool to assess toxicity attributable to major ions, we tested the toxicity of over 2,900 ion solutions using the daphnids, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Multiple logistic regression was used to relate ion composition to survival for each of the three test species. In general, relative ion toxicity was K+ > HCO3- approximate to Mg2+ > Cl- > SO42-; Na+ and Ca2+ were not significant variables in the regressions, suggesting that the toxicity of Na+ and Ca2+ salts was primarily attributable to the corresponding anion. For C. dubia and D. magna, toxicity of Cl-, SO42-, and K+ was reduced in solutions enriched with more than one cation. Final regression models showed a good quality of fit to the data (R-2 = 0.767-0.861). Preliminary applications of these models to field-collected samples indicated a high degree of accuracy for the C. dubia model, while the D. magna and fathead minnow models tended to overpredict ion toxicity. C1 UNIV WYOMING, LARAMIE, WY 82070 USA. ENSR CONSULTING & ENGN, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA. GAS RES INST, CHICAGO, IL 60631 USA. RP Mount, DR (reprint author), US EPA, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 24 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 6 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 16 IS 10 BP 2009 EP 2019 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2009:SMTPTT>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XZ451 UT WOS:A1997XZ45100005 ER PT J AU Swartz, RC Ferraro, SP Lamberson, JO Cole, FA Ozretich, RJ Boese, BL Schults, DW Behrenfeld, M Ankley, GT AF Swartz, RC Ferraro, SP Lamberson, JO Cole, FA Ozretich, RJ Boese, BL Schults, DW Behrenfeld, M Ankley, GT TI Photoactivation and toxicity of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in marine sediment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures; photoactivation; sediment; toxicity; amphipods ID PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; PHOTOTOXICITY; LIGHT AB The direct toxicity and photoinduced toxicity of sediment-associated acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were determined for the marine amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. The four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were spiked into sediment in a concentration series of either single compounds or as approximately equitoxic mixtures of all four compounds. Standard 10-d sediment toxicity tests were conducted under fluorescent lighting. After 10 d, survivors were exposed for 1 h to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the absence of sediment and then tested for their ability to bury in uncontaminated sediment. The 10-d median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were 2.31 mg acenaphthene/g organic carbon (OC), 2.22 mg phenanthrene/g OC, 3.31 mg fluoranthene/g OC, and 2.81 mg pyrene/g OC. These LC50s were used to calculate the sum of toxic units (Sigma TU) of the four PAHs in the approximately equitoxic mixtures. The Sigma TU LC50 was then calculated for the mixture treatments. If the toxicologic interaction of a mixture of contaminants is additive, Sigma TU LC50 = 1.0. The observed LC50 (1.55 Sigma TU) was slightly, but significantly, greater than unity, indicating that the interaction of PAHs in the mixture was less than additive. Exposure to UV radiation enhanced the toxic effects of fluoranthene and pyrene, but did not affect the toxicity of acenaphthene and phenanthrene. Effects of UV radiation on the toxicity of the mixture of four PAHs could be explained by the photoactivation of fluoranthene and pyrene alone. These results are consistent with predictions based on photophysical properties of PAH compounds. C1 US EPA, NEWPORT, OR 97365 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, NEWPORT, OR 97365 USA. US EPA, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 16 IS 10 BP 2151 EP 2157 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2151:PATOMO>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XZ451 UT WOS:A1997XZ45100023 ER PT J AU Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM Ho, KT Kuhn, A McKinney, RA Ryba, SA AF Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM Ho, KT Kuhn, A McKinney, RA Ryba, SA TI Phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum to marine invertebrate larvae and juveniles SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phototoxicity; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; marine invertebrates; petroleum ID PHOTOINDUCED ACUTE TOXICITY; MATERNAL TRANSFER; SUNFISH LEPOMIS; OIL-SPILL; ANTHRACENE; SEDIMENTS; DAPHNIA; LIGHT; FISH; EGGS AB Phototoxicity resulting from photoactivated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been reported in the literature for a variety of freshwater organisms. The magnitude of increase in PAH toxicity often exceeds a factor of 100. In the marine environment phototoxicity to marine organisms has not been reported for individual or complex mixtures of PAHs. In this study, larvae and juveniles of the bivalve, Mulinia lateralis, and juveniles of the mysid shrimp, Mysidopsis bahia, were exposed to individual known phototoxic PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene), as well as the water-accommodated fractions of several petroleum products (Fuel Oil #2, Arabian Light Crude, Prudhoe Bay Crude, Fuel Oil #6) containing PAHs. Phototoxicity of individual PAHs was 12 to >50,000 times that of conventional toxicity. Three of the petroleum products demonstrated phototoxicity while the lightest product, Fuel Oil #2, was not phototoxic at the concentrations tested. The phototoxicity of petroleum products appears to be dependent on the composition and concentrations of phototoxic PAHs present: lighter oils have fewer multiple aromatic ring, phototoxic compounds while heavier oils have higher levels of these types of molecules. This study shows that phototoxicity can occur in marine waters to marine species. Further, the occurrence of oil in marine waters presents the additional risk of phototoxicity not routinely assessed for during oil spills. RP Pelletier, MC (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 41 TC 135 Z9 140 U1 3 U2 36 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 16 IS 10 BP 2190 EP 2199 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2190:POIPAH>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XZ451 UT WOS:A1997XZ45100029 ER PT J AU DeFlora, S Izzotti, A Walsh, D Degan, P Petrilli, GL Lewtas, J AF DeFlora, S Izzotti, A Walsh, D Degan, P Petrilli, GL Lewtas, J TI Molecular epidemiology of atherosclerosis SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE aging; dyslipidosis; cigarette smoke; hypertension; smooth muscle cells; DNA adducts; oxidative DNA damage ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; CANCER BIOMARKERS; ADDUCT FORMATION; ARTERIAL-WALL; IN-VIVO; BENZOPYRENE; PROLIFERATION; RAT; PLAQUES AB It has been hypothesized that mutational events may be involved in the atherogenetic process and that at least a portion of atherosclerotic plaques may develop according to an initiation-promotion process of arterial smooth muscle cells, akin to benign tumors. We conducted a study to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative DNA damage and formation of DNA adducts in human atherosclerotic lesions and to assess the relationships of these promutagenic alterations with exposure to atherogenic risk factors. Pure DNA was extracted from the tunica media (composed mainly of smooth muscle cells) of abdominal aorta fragments taken at surgery from 85 patients suffering from severe atherosclerotic lesions. DNA adducts were detected by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry and P-32 postlabeling after enrichment of adducts with either butanol or nuclease P1. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxguanosine (8-OH-dG), a typical indicator of oxidative DNA damage, was measured by HPLC/electrochemical detection. A complete questionnaire reporting general, clinical, and laboratory characteristics was available for each patient. All 84 samples tested by P-32 postlabeling were positive by displaying the presence of diagonal radioactive zones and up to 9 individual DNA adducts. Of 52 samples tested, 32 (61.5%) yielded typical positive signals at synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry. All but one of 39 samples tested had very high levels of 8-OH-dG, thus showing a remarkable oxidative DNA damage. Statistically significant correlations were found between the levels of molecular biomarkers and atherogenic risk factors including age, number of currently smoked cigarettes, ratio of total-to-high density lipoprotein blood cholesterol, blood triglycerides, and blood pressure. The DNA alterations detected in our study may be only one component of the genetic basis of atherogenesis. Moreover, no causal role in the atherogenetic process can be inferred from our results. However, DNA alterations, including oxidative damage and adduction of reactive molecules of either endogenous or exogenous source, were systematically present in the smooth muscle cells of human atherosclerotic lesions and their intensity was significantly correlated with the occurrence of atherogenic risk factors in the patients. C1 UNIV GENOA, INST HYG & PREVENT MED, I-16132 GENOA, ITALY. US EPA, EPIDEMIOL & BIOMARKER BRANCH, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. GALLIERA HOSP, DIV VASC SURG, GENOA, ITALY. NATL INST CANC RES, GENOA, ITALY. OI izzotti, alberto/0000-0002-8588-0347 NR 63 TC 125 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 11 IS 12 BP 1021 EP 1031 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA YA724 UT WOS:A1997YA72400012 PM 9337155 ER PT J AU Ohanian, EV Moore, JA Fowle, JR Omenn, GS Lewis, SC Gray, GM North, DW AF Ohanian, EV Moore, JA Fowle, JR Omenn, GS Lewis, SC Gray, GM North, DW TI Risk characterization: A bridge to informed decision making SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material AB Regulatory decisions should be made in the most expert and informed way since they are precipitated by real and perceived threats to human health, under the glare of public scrutiny. In 1994, the National Research Council (NRC) reported that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) overall approach to assessing risks is fundamentally sound, but the Agency must more clearly establish the scientific and policy basis for risk estimates and better communicate the associated uncertainties. On March 21, 1995, USEPA issued a risk characterization policy and guidance. In this policy, an effective risk characterization must fully and clearly characterize risks and disclose the scientific analysis, uncertainties, assumptions, and science policy that underlie decisions throughout the risk assessment process. A number of regulatory reform bills which required risk characterization as part of all Federal risk assessments were introduced by the 104th Congress. The purpose of this workshop was to familiarize Society of Toxicology members with: (1) key elements to be considered in risk characterization and (2) new advances in risk characterization addressed by Federal and State agencies, industry, academia, NRC, and Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. Furthermore, the main objective was to engage the audience in discussing the proper role of science in risk assessment-risk management interface to make informed decisions in the face of scientific uncertainty. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 INST EVALUAT HLTH RISKS,WASHINGTON,DC 20006. UNIV WASHINGTON,SEATTLE,WA 98195. EXXON BIOMED SCI INC,E MILLSTONE,NJ 08875. HARVARD CTR RISK ANAL,BOSTON,MA 02115. DECIS FOCUS INC,MT VIEW,CA 94041. RP Ohanian, EV (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. OI Omenn, Gilbert S./0000-0002-8976-6074 NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 39 IS 2 BP 81 EP 88 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2358 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YH051 UT WOS:A1997YH05100001 ER PT J AU Islam, MR Chaudhry, MH Clark, RM AF Islam, MR Chaudhry, MH Clark, RM TI Inverse modeling of chlorine concentration in pipe networks under dynamic condition SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS AB The Surface Water Treatment Rule under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments require that the water utilities maintain a detectable disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system at all times. A new computer model is presented to directly calculate the chlorine concentrations needed at the source(s) to have specified residuals at given locations in a pipe network in unsteady flow conditions by using an inverse method. Unlike the forward solution method, which calculates the source chlorine concentration by a trial-and-error procedure, the inverse solution technique presented in this paper directly calculates the source concentration required to meet a specified value at a particular point in the network. The dynamic flows and pressures are first calculated by solving the governing equations by an implicit finite-difference scheme subject to appropriate boundary conditions. For chlorine concentrations at various pipe sections and at each node, the one-dimensional transport equation is modified for the advection dominated how. This modified transport equation is then discretized by using the four-point implicit finite-difference scheme and solved simultaneously together with the junction mass balance equations. A first-order reaction rate for chlorine decay is assumed and a flow-weighted averaging procedure is used to calculate the complete mixing of chlorine at the junctions. For the verification of the inverse method, the computed results are compared with those determined by direct simulations. An excellent agreement is observed between the inverse method and direct simulation technique. C1 US EPA,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOUR DIV,NRMRL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Islam, MR (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 10 BP 1033 EP 1040 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:10(1033) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XX176 UT WOS:A1997XX17600013 ER PT J AU Duan, NH Mage, DT AF Duan, NH Mage, DT TI Combination of direct and indirect approaches for exposure assessment SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE direct approach; exposure assessment; indirect approach; optimization ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; WASHINGTON AB We combine two major approaches currently used in human air pollution exposure assessment, the direct approach and the indirect approach. The direct approach measures exposures directly using personal monitoring. Despite its simplicity, this approach is costly and is also vulnerable to sample selection bias because it usually imposes a substantial burden on the respondents, making it difficult to recruit a representative sample of respondents. The indirect approach pi-edicts exposures using the activity pattern model to combine activity pattern data with microenvironmental concentrations data. This approach is lower in cost and imposes less respondent burden, thus is less vulnerable to sample selection bias. However, it is vulnerable to systematic measurement error in the predicted exposures because the microenvironmental concentration data might need to be ''grafted'' from other data sources. The combined approach combines the two approaches to remedy the problems in each. A dual sample provides both the direct measurements of exposures based on personal monitoring and the indirect estimates based on the activity pattern model. An indirect-only sample provides additional indirect estimates. The dual sample is used to calibrate the indirect estimates to correct the systematic measurement error. If both the dual sample and the indirect-only sample are representative, the indirect estimates from the indirect-only sample is used to improve the precision for the overall estimates. If the dual sample is vulnerable to sample selection bias, the indirect-only sample is used to correct the sample selection bias. We discuss the allocation of the resources between the two subsamples and provide algorithms which can be used to determine the optimal sample allocation. The theory is illustrated with applications to the empirical data obtained from the Washington, DC, Carbon Monoxide (CO) Study. C1 US EPA,NERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 439 EP 470 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XW850 UT WOS:A1997XW85000003 PM 9306231 ER PT J AU Chen, ASC Gavaskar, AR Alleman, BC Massa, A Timberlake, D Drescher, EH AF Chen, ASC Gavaskar, AR Alleman, BC Massa, A Timberlake, D Drescher, EH TI Treating contaminated sediment with a two-stage base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process: bench-scale evaluation SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process; contaminated marine sediments; PCDDs/PCDFs; PCBs AB The New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ) Harbor estuary sediment contains polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and chlorinated pesticides. The U.S. EPA-developed two-stage base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process was tested for removal and decomposition of these organic contaminants of concern (OCCs) from the sediment. The Stage 1 process removed OCCs to below the limits of analytical quantitation (LAQs) or the limits of the potentially applicable requirements (LPARs), and concentrated OCCs into a small volume of organic condensate for Stage 2 chemical destruction. The aqueous condensate fractions contained some nondestroyed contaminants, either at levels below LPARs or at levels that could be treated by conventional treatment processes. Factors such as chemical addition, water content, and residence time were examined for their effects on the treatment process. Mass balances were calculated. The distribution of metal contaminants was determined. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus Operat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Montclair State Univ, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Chen, ASC (reprint author), Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus Operat, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 56 IS 3 BP 287 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00066-6 PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YN286 UT WOS:000071151700006 ER PT J AU Cohn, J MacPhail, RC AF Cohn, J MacPhail, RC TI Chlorpyrifos produces selective learning deficits in rats working under a schedule of repeated acquisition and performance SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION; RESPONSE SEQUENCES; CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA; ADULT-RATS; SCOPOLAMINE; MEMORY; TRANSITION; IMPAIRMENT; TOLERANCE AB Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphate pesticide used extensively to treat crops and domestic animals. Two experiments determined the effects of acute and repealed CPF exposure on the acquisition and performance of response sequences. Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 16), maintained at 300 g body weight were trained using food reinforcement under a multiple schedule of repealed acquisition (RA) and performance (P). The RA component required completion of a four-response sequence on three levers (e.g., center, right, left, right) that changed with each session, while the correct sequence in the P component was invariant. In experiment I, rats were orally administered vehicle (corn oil), 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 mg/kg CPF. Doses of 37.5 and 50 mg/kg produced greater accuracy decreases in RA than in P, suggesting a selective learning deficit. In experiment II, the rats were divided into two groups (n = 7), and received either vehicle or 12.5 mg/kg CPF, 5 day/wk, for 8 wk. Although 12.5 mg/kg CPF was barely effective when administered acutely, when administered repeatedly it initially decreased accuracy in both RA and P. Tolerance developed to CPF effects on P accuracy but not on RA accuracy. Microanalyses of response patterns indicated the most common type of error was a progression through the sequence as if incorrect responses were actually correct. Radiometric analyses of serum cholinesterase activity showed CPF produced 90% inhibition at 3 hr and 85% inhibition at 24 hr postexposure. These results show that both acute and repeated CPF produced a selective deficit in the learning of response sequences in rats. This selectivity was most clearly expressed through the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of repeated CPF on the performance but not the learning of response sequences. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVRIONM EFFECT RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. NR 43 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 283 IS 1 BP 312 EP 320 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YC301 UT WOS:A1997YC30100038 PM 9336338 ER PT J AU Meckes, MC Tillman, J Drees, L Saylor, E AF Meckes, MC Tillman, J Drees, L Saylor, E TI Removal of PCBs from a contaminated soil using CF-Systems(R) solvent extraction process SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Technical Assistance Response Team (START) in cooperation with EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program evaluated a pilot scale solvent extraction process developed by CF-Systems. This process uses liquefied propane to extract organic contaminants from soils, sludges, and sediments. A pilot-scale evaluation was conducted in Golden, CO at Hazen Research, Inc., using CF-Systems' trailer-mounted organics extraction unit. Approximately 1,000 pounds of soil, with an average polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration of 260 mg/kg, was obtained from a remote Superfund site. Six 100-pound batches of the contaminated soil were extracted using multiple extraction sequences. Three of the six batch runs were subjected to three extraction sequences each, so that process variability could be evaluated. Results showed that PCB removal efficiencies varied between 91.4 and 99.4%, with the propane-extracted soils retaining low concentrations of PCBs (19.0-1.8 mg/kg). Removal efficiencies of oil and grease (O&G) were found to be 96.0 to 99.6% with propane-extracted soils retaining O&G concentrations from 279 to <20 mg/kg. Overall extraction efficiency was found to be dependant upon the number of extraction cycles used. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Meckes, MC (reprint author), SAIC,635 W 7TH ST,SUITE 403,CINCINNATI,OH 45203, USA. NR 6 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 47 IS 10 BP 1119 EP 1124 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YC017 UT WOS:A1997YC01700011 ER PT J AU Omernik, JM Bailey, RG AF Omernik, JM Bailey, RG TI Distinguishing between watersheds and ecoregions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE ecoregions; basins; watersheds; hydrologic units; ecosystem management ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; FISH ASSEMBLAGES; AQUATIC ECOREGIONS; STREAMS; VARIABILITY; FRAMEWORK; WISCONSIN; PATTERNS; REGIONS; QUALITY AB In an effort to adopt more holistic ecosystem approaches to resource assessment and management, many state and federal agencies have begun using watershed or ecoregion frameworks. Although few would question the need to make this move from dealing with problems and issues on a case by case or point-type basis to broader regional contexts, misunderstanding of each of the frameworks has resulted in inconsistency in their use and ultimate effectiveness. The focus of this paper is on the clarification of both frameworks. We stress that the issue is not whether to use watersheds (or basins or hydrologic units) or ecoregions for needs such as developing ecosystem management and non-point source pollution strategies or structuring water quality regulatory programs, but how to correctly use the frameworks together. Definitions, uses, and misuses of each of the frameworks are discussed as well as ways watersheds and ecoregions can be and have been used together effectively to meet resource management needs. C1 US FOREST SERV,ECOSYST MANAGEMENT ANAL CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80524. RP Omernik, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 82 TC 150 Z9 170 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 5 BP 935 EP 949 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04115.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YF959 UT WOS:A1997YF95900002 ER PT J AU Wester, BL AF Wester, BL TI Words from the land SO JOURNAL OF THE WEST LA English DT Book Review C1 US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. RP Wester, BL (reprint author), US EPA, Chicago, IL USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU J WEST INC PI MANHATTAN PA P O BOX 1009 1531 YUMA, MANHATTAN, KS 66502 USA SN 0022-5169 J9 J WEST JI J. West PD OCT PY 1997 VL 36 IS 4 BP 125 EP 125 PG 1 WC History SC History GA YG077 UT WOS:000060435600106 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI New American blues: A journey through poverty to democracy - Shorris,E SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA,REG LIB 7,KANSAS CITY,KS, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD OCT 1 PY 1997 VL 122 IS 16 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA XZ054 UT WOS:A1997XZ05400182 ER PT J AU Lunetta, RS Cosentino, BL Montgomery, DR Beamer, EM Beechie, TJ AF Lunetta, RS Cosentino, BL Montgomery, DR Beamer, EM Beechie, TJ TI GIS-based evaluation of salmon habitat in the Pacific Northwest SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CLASSIFICATION; RIVERS AB Categorization of 164,083 kilometres of stream length has provided the first quantitative measure of the extent and location of potential salmon stream habitat throughout western Washington State. Reach slope and forest seral stage provided a coarse indicator of channel condition across She region. Reach-average slopes calculated for individual stream reaches using 30-metre digital elevation model (DEM) data, correctly identified low-gradient (less than 4.0 percent slope) response reaches that typically provide habitat for anadromous salmon with an accuracy of 96 percent (omission and commission error rates of 24.0 and 4.0 percent, respectively). Almost one-quarter 23.2 percent) of all stream length categorized consisted of response reaches, of which only 8.7 percent were associated with late-seral and 20.7 percent with mid-seral forest stages. Approximately 70 percent of the total stream length potentially providing anadromous salmon habitat is associated with non-forested and early-seral stage forests. GIS-based analytical techniques provided a rapid, objective, and cost-effective tool to assist in prioritizing locations of salmon habitat preservation and restoration efforts in the Pacific Northwest. C1 WASHINGTON DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE,OLYMPIA,WA 98501. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV WASHINGTON,QUATERNARY RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98195. SKAGIT SYSTEM COOPERAT,LA CONNER,WA 98257. RP Lunetta, RS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MAIL DROP 56,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 26 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 63 IS 10 BP 1219 EP 1229 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA XY995 UT WOS:A1997XY99500011 ER PT J AU Dai, QJ Yan, B Huang, SB Liu, XZ Peng, SB Miranda, MLL Chavez, AQ Vergara, BS Olszyk, DM AF Dai, QJ Yan, B Huang, SB Liu, XZ Peng, SB Miranda, MLL Chavez, AQ Vergara, BS Olszyk, DM TI Response of oxidative stress defense systems in rice (Oryza sativa) leaves with supplemental UV-B radiation SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE active oxygen defense system; active oxygen radical; lipid peroxidation; membrane permeability; Oryza sativa; rice; ultraviolet radiation; UV-B ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ACTIVE OXYGEN; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SENSITIVE METHOD; CROP PLANTS; GROWTH; OZONE AB The impact of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) on membrane systems and lipid peroxidation, and possible involvement of active oxygen radicals was investigated in leaves of two UV-B susceptible rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L. cvs IR74 and Dular). Rice seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 10 days and then treated with biologically effective UV-B (UV-B-BE) radiation for 28 days. Oxidative stress effects were evaluated by measuring superoxide anion (O-2(.-)) generation rate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and relative electrolyte conductivity (EC) for IR74 and Dular at 0 (control), 6 or 13 kJ m(-2) day(-1) UV-B-BE. Significant increases in these parameters were found in rice plants grown at 13 vs 0 kJ m(-2) day(-1) UV-B-BE after 28 days; indicating that disruption of membrane systems may be an eventual reason for UV-B-induced injury in rice plants. There was a positive correlation between O-2(.-) generation and increases in EC or MDA in leaves. Activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic free radical scavengers were measured for IR74 after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of exposure to 13 or 0 UV-B-BE to evaluate dynamics of these responses over time. Activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (but not ascorbate peroxidase) and concentrations of ascorbic acid and glutathione were enhanced by 13 vs 0 UV-B-BE after 14 days of UV-B exposure. Further exposure to 28 days of UV-B was associated with a decline in enzyme activities and ascorbic acid, but not glutathione. It is suggested that UV-B-induced injury may be associated with disturbance of active oxygen metabolism through the destruction and alteration of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic defense systems in rice. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. INT RICE RES INST,MANILA 1099,PHILIPPINES. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,E LANSING,MI 48824. JIANGSU ACAD AGR SCI,NANJING 210014,JIANGSU,PEOPLES R CHINA. RI Huang, Shaobai/D-1225-2011; Strid, Ake/E-5309-2012 OI Strid, Ake/0000-0003-3315-8835 NR 52 TC 103 Z9 123 U1 1 U2 21 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 101 IS 2 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010207.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YB619 UT WOS:A1997YB61900007 ER PT J AU James, K AF James, K TI Pulp and paper companies save energy and resources through climate wise SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP James, K (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY PLANNING & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 80 IS 10 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA YA265 UT WOS:A1997YA26500022 ER PT J AU Narotsky, MG Brownie, GF Kavlock, RJ AF Narotsky, MG Brownie, GF Kavlock, RJ TI Critical period of carbon tetrachloride-induced pregnancy loss in Fischer-344 rats, with insights into the detection of resorption sites by ammonium sulfide staining SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; IMPLANTATION TRACES; CORPUS-LUTEUM; PROLACTIN AB Several low-molecular weight halocarbons have been shown to cause full-litter resorption (FLR), i.e., pregnancy loss, in Fischer-344 rats treated during organogenesis. To determine periods of gestation sensitive to acute exposure, a single dose of 150 mg carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)/kg was administered on gestation day (GD) 6, 7, 8, 10, or 12. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on GD 20. Non-gravid uteri were examined for resorption sites, placed in 10% ammonium sulfide, and re-examined for stained resorption sites approximately 1 and 4.5 hr later. FLR was seen in 4% (1/27) of control dams and 36% (4/11), 54% (7/13), 72% (18/25), 54% (7/13), and 0% (0/12) of dams treated on GD 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, respectively. Ammonium sulfide staining clearly yielded a more accurate account of the incidence of FLR. The technique was most effective when the staining period was extended to 4.5 hr, as two cases of FLR were revealed that had been undetected after 1 hr of staining. For dams with FLR, staining was required to detect resorption sites in all dams treated on GD 6 or 7, most dams treated on GD 8, and one dam treated on GD 10. Fewer implantation sites were detected in the dams treated on GD 6, and the size of the stained resorption sites increased as the day of treatment was delayed. These findings demonstrate a relationship between the time of toxicant exposure and the size and detectability of resorption sites near term, suggesting that the size of the resorption site may reliably reflect the time of embryonic death. Treatment on GD 8 caused the highest incidence of FLR and will be used in subsequent mechanistic research. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, COLL VET MED, RALEIGH, NC 27606 USA. RP Narotsky, MG (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL MD67, REPROD TOXICOL DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD OCT PY 1997 VL 56 IS 4 BP 252 EP 261 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199710)56:4<252::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA YK106 UT WOS:A1997YK10600004 PM 9408976 ER PT J AU Carter, JD Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Devlin, RB AF Carter, JD Ghio, AJ Samet, JM Devlin, RB TI Cytokine production by human airway epithelial cells after exposure to an air pollution particle is metal-dependent SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NF-KAPPA-B; INTERLEUKIN-8 GENE-EXPRESSION; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; PHOSPHATASE INHIBITOR; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; OXIDANT GENERATION; IL-8 PRODUCTION; LUNG; TRANSFERRIN AB Despite the many epidemiological studies supporting the contention that ambient air pollution particles can adversely affect human health, there is no clear agreement as to a biologically plausible mechanism which can explain the acute mortality and morbidity associated with exposure to particles less than 10 mu m in size. We tested the hypothesis that metals present in an air pollution particle can induce the synthesis and expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNF alpha. A residual oil fly ash (ROFA) containing the transition metals vanadium, nickel, and iron was used as a model emission source air pollution particle. Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were exposed for either 2 or 24 hr to 0, 5, 50, or 200 mu g/ml ROFA. Concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-alpha proteins were measured with commercially available ELISA kits. mRNA for these same cytokines was quantified by RT-PCR. NHBE cells exposed to ROFA produced significant amounts of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF, as well as mRNAs coding for these cytokines. Cytokine production was inhibited by the inclusion of either the metal chelator deferoxamine (1.0 mM) or the free radical scavenger dimethylthiourea (1.0 mM). In addition, vanadium containing compounds, but not iron or nickel sulfates, mimicked the effects of intact ROFA. These results demonstrate that metals present in ROFA may be responsible for production and release of inflammatory mediators by the respiratory tract epithelium and suggest that these mediators may contribute to the toxic effects of particulate air pollutants reported in epidemiology studies. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH MED, CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. NR 41 TC 342 Z9 350 U1 1 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 146 IS 2 BP 180 EP 188 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8254 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YD923 UT WOS:A1997YD92300002 PM 9344885 ER PT J AU Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Schramm, KW Kettrup, A Rozman, KK AF Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Schramm, KW Kettrup, A Rozman, KK TI Subchronic/chronic toxicity of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) in rats .1. Design, general observations, hematology, and liver concentrations SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; INTRAVENOUS-INJECTION; CDDS; MIXTURE; TCDD; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; TOXICOKINETICS; 13-WEEK; MICE AB Groups of 20 male and 20 female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were given five different doses of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD). Total doses for males and females (30.9/18.5, 370/222, 2222/1333, 6667/4000, and 10000/6000 mu g/kg) were divided into four daily loading doses and six biweekly maintenance doses. Positive controls were administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, total dose 70/41.9 mu g/kg). Liver concentrations, as determined by GC/MS, reflected quite accurately the calculated dose ratios. The dosing period was 13 weeks, after which half of the rats were necropsied and the rest provided with an off-dose period of another 13 weeks. Body weight gain was dose-dependently reduced throughout the study. Mortality occurred dose-dependently, starting on Day 22 and continuing until the end of the off-dose period. Mortality rates at the end of the off-dose period were 90 and 40% for males and 60 and 10% for females in the two highest dose groups. Clinical signs and necropsy findings suggested that the cause of death was related to wasting (early deaths), gastrointestinal and nasal hemorrhage (between Days 64 and 126), or anemia Gate deaths, after Day 111). Prothrombin times were prolonged intermittently, mainly at the highest dose of HpCDD. Platelet counts were dose-dependently decreased at the two highest doses of HpCDD and in the TCDD-treated group. This study demonstrates that the relative potency derived from acute toxicity studies is the same as that observed in this subchronic/chronic toxicity study of HpCDD and TCDD, confirming the validity of 0.007 as the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) for HpCDD, which is in good agreement with the international TEF Of 0.01. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 NATL PUBL HLTH INST,TOXICOL LAB,KUOPIO,FINLAND. GSF MUNICH,INST TOXIKOL,SECT ENVIRONM TOXIKOL,D-85758 NEUHERBERG,GERMANY. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. GSF MUNICH,INST OKOL CHEM,D-85758 NEUHERBERG,GERMANY. RP Viluksela, M (reprint author), UNIV KANSAS,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL TOXICOL & THERAPEUT,3901 RAINBOW BLVD,KANSAS CITY,KS 66160, USA. RI Schramm, Karl-Werner/C-7438-2013 OI Schramm, Karl-Werner/0000-0002-8945-4062 NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 146 IS 2 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8239 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YD923 UT WOS:A1997YD92300005 PM 9344888 ER PT J AU Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Rozman, KK AF Viluksela, M Stahl, BU Birnbaum, LS Rozman, KK TI Subchronic/chronic toxicity of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) in rats .2. Biochemical effects SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN (TCDD)-TREATED RATS; HEPATIC PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE; TCDD-RESISTANT; TRYPTOPHAN 2,3-DIOXYGENASE; DOSE-RESPONSE; KEY ENZYMES; TIME-COURSE; SHORT-TERM; CDDS AB Groups of 20 male and 20 female rats were given five different oral doses of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) or one dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) divided into four daily loading doses and six biweekly maintenance doses. The dosing period was 13 weeks, after which half of the rats were necropsied and the rest assigned to an off-dose period of another 13 weeks. At the end of the dosing period, liver ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was dose-dependently increased starting at the lowest dose (7- to 10-fold) with maximum induction (50- to 100-fold) at the middle or second highest dose. There was a slight reversibility of this effect in HpCDD-treated rats, particularly at lower doses, and a pronounced reversibility in TCDD-dosed rats, both in accordance with respective toxicokinetics. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver was dose-dependently decreased (up to 60%) at the two or three highest doses of HpCDD and also in the TCDD dosage group. Liver tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity was decreased at the two highest doses of HpCDD (up to 41%), particularly in females. Serum tryptophan concentrations were elevated in rats found moribund due to wasting. There was a dose-dependent decrease in serum glucose concentrations (up to 30%) at the end of the dosing period. Serum thyroxin (T4) concentrations showed a dose-dependent decrease (78% at the highest dose) beginning in the middle dose for HpCDD and in the TCDD dosage group. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were only slightly affected, except that they were somewhat decreased in moribund animals. The results demonstrate that similar biochemical changes occur in rats after single as after multiple dosing with HpCDD and TCDD. Based on these endpoints, the relative potency of HpCDD after subchronic exposure is in agreement with the international toxic equivalency factor (I-TEF) of 0.01 and, more specifically, with a TEF of 0.007 based on LD50 values in the same strain of rats. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 NATL PUBL HLTH INST,TOXICOL LAB,KUOPIO,FINLAND. GSF MUNICH,INST TOXIKOL,ENVIRONM TOXICOL SECT,D-85758 NEUHERBERG,GERMANY. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Viluksela, M (reprint author), UNIV KANSAS,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL TOXICOL & THERAPEUT,3901 RAINBOW BLVD,KANSAS CITY,KS 66160, USA. NR 45 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 146 IS 2 BP 217 EP 226 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8240 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YD923 UT WOS:A1997YD92300006 PM 9344889 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Wolf, C Mann, P Ostby, JS AF Gray, LE Wolf, C Mann, P Ostby, JS TI In utero exposure to low doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters reproductive development of female long evans hooded rat offspring SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; ANDROGENIC STATUS; IN-UTERO; TCDD; INUTERO; MORPHOLOGY AB Prenatal administration of a single dose of 1 mu g TCDD/kg induces malformations of the external genitalia and subfertility in female offspring (L. E. Gray, Jr., and J. S. Ostby (1995) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 133, 285-294). A cross-fostering study indicated that in utero but not lactational TCDD exposure (1 mu g TCDD/kg on gestational Day 15) induces cleft phallus, vaginal thread formation, and reduced ovarian weight. TCDD treatment on the 15th day of pregnancy at 0, 0.05, 0.20, or 0.80 mu g TCDD/kg delayed vaginal opening at 0.80 mu g/kg in the progeny. A persistent vaginal thread was displayed by 27% of the progeny at 0.20 and 92% at 0.80 mu g TCDD/kg. These effects did not appear to result from abnormal ovarian function during prepubertal development; neither serum estradiol levels nor ovarian estradiol production were reduced in 21- or 28-day-old progeny of darns exposed to 1 mu g TCDD/kg. In addition, partial to complete clefting of the phallus was displayed in TCDD-treated rats (10% at 0.20 and 60% at 0.80 mu g TCDD/kg) and these dosage levels also increased the length of the urethral slit, increased distance from the urethral opening to the tip of the phallus, and decreased distance from the urethral opening to the vaginal orifice. Although fertility rates were normal, time-to-pregnancy was delayed by treatment with 0.80 mu g TCDD/kg. When necropsied at 20 months of age, females from the TCDD-dose groups displayed histopathological alterations of the reproductive tract. In summary, administration of TCDD at dosage levels of 0.2, 0.8, and 1.0 mu g/kg produces morphological reproductive alterations in female rat offspring as a consequence of in utero exposure. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 EXPT PATHOL LABS INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 146 IS 2 BP 237 EP 244 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8222 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YD923 UT WOS:A1997YD92300008 PM 9344891 ER PT J AU Collette, TW DeHaseth, JA Garrison, AW AF Collette, TW DeHaseth, JA Garrison, AW TI Environmental analytical chemistry SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30601, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP R5 EP R6 DI 10.1016/S0165-9936(97)90137-0 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YF304 UT WOS:A1997YF30400005 ER PT J AU Hernandez, P Ambrose, RB Prats, D Ferrandis, E Asensi, JC AF Hernandez, P Ambrose, RB Prats, D Ferrandis, E Asensi, JC TI Modeling eutrophication kinetics in reservoir microcosms SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microcosms; modeling; eutrophication; freshwater phytoplankton ID PHYTOPLANKTON; GROWTH AB This study addresses the question of how a general seasonal eutrophication model, WASP5, can handle daily phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics in perturbed microcosms for 1- to 2-week periods of time. It is intended to explore both the interpretative and the predictive capabilities of conventional kinetic formulations. The general method adopted in this study is to first apply EUTRO5, a component of WASP5, to a well-behaved microcosm, calibrating the parameter values and reformulating equations if necessary. Next, the calibrated model is subjected to testing in other microcosm experiments, with altered parameter values if necessary. Model performance is further explored through sensitivity analyses to try to ''explain'' the observed kinetics in the experiments, and a two-way ANOVA is finally applied to the simulated vs observed evolution curves of the three main variables, i.e. chlorophyll a, soluble-P and ammonia-N in all experiments and microcosms studied. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV ALICANTE,DEPT CHEM ENGN,E-03080 ALICANTE,SPAIN. UNIV ALICANTE,DEPT STAT,E-03080 ALICANTE,SPAIN. RP Hernandez, P (reprint author), UNIV ALICANTE,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & NAT RESOURCES,E-03080 ALICANTE,SPAIN. RI Asensi Steegmann, Juan Carlos/L-9115-2014; Prats, Daniel/L-7306-2014 OI Asensi Steegmann, Juan Carlos/0000-0003-0448-6266; Prats, Daniel/0000-0002-5727-7479 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 31 IS 10 BP 2511 EP 2519 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00082-1 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA XZ554 UT WOS:A1997XZ55400015 ER PT J AU Lindquist, HDA AF Lindquist, HDA TI Probes for the specific detection of Cryptosporidium parvum SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium parvum; ribosomal; rRNA; probe; oocyst,; detection ID DATABASE; OOCYSTS; RNA AB A probe set, consisting of two synthetic oligonucleotides each tagged with a fluorescent reporter molecule, has been developed for specific detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Each probe strand detects ribosomal RNA from a range of isolates of this species, and the combination is designed to allow detection of all isolates for which the rRNA sequence has been published. This represents the first use of 6-carboxyfluorescein phosphoramadite as a label for fluorescent in situ hybridization. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Lindquist, HDA (reprint author), US EPA,BIOHAZARD ASSESSMENT RES BRANCH,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD OCT PY 1997 VL 31 IS 10 BP 2668 EP 2671 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00076-6 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA XZ554 UT WOS:A1997XZ55400033 ER PT J AU Gilpin, T Apel, E Fried, A Wert, B Calvert, J Zhang, GF Dasgupta, PK Harder, JW Heikes, B Hopkins, B Westberg, H Kleindienst, T Lee, YN Zhou, XL Lonneman, W Sewell, S AF Gilpin, T Apel, E Fried, A Wert, B Calvert, J Zhang, GF Dasgupta, PK Harder, JW Heikes, B Hopkins, B Westberg, H Kleindienst, T Lee, YN Zhou, XL Lonneman, W Sewell, S TI Intercomparison of six ambient [CH2O] measurement techniques SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; OBSERVATORY PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; LASER ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FORMALDEHYDE; AIR; ISOPRENE; HCHO; PHOTOOXIDATION; INTERFERENCE AB From May 29 to June 3, 1995 a blind intercomparison of six ambient formaldehyde measurement techniques took place at a field site near the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. The continuous measurement methods intercompared were tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, (TDLAS); coil/2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, (CDNPH); 1,3-cyclohexanedione-diffusion scrubber (CHDDS); and the coil enzyme method (CENZ). In addition, two different cartridge methods were compared: silica gel-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DPNH) systems and a C-18-DNPH system. The intercomparison was conducted with spiked zero air (part 1) and ambient air (part 2). The CH2O standards for part 1 were calibrated by several independent methods and delivered to participants via a common glass manifold with potential trace gas interferants common to ambient air (O-3, SO2, NO2, isoprene, H2O). The TDLAS system was used to confirm the absolute accuracy of the standards and served as a mission reference for part 1. The ambient phase lasted 44 hours with all participants sampling from a common glass tower. Differences between the ambient [CH2O] observed by the TDLAS and the other continuous methods were significant in some cases. For matched ambient measurement times the average ratios (+/- 1 sigma) [CH2O](measured)/[CH2O](TDLAS) were: 0.89 +/- 0.12 (CDNPH); 1.30 +/- 0.02 (CHDDS); 0.63 +/- 0.03 (CENZ), The methods showed similar variations but different absolute values and the divergences appeared to result largely from calibration differences (no gas phase standards were used by groups other than NCAR). When the regressions of the participant [CH2O] values versus the TDLAS values, (measured in part 1), were used to normalize all of the results to the common gas phase standards of the NCAR group, the average ratios (+/- 1 sigma), [CH2O](corrected)/[CH2O](TDLAS) for the first measurement period were much closer to unity: 1.04 +/- 0.14 (CDNPH), 1.00 +/- 0.11 (CHDDS), and 0.82 +/- 0.08 (CENZ). With the continuous methods used here, no unequivocal interferences were seen when SO2, NO2, O-3, and isoprene impurities were added to prepared mixtures or when these were present in ambient air. The measurements with the C-18 DNPH (no O-3 scrubber) and silica gel DNPH cartridges (with O-3 scrubber) showed a reasonable correlation with the TDLAS measurements, although the results from the silica cartridges were about a factor of two below the standards in the spike experiments and about 35% below in the ambient measurements. Using the NCAR gas-phase spike data to calibrate the response of the silica gel cartridges in the ambient studies, the results are the same within statistical uncertainty. When the same gas phase calibration was used with the C-18 cartridges, the results showed a positive bias of about 35%, presumably reflecting a positive ozone interference in this case (no ozone scrubber used). The silica DNPH cartridge results from the second participant were highly scattered and showed no significant correlation with the TDLAS measurements. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, LUBBOCK, TX 79409 USA. NOAA, AERON LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. UNIV RHODE ISL, GRAD SCH OCEANOG, CTR ATMOSPHER STUDIES, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, CHEM ENGN LAB ATMOSPHER RES, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC, ATMOSPHER CHEM GRP, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, ENVIRONM CHEM DIV, UPTON, NY 11973 USA. US EPA, NERL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. PHILLIPS ACAD, ANDOVER, MA USA. RP Gilpin, T (reprint author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. NR 50 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D17 BP 21161 EP 21188 DI 10.1029/97JD01314 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XX380 UT WOS:A1997XX38000001 ER PT J AU Coffin, RB Connolly, JP AF Coffin, RB Connolly, JP TI Bacteria and heterotrophic microflagellate production in the Santa Rosa Sound, Florida SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE bacteria; heterotrophic microflagellates; production; grazing; carbon; estuary ID PLANKTONIC MARINE-BACTERIA; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; BACTERIOPLANKTON PRODUCTION; ESTUARINE WATER; SURFACE WATERS; COASTAL WATERS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; DRY-MATTER; GROWTH AB Bacterial and microflagellate biomass and production and grazing on bacteria were compared weekly at a fixed station in Santa Rosa Sound, Florida, starting in February and ending in October. For both populations the weekly variation in biomass and production was as large as the seasonal variation. Cycles for biomass and production of these organisms were generally out of phase, rendering it difficult to estimate the net grazing of bacteria by microflagellates at individual time points. For evaluation of factors that control the fate of carbon cycled by bacterial, experiments were conducted to examine bacterial growth rates in the absence of predators. This examination resulted in low bacterial growth rates when biomass was high, and rapid growth rates typically occurred near minimum populations. Further analysis suggested that microflagellate predation was greater than bacterial production during minimum bacterial growth rates. With integration of production and grazing rates over the study period, factors controlling bacterial growth were examined. Using this approach, 71% of the bacterial production was grazed by < 8.0 mu m predators. The microflagellate biomass production was 41% of the grazing rate on bacteria. The total amount of bacterial production assimilated into microflagellate biomass was 29%. However, based on the variations in biomass and activity of the microbial assemblages, it appears that substrate and predation exert alternating control on bacterial abundance and production. C1 US EPA, Environm Res Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Hydroqual, Mahwah, NJ 07430 USA. Manhattan Coll, Environm Engn & Sci Program, Riverdale, NY 10471 USA. RP Coffin, RB (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Code 6115,4555 Overlook Dr SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NR 56 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD SEP 19 PY 1997 VL 353 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1023/A:1003038307684 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YL666 UT WOS:000070979300006 ER PT J AU Chuang, JC Nishioka, MG Wilson, NK AF Chuang, JC Nishioka, MG Wilson, NK TI Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for polycyclic aromatic: Hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, and 2,4-D herbicide in house dust and soil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. BATTELLE MEM INST,COLUMBUS,OH 43201. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 10 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700122 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, AM AF Ehrlich, AM TI Nobody should see how sausages, laws, or regulations are made. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 10 EP TECH PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700943 ER PT J AU Bennett, DA AF Bennett, DA TI Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 11 EP CHAS PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700851 ER PT J AU VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL AF VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL TI Progress of environmental immunochemistry as presented at the immunochemistry summit meeting series. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 LOCKHEED MARTIN,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 11 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700123 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Rogers, K Chen, W Mulchandani, A AF Wang, Y Rogers, K Chen, W Mulchandani, A TI Development of a versatile phosphotriesterase-based enzyme assay for paraoxon. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT CHEM ENGN,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RI Mulchandani, Ashok/B-9692-2016 OI Mulchandani, Ashok/0000-0002-2831-4154 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 12 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700124 ER PT J AU Parry, R AF Parry, R TI Agricultural utilizing of municipal, animal, and industrial waste - An EPA perspective. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 16 EP FERT PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701675 ER PT J AU Miller, LS Davis, DB Peven, CS Chuang, JC Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM AF Miller, LS Davis, DB Peven, CS Chuang, JC Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM TI Analysis of soil and dust samples for polychlorinated biphenyls by ELISA. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BATTELLE MEM INST,COLUMBUS,OH 43201. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 27 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700139 ER PT J AU Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM Clarke, AN AF Johnson, JC VanEmon, JM Clarke, AN TI Re-evaluation study of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated Gencorp Lawrence soil using quantitative immunoassay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES BRANCH,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. ECKENFELDER INC,NASHVILLE,TN 37228. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 29 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700141 ER PT J AU Davis, JM AF Davis, JM TI Health research directions for new fuels. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NAT CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Davis, J Michael/B-3337-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 36 EP FUEL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701719 ER PT J AU VanEmon, JM Johnson, JC Reed, AW Hardwick, BC Brumley, WC AF VanEmon, JM Johnson, JC Reed, AW Hardwick, BC Brumley, WC TI An immunoassay for the quantitation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol as a biomarker of exposure. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89103. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 59 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700171 ER PT J AU Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW Hilal, SH AF Carreira, LA Karickhoff, SW Hilal, SH TI The role of electrostatic effects in modeling ionization pKa and tautomeric equilibria in aqueous and nonaqueous media. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30606. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30606. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 68 EP COMP PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701267 ER PT J AU Brilis, GM AF Brilis, GM TI Communicating computer system concerns SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 71 EP CHAL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701022 ER PT J AU Cizdziel, J Hodge, V Faller, S AF Cizdziel, J Hodge, V Faller, S TI Attic dust: A new study of radioactive fallout from the Nevada Test Site. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV NEVADA,RENO,NV 89557. UNIV NEVADA,DEPT CHEM,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 72 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701559 ER PT J AU Parker, RD AF Parker, RD TI Ecological committee on FIFRA risk assessment methods (ECOFRAM): Workgroup formation and process. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 82 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85700194 ER PT J AU VanEmon, JM Johnson, JC Reed, AW Hardwick, BC AF VanEmon, JM Johnson, JC Reed, AW Hardwick, BC TI Organophosphate monitoring by immunoassay. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NERI,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES BRANCH,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 83 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701570 ER PT J AU Kilduff, JE Miller, EL Schumacher, BA AF Kilduff, JE Miller, EL Schumacher, BA TI The influence of overlying paint layers on measured lead concentrations in paint measured by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. LOCKHEED ENGN & SCI CO,MARTIN SCI GRP,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 84 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701571 ER PT J AU Blancato, JN AF Blancato, JN TI Use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models as adjuncts to monitoring in dose and risk assessment SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES BRANCH,HUMAN EXPOSURE & ATMOSPHER SCI DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 85 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701572 ER PT J AU Dary, CC Evaristus, EN Saleh, MA AF Dary, CC Evaristus, EN Saleh, MA TI Quantitative structure-activity relationship for predicting the potential dermal dose and skin sensitization potential of solvents and cleaning products SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ORD,NERI,HERB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. TEXAS SO UNIV,DEPT CHEM & TOXICOL,HOUSTON,TX 77004. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 90 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701577 ER PT J AU Brooks, LR Jacobson, RW Warren, SH Kohan, MJ Donnelly, KC George, SE AF Brooks, LR Jacobson, RW Warren, SH Kohan, MJ Donnelly, KC George, SE TI Bioassay-directed fractionation of urinary metabolites from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-treated Fischer 344 rats. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ECD,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. ILS INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 104 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701591 ER PT J AU Brockhoff, CA Creed, JT AF Brockhoff, CA Creed, JT TI The determination of bromate in ozonated drinking waters by ion chromatography with isotope dilution and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 106 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701593 ER PT J AU Crone, TA Archer, JC AF Crone, TA Archer, JC TI Dioxin/furan air analyses from times beach incinerator. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,KANSAS CITY,KS 66115. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 119 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701606 ER PT J AU Lavy, TL Mattice, JD Skulman, BW Gbur, EE Massey, JH Senseman, SA Barrett, MR AF Lavy, TL Mattice, JD Skulman, BW Gbur, EE Massey, JH Senseman, SA Barrett, MR TI Persistence of herbicides aged at three subsoil depths. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 126 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701613 ER PT J AU Hern, SC Robertson, GR Butler, LC Engelmann, WH Kantor, EJ Quackenboss, JJ Behar, JV Pandian, MD AF Hern, SC Robertson, GR Butler, LC Engelmann, WH Kantor, EJ Quackenboss, JJ Behar, JV Pandian, MD TI Reaching ''THERdbASE'' in human exposure research. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES BRANCH LV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. INFOSCI INC,HENDERSON,NV 89014. RI Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 134 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701621 ER PT J AU VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Dempsey, GD AF VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Dempsey, GD TI National research facility in glitter gulch. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. LOCKHEED ENGN & SCI CO,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 137 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701624 ER PT J AU Grange, AH Brumley, WC Sovocool, GW AF Grange, AH Brumley, WC Sovocool, GW TI Mass peak profiling from selected-ion-recording data and a profile generation model: Powerful new tools for identifying environmental contaminants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NERL,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 144 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701631 ER PT J AU Betowski, LD Gurka, DF Robins, KA AF Betowski, LD Gurka, DF Robins, KA TI Ab initio computational chemistry - A tool for environmental analysis .1. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. UNLV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 147 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701634 ER PT J AU Robins, KA Betowski, LD Gurka, DF AF Robins, KA Betowski, LD Gurka, DF TI Ab initio computational chemistry - A tool for environmental analysis .2. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 148 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701635 ER PT J AU Moy, T Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Matchett, WH Kelliher, V Brumley, WC AF Moy, T Ferguson, PL Grange, AH Matchett, WH Kelliher, V Brumley, WC TI Development of separation systems for hydrophobics using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with an emphasis on molecular micelles. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NERL,ESD LV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 7 PY 1997 VL 214 BP 150 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XQ857 UT WOS:A1997XQ85701637 ER PT J AU Cimino, MC Auletta, AE Dearfield, KL AF Cimino, MC Auletta, AE Dearfield, KL TI Selecting chemicals and assays for assessing mammalian germ cell mutagenicity - Response SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,OFF SCI POLICY 8103,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Cimino, MC (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,RISK ASSESSMENT DIV 7403,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD SEP 5 PY 1997 VL 379 IS 1 BP 105 EP 106 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA YC145 UT WOS:A1997YC14500012 PM 9330628 ER PT J AU Rosiak, K Li, MH Degitz, SJ Skalla, DW Chu, I Francis, BM AF Rosiak, K Li, MH Degitz, SJ Skalla, DW Chu, I Francis, BM TI Maternal and developmental toxicity of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) in Swiss-Webster mice and Sprague-Dawley rats SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diphenyl ethers; developmental toxicity; rat; mouse ID HERBICIDE "2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL-PARA-NITROPHENYL ETHER; MONOOXYGENASE INDUCTION ACTIVITIES; TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; NITROFEN; CONGENERS; TERATOGENESIS; BIPHENYLS; EXPOSURE; ANALOGS; PCBS AB Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are industrial byproducts found in many ecosystems at low levels. PCDEs are not markedly toxic to adult rodents, but their developmental toxicity has not previously been examined. We evaluated the maternal and perinatal toxicity of nine PCDE congeners to outbred mice when compounds were administered from gestation day (GD) 6 through GD 15.2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexaCDE and 2,3',4',6-tetraCDE decreased the number of pups born per female mated and the number of pups surviving per litter born. 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaCDE and 2,2',4,5,6'-petaCDE decreased the number of litters born per female mated, without decreasing postnatal survival. The other PCDEs did not decrease survival either pre- or postnatally. None of the PCDEs caused absence of Harderian glands in surviving offspring at the doses administered. Neither induction of cytochromes P450 nor tissue residues of individual congeners correlated well with developmental toxicity. Three PCDEs were also evaluated in outbred (Sprague-Dawley) rats: 2,2',4,5,6'-pentaCDE and 2,3',4',6-tetraCDE, because of their toxicity to mice; 2,2',4,3',5,5'-hexaCDE, because it should exhibit PCB-like toxicity. Each congener was administered at three dose levels from GD 6 through GD 15.2,2',4,5,6'-pentaCDE decreased the number of litters born at 100 mg/kg/day, and the survival of pups in litters carried to term, at both 50 and 100 mg/kg per day. Postnatal weight gain was also reduced. In contrast to its action in mice, 2,3',4',6-tetraCDE decreased neither the numbers of litters born nor postnatal survival of rat offspring, but did suppress postnatal weight gain at least through PD 5. As in mice, induction of cytochromes P450 was not well correlated with the developmental toxicity of individual congeners. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET BIOSCI,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ENTOMOL,URBANA,IL 61801. HLTH CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0L2,CANADA. NATL TAIWAN UNIV,DEPT GEOG,TAIPEI 10764,TAIWAN. US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ANIM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RI Li, Mei-Hui/F-7545-2010; OI Li, Mei-Hui/0000-0002-2874-2079 NR 36 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 5 PY 1997 VL 121 IS 3 BP 191 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00066-8 PG 14 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XL856 UT WOS:A1997XL85600002 PM 9231697 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI Tolerance to the hypothermic and hyperthermic effects of chlorpyrifos SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endotoxin; fever; organophosphate; hyperthermia; hypothermia; tolerance ID DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE; ANTICHOLINESTERASE; INSECTICIDES AB Hypothermia is a commonly reported thermoregulatory response in rodents acutely exposed to ogranophosphates (OP); however, our laboratory has recently found a delayed hyperthermic response following the initial hypothermia when exposed to the OP, chlorpyrifos. It is well known that rodents display tolerance to OP-induced hypothermia but little is known about tolerance to OP-induced hyperthermia. Twenty female rats of the Long-Evans strain were made tolerant to chlorpyrifos by administering 0 or 10 mg/g chlorpyrifos by gavage daily for four days. Core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) were monitored continuously by telemetry. Twenty-four hours after the fourth 10 mg/kg injection, the animals were administered a challenge dose of 25 mg/kg chlorpyrifos or corn oil while the telemetry data were monitored for the next 72 h. Non-tolerant rats displayed an initial hypothermic response with reduced MA followed by a delayed increase in T-c 24 h after exposure. The tolerant animals displayed a blunted hypothermic response with virtually no change in MA, but a delayed increase in T-c similar to that of non-tolerant animals. The hyperthermic response of the non-tolerant animals persisted for two days, whereas the tolerant animals recovered by the second day. The data indicate that tolerance to the hypothermic and hyperthermic effects of chlorpyrifos involve separate neurochemical pathways. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Rowsey, PJ (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH NURSING,CARRINGTON HALL,CB 7460,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD SEP 5 PY 1997 VL 121 IS 3 BP 215 EP 221 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XL856 UT WOS:A1997XL85600004 ER PT J AU Lighthart, B Shaffer, BT AF Lighthart, B Shaffer, BT TI Increased airborne bacterial survival as a function of particle content and size SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TREHALOSE AB Two test vegetative bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herbicola, and a physical aerosol decay indicator, Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, were sprayed into a particle size fractionating wind tunnel. Test bacterial survival significantly increased directly with droplet size for varying test cell to spore ratios and temperature. However, survival varied inversely with relative humidity. (C) 1997 American Association for aerosol Research. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 11 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 27 IS 3 BP 439 EP 446 DI 10.1080/02786829708965483 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XR300 UT WOS:A1997XR30000011 ER PT J AU Dai, QJ Peng, SB Chavez, AQ Miranda, MLL Vergara, BS Olszyk, DM AF Dai, QJ Peng, SB Chavez, AQ Miranda, MLL Vergara, BS Olszyk, DM TI Supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation does not reduce growth or grain yield in rice SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PLANTS; FIELD; SENSITIVITY; IRRADIANCES; CULTIVARS AB Negative effects of enhanced UV-B radiation have been demonstrated in plants, but impacts under realistic held conditions remain uncertain. Adverse impacts to major crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), that are grown in areas with currently high ambient levels of UV-B, could have consequences for food security. To address the response of rice to UV-B, we conducted an intensive and extensive series of field experiments from 1992 to 1995 documenting the effects of supplemental UV-B (simulating approximately 20% ozone depletion for the Philippines), using irrigated rice cultivars under tropical conditions. This multiseason study indicated that supplemental UV-B had no significant effects on rice grain yield (including the yield components spikelet filling percentage, and 1000-grain weight) or growth parameters (plant height or panicles per square meter). The absence of UV-B effects was consistent across seasonal environment (four dry and three wet seasons), cultivar, and type of exposure system. Thus, rice yields are not likely to be affected by increases in UV-B under realistic field conditions. C1 US EPA,HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. INT RICE RES INST,APPA DIV,MANILA 1099,PHILIPPINES. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 89 IS 5 BP 793 EP 799 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YD120 UT WOS:A1997YD12000014 ER PT J AU McDonnell, WF Stewart, PW Andreoni, S Seal, E Kehrl, HR Horstman, DH Folinsbee, LJ Smith, MV AF McDonnell, WF Stewart, PW Andreoni, S Seal, E Kehrl, HR Horstman, DH Folinsbee, LJ Smith, MV TI Prediction of ozone-induced FEV1 changes: Effects of concentration, duration, and ventilation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY-FUNCTION CHANGES; LUNG SIZE; RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; HEALTHY NONSMOKERS; AIRWAY SIZE; EXPOSURE; EXERCISE; INHALATION; ADULTS AB The purpose of this analysis of previously published data was to identify a model that accurately predicts the mean ozone-induced FEV1 response of humans as a function of concentration (C), minute ventilation ((V) over dotE), duration of exposure (T), and age. Healthy young adults (n = 485) were exposed for 2 h to one of six ozone concentrations while exercising at one of three levels. Candidate models were fitted to portions of the data and evaluated on the basis of their ability to predict the mean response of independent samples. A sigmoid-shaped model that is consistent with previous observations of ozone exposure-response (E-R) characteristics was identified and found to accurately predict the mean response with independent data. This model in a more general form may allow the prediction of responses under conditions of changing C and (V) over dotE. We did not find that response was more sensitive to changes in C than in (V) over dotE, nor did we find convincing evidence of an effect of body size upon response. We did find that response to ozone decreases with age. In summary, we have identified a biologically plausible, predictive model that quantifies the relationship between the ozone-induced change in FEV1, and C, (V) over dotE, T, and age. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOSTAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC. MVS BIOMATH,RALEIGH,NC. RP McDonnell, WF (reprint author), US EPA,CLIN RES BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 58B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Andreoni, Solange/0000-0003-4589-9876 NR 29 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 156 IS 3 BP 715 EP 722 PG 8 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA XX177 UT WOS:A1997XX17700006 PM 9309984 ER PT J AU Pitelka, LF Gardner, RH Ash, J Berry, S Gitay, H Noble, IR Saunders, A Bradshaw, RHW Brubaker, L Clark, JS Davis, MB Sugita, S Dyer, JM Hengeveld, R Hope, G Huntley, B King, GA Lavorel, S Mack, RN Malanson, GP McGlone, M Prentice, IC Rejmanek, M AF Pitelka, LF Gardner, RH Ash, J Berry, S Gitay, H Noble, IR Saunders, A Bradshaw, RHW Brubaker, L Clark, JS Davis, MB Sugita, S Dyer, JM Hengeveld, R Hope, G Huntley, B King, GA Lavorel, S Mack, RN Malanson, GP McGlone, M Prentice, IC Rejmanek, M TI Plant migration and climate change SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Article ID BLUE JAYS; DISPERSAL; CONSERVATION; LANDSCAPES; BEECH; TREES C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,DEPT BOT & ZOOL,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA. AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH BIOL SCI,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA. SO SWEDISH FOREST RES CTR,ALNARP,SWEDEN. UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. DUKE UNIV,DEPT BOT,DURHAM,NC 27706. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,ST PAUL,MN 55108. OHIO UNIV,DEPT GEOG,ATHENS,OH 45701. INST FORESTRY & NATURE RES,WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH PACIFIC & ASIAN STUDIES,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA. UNIV DURHAM,DEPT BIOL SCI,DURHAM,ENGLAND. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. CNRS,CTR ECOL FONCT & EVOLUT,F-34033 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. UNIV IOWA,DEPT GEOG,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. LANDCARE RES NZ,LINCOLN,NEW ZEALAND. LUND UNIV,DEPT PLANT ECOL,LUND,SWEDEN. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DIV BIOL SCI,DAVIS,CA. RI Clark, James/G-6331-2011 NR 35 TC 196 Z9 203 U1 4 U2 32 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 85 IS 5 BP 464 EP 473 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XQ275 UT WOS:A1997XQ27500015 ER PT J AU Gilbert, ME AF Gilbert, ME TI Towards the development of a biologically based dose-response model of lead neurotoxicity SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Behavioral Toxicology - Mechanisms and Outcomes, at the Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY DEC 27-30, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; GYRUS IN-VIVO; SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY; DENTATE GYRUS; SELECTIVE BLOCKADE; CHANNEL CURRENTS; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; INORGANIC LEAD AB Biologically-based dose-response (BBDR) paradigms incorporate mechanistic toxicological data in the derivation of quantitative models to estimate risk. Developmental lead (Pb) exposure has been long associated with deficits in intellectual ability. To date, direct estimates of toxicant-induced functional alterations in brain that may underlie cognition have been lacking, obviating the utilization of quantitative modeling for toxicological endpoints of higher brain function. The utility of the long-term potentiation (LTP) model of synaptic plasticity in the context of Pb-induced cognitive deficits is explored in the present paper. In reviewing physiological and biochemical requirements of LTP that may overlap with cellular mechanisms of Pb toxicity, a neurobiological schema is constructed upon which we can begin to explore the possibility of applying BBDR models in neurotoxicology. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP Gilbert, ME (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 57 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 37 IS 4 BP 389 EP 398 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XZ280 UT WOS:A1997XZ28000007 ER PT J AU Heidelberg, JF Shahamat, M Levin, M Rahman, I Stelma, G Grim, C Colwell, RR AF Heidelberg, JF Shahamat, M Levin, M Rahman, I Stelma, G Grim, C Colwell, RR TI Effect of aerosolization on culturability and viability of gram-negative bacteria SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SICK BUILDING SYNDROME; SAMPLING METHODS; AIR; MICROORGANISMS; ENVIRONMENT; MEDIA AB Estimations of the bacterial content of air can be more easily made now than a decade ago, with colony formation the method of choice for enumeration of airborne bacteria. However, plate counts are subject to error because bacteria exposed to the air mag remain viable yet lose the ability to form colonies, i.e., they become viable but nonculturable. If airborne bacteria exhibit this phenomenon, colony formation data m-ill significantly underestimate the bacterial populations in air samples. The objective of the study reported here was to determine the effect of aerosolization on viability and colony-forming ability of Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella planticola, and Cytophaga allerginae. A collison nebulizer was used to spray bacterial suspensions into an aerosol chamber, after which duplicate samples were collected in all-glass impingers over a 4-h period. Humidity was maintained at ca. 20 to 25%, and temperature was maintained at 20 to 22 degrees C for each of two replicate trials per microorganism. Viability was determined by using a modified direct viable count method, employing nalidixic acid or aztreonam and p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT). Cells mere stained with acridine orange and observed by epifluorescence microscopy to enumerate total and viable cells. Viable cells were defined as those elongating in the presence of antibiotic and/or reducing INT. CFU were determined by plating on tryptic soy agar and R2A agar. It was found that culture techniques did not provide an adequate description of the bacterial burdens of indoor air (i.e., less than 10% of the aerosolized bacteria were capable of forming visible colonies). It is concluded that total cell count procedures provide a better approximation of the number of bacterial cells in air and that procedures other than plate counting are needed to enumerate bacteria in aerosol samples, especially if the public health quality of indoor air is to be estimated. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,INST BIOTECHNOL,MARINE ESTUARINE ENVIRONM SCI PROGRAM,COLLEGE PK,MD 20140. UNIV MARYLAND,INST BIOTECHNOL,CTR MARINE BIOTECHNOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 33 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 63 IS 9 BP 3585 EP 3588 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XV510 UT WOS:A1997XV51000038 PM 9293010 ER PT J AU Slifko, TR Freidman, D Rose, JB Jakubowski, W AF Slifko, TR Freidman, D Rose, JB Jakubowski, W TI An in vitro method for detecting infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts with cell culture SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARVUM IN-VITRO; HCT-8 CELLS; APICOMPLEXA; MONOLAYERS; SURVIVAL AB Current assay methods to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in water are generally not able to evaluate viability or infectivity. A method was developed for low-level detection of infective oocysts by using HCT-8 cells in culture as hosts to C. parvum reproductive stages. The infective foci were detected by labeling intracellular developmental stages of the parasite in an indirect-antibody assay with a primary antibody specific for reproductive stages and a secondary fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody. The complete assay was named the focus detection method (FDM). The infectious foci (indicating that at least one of the four sporozoites released from a viable oocyst had infected a cell) were enumerated by epifluorescence microscopy and confirmed under Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy. Time series experiments demonstrated that the autoreinfective life cycle in host HCT-8 cells began after 12 h of incubation. Through dilution studies, levels as Low as one infectious oocyst were detected. The cell culture FDM compared well to other viability assays. Vital stains and excystation demonstrated that oocyst populations less than 1% viable (by vital dyes) and having a low sporozoite yield following excystation could not infect host cells. Until now, the water industry has relied on an oocyst detection method (under an information collection regulation) that is unable to determine viability. The quantifiable results of the cell culture method described demonstrate two important applications: (i) an infectivity assay that may be used in conjunction with current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency mandated detection methodologies, and (ii) a method to evaluate oocyst infectivity in survival and disinfection studies. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Slifko, TR (reprint author), UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,140 7TH AVE S,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701, USA. NR 15 TC 126 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 63 IS 9 BP 3669 EP 3675 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XV510 UT WOS:A1997XV51000051 PM 9293017 ER PT J AU Andersen, SO Morehouse, ET AF Andersen, SO Morehouse, ET TI The ozone challenge - Industry and government learned to work together to protect environment SO ASHRAE JOURNAL-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS LA English DT Article RP Andersen, SO (reprint author), US EPA,STRATOSPHER PROTECT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEAT REFRIG AIR- CONDITIONING ENG INC PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J.-Am. Soc. Heat Refrig. Air-Cond. Eng. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 39 IS 9 BP 33 EP & PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA XX325 UT WOS:A1997XX32500019 ER PT J AU Harwell, MA AF Harwell, MA TI Ecosystem management of South Florida SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,SCI ADVISORY BOARD,ECOL PROC & EFFECTS COMM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Harwell, MA (reprint author), UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,CTR MARINE & ENVIRONM ANAL,MIAMI,FL 33149, USA. NR 55 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 8 BP 499 EP 512 DI 10.2307/1313118 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA XT244 UT WOS:A1997XT24400010 ER PT J AU ONeill, RV Hunsaker, CT Jones, KB Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Schwartz, PM Goodman, IA Jackson, BL Baillargeon, WS AF ONeill, RV Hunsaker, CT Jones, KB Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Schwartz, PM Goodman, IA Jackson, BL Baillargeon, WS TI Monitoring environmental quality at the landscape scale SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; ECOLOGICAL RISK; REGIONAL SCALE; DYNAMICS; PATTERN; DESERTIFICATION; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEMS; MODELS C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHOR,NORRIS,TN 37828. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37830. STATE NEW MEXICO,SANTA FE,NM 87502. RP ONeill, RV (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA. OI Hunsaker, Carolyn/0000-0002-5662-2402 NR 65 TC 147 Z9 165 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 8 BP 513 EP 519 DI 10.2307/1313119 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA XT244 UT WOS:A1997XT24400011 ER PT J AU Foss, SS Rayburn, JR AF Foss, SS Rayburn, JR TI Effects of culture duration on toxicity of ethanol to developing embryos of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Foss, SS (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,GULF ECOL DIV,NRC,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 59 IS 3 BP 467 EP 471 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XN745 UT WOS:A1997XN74500019 PM 9256402 ER PT J AU Kirchgessner, DA Lott, RA Cowgill, RM Harrison, MR Shires, TM AF Kirchgessner, DA Lott, RA Cowgill, RM Harrison, MR Shires, TM TI Estimate of methane emissions from the US natural gas industry SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE US natural gas industry; methane emissions; greenhouse gases; climate change AB Global methane emissions from the fossil fuel industries have been poorly quantified and, in many cases, emissions are not well-known even at the country level. Historically, methane emissions from the U.S. gas industry have been based on sparse data, incorrect assumptions, or both. As a result, the estimate of the contribution these emissions make to the global methane inventory could be inaccurate. For this reason the assertion that global warming could be reduced by replacing coal and oil fuels with natural gas could not be defended. A recently completed, multi year study conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development and the Gas Research Institute had the objective of determining methane emissions from the U.S. gas industry with an accuracy of +/- 0.5% of production. The study concluded that, in the 1992 base year, methane emissions from the industry were 314 +/- 105 Bscf or 6.04 +/- 2.01 Tg (all conversions to international units are made at 15.56 degrees C and 101.325 kPa). Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 GAS RES INST,CHICAGO,IL 60631. RADIAN CORP,AUSTIN,TX 78720. RP Kirchgessner, DA (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1365 EP 1390 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00236-1 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XW364 UT WOS:A1997XW36400016 PM 9308164 ER PT J AU Dolin, EJ AF Dolin, EJ TI EPA's energy efficiency programs SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article RP Dolin, EJ (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER POLLUT PREVENT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD SEP PY 1997 VL 39 IS 7 BP 28 EP 29 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ803 UT WOS:A1997XQ80300008 ER PT J AU Cox, DD Cox, LH Ensor, KB AF Cox, DD Cox, LH Ensor, KB TI Spatial sampling and the environment: some issues and directions SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT NISS/USEPA Workshop CY SEP 21-22, 1994 CL CHAPEL HILL, NC DE experimental design; spatial statistics; kriging; environmental monitoring; multiphase sampling ID PREDICTION; DESIGN; OPTIMIZATION; MODEL AB In this paper we summarize research issues for spatial environmental sampling stemming from a NISS/USEPA workshop held on 21-22 September 1994 at Chapel Hill, NC. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB MD75,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Cox, DD (reprint author), RICE UNIV,DEPT STAT,HOUSTON,TX 77251, USA. OI Ensor, Katherine/0000-0002-3964-0465 NR 44 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3 BP 219 EP 233 DI 10.1023/A:1018578513217 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA XR370 UT WOS:A1997XR37000003 ER PT J AU McKinney, JD AF McKinney, JD TI Interactive hormonal activity of chemical mixtures SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material ID RECEPTOR; FLEXIBILITY RP McKinney, JD (reprint author), US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 105 IS 9 BP 896 EP 897 DI 10.2307/3433860 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YG652 UT WOS:A1997YG65200001 PM 9410738 ER PT J AU Costa, DL Dreher, KL AF Costa, DL Dreher, KL TI Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Meeting on the Toxicology of Natural and Man-Made Fibrous and Non-Fibrous Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1996 CL LAKE PLACID, NY DE particulate matter; metals; air pollution; lung injury; animal models; pulmonary hypertension ID AIR-POLLUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS; OXIDANT GENERATION; DAILY MORTALITY; PARTICLES; MICHIGAN; DETROIT AB Many epidemiologic reports associate ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) with human mortality and morbidity, particularly in people with preexisting cardiopulmonary disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infection, asthma). Because much ambient PM is derived from combustion sources, we tested the hypothesis that the health effects of PM arise from anthropogenic PM that contains bioavailable transition metals. The PM samples studied derived from three emission sources (two oil and one coal fly ash) and four ambient airsheds (St. Louis, MO; Washington; Dusseldorf, Germany;and Ottawa, Canada). PM was administered to rats by intratracheal instillation in equimass or equimetal doses to address directly the influence of PM mass versus metal content on acute lung injury and inflammation. Our results indicated that the lung dose of bioavailable transition metal, not instilled PM mass, was the primary determinant of the acute inflammatory response for both the combustion source and ambient PM samples, Residual oil fly ash, a combustion PM rich in bioavailable metal, was evaluated in aat model of cardiopulmonary disease (pulmonary vasculitis/hypertension) to ascertain whether the disease stale augmented sensitivity to that PM. Significant mortality and enhanced airway responsiveness were observed. Analysis of the lavaged lung fluids suggested that the milieu of the inflamed lung amplified metal-mediated oxidant chemistry to jeopardize the compromised cardiopulmonary system. We propose that soluble metals from PM mediate the array of PM-associated injuries to the cardiopulmonary system of the healthy and at-risk compromised host. RP Costa, DL (reprint author), US EPA,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,MD-82,ERC BLDG,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 27 TC 365 Z9 388 U1 2 U2 41 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 105 SU 5 BP 1053 EP 1060 DI 10.2307/3433509 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YH510 UT WOS:A1997YH51000010 PM 9400700 ER PT J AU Martin, LD Krunkosky, TM Dye, JA Fischer, BM Jiang, NF Rochelle, LG Akley, NJ Dreher, KL Adler, KB AF Martin, LD Krunkosky, TM Dye, JA Fischer, BM Jiang, NF Rochelle, LG Akley, NJ Dreher, KL Adler, KB TI The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the response of airway epithelium to particulates SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Meeting on the Toxicology of Natural and Man-Made Fibrous and Non-Fibrous Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1996 CL LAKE PLACID, NY DE reactive oxygen/nitrogen species; signal transduction; airway inflammation; mucin hypersecretion; ICAM-1; TNF-alpha ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE-1; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; FACTOR-ALPHA; GENE-EXPRESSION; IN-VITRO; MINERAL DUSTS; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; INHALED PARTICLES AB Epidemiologic and occupational studies indicate adverse health effects due to inhalation of particulate air pollutants, but precise biologic mechanisms responsible have yet to be fully established. The tracheobronchial epithelium forms the body's first physiologic barrier to such airborne pollutants, where ciliary movement functions to remove the offending substances caught in the overlying mucus layer. Resident and infiltrating phagocytic cells also function in this removal process. In this paper, we examine the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the response of airway epithelium to particulates. Some particulates themselves can generate ROS, as can the epithelial cells, in response to appropriate stimulation. In addition, resident macrophages in the airways and the alveolar spaces carl release ROS/RNS after phagocytosis of inhaled particles. These macrophages also release large amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine that can generate responses within the airway epithelium dependent upon intracellular generation of ROS/RNS. As a result, signal transduction pathways are set in motion that may contribute to inflammation and other pathobiology in the airway. Such effects include increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, cytosolic and inducible nitric oxide synthase, manganese superoxide dismutase, cytosolic phospholipase A(2), and hypersecretion of mucus. Ultimately, ROS/RNS may play a role in the global response of the airway epithelium to particulate pollutants via activation of kinases and transcription factors common to many response genes. Thus, defense mechanisms involved in responding to offending particulates may result in a complex cascade of events that can contribute to airway pathology. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT PHYSIOL SCI & RADIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27606. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 09512, HL 09063, HL 36982] NR 78 TC 67 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 105 SU 5 BP 1301 EP 1307 DI 10.2307/3433551 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YH510 UT WOS:A1997YH51000052 PM 9400742 ER PT J AU Vu, VT Lai, DY AF Vu, VT Lai, DY TI Approaches to characterizing human health risks of exposure to fibers SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Meeting on the Toxicology of Natural and Man-Made Fibrous and Non-Fibrous Particles CY SEP 15-18, 1996 CL LAKE PLACID, NY DE respirable fibers; mineral fibers; man-made vitreous fibers; synthetic fibers; asbestos; risk assessment ID CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS; MINERAL FIBERS; CARCINOGENICITY; RATS; TOXICITY; LUNG AB Naturally occurring and man-made (synthetic) fibers of respirable sizes are substances that have been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) as priority substances for risk reduction and pollution prevention under th-Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The health concern for respirable fibers is based on the link of occupational asbestos exposure and environmental erionite fiber exposure to the development of chronic respiratory diseases, including interstitial lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma in humans. There is also considerable laboratory evidence indicating that a variety of fibers of varying physical and chemical characteristics can elicit fibrogenic and carcinogenic effects in animals under certain exposure conditions. This paper discusses key scientific issues and major default assumptions and uncertainties pertaining to the risk assessment of inhaled fibers. This is followed by a description of the types of assessment performed by the U.S. EPA to support risk management actions of new fibers and existing fibers under TSCA. The scope and depth of these risk assessments, however, vary greatly depending on whether the substance under review is an existing or a new fiber, the purpose of the assessment, the availability of data, time, and resources, and the intended nature of regulatory action. In general, these risk assessments are of considerable uncertainty because health hazard and human exposure information is often incomplete for most fibers. Furthermore, how fibers cause diseases and what specific determinants are critical to fiber-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are still not completely understood. Further research to improve our knowledge base in fiber toxicology and additional toxicity and exposure data gathering are needed to more accurately characterize the health risks of inhaled fibers. RP Vu, VT (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 105 SU 5 BP 1329 EP 1336 DI 10.2307/3433556 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YH510 UT WOS:A1997YH51000057 PM 9400747 ER PT J AU Lorber, M Johnson, K Kross, B Pinsky, P Burmeister, L Thurman, M Wilkins, A Hallberg, G AF Lorber, M Johnson, K Kross, B Pinsky, P Burmeister, L Thurman, M Wilkins, A Hallberg, G TI A study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water .1. Study design, implementation, and database development SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE atrazine; nitrates; temporal variability; well water ID HERBICIDES AB In 1988, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, along with the University of Iowa conducted the Statewide Rural Well Water Survey, commonly known as SWRL. A total of 686 private rural drinking water wells was selected by use of a probability sample and tested for pesticides and nitrates. Sixty-eight of these wells, the '10% repeat' wells, were additionally sampled in October, 1990 and June, 1991. Starting in November, 1991, the University of Iowa, with sponsorship from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, revisited these wells to begin a study of the temporal variability of atrazine and nitrates in wells. Other wells, which had originally tested positive for atrazine in SWRL but were not in the 10% repeat population, were added to the study population. Temporal sampling for a year-long period began in February of 1992 and concluded in January of 1993. All wells were sampled monthly, one subset was sampled weekly, and a second subset was sampled for 14-day consecutive periods. Two unique aspects of this study were the use of an immunoassay technique to screen for triazines before gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and quantification of atrazine, and the use of well owners to sample the wells. A total of 1771 samples from 83 wells are in the final data base for this study. This paper reviews the study design, the analytical methodologies, and development of the data base. A companion paper (Pinsky et al., 1997) discusses the analysis of the data from this survey. RP Lorber, M (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 2 BP 175 EP 195 DI 10.1023/A:1005700803802 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ339 UT WOS:A1997XQ33900005 ER PT J AU Pinsky, P Lorber, M Johnson, K Kross, B Burmeister, L Wilkins, A Hallberg, G AF Pinsky, P Lorber, M Johnson, K Kross, B Burmeister, L Wilkins, A Hallberg, G TI A study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water .2. Analysis of data SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE atrazine; nitrates; temporal variability; well water AB In 1988, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, along with the University of Iowa, conducted the Statewide Rural Well Water Survey, commonly known as SWRL. A total of 686 private rural drinking water wells was selected by use of a probability sample and tested for pesticides and nitrate. A subset of these wells, the 10% repeat wells, were additionally sampled in October, 1990 and June, 1991. Starting in November, 1991, the University of Iowa, with sponsorship from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, revisited the 10% repeat wells to begin a study of the temporal variability of atrazine and nitrate in wells. Other wells, which had originally tested positive for atrazine in SWRL but were not in the 10% population, were added to the study population. Temporal sampling for a year-long period began in February of 1992 and concluded in January of 1993. All wells were sampled monthly, a subset was sampled weekly, and a second subset was sampled for 14 day consecutive periods. Of the 67 wells in the 10% population tested monthly, 7 (10.4%) tested positive for atrazine at least once during the year, and 3 (4%) were positive each of the 12 months. The average concentration in the 7 wells was 0.10 mu g/L. For nitrate, 15 (22%) wells in the 10% repeat population monthly sampling were above the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg/L at least once. This paper, the second of two papers on this study, describes the analysis of data from the survey. The first paper (Lorber et al., 1997) reviews the study design, the analytical methodologies, and development of the data base. RP Pinsky, P (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 2 BP 197 EP 221 DI 10.1023/A:1005704920640 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ339 UT WOS:A1997XQ33900006 ER PT J AU Summers, K Folmar, L RodonNaveira, M AF Summers, K Folmar, L RodonNaveira, M TI Development and testing of bioindicators for monitoring the condition of estuarine ecosystems SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID BULLHEADS AMEIURUS-NEBULOSUS; MELANO-MACROPHAGE CENTERS; PINFISH LAGODON-RHOMBOIDES; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; BLOOD-CHEMISTRY; P-32-POSTLABELING ANALYSIS; SERUM CHEMISTRY; DNA ADDUCTS; FISH; LIVER AB As part of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program in 1991, the field efficacy of six 'research' indicators was examined in the estuarine systems of the Gulf of Mexico. The utility of these indicators was tested by examining those responses at both ends of multiple environmental gradients; namely, under minimally impacted conditions (reference) and heavily impacted conditions (by hypoxia, industrial discharges, agricultural runoff). In addition, the geographic effects of location (east and west of the Mississippi River) were examined. Numbers and frequencies of pathologies, abundance of splenic macrophage aggregates, and vertebral abnormalities showed response patterns that suggest wider field testing along full gradients rather than simply the extremes of the gradient are warranted. Selected blood proteins showed some promise but logistical constraints in estuarine environments may limit its utility Concentrations of selected organic compounds in bile showed no differences in this study between references and contaminated sites. Molecular bioindicators are discussed with regard to their potential utility as indicators of ecosystem conditions. Of these potential indicators, the use of vitellogenin assays as a measure of reproductive impairment and frequency of shell disease in selected crustaceans as an indicator of immunological aberrations deserve further examination. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Summers, K (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, GULF ECOL DIV, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 65 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 3 BP 275 EP 301 DI 10.1023/A:1005750605366 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU401 UT WOS:A1997XU40100004 ER PT J AU Kelley, CA Hammer, BT Coffin, RB AF Kelley, CA Hammer, BT Coffin, RB TI Concentrations and stable isotope values of BTEX in gasoline-contaminated groundwater SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; CRUDE-OIL; AQUIFER; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS AB This work was undertaken to investigate the usefulness of stable carbon isotopic analysis as a monitoring tool for contaminant remediation. Concentrations and delta(13)C values of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) were measured at a gasoline-contaminated site in southern California. The BTEX data were determined using a purge-and-trap connected to a gas chromatograph/ion trap mass spectrometer and to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer system. Concentrations ranged from below detection (<0.5 ppb approximate to 0.05 mu M C) to about 120 ppm (approximate to 10 000 mu M C) total BTEX, with toluene generally having the highest concentrations. For BTEX compounds at monitoring wells averaged across all sampling dates, delta(13)C values ranged from -23.8 to -26.6 parts per thousand (benzene), -22.9 to -25.2 parts per thousand (toluene), from -23.0 to -25.3 parts per thousand (p&m-xylenes), and from -22.4 to -25.0 parts per thousand (o-xylene). The data strongly suggest two sources of contamination: one with lighter (C-12-enriched) delta(13)C Values emanating from the area near monitoring wells 1 and 2, and the other containing higher MTBE concentrations, an additive of unleaded gasoline, with heavier (C-13-enriched) delta(13)C Values coming from the vicinity of monitoring wells 8 and 9. The isotope data suggest that the leaded and unleaded gasoline at this site are isotopically distinct. C1 US EPA, NATL RES COUNCIL, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. RI Kelley, Cheryl/K-9392-2015 NR 16 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 9 BP 2469 EP 2472 DI 10.1021/es960635r PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU118 UT WOS:A1997XU11800031 ER PT J AU Zhang, PC Ryan, JA Bryndzia, LT AF Zhang, PC Ryan, JA Bryndzia, LT TI Pyromorphite formation from goethite adsorbed lead SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER INTERFACE; IMMOBILIZATION; HYDROXYAPATITE; PHOSPHATE; KINETICS; EXCHANGE; SOIL AB Conversion of labile soil Ph species into stable Pb minerals is a crucial process in the development of an in situ soil Pb remediation strategy. A complete understanding of the reaction with specific soil Pb species is therefore of fundamental importance. A synthetic goethite, alpha-Fe(OH)(3), with surfaces saturated with Pb2+ was used to represent adsorbed Pb, one of the primary sail Pb species. Hydroxyapatite (Ca-5(PO4)(3)OH) and NaH2PO4 were the source of solid and soluble phosphate, respectively. When stoichiometric concentrations of soluble phosphate were added directly to the suspension of Ph-adsorbed goethite, the thermodynamically stable lead phosphate mineral chloropyromorphite (Pb-5(PO4)(3)Cl) was rapidly precipitated. By contrast, when the same goethite suspension was reacted in a dialysis system in the presence of hydroxyapatite, the formation of chloropyromorphite is slow and appears to be controlled by the rate of dissolution of the hydroxyapatite. Chloropyromorphite minerals produced in these experiments vary in morphology in accordance with the reaction conditions in which the mineral formed. However, the extractability of the goethite-adsorbed Pb by MgCl2 was dramatically reduced because of the reaction with added phosphates. This supports the hypothesis that the bioavailability of adsorbed soil Pb could potentially be reduced to insignificant levels in Pb-contaminated soil, under normal soil pH conditions, by amendment with a phosphate source. RP Zhang, PC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,5995 CTR HILL AVE,CINCINNATI,OH 45224, USA. NR 24 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 9 BP 2673 EP 2678 DI 10.1021/es970087x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU118 UT WOS:A1997XU11800060 ER PT J AU Kendall, DS Mushak, P Drexler, JW AF Kendall, DS Mushak, P Drexler, JW TI Incinerator or recycler? SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 PB ASSOCIATES,DURHAM,NC 27705. UNIV COLORADO,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Kendall, DS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL ENFORCEMENT INVEST CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 9 BP A393 EP A393 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU118 UT WOS:A1997XU11800002 PM 21650341 ER PT J AU Meyn, O Zeeman, M Wise, MJ Keane, SE AF Meyn, O Zeeman, M Wise, MJ Keane, SE TI Terrestrial wildlife risk assessment for TCDD in land-applied pulp and paper mill sludge SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Wildlife Ecotoxicology, at the 1995 SETAC-Europe Meeting CY JUN 25-28, 1995 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem DE ecological risk assessment; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; pulp/water mill sludge; Monte Carlo analysis; pharmacokinetic model ID NECKED PHEASANT HENS; TOXICITY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; BIOACCUMULATION; CONTAMINATION; FOODS; TERM; RATS AB A risk assessment was performed to evaluate the potential effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in land-applied pulp and paper mill sludge on terrestrial wildlife. Three representative bird and mammal species were assessed for potential individual risk of adverse effects. A dietary model was used to estimate TCDD exposures of adult birds and mammals, and a pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate exposure for avian embryos. Using the quotient method, modeled exposure levels were compared to published no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) for birds and mammals to calculate risk. Monte Carlo analysis was used to consider the variability and uncertainty in the risk estimates. The results su applied pulp and paper sludge may pose significant individual risks to terrestrial wildlife under certain circumstances. Shrews were found to be most at risk due to their high consumption rate of food items that are expected to bioconcentrate the TCDD from soil at the application sites. Of all possible pathways, only dietary exposure was considered in this investigation; The analysis centered on parameter uncertainty and does not include an assessment of alternative models, although this could be a significant source of uncertainty. C1 ABT ASSOCIATES INC,BETHESDA,MD 20814. RP Meyn, O (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 90 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1789 EP 1801 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1789:TWRAFT>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XT305 UT WOS:A1997XT30500005 ER PT J AU Rhodes, LD Gardner, GR VanBeneden, RJ AF Rhodes, LD Gardner, GR VanBeneden, RJ TI Short-term tissue distribution, depuration and possible gene expression effects of [H-3]TCDD exposure in soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TCDD; Mya arenaria; depuration; gene expression; bivalve ID MIXED-FUNCTION OXYGENASE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MARINE BIVALVES; PROTEIN; DIOXIN; LIVER; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; BIOACCUMULATION; SEDIMENT; SEARCH AB A short-term, waterborne exposure and depuration study of Mya arenaria to [H-3]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin([H-3]TCDD) was performed. Gill, digestive gland, foot, and gonad were sampled up to 2 weeks after a 24-h exposure to a low dose (10 parts per trillion [pptr]) or high dose (2,000 pptr) of [H-3]TCDD in the water. In the gill, peak concentrations occurred at the beginning of depuration (406 and 8,658 pg/g wet weight, low-and high-dose groups, respectively), whereas peak concentrations in the digestive gland and foot were found 12 to 24 h after exposure (digestive gland, 539 and 9,369 pg/g wet weight; foot, 146 and 2,718 pg/g wet weight; low-and high-dose groups, respectively). In contrast, tissue concentrations in the gonad increased through the postexposure period; at 2 week after exposure, tissue concentrations were highest in the gonad (243 and 3,012 pg/g wet weight, low- and high-dose groups, respectively). Examination of gill and gonad by differential display polymerase chain reaction identified potential alterations in expression of genes that may be associated with increased cell cycling or translation initiation. This study shows that M. arenaria fan accumulate TCDD in the gonad from an acute exposure, and it identifies several M. arenaria genes whose expression may be altered by TCDD exposure. C1 UNIV MAINE,DEPT ZOOL,ORONO,ME 04469. US EPA,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. NR 41 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1888 EP 1894 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1888:STTDDA>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XT305 UT WOS:A1997XT30500018 ER PT J AU Choksi, NY Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA Booth, RG AF Choksi, NY Kodavanti, PRS Tilson, HA Booth, RG TI Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in rats SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICE; METABOLISM; INHIBITION; TOXICITY AB Literature reports suggest that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may alter dopaminergic neurotransmission in mammalian forebrain. In vitro, PCBs can decrease dopamine levels in PC 12 cells and studies of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicate that ortho-substituted (non-coplanar) PCB congeners are more active than para-substituted (coplanar) congeners. This report tested the hypothesis that ortho-substituted PCBs can selectively (vs para-substituted congeners) decrease dopamine synthesis in mammalian forebrain by inhibiting the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. In vitro effects of individual PCB congeners on activity of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase from two different rat strains were assessed. It was found that certain ortho-substituted PCB congeners (e.g., 2,2'-DCB) can inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis by nearly 40% in minces of corpus striatum prepared from Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans hooded rats. Comparatively, the ortho,meta-substituted PCB congener 2,2',5,5'-TeCB inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase activity only in striatal minces obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats, suggesting that genetic factors may influence the susceptibility of mammals to effects of PCBs that compromise brain dopamine synthesis. The PCB-induced inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in mammalian forebrain observed here appears to occur through indirect and as yet unknown mechanisms. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Choksi, NY (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PHARM,DIV MED CHEM & NAT PROD,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS35216] NR 28 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 39 IS 1 BP 76 EP 80 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2351 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YA718 UT WOS:A1997YA71800009 PM 9325030 ER PT J AU Wireman, M Job, C AF Wireman, M Job, C TI The use of ground water sensitivity assessments for purposes of the ground water disinfection rule SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article RP Wireman, M (reprint author), US EPA,REG 8,DENVER,CO 80202, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 63 EP 66 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb01263.x PG 4 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA YG709 UT WOS:A1997YG70900006 ER PT J AU Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J AF Wolbarst, AB Mauro, J TI Issues concerning EPA's cost/benefit analyses of radiological cleanup criteria - Response SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. S COHEN & ASSOCIATES, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 73 IS 3 BP 529 EP 530 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA XR938 UT WOS:A1997XR93800018 ER PT J AU LopezAvila, V Young, R Beckert, WF AF LopezAvila, V Young, R Beckert, WF TI On-line determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with thermionic-selective detection SO HRC-JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE gas chromatography with thermionic-selective detection; solid-phase microextraction; organophosphorus pesticides; water analysis ID FUSED-SILICA FIBERS; EXTRACTION AB This paper describes the extraction of 49 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from water samples using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Three fibers, including a 15-mu m XAD-coated fiber, a 85-mu m polyacrylate-coated fiber, and a 30-mu m polydimethylsiloxane-coated fiber (PDMS), were evaluated here. The effects of stir ring and the addition of NaCl to the sample were examined for the polyacrylate-coated fiber. The precision of the technique was examined for all three fibers and the extraction kinetics were investigated using the XAD-and polyacrylate-coated fibers. With some exceptions, the XAD-and polyacrylate-coated fibers performed better than the PDMS-coated fiber. The superiority of the XAD-and polyacrylate-coated fibers over the PDMS-coated fiber can be attributed to the aromatic functionalities of the XAD and the polar functionalities in the polyacrylate. The relatively high percent RSDs indicate that the SPME technique needs to be further refined before it can be used for anything other than screening. A more effective form of agitation than mechanical stirring may be necessary to reduce variability and achieve a faster equilibrium between the sample and the SPME fiber. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP LopezAvila, V (reprint author), MIDWEST RES INST,CALIF OPERAT,555-C CLYDE AVE,MT VIEW,CA 94043, USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU DR ALFRED HUTHIG VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG 1 PA POSTFACH 102869, W-69018 HEIDELBERG 1, GERMANY SN 0935-6304 J9 HRC-J HIGH RES CHROM JI HRC-J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 9 BP 487 EP 492 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XV934 UT WOS:A1997XV93400004 ER PT J AU Ohanian, EV AF Ohanian, EV TI Improving noncancer risk assessment in regulatory decisions SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE Safe Drinking Water Act; risk characterization; drinking water standards; reference dose; uncertainty factors; risk management ID DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVELS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY AB The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 will bring substantial changes to the national drinking water utilities, States, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), as well as greater protection and information to the 240 million Americans served by public water systems. These changes comprise a balanced, integrated framework of reform, and represent a major national commitment to new and stronger approaches to prevent contamination; better information for consumers; and regulatory improvements, including better science, prioritization of effort, risk assessment, management and communication. Specifically, the Amendments require the use of the best available, peer-reviewed science and supporting studies conducted in accordance with sound and objective scientific practices. The 1995 USEPA Risk Characterization Policy satisfies some of these requirements since it must feature values such as transparency in decision making process; clarity in communicating with each other and the public regarding environmental risks and uncertainties associated with risks; and consistency across USEPA Program Offices/Regions in core assumptions and science policies, which are well grounded in science and are reasonable. Furthermore, USEPA needs to explore new and improved noncancer risk assessment approaches in setting scientifically sound and defensible drinking water standards. RP Ohanian, EV (reprint author), US EPA,OFF WATER,HLTH & ECOL CRITERIA DIV 4304,401 M ST,SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 3 IS 4 BP 591 EP 597 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YB721 UT WOS:A1997YB72100014 ER PT J AU Abernathy, CO Poirier, KA AF Abernathy, CO Poirier, KA TI Uncertainties in the risk assessment of essential trace elements: The case of zinc SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE essential trace elements; metals; nutrients; Reference Dose (RfD); Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) ID SUPPLEMENTS; COPPER AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses the Reference Dose (RfD) to evaluate the noncarcinogenic effects of chemicals. This methodology assumes a ''threshold'' concept, i.e., there is a level below which adverse effects will not occur. This theory has proven useful in the risk assessment and subsequent regulation of many chemicals. However, for the risk assessment of essential trace elements (ETEs), adjustments in the RfD methodology had to be made. These modifications were necessary to incorporate the fact that humans have certain nutritional requirements for ETEs, as noted in the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), in order to function properly. Since the RDAs for each ETE also vary with sex, age and physiological requirements, it was difficult to derive an RfD for an ETE that met the changing nutritional requirements of these different groups and still provided in a margin of safety at all stages. With zinc, this task was impossible. As a result, the RfD Work Group inserted a notation in the zinc RfD file that the RFD for zinc did not provide the RDA for infants, preadolescent children and, possibly, lactating women. C1 PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MASON,OH. RP Abernathy, CO (reprint author), US EPA,OFF SCI & TECHNOL 4304,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 3 IS 4 BP 627 EP 633 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YB721 UT WOS:A1997YB72100017 ER PT J AU Henschel, DB AF Henschel, DB TI The possible role of indoor radon reduction systems in back-drafting residential combustion appliances SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE radon; mitigation; active soil depressurization; back-drafting; spillage; residential combustion appliances; house depressurization AB A computational sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the conditions under which residential active soil depressurization (ASD) systems for indoor radon reduction might most Likely exacerbate or create back-drafting of natural-draft combustion appliances. Parameters varied included: house size; normalized leakage area; exhaust rate of exhaust appliances other than the ASD system; and the amount of house air exhausted by the ASD system. Even with a reasonably conservative set of assumptions, it is predicted that ASD systems should not exacerbate or create back-drafting in most of the U.S. housing stock. Only at normalized leakage areas lower than 3 to 4 cm(2) (@ 4 Pa) per m(2) of floor area should ASD contribute to back-drafting, even in small houses at high ASD exhaust rates (compared to a mean of over 10 cm(2)/m(2) determined from data on over 12,000 U.S. houses). But on the other hand, even with a more forgiving set of assumptions, it is predicted that ASD systems could contribute to back-drafting in some fraction of the housing stock - houses tighter than about 1 to 2 cm(2)/m(2) - even in large houses at minimal ASD exhaust rates. It is not possible to use parameters such as house size or ASD system flow rate to estimate reliably the risk that an ASD system might contribute to back-drafting in a given house. Spillage/back-draft testing would be needed for essentially all installations. RP Henschel, DB (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV MD54,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 206 EP 214 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1997.t01-1-00006.x PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XW334 UT WOS:A1997XW33400006 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Jaskot, RH Costa, DL Dreher, KL AF Kodavanti, UP Jaskot, RH Costa, DL Dreher, KL TI Pulmonary proinflammatory gene induction following acute exposure to residual oil fly ash: Roles of particle-associated metals SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ADHESION MOLECULE-1 EXPRESSION; NORMAL HUMAN KERATINOCYTES; FACTOR-KAPPA-B; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; FACTOR-ALPHA; ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DUST EXPOSURE; TNF-ALPHA AB Residual oil fly ash (ROFA), an emission source particulate, has been shown to induce acute icing injury and fibrosis in the rat. However, the mechanism(s) and the identities of various inflammatory mediators induced by ROFA are not known. Also the extent to which ROFA-associated metals contribute to proinflammatory gene induction is yet to be determined. To examine the mechanism of ROFA-induced lung injury, male Sprague-Dawley rats (60 days old) were intratracheally instilled with 0.3 ml of either acidified saline (brought to pH 2.5 using H2SO4, similar to the pH of the ROFA suspension in saline), ROFA (2.5 mg/rat in saline, yields pH of 2.5), or predominant ROFA-associated metals such as Fe-2(SO4)(3) (Fe, 0.54 mu mol/rat), VSO4 (V, 1.7 mu mol/rat), and NiSO4 (Ni, 1.0 mu mol/rat), individually or as a mixture (Fe + V + Ni). The quantity of metals instilled reflected the amount present in the leachable material of ROFA. Histopathological findings indicated marked and progressive acute focal lung injury characterized by inflammation, edema, alveolar cell hyperplasia, thickening of the alveolar and airway walls, and bronchiolar secretory cell hypertrophy following ROFA exposure. The metal mixture induced similar pathology; however, the severity of lesions appeared less pronounced than with ROFA. Ni by itself caused the most severe damage, hemorrhage and inflammation, while V and Fe alone at a concentration present in ROFA produced less severe pathology. ROFA-instilled rats showed denudation of airway epithelium at 3 h that was less severe with individual metals and the metal mixture. Focal alveolar fibrosis was round in the case of ROFA and the metal mixture, and alveolar wall hyperplasia in the case of Ni, which pre dominated at 96 h postinstillation. Results obtained from semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses indicated that interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-5 were induced as early as 3 h and returned to control levels by 24 h following ROFA exposure. The metal mixture as well as Fe and V produced similar induction of IL-1 beta and IL-5 at 3 h. Although the extent of IL-1 beta and IL-5 induction by Ni was similar to ROFA at 3 h, unlike ROFA or the other metals, this induction persisted for up to 96 h postexposure. Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) and IL-6 mRNA were induced by ROFA, the metal mixture, and individual metals, as early as 3 h after instillation. Both cytokines remained elevated especially in ROFA-, metal mixture-, and Ni-instilled rats at 24 h. MIP-2 expression remained elevated through 96 h in Ni-instilled rats. Surprisingly, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA was not affected by ROFA or metals at any time points examined. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression was increased slightly by ROFA, the metal mixture, and Ni, but not by Fe or V, at 3 h and returned to control levels by 24 h postexposure, E-selectin mRNA increased following ROFA, metal mix, V, and Ni instillation at 3 h, again returning to control levels by 24 h postexposure. These studies suggest that ROFA could induce a number of proinflammatory cytokine genes very early and that much of this induction was due to ROFA-associated metals. Overall, the persistency and the extent of cytokine induction over 96 h by ROFA and metals were in the order of Ni > ROFA greater than or equal to metal mix greater than or equal to V greater than or equal to Fe. The persistency cytokine induction rather than degree was more closely associated with the histopathology induced by ROFA and associated metals. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,ETD,PTB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 56 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 9 IS 7 BP 679 EP 701 PG 23 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XR230 UT WOS:A1997XR23000004 ER PT J AU Klonicki, PT Hancock, CM Straub, TM Harris, SI Hancock, KW Alyaseri, AN Meyer, CJ Sturbaum, GD AF Klonicki, PT Hancock, CM Straub, TM Harris, SI Hancock, KW Alyaseri, AN Meyer, CJ Sturbaum, GD TI Crypto research: are fundamental data missing? SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Noting the dearth of accurate information regarding the quality and quantity of Cryptosporidium oocysts used for experimentation, the authors used isolates meeting stringent quality assurance criteria to document the variation of results with three different enumeration techniques-hemacytometer, cellulose-acetate membrane, and well slide. In 70 comparisons of the three techniques, results generated by well slide and hemacytometer varied by an average of 24.7 percent, hemacytometer and membrane results varied 67.6 percent, and well-slide and membrane results varied 79.3 percent. Significant discrepancies between counts generated by different techniques indicate a strong probability of poor accuracy in previous enumeration-based studies. Recovery of oocysts after Percoll-sucrose flotation varied considerably with either hemacytometer or membrane-counting techniques, which helps explain low precision with the Information Collection Rule protozoan method. Incomplete description of experimental procedures hinders Cryptosporidium research directed toward improving the analytical method, evaluation of water treatment efficacy, and surrogate development. C1 LOCKHEED MARTIN,ENVIRONM SERV ASSISTANCE TEAM,REG 10,PORT ORCHARD,WA 98366. US EPA,MANCHESTER LAB,PORT ORCHARD,WA 98366. RP Klonicki, PT (reprint author), CH DIAGNOST & CONSULTING SERV INC,214 SE 19TH ST,LOVELAND,CO 80537, USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 89 IS 9 BP 97 EP 103 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XY115 UT WOS:A1997XY11500009 ER PT J AU Sioutas, C Koutrakis, P Godleski, JJ Ferguson, ST Kim, CS Burton, RM AF Sioutas, C Koutrakis, P Godleski, JJ Ferguson, ST Kim, CS Burton, RM TI Fine particle concentrators for inhalation exposures - Effect of particle size and composition SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VIRTUAL IMPACTOR; AIR-POLLUTION; AMBIENT; PARTICULATE; CALIBRATION; AEROSOLS AB This paper presents the development and evaluation of ambient fine particle concentrators for conducting animal and human exposure studies. These systems utilize the technology of virtual impactors to concentrate particles in the range 0.15-2.5 mu m. Ambient particles are first drawn at 5000 1 m(-1) through a preselective inlet that removes particles above 2.5 mu m. Subsequently, the remaining aerosol is drawn through a series of virtual impactors, which increase particle concentration by a factor of about 10 and 30, for human and animal exposures, respectively. Results from the experimental characterization of the concentrators showed that the concentration enrichment process occurs without any distortion in the size distribution and chemical composition of the sampled ambient aerosols. Furthermore, labile constituents of fine particles, such as volatile ammonium nitrate are preserved during this process. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Sioutas, C (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. NR 21 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1057 EP 1071 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(96)00493-4 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XK148 UT WOS:A1997XK14800011 ER PT J AU Katz, IM Martonen, TB Flaa, W AF Katz, IM Martonen, TB Flaa, W TI Three-dimensional computational study of inspiratory aerosol flow through the larynx: The effect of glottal aperture modulation SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION PATTERNS; HUMAN LUNGS; AIRWAYS; PRESSURE; SULFATE; DRUGS AB In this paper surrogate geometry models for the larynx under sedentary, light, and heavy breathing conditions are used as the basis of a finite element model to assess the effect of glottal aperture modulation on inspiratory laryngeal fluid mechanics. It is found that the glottal aperture can have a profound effect on laryngeal jets, recirculation zones, and circumferential flow. It would be expected that these flow characteristics have an effect on particle deposition within the larynx. Pressure and velocity distributions are given. The results from this study will be used for the calculation of particle trajectories. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. RP Katz, IM (reprint author), TRINITY UNIV,DEPT ENGN SCI,715 STADIUM DR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78212, USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1073 EP 1083 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(96)00494-6 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XK148 UT WOS:A1997XK14800012 ER PT J AU Gabele, P AF Gabele, P TI Exhaust emissions from four-stroke lawn mower engines SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Emissions were characterized from 10 four-stroke lawn mower engines. The ages of the engines ranged from new to 15 years, and each was tested using two gasoline fuels: a 1990 national average blend and a reformulated gasoline. Reformulated gasoline usage resulted in lower organic and carbon monoxide emissions that contributed to lower reactivity-weighted emission rates. Aggregate toxic emissions were also reduced because benzene emissions were lower. On the other hand, increases in nitrogen oxide emission rates were observed with the reformulated gasoline. Compared to the newer engines, older engines had dramatically higher organic and carbon monoxide and lower nitrogen oxide emissions. RP Gabele, P (reprint author), US EPA,SOURCE APPORTIONMENT & CHARACTERIZAT BRANCH,MD-46,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 9 BP 945 EP 952 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XX360 UT WOS:A1997XX36000003 ER PT J AU Stokes, WS AF Stokes, WS TI A prickly issue SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Stokes, WS (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 26 IS 8 BP 24 EP 25 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XV353 UT WOS:A1997XV35300004 ER PT J AU Isaacson, S AF Isaacson, S TI Wasted: The failure of the child welfare system and the plight of America's unwanted children - Murphy,P SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review RP Isaacson, S (reprint author), US EPA,REG LIB 7,KANSAS CITY,KS, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 122 IS 14 BP 204 EP 204 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA XT759 UT WOS:A1997XT75900172 ER PT J AU Moran, MA Zepp, RG AF Moran, MA Zepp, RG TI Role of photoreactions in the formation of biologically labile compounds from dissolved organic matter SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; DIFFERENT HUMIC CONTENT; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NATURAL-WATERS; LAKE WATER; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES; COMPLEX PHOSPHORUS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; INORGANIC CARBON; BACTERIAL-GROWTH AB Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be degraded by sunlight into a variety of photoproducts that stimulate the growth and activity of microorganisms in aquatic environments. All biologically labile photoproducts identified to date fall into one of four categories: (1) low-molecular-weight (MW) organic compounds (carbonyl compounds with MW of <200); (2) carbon gases (primarily CO); (3) unidentified bleached organic matter; and (4) nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich compounds (including NH4+ and PO43-). A number of laboratory studies using bacterial bioassay approaches have shown that the photochemical breakdown of DOM can stimulate biomass production or activity by 1.5- to 6-fold. Results of photochemical studies, extrapolated to estimate formation rates of biologically available photoproducts from DOM in surface waters, also predict important biological roles for these compounds. In a continental shelf system, for example, full exposure of surface seawater to sunlight for one summer day can produce DOM photodegradation products equivalent to >20% of the bacterial carbon demand. Likewise, 30% of the bacterial nitrogen demand can be met by photodegradation of the nitrogen components of DOM, a process likely to be of particular importance in nitrogen-limited systems. When considered on a depth-integrated basis around the globe, at least 1.0 x 10(15) g C and 0.15 x 10(15) g N are estimated to be available annually for utilization by planktonic microorganisms through the conversion of light-absorbing fractions of DOM to more biologically labile compounds. By comparison, direct photochemical mineralization of DOM is estimated to convert 12-16 x 10(15) g C to CO2 annually. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Moran, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Moran, Mary Ann/0000-0002-0702-8167 NR 72 TC 480 Z9 516 U1 14 U2 92 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0024-3590 EI 1939-5590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1307 EP 1316 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YW217 UT WOS:000071910200001 ER PT J AU Mundy, WR Freudenrich, TM Kodavanti, PRS AF Mundy, WR Freudenrich, TM Kodavanti, PRS TI Aluminum potentiates glutamate-induced calcium accumulation and iron-induced oxygen free radical formation in primary neuronal cultures SO MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aluminum; intracellular free calcium; reactive oxygen species; cerebellar granule cell; neurotoxicity ID CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; NEUROFIBRILLARY DEGENERATION; NEUROBLASTOMA-CELLS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; DIALYSIS ENCEPHALOPATHY; BRAIN ALUMINUM; DRINKING-WATER; RAT-BRAIN AB Aluminum is a neurotoxic metal that may be involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although the mechanism of action is not known, aluminum has been shown to alter Ca2+ flux and homeostasis, and facilitate peroxidation of membrane lipids. Since abnormal increases of intracellular Ca2+ and oxygen free radicals have both been implicated in pathways leading to neurodegeneration, we examined the effect of aluminum on these parameters in vitro using primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Exposure to glutamate (1-300 mu M) caused a concentration-dependent uptake of Ca-45 in granule cells to a maximum of 280% of basal. Pretreatment with AlCl3 (1-1000 mu M) had no effect on Ca-45 accumulation, but increased the uptake induced by glutamate. Similarly, AlCl3 had no effect on intracellular free Ca2+ levels measured using fluorescent probe fura-2, but potentiated the increase induced by glutamate. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined using the fluorescent probe dichlorofluorescin. By itself, AlCl3 had little effect on ROS production. However, AlCl3 pretreatment potentiated the ROS production induced by 50 mu MFe2+. These results suggest that aluminum may facilitate increases in intracellular Ca2+ and ROS, and potentially contribute to neurotoxicity induced by other neurotoxicants. C1 US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Mundy, WR (reprint author), US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 66 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 4 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1044-7393 J9 MOL CHEM NEUROPATHOL JI Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. PD SEP-DEC PY 1997 VL 32 IS 1-3 BP 41 EP 57 DI 10.1007/BF02815166 PG 17 WC Neurosciences; Pathology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA YN074 UT WOS:000071130500003 PM 9437657 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Yang, Y Dolovich, M Guan, X AF Martonen, TB Yang, Y Dolovich, M Guan, X TI Computer simulations of lung morphologies within planar gamma camera images SO NUCLEAR MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID METERED DOSE INHALER; DEPOSITION PATTERNS; CLINICAL EFFICACY; DRUG DEPOSITION; FLUID-DYNAMICS; INHALATION; AEROSOL; DELIVERY; METHACHOLINE; TERBUTALINE AB A mathematical model and computer code have been developed to unambiguously interpret planar gamma camera images. Specifically, the algorithm permits airway composition of the central, intermediate and peripheral partitions of scans to be determined quantitatively. The algorithm unambigously identifies the spatial coordinates of each of the millions of airways within the adult human lung, and assigns every individual airway to a precise location within the gamma camera image format prescribed by the clinician. This is done on a patient-by-patient basis. The algorithm has evolved from clinical applications of the previous work of Martonen ei al. [1]. The objective of the current work was to advance the original protocol and derive an algorithm that was: (1) from a medical perspective, more physiologically realistic; and (2) from a technical perspective, easier to apply in the medical arena. Regarding (1), the major elements of the algorithm are that the outer boundary of the lung is formulated directly from lung perfusion imaging data and that the lung is divided into distinct left and right components. Regarding (2), the algorithm has been written for use with common workstations. It is our hope that the improvements will facilitate applications of the new model-code into aerosol therapy regimens. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0143-3636 J9 NUCL MED COMMUN JI Nucl. Med. Commun. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 18 IS 9 BP 861 EP 869 DI 10.1097/00006231-199709000-00011 PG 9 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA YA878 UT WOS:A1997YA87800011 PM 9352554 ER PT J AU Stayner, L Smith, R Bailer, J Gilbert, S Steenland, K Dement, J Brown, D Lemen, R AF Stayner, L Smith, R Bailer, J Gilbert, S Steenland, K Dement, J Brown, D Lemen, R TI Exposure-response analysis of risk of respiratory disease associated with occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos SO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chrysotile asbestos; risk assessment; epidemiology ID SAFETY-AND-HEALTH; LUNG-CANCER; MORTALITY; WORKERS; MESOTHELIOMA; INSTITUTE; THRESHOLD; TEXTILE; SMOKING; MODELS AB Objectives-To evaluate alternative models and estimate risk of mortality from lung cancer and asbestosis after occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos. Methods-Data were used from a recent update of a cohort mortality study of workers in a South Carolina textile factory. Alternative exposure-response models were evaluated with Poisson regression. A model designed to evaluate evidence of a threshold response was also fitted. Lifetime risks of lung cancer and asbestosis were estimated with an actuarial approach that accounts for competing causes of death. Results-A highly significant exposure-response relation was found for both lung cancer and asbestosis. The exposure-response relation for lung cancer seemed to be linear on a multiplicative scale, which is consistent with previous analyses of lung cancer and exposure to asbestos. In contrast, the exposure-response relation for asbestosis seemed to be nonlinear on a multiplicative scale in this analysis. There was no significant evidence for a threshold in models of either the lung cancer or asbestosis, The excess lifetime risk for white men exposed for 45 years at the recently revised OSHA standard of 0.1 fibre/ml was predicted to be about 5/1000 for lung cancer, and 2/1000 for asbestosis. Conclusions-This study confirms the findings from previous investigations of a strong exposure-response relation between exposure to chrysotile asbestos and mortality from lung cancer, and asbestosis. The risk estimates for lung cancer derived from this analysis are higher than those derived from other populations exposed to chrysotile asbestos. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. C1 MIAMI UNIV,DEPT MATH & STAT,OXFORD,OH 45056. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DIV ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT MED,DURHAM,NC 27710. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP Stayner, L (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL,ROBERT A TAFF LABS,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 27 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 4 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR SN 1351-0711 J9 OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI Occup. Environ. Med. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 54 IS 9 BP 646 EP 652 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XU791 UT WOS:A1997XU79100005 PM 9423577 ER PT J AU Nostrandt, AC Padilla, S Moser, VC AF Nostrandt, AC Padilla, S Moser, VC TI The relationship of oral chlorpyrifos effects on behavior, cholinesterase inhibition, and muscarinic receptor density in rat SO PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; cholinesterase inhibition; neurobehavior; functional observational battery; muscarinic receptors; rat ID NEUROBEHAVIORAL SCREENING BATTERY; FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; SHORT-TERM; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; TOXICITY; CARBARYL; ANIMALS; BRAIN; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; MODULATION AB Behavioral changes and tissue cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition were examined in animals treated with the commonly used insecticide chlorpyrifos. Adult male rats were dosed by gavage with 0, 10, 30, 60, or 100 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. Rats (n = 20/dose group) were evaluated using a functional observational battery (FOE) and an automated measure of motor activity. Ail rats were tested the day before dosing and at 3.5 h (the time of peak effect) after dosing; half of these (n = 10/dose) were sacrificed immediately after testing for tissue collection. The remaining rats were tested again at 24 h, followed by sacrifice. The following tissues were collected from each animal: half brain, individual brain areas from the other half of the brain (frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, pons/medulla), retina, liver, heart, diaphragm, quadriceps femoris muscle, and blood (separated into whole blood, plasma, and erythrocytes). ChE activity was measured in all tissues, and muscarinic receptor density was assessed as quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding in all brain regions, heart, and retina. The lowest dose produced no behavioral effects but did produce significant ChE inhibition in most tissues at 3.5 h. Higher doses produced more ChE inhibition and cholinergic signs of toxicity. Partial recovery from behavioral effects was evident at 24 h, with little or no corresponding recovery of ChE activity. Apparent downregulation of muscarinic receptor density was noted only in striatum and pons/medulla of rats treated with the highest dose of chlorpyrifos. Correlations for behavioral and biochemical effects were generally poor because: a) the low-dose effects on ChE inhibition were not reflected in behavioral signs, and b) behavioral signs showed recovery at 24 h, whereas ChE activity did not. Examination of data for individual rats indicated that >60% of brain ChE inhibition was reached before neurobehavioral effects were evident. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 41 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0091-3057 J9 PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE JI Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 58 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00458-3 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XP135 UT WOS:A1997XP13500003 PM 9264064 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ AF Gordon, CJ TI Behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in the rat following propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism SO PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE heart rate; core temperature; temperature gradient; motor activity; propylthiouracil; serum T-3; serum T-4 ID TEMPERATURE; HYPOTHERMIA; HORMONE AB A reduced body temperature is a common symptom of hypothyroidism and may result from a deficiency in metabolic heat production. However, a reduced metabolism does not necessarily imply a failure in thermoregulatory control if other thermoeffectors, in particular behavioral thermoregulation, are operative. To address this issue, selected ambient temperature (T-a) in a temperature gradient, core temperature (T-c), heart rate (HR), and motor activity (MA) were monitored via radiotelemetry in euthyroid rats and rats made hypothyroid by the administration of 0.05 mg/ml propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water for approximately 15 days. Core temperature of PTU-treated rats was reduced by 0.3 degrees whereas selected T-a was increased by 2.3 degrees. PTU treatment led to significant reductions in HR, whereas MA was unaffected. Thermoregulatory behavior did not reverse the PTU-induced hypothermia, suggesting that PTU-induced hypothyroidism leads to a regulated reduction in body temperature (i.e., decrease in the set point). A reduced set point seems to be an adaptive response that lowers the metabolic requirements for thermoregulation in the hypothyroid rat. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0091-3057 J9 PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE JI Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 58 IS 1 BP 231 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00014-2 PG 6 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XP135 UT WOS:A1997XP13500035 PM 9264096 ER PT J AU Ristaino, JB Thomas, W AF Ristaino, JB Thomas, W TI Agriculture, methyl bromide, and the ozone hole: Can we fill the gaps? SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; SOIL SOLARIZATION; COVERED FIELD; PESTICIDE USE; DEGRADATION; FUMIGATION; DEPLETION; ROOT; CHLOROPICRIN; DESTRUCTION C1 US EPA,OFF ATMOSPHER PROGRAMS,STRATOSPHER PROTECT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Ristaino, JB (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. OI Ristaino, Jean/0000-0002-9458-0514 NR 86 TC 105 Z9 114 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 964 EP 977 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.964 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400002 ER PT J AU Davis, JM Eisner, AD Wiener, RW Main, CE AF Davis, JM Eisner, AD Wiener, RW Main, CE TI A flow visualization study of spore release using a wind tunnel-mounted laser light sheet SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE coherent structures; sporangiospores ID TRANSPORT AB A phase Doppler anemometry system in combination with a laser light sheet was used in a low-speed recirculating wind tunnel to examine the flow field around an individual leaf. Turbulence similar to that encountered near the surface of the earth in a neutral stability boundary layer was generated using a grid at the upwind end of the wind tunnel test section. Individual healthy and diseased plant leaves were introduced into the tunnel with the leaf tip pointing downwind. The Mie-scattered radiation from the spores departing the diseased leaf was captured on videotape. Image processing software was used to enhance the visual quality of the individual frames from the videotape and to make spore velocity calculations. Three main vortex regions around the leaf were identified. The importance of these regions to the separation of the spores from the leaf surface and their subsequent downwind movement was analyzed. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,ATMOSPHER CHEM & PHYS BRANCH,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Davis, JM (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MARINE EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,BOX 8208,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1057 EP 1065 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1057 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400018 ER PT J AU Geil, SP AF Geil, SP TI EPA official gives insight on MP&M SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Letter RP Geil, SP (reprint author), US EPA,MP&M ENGN & ANAL DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 84 IS 9 BP 54 EP 54 PG 1 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA XV620 UT WOS:A1997XV62000006 ER PT J AU Browner, MC AF Browner, MC TI Smog and soot: Updating air quality standards SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Browner, MC (reprint author), US EPA,ROOM 1204 W TOWER,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 112 IS 5 BP 366 EP 367 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XW236 UT WOS:A1997XW23600018 ER PT J AU Linder, RE Klinefelter, GR Strader, LF Suarez, JD Roberts, NL AF Linder, RE Klinefelter, GR Strader, LF Suarez, JD Roberts, NL TI Spermatotoxicity of dichloroacetic acid SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIBROMOACETIC ACID; DRINKING-WATER; RATS; TOXICITY; EXPOSURES; PRODUCTS; SODIUM; DOGS AB The testicular toxicity of dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a disinfection byproduct of drinking water, was evaluated in adult male rats given both single and multiple (up to 14 d) oral doses, Delayed spermiation and altered resorption of residual bodies were observed in rats given single doses of 1500 and 3000 mg/kg; these effects persisted to varying degrees on post-treatment days 2, 14, and 28, Delayed spermiation and formation of atypical residual bodies also were observed on days 2, 5, 9, and 14 in rats dosed daily with 1440, 480, 160, and 54 mg/kg, Distorted sperm heads and acrosomes were observed in step 15 spermatids after 14 doses of 480 and 1440 mg/kg, Decreases in the percentage of motile sperm occurred after 9 doses of 480 and 1440 mg/kg and 14 doses of 160 mg/kg, Increased numbers of fused epididymal sperm were observed on days 5, 9, and 14 in rats dosed with 1440, 480, and 160 mg/kg, respectively; other morphologic abnormalities occurred at 160 mg/kg and higher, On day 14, a significant decrease in epididymis weight was observed at 480 and 1440 mg/kg, and epididymal sperm count was decreased at 160 mg/kg and higher, These studies demonstrate that the testicular toxicity induced by DCA are similar to those produced by the analogue, dibromoacetic acid, However, the testicular toxicity of DCA is less severe at equal molar concentrations, Moreover, the DCA-induced testicular lesions occur with greater potency as the duration of dosing increases, indicating the importance of using low-dose subchronic exposures to assess the health risk of prevalent disinfection byproducts. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECT RES LAB MD 72,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 24 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 11 IS 5 BP 681 EP 688 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(97)00031-2 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA XW708 UT WOS:A1997XW70800005 PM 9311576 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Kelce, WR Wiese, T Tyl, R Gaido, K Cook, J Klinefelter, G Desaulniers, D Wilson, E Zacharewski, T Waller, C Foster, P Laskey, J Reel, J Giesy, J Laws, S McLachlan, J Breslin, W Cooper, R DiGiulio, R Johnson, R Purdy, R Mihaich, E Safe, S Sonnenschein, C Welshons, W Miller, R McMaster, S Colborn, T AF Gray, LE Kelce, WR Wiese, T Tyl, R Gaido, K Cook, J Klinefelter, G Desaulniers, D Wilson, E Zacharewski, T Waller, C Foster, P Laskey, J Reel, J Giesy, J Laws, S McLachlan, J Breslin, W Cooper, R DiGiulio, R Johnson, R Purdy, R Mihaich, E Safe, S Sonnenschein, C Welshons, W Miller, R McMaster, S Colborn, T TI Endocrine screening methods workshop report: Detection of estrogenic and androgenic hormonal and antihormonal activity for chemicals that act via receptor or steroidogenic enzyme mechanisms SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID HUMAN-BREAST-CANCER; RAT LEYDIG-CELLS; STRUCTURALLY ALTERED ESTROGENS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS PCB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; IN-VITRO; ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE RATS; MCF-7 CELLS C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, TOXICOL PROGRAM, US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. RES TRIANGLE INST, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. DUPONT CO INC, HASKELL LABS, NEWARK, DE 19714 USA. DEPT HLTH & WELF, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0L2, CANADA. UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH MED, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO, LONDON, ON, CANADA. BIOQUAL INC, ROCKVILLE, MD USA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. TULANE XAVIER CTR BIOENVIRONM RES, NEW ORLEANS, LA USA. DOW CHEM CO USA, MIDLAND, MI 48674 USA. DUKE UNIV, NICHOLAS SCH ENVIRONM, DURHAM, NC USA. 3M CORP, ST PAUL, MN USA. RHONE POULENC, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, COLLEGE STN, TX USA. TUFTS UNIV, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. WORLD WILDLIFE FUND, WASHINGTON, DC 20037 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, RTD, ENDOCRINOL BRANCH, MD72, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 193 TC 150 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 11 IS 5 BP 719 EP 750 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(97)00025-7 PG 32 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA XW708 UT WOS:A1997XW70800010 PM 9311581 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Ostby, JS Kelce, WR AF Gray, LE Ostby, JS Kelce, WR TI A dose-response analysis of the reproductive effects of a single gestational dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male Long Evans Hooded rat offspring SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; IN-UTERO; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; ANDROGENIC STATUS; SPERM NUMBERS; TCDD; INUTERO; DIFFERENTIATION; SPERMATOGENESIS AB Male rats exposed in utero to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) display reduced fertility as a consequence of the direct action of TCDD on the epididymides, as well as delayed puberty and altered reproductive organ weights. The current study provides dose-response data for the reproductive effects of TCDD, administered during pregnancy, with an emphasis on the effects of TCDD on testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated sperm numbers. Long Evans Hooded rats were dosed by gavage with 0, 0.05, 0.20, or 0.80 mu g TCDD/kg on Day 15 of gestation. After birth, growth, viability, and developmental landmarks were monitored in both male and female offspring. Shortly after puberty (49 and 63 days of age) and at 15 months of age, male offspring were necropsied. Growth and viability of the pups were reduced only at 0.80 mu g TCDD/kg, eye opening was accelerated (all dosage groups), and puberty was delayed (at 0.20 and 0.80 mu g TCDD/kg). Treated progeny displayed transient reductions in ventral prostate and seminal vesicle weights, while epididymal sperm reserves and glans penis size were permanently reduced. Ejaculated sperm numbers were reduced (45% in the 0.8 and by 25% in the 0.05 and 0.2 mu g TCDD/kg dosage groups) to a greater degree than were cauda or caput/corpus epididymal or testicular (unaffected) sperm numbers. In conclusion, administration of TCDD on Day 15 of pregnancy at 0.05 mu g/kg altered eye opening and reduced ejaculated sperm counts, while higher dosage levels also delayed puberty and permanently reduced cauda epididymal sperm reserves. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 34 TC 163 Z9 165 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 146 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8223 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XZ366 UT WOS:A1997XZ36600002 PM 9299592 ER PT J AU Elstein, KH Mole, ML Setzer, RW Zucker, RM Kavlock, RJ Rogers, JM Lau, C AF Elstein, KH Mole, ML Setzer, RW Zucker, RM Kavlock, RJ Rogers, JM Lau, C TI Nucleoside-mediated mitigation of 5-fluorouracil-induced toxicity in synchronized murine erythroleukemic cells SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES; DNA DISTRIBUTIONS; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; RAT; MOUSE; THYMIDINE; MECHANISM; EXTRACTS; POOLS; FLUOROURACIL AB 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent known to retard embryonic growth and induce cleft palate and limb deformities. The predominant mechanism underlying its toxic action is thought to be inhibition of thymidylate synthetase (TS), and hence thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) synthesis, resulting in alteration of the balance of deoxynucleotide (dNTP) pools and disruption of DNA synthesis. Indeed, previously we demonstrated retarded cell-cycle progression concurrent with a 60% decrease in TS activity in rat whole embryos following maternal exposure to 40 mg/kg 5-FU on Gestational Day 14 and in the murine erythroleukemic cell (MELC) suspension culture following exposure to 5-25 mu M 5-FU for 2 hr. In the study described herein, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to demonstrate in both of these model systems that 5-FU exposure results in similar patterns of dNTP perturbations: a prolonged decrease in dTTP and dGTP levels and an increase in dCTP and dATP. In addition, we used centrifugal elutriation to synchronize MELC in the phases of the cell cycle (G(0)/G(1) and early S) most sensitive to 5-FU to investigate the ability of nucleoside supplementation to mitigate 5-FU-induced toxicity. Our data indicate that following a 2-hr exposure to 5-25 mu M 5-FU, supplementation with 1-10 mu M thymidine (TdR) for 24 hr partially reverses 5-FU-induced toxicity as evidenced by increased cellular proliferation and cell-cycle progression and amelioration of 5-FU-induced perturbations of protein synthesis and cellular membrane permeability compared to unsupplemented 5-FU-exposed cells. However, TdR concentrations greater than or equal to 100 mu M inhibited growth or were cytotoxic. In comparison, supplementation with 10 mu M-10 mM of deoxycytidine (CdR) was not toxic, but effected a dose-dependent recovery from 5-FU-induced toxicity. At 1-100 mu M, neither deoxyadenosine nor deoxyguanosine supplementation reduced 5-FU-induced toxicity; at higher concentrations, both purine nucleotides inhibited cell growth. Although these results support the hypothesis that 5-FU disrupts the MELC cell cycle by depleting dTTP (a perturbation that is reversible by TdR supplementation), they also indicate that CdR supplementation offers an additional recovery pathway. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Elstein, KH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,MD-67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 146 IS 1 BP 29 EP 39 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8208 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XZ366 UT WOS:A1997XZ36600004 PM 9299594 ER PT J AU Cohen, MD Becker, S Devlin, R Schlesinger, RB Zelikoff, JT AF Cohen, MD Becker, S Devlin, R Schlesinger, RB Zelikoff, JT TI Effects of vanadium upon polyl:C-induced responses in rat lung and alveolar macrophages SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID POLYINOSINIC-POLYCYTIDYLIC ACID; AMMONIUM META-VANADATE; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; EXPOSURE; INTERLEUKIN-1; ACTIVATION; INVITRO; ALPHA; MICE AB Hosts exposed to vanadium (V) display a subsequent decrease in their resistance to infections microorganisms. Our earlier studies with rats inhaling occupationally relevant levels of V (as ammonium metavanadate, NH4VO3) indicated that several nascent/inducible functions of pulmonary macrophages (PAM) were reduced. In the present study, V-exposed rats were examined to determine whether some of the same effects might also occur in situ. Rats were exposed nose-only to air or 2 mg V/m(3) (as NH4VO3) for 8 h/d for 4 d, followed 24 h later, by intratracheal (it) instillation of polyinosinic:polycytidilic acid (polyl:C) or saline. Analysis of lavaged lung cells/fluids after polyl:C instillation indicated that total lavageable cell/neutrophil numbers and protein levels, while significantly elevated in both exposure groups (as well as in saline-created V-exposed rats), were always greater in V-exposed hosts. Exposure to V also affected the inducible production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN gamma), but apparently not that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) or IL-1. Although polyl:C induced significant increases in lavage fluid IL-6 and IFN gamma levels in both exposure groups, levels were greater in V-exposed rats. if calculated with respect to total lavaged protein, however, V-exposed rats produced significantly less cytokine. Following polyl:C instillation, there were no marked exposure-related differences in basal or stimulated superoxide anion production by pooled lavaged cells or PAM specifically. With V-exposed rats, pooled cells recovered 24 h after saline instillation displayed reduced production (in both cases) compared to the air control cells; PAM-specific production was affected only after stimulation. In both exposure groups, polyl:C caused decreased superoxide production in recovered cells. Though less apparent with pooled cells, there was a time post polyl:C instillation-dependent decrease in stimulated PAM-specific superoxide production; this effect was greater in PAM ti om V-exposed rats than in PAM from air controls. Phagocytic activity of PAM from rats in both exposure groups was significantly increased by polyl:C instillation, although total activity in cells obtained from V-exposed rats was always significantly lower compared to air control cells, Our results indicate that short-term, repeated inhalation of occupationally relevant levels of V by rats modulates pulmonary immunocompetence. Modified cytokine production and PAM functionality in response to biological response modifiers (such as lipopolysaccharide, IFN gamma or polyl:C) may be, at least in part responsible for the increases in bronchopulmonary disease in humans occupationally exposed to V. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP Cohen, MD (reprint author), NYU,NELSON INST ENVIRONM MED,MED CTR,LONG MEADOW RD,NEW YORK,NY 10987, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES00260]; NIOSH CDC HHS [OH03064-01] NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD AUG 29 PY 1997 VL 51 IS 6 BP 591 EP 608 DI 10.1080/009841097159854 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XM553 UT WOS:A1997XM55300005 PM 9242230 ER PT J AU Fuhrmann, M Zhou, H Neiheisel, J Schoonen, MAA Dyer, R AF Fuhrmann, M Zhou, H Neiheisel, J Schoonen, MAA Dyer, R TI Sorption/desorption of radioactive contaminants by sediment from the Kara sea SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium and International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic CY AUG 21-25, 1995 CL OSLO, NORWAY DE Kara Sea; sediment; radionuclides; sorption; desorption; partition coefficient (K-d) ID SOLIDS CONCENTRATION; AQUATIC SYSTEMS; POLLUTANTS; SORPTION AB To understand the long term impact of the disposal of radioactive waste on the Kara Sea, partition coefficients (K-d) for several important radionuclides, the mineralogy of the sediment, and the relationship of K-d to liquid-to-solid ratio were quantified. Sediment was obtained from four locations in the Kara Sea area. Slow sorption kinetics were observed for Sr-85, U-232, I-125 and Tc-99, whilst sorption was rapid (less than 50 h to steady-state) for Cs-137, Pb-210, and Am-241. Partition coefficients (K-d) were determined using batch type experiments and sorption isotherms which were developed for Sr-85, Tc-99, I-125, U and Cs-137. Partition coefficients for Cs-137 were approx. 350 ml/g for sediment from the Trough and 180 ml/g for Stepovogo Fjord. This difference may be caused by the lower fraction of expandable clay in sediment from the fjord. Uptake of Sr-85, Tc-99, I-125, and U were all similar for both locations, with K-d values averaging 4, 3, 17 and 60 ml/g, respectively. The K-d for Cs-137 varied non-linearly from 40 to 3800 ml/g as the liquid-to-solid ratio varied from 3.4 to 6500, but only when the sorption capacity was high compared to the mass of Cs-137 in the closed system of the experiment. Under identical conditions, sediment with lower K-d values showed no effect. Oxidation of sediment effectively desorbed Tc-99 from the solid phase, whilst it caused increased uptake of Sr-85 and U. In sequential rinses with fresh seawater, desorption was limited to 60% of Cs-137 and Sr-85, and 35% of uranium. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. RP Fuhrmann, M (reprint author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,ENVIRONM & WASTE TECHNOL CTR,BLDG 830,UPTON,NY 11973, USA. RI Schoonen, martin/E-7703-2011 OI Schoonen, martin/0000-0002-7133-1160 NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 25 PY 1997 VL 202 IS 1-3 BP 5 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00101-0 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XL739 UT WOS:A1997XL73900002 PM 9241875 ER PT J AU Warden, JM Lynn, NM Mount, M Sivintsev, Y Timms, SJ Yefimov, E Gussgard, K Dyer, RS Sjoeblom, KL AF Warden, JM Lynn, NM Mount, M Sivintsev, Y Timms, SJ Yefimov, E Gussgard, K Dyer, RS Sjoeblom, KL TI Potential radionuclide release rates from marine reactors dumped in the Kara Sea SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Symposium and International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic CY AUG 21-25, 1995 CL OSLO, NORWAY DE radionuclides; marine reactors; computer models; Kara Sea AB The largest inventory of radioactive materials dumped in the Kara Sea by the former Soviet Union comes from the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) of seven marine reactors, the 1994 inventory of which made a total of approximately 4.7 PBq. In progressing its work for the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP), under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the IASAP Source Term Working Group has developed a number of simple computer models to predict the potential release patterns of radionuclides into the Kara Sea from the SNF and activated components dumped within the marine reactors. These models are based on the present and future conditions of the barrier materials and their configuration within the dumped objects. They account for progressive corrosion of the outer and inner steel barriers, breakdown of the organic fillers, and degradation and leaching from the SNFs. Annual release rates are predicted to beyond 5000 years into the future. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ROYAL NAVAL COLL GREENWICH,DEPT NUCL SCI & TECHNOL,LONDON SE10 9NN,ENGLAND. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. IV KURCHATOV ATOM ENERGY INST,RUSSIAN RES CTR,MOSCOW 123182,RUSSIA. INST PHYS & POWER ENGN,OBNINSK,RUSSIA. NORWEGIAN RADIAT PROTECT AUTHOR,N-1345 OSTERAS,NORWAY. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. INT ATOM ENERGY AGCY,A-1400 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 25 PY 1997 VL 202 IS 1-3 BP 225 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00118-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XL739 UT WOS:A1997XL73900019 ER PT J AU Palmeira, CM Serrano, J Kuehl, DW Wallace, KB AF Palmeira, CM Serrano, J Kuehl, DW Wallace, KB TI Preferential oxidation of cardiac mitochondrial DNA following acute intoxication with doxorubicin SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS LA English DT Article DE mitochondrion; doxorubicin; adriamycin; 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine ID ADRIAMYCIN CARDIOTOXICITY; DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NUCLEAR-DNA; 8-HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE; BINDING; DAMAGE; RATS; BENZOPYRENE; ANTHRACYCLINES AB The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether acute doxorubicin intoxication causes a preferential accumulation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) adducts to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as opposed to nuclear DNA (nDNA), particularly in cardiac tissue. Adult male rats received a single i.p. bolus of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg) and were killed 1-14 days later. Acute intoxication with doxorubicin caused a 2-fold greater increase in 8OHdG adducts to mtDNA compared to nDNA, the concentration of adducts to both nDNA and mtDNA being 20%-40% greater for heart as opposed to liver. For both tissues, the relative abundance of adducts was highest at the earliest time-point examined (24 h) and decreased to control values by 2 weeks. The temporal dilution of 8OHdG adducts was not the result of cell hyperplasia and was only partially due to amplification of the mitochondrial genome, most probably via an increase in DNA copy number rather than a stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,DULUTH,MN 55812. US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN. RI Palmeira, Carlos/L-3390-2014 OI Palmeira, Carlos/0000-0002-2639-7697 NR 39 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-2728 J9 BBA-BIOENERGETICS JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. PD AUG 22 PY 1997 VL 1321 IS 2 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0005-2728(97)00055-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA XX513 UT WOS:A1997XX51300001 PM 9332499 ER PT J AU Geron, CD Nie, D Arnts, RR Sharkey, TD Singsaas, EL Vanderveer, PJ Guenther, A Sickles, JE Kleindienst, TE AF Geron, CD Nie, D Arnts, RR Sharkey, TD Singsaas, EL Vanderveer, PJ Guenther, A Sickles, JE Kleindienst, TE TI Biogenic isoprene emission: Model evaluation in a southeastern United States bottomland deciduous forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RATE VARIABILITY; CANOPY AB Isoprene is usually the dominant natural volatile organic compound emission from forest ecosystems, especially those with a major broadleaf deciduous component. Here we report isoprene emission model performance versus leaf and canopy level isoprene emission measurements made at the Duke University Research Forest near Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Emission factors, light and temperature response, canopy environment models, foliar mass, leaf area, and canopy level isoprene emission were evaluated in the field and compared with model estimates. Model components performed reasonably well and generally yielded estimates within 20% of values measured at the site. However, measured emission factors were much higher in early summer following an unusually dry spring. These decreased later in the summer but remained higher than values currently used in emission models. There was also a pronounced decline in basal emission rates in lower portions of the canopy which could not be entirely explained by decreasing specific leaf weight. Foliar biomass estimates by genera using basal area ratios adjusted for crown form were in excellent agreement with values measured by litterfall. Overall, the stand level isoprene emissions determined by relaxed eddy accumulation techniques agreed reasonably well with those predicted by the model, although there is some evidence for underprediction at ambient temperatures approaching 30 degrees C, and overprediction during October as the canopy foliage senesced. A ''Big Leaf'' model considers the canopy as a single multispecies layer and expresses isoprene emission as a function of leaf area rather than mass. This simple model performs nearly as well as the other biomass-based models. We speculate that seasonal water balance may impact isoprene emission. Possible improvements to the canopy environment model and other components are discussed. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT BOT, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. RP US EPA, NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RI Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Sharkey, Thomas/B-4032-2009 OI Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Sharkey, Thomas/0000-0002-4423-3223 NR 37 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D15 BP 18889 EP 18901 DI 10.1029/97JD00968 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XT101 UT WOS:A1997XT10100009 ER PT J AU Toth, GP Ciereszko, A Christ, SA Dabrowski, K AF Toth, GP Ciereszko, A Christ, SA Dabrowski, K TI Objective analysis of sperm motility in the lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens: activation and inhibition conditions SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE sturgeon; sperm motility; CASA ID TURBOT SCOPHTHALMUS-MAXIMUS; FRESH-WATER; COMMON CARP; SPERMATOZOA; FISH; CASA; PH AB An objective analysis of the duration of motility of sperm from the lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, has been performed using computer-assisted sperm motion analysis at 200 frames/s. Motility was measured in both 1993 and 1994. The percentage of activated motile sperm and their velocities ([1993] curvilinear velocity: 313 mu m/s; straight-line velocity: 129 mu m/s) were unchanged after 5 min in Tris/glycine buffer, pH 9.0, with 10 mM added Na+. Qualitative, visual measurements revealed motility lasting for 30 min in this medium. The percentage of motile cells, but not the velocities of the motile cells, was reduced by the addition of potassium to the Tris/glycine buffer. The percentage of motile sperm was inhibited by 50% at 0.5 mM added K+ Elemental analysis of seminal plasma revealed the following concentrations: P (3.02 mM); K (5.78 mM); Ca (0.16 mM); ME (0.21 mM); Na (25.6 mM); Zn (0.76 mu M); and Cl (5.41 mM). Differences between two years of milt collection were not significant. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. POLISH ACAD SCI,CTR AGROTECHNOL & VET SCI,PL-10718 OLSZTYN,POLAND. RP Toth, GP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,MOL ECOL RES BRANCH,ECOL EXPOSURE RES DIV,MD-642,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. OI CIERESZKO, Andrzej/0000-0002-1103-624X NR 17 TC 60 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD AUG 18 PY 1997 VL 154 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 348 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00066-5 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YG460 UT WOS:A1997YG46000011 ER PT J AU Wiese, TE Kelce, WR AF Wiese, TE Kelce, WR TI An introduction to environmental oestrogens SO CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY LA English DT Article ID BREAST-CANCER; ANTIFERTILITY AGENTS; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY; CHLORDECONE KEPONE; POTENTIAL VALUE; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; MICE; HUMANS; ADENOCARCINOMA; XENOESTROGENS C1 US EPA, NHEERL, REPROD TOXICOL DIV MD72, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Wiese, TE (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA, 509 FLOB, CB7270, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. NR 93 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PI LONDON PA 14 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PS, ENGLAND SN 0009-3068 J9 CHEM IND-LONDON JI Chem. Ind. PD AUG 18 PY 1997 IS 16 BP 648 EP 653 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA XR674 UT WOS:A1997XR67400016 ER PT J AU Shaughnessy, LW Barone, S AF Shaughnessy, LW Barone, S TI Damage to the NBM leads to a sustained lesion-induced increase in functional NGF in the cortex SO NEUROREPORT LA English DT Article DE bioassay; cholinergic hypofunction; colchicine; nucleus basalis; PC12; trk ID NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR; FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; PC12 CELLS; SYNAPTIC REORGANIZATION; NEURITE OUTGROWTH; FIMBRIA-FORNIX; RAT-BRAIN; NEURONS; TRANSECTION; EXPRESSION AB BILATERAL Infusions of colchicine or vehicle were made in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of rats. Cortical homogenates were assessed in a choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity assay and a PC12 cell neurite outgrowth assay 3, 7, 14, 28, 35 or 84 days post-lesion. Cortical ChAT activity was initially decreased by 30%, followed by recovery to control levels at 84 days post-lesion. Cortical nerve growth factor (NGF) activity was increased 35% above control levels at all time points following colchicine infusion, while addition of a NGF antibody blocking all activity. The data show an increase in functional NGF in the target area of the lesioned neurons preceding and coinciding with regional recovery of a cholinergic marker, suggesting that NGF has a role in the cholinergic recovery. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM NEUROBIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0959-4965 J9 NEUROREPORT JI Neuroreport PD AUG 18 PY 1997 VL 8 IS 12 BP 2767 EP 2774 DI 10.1097/00001756-199708180-00024 PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA XU424 UT WOS:A1997XU42400024 PM 9295115 ER PT J AU Brown, S Schroeder, P Birdsey, R AF Brown, S Schroeder, P Birdsey, R TI Aboveground biomass distribution of US eastern hardwood forests and the use of large trees as an indicator of forest development SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aboveground biomass density; biomass distribution; carbon cycle; disturbance; hardwood forests; large trees; old-growth; USA ID PATTERNS AB Past clearing and harvesting of the deciduous hardwood forests of eastern USA released large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but through recovery and regrowth these forests are now accumulating atmospheric carbon (C). This study examined quantities and distribution of aboveground biomass density (AGBD, M-g ha(-1)) of US eastern hardwood forests and assessed their biological potential for continued biomass accumulation in the future. Studies have shown that the presence of a large proportion of the AGBD of moist tropical forests in large diameter trees (> 70 cm diameter) is indicative of mature and undisturbed conditions. This relationship was tested as a criterion for the eastern US deciduous forests to assess their stage of recovery and maturity, and evaluate their potential for continued C storage. The approach was to compare AGBD and its distribution in large trees for old-growth forests derived from published studies and for oak-hickory and maple-beech-birch forests using the extensive US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data base. Old-growth forests generally had AGBD of 220-260 Mg ha(-1) with up to 30% in trees with diameter > 70 cm. In contrast, maximum AGBD for the FIA units was about 175-185 Mg ha(-1) with 8%-10% in large trees. Most units, however, were below these maximum values, suggesting that the forests represented by the FIA inventory are in various stages of recovery from past disturbance. Biologically, therefore, they have the potential to accumulate significant quantities of additional biomass, if left unharvested, and thus storing atmospheric C into the future. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,RADNOR,PA 19087. RP Brown, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,DYNAM CORP,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 29 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00044-3 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XV220 UT WOS:A1997XV22000004 ER PT J AU Nomeir, AA Matthews, HB AF Nomeir, AA Matthews, HB TI Metabolism and disposition of dimethyl hydrogen phosphite in rats and mice SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID EXCRETION AB A study of dimethyl hydrogen phosphite (DMHP) by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) indicated that chronic administration by oral gavage resulted in an increased incidence of neoplastic lesions in the lungs and forestomachs of Fischer 344 rats but not in B6C3F1 mice. The current study was designed to evaluate the metabolic basis, if any, of this species selectivity by studying the metabolism and disposition of [C-14]DMHP in the respective strains of rats and mice. Results of this study indicate that DMHP administered at a range of dose of 10-200 mg/kg was readily and near completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and mice. DMHP-derived radioactivity was eliminated primarily as CO, in the expired air, 44-57%, and urine, 28-49%, and very little was collected in feces, 1-2%, or as volatile organics, 2-3%. DMHP-derived radioactivity was widely distributed in tissues of rats and mice, with the highest concentrations observed in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and forestomach, and the lowest in brain, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. The disappearance of radioactivity from mouse tissues was approximately twice as rapid as from rat tissues. In vitro, DMHP was metabolized to formaldehyde by the microsomal fractions of liver, lungs, kidneys, forestomach, and glandular stomach. In vivo, DMHP was metabolized to the product of demethylation, monomethyl hydrogen phosphite (MMHP), which was excreted in urine. Results of this study indicate that the NTP carcinogenicity study with DMHP was carried out within the dose range in which the absorption, metabolism, and disposition of DMHP are linear in both species. Apparent species-dependent differences in the metabolism and disposition of DMHP are limited to the more rapid metabolism and elimination by the mouse. Therefore, the species-dependent variations in the carcinogenicity of DMHP are most likely attributable to factors other than metabolism and disposition. C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,NATL TOXICOL PROGRAM,TOXICOL RES & TESTING PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD AUG 8 PY 1997 VL 51 IS 5 BP 489 EP 501 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XL414 UT WOS:A1997XL41400006 PM 9233382 ER PT J AU Martonen, TB Hwang, D Katz, I Yang, Y Guan, X AF Martonen, TB Hwang, D Katz, I Yang, Y Guan, X TI Cystic fibrosis: Treatment with a supercomputer drug delivery model SO ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Computer Simulations in Biomedicine (BIOMED 97) CY JUN 09-11, 1997 CL ACQUASPARTA, ITALY SP Wessex Inst Technol, Southampton, UK, Univ Perugia, Mat Engn Ctr, Italy, Ctr Ric WIT Ingegneria Computaz, Terni, Italy ID DEPOSITION PATTERNS; HUMAN LUNGS AB The primary pathological manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) is the obstruction by mucus of biological passages throughout the body. However, all patients will develop chronic obstructive lung disease which accounts for more than 90% of CF mortality. We have used the Gray Y-MP to develop a mathematical model for targeting the delivery of inhaled pharmacologic drugs in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases. The model consists of a three-dimensional description of the human lung, physiologically realistic airstream patterns, and a description of particle deposition processes. The supercomputer simulations demonstrate that the polydispersity of an aerosol, patient ventilatory parameters and disease-induced changes in airway structures can markedly alter the deposition patterns and, thereby, the inherent efficacies of pharmaceuticals. We submit that by using the model inhaled drugs can be delivered to appropriate sites within the lung to elicit optimum therapeutic effects. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. MICROELECT CTR N CAROLINA,N CAROLINA SUPERCOMP CTR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. TRINITY UNIV,DEPT ENGN SCI,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78212. BELLSOUTH,ATLANTA,GA 30324. DUKE UNIV,CTR EXTRAPOLAT MODELING,DURHAM,NC 27710. RP Martonen, TB (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-9978 J9 ADV ENG SOFTW JI Adv. Eng. Softw. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 28 IS 6 BP 359 EP 364 DI 10.1016/S0965-9978(97)00014-8 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering GA XT703 UT WOS:A1997XT70300005 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, LD Turner, RR Barkay, T AF Rasmussen, LD Turner, RR Barkay, T TI Cell-density-dependent sensitivity of a mer-lux bioassay SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION; MERCURY; FISH; METHYLMERCURY; BIOSENSOR; HG(II) AB The sensitivity of a previously described assay (O. Selifonova, R. Burlage, and T. Barkay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3083-3090, 1993) for the detection of bioavailable inorganic mercury (Hg2+) by the activation of a mer-lux fusion was increased from nanomolar to picomolar concentrations by reducing biomass in the assays from 10(7) to 10(5) cells ml(-1). The increase in sensitivity was due to a reduction in the number of cellular binding sites that may compete with the regulatory protein, MerR, for binding of the inducer, Hg2+. These results show that (i) the sensitivity of the mer-lux assay is sufficient for the detection of Hg2+ in most contaminated natural waters and (ii) mer-specified reactions, Hg2+ reduction and methylmercury degradation, can be induced in natural waters and may participate in the geochemical cycling of mercury. C1 UNIV COPENHAGEN,DEPT GEN MICROBIOL,DK-1307 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 19 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 63 IS 8 BP 3291 EP 3293 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XP067 UT WOS:A1997XP06700052 PM 9251218 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM McKinney, RA AF Burgess, RM McKinney, RA TI Effects of sediment homogenization on interstitial water PCB geochemistry SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MARINE; TOXICITY; COLLOIDS AB Sediment homogenization is a common practice in many contaminated sediment toxicity testing and chemical analysis protocols. A primary goal of sediment homogenization is to reduce inter-replicate variability. In this study, the geochemical effects of sediment homogenization were evaluated by measuring the concentration and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in environmentally contaminated marine sediment interstitial waters. Sediment homogenization, prior to isolation of interstitial waters, was found to significantly increase the concentration of PCBs in the dissolved and colloidal phases-generally by a factor of two. Long-term storage (i.e., several months) of sediments following mixing appeared to allow interstitial water distributions of PCBs to return to ''normal,'' although a storage artifact may also be present. This study indicates that homogenization results in significant changes in the concentration of PCBs in environmentally contaminated sediment interstitial waters. Consequences of these changes on inferences made based on toxicity tests or chemical analyses using homogenized sediments need to be considered and studied further. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,GRAD SCH OCEANOG,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,NHEERL,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 125 EP 129 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XX320 UT WOS:A1997XX32000003 PM 9294239 ER PT J AU Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV Stutzman, TW AF Schuytema, GS Nebeker, AV Stutzman, TW TI Salinity tolerance of Daphnia magna and potential use for estuarine sediment toxicity tests SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; INVERTEBRATES; CONTAMINANTS AB Daphnia magna Straus, a common organism used for freshwater sediment toxicity tests, was evaluated to determine its tolerance to salinity and suitability for tests with estuarine water and sediments. Daphnids were exposed for 2 to 21 days to salinity in a variety of water-only tests, in tests with freshwater sediment overlain by salt water, and in tests with estuarine sediments overlain by freshwater. Daphnid age, test length, and temperature seemed to have Little effect upon the range of LC50, NOAELI and LOAEL values. LC50s for all tests ranged from 5.10 to 7.81 g/L, with a mean of 6.6 g/L salinity (measured conductivity 10.0 mS/m). The mean NOAEL and LOAEL values based on production of young were 4.6 and 6.9 g/L salinity (measured conductivity 7.1 and 10.5 mS/m), respectively. The results indicate that D. magna will survive and reproduce well in water with salinities below 4 g/L and demonstrate the potential usefulness of this organism in monitoring sediment toxicity from both freshwater and estuarine wetland sites. RP Schuytema, GS (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 6 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 194 EP 198 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XX320 UT WOS:A1997XX32000012 PM 9294248 ER PT J AU Rayburn, JR Fisher, WS AF Rayburn, JR Fisher, WS TI Developmental toxicity of three carrier solvents using embryos of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERATOGENESIS ASSAY; XENOPUS FETAX AB Embryos of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) have shown sensitivity to the water soluble fraction of number 2 fuel oil. To determine the possible use of carrier solvents in grass shrimp bioassays, detailed concentration-response experiments for ethanol (EtOH), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and acetone were performed and LC50 values were obtained using two test methods. The 4-d assay included development prior to the time of hatch through the time of hatch, a critical life stage of these embryos. The 12-d assay included development from the tissue cap stage embryos (late gastrula) through two days post-hatch. The average 4-d LC50s for EtOH, DMSO, and acetone were 12.07, 22.57, and 6.78 g/L, whereas the average 12-d LC50s were 3.63, 12.33, and 6.94 g/L, respectively. The coefficient of variation for each test was less than 25.2%. Based on concentration-response curves, the maximum allowable limit of EtOH, DMSO, and acetone to be used as a carrier in the grass shrimp embryo toxicity studies should be <1, <6, and <4 g/L, respectively. RP Rayburn, JR (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 217 EP 221 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XX320 UT WOS:A1997XX32000016 PM 9294252 ER PT J AU Surampalli, RY Tyagi, RD Scheible, OK Heidman, JA AF Surampalli, RY Tyagi, RD Scheible, OK Heidman, JA TI Nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal in sequential batch reactors SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sequential batch reactor; performance; nutrient removal; nitrification; denitrification; phosphorus removal; biological treatment process AB A study was conducted to evaluate the biological nutrient removal performance of three full-scale sequential batch reactor (SBR) plants. The plants were designed to handle an average flow of 0.023, 0.025, 0.001 m(3)/s, respectively. These SBR systems were designed to achieve nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal. Influent and effluent samples were analyzed for CBOD5, TSS, ammonia nitrogen nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH and temperature. The SBR performance data show that typical SBR designs can meet effluent CBOD5 and TSS concentrations of less than 10 mg/l. With some additional design modifications, SBRs can successfully nitrify to limits of 1-2 mg/l NH3-N. They also appear to achieve phosphorus removal, if desired, without chemicals addition to less than 1.0 mg/l. C1 UNIV QUEBEC,INRS EAU,ST FOY,PQ G1V 4C7,CANADA. HYDROQUAL INC,MAHWAH,NJ 07430. US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Surampalli, RY (reprint author), US EPA,POB 17-2141,KANSAS CITY,KS 66117, USA. NR 8 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 61 IS 2 BP 151 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00034-5 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA YG076 UT WOS:A1997YG07600006 ER PT J AU Pfender, WF Maggard, SP Gander, LK Watrud, LS AF Pfender, WF Maggard, SP Gander, LK Watrud, LS TI Comparison of three bioremediation agents for mineralization and transformation of pentachlorophenol in soil SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 59 IS 2 BP 230 EP 237 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XH419 UT WOS:A1997XH41900009 PM 9211693 ER PT J AU Huber, M Pelletier, MC Charles, JB Burgess, RM AF Huber, M Pelletier, MC Charles, JB Burgess, RM TI Ammonia tolerance of the bivalve Mulinia lateralis sublethal sediment toxicity test SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,NHEERL,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT BIOL,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,SHALIMAR,FL 32579. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 59 IS 2 BP 292 EP 297 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XH419 UT WOS:A1997XH41900018 PM 9211702 ER PT J AU Brazner, JC Beals, EW AF Brazner, JC Beals, EW TI Patterns in fish assemblages from coastal wetland and beach habitats in Green Bay, Lake Michigan: a multivariate analysis of abiotic and biotic forcing factors SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID NORTHERN WISCONSIN LAKES; GREAT-LAKES; SPECIES COMPOSITION; REGIONAL PROCESSES; CURRENT KNOWLEDGE; ORGANIC-MATTER; LITTORAL-ZONE; ONTARIO LAKES; SAGINAW BAY; AXE LAKE AB From May to September in 1990 and 1991, 24 coastal wetland and beach sites in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, were sampled to investigate abiotic and biotic factors influencing fish assemblages; half the sites were modified by human developments, and half were relatively undeveloped. The greatest assemblage differences were observed among regions, but there also were strong differences among assemblages from different habitats. Degree of development had less of an effect on site differences, although assemblages at undeveloped wetlands were unique, and those from developed and undeveloped sites in the upper bay were relatively distinct. The most influential abiotic factors were turbidity, reflecting the trophic gradient in the bay, and a suite of variables associated with macrophyte coverage and diversity, which were critical components of nursery habitats for the primarily immature fishes we captured. The volatile and unpredictable nature of shoreline habitats in the Great Lakes apparently precluded competition and predation from having a strong organizing role. This study demonstrates that undeveloped wetlands are a valuable and intensely utilized fish habitat, particulartly as nursery areas, that should receive special consideration in ecosystem management plans for the Great Lakes. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. UNITY COLL,UNITY COLL,ME 04988. NR 113 TC 72 Z9 97 U1 6 U2 48 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 54 IS 8 BP 1743 EP 1761 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-8-1743 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YC675 UT WOS:A1997YC67500006 ER PT J AU Rose, ML Germolec, DR Schoonhoven, R Thurman, RG AF Rose, ML Germolec, DR Schoonhoven, R Thurman, RG TI Kupffer cells are causally responsible for the mitogenic effect of peroxisome proliferators SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID RAT-LIVER; WY-14,643; HEPATOTOXICITY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; ACID; FOCI AB WY-14 643 [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)pyrimidinylthio-acetic acid] is a web-known non-genotoxic carcinogen and peroxisome proliferator that causes liver cancer in rodents by unknown mechanisms, Its ability to sustain elevated rates of hepatocyte DNA synthesis is most likely pivotal in the ultimate development of tumors, The source of this mitogenic stimulus following treatment of rats,vith WY-14 643 has been hypothesized to be Kupffer cells, the resident hepatic macrophages, since they are activated by peroxisome proliferators in vivo. Therefore, these studies were designed to determine if Kupffer cells are causally responsible for WY-14 643-induced increases in hepatocyte DNA synthesis in vivo, WY-14 643 (100 mg/kg) increased DNA synthesis 8-fold 24 h after treatment; however, inactivation of Kupffer cells with methyl palmitate, a non-hydrolyzable fatty acid ester and known Kupffer cell inhibitor, completely prevented the mitogenic effect of WY-14 643, On the other hand, the ability of WY-14 643 to induce peroxisomes was not affected by methyl palmitate. These data demonstrate that induction of peroxisomes is not dependent on factors from Kupffer cells and support the idea that stimulation of DNA synthesis and induction of peroxisomes occur via distinct mechanisms, Additionally, WY-14 643 increased liver mRNA transcripts of the hepatocyte mitogen tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) more than twofold, This increase was also prevented by inactivating Kupffer cells with methyl palmitate, Therefore, it is concluded that Kupffer cells are causally responsible for WY-14 643-induced increases in hepatocyte DNA synthesis most likely by increasing production of TNF alpha, a hepatic mitogen. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT PHARMACOL, CURRICULUM TOXICOL, HEPATOBIOL & TOXICOL LAB, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-04325, 5-T32ES-07126-13] NR 21 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 1997 VL 18 IS 8 BP 1453 EP 1456 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.8.1453 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA XQ878 UT WOS:A1997XQ87800003 PM 9276615 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, AB YeowellOConnell, K Waidyanatha, S Golding, BT TorneroVelez, R Rappaport, SM AF Lindstrom, AB YeowellOConnell, K Waidyanatha, S Golding, BT TorneroVelez, R Rappaport, SM TI Measurement of benzene oxide in the blood of rats following administration of benzene SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID BENZOQUINONE ADDUCTS; S-PHENYLCYSTEINE; BONE-MARROW; METABOLISM; TOXICITY; HEMOGLOBIN; MICE; CARCINOGENICITY; EXPOSURE; CELLS AB Although it is generally assumed that metabolism of benzene proceeds through an initial step involving oxidation to benzene oxide (BO) by CYP450 in the liver, the production of BO has never been unambiguously confirmed in animals dosed with benzene, Furthermore, prevailing hypotheses of the mechanism by which benzene causes cancer have ignored the possibility that BO might play a direct role, despite the fact that BO is electrophilic, binds covalently to cell macromolecules and is presumably genotoxic. A likely reason for this lack of attention to the role of BO in the carcinogenesis of benzene is the presumption that this epoxide is too reactive to escape the hepatocyte after it is formed. We employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure BO in the blood of F344 rats, both in vitro and up to 24 h following oral administration of benzene. Surprisingly, BO was relatively stable in rat blood at 37 degrees C (estimated half-life = 7.9 min) and, after administering a single dosage of 400 mg benzene/kg body mt, a blood concentration of 90 nM BO (8.5 ng/ml) was measured for similar to 9 h, Using a published PBPK model we estimate that similar to 4.3% of the metabolized dose of benzene was released as BO from the liver into blood. This confirms that BO is, indeed, formed from metabolism of benzene and is sufficiently stable to be distributed throughout the body at levels which are likely to be greater than those of the other electrophilic benzene metabolites. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE,DEPT CHEM,NEWCASTLE TYNE NE1 7RU,TYNE & WEAR,ENGLAND. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42ES05948] NR 32 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 1997 VL 18 IS 8 BP 1637 EP 1641 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.8.1637 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA XQ878 UT WOS:A1997XQ87800029 PM 9276641 ER PT J AU Schroeder, M DeAngelo, AB Mass, MJ AF Schroeder, M DeAngelo, AB Mass, MJ TI Dichloroacetic acid reduces Ha-ras codon 61 mutations in liver tumors from female B6C3F1 mice SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID DNA STRAND BREAKS; MOUSE-LIVER; PROTOONCOGENE ACTIVATION; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; CELL-PROLIFERATION; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; INDUCTION; HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY; CARCINOGENICITY AB Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a disinfection by-product of chlorination found in drinking water, is a hepatocarcinogenic in the B6C3F1 mouse. Previous studies have shown that DCA does not significantly alter the incidence of Ha-ras codon 61 mutations in male mouse liver carcinomas from that observed in spontaneous tumors (similar to 50% have Ha-ras mutations) but it alters the proportions of mutations that occur in Ha-ras codon 61, Twenty-two tumors were produced in female B6C3F1 mice after treatment with 3.5 g DCA per liter of drinking water over a period of 104 weeks. To detect potential Ha-ras mutations in the liver tumor tissue of female B6C3F1 mice, genomic DNA was isolated from tumors that had been frozen, The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was used to screen tumor DNA for mutations in Ha-ras exon 2. In DNA from liver tumors in female B6C3F1 mice induced by DCA-treatment we found only one mutation in exon 2 among the 22 tumors analyzed (4.5%). Direct-sequencing of exon 2 revealed a CAA. to CTA transversion in Ha-ras codon 61, The result of this study indicates that tumor formation in DCA-treated female B6C3F1 mice is, therefore, not associated with a mutationally activated Ha-ras codon 61. This result differs from previous results obtained in male B6C3F1 mice. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. US EPA,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 1997 VL 18 IS 8 BP 1675 EP 1678 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.8.1675 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA XQ878 UT WOS:A1997XQ87800036 PM 9276648 ER PT J AU Lyon, BF Ambrose, R Rice, G Maxwell, CJ AF Lyon, BF Ambrose, R Rice, G Maxwell, CJ TI Calculation of soil-water and benthic sediment partition coefficients for mercury SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID METHYLMERCURY; SPECIATION AB To accurately model mercury transport to water bodies, an assessment of this pollutant's behavior in the watershed is critical. Partition coefficients, defined as an estimate of the ratio of the pollutant concentration sorbed onto soil/sediment particles to the pollutant concentration dissolved in pore water at equilibrium, is an important term in multimedia models. In this paper, partition coefficients are calculated for two broad species of mercury: inorganic mercuric mercury (Hg-II) and methylmercury (MHg). Although there is considerable variability in the calculated values, the approximate mean values for the soil-water partition coefficients range from 3.3x10(3) to 6.0x10(4) L/kg for Hg-II and 2.0x10(1) to 6.7x10(3) L/kg for MHg. For the benthic sediment partition coefficients, the values range from 5.7x10(3) to 9.9x10(5) L/kg for Hg-II, and 6.5x10(2) to 1.1x10(5) L/kg for MHg. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, HLTH SCI RES DIV, OAK RIDGE, TN USA. RP Lyon, BF (reprint author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYST, 1060 COMMERCE PK, MS-6480, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 4 BP 791 EP 808 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00200-2 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XM827 UT WOS:A1997XM82700007 PM 9253168 ER PT J AU dePollok, FS Aneja, VP Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD AF dePollok, FS Aneja, VP Hughes, TJ Claxton, LD TI Chemical and mutagenic analysis of volatile organic compounds in Raleigh air samples at three different elevations before, during, and after Hurricane Gordon SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; mutagenicity; volatile organic compounds; ambient air monitoring; meteorology; Hurricane ID SALMONELLA; NITROARENES; STRAINS; OZONE; URINE AB Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected and measured at a television tower 10 km southeast of downtown Raleigh, North Carolina at three different levels (Surface, <1m; Mid, 240 m; and Top, 433 m) during the summer and fall of 1994. The combined presence of ozone, arenes, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) suggested possible nitration of arenes during atmospheric mixing. Air samples, therefore, were collected using XAD-filled canisters at each level on the tower prior to, during, and after Hurricane Gordon. Collected air samples were Soxhlet extracted and analyzed with the Salmonella typhimurium microsuspension mutagenicity assay using strains YG1021 and YG1026 which are sensitive to nitrarenes. Significant mutagenicity was observed only in the Top and Mid level samples for the post-hurricane, normal weather air samples. Surface samples were not mutagenic, which suggests the long-range transport of these mutagenic nitrarenes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MARINE EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 4 BP 879 EP 893 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00130-6 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XM827 UT WOS:A1997XM82700014 PM 9253171 ER PT J AU Rhyne, TM Brutzman, D Macedonia, M AF Rhyne, TM Brutzman, D Macedonia, M TI Internetworked graphics and the Web SO COMPUTER LA English DT Article C1 USN,POSTGRAD SCH,MONTEREY,CA. RP Rhyne, TM (reprint author), US EPA,SCI VISUALIZAT CTR,LOCKHEED MARTIN,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 SN 0018-9162 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD AUG PY 1997 VL 30 IS 8 BP 99 EP 101 DI 10.1109/2.607111 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA XQ313 UT WOS:A1997XQ31300019 ER PT J AU Zhu, DH Dix, DJ Eddy, EM AF Zhu, DH Dix, DJ Eddy, EM TI HSP70-2 is required for CDC2 kinase activity in meiosis I of mouse spermatocytes SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE cyclin-dependent kinase; cyclin B1; molecular chaperone; HSP70; spermatogenesis; mouse ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; RING FINGER PROTEIN; CELL-CYCLE; SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; ACTIVATING KINASE; GENE FAMILY; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; STEROID-RECEPTOR AB Cyclin B-dependent CDC2 kinase activity has a key role in triggering the G(2)/M-phase transition during the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles, The Hsp70-2 gene is expressed only in spermatogenic cells at a significant level. In Hsp70-2 gene knock-out (Hsp70-2(-/-)) mice, primary spermatocytes fail to complete meiosis I, suggesting a link between HSP70-2 heat-shock protein and CDC2 kinase activity during this phase of spermatogenesis, Members of the HSP70 protein family are molecular chaperones that mediate protein de novo folding, translocation and multimer assembly, This study used immunoprecipitation-coupled western blot and in vitro reconstitution experiments to show that HSP70-2 interacts with CDC2 in the mouse testis, appears to be a molecular chaperone for CDC2, and is required for CDC2/cyclin B1 complex formation, Previous studies reported that most CDC2 kinase activity in the mouse testis is present in pachytene spermatocytes. Although CDC2 kinase activity for histone H1 was present in the testis of wild-type mice, it was nearly absent from the testis of Hsp70-2(-/-) mice, probably due to defective CDC2/cyclin B1 complex formation, Furthermore, addition of HSP70-2 to freshly prepared extracts of testis from Hsp 70-2(-/-) mice not only restored CDC2/cyclin B1 complex formation but also reconstituted CDC2 kinase activity in vitro, It appears that one cause of failure to complete meiosis I during spermatogenesis in Hsp70-2(-/-) mice is disruption of CDC2/cyclin B1 assembly in pachytene spermatocytes, thereby preventing development of the CDC2 kinase activity required to trigger G(2)/M-phase transition, These studies provide novel in vivo evidence for a link between an HSP70 molecular chaperone and CDC2 kinase activity essential for the meiotic cell cycle in spermatogenesis. C1 NIEHS,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,NIH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 64 TC 145 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD AUG PY 1997 VL 124 IS 15 BP 3007 EP 3014 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA XP688 UT WOS:A1997XP68800014 PM 9247342 ER PT J AU Ringold, PL Groffman, PM AF Ringold, PL Groffman, PM TI Inferential studies of climate change SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 INST ECOSYST STUDIES,MILLBROOK,NY 12545. RP Ringold, PL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 751 EP 752 PG 2 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ081 UT WOS:A1997XQ08100003 ER PT J AU Spiegel, RJ Trocciola, JC Preston, JL AF Spiegel, RJ Trocciola, JC Preston, JL TI Test results for fuel-cell operation on landfill gas SO ENERGY LA English DT Article AB Test results from a demonstration of fuel-cell (FC) energy recovery and control of landfill gas emissions are presented. The project addressed two major issues: (i) the design, construction, and testing of a landfill-gas cleanup system; and (ii) a field test of a commercial phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plant operating on the cleaned landfill gas. A summary of test results on the cleanup system and FC operational data are given. These results may encourage the use of landfill gas in FCs, one of the cleanest energy-conversion technologies available. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 INT FUEL CELLS CORP,S WINDSOR,CT 06074. RP Spiegel, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 4 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0360-5442 J9 ENERGY JI Energy PD AUG PY 1997 VL 22 IS 8 BP 777 EP 786 DI 10.1016/S0360-5442(97)00007-8 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels GA XB345 UT WOS:A1997XB34500005 ER PT J AU Suh, HH Nishioka, Y Allen, GA Koutrakis, P Burton, RM AF Suh, HH Nishioka, Y Allen, GA Koutrakis, P Burton, RM TI The metropolitan acid aerosol characterization study: Results from the summer 1994 Washington, DC field study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE ambient concentrations; ammonia; particulate matter; population density; spatial variation ID SPATIAL VARIATION; AMMONIA; SULFATE; PHILADELPHIA; TRANSPORT; SYSTEM; AREA AB An ambient particle monitoring study was conducted in Washington, D.C. during the summer of 1994 as part of the Metropolitan Acid Aerosol Characterization Study (MAACS). Acid aerosol and inhalable (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <10 mu m; PM2.5) particle samples were collected for 24-hr periods (9 A.M.-9 A.M. EDT) on alternate days at six monitoring sites located throughout the greater Washington, D.C. area. Monitoring sites were located in both urban and rural areas and were generally situated along a southwest to northeast line due to the prevailing winds. Information on site characteristics, including population density and distance from the city center, was also obtained, as were data on meteorological parameters. Results from this study show strong correlations among the particulate measures, PM10, PM2.5, SO42, and H+. These strong correlations resulted from the fact that PM2.5 comprised 77% of PM10, with SO42--related species accounting for 49% of total PM2.5. PM10, PM2.5, SO42, and H+ concentrations were found to be uniform across the metropolitan Washington area. Spatial variation was found, however, for coarse particles (PM2.5-10) and NH3 concentrations. In our previous Philadelphia study, population density was an important determinant of spatial variation in coarse particles and NH3 concentrations. When data from one site (Reservoir), was excluded from the analysis, population density explained a larger percentage of the variability in NH3 levels and became an important determinant of the H+/SO42- ratio as well. Ambient H+ models developed from Philadelphia data were found to predict H+ concentration in Washington, D.C., reasonably well, representing an improvement over measurements made at a single stationary ambient monitoring site. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Suh, HH (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 17 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 105 IS 8 BP 826 EP 834 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105826 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA YC207 UT WOS:A1997YC20700017 PM 9347898 ER PT J AU Field, MS Nash, SG AF Field, MS Nash, SG TI Risk assessment methodology for karst aquifers .1. Estimating karst conduit-flow parameters SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE computer program; karst-conduit parameters; quantitative karst-conduit tracing; risk assessment ID LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION; RIVERS AB Quantitative ground-water tracing of conduit-dominated karst aquifers allows for reliable and practical interpretation of karst ground-water flow. Insights into the hydraulic geometry of the karst aquifer may be acquired that otherwise could not be obtained by such conventional methods as potentiometric-surface mapping and aquifer testing. Contamination of karst aquifers requires that a comprehensive tracer budget be performed so that karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters be obtained. Acquisition of these parameters is necessary for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport. A FORTRAN computer program for estimating total tracer recovery from tracer-breakthrough curves is proposed as a standard method. Estimated hydraulic-flow parameters include mean residence time, mean flow velocity, longitudinal dispersivity, Peclet number, Reynolds number, and Froude number. Estimated geometric parameters include karst conduit sinuous distance, conduit volume, cross-sectional area, diameter, and hydraulic depth. These parameters may be used to (1) develop structural models of the aquifer, (2) improve aquifer resource management, (3) improve ground-water monitoring systems design, (4) improve aquifer remediation, and (5) assess contaminant fate-and-transport. A companion paper demonstrates the use of these hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters in a surface-water model for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport in a karst conduit. Two ground-water tracing studies demonstrate the utility of this program for reliable estimation of necessary karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters. RP Field, MS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8623,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 47 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1023/A:1005753919403 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XL227 UT WOS:A1997XL22700001 ER PT J AU Field, MS AF Field, MS TI Risk assessment methodology for karst aquifers .2. Solute-transport modeling SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE exposure assessment; karst-conduit parameters; risk assessment; transport modeling AB Ground-water flow and solute-transport simulation modeling are major components of most exposure and risk assessments of contaminated aquifers. Model simulations provide information on the spatial and temporal distributions of contaminants in subsurface media but are difficult to apply to karst aquifers in which conduit flow is important. Ground-water flow and solute transport in karst conduits typically display rapid-flow velocities, turbulent-flow regimes, concentrated pollutant-mass discharge, and exhibit open-channel or closed-conduit how Conventional groundwater models, dependent on the applicability of Darcy's law, are inappropriate when applied to karst aquifers because of the (1) nonapplicability of Darcian-flow parameters, (2) typically nonlaminar flow regime, and (3) inability to locate the karst conduits through which most flow and contaminant transport occurs. Surface-water flow and solute-transport models conditioned on a set of parameters determined empirically from quantitative ground-water tracing studies may be effectively used to render fate-and-transport values of contaminants in karst conduits. Hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters developed in a companion paper were used in the surface-water model, TOXI5, to simulate hypothetical slug and continuous-source releases of ethylbenzene in a karst conduit. TOXI5 simulation results showed considerable improvement for predicted ethylbenzene-transport rates and concentrations over qualitative tracing and analytical ground-water model results. Ethylbenzene concentrations predicted by TOXI5 simulations were evaluated in exposure and risk assessment models. RP Field, MS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8623,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 47 IS 1 BP 23 EP 37 DI 10.1023/A:1005782102565 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XL227 UT WOS:A1997XL22700002 ER PT J AU Powell, RM Puls, RW AF Powell, RM Puls, RW TI Proton generation by dissolution of intrinsic or augmented aluminosilicate minerals for in situ contaminant remediation by zero valence state iron SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTION AB Metallic, or zero-valence-state, iron is being incorporated into permeable reactive subsurface barriers for remediating a variety of contaminant plume types. The remediation occurs via reductive processes that are associated with surface corrosion of the iron metal. Reaction rates for these processes vary widely with both the form of iron and the contaminant but have previously been shown to increase when certain aquifer materials are present in the mix. Knowledge of such geochemical effects is important for planning an in situ remediation, as well as understanding the transport and fate of the contaminant within the barrier. The increase in reaction rate has been hypothesized to be due to the presence of aluminosilicate minerals in some aquifer materials that can dissolve and participate in the reaction sequences. Current results show that a variety of aluminosilicate minerals, including kaolinite, montmorillonite, and a range of feldspars, can undergo dissolution in these disequilibrium systems and provide protons as electron accepters at a rate sufficient to maintain and/or enhance the reactions. The proposed reactions are illustrated for aluminosilicate dissolution and chromate reduction. A potential benefit for TCE dechlorination is also depicted. These aluminosilicates may occur naturally in the aquifer geology and become mixed with the iron during emplacement, or they can be added to the iron as amendments prior to emplacement. Both scenarios provide greater confidence that contaminant reactions will be complete before the reactants exit the barrier and may allow the engineering of thinner barriers in situations constrained by cost or the presence of physical structures. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES CTR,ADA,OK 74821. RP Powell, RM (reprint author), POWELL & ASSOCIATES SCI SERV,8310 LODGE HAVEN ST,LAS VEGAS,NV 89123, USA. NR 22 TC 60 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 8 BP 2244 EP 2251 DI 10.1021/es9607345 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN758 UT WOS:A1997XN75800040 ER PT J AU Schumacher, BA Ward, SE AF Schumacher, BA Ward, SE TI Quantitation reference compounds and VOC recoveries from soils by purge-and-trap GC/MS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; VOLATILE ORGANICS; SORPTION; 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE; CHEMICALS; SEDIMENTS AB Unquantified volatile organic compound (VOC) losses occur in every phase of VOC determination including sample collection, transport, storage, preparation, and analysis. Current quality assurance/quality control measures, such as surrogate spikes and internal standards, do not account for losses that occur during sample handling nor do they account for soil matrix effects. An alternate approach, the quantitation reference compound (QRC) approach, is presented that involves direction injection of the QRCs onto the soil matrix to account for any matrix effects and losses during subsequent processing steps prior to sample analysis. Final VOC quantitation is based on the QRC instead of the internal standard, which is used strictly to monitor instrument performance. Quantifying VOCs using the QRC approach on three spiked performance evaluation soils and one unprocessed spiked field soil resulted in target compound relative recoveries of 93-105%. In contrast, using the current quantitation approach, target compound recoveries were only 2-27%. Precision between the two approaches was equivalent (on an absolute basis) with relative standard deviations of 2-15% using the QRC approach. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,ANALYT SCI BRANCH,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. UNIV NEVADA,HARRY REID CTR ENVIRONM STUDIES,LAS VEGAS,NV 89154. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 8 BP 2287 EP 2291 DI 10.1021/es960867q PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN758 UT WOS:A1997XN75800045 ER PT J AU Geyh, AS Wolfson, JM Koutrakis, P Mulik, JD Avol, EL AF Geyh, AS Wolfson, JM Koutrakis, P Mulik, JD Avol, EL TI Development and evaluation of a small active ozone sampler SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE SAMPLER AB Current methods for monitoring ambient and microenvironmental ozone include continuous measurement instruments, such as UV photometric and chemiluminescence monitors, open-path diffusion optical absorption spectrometer, and passive sampling devices. This paper introduces a new small active ozone sampler that utilizes a single etched glass denuder as the collection substrate. The denuder is coated with a solution containing the nitrite ion that reacts with ozone to produce nitrate. It is attached to a small personal pump driven by a 9-V battery. When compared with UV photometric measurements, the active sampler demonstrated very good accuracy (active sampler/UV photometer = 0.94-1.00) and precision (%P = +/-4.1-6.5%) under laboratory and ambient conditions for sampling period from 1 to 60 h. The Harvard active ozone sampler performed as well as the Timed Exposure Diffusion sampler, the only other active ozone sampler currently in use. Sampler performance was found to be insensitive to variations in relative humidity (active sampler/UV photometer approximate to 1.00 at 20-80% RH) except at very low relative humidity (active/UV photometer = 0.81 at 12%). A low limit of detection of 10 ppb.h allows for sampling at very low concentrations. C1 US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT PREVENT MED, LOS ANGELES, CA 90033 USA. RP Geyh, AS (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH, 665 HUNTINGTON AVE, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 8 BP 2326 EP 2330 DI 10.1021/es960945+ PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN758 UT WOS:A1997XN75800052 ER PT J AU ReedJudkins, DK Farris, JL Cherry, DS Heath, AG Cairns, J AF ReedJudkins, DK Farris, JL Cherry, DS Heath, AG Cairns, J TI Functional responses in Leptoxis praerosa to increasing metal concentration and exposure duration SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mollusc; metals; toxicity; criteria; duration ID CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITY; ZINC EXPOSURE; RAINBOW-TROUT; WATER; COPPER; CORBICULA AB The protectiveness of USEPA ambient water quality criteria for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) was tested using the snail Leptoxis praerosa in short- and long-term artificial stream tests. Acute criteria were tested in 96-h survival tests. Chronic criteria were tested by comparing cellulolytic enzyme activity impairment, bioconcentration, and survival in 14-, 20-, 30-, and 114-d exposures. Significant Cu bioconcentration occurred within 40 d at the chronic Cu criteria concentration, followed by significant cellulolytic enzyme activity impairment within 54 d. Significant bioconcentration and enzyme activity impairment occurred within 40 and 54 d, respectively, at the chronic Zn criteria concentration, but survival was much higher than in Cu-exposed snails. Approximate additive effects were seen in combination treatments of Cu and Zn. Similar patterns of effects were seen from both increased exposure duration and concentration. This research concluded that criteria based on abbreviated chronic tests may be underprotective for some sensitive taxa when exposures are prolonged. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. ARKANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STATE UNIV,AR 72467. NR 40 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 8 BP 1666 EP 1676 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1666:FRILPT>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XP511 UT WOS:A1997XP51100015 ER PT J AU Burkhard, LP Sheedy, BR McCauley, DJ DeGraeve, GM AF Burkhard, LP Sheedy, BR McCauley, DJ DeGraeve, GM TI Bioaccumulation factors for chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated butadienes and hexachloroethane SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation factors; chlorinated benzenes; chlorinated butadienes; hexachloroethane ID HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AQUATIC FOOD-WEBS; BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS; LAKE-ONTARIO; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; BLUE-CRAB; METABOLISM AB A field study was performed that measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated butadienes, and hexachloroethane in four species, Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog), Callinectes sapidus (blue crabs), Brevoortia patronus (gulf menhaden), and Micropoganias undulatus (Atlantic croaker). The measured BAFs were not significantly different among the fishes. The measured BAFs for the C. sapidus were in good agreement with those measured for the fishes except for hexachloroethane (HCE), E- and Z-1,1,2,3,4-pentachlorobuta-1,3-diene (E-and Z-PeCBD), and hexachlorobuta-1,3-diene (HCBD). Their measured BAFs were approximately an order of magnitude smaller than those measured for the fishes. The measured BAFs were also in good agreement with BAFs reported/derived from the literature and to BAFs predicted using two methods of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) except for HCE, E- and Z-PeCBD, and HCBD in the C. sapidus. These BAFs were much smaller than the reported/derived and predicted BAFs. The smaller BAFs for HCE, E- and Z-PeCBD, and HCBD were consistent with the metabolism abilities for the C. sapidus, and metabolism processes are believed to be the cause for the smaller BAFs. The predicted BAFs were within a factor of five of the measured BAFs for 90% (n = 48) and 94% (n = 32) using the two methods of the EPA. C1 ASCI CORP,DULUTH,MN 55804. BETTELLE GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM CTR,TRAVERSE CITY,MI 49684. RP Burkhard, LP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 56 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 8 BP 1677 EP 1686 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1677:BFFCBC>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XP511 UT WOS:A1997XP51100016 ER PT J AU Sibley, PK Monson, PD Ankley, GT AF Sibley, PK Monson, PD Ankley, GT TI The effect of gut contents on dry weight estimates of Chironomus tentans larvae: Implications for interpreting toxicity in freshwater sediment toxicity tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Chironomus tentans; gut contents; statistical bias; dry weight; sediment toxicity ID BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES; WATER AB Gut contents have long been recognized as a potentially important source of bias in studies concerned with estimating contaminant body burdens in benthic macroinvertebrates. In this study, we show that gut-associated, inorganic material may also lead to significant overestimates of weight in Chironomus tentans larvae in sediment toxicity tests and thus influence statistical interpretation of effects on growth with this organism. Two methods were evaluated regarding their potential to correct for the proportion of larval dry weight contributed by gut contents: purging and determination of ash-free dry weight (afdw). Each method was assessed in a series of 10-d growth tests using (1) clean sand and clay substrates with a restricted particle size distribution (mean particle size: 8, 146, 218, 306, 448, and 592 mu m), and (2) sediments collected from both clean and contaminated field sites encompassing a wide range in particle size distribution. Both purging and afdw determination resulted in significant reductions in the dry weight of larvae in most substrates <306 mu m and in the field-collected sediments. In these treatments, 7-59% of the dry weight of fourth instar larvae was comprised of inorganic material contained within the digestive tract. Sediment organic carbon was also important; the contribution of gut contents to larval dry weight in a highly organic (23.6%) sediment was only 7.9% despite a small particle size distribution (mean = 149 mu m) Correction for ingested material changed the rank order of treatment means in all tests and reduced the number of statistically significant outcomes for many treatment comparisons. Both methods reduced variability (lower standard deviation) associated with mean dry weight estimates, although variability was generally greater with purging than with the afdw method. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that afdw, not dry weight, be used to determine the weight of C. tentans larvae in 10-d and life-cycle tests with this organism. C1 INTEGRATED SYST LAB,DULUTH,MN 55801. RP Sibley, PK (reprint author), US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 8 BP 1721 EP 1726 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1721:TEOGCO>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XP511 UT WOS:A1997XP51100021 ER PT J AU Lighthart, B AF Lighthart, B TI The ecology of bacteria in the alfresco atmosphere SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE atmosphere; bacteria; distribution; outdoors; particle; taxon ID AIRBORNE BACTERIA; LEAF SURFACES; MICROORGANISMS; POPULATIONS; ENUMERATION; SUSPENSION; PARTICLES; DISPERSAL; TREHALOSE; DOWNWIND AB This MiniReview is concerned with the sources, flux and the spacial and temporal distributions of culturable airborne bacteria; how meteorological conditions modulate these distributions; and how death, culture media, and experimental devices relate to measuring airborne bacteria. Solar radiation is thought to be the planetary driver of the annual (seasonal, where it occurs) and diurnal natural alfresco atmospheric bacterial population cycles. Long-term climatological and short-term meteorological events such as storms also 'randomly' modulate the populations. The annual cycle may be due largely to the seasonal events of vegetation growth, drying conditions, rainy season, and freezing winter temperatures. The diurnal cycle may also be influenced largely by solar radiation in that the sunrise peak that has been frequently observed may be due to convective updrafts entraining epiphytic and soil bacteria into the atmosphere. At this time they are initially concentrated in a slowly deepening mixed layer but then, as the layer deepens more rapidly in mid-morning, they become increasingly dilute. When the layer formation slows in the early afternoon, and forms an inversion cap, the bacteria slowly accumulate in the deeper mixed layer until sundown. At sundown atmospheric cleansing processes rid the atmosphere of the larger bacteria associated particles. These processes may include gravitational settling, death due to desiccation, and upward displacement of the warm, light air by clean, cold, heavier air. RP Lighthart, B (reprint author), US EPA,RES LAB,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 76 TC 115 Z9 130 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(97)00036-6 PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XU711 UT WOS:A1997XU71100001 ER PT J AU Schroeder, P Brown, S Mo, JM Birdsey, R Cieszewski, C AF Schroeder, P Brown, S Mo, JM Birdsey, R Cieszewski, C TI Biomass estimation for temperate broadleaf forests of the United States using inventory data SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest biomass; expansion factors; forest inventory; global carbon cycle ID CARBON BUDGET; TROPICAL FORESTS AB A potentially valuable data source for estimating forest biomass is forest volume inventory data that are widely collected and available throughout the world. In this paper we present a general methodology for using such data to reliably estimate aboveground biomass density (AGED) and to develop expansion factors for converting volume directly to AGED from USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. Growing stock volume inventory data and stand tables were combined with independently developed biomass regression equations to estimate AGED and to calculate biomass expansion factors (BEF: factors that convert volume to mass, accounting for noncommercial components) for the extensive oak-hickory and maple-beech-birch forest types of the eastern United States. Estimated aboveground biomass for both forest types ranged between 28 and 200 Mg ha(-1). Expansion factors decreased from more than 4.0 at low growing stock volume to nearly 1.0 when growing stock volume was as high as 190 m(3)ha(-1), consistent with theoretical expectations. In stands with low AGED (< 50 Mg ha(-1)), small diameter trees (< 10 cm diameter) contained up to 75% of the AGED in trees greater than or equal to 10 cm diameter; this proportion dropped to < 10% for stands with AGED > 175 Mg ha(-1). The similarity of our results for two major forest types suggests that they may be generally applicable for estimating AGBD from inventory data for other temperate broad leaf forests. Further, the pattern between BEF and stand volume was similar to that obtained for tropical broadleaf forests, except that tropical forests generally had larger BEFs than temperate forests at a given volume. The implications of these results suggest that a recent assessment of forest biomass in developed countries is too low. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. DINGHUSHAN ARBORETUM, GUANGDONG 526070, PEOPLES R CHINA. US FOREST SERV, NE FOREST EXPT STN, USDA, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA. RP Schroeder, P (reprint author), DYNAMAC CORP, US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, 200 SW 35TH ST, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 39 TC 156 Z9 191 U1 5 U2 29 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3 BP 424 EP 434 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XQ402 UT WOS:A1997XQ40200013 ER PT J AU Chanda, SM Mortensen, SR Moser, VC Padilla, S AF Chanda, SM Mortensen, SR Moser, VC Padilla, S TI Tissue-specific effects of chlorpyrifos on carboxylesterase and cholinesterase activity in adult rats: An in vitro and in vivo comparison SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOMAN TOXICITY; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; SERUM CARBOXYLESTERASE; NEUROTOXIC ESTERASE; INHIBITION; LIVER; DETOXIFICATION; POTENTIATION; ALIESTERASES; INSECTICIDES AB Organophosphate (OF) pesticides can bind to carboxylesterase (CaE), which may lower the concentration of OPs at the target site enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (ChE). It is unclear from the literature whether it is the CaE's affinity for the OP and/or the number of CaE molecules which is the dominant factor in determining the protective potential of CaE. We undertook a detailed, in vitro and in vivo survey of both CaE and ChE to ascertain if in vitro sensitivity of CaE and ChE predicted the pattern of inhibition seen after in vivo dosing with chlorpyrifos (CPF; 80 mg/ kg, p.o.) in male or female adult Long-Evans rats. For the brain, the in vitro sensitivity to CPF-oxon did predict the in vivo patterns of inhibition: In vitro, brain ChE was approximately 25 times more sensitive to the active metabolite, CPF-oxon, than brain CaE, and in vivo brain ChE was more inhibited than brain CaE. In contrast, the in vitro sensitivity of plasma ChE and CaE did not correlate well with the in vivo pattern of inhibition: In vitro, plasma ChE was approximately 6.5 times less sensitive to CPF-oxon than plasma CaE, but in vivo, plasma ChE was more inhibited than CaE. In order to understand the role of CaE in protecting the brain ChE from inhibition by CPF-oxon in vitro, adult rat striatal tissue was incubated in the presence and absence of adult rat liver tissue and IC(50)s of CPF-oxon were determined. The increase in the striatal CPF-oxon IC50 value noted for ChE in the presence of liver suggested that CaE was binding the CPF-oxon and limiting its access to ChE. Male liver CaE, which has the same affinity for binding CPF-oxon as female liver CaE but has twice as many binding sites, caused a greater increase in the striatal CPF-oxon IC50 than female liver, suggesting that the number of binding sites does play a role in the detoxification potential of a tissue. In summary, we found that (1) there are tissue and gender-related differences for basal ChE and CaE activity; (2) the in vitro sensitivity of CaE or ChE to CPF-oxon is highly tissue-specific; (3) the pattern of ChE and CaE inhibition after in vivo dosing with CPF is not necessarily predictable from the in vitro IC50 for these same enzymes, and (4) the number of CaE molecules may play a role in modifying the toxicity of CPF. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD74B,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PENDLETON,SC 29670. NR 36 TC 109 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 38 IS 2 BP 148 EP 157 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2329 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XZ216 UT WOS:A1997XZ21600006 PM 9299188 ER PT J AU Chiou, CF TorresLugo, M Marinas, BJ Adams, JQ AF Chiou, CF TorresLugo, M Marinas, BJ Adams, JQ TI Nonbiological surrogate indicators for assessing ozone disinfection SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES; GIARDIA CYSTS; MICROCAPSULES; INACTIVATION; MICROSPHERES; TEMPERATURE; WATER AB Fluorescent-dyed polystyrene microspheres were used as nonbiological surrogate indicators for assessing ozone disinfection efficiency. Microspheres were exposed to various constant dissolved ozone concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 mg/L in a semibatch reactor. Experimental results showed that fluorescence decay rates were first-order with respect to dissolved ozone concentration and independent from solution pH in the range of 6.2 to 8.5. Fluorescence intensities from individual microspheres were measured by flow cytometry. Resulting microsphere fluorescence intensity distributions at various ozonation contact times were analyzed by defining a fluorescence intensity threshold. Microspheres with fluorescence intensities above and below the threshold were considered equivalent to viable and nonviable cysts, respectively. Corresponding microsphere survivals correlated well with ozone disinfection data reported for Giardia cysts. The authors propose an experimental protocol for assessing full-scale ozone contractor disinfection efficient with fluorescent-dyed microspheres. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. UNION CHEM LABS, IND TECHNOL RES INST, HSINCHU, TAIWAN. PURDUE UNIV, SCH CIVIL ENGN, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47904 USA. US EPA, RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 2164-4535 J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 89 IS 8 BP 54 EP 66 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XQ961 UT WOS:A1997XQ96100012 ER PT J AU McElroy, JL AF McElroy, JL TI Diffusion from low-level urban sources: Reexamination using recently available experimental data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Experimental meteorological tracer data recently collected or declassified concerning dispersion from low-level sources in urban areas are examined in terms of the findings of the St. Louis Dispersion Study. The latter still provides a standard for use in urban air quality models and a basis of comparison for subsequent studies. Collectively, the results indicated that the quantitative findings of the St. Louis project are still valid. However, a tendency for the experimental data to be organized in terms of the local land use, especially nearer the tracer release points, provides evidence that it may be possible to catalog the resulting dispersion parameters in terms of land use and hence decrease the scatter of data points used to develop products such as stability related dispersion curves. C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1027 EP 1030 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1027:DFLLUS>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XN978 UT WOS:A1997XN97800006 ER PT J AU Atkinson, DG Bailey, DT Irwin, JS Touma, JS AF Atkinson, DG Bailey, DT Irwin, JS Touma, JS TI Improvements to the EPA Industrial Source Complex dispersion model SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPOSITION; PARTICLE AB Air quality models are a key component in determining air pollution control requirements. The Industrial Source Complex (ISC2) model is a steady-state Gaussian plume model that is used for modeling point, area, volume, and line sources. Since its development in the 1970s by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, this widely used model has undergone several updates as state-of-the science techniques have become available. Some of the recent modifications to the ISC2 model include a numerically efficient area-source algorithm tested in wind tunnel experiments, a dry-deposition algorithm that can account for a full range of particle she distributions, an algorithm for calculating wet-deposition flux using the scavenging coefficient approach, and an algorithm for modeling open-pit sources. These modifications, which are part of the current ISCST3 model, are described in detail within this paper. In addition, a plume depletion model demonstration was performed to compare observed and estimated crosswind integrated concentrations of a depositing tracer as functions of travel time and stability. RP Atkinson, DG (reprint author), US EPA,ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV,ARL,NOAA,MD14,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1088 EP 1095 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1088:ITTEIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XN978 UT WOS:A1997XN97800013 ER PT J AU Lee, RF Irwin, JS AF Lee, RF Irwin, JS TI Improving concentration measures used for evaluating air quality models SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB An unfortunate difficulty in model evaluation is that the concentration measure that most models predict, namely the ensemble mean concentration under the plume centerline (or at some location relative to the plume centerline), cannot be measured directly. The problem can be ameliorated by judicious selection of a concentration measure against which to compare model predictions. Insufficient attention has been given in the past to the selection of an appropriate measure for use in air quality model evaluation studies, which may have resulted in biases in the results of those studies. Some studies have used the maximum concentrations along the arc (arc maximum) as the measure of choice. In this paper, the authors have considered two additional candidate measures, the fitted maximum concentrations and the near-centerline concentrations, which, intuitively, relate more closely to the ensemble mean concentrations. This study shows that the maximum concentrations along the arc are significantly higher than either the fitted maxima or the near-centerline concentrations. In addition, of the latter two measures, the authors conclude that use of the near-centerline concentration is preferable to the use of fitted maximum for the purposes of evaluating model performance. RP Lee, RF (reprint author), US EPA,MD 14,NOAA,ARL,ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1107 EP 1112 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1107:ICMUFE>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XN978 UT WOS:A1997XN97800015 ER PT J AU Vane, LM Zang, GM AF Vane, LM Zang, GM TI Effect of aqueous phase properties on clay particle zeta potential and electro-osmotic permeability: Implications for electro-kinetic soil remediation processes SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE zeta potential; kaolinite; bentonite ID POROUS-MEDIA; REMOVAL; KAOLINITE; CONTAMINANTS; MINERALS; FIELDS; WATER AB The influence of aqueous phase properties (pH, ionic strength and divalent metal ion concentration) on clay particle zeta potential and packed-bed electro-osmotic permeability was quantified. Although pH strongly altered the zeta potential of a Georgia kaolinite, it did not significantly change that of a Wyoming bentonite. The zeta potential for the kaolinite ranged from + 0.7 mV at pH = 2 to -54 mV at pH = 10 (0.01 M KCl) while the bentonite zeta potential changed by only 5 mV(-31 to -36 mV) over the same pH range. For both clays, ionic strength was found to have a weak effect while divalent cations made the zeta potential markedly more positive. Charge reversal was observed for kaolinite at 100 ppm Pb2+ (pH = 5) with a background ionic strength of 0.01 M KCI and only 10 ppm Pb2+ with a background of 5 X 10(-4) M KCl, A theoretical relationship between the electro-osmotic permeability coefficient for packed clay beds and particle zeta potential was developed and experimentally verified for kaolinite. For example, both the electro-osmotic permeability coefficient and particle zeta potential were found to be three times greater at pH = 5 than at pH = 3. As a result, rapid zeta potential analyses can be used to predict electro-osmotic performance for expected site conditions as well as to select electrolyte control strategies to optimize an electro-kinetic soil remediation process. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Vane, LM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 50 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 7 U2 37 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 55 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00010-1 PG 22 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YF958 UT WOS:A1997YF95800003 ER PT J AU Pyle, SM Marcus, AB AF Pyle, SM Marcus, AB TI Rapid and sensitive determination of pesticides in environmental samples by accelerated solvent extraction and tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Letter RP Pyle, SM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 4 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1076-5174 J9 J MASS SPECTROM JI J. Mass Spectrom. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 8 BP 897 EP 898 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199708)32:8<897::AID-JMS537>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 2 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Organic; Spectroscopy SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XQ564 UT WOS:A1997XQ56400013 ER PT J AU Poole, GC Frissell, CA Ralph, SC AF Poole, GC Frissell, CA Ralph, SC TI In-stream habitat unit classification: Inadequacies for monitoring and some consequences for management SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE stream habitat monitoring; habitat unit classification; watershed management; aquatic ecosystems; forest hydrology; adaptive/ecosystem management ID CONSERVATION; RESTORATION; WASHINGTON; LESSONS; BASINS AB Habitat unit classification can be a useful descriptive tool in hierarchical stream classification. However, a critical evaluation reveals that it is applied inappropriately when used to quantify aquatic habitat or channel morphology in an attempt to monitor the response of individual streams to human activities. First, due to the subjectivity of the measure, observer bias seriously compromises repeatability, precision, and transferability of the method. Second, important geomorphic and ecological changes in stream habitats are not always manifested as changes in habitat-unit frequency or characteristics. Third, classification data are nominal, which can intrinsically limit their amenability to statistical analysis. Finally, using the frequency of specific habitat unit types (e.g., pool/riffle ratio or percent pool) as a response variable for stream monitoring commonly leads to the establishment of management thresholds or targets for habitat-unit types. This, in turn, encourages managers to focus on direct manipulation or replacement of habitat structures while neglecting long-term maintenance or re-establishment of habitat-forming biophysical processes. Stream habitat managers and scientists should only use habitat unit classification to descriptively stratify in-stream conditions. They should not use habitat unit classification as a means of quantifying and monitoring aquatic habitat and channel morphology. Monitoring must instead focus on direct, repeatable, cost-efficient, and quantitative measures of selected physical, chemical, and biological components and processes spanning several scales of resolution. C1 UNIV MONTANA,SCH FORESTRY,NUMER TERRADYNAM SIMULAT GRP,POLSON,MT 59860. US EPA,OFF ECOSYST & COMMUNITIES,SEATTLE,WA 98101. RP Poole, GC (reprint author), UNIV MONTANA,FLATHEAD LAKE BIOL STN,311 BIO STN LANE,POLSON,MT 59860, USA. OI Poole, Geoffrey/0000-0002-8458-0203 NR 46 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 879 EP 896 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04112.x PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100014 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ AF Gordon, CJ TI The role of behavioral thermoregulation as a thermoeffector during prolonged hypoxia in the rat SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hypothermia; hyperthermia; temperature gradient; telemetry; heart rate; motor activity; core temperature; heat loss; calorimeter ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; 24-HOUR CONTROL; HYPOTHERMIA; INJURY AB Exposing rodents to insults such as hypoxia and chemical toxicants induces regulated hypothermia, characterized by a preference for cooler ambient temperatures (T-a) and reduced core temperature (T-c). This study clarified the efficacy of behavioral thermoregulation to regulate T-c when subjected to a steady-state hypoxic insult. T-c, selected T-a(STa), heart rare (HR), and motor activity (MA) were monitored by radiotelemetry in rats housed in a temperature gradient. A 6 to 6.5 h period of hypoxia (6.9% O-2)was induced by diluting the air entering the gradient with nitrogen. During the first hour of hypoxia T-c decreased by 2.5 degrees C while STa decreased from 30 to 24.5 degrees C. As hypoxia progressed, STa rebounded slightly to 26-27 degrees C while T-c remained between 34-35 degrees C. HR increased gradually from 300 to 375 beats min(-1) during hypoxia. MA increased transiently bur then remained near baseline throughout the remainder of the exposure period. Exposure to hypoxia in a gradient maintained at 31.5 degrees C blocked the hypothermic response, showing that preference for cooler T(a)s during hypoxia is critical for regulating T-c. Calorimetric measurements showed that exposure to hypoxia at a T-a of 22 degrees C led to a transient rise in dry heat loss, suppression in metabolic rare, and reduction in T-c. At a warmer T-a of 32 degrees C, hypoxia led to a suppression in heat loss along with an elevation in CO2 production and T-c. Overall, the data show that behavioral and autonomic thermoeffectors serve to regulate T-c at a hypothermic level throughout a prolonged period of hypoxic stress. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, MD-74B, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD AUG-OCT PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4-5 BP 315 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(97)00028-4 PG 10 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA YQ222 UT WOS:000071363000012 ER PT J AU Porteous, LA Seidler, RJ Watrud, LS AF Porteous, LA Seidler, RJ Watrud, LS TI An improved method for purifying DNA from soil for polymerase chain reaction amplification and molecular ecology applications SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil DNA; soil DNA purification; PCR; DNA fingerprinting; molecular ecology ID RAPID METHOD; EXTRACTION; SEDIMENTS; PURIFICATION; BACTERIA RP Porteous, LA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,TERR PLANT ECOL BRANCH,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 21 TC 102 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 6 IS 8 BP 787 EP 791 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00241.x PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA XP592 UT WOS:A1997XP59200009 ER PT J AU Lewtas, J Walsh, D Williams, R Dobias, L AF Lewtas, J Walsh, D Williams, R Dobias, L TI Air pollution exposure DNA adduct dosimetry in humans and rodents: evidence for non-linearity at high doses SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE DNA adduct; P-32-postlabeling; dose response; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PAH; air pollution; respirable particulate matter; personal exposure monitoring; human exposure; polycyclic organic matter; dose extrapolation; risk assessment ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT; WHITE BLOOD-CELLS; LUNG-CANCER; XUAN-WEI; EXTRAPOLATION; WORKERS; POLAND; PAH AB The impact of air pollution exposure on the level of total DNA adducts in human white blood cells (WBCs) was evaluated in two populations in the Czech Republic and compared to the exposure-DNA adduct relationship in other populations in the US and China in human lung cells and rodent lung tissue. The human populations examined were exposed to respirable particles (< 2.5 mu m) (PM2.5) in urban, rural, and occupational settings where the particles originated from coal and petroleum fuel combustion, coke production, and other coal-tar aerosols (e.g., used in aluminum production), These particles contain carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are known to form DNA adducts through covalent binding. Personal exposure to PM2.5 and PAHs were measured prior to collection of blood samples for DNA adduct analysis by P-32-postlabeling. Coke oven workers (n = 76), in 10 job categories on the top and side of a coke oven in Ostrava, CZ, were studied and compared to a different population exposed to environmental levels of PAHs from air pollution in Teplice, CZ. Personal exposures to airborne particles ranged from < 1 to more than 15000 mu g/m(3) and carcinogenic PAHs exposure ranged from < 5 to > 200000 ng/m(3). At low to moderate environmental exposures to carcinogenic PAHs, DNA adduct levels in the WBCs were significantly correlated with exposure. However, at the higher occupational levels found on the coke oven, the exposure-DNA adduct relationship became non-linear. Under these high exposure conditions, the relative DNA adduct level per unit of exposure (DNA-binding potency) was significantly lower than measured at environmental exposures. This finding is consistent with observations in lung cells from bronchoalveolar lavage of humans exposed to a wide range of PAH. This same high exposure-dose non-linearity was also observed in lung DNA from rats exposed by inhalation to a coal-tar pitch aerosol. DNA adduct levels in all these cases show evidence of a form of non-linearity at high doses that has been described by Lutz (W.K. Lutz, Dose-response relationship acid low dose extrapolation in chemical carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 11 (1990) 1243-1247) as a superlinear dose response. This superlinear response may be due to saturation of metabolic activation enzymes, induction of either DNA repair processes or detoxification enzymes, or other mechanisms. Regardless of the mechanism, this decrease in the DNA-binding potency at moderate to high doses of PAH has important implications for dose-response extrapolation in risk assessment. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA,EPIDEMIOL & BIOMARKER BRANCH,MD 58C,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. REG INST HYG,OSTRAVA,CZECH REPUBLIC. NR 28 TC 110 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD AUG 1 PY 1997 VL 378 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 63 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00097-3 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XR482 UT WOS:A1997XR48200006 PM 9288885 ER PT J AU Scagel, CF Andersen, CP AF Scagel, CF Andersen, CP TI Seasonal changes in root and soil respiration of ozone-exposed ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) grown in different substrates SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE O-3; ponderosa pine; root respiration; respiration quotient; microbial respiration ID MIMIC AMBIENT CONDITIONS; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; DOUGLAS-FIR; MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; CARBON ALLOCATION; CROP PRODUCTIVITY; MULTIPLE STRESSES; RICE PLANTS; ACID-RAIN AB Exposure to ozone (O-3) has been shown to decrease the allocation of carbon to tree roots. Decreased allocation of carbon to roots might disrupt root metabolism and rhizosphere organisms. The effects of soil type and shoot O-3, exposure on below-ground respiration and soil microbial populations were investigated using container-grown ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) growing in a low-nutrient soil, or a fertilizer-amended organic potting media, and exposed to one of three levels of O-3 for two growing seasons in open-top exposure chambers. a closed system, designed to measure below-ground respiratory activity (CO2 production, O-2 consumption and RQ-Respiration Quotient; (CO2:O-2) of plants growing in pots, was used monthly to monitor below-ground respiration of 3-yr-old ponderosa pine. Although seasonal differences were detected, CO2 production (mu mol h(-1) g(-1) total root d. wt), O-2 consumption (mu mol h(-1) g(-1) total root d. wt) and RQ (CO2:O-2) increased with increasing O-3 exposure level. Seasonal patterns showed increased respiration rates during periods of rapid root growth in spring and early fall. Respiration quotient tended to decrease during known periods of active root growth in control seedlings, but a similar response was not observed in O-3-treated seedlings. Responses to O-3 were greatest in the soil-grown plants, which had a lower fertility level than media-grown plants. Although root d. wt was decreased, root:shoot ratios did not change in response to O-3. Soil-grown plants had higher root-shoot ratios than media-grown plants, reflecting the lower fertility of the soil. Plant exposure to O-3 was found to affect both active and total populations of soil organisms. In both organic potting media and in soil, biomass of active soil fungi, and the ratio of active-fungal to active-bacterial biomass increased with increasing plant exposure to O-3. The effect of O-3 on total fungal and bacterial biomass was not linear: at low O-3 levels, total fungal and bacterial biomass increased; at the high O-3 level, total fungal and bacterial biomass decreased compared with those of controls. Our results show that O-3 exposure to shoots significantly disrupts CO2 production and O-2 consumption of soil and roots of ponderosa pine seedlings. Below-ground respiratory differences were thought to be a result of changes in respiratory substrates, carbon refixation within the plant and soil microbial activity. Ozone also changes belowground RQ, suggesting that O-3 substantially disrupts root metabolism and interactions with rhizosphere organisms. Ozone exposure of ponderosa pine grown in different soil types can disrupt below-ground respiration and influence populations of soil organisms without alteration of biomass partitioning between above-and belowground plant components. Collectively, the effect of O-3 on the below-ground system is of concern since it is likely that these changes are accompanied by a change in the ability of root systems to acquire nutrient and water resources and possibly to synthesize amino acids and proteins necessary for normal plant function. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,CORVALLIS,OR. NR 61 TC 35 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 21 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 136 IS 4 BP 627 EP 643 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00779.x PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV389 UT WOS:A1997XV38900007 ER PT J AU FennerCrisp, PA AF FennerCrisp, PA TI Endocrine disruptor risk characterization: An EPA perspective SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ISRTP Meeting on Assessing the Risks of Adverse Endocrine-Mediated Effects CY JAN 13-14, 1997 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Int Soc Regulatory Toxicol & Pharm AB The characterization of risk to endocrine-disruptive agents may prove to be one of the greatest challenges that the risk assessment/regulatory community has ever faced. Why is this so? The endocrine system is actually many systems, having complex interactions and interdependencies. Normal endocrine function is often dependent on cyclical events, rather than steady-state. Timing is everything, as evidenced by significant differences in adverse outcome as a function of age and stage of development. Further, the consequences of concomitant exposures to endocrine-active substances in the diet or as therapeutic agents are poorly understood. So, how should risk characterization to these agents be approached? This presentation will include the description of current practices for addressing hormonally mediated cancer and noncancer effects and offer speculation on modifications to these approaches that might be necessary as our knowledge of this area increases. RP FennerCrisp, PA (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP 70 EP 73 DI 10.1006/rtph.1997.1122 PN 1 PG 4 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XZ586 UT WOS:A1997XZ58600013 PM 9339482 ER PT J AU Price, PS Keenan, RE Swartout, JC Gillis, CA CarlsonLynch, H Dourson, ML AF Price, PS Keenan, RE Swartout, JC Gillis, CA CarlsonLynch, H Dourson, ML TI An approach for modeling noncancer dose responses with an emphasis on uncertainty SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE noncarcinogenic; dose response; probabilistic; uncertainty; reference dose ID TOXICITY; RFD AB This paper presents an approach for characterizing the probability of adverse effects occurring in a population exposed to dose rates in excess of the Reference Dose (RFD). The approach uses a linear threshold (hockey stick) model of response and is based on the current system of uncertainty factors used in setting RfDs. The approach requires generally available toxicological estimates such as No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Levels (NOAELs) or Benchmark Doses and doses at which adverse effects are observed in 50% of the test animals (ED(50)s). In this approach, Monte Carlo analysis is used to characterize the uncertainty in the dose response slope based on the range and magnitude of the key sources of uncertainty in setting protective doses. The method does not require information on the shape of the dose response curve for specific chemicals, but is amenable to the inclusion of such data. The approach is applied to four compounds to produce estimates of response rates for dose rates greater than the RfD. C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. TOXICOL EXCELLENCE RISK ASSESSMENT,CINCINNATI,OH 45223. RP Price, PS (reprint author), MCLAREN HART CHEMRISK,1658 CONGRESS ST,PORTLAND,ME 04102, USA. NR 25 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 427 EP 437 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00883.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA XZ036 UT WOS:A1997XZ03600005 PM 9323872 ER PT J AU Buck, RJ Hammerstrom, KA Ryan, PB AF Buck, RJ Hammerstrom, KA Ryan, PB TI Bias in population estimates of long-term exposure from short-term measurements of individual exposure SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE exposure assessment; empirical distribution functions; standard two-stage estimation AB A population's long-term exposure distribution for a specified compound is typically estimated from short-term measurements of a sample of individuals from the population of interest. in this situation, estimates of a population's long-term exposure parameters contain two sources of sampling error: the typical sampling error associated with taking a sample from the population and the sampling error from estimating individual long-term exposure. These components are not separable in the data collected, i.e., the value observed is due partly to the individual sampled and partly to the time at which the individual was sampled. Hence, the distribution of the data collected is not the same as the population exposure distribution. Monte Carlo simulations are used to compare the distribution of the observed data with the population exposure distribution for a simple additive model. A simple adjustment to standard estimates of percentiles and quantiles is shown to be effective in reducing bias particularly for the upper percentiles and quantiles of the population distribution. C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. EMORY UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Buck, RJ (reprint author), WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIV,DEPT MATH & STAT,KALAMAZOO,MI 49008, USA. RI Ryan, P. Barry/A-7662-2009 NR 4 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 455 EP 466 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00886.x PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA XZ036 UT WOS:A1997XZ03600008 ER PT J AU Collette, TW AF Collette, TW TI Comparison of using mid-infrared spectra versus their Fourier transforms for the prediction of properties of organic chemicals SO VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE property prediction; partial least squares; infrared spectroscopy; Fourier transform data processing ID MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; SPECTROSCOPY; GLUCOSE; MODELS AB We have built partial least squares (PLS) models for predicting values for 4 properties of 40 structurally-diverse organic esters based on 2 regions of the mid-infrared gas-phase spectra, 3700-2700 and 1850-745 cm(-1). The 4 properties are octanol/water distribution, water solubility, molecular volume and index of refraction. Under leave-one-out cross-validation analysis, these models produce error (root mean square deviation divided by the parameter value range) on the order of 6-11% using 5-10 PLS factors. For comparison, we have built models based on a judiciously selected region of the Fourier transforms (i.e., interferograms) of these spectra. Under leave-one-out cross-validation, the interferogram-based models exhibit lower error, about 4-9%, which is, on average, an improvement of about 30%. However, for true independent predictions, our results indicate that improvements only on the order of 10% are to be expected. Furthermore, the optimum interferogram models require considerably more PLS factors, about 16-21. For 2 of the properties, the optimum region of the interferogram for this application was about 50 points that included the centerburst; for the other two properties, a region removed by a few data points from the centerburst was selected. Also, using a spectrum-based model for activity coefficients of these same esters in l-butanol, we demonstrate the possibility of interpreting qualitatively the first PLS weight loading vector in order to provide insights into process mechanisms subsequent to building an empirical model for predicting process parameters. Our investigations and observations are presented as a step toward developing a spectroscopy-based method for predicting parameters and probing activity mechanisms for environmentally-important chemical fate processes whose mechanisms and pathways are not well understood. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Collette, TW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-2031 J9 VIB SPECTROSC JI Vib. Spectrosc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 15 IS 1 BP 113 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0924-2031(97)00024-6 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XY336 UT WOS:A1997XY33600012 ER PT J AU Surampalli, RY Baumann, ER AF Surampalli, RY Baumann, ER TI Role of supplemental aeration in improving overloaded first-stage RBC performance SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE dissolved oxygen; first-stage; performance; removal rate; rotating biological contactor (RBC); supplemental aeration ID NITRIFICATION AB A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of supplemental aeration in improving the performance of an rotating biological contactor (RBC) treatment system whose first and second stages were overloaded resulting in very low dissolved oxygen conditions and heavy beggisttoa growth thereby deteriorating process performance. A four-stage RBC having two parallel trains and treating combined municipal and industrial dairy wastewater was used to conduct the research. One train was provided with supplemental air in all stages and the other train, without supplemental air, was used as a control. Daily 24-hour compositie samples were collected at the influent to the RBC and at the end of each stage. Dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature levels were measured in each stage. Samples were analyzed for soluble COD, ammonia nitrogen, total and volatile suspended solids. Samples were also analyzed for soluble BOD5 and oxygen uptake rate once a week. The biomass thickness on the discs was measured and growth conditions were noted. The experimental results indicate that RBC units with supplemental aeration demonstrated remarkable performance and ability to adapt to differing organic loading rates. In addition, beggiatoa growth was completely eliminated with supplemental air thereby establishing thinner and active aerobic biomass. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. RP Surampalli, RY (reprint author), US EPA,POB 17-2141,KANSAS CITY,KS 66117, USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 98 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 15 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA XP170 UT WOS:A1997XP17000001 ER PT J AU Schmitt, P Garrison, AW Freitag, D Kettrup, A AF Schmitt, P Garrison, AW Freitag, D Kettrup, A TI Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) for the characterization of humic substances SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ampholytes; borate; capillary electrophoresis; CIEF; CZE; fulvic acids; humic acids; interactions; isoelectric focusing ID ELECTROPHORESIS; SEPARATION; BEHAVIOR AB Preparative solution isoelectric focusing was used to fractionate 50 mg of a soil fulvic acid (FA); the harvested fractions were characterized with UV-Vis spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and showed a distribution in the created pH gradient of the focused fulvic fractions as a function of their molecular weight. Borate complexation was used in CZE to compare the relative acidities of the harvested fractions. Only 32% of the total FA did not interact with the used ampholytes (precipitation), and this FA fraction was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight compounds as shown with CZE. A capillary-free solution isoelectric focusing (CIEF) method was then adapted to the analysis of the same FA, and parallelisms were found in the repartition of the focused fulvic fractions. The potential of capillary electrophoresis in the isoeletric focusing mode (CIEF) is the rapidity of the analysis (40 min) and the use of samples in the microliters range; CIEF was used to characterize humic substances from different natural environments. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. GSF, NATL RES CTR ENVIRONM & HLTH, INST ECOL CHEM, D-85356 FREISING WEIHENSTEPHAN, GERMANY. TECH UNIV MUNICH, LEHRSTUHL OKOL CHEM & UMWELTANALYT, D-85356 FREISING WEIHENSTEPHAN, GERMANY. RP Schmitt, P (reprint author), US EPA, NATL RES COUNCIL, 960 COLL STN RD, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 8 BP 2037 EP 2049 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00021-3 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA XJ932 UT WOS:A1997XJ93200027 ER PT J AU Vukovich, FM Brackett, V Fishman, J Sickles, JE AF Vukovich, FM Brackett, V Fishman, J Sickles, JE TI A 5-year evaluation of the representativeness of the tropospheric ozone residual at nonclimatological periods SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB Daily values, monthly averages, and seasonal averages of the tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) were estimated using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SEW) data for the five-year period 1985-1989. Comparisons were made at these various timescales between TOR and tropospheric ozone using data from eight ozonesonde stations within the region 50 degrees N to 50 degrees S and between normalized departures of the TOR and surface ozone data averaged over four 5 degrees latitude by 5 degrees longitude squares within the eastern United States. These comparisons were accomplished to determine the usefulness of the TOR to represent tropospheric ozone at nonclimatological periods. The results indicated that the annual cycle of the TOR determined using monthly and seasonally averaged values provides a realistic depiction of the annual cycle of tropospheric ozone in the northern hemisphere; that is, approximately a 2% mean error and an 81% correlation. However, in a limited number of comparisons (Hilo and Natal), the annual cycle of the TOR represented the annual cycle of tropospheric ozone at tropical latitudes poorly; that is, approximately a 38% mean error and a 59% correlation. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, HAMPTON, VA 23665 USA. NASA, LANGLEY RES CTR, CHEM & DYNAM BRANCH, HAMPTON, VA 23665 USA. US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27511 USA. RP Vukovich, FM (reprint author), SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, 615 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 300, RALEIGH, NC 27605 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D13 BP 15927 EP 15932 DI 10.1029/97JD00455 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XM347 UT WOS:A1997XM34700007 ER PT J AU Diliberto, JJ Burgin, D Birnbaum, LS AF Diliberto, JJ Burgin, D Birnbaum, LS TI Role of CYP1A2 in hepatic sequestration of dioxin: Studies using CYP1A2 knock-out mice SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID DIBENZO-PARA-DIOXINS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; BILIARY-EXCRETION; AH RECEPTOR; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; DISPOSITION; PCDDS; PCDFS; RAT; 2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN AB 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin), most potent of the polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, has been studied in a variety of genetically normal species. Transgenic mice lacking a cytochrome P450 1A2 gene were used to study the influence of the CYP1A2 gene on the hepatic sequestration and distribution of TCDD, 4-PeCDF (2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran; dioxin-like compound), and PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl; non-dioxin-like PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)). The knock-out mice were compared to their age-matched lineage strains of C57BL/6N (1A2+/+; Ah(b)) and 129/Sv (1A2+/+; Ah(d)) for each compound. As demonstrated by the liver-to-adipose tissue (L/F) concentration ratios, there was no hepatic sequestering of TCDD and 4-PeCDF in the transgenic knock-out mice (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Diliberto, JJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH EFFECTS & ENVIRONM RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,MD 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 28 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JUL 18 PY 1997 VL 236 IS 2 BP 431 EP 433 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6973 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA XM955 UT WOS:A1997XM95500041 PM 9240455 ER PT J AU Hughes, TJ Lewtas, J Claxton, LD AF Hughes, TJ Lewtas, J Claxton, LD TI Development of a standard reference material for diesel mutagenicity in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella assay; plate incorporation; diesel; ranking mutagenicity; standard reference material (SRM); slope ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BACTERIAL MUTAGENICITY; EXOGENOUS ACTIVATION; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; MICROSOME ASSAY; TYPHIMURIUM; CHEMICALS; EMISSIONS; LIVER; CARCINOGENS AB The present study documents the mutagenicity of a new National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (SRM) in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay. This study is in response to a previous recommendation by the World Health Organization to develop large batches of new SRMs for biological and chemical research. SRM 1975 is a dichloromethane (DCM) extract of 5.6 kg of filter-collected combustion particulate matter (SRM 2975) from operating forklifts with diesel engines. The mutagenicity and a summary of the related chemical analysis of mutagens in SRM 1975 is presented in this paper, and are available from the NIST. Mutagenicity test conditions were: Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 (standard strains); TA98NR, TA100NR (nitroreductase (NR) gene deficient); and YG1021 and YG1026 (NR gene addition); 10 dose levels in the linear portion of the dose-response curve; duplicate plates per dose; and S9 at 6.4% or 1.1 mg of protein/plate. Four rounds of testing were conducted. Rounds were conducted at least 1 week apart. Slopes (revertants/mu g) were calculated by the linear regression rejection model of Bernstein and by the Stead and Krewski models which analyze non-linear data. The GeneTox Manager software package developed at the EPA was used to record the data and calculate the slopes. Results demonstrated: (1) the ranking of slopes without S9 was: YG1021 > TA98 > TA98NR > YG1026 > TA100 > TA100NR in all three statistical models, (2) the mutagenic activity of SRM 1975 was significantly increased by the presence of the NR gene; (3) the slope values for the TA100 series were significantly less than for the TA98 series; (4) in general, the addition of the S9 significantly reduced mutagenic activity; (5) the mutagenic activity of the SRM 1975 was stable over time and variability was low (generally less than 20% in slope values over the 4 rounds); and (6) agreement of the slope values among the three models was excellent due ro the linear nature of the data. These data will be useful in ranking other diesel and air samples for mutagenic activity, for quality assurance of data generated in different laboratories, for quality control within a laboratory, and as positive control values for future air and automotive emission studies. RP Hughes, TJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MAIL DROP 68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 41 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JUL 14 PY 1997 VL 391 IS 3 BP 243 EP 258 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00075-2 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XM529 UT WOS:A1997XM52900014 PM 9268049 ER PT J AU Goreau, TJ AF Goreau, TJ TI Assessing coral reef health SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT MARINE SCI,LAJAS,PR 00667. HOWARD UNIV,COLL MED,WASHINGTON,DC 20059. CARIBBEAN MARINE BIOL LAB,CURACAO,NETH ANTILLES. UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. FLORIDA INT UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,MIAMI,FL 33199. US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT BIOL,AIKEN,SC 29801. UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT MARINE SCI,SAN JUAN,PR 00936. RP Goreau, TJ (reprint author), GLOBAL CORAL REEF ALLIANCE,324 BEDFORD RD,CHAPPAQUA,NY 10514, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 11 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 5323 BP 165 EP 166 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XK418 UT WOS:A1997XK41800003 ER PT J AU Speer, RE Barnes, HM Brown, R AF Speer, RE Barnes, HM Brown, R TI An instrument for measuring the liquid water content of aerosols SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BETA-GAUGE AB An instrument for measuring the liquid water content of aerosols is described. Aerosol samples are collected on PTFE membrane filters and then are placed in a closed chamber in which the relative humidity can be controlled over a range from 5 to 95%. A beta-gauge measures the changing aerosol mass from a low humidity through a range of increasing humidities and then through a range of decreasing humidities. The instrument corrects for changes in air density in the beta-gauge. A method for correcting electronic drift is described. A comparison of liquid water mass measurements of a test aerosol with gravimetric mass measurements gave a regression slope of 0.98 and a standard deviation of 0.7 mu g/m(3). Examples of analyses on a generated aerosol and a fine fraction atmospheric sample are given. (C) 1997 American Association for Aerosol Research. C1 UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506. RP Speer, RE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 27 IS 1 BP 50 EP 61 DI 10.1080/02786829708965457 PG 12 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XF497 UT WOS:A1997XF49700004 ER PT J AU Matthews, RB Kropff, MJ Horie, T Bachelet, D AF Matthews, RB Kropff, MJ Horie, T Bachelet, D TI Simulating the impact of climate change on rice production in Asia and evaluating options for adaptation SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; YIELD AB The likely effects of Climate change caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on rice production in Asia were evaluated using two rice crop simulation models, ORYZA1 and SIMRIW, running under 'fixed-change' climate scenarios and scenarios predicted for a doubled-CO2 (2 x CO2) atmosphere by the General Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), the Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) General Circulation Models. In general, an increase in CO2 level was found to increase yields white increases in temperature reduced yields. Overall rice production in the region was predicted by the ORYZA1 model to change by +6.5, -4.4 and -5.6% under the GFDL, GISS and UKMO 2xCO(2) scenarios, respectively, while the corresponding changes predicted by the SIMRIW model were +4.2, -10.4 and -12.8%. The average of these estimates would suggest that vice production in the Asian region may decline by -3.8% under the climate of the next century. Declines in yield were predicted under the GISS and UKMO scenarios for Thailand, Bangladesh, southern China and western India, while increases were predicted for Indonesia, Malaysia, and Taiwan and parts of India and China. Modification of sowing dares at high latitudes, where warmer temperatures allowed a longer growing season, permitted a possible transition from single-cropping to double-cropping at some locations, an adaptation that could potentially have a targe positive impact on national rice production in some countries. Planting dates could also be adjusted to avoid high temperatures at the time of flowering which can cause severe spikelet sterility in some varieties, although a delay in planting in some cases may prevent a second crop from being obtained because of high temperatures later in the season. Selection for varieties with a higher tolerance of spikelet fertility to temperature was shown to be capable of restoring yield levels to those predicted for current climates. The use of longer-maturing varieties to take advantage of longer growing seasons at higher latitudes may instead result in lower yields, due to the grain formation and ripening periods being pushed to less favorable conditions later in the season. A better strategy might be to select for shorter-maturing varieties to allow a second crop to be grown in these regions. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 DLO, RES INST AGROBIOL & SOIL FERTIL, AB, NL-6700 AA WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS. KYOTO UNIV, FAC AGR, KYOTO 606, JAPAN. US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 42 TC 104 Z9 112 U1 5 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 54 IS 3 BP 399 EP 425 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(95)00060-I PG 27 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA WW454 UT WOS:A1997WW45400008 ER PT J AU Gurka, DF Pyle, S Titus, R AF Gurka, DF Pyle, S Titus, R TI Environmental applications of gas chromatography atomic emission detection SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA; MOLECULAR FORMULA DETERMINATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SAMPLES; SYSTEM AB A gas chromatograph/atomic emission detector (GC/AED) system has been evaluated for its applicability to environmental analysis, Detection limits, elemental response factors, and regression analysis data were determined for 58 semivolatile environmental contaminants, Detection limits for injected analytes ranged from 0.17 to 3.0 ng on the hydrogen 486-nm channel, from 1.0 to 5.0 ng on the nitrogen 174-nm channel, from 0.65 to 11.7 ng on the oxygen 777-nm channel, from 0.071 to 3.0 ng on the chlorine 479-nm channel, and from 0.023 to 0.038 ng on the sulfur 181-nm channel. Mean elemental response factors (ERFs) measured on these channels, relative to the carbon 496-mn channel, were hydrogen, 0.084 (mean %RSD = 6.6); nitrogen, 0.246 (mean %RSD = 19); oxygen, 0.459 (mean %RSD = 16); and chlorine, 0.417 (mean %RSD = 3.6), The higher precision obtained for hydrogen and chlorine, relative to that for nitrogen and oxygen, is attributed to the ability to scan these elemental channels in the same GC run as the carbon 496-nm channel (diode array wavelength range limitation of similar to 40 nm/run). Mean ERFs of standard compounds were used to determine the molecular formulas of chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorinated organosulfur compounds in a contaminated environmental soil sample, These formulas are in good agreement with the molecular weights and chlorine isotopic data obtained from low-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RP Gurka, DF (reprint author), US EPA,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 1 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 13 BP 2411 EP 2417 DI 10.1021/ac9612739 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XG497 UT WOS:A1997XG49700034 PM 21639376 ER PT J AU Schmitt, P Poiger, T Simon, R Freitag, D Kettrup, A Garrison, AW AF Schmitt, P Poiger, T Simon, R Freitag, D Kettrup, A Garrison, AW TI Simultaneous determination of ionization constants and isoelectric points of 12 hydroxy-s-triazines by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; ATRAZINE; SEPARATION; VALUES; MOBILITY AB Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to separate and determine simultaneously the pK(1), pK(2), and pI values of 12 environmentally relevant hydroxytriazines (hydroxymetabolites of atrazine, terbuthylazine, simazine, and propazine and four (arylamino)-s-triazines) and observe the effects of the alkylamino and arylamino substituents on the measured values, Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) methods were developed to measure the pI of these compounds and compare those values with the CZE-measured pI,s. CZE and CIEF can provide accurate pK and pI values reasonably fast, and pI values measured by the two techniques agree. Knowledge of the pK and pI values of hydroxytriazines is important for an understanding of the binding mechanisms of these molecules in environmental matrices, Because the hydroxytriazines may exist as a myriad of species-neutral, charged, zwitterionic, and keto-enol tautomeric-depending on structure and pH, we briefly addressed the existence of these species relative to their electrophoretic analysis. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UMWELT & GESUNDHEIT GMBH,INST OKOL CHEM,D-85356 FREISING,GERMANY. RP Schmitt, P (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 30 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 1 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 13 BP 2559 EP 2566 DI 10.1021/ac960945s PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XG497 UT WOS:A1997XG49700056 PM 21639390 ER PT J AU Baumgardner, RE Kronmiller, KG Anderson, JB Bowser, JJ Edgerton, ES AF Baumgardner, RE Kronmiller, KG Anderson, JB Bowser, JJ Edgerton, ES TI Development of an automated cloud water collection system for use in atmospheric monitoring networks SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE cloud water chemistry; cloud liquid water content; acidic deposition; cloud water collector ID RED SPRUCE; RESPIRATION; DEPOSITION AB An automated cloud water collection system for unattended operation at remote sites is described. This system consists of a cloud water collector, sample accumulator, sample storage unit, and electronic control unit. Threshold values for liquid water content, wind speed, and temperature were set with the electronic control unit to initiate automatic Collection of cloud water samples. The automated system was tested in the summer of 1994 at two remote sites: Whitetop Mountain, VA, and Whiteface Mountain, NY. During this period, it successfully collected 449 hourly cloud water samples. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN INC,DURHAM,NC 27713. RP Baumgardner, RE (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 31 IS 13 BP 2003 EP 2010 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00325-1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XA623 UT WOS:A1997XA62300009 ER PT J AU Riitters, KH ONeill, RV Jones, KB AF Riitters, KH ONeill, RV Jones, KB TI Assessing habitat suitability at multiple scales: A landscape-level approach SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE landscape ecology; wildlife habitat; spatial statistics; risk assessment and scale ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES; DISTURBANCE; EXTINCTION; MODEL; PATCH AB The distribution and abundance of many plants and animals are influenced by the spatial arrangement of suitable habitats across landscapes. We derived habitat maps from a digital land cover map of the similar to 178,000 km(2) Chesapeake Bay Watershed by using a spatial filtering algorithm. The regional amounts and patterns of habitats were different far species which occur in 'woody', 'herbaceous', and 'woody-edge' habitats. Habitat for finer-scale species (similar to 5 ha home ranges) was twice as abundant and move evenly distributed than habitat for coarser-scale species (similar to 410 ha home ranges) in a 11,000 km(2) sub-region. Potential impacts of land cover changes on habitats in different parts of the region were assessed by the frequency distributions of habitat suitability for smaller (similar to 3000 km(2)) embedded watersheds. The methods described in this paper can be applied to several scales of digital land cover data, and used to derive multiple-scale habitat suitabilities for a number of species or guilds. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. US EPA,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. RP Riitters, KH (reprint author), TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHOR,ENVIRONM RES CTR,17 RIDGEWAY RD,NORRIS,TN 37828, USA. NR 40 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 1-2 BP 191 EP 202 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00145-0 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XC290 UT WOS:A1997XC29000020 ER PT J AU Whittier, TR Halliwell, DB Paulsen, SG AF Whittier, TR Halliwell, DB Paulsen, SG TI Cyprinid distributions in Northeast USA lakes: evidence of regional-scale minnow biodiversity losses SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH ASSEMBLAGES; SPECIES COMPOSITION; WISCONSIN LAKES; UNITED-STATES; ACIDIFICATION; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS AB Fish assemblages were sampled in 195 randomly selected lakes in the northeastern United States during the summers of 1991-1994. Most lakes in northern Maine had three to seven minnow species, constituting 40-80% of species in each lake. Lakes in New Jersey, southern New York, and southern New England rarely had minnows, other than golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Lakes in the Adirondacks and the remainder of northern New England had intermediate numbers. We examined minnow native ranges and autecology and evaluated species richness related to littoral predators and human disturbance. Sample data suggested alteration in the minnow assemblages over much of the region. The most consistent factor related to minnow species richness was the presence of littoral predators. Median number of minnow species was two in lakes lacking predators and zero in lakes with predators. Non-native predators, especially Micropterus spp., have been introduced throughout the Northeast; 69% of the sampled lakes had non-native predators. In the absence of predators, minnow species declined with increased human activity in the watershed and along lake shorelines. Only in northern Maine did lake minnow assemblages seem relatively intact. C1 SUNY SYRACUSE,COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. RP Whittier, TR (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,DYNAMAC INT,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 49 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 54 IS 7 BP 1593 EP 1607 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-7-1593 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XW701 UT WOS:A1997XW70100015 ER PT J AU Shafarenko, M Mahler, J Cochran, C Kisielewski, A Golding, E Wiseman, R Goodrow, T AF Shafarenko, M Mahler, J Cochran, C Kisielewski, A Golding, E Wiseman, R Goodrow, T TI Similar incidence of K-ras mutations in lung carcinomas of FVB/N mice and FVB/N mice carrying a mutant p53 transgene SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCING ANALYSIS; TUMOR-ANTIGEN; MOUSE-LIVER; B6C3F1 MICE; HA-RAS; ACTIVATION; CANCER; GENE; TRANSFORMATION; ONCOGENES AB Mutated p53 genes are capable of complementing activated ras genes in the transformation of primary rat embryo fibroblasts in vitro, Mutations in both genes have also been found in several human cancers, including lung carcinomas, We generated transgenic mice containing a p53 construct with a missense mutation in exon 5 (ala135val) to study the role of p53 mutations in lung tumorigenesis, and to facilitate identification of other genetic events that might complement p53 mutations in mouse lung carcinogenesis, The p53 transgenic lines exhibited a higher frequency of lethal lung tumors than the parental FVB/N strain, We examined the spontaneously-arising lung carcinomas from mice expressing the mutated p53 transgene for K-ras mutations using single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and/or direct sequencing approaches, Fifteen of 29 (52%) carcinomas contained mutations in the K-ras oncogene, Six of 15 of the K-ras mutations were in codon 61 and 9/15 were in codon 12, Subsequent analysis of spontaneous lung carcinomas from mice of the FVB/N parental strain showed that 9/12 (75%) carcinomas examined contained K-ras mutations, Two of these were in codon 12, one in codon 13, and 6 were in codon 61, These results demonstrate that the frequency of ras mutations does not differ between the p53 FVB/N transgenic mice and their parental FVB/N strain but suggest that a high frequency of mutations K-ras can be correlated with lung tumorigenesis in both groups of mice. C1 FOX CHASE CANC CTR,DEPT PATHOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,LAB EXPT PATHOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,MOL CARCINOGENESIS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD JUL PY 1997 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1423 EP 1426 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.7.1423 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA XJ972 UT WOS:A1997XJ97200023 PM 9230291 ER PT J AU Schmitt, P Freitag, D Trapp, I Garrison, AW Schiavon, M Kettrup, A AF Schmitt, P Freitag, D Trapp, I Garrison, AW Schiavon, M Kettrup, A TI Binding of s-triazines to dissolved humic substances: Electrophoretic approaches using affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; humic substances; ionic micelles; s-triazines ID ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; ACIDS; PROTEIN; CONSTANTS; ATRAZINE; PEPTIDES; SEPARATION; VANCOMYCIN; ADSORPTION AB Binding studies were conducted between s-triazines and soil and water extracted fulvic and humic acids (FA and HA) using capillary electrophoretic methods, A first approach to estimate simultaneously the affinity of several s-triazines (hydroxyatrazine, ameline, atraton and ametryn) to dissolved humic substances (HS) was done with the affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) modus; the limits of the ACE method resulted in the measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of the pesticide-HS complexes. In a second approach, the partition of the s-triazines between the water and the dissolved humic substances was successfully described like in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using the humic substances as micellar phase, Similar to surfactants, humic acids (HA) behaved like ionic micelles in the aqueous running buffer at concentrations higher than a defined ''humic critical micellar concentration'' (HCMC). The low molecular weight acidic fulvic acids (FA) behaved the same but showing higher HCMC. These results confirm the micellar properties of HS and the hydrophobic type of interaction of the s-triazines with hydrophobic sites of humic and fulvic ionic micelles. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. GSF FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM UMWELT & GESUNDHEIT GMBH,INST OKOL CHEM,D-85356 FREISING,GERMANY. ENSAIA,PHYTOPHARM LAB,F-54500 VANDOEUVRE NANCY,FRANCE. RP Schmitt, P (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. RI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/H-6271-2011 OI Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe/0000-0003-0824-2664 NR 48 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUL PY 1997 VL 35 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00139-2 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XJ875 UT WOS:A1997XJ87500009 ER PT J AU Johnson, KL Cummings, AM Birnbaum, LS AF Johnson, KL Cummings, AM Birnbaum, LS TI Promotion of endometriosis in mice by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE endometriosis; halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon; polychlorinated biphenyls; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; structure-activity relationships; TCDD ID TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; RATS; INDUCTION; EXPOSURE; RECEPTOR; BINDING; ESTROGEN; MODEL AB Previous studies showed exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) enhances the development of endometriotic lesions. In this study we examined the effects of other polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons on endometriotic proliferation. BGC3F(1) female mice were treated via oral gavage a total of five times, with 3 weeks between each dosing, with 0, 1, 3, or 10 mu g 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg body weight (bw); 3 or 30 mg 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153)/kg bw; 100, 300, or 1000 mu g 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 1ZC)/kg bw; 10, 30, or 100 pg 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF)/kg bw; or 2 or 20 mg 1,3,6,8-TCDD/kg at 10 ml/kg bw. Endometriosis was surgically induced during the week of the second dosing. Three weeks following the final dose, the mice were euthanized and endometriotic lesions, whole body, liver, ovaries, uterine horn, and thymus were weighed, and lesion diameters were measured. Lesions, uterine horns, and ovaries were fixed for histopathology and livers were processed for measurement of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity. Both 2,3,7,8-TCDD (1 and 3 mu g/kg bw) and 4-PeCDF (100 mu g/kg bw) significantly enhanced the growth of endometrial lesions. No statistically significant increase in endometriotic lesion size was detected in animals treated with either PCB 126 or with the highest dose of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, possibly due to the effects of histologically observed ,ovarian toxicity. The nondioxin-like compounds, PCB 153 and 1,3,6,8-TCDD, produced no observable effects on endometriosis. Hepatic EROD activity was significantly induced by 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 4-PeCDF, and PCB 126, but not by PCB 153 or 1,3,6,8-TCDD. The results of this study provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon-promoted endometriosis may be Ah receptor mediated. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 37 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 105 IS 7 BP 750 EP 755 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105750 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XV547 UT WOS:A1997XV54700022 PM 9294722 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Natschke, DF Bruce, KR AF Gullett, BK Natschke, DF Bruce, KR TI Thermal treatment of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by reaction with Ca-based sorbents at 23-300 degrees C SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ULTRAFINE NANOSCALE PARTICLES; DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; DESTRUCTIVE ADSORPTION; CALCIUM-OXIDE; FLY-ASH; MUNICIPAL; INCINERATORS; COMBUSTION; EMISSIONS; MAGNESIUM AB The fate of combustion-generated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) captured in sorbent-based, air pollution control devices remains uncertain. This process was simulated by passing vapor-phase 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to a fixed-bed reactor laden with, typically, 1 g of calcium (Ca)-based sorbent The sorbent bed, reactor rinsate, evaporation chamber, and gas impingers were analyzed separately to balance and account for the TCDD input. Tests at 160-300 degrees C demonstrated 50 to 100% conversion of TCDD to higher molecular weight, chlorinated products with both aromatic and aliphatic components. The unlikeliness of conventional semivolatile GC/MS analyses to detect these higher molecular weight products may offer an alternative explanation for research studies citing destruction or volatilization of chlorinated organics in the presence of Ca-based sorbents. The applicability of this reaction to other halogenated organics, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, may provide a method for contaminated soil treatment. More extensive experimental and analytical work is necessary to fully understand the reaction mechansim, the full range and stability of potential reaction products, and the ecological and human health implications. Alteration of the structural symmetry and size of the TCDD molecule (and related halogenated organics) will likely cause significant reductions in toxicity. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV MD 65,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1855 EP 1862 DI 10.1021/es9604368 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XH483 UT WOS:A1997XH48300023 ER PT J AU Creed, JT Magnuson, ML Brockhoff, CA AF Creed, JT Magnuson, ML Brockhoff, CA TI Determination of bromate in the presence of brominated haloacetic acids by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROMIDE-CONTAINING WATERS; DRINKING-WATER; OZONATION; OZONE AB Bromate is a disinfection by product (DBP) in drinking water that is formed during the ozonation of a source water containing bromide. Brominated haloacetic acids are DBPs that are anions at near-neutral pHs. The anion character of bromoacetic acid (pK(a) = 2.7) is similar to bromate, which causes the two species to coelute when NaOH is used as an eluent. Four columns are evaluated as a means of removing the potential false positives generated by bromoacetic acid. The alkyl quaternary amine based PA-100 guard column separates bromate from bromoacetic acid using 100 mM NaOH, hut the analysis time is greater than 12 min. The use of 5 mM HNO3 as an eluent (with the PA-100) provides adequate separation of bromate from bromoacetic acid with an analysis time of less than 8 min. The stability of bromate in 5 mM HNO3 was evaluated using a DDI matrix (pH adjusted to 5.5, fortified with bromide) and a drinking water matrix (pH 4-9). The bromate recoveries in these two matrices were 93-105% with less than 4% RSDs. Tribromoacetic acid produces a broad peak that envelops the retention window of bromate. The tribromoacetic acid was removed using a reverse-phase sample pretreatment cartridge. The overall analysis procedure was evaluated in a synthetic chloride, sulfate, and nitrate matrix. In addition, precision and recovery data were collected from five ozonated drinking waters. The percent recoveries in the ozonated waters ranged from 90 to 98% with RSDs of less than 6%. The method detection limit for bromate is 0.8 mu g/l. RP Creed, JT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 25 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 31 IS 7 BP 2059 EP 2063 DI 10.1021/es960887s PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XH483 UT WOS:A1997XH48300054 ER PT J AU Boese, BL Lee, H Echols, S AF Boese, BL Lee, H Echols, S TI Evaluation of a first-order model for the prediction of the bioaccumulation of PCBs and DDT from sediment into the marine deposit-feeding clam Macoma nasuta SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BAF; Macoma; PCBs; DDT; sediment ID ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; BIOCONCENTRATION; TOXICOKINETICS; CONTAMINANTS; BALTHICA; CARBON; FISH AB A first-order model for predicting contaminant bioaccumulation from sediments into benthic invertebrates was validated using a marine deposit-feeding clam, Macoma nasuta, exposed to polychlorobiphenyl (PCB)-spiked and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-contaminated sediments. Contaminant uptake and depuration were analyzed following short-term and long-term sediment exposures. Uptake and depuration rates were used to predict steady-state bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and exposure times needed to attain steady state. These predictions were compared to observed steady-state BAFs. Estimating elimination and uptake rates from depuration and shea-term uptake experiments was an accurate means of predicting BAFs for some PCBs (log octanol-water partition coefficient, K-ow, <7) but was not as accurate for predicting DDT BAFs. The exposure time need to attain steady state was poorly predicted by the model. The results demonstrated that a standard 28-d bioaccumulation test estimated steady-state tissue residues within two-fold and was a better predictor than the model for the BAFs of superlipophilic PCBs (log K-ow >7). Differences in contaminant bioavailability were noted between field-contaminated (DDT) and laboratory-spiked (PCB) sediments. C1 DYNCORP, HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR, NEWPORT, OR 97365 USA. RP Boese, BL (reprint author), US EPA, COASTAL ECOL BRANCH, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 30 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 16 IS 7 BP 1545 EP 1553 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1545:EOAFOM>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XM539 UT WOS:A1997XM53900031 ER PT J AU Selevan, SG AF Selevan, SG TI Collaboration produces a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS RP Selevan, SG (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST,SW 8623,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 1997 VL 8 IS 4 BP 340 EP 341 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XG005 UT WOS:A1997XG00500002 PM 9209843 ER PT J AU Hughes, MF Hall, LL AF Hughes, MF Hall, LL TI In vivo disposition of p-substituted phenols in the young rat after intraperitoneal and dermal administration SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; MOUSE SKIN; PENETRATION; INVITRO; AGE; PERMEABILITY; PERMEATION; DIFFUSION AB The objective of this study was to examine the 120-hr disposition of phenol and four p-substituted congeners after ip and dermal administration in the 29-day-old female rat. The dermal absorption was very high (66-80% of the dose) for phenol, cyanophenol, heptyloxyphenol and nitrophenol, but minimal for hydroxybenzoic acid (2%). The major portion of the dose for all of the phenols not absorbed dermally in 24h was washed from the skin. Only minor amounts (1-2%) were detected in the treated skin at 120 hr. Urinary excretion was the predominant means of elimination for these phenols and occurred primarily within 24 hr after dermal and ip administration. However, the excretion of heptyloxyphenol after administration by both routes differed from that of the other compounds, with more of it detected in the faeces. The profile of metabolites in urine (collected at 12-24 hr) from the animals dermally treated with phenol, cyanophenol, heptyloxyphenol and nitrophenol showed only peaks that eluted earlier than the parent compound, which suggests that conjugates or more polar metabolites were formed and excreted. The difference in dermal absorption between hydroxybenzoic acid and the other phenols may be due to potential ionization of the p-substituted carboxylic acid group of hydroxybenzoic acid. This suggests that, at least for the phenols examined in this study, physicochemical characteristics other than just lipophilicity can affect in vivo dermal absorption. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Hughes, MF (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 35 IS 7 BP 697 EP 704 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00035-5 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA XU582 UT WOS:A1997XU58200009 PM 9301654 ER PT J AU Ehrich, M Correll, L Veronesi, B AF Ehrich, M Correll, L Veronesi, B TI Acetylcholinesterase and neuropathy target esterase inhibitions in neuroblastoma cells to distinguish organophosphorus compounds causing acute and delayed neurotoxicity SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 10-14, 1996 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Soc Toxicol ID CULTURE SYSTEM; INVITRO; SENSITIVITY; HEN; INVIVO; MOUSE AB The differential inhibition of the target esterases acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE, neurotoxic esterase) by organophosphorus compounds (OPs) is followed by distinct neurological consequences in exposed subjects. The present study demonstrates that neuroblastoma cell lines (human SHSY5Y and murine NB41A3) can be used to differentiate between neuropathic OPs (i.e., those inhibiting NTE and causing organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy) and acutely neurotoxic OPs (i.e., those highly capable of inhibiting AChE). In these experiments, concentration-response data indicated that the capability to inhibit AChE was over 100x greater than the capability to inhibit NTE for acutely toxic, nonneuropathic OPs (e.g., paraoxon and malaoxon) in both cell lines. Inhibition of AChE was greater than inhibition of NTE, without overlap of the concentration-response curves, for OPs which are more likely to cause acute, rather than delayed, neurotoxic effects in vivo (e.g., chlorpyrifosoxon, dichlorvos, and trichlorfon). In contrast, concentrations inhibiting AChE and NTE overlapped for neuropathy-causing OPs. For example, apparent IC50 values for NTE inhibition were less than 9.6-fold the apparent IC50 values for AChE inhibition when cells were exposed to the neuropathy-inducing OPs diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, cyclic tolyl saligenin phosphate, phenyl saligenin phosphate, mipafox, dibutyl dichlorovinyl phosphate, and di-octyl-dichlorovinyl phosphate. In all cases, esterase inhibition occurred at lower concentrations than those needed for cytoxicity. These results suggest that either mouse or human neuroblastoma cell lines can be considered useful in vitro models to distinguish esterase-inhibiting OP neurotoxicants. (C) 1997 society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Ehrich, M (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,VIRGINIA MARYLAND REG COLL VET MED,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 37 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 38 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2330 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XT796 UT WOS:A1997XT79600006 PM 9268605 ER PT J AU Crofton, KM Zhao, X AF Crofton, KM Zhao, X TI The ototoxicity of trichloroethylene: Extrapolation and relevance of high-concentration, short-duration animal exposure data SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY HEARING-LOSS; RATS AUDITORY-SYSTEM; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REFLEX MODIFICATION; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; AUDIOMETRY; NOISE; RFD AB Inhalation exposure to high concentrations of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene (TCE) has been shown to damage hearing in the mid-frequency range in the rat. The present study directly evaluated the adequacy of high-concentration, short-term exposures to TCE for predicting the neurotoxicity produced by longer duration exposures. Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 10-12 per group) were exposed to TCE via inhalation (whole body) in 1-m(3) stainless steel how-through chambers for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week. The following exposures were used: 1 day (4000-8000 ppm), 1 week (1000-4000 ppm), 4 weeks (800-3200 ppm), and 13 weeks (800-3200 ppm). Ah-only exposed animals served as controls. Auditory thresholds were determined for a 16-kHz tone 3-5 weeks after exposure using reflex modification audiometry. Results replicated previous findings of a hearing loss at 16 kHz for all exposure durations. The dB15 concentrations (concentration that increases thresholds by 15 dB) for 16-kHz thresholds were 6218, 2992, 2592, and 2160 ppm for the 1-day, 1-week, 4-week and 13-week exposures, respectively. These data demonstrate that the ototoxicity of TCE was less than that predicted by a strict concentration x time relationship, These data also demonstrate that simple models of extrapolation (i.e., C x t = k, Haber's Law) overestimate the potency of TCE when extrapolating from short-duration to longer-duration exposures. Furthermore, these data suggest that, relative to ambient or occupational exposures, the ototoxicity of TCE in the rat is a high-concentration effect. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 MANTECH SCI INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Crofton, KM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NHEERL,7D-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. RI Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 38 IS 1 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2327 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XT796 UT WOS:A1997XT79600010 PM 9268609 ER PT J AU Simoes, MG Bose, BK Spiegel, RJ AF Simoes, MG Bose, BK Spiegel, RJ TI Design and performance evaluation of a fuzzy-logic-based variable-speed wind generation system SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE Industry-Applications-Society CY OCT 05-09, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc DE fuzzy logic; intelligent control; power electronics; wind generation ID DRIVE AB Artificial intelligence techniques, such as fuzzy logic, neural network, and genetic algorithm, are recently showing a lot of promise in the application of power electronic systems. The paper describes the control strategy development, design, and experimental performance evaluation of a fuzzy-logic-based variable-speed wind generation system that uses a cage-type induction generator and double-sided pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters. The system can feed a utility grid maintaining unity power factor at all conditions or can supply an autonomous load. The fuzzy-logic-based control of the system helps to optimize efficiency and enhance performance. A complete 3.5-kW generation system has been developed, designed, and thoroughly evaluated by laboratory tests, in order to validate the predicted performance improvements. The system gives excellent performance and can easily be translated to a larger size in the field. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT ELECT ENGN,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. US EPA,AIR & ENERGY ENGN RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Simoes, MG (reprint author), UNIV SAO PAULO,BR-05508900 SAO PAULO,BRAZIL. RI Simoes, Marcelo/J-9600-2012 OI Simoes, Marcelo/0000-0003-4124-061X NR 11 TC 138 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0093-9994 J9 IEEE T IND APPL JI IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 956 EP 965 DI 10.1109/28.605737 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA XM299 UT WOS:A1997XM29900014 ER PT J AU Genthner, BRS Friedman, SD Devereux, R AF Genthner, BRS Friedman, SD Devereux, R TI Reclassification of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway 4 as Desulfomicrobium norvegicum comb nov and confirmation of Desulfomicrobium escambiense (corrig, formerly ''escambium'') as a new species in the genus Desulfomicrobium SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC SEDIMENTS; DIVERSITY; GENOME; STRAIN AB Desulfomicrobium escambiense, Desulfomicrobium baculatum, Desulfomicrobium apsheronum, and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway 4 are closely related as determined by a 16S rRNA comparison (levels of relatedness, 0.976 to 0.997) and are distinct on the basis of levels of DNA-DNA similarity (11.1 to 27.4%), genomic restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns, and certain phenotypic characteristics. We proposed that Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway 4 be renamed Desulfomicrobium norvegicum comb. nov. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,BIOGEOCHEM SYST CTR,DURHAM,NH 03824. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,MICROBIAL ECOL & BIOTECHNOL BRANCH,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Genthner, BRS (reprint author), UNIV W FLORIDA,CTR ENVIRONM DIAGNOST & BIOREMEDIAT,11000 UNIV PKWY,PENSACOLA,FL 32514, USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 47 IS 3 BP 889 EP 892 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XK390 UT WOS:A1997XK39000049 ER PT J AU Vasconcelos, JJ Rossman, LA Grayman, WM Boulos, PF Clark, RM AF Vasconcelos, JJ Rossman, LA Grayman, WM Boulos, PF Clark, RM TI Kinetics of chlorine decay SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WATER DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS; MODEL AB Proper understanding, characterization, and prediction of water quality behavior in drinking water distribution systems are critical to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and customer-oriented expectations. This article investigates the factors leading to loss of chlorine residual in water distribution systems. Kinetic rate equations describing the decay of chlorine were developed, tested, and evaluated using data collected in field-sampling studies conducted at several water utility sites. Results indicated that chlorine decay in distribution systems can be characterized as a combination of first-order reactions in the bulk liquid and first-order or zero-order mass transfer-limited reactions at the pipe wall. Wall reaction kinetic constants were inversely proportional to pipe roughness coefficients. Wide variations in both bulk reaction constants and wall reaction constants were observed among the sites. C1 US EPA,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. MW SOFT,PASADENA,CA 91101. NR 28 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 89 IS 7 BP 54 EP 65 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XK902 UT WOS:A1997XK90200010 ER PT J AU Magnuson, ML Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA AF Magnuson, ML Creed, JT Brockhoff, CA TI Speciation of arsenic compounds in drinking water by capillary electrophoresis with hydrodynamically modified electroosmotic flow detected through hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a membrane gas-liquid separator SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE speciation; arsenic compounds; capillary electrophoresis; electrokinetic injection; modified electroosmotic flow; hydride generation; microporous membrane gas-liquid separator; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ID ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; ELEMENTAL SPECIATION; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; NATURAL-WATERS; INJECTION; SELENIUM; SAMPLES; COLUMN AB environmentally significant, toxic forms of arsenic: arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid, Hydride generation (HG) was used to convert the species into their respective hydrides, The hydride species were detected with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, The HG unit utilized a microporous PTFE tube as a gas-liquid separator, The injection mode for CE was electrokinetic in conjunction with the novel use of hydrodynamically modified electroosmotic flow (HMEOF). In HMEOF, the electroosmotic flow is modified by applying hydrodynamic pressure opposite to the direction of the electroosmotic flow. HMEOF provides the capability of injecting increased quantities of analyte by offsetting the electroosmotic flow, which limits conventional electrokinetic injection, In order to correct for imprecisions in the electrokinetic injection in matrices of different ionic strength, the use of a surrogate for the injection of arsenic species was investigated, Germanium was investigated because it forms a hydride and has a low natural occurrence, The separation also utilized HMEOF, which allowed for greater freedom in buffer choice, The detection limits in distilled, de-ionized mater were 25, 6, 9 and 58 ppt for the four species listed above, respectively, The detection limit was calculated from 3.14 sigma(n-1) of seven replicate injections and represents the precision of measuring the ratio of the area of the arsenic peaks to the area of a germanium surrogate peak, Standard addition was used to determine arsenate in drinking water samples, Recoveries of arsenite and arsenate from drinking water samples are reported using germanium as a surrogate to correct for sampling bias of the electrokinetic injection. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,HUMAN EXPOSURE RES DIV,CHEM EXPOSURE RES BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Magnuson, ML (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Creed, John/A-9187-2009 NR 49 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 12 IS 7 BP 689 EP 695 DI 10.1039/a607730g PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XM006 UT WOS:A1997XM00600002 ER PT J AU PawleckiVonderheide, AM Munch, DJ Munch, JW AF PawleckiVonderheide, AM Munch, DJ Munch, JW TI Research associated with the development of EPA method 552.2 SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ACIDS C1 US EPA,OFF WATER,TECH SUPPORT CTR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP PawleckiVonderheide, AM (reprint author), INT CONSULTANTS INC,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45219, USA. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 35 IS 7 BP 293 EP 301 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XJ201 UT WOS:A1997XJ20100001 ER PT J AU Hart, KM AF Hart, KM TI What is the Design for the Environment? SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article RP Hart, KM (reprint author), US EPA,DESIGN ENVIRONM PROGRAM,401 M ST,SW 7406,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 60 IS 1 BP 34 EP 39 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XG926 UT WOS:A1997XG92600007 ER PT J AU Goldsmith, DF Gift, JS Grant, LD AF Goldsmith, DF Gift, JS Grant, LD TI Introduction: The changing risk assessments for crystalline silica SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE air pollution; crystalline silica; EPA; exposure assessment; NAAQS/PM; particulate matter; risk assessment; silicosis C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 265 EP 266 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XM155 UT WOS:A1997XM15500001 PM 9246589 ER PT J AU Gift, JS Faust, RA AF Gift, JS Faust, RA TI Noncancer inhalation toxicology of crystalline silica: Exposure-response assessment SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ambient levels; benchmark dose assessment; exposure-response assessment; silica; silicosis; quartz ID ONTARIO HARDROCK MINERS; GOLD MINERS; RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENERATION; RADICALS; QUARTZ; FOLLOW AB Silicosis from inhalation of silica has long been recognized as an occupational hazard. Concern has arisen regarding the potential risk of silicosis from ambient silica (primarily quartz dust). This presentation reviews available data regarding ambient silica levels and estimates of the risk of silicosis at low exposure levels as they relate to the cli-rent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter. Current data indicate that for individuals not compromised by other respiratory ailments and for ambient environments expected to sustain 10% or less silica fraction in particulate matter with a mean aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 mu m (PM10), maintenance of the 50 mu g/m(3) annual NAAQS for PM10 is adequate to protect agaist fibrotic effects from ambient silica exposures. Issues such as the large divergence of risk estimates within the occupational setting (particularly at high cumulative exposures) and factors to consider for extrapolating risk in an occupational setting to risk from ambient exposure are discussed. RP Gift, JS (reprint author), US EPA, NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 345 EP 358 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XM155 UT WOS:A1997XM15500008 PM 9246596 ER PT J AU Gulson, BL Jameson, CW Mahaffey, KR Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Vimpani, G AF Gulson, BL Jameson, CW Mahaffey, KR Mizon, KJ Korsch, MJ Vimpani, G TI Pregnancy increases mobilization of lead from maternal skeleton SO JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BLOOD LEAD; BONE LEAD; VITAMIN-D; EXPOSURE; WOMEN; TOXICOKINETICS; METABOLISM; CADMIUM; HUMANS AB The question of the extent of lead mobilization from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation is one of the most outstanding problems of lead toxicity. We have undertaken a longitudinal cohort study in an urban environment of European female immigrants of child-bearing age (18 to 35 years) to Australia whose skeletal lead isotopic composition has been determined to be different from that in their current environment. The cohort was to consist of 100 immigrants anticipated to provide 20 pregnant subjects who would be compared with two groups of control subjects: a matched immigrant nonpregnant control group and second-generation Australian pregnant control subjects. Pregnant subjects also serve as their own controls for a comparison of changes during gestation with those before conception. High-precision lead isotopic compositions and lead concentrations are measured in maternal blood and urine prenatally, monthly during gestation, and post-natally for 6 months; they are also measured in infant blood and urine for 6 months; environmental measures are sampled quarterly for 6-day duplicate diet, house dust and water, and urban air and gasoline. Because of continuing public health concerns about lead exposure; interim findings from this cohort are being reported. To date there have been 13 conceptions in immigrant subjects, with 7 births, in addition to 3 conceptions in the Australian control group, with 2 births. PbBs have been generally low, with a geometric mean of 3.0 mu g/dl, and have ranged from 1.9 to 20 mu g/dl. Increases in PbB of similar to 20% during pregnancy have been detectable even in subjects with low blood lead levels, The skeletal contribution to blood lead level, based on isotopic measurements, has exhibited a mean increase (and standard deviation) of 31% +/- 19% with a range from 9% to 65%. Earlier studies that used lead concentrations only have suggested that blood lead levels increased only during the second half of pregnancy. This increase in blood lead levels has also been observed in the present study. However, in two subjects the increases in total blood lead were also detected in the first 2 months of pregnancy. Changes in isotopic composition and blood lead during gestation for Australian pregnant controls were negligible. The ratio of cord/maternal blood lead levels varied from 0.54 to 1.05, and the ratio for the isotopic composition was 0.993 to 1.002. Results of this study confirm that lead is mobilized from skeletal stores at an accelerated rate during pregnancy and is transferred to the fetus. These results also show that mobilization from longterm stores (i.e., bone) contributes significantly to blood lead levels during pregnancy. Furthermore, exposure of the fetus to lead during pregnancy has implications for interpretations of neurobehavioral disorders attributed to only postnatal exposure. Even after 800 days of residence in Australia, the contribution of European skeletal lead to blood lead in nonpregnant subjects can be on the order of 50%, but the current PbB may give no indication of the former high skeletal lead burden. C1 CSIRO,SYDNEY,NSW,AUSTRALIA. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. HUNTER AREA HLTH SERV,NEWCASTLE,NSW,AUSTRALIA. RP Gulson, BL (reprint author), MACQUARIE UNIV,GRAD SCH ENVIRONM,SYDNEY,NSW 2109,AUSTRALIA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [N01-ES-05292] NR 39 TC 183 Z9 190 U1 1 U2 7 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0022-2143 J9 J LAB CLIN MED JI J. Lab. Clin. Med. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 130 IS 1 BP 51 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0022-2143(97)90058-5 PG 12 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Medical Laboratory Technology; General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA XM737 UT WOS:A1997XM73700008 PM 9242366 ER PT J AU Buckley, TJ Prah, JD Ashley, D Zweidinger, RA Wallace, LA AF Buckley, TJ Prah, JD Ashley, D Zweidinger, RA Wallace, LA TI Body burden measurements and models to assess inhalation exposure to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; HUMAN BLOOD; BREATH; PHARMACOKINETICS; CHEMICALS AB Biomarkers of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) exposure and the partitioning of inhaled MTBE into the body were investigated in a human chamber study. Two subjects were exposed to an environmentally relevant nominal 5,011 mu g/m(3) (1.39 ppm) MTBE for 1 hour, followed by clean-air exposure for 7 hours. Breath and blood were simultaneously sampled, while total urine was collected at prescribed times before, during, and after the exposure. Mass-balance and toxicokinetic analyses were conducted based upon the time series measurement of multiple body-burden endpoints, including MTBE in alveolar breath, and MTBE and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) in venous blood and urine. The decay of MTBE in the blood was assessed by fitting the post-exposure data to a 2- or 3-exponential model that yielded residence times (tau) of 2-3 min, 15-50 min, and 3-13 h as measured by alveolar breath, and 5 min, 60 min, and 32 h as evaluated from venous blood measurements. Based on observations of lower than expected blood and breath MTBE during uptake and a decreasing blood-to-breath ratio during the post-exposure decay period, we hypothesize that the respiratory mucous membranes were serving as a reservoir for the retention of MTBE. The decay data suggest that 6-9% of the MTBE intake may be retained by this non-blood reservoir. The compartmental modeling was further used to estimate important parameters that define the uptake of inhaled MTBE. The first of these parameters is f, the fraction of C-air exhaled at equilibrium, estimated as 0.60 and 0.46 for the female and male subject, respectively The second parameter is the blood-to-breath partition coefficient (P) estimated as similar to 18. The product of these parameters provides an estimate of the blood concentration at equilibrium as 8-11 times the air concentration. Blood TEA lagged MTBE levels and decayed more slowly (tau = 1.5-3 h), providing a more stable indication of longer term integrated exposure. The concentration ranges of MTBE and TEA in urine were similar to that of the blood, ranging from 0.37 to 15 mu g/L and 2 to 15 mu g/L, respectively. In urine, MTBE and TEA by themselves bore little relationship to the exposure. However, the MTBE:TBA ratio followed the pattern of exposure, with peak values occurring at the end of the exposure (20- and 60-fold greater than pre-exposure values) before decaying back to preexposure levels by the end of the 7-h decay period. Urinary elimination accounted for a very small fraction of total MTBE elimination (<1%). C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,AIR EXPOSURE RES DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,CHAPEL HILL,NC. CDC,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 43 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 47 IS 7 BP 739 EP 752 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XL428 UT WOS:A1997XL42800003 PM 9248366 ER PT J AU Kalla, PI Dimmick, RW Patton, S AF Kalla, PI Dimmick, RW Patton, S TI Helminths in ruffed grouse at the host's southeastern range boundary SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE helminths; Bonasa umbellus; host density; parasite diversity; alternate hosts; host age; host sex; environment AB Carcasses of 268 ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) collected in eastern Tennessee (USA) from October 1983 through February 1988 were examined between 16 January 1985 and 25 April 1988 for non-filarioid helminths. Three nematode species and one cestode species were found. The two most common parasites were the cecal worm Heterakis bonasae (81% prevalence, mean intensity +/- SD of 62 +/- 114) and the tapeworm Echinolepis carioca (27% prevalence, 30 +/- 73 mean intensity). Age and sex of host were sufficient to predict infection by both common species. Condition of host and year and month of collection also had significant effects on prevalence. Intensity of cecal worm infection varied with age and condition of host and with region and month of collection. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT FORESTRY FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,DEPT COMPARAT MED,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. RP Kalla, PI (reprint author), US EPA,REG 4,WETLANDS SECT,100 ALABAMA ST,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 503 EP 510 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM004 UT WOS:A1997XM00400014 PM 9249696 ER PT J AU Coffin, RB Cifuentes, LA Pritchard, PH AF Coffin, RB Cifuentes, LA Pritchard, PH TI Assimilation of oil-derived carbon and remedial nitrogen applications by intertidal food chains on a contaminated beach in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STABLE CARBON; HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ESTUARINE BACTERIA; DELAWARE ESTUARY; AMMONIUM UPTAKE; AMINO-ACIDS; C-13/C-12; PACIFIC; RATIOS AB Beaches in Prince William Sound, Alaska were heavily oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill in March 1989. Fertilizer supplements designed to stimulate oil degradation by indigenous bacteria were applied to beaches in the rocky intertidal zones. We used stable carbon (delta(13)C) and nitrogen (delta(15)N) isotopes to monitor trophic interactions following these treatments. Representative macroalgae and consumer organisms were sampled during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Microcosm experiments were conducted to trace bacterial assimilation of fertilizer nitrogen and to compare relative uptake of oil and indigenous substrates during 1990. Fertilizer nitrogen was the dominant source of bacterial nitrogen in the microcosm experiments. Bacteria preferentially assimilated indigenous substrates and used oil as a substrate only after more labile substrates were depleted. Following depletion of indigenous substrates, nitrogen supplements appeared to enhance assimilation of carbon from oil. The delta(13)C and delta(15)N values of bacteria growing on oil and fertilizer nitrogen were distinct in the rocky intertidal environment, providing a tracer to examine the link between bacterial production and higher trophic levels. No evidence, however, was found for a transfer of carbon or nitrogen assimilated by bacteria to higher trophic levels. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,NHEERL,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 44 IS 1 BP 27 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(96)00100-6 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA WP580 UT WOS:A1997WP58000003 ER PT J AU Champ, MA Makeyev, VV Brooks, JM Delaca, TE van der Horst, KM Engle, MV AF Champ, MA Makeyev, VV Brooks, JM Delaca, TE van der Horst, KM Engle, MV TI Assessment of the impact of nuclear wastes in the Russian Arctic SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID KARA SEA; SEDIMENTS; RADIOACTIVITY; PU-239,PU-240; CS-137; OB AB Concern for nuclear contamination in the Arctic stems from many sources: atmospheric (from global fallout from nuclear testing, or Chernobyl type accidents, marine or ocean current transport, riverine or groundwater transport, biological (migratory species), and ocean dumped wastes. Some of the sources are from quite a distance, such as the radionuclide contamination which enters the Arctic Ocean from the direct discharge of radioactive waste into the waters of the Irish and North seas from western European fuel reprocessing facilities at Sellefield and la Hague, These facilities are maintained by the United Kingdom and France and operate in compliance with international standards, Despite this compliance, and a significant reduction in recent years in the discharge activity levels, these facilities have together discharged over 3 million Curies (Commission of the European Community, 1989), A portion of this discharge is carried into the Arctic Ocean, Concentrations of Cs-137 in the Kara Sea appear to have decreased significantly over time in concert with decreases in the European discharge rates. Most of the direct nuclear contamination in the Arctic are from Russian sources over a period of 40+ years associated with the cold war activities, military and weapons productions facilities, decommissioning facilities, operation of the nuclear icebreaker fleet, and wastes from nuclear power plants (C) Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Engn Expt Stn, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Inst Nat Conservat Arctic & N, St Petersburg 193224, Russia. Assoc Polar Explorers, St Petersburg 193224, Russia. TDI Brooks Int Inc, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Alaska, Off Arctic Res, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US EPA, Off Int Act, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Texas A&M Univ, Texas Engn Expt Stn, 4601 N Fairfax,Suite 1130, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. EM machamp@aol.com NR 73 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUL-DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 7-12 BP 203 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)80012-X PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 101PK UT WOS:000074877200002 ER PT J AU Kerley, GIH Whitford, WG Kay, FR AF Kerley, GIH Whitford, WG Kay, FR TI Mechanisms for the keystone status of kangaroo rats: graminivory rather than granivory? SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE graminivory; keystone species; Dipodomys; grass populations; Chihuahuan Desert ID CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES; DIPODOMYS-MERRIAMI; FOOD HABITS; LEAF-LITTER; RODENTS; DECOMPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS; REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS AB Graminivory by kangaroo rats (Dipotomys spp.) was investigated as a potential mechanism fur the keystone role of these rodents in the dynamics of desert grasslands. Experiments confirmed that Ord's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii) cut and consumed a large proportion of the tillers of three Chihuahuan Desert tussock-forming grass species. Field observations indicated that the characteristically cut grass tillers were absent from all-rodent and medium-sized kangaroo rat exclosures, but were frequent in large-sized kangaroo rat and rabbit exclosures. indicating that the medium-sized kangaroo rats (D. ordii, D. merriami) were responsible for grass cutting. Tiller waste as: a, percentage of peak standing crop ranged from 7% in grassland habitats to 0.7% in Flourensia cernua shrubland. OF the 13 species of perennial, tussock-forming grasses measured, only one, Muhlenbergia porteri, had no tillers cut by kangaroo rats. This study demonstrates that the keystone role of kangaroo rats in Chihuahuan Desert grassland ecosystems is probably the result of their graminivory. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV, LAS VEGAS, NV 89196 USA. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, JORNADA EXPT RANGE, DEPT 3JER, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 USA. RP Kerley, GIH (reprint author), UNIV PORT ELIZABETH, DEPT ZOOL, TERR ECOL RES UNIT, POB 1600, ZA-6000 PORT ELIZABETH, SOUTH AFRICA. RI Kerley, Graham/B-7774-2009 NR 43 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUL PY 1997 VL 111 IS 3 BP 422 EP 428 DI 10.1007/s004420050254 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XP311 UT WOS:A1997XP31100017 PM 28308138 ER PT J AU ComettoMuniz, JE Cain, WS Hudnell, HK AF ComettoMuniz, JE Cain, WS Hudnell, HK TI Agonistic sensory effects of airborne chemicals in mixtures: Odor, nasal pungency, and eye irritation SO PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Healthy Buildings 95 Conference CY 1995 CL MILAN, ITALY ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DETECTION THRESHOLDS; CAPSAICIN; DESENSITIZATION; SENSITIVITY; SECRETION; BINARY; MUCOSA AB Threshold responses of odor, nasal pungency (irritation), and eye irritation were measured for single chemicals (1-propanol, l-hexanol, ethyl acetate, heptyl acetate, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, toluene, ethyl benzene, and propyl benzene) and mixtures of them (two three-component mixtures, two six-component mixtures, and one nine-component mixture). Nasal pungency was measured in subjects lacking a functional sense of smell (i.e., anosmics) to avoid interference from olfaction. Various degrees of stimulus agonism (additive effects) were observed for each of the three sensory channels when testing mixtures. As the number of components and the lipophilicity of such components in the mixtures increased, so did the degree of agonism. Synergistic stimulus agonism characterized the eye-irritation response for the most complex (the nine-component) and the most lipophilic (one of the six-component) mixtures. Physicochemical properties play a large role in the determination of sensitivity to airborne chemicals, particularly to their ability to evoke irritation. While this has revealed itself previously with respect to single chemicals, it seems to have relevance to mixtures as well. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP ComettoMuniz, JE (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT SURG OTOLARYNGOL,CHEMOSENSORY PERCEPT LAB,MAIL CODE 0957,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. FU NIDCD NIH HHS [5 RO1 DC 00284-12, 1 R29 DC 02741-01] NR 32 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 1 PU PSYCHONOMIC SOC INC PI AUSTIN PA 1710 FORTVIEW RD, AUSTIN, TX 78704 SN 0031-5117 J9 PERCEPT PSYCHOPHYS JI Percept. Psychophys. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 59 IS 5 BP 665 EP 674 DI 10.3758/BF03206014 PG 10 WC Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA XM607 UT WOS:A1997XM60700003 PM 9259635 ER PT J AU Ormrod, DP Lesser, VG Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT AF Ormrod, DP Lesser, VG Olszyk, DM Tingey, DT TI Douglas-fir needle pigment responses to climate change and correlations with seedling growth. SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV VICTORIA,VICTORIA,BC,CANADA. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 114 IS 3 SU S BP 370 EP 370 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XL119 UT WOS:A1997XL11900412 ER PT J AU Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Johnson, DG Johnson, DW Weber, JA AF Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Johnson, DG Johnson, DW Weber, JA TI Elevated CO2 increases fine root growth and fine root turnover in Pinus ponderosa. SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. DYNAMAC INT INC,CORVALLIS,OR. UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 114 IS 3 SU S BP 1358 EP 1358 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XL119 UT WOS:A1997XL11901387 ER PT J AU Scott, WJ Schreiner, CM Nau, H Vorhees, CV Beliles, RP Colvin, J McCandless, D AF Scott, WJ Schreiner, CM Nau, H Vorhees, CV Beliles, RP Colvin, J McCandless, D TI Valproate-induced limb malformations in mice associated with reduction of intracellular pH SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE valproic acid; 2-en-valproic acid; postaxial ectrodactyly; intracellular pH; amiloride; Na+/H+ exchanger; Na+ channels ID NA+-H+ EXCHANGER; NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; RENAL BRUSH-BORDER; C57BL/6J MICE; ANTICONVULSANT AGENTS; SODIUM VALPROATE; ACID; MOUSE; ACETAZOLAMIDE; PHARMACOKINETICS AB Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly used antiepileptic agent that recently has been found useful in the treatment of affective disorders and prophylaxis of migraine, VPA induces congenital malformations, especially spina bifida, in the offspring of women treated with this agent during early pregnancy, The mechanism by which VPA induces abnormal development remains unknown despite many studies in experimental animals in which VPA causes malformations similar to those seen in human infants, Because of its chemical structure as a weak organic acid and its capability to induce postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly in C57BL/6 mice, we postulated that VPA acts to perturb limb morphogenesis by reducing embryonic intracellular pH (pH(i)), We administered VPA, 200 to 400 mg/kg, to C57BL/6 mice on day 9 of gestation, A dose-dependent incidence of postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly was observed, Forelimb bud pH(i) was estimated by computer-assisted image analysis from the transplacental distribution of C-14-DMO. At the highest doses, 300 and 400 mg/kg, a decrease of pH(i) of 0.2 to 0.3 pH units was observed uniformly throughout the limb bud 1 h after VPA treatment, None of these changes were seen after treatment with 2-en VPA, a nonteratogenic analog of VPA, Furthermore, the capability of VPA to induce postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly was greatly enhanced by coadministration of agents that inhibit pH(i) regulatory processes, These data support the hypothesis that VPA-induced postaxial ectrodactyly in murine fetuses can be attributed to reduction in limb bud pH(i). (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 FREE UNIV BERLIN,INST TOXICOL & EMBRYOPHARMACOL,D-1000 BERLIN,GERMANY. US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. FINCH UNIV HLTH SCI CHICAGO MED SCH,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,N CHICAGO,IL 60064. RP Scott, WJ (reprint author), CHILDRENS HOSP RES FDN,DIV DEV BIOL,3333 BURNET AVE,CINCINNATI,OH 45229, USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 483 EP 493 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(97)00015-4 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA XH028 UT WOS:A1997XH02800002 PM 9241668 ER PT J AU Klinefelter, GR Suarez, JD AF Klinefelter, GR Suarez, JD TI Toxicant-induced acceleration of epididymal sperm transit: Androgen-dependent proteins may be involved SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE epididymis-specific toxicity; epididymal sperm transit; androgen-dependent proteins; antiandrogen action ID ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; ADULT-RATS; FERTILIZING ABILITY; SPERMATOZOA; ANTIANDROGEN; EXPOSURE; TESTIS; COUNTS AB Previously we established that a 4-d exposure to chloroethylmethanesulphonate (GEMS), a chemical that significantly reduces serum testosterone (T) levels, resulted in a significant decrease in cauda epididymal sperm reserves in adult male rats while homogenization-resistant testicular spermatid numbers were unaffected, This epididymis-specific alteration occurred whether or not circulating T Levels were maintained using T-filled Silastic implants, To determine whether this epididymis-specific decrease in sperm number was the result of decreased epididymal transit time, the vas deferens was ligated at its midpoint just prior to the first of 4 d of exposure to CEMS with and without T implantation, If epididymal sperm transit was accelerated due to treatment, there would be fewer sperm in the caput/corpus and more sperm in the cauda/vas of the treated animals compared to control, The number of sperm in the caput/corpus decreased significantly (P < 0.05) while the number of sperm in the cauda/vas increased significantly in both the GEMS and GEMS + T animals, Daily sperm production was unaffected, but transit time through the caput/corpus epididymidis was decreased significantly in both treatment groups, To determine if testicular fluid played a role in the epididymis-specific decline in sperm numbers, the efferent ducts were ligated at the same time the vas deferens was ligated, Again, the number of sperm in the caput/corpus decreased significantly with treatment while there was a reciprocal increase in the number of cauda/vas sperm relative to controls, Finally, to determine whether an androgen-mediated process might be involved, the known antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide (HFLUT) was given to castrated, T-implanted animals in which the fertilizing ability of epididymidal sperm is maintained over 4 days, Once again, the number of sperm in the caput/corpus decreased significantly while there was a reciprocal increase in cauda/vas sperm, A quantitative evaluation of the protein profile in homogenates of the caput/corpus epididymidis revealed treatment-related diminutions in two proteins CC9 (Mr = 42 kDa, pI = 4.2) and CC34 (Mr = 35 kDa, pI = 5.5), and the level of each of these proteins in the caput/corpus was significantly correlated with the decrease in caput/corpus sperm number, Thus, both CER/IS and HFLUT accelerate sperm transit through the proximal segment of the epididymis; and, while this effect is not dependent on the testis, it may involve a lesion in androgen-dependent epididymal function. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Klinefelter, GR (reprint author), US EPA,RTD,NHEERL,MD 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 511 EP 519 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(97)00018-X PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA XH028 UT WOS:A1997XH02800005 PM 9241671 ER PT J AU Song, X Seidler, FJ Saleh, JL Zhang, J Padilla, S Slotkin, TA AF Song, X Seidler, FJ Saleh, JL Zhang, J Padilla, S Slotkin, TA TI Cellular mechanisms for developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos: Targeting the adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEONATAL RAT-BRAIN; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; DNA-SYNTHESIS; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PERIPHERAL-TISSUES; NICOTINE EXPOSURE; ADULT-RATS; NICOTINE BINDING; NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT; ADRENERGIC CONTROL AB Developmental neurotoxicity caused by chlorpyrifos exposure is generally thought to target cholinesterase but chlorpyrifos may also act on cellular intermediates, such as adenylyl cyclase, that serve global functions in the coordination of cell development. In the current study, neonatal rats were exposed to apparently subtoxic doses of chlorpyrifos (no weight loss, no mortality) either on Postnatal Days 1-4 or on Postnatal Days 11-14, and the effects on components of the adenylyl cyclase cascade were evaluated in brain regions that are enriched (forebrain) or sparse (cerebellum) in cholinergic innervation, as well as in a nonneural tissue (heart). In all three, chlorpyrifos evoked deficits in multiple components of the adenylyl cyclase cascade: expression and activity of adenylyl cyclase itself, functioning of G-proteins that link neurotransmitter and hormone receptors to cyclase activity, and expression of neurotransmitter receptors that act through this cascade. Disruption of signaling function was not restricted to transduction of cholinergic signals but rather extended to adrenergic signals as well. In most cases, the adverse effects were not evident during the immediate period of chlorpyrifos administration, but appeared after a delay of several days. These results suggest that chlorpyrifos can affect cell development by altering the activity and reactivity of the adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade, a major control point for trophic regulation of cell differentiation. The effects are not restricted to cholinergic targets, nor even to the central nervous system. Hence, disruption of cell development by chlorpyrifos is likely to be more widespread than previously thought. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Song, X (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-09713] NR 68 TC 193 Z9 198 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 145 IS 1 BP 158 EP 174 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8171 PG 17 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XL859 UT WOS:A1997XL85900017 PM 9221834 ER PT J AU Selgrade, MK Lawrence, DA Ullrich, SE Gilmour, MI Schuyler, MR Kimber, I AF Selgrade, MK Lawrence, DA Ullrich, SE Gilmour, MI Schuyler, MR Kimber, I TI Modulation of T-helper cell populations: Potential mechanisms of respiratory hypersensitivity and immune suppression SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 10-14, 1996 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Soc Toxicol ID CONTACT CHEMICAL ALLERGENS; DIESEL-EXHAUST; IGE PRODUCTION; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; LYMPHOCYTES-T; IN-VIVO; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; ADJUVANT ACTIVITY; NITROGEN DIOXIDE AB Information presented at this symposium indicates that modulation of Th cell responses is one means by which xenobiotics may cause immunotoxicity. A shift from Th1 to Th2 responses can enhance both infectious and allergic disease. Hence, in some cases, a common mechanism may be responsible for effects that are generally considered to be very different. Because cytokines produced in the inflammatory process play a role in modulation of Th cell responses, there is a mechanism by which agents that appear to have only local effects at the portal of entry may, in fact, affect immune responses systemically. An understanding of conditions which trigger certain cytokine responses may be useful not only in understanding inflammation but also in predicting certain kinds of immunosuppressive and allergic responses, Future studies in this area are likely to provide insights into many areas of immunotoxicology. C1 NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,WADSWORTH CTR LABS & RES,ALBANY,NY 12201. UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. VET ADM MED CTR,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87108. ZENECA CENT TOXICOL LAB,RES TOXICOL SECT,MACCLESFIELD SK10 4TJ,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND. RP Selgrade, MK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 102 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 145 IS 1 BP 218 EP 229 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8142 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XL859 UT WOS:A1997XL85900023 PM 9221840 ER PT J AU Brown, RP Delp, MD Lindstedt, SL Rhomberg, LR Beliles, RP AF Brown, RP Delp, MD Lindstedt, SL Rhomberg, LR Beliles, RP TI Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Review DE biological models; pharmacokinetics; physiological parameters ID REGIONAL BLOOD-FLOW; AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; SECTIONAL GROWTH STANDARDS; MULTIROUTE EXPOSURE MODEL; RESIDUAL TISSUE BLOOD; BONE-SEEKING ELEMENTS; CARDIAC-OUTPUT; RISK ASSESSMENT; BODY-WEIGHT; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8623,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. INT LIFE SCI INST,RISK SCI INST,WASHINGTON,DC. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT HLTH & KINESIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX. NO ARIZONA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,HARVARD CTR RISK ANAL,BOSTON,MA 02115. NR 239 TC 678 Z9 690 U1 8 U2 73 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 13 IS 4 BP 407 EP 484 PG 78 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XV288 UT WOS:A1997XV28800001 PM 9249929 ER PT J AU Ladics, GS Childs, R Loveless, SE Farris, GM Flaherty, D Gross, C Sikorski, EE Miller, CM Smialowicz, R Williams, W Harper, N White, KL AF Ladics, GS Childs, R Loveless, SE Farris, GM Flaherty, D Gross, C Sikorski, EE Miller, CM Smialowicz, R Williams, W Harper, N White, KL TI Interlaboratory evaluation of the quantification of rat splenic lymphocyte subtypes using immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry SO TOXICOLOGY METHODS LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; immunofluorescent staining; lymphocytes; rat; spleen ID FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; CELL SUBPOPULATIONS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; LIGHT SCATTER; SUBSETS; ASSAY; IMMUNOTOXICITY; GUIDELINES; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AB The quantification of rat splenic lymphocyte populations using immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry was evaluated in an interlaboratory study involving 6 independent facilities employing a common protocol. The study had three specific aims: (1) to establish baseline values for rat splenic lymphocyte populations, (2) to examine variability in flow cytometry data both within and among Laboratories, and (3) to evaluate single versus dual cell labeling of T-cell subpopulations, as well as quadrant and histogram analysis procedures. Splenic Lymphocytes were enumerated following the lysis of red blood cells (RBC) with ammonium chloride. B-cells (anti-rat kappa light chain; clone OX12) were examined using a single immunofluorescent label, whereas T-cells (anti-CD5; OX19), T-helper (T-h) (anti-CD4; W3/25), and T-cylotoxic/suppressor (T-cyt/sup) (anti-CD8; OX8) cells were examined using both single and dual labeling. Cell recoveries and viabilities reported by each laboratory following the lysis of RBC ranged from 27 to 87% and 82 to 95%, respectively. Splenic differential counts indicated that approximately 20% of rat splenocytes are not lymphocytes. For quantitating relative and absolute numbers of lymphocytes, intralaboratory variability was similar across analysis and labeling procedures. Intralaboratory, variability was higher and interlaboratory reference ranges larger when absolute versus relative numbers of lymphocytes were compared. Statistical performance indices indicated that no analysis or labeling method was consistently performed among the laboratories. Since monoclonal antibodies for labeling rat T-h and T-cyt/sup cells recognize cross-reacting epitopes on other cell populations, the authors recommend dual labeling of T-cell subpopulations and quadrant analysis procedures. The following are the overall mean relative (%) and absolute numbers, respectively, for each of the various splenic lymphocyte populations obtained in this study using dual labeling of T-h and T-cyt/sup cells and quadrant analysis: 20 +/- 1 (2.2 +/- 0.2 X 10(8)) W3/25*OX19(+) cells; 17 +/- 2 (1.8 +/- 0.3 x 10(8)) OX8(+)OX19(+) cells; 43 +/- 2 (4.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(8)) OX19(+) cells; and 39 +/- 2 (4.3 +/- 0.5 x 10(8)) OX12(+) cells. This study indicates that additional standardization of sample preparation and analysis procedures (i.e., RBC lysis and cell gating) may be needed in the use of flow cytometry in immunotoxicology studies. C1 CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. PROCTER & GAMBLE CO,MIAMI VALLEY LABS,CINCINNATI,OH. MONSANTO CO,ENVIRONM HLTH LAB,ST LOUIS,MO. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,MED COLL VIRGINIA,RICHMOND,VA 23298. RP Ladics, GS (reprint author), DUPONT CO INC,HASKELL LAB TOXICOL & IND MED,POB 50 ELKTON RD,NEWARK,DE 19714, USA. NR 48 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 1051-7235 J9 TOXICOL METHOD JI Toxicol. Method. PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 241 EP 263 PG 23 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA YH827 UT WOS:A1997YH82700006 ER PT J AU Dodds, WK Smith, VH Zander, B AF Dodds, WK Smith, VH Zander, B TI Developing nutrient targets to control benthic chlorophyll levels in streams: A case study of the Clark Fork River SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; periphyton; streams; rivers; nitrogen; phosphorus; benthic algae ID PERIPHYTON BIOMASS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PHOSPHORUS; CLADOPHORA; ENRICHMENT; NITROGEN; METABOLISM; PATTERNS; GROWTH; LAKES AB Approaches for assessing the effects of lowering nutrients on periphyton biomass in streams and rivers are poorly developed in contrast to those for lakes. Here we present two complementary approaches to assess target nutrient concentrations in streams, given desired mean and maximum standing crops of benthic algal chlorophyll. In the first approach. a reference portion or reach of the river that typically exhibits acceptable levels of benthic chlorophyll is identified (i.e. seasonal mean and maximum values do not exceed desirable levels), and the target levels for instream nutrient concentrations are defined by mean nutrient levels in the reference region. In the second approach, regression and graphical analyses of a large stream database are used to identify acceptable levels of instream total N and total P. The first approach supplies site-specific nutrient targets, whereas the second places nutrient control into a broader, more comparative perspective. In order to link these target concentrations to specific nutrient control measures, we describe a spreadsheet model that can be used to translate changes in external loading by point sources into predicted new instream nutrient concentrations. These quantitative methods are applied here to the control of nuisance algal growth in the Clark Fork River, Montana. We suggest that, in general, maintenance of mean instream total N concentrations below 350 mu g l(-1) and total P below 30 mu g l(-1) will result in mean benthic algal chlorophyll a density below nuisance levels of 100 mg m(-2) in most streams. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV KANSAS,ENVIRONM STUDIES PROGRAM,LAWRENCE,KS 66045. UNIV KANSAS,DEPT SYSTEMAT & ECOL,LAWRENCE,KS 66045. US EPA,DENVER,CO 80202. RP Dodds, WK (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DIV BIOL,ACKERT HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 59 TC 116 Z9 122 U1 1 U2 43 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1738 EP 1750 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00389-2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA XE042 UT WOS:A1997XE04200027 ER PT J AU Khodadoust, AP Wagner, JA Suidan, MT Brenner, RC AF Khodadoust, AP Wagner, JA Suidan, MT Brenner, RC TI Anaerobic treatment of PCP in fluidized-bed GAC bioreactors SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE anaerobic; dechlorination; empty bed contact time; fluidized bed; granular activated carbon; inhibition; methanogenic; pentachlorophenol ID REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; CHLORINATED PHENOLS; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; BIODEGRADATION; SLUDGE; WATER; CHLOROPHENOLS; DEGRADATION; SOIL; MICROORGANISMS AB A fluidized-bed granular activated carbon (GAC) bioreactor was evaluated for anaerobically treating wastewater containing pentachlorophenol (PCP). PCP removal efficiencies of greater than 99.9% were achieved at PCP loadings as high as 4 g/kg of GAC per day and influent PCP concentrations as high as 1333 mg/litre. In addition to PCP, ethanol was Fed to the bioreactors as the primary substrate. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading to the reactor was increased several times as high as 63 g/kg of GAC per day using reactor empty bed contact rimes as low as 9.3 h in order to exhaust the adsorptive capacity of the GAC for PCP, thus allowing for the development of a PCP-degrading biofilm on the carbon. A major proportion of the influent COD, ranging from 70 to 90%, was converted to methane, which constituted more than 85% of the product eas stream. Due to incomplete mineralization, nearly all PCP was stoichiometrically converted to 3- and 4-chlorophenols. Low levels of 2,4,6- and 3.4,5-trichlorophenols, 2,4- and 3,4-dichlorophenols rind phenol were observed in the reactor. The primary biotransformation product of PCP, 4-chlorophenol. inhibited the methanogenic culture at concentrations as low as 116 mg/litre. Toxicity was minimized by controlling the influent PCP concentration, the primary source of the inhibitory products. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 32 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 31 IS 7 BP 1776 EP 1786 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00005-5 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA XE042 UT WOS:A1997XE04200031 ER PT J AU Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF Levander, OA AF Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF Levander, OA TI Influence of dietary selenium on the disposition of arsenate in the female B6C3F(1) mouse SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; VOLATILE SELENIUM; MICE; RATS; METHYLATION; DEFICIENCY; INHIBITION; TRIVALENT; EXPOSURE; LIVER AB Interactions between arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) at the metabolic level are multifaceted and complex. These interactions are of practical significance because populations in various parts of the world are simultaneously exposed to inorganic As in drinking water and Se mainly in the diet at varying levels. The primary goal of this study was to investigate whether differing dietary Se status would alter the profile of urinary metabolites or their time course for elimination after exposure to arsenate [As(V)]. Weanling female B6C3F(1) mice were maintained for 28 d on either a control diet of powdered rodent meal sufficient in Se (A, 0.2 ppm) or Torula yeast-based (TYB) diets deficient (B, 0.02 ppm Se), sufficient (C, 0.2 ppm Se), or excessive (D, 2.0 ppm Se) in Se; mice then received by oral gavage 5 mg (As)/kg as sodium [As-73] arsenate. The time course for elimination of total arsenic and metabolites in urine was measured over a 48-h period, and total arsenic was determined in feces and tissues at 48 h. Mice on the Se excess diet excreted a significantly higher percentage of urinary As as inorganic As, with a significantly decreased ratio of organic to inorganic As compared to Se-sufficient mice, suggesting that As methylation was decreased. Mice on the Se-deficient diet appeared to eliminate As(V), arsenite, and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine more slowly than Se-sufficient mice; however, further studies are required to confirm this finding. Mice on the Se-sufficient meal diet (A) excreted significantly less (by percent) arsenate-derived radioactivity in urine and more in feces compared to mice on the Se-sufficient TYB diet (C), with total elimination being similar for both groups. This indicates that mice on the meal diet absorbed significantly less As(V) than mice on the NE diet, and this may be due to more fiber or ''bulk'' in the meal diet. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering dietary composition when interpreting and comparing As disposition studies. Overall this study provides suggestive evidence that dietary Se status alters As metabolism and disposition. This indicates that dietary Se status may be an issue that should be considered in the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies. C1 USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, NUTR REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Kenyon, EM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PKB, MD-74, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD JUN 27 PY 1997 VL 51 IS 3 BP 279 EP 299 DI 10.1080/009841097160078 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XC084 UT WOS:A1997XC08400006 PM 9183383 ER PT J AU Alonso, C Suidan, MT Sorial, GA Smith, FL Biswas, P Smith, PJ Brenner, RC AF Alonso, C Suidan, MT Sorial, GA Smith, FL Biswas, P Smith, PJ Brenner, RC TI Gas treatment in trickle-bed biofilters: Biomass, how much is enough? SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE trickle-bed biofilter; mathematical model; volatile organic compound (VOC); waste gas treatment; biofiltration ID WASTE AIR BIOTREATMENT; DYNAMIC-MODEL; BEHAVIOR AB The objective of this article is to define and validate a mathematical model that describes the physical and biological processes occurring in a trickle-bed air biofilter for waste gas treatment. This model considers a two-phase system, quasi-steady-state processes, uniform bacterial population, and one limiting substrate. The variation of the specific surface area with bacterial growth is included in the model, and its effect on the biofilter performance is analyzed. This analysis leads to the conclusion that excessive accumulation of biomass in the reactor has a negative effect on contaminant removal efficiency. To solve this problem, excess biomass is removed via full media fluidization and backwashing of the biofilter. The backwashing technique is also incorporated in the model as a process variable. Experimental data from the biodegradation of toluene in a pilot system with four packed-bed reactors are used to validate the model. Once the model is calibrated with the estimation of the unknown parameters of the system, it is used to simulate the biofilter performance for different operating conditions. Model predictions are found to be in agreement with experimental data. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. TRIN CONSULTANTS,ATLANTA,GA 30338. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 11 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD JUN 20 PY 1997 VL 54 IS 6 BP 583 EP 594 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19970620)54:6<583::AID-BIT9>3.0.CO;2-F PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA WX072 UT WOS:A1997WX07200009 PM 18636414 ER PT J AU Schroeder, M Mass, MJ AF Schroeder, M Mass, MJ TI CpG methylation inactivates the transcriptional activity of the promoter of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID DNA-METHYLATION; CANCER; ISLANDS; EXPRESSION; CELLS AB Alterations of the methylation patterns of DNA are common in cancer cells and could conceivably comprise a subset of causal events in the carcinogenesis process. Although it has previously been shown that methylation of CpG islands in the 5'-control regions of tumor suppressor genes such as pie, Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome gene, and the retinoblastoma (RB) gene can suppress expression and function of these gene products, the elements that control the expression of the p53 gene have not been examined in detail. In this study me examined the effect of CpG methylation in a region of the p53 promoter containing major transcription start sites. A region of the p53 promoter (from -199 to +142) containing 15 CpG dinucleotides was placed in a pCAT reporter plasmid and reporter activity was assessed in host CV-1 cells. We show for the first time that transcriptional activation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, as assessed by a reporter plasmid construct, can be down-regulated by cytosine methylation in the basal promoter region. We believe these data suggest a role for methylation of CpG; sequences in the regulation of transcription of p53. This implies that the tumor suppressor gene p53 could, therefore, contribute to carcinogenesis by inactivation via methylation of a key element in cell cycle control. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,TOXICOL PROGRAM,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH MD68,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 27 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JUN 18 PY 1997 VL 235 IS 2 BP 403 EP 406 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6796 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA XF767 UT WOS:A1997XF76700027 PM 9199206 ER PT J AU Melnick, RL Boorman, GA Dellarco, V AF Melnick, RL Boorman, GA Dellarco, V TI Water chlorination, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), and potential cancer risk SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US EPA,OFF WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Melnick, RL (reprint author), NIEHS,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 5 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD JUN 18 PY 1997 VL 89 IS 12 BP 832 EP 833 DI 10.1093/jnci/89.12.832 PG 2 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA XE745 UT WOS:A1997XE74500001 PM 9196243 ER PT J AU Cherrington, JW Rosen, MB Branch, S Chernoff AF Cherrington, JW Rosen, MB Branch, S Chernoff TI Pax-1 and En-1 expression patterns in the axial skeleton of murine embryos when exposed to boric acid in vivo SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RTD,DBB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 186 IS 2 BP B199 EP B199 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA XH774 UT WOS:A1997XH77400582 ER PT J AU Francis, BM Degitz, SJ Mylniczenko, ND Foley, GL AF Francis, BM Degitz, SJ Mylniczenko, ND Foley, GL TI Role of cell death in abnormal joint development resulting from retinoic acid exposure. SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 186 IS 2 BP B164 EP B164 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA XH774 UT WOS:A1997XH77400547 ER PT J AU Guan, XF Martonen, TB AF Guan, XF Martonen, TB TI Simulations of flow in curved tubes SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAMINAR ENTRANCE FLOW; ANNULAR DUCTS; PIPES AB Flow patterns in curved tubes have important applications to fundamental problems in engineering (e.g., heat and mass transfer analyses) and practical problems in aerosol science and technology (e.g., instrumentation for aerosol generation and characterization). Quite different from flow in a straight tube, flow in a curved tube has secondary motion in the plane perpendicular to the axial direction. The new elements of the flow pattern will affect particle and gas transport mechanisms. Although the effects of the curvature of tubes on internal flow patterns have been realized for a long time, the problem is still studied due to the complexities introduced in specific applications. A major difficulty in describing the problem has been recognition of the importance of flow development at the entrance of a curved tube. Therefore, the formulation of transport mechanisms should portray developing conditions. In this work, flows in curved tubes were simulated numerically using FIDAP. The findings were compared with the classic analytical solution of Dean (1927) and the experimental data of Muguercia et al. (1993). The flow patterns for axial and secondary motions were examined in both the developing and fully developed regions. As detailed herein, the agreement between theory and experiment is reasonable. The modeling techniques may be employed to simulate flow patterns and their commensurate effects on transport processes in research related to fundamental engineering and practical aerosol science and technology problems. (C) 1997 American Association for Aerosol Research. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. DUKE UNIV,CTR EXTRAPOLAT MODELING,DURHAM,NC 27710. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 6 BP 485 EP 504 DI 10.1080/02786829708965448 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XA222 UT WOS:A1997XA22200001 ER PT J AU Turner, DP Winjum, JK Kolchugina, TP Cairns, MA AF Turner, DP Winjum, JK Kolchugina, TP Cairns, MA TI Accounting for biological and anthropogenic factors in national land-base carbon budgets SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION; UNITED-STATES; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; TROPICAL FORESTS; STORAGE; SINKS; CLASSIFICATION; ECOSYSTEMS; VEGETATION; BALANCE AB Efforts to quantify net greenhouse gas emissions at the national scale, as required by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, must include both industrial emissions and the net flux associated with the land base. In this study, data on current land use, rates of land-cover change, forest harvest levels, and wildfire extent were analyzed under a common framework for three countries in order to compare net CO2-carbon flux, and to identify key research areas, In the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and the conterminous United States (US), the stand age-class distribution on the forested land and the rate of logging tended to be the most important factors in the land-base flux, whereas in Brazil the rate of land-cover change and the vegetation regrowth in secondary forests on abandoned agricultural or grazing land were critical. The areas of greatest uncertainty for the FSU and US analyses related to the rates of woody debris and soil organic matter accumulation and to limitations in the age-class based inventory data available. In Brazil, the initial biomass in forests subject to deforestation, and the area of recovering secondary forest, were identified as important research issues. Continued database development, and close attention to methodologies for quantifying carbon flux, will be necessary if carbon budget assessments are to be of use to the policy community. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENVIRONM ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Turner, DP (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,PEAVY HALL 154,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 60 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 220 EP 226 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN841 UT WOS:A1997XN84100005 ER PT J AU Leese, KE Cole, EC Hall, RM Berry, MA AF Leese, KE Cole, EC Hall, RM Berry, MA TI Measurement of airborne and floor dusts in a nonproblem building SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cleaning; dust; indoor air quality; particle mass concentration; particles; nonproblem building AB Part of a year-long study was to establish baseline measurements of airborne and surface dusts in a building. A four-story building was monitored with a laser particle counter (IPC) to characterize airbourne particle size ranges of >0.5 to >15 mu m, a fine particle sample (FPS) to measure 24-hour total airborne dust mass concentrations, and a high-volume small surface sampler (HVS3) to assess dust levels on floor surfaces. Monthly measurements were taken on each floor for 5 months. An improved cleaning regimen was instituted, and monitoring continued for 7 months. Mean LPC indoor particle counts correlated well with those outdoors (0.92). Mean LPC size distributions were similar on all floors, decreasing as particle size increased, and remained fairly constant over the study. FPS airborne dust mass concentrations were low throughout the building (5 to 11.5 mu g/m(3)). In comparing FPS and LPC measurements, mean 24-hour FPS total airborne dust mass measurements proved the most meaningful over a long term. LPC data were proven useful for the preliminary site evaluations or to locate particle sources. Mean building HVS3 dust loads for the year were 2.1 +/- 1 g/m(2) for carpet and 0.08+/-0.03 g/m(2) for vinyl tile. An inverse relationship between carpet dust and airborne dun showed that (1) as carpet dust is disturbed and resuspended, dust levels in the carpet decrease and airborne dust levels increase, and (2) as airborne dust settles onto carpet, total airborne dust mass decreases while carpet dust mass increases. All measurement methods used helped physically characterize the airborne and surface dusts and provide baseline measurements for a nonproblem building. C1 DYNCORP HLTH RES SERV, DURHAM, NC 27703 USA. US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Leese, KE (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST, POB 12194, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 58 IS 6 BP 432 EP 438 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1997)058<0432:MOAAFD>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XC800 UT WOS:A1997XC80000012 ER PT J AU TrenthamDietz, A Newcomb, PA Storer, BE Longnecker, MP Baron, J Greenberg, ER Willett, WC AF TrenthamDietz, A Newcomb, PA Storer, BE Longnecker, MP Baron, J Greenberg, ER Willett, WC TI Body size and risk of breast cancer SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body height; body weight; breast neoplasms; weight gain ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MASS INDEX; RELATIVE WEIGHT; SEX-HORMONES; REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS; NORWEGIAN WOMEN; UNITED-STATES; HEIGHT; RELIABILITY; ACCURACY AB The relation between body size and breast cancer remains uncertain, particularly with regard to differences between pre- and postmenopausal women. The authors examined whether height, weight, body mass index, and weight change were associated with breast cancer risk among pre- and postmenopausal women, This population-based case-control study included women aged 20-74 years (n=6,548) who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during 1988-1991 in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin. Similarly aged control women (n=9,057) were selected at random from driver's license files and Health Care Financing Administration files. Height, weight, and information on other breast cancer risk factors were ascertained by telephone interview, and logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Among premenopausal women, the adjusted odds ratio for the upper quintile group of height relative to the lowest was 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.76). The heaviest premenopausal women had a lower risk (odds ratio (OR)=0.87, 95% CI 0.70-1.10). Among postmenopausal women, the adjusted odds ratios were higher for the upper quintile categories of both height (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.11-1.45) and weight (OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.37-1.79). Weight gain since ages 18 and 35 years was associated with increased postmenopausal breast cancer risk, and risk was lower in women who had lost weight, These findings suggest that programs to avoid weight gain merit study as a means to reduce risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. C1 FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98104. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. DARTMOUTH COLL,HITCHCOCK MED CTR,DARTMOUTH MED SCH,DEPT COMMUNITY & FAMILY MED,HANOVER,NH 03756. DARTMOUTH COLL,HITCHCOCK MED CTR,DARTMOUTH MED SCH,DEPT MED,HANOVER,NH 03756. DARTMOUTH COLL,HITCHCOCK MED CTR,DARTMOUTH MED SCH,NORRIS COTTON CANC CTR,HANOVER,NH 03756. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CHANNING LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115. RP TrenthamDietz, A (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,MED SCI CTR,RM 4760,1300 UNIV AVE,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. OI Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA47305, R01CA47147] NR 62 TC 124 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 145 IS 11 BP 1011 EP 1019 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XA226 UT WOS:A1997XA22600007 PM 9169910 ER PT J AU Peden, DB Dailey, L Wortman, I Madden, M Bromberg, PA AF Peden, DB Dailey, L Wortman, I Madden, M Bromberg, PA TI Epithelial cell-conditioned media inhibits degranulation of the RBL-2H3 rat mast cell line SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BEAS-2B cells; RBL-2H3 cells ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE; BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM; AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; ASTHMA; RELEASE; CYTOKINES; INTERLEUKIN-8; INFLAMMATION; EOSINOPHILS AB The effect of epithelial cells on mast cell responses was investigated by examination of degranulation of the rat mast cell line RBL-2H3 after overnight culture in media conditioned by the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line [epithelial cell-conditioned media (ECM)]. These studies indicate that BEAS-2B cells secrete an inhibitor(s) of immunoglobulin E and A-23187-mediated degranulation of the RBL-2H3 cell Line. The inhibitory activities of ECM are recovered after filtration through a 3-kDa cutoff filter. Pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase in the BEAS-2B cells before preparation of ECM has no effect on subsequent inhibition of mast cell degranulation by ECM. However, cycloheximide treatment of the BEAS-BB cells before the conditioning process does preclude development of mast cell inhibitor activity in ECM, suggesting that this activity depends on protein synthesis. The effects of ECM on mast cell function are reversible, demonstrating that these effects do not result from overt cytotoxicity. Finally, media conditioned by primary cultures of human respiratory epithelial cells, but not fibroblasts, influence RBL-2H3 degranulation in a manner similar to ECM, suggesting that secretion of mast cell inhibitors may be somewhat unique to epithelial cells. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, DIV PULM MED & ALLERGY, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH MED, DEPT MED, DIV PULM & CRIT CARE MED, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Peden, DB (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH MED, CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL, CB 7310, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 272 IS 6 BP L1181 EP L1188 PG 8 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA XF561 UT WOS:A1997XF56100021 ER PT J AU Schulman, SR Canada, AT Fryer, AD Winsett, DW Costa, DL AF Schulman, SR Canada, AT Fryer, AD Winsett, DW Costa, DL TI Airway hyperreactivity produced by short-term exposure to hyperoxia in neonatal guinea pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE M-2 receptor; muscarinic receptors ID MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR FUNCTION; BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA; IMMATURE RATS; OZONE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; REACTIVITY; ASTHMA; OXYGEN; MODEL AB Airway hyperreactivity is recognized as one of the long-term sequelae of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Due to the improved care and prognosis of very low-birth weight infants, the incidence of BPD is increasing. There are data that suggest the increased survival of premature infants may be associated with the observed increased incidence of childhood asthma. The hyperoxia received as part of the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome is believed to be partly if not completely responsible for BPD. To gain insight into the potential role that hyperoxia might play in producing airway hyperreactivity, 4-day-old guinea pig pups were exposed to 70% oxygen or air for 96 h, and airway responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) was assessed both 2 and 9 days after the completion of the hyperoxia exposures. Unlike ozone, the mechanism for the persistently increased airway reactivity is not related either to the inhibition of neuronal acetylcholinesterase or inhibition of the neuronal Mg muscarinic receptor. A difference in antioxidant protection did not account for the increased response of the neonatal guinea pigs compared with hyperoxia-exposed rat pups. These data support the usefulness of the neonatal guinea pig as a model to study the mechanism responsible for hyperoxia-induced airway hyperreactivity. C1 DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA. US EPA, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. RP Schulman, SR (reprint author), DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT ANESTHESIOL, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. RI Fryer, Allison/F-2420-2014 OI Fryer, Allison/0000-0003-1712-9831 NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 272 IS 6 BP L1211 EP L1216 PG 6 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA XF561 UT WOS:A1997XF56100025 PM 9227525 ER PT J AU Boothe, DDH Rogers, JE Wiegel, J AF Boothe, DDH Rogers, JE Wiegel, J TI Reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols in slurries of low-organic-carbon marine sediments and subsurface soils SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL; DEHALOGENATION; AQUIFER; SULFATE; TRANSFORMATION; BIODEGRADATION; PHENOLS; ACIDS AB The reductive dechlorination of 2,4- and 3,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) was studied in slurries of marine sediments and subsurface soils with dissolved organic carbon concentrations less than 1 ppm, Dechlorination was markedly greater in marine sediment slurries than in subsoil slurries, although similar products were observed in each case. From 25% to 98% of the 2,4- and 3,4-DCP (6.5 mu m/l) added to most marine slurries was converted to 4- and 3-chlorophenol (CP) respectively, within 30 weeks. In contrast 2,4-DCP was dechlorinated to 4-CP ( > 90%) in only 1 of 24 replicate subsoil slurries after 32 weeks of incubation. Dechlorination was observed within 2 weeks when yeast extract was added to subsoil slurries; yeast extract additions also stimulated dechlorination in marine sediments but to a lesser extent. The intermediate monochlorophenol products did not persist in marine slurries but did persist in the subsoil slurries. It was concluded that the total organic carbon at a site is not always a good predictor of the site's ability to support dechlorination activity. C1 US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. DYNCORP,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT MICROBIOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. OI Wiegel, Juergen/0000-0002-6343-6464 NR 26 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 742 EP 748 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA XK882 UT WOS:A1997XK88200020 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ AF Dix, DJ TI Hsp70 expression and function during gametogenesis SO CELL STRESS & CHAPERONES LA English DT Review ID MOUSE SPERMATOGENIC CELLS; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COGNATE PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; GERM LINE; RAT; CLONING; FAMILY; OOCYTES AB The dramatic transformations in nuclear content and cellular organization that occur during gametogenesis require unique regulation and execution of the mitotic and meiotic cell cycle, apoptotic cell death, DNA recombination and repair, and cellular differentiation. These processes are accompanied by the constitutive and developmentally regulated expression of a number of hsp70 genes encoding 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70), including several hsp70s whose expression is unique to male germ cells. Examining the expression and function of Hsp70s in germ cells has provided significant insights into mechanisms of hsp70 gene regulation and Hsp70 protein function, as well as the developmental processes of gametogenesis. RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 52 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 1355-8145 J9 CELL STRESS CHAPERON JI Cell Stress Chaperones PD JUN PY 1997 VL 2 IS 2 BP 73 EP 77 DI 10.1379/1466-1268(1997)002<0073:HEAFDG>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA XG200 UT WOS:A1997XG20000001 PM 9250397 ER PT J AU Ferrario, J Byrne, C Dupuy, AE AF Ferrario, J Byrne, C Dupuy, AE TI Background contamination by coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in trace level high resolution gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) analytical procedures SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID ISOTOPE-DILUTION; CHLOROBIPHENYLS; SAMPLES AB The addition of the ''diorin-like'' polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to the assessment of risk associated with the 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dioxins and furans has dramatically increased the number of laboratories worldwide that are developing analytical procedures for their detection and quantitation. Most of these procedures are based on established sample preparation and analytical techniques employing high resolution gas chromatography/ high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), which are used for the analyses of dioxin/furans at low parts-per-trillion (ppt) levels. A significant and widespread problem that arises when using these sample preparation procedures for the analysis of coplanar PCBs is the presence of background levels of these congeners, Industrial processes, urban incineration, leaking electrical transformers, hazardous waste accidents, and improper waste disposal practices have released appreciable quantities of PCBs into the environment. This contamination has resulted in the global distribution of these compounds via the atmosphere and their ubiquitous presence in ambient air, The background presence of these compounds in method blanks must be addressed when determining the exact concentrations of these and other congeners in environmental samples. In this study reliable procedures were developed to accurately define these background levels and assess their variability over the course of the study. The background subtraction procedures developed and employed increase the probability that the values reported accurately represent the concentrations found in the samples and were not biased due to this background contamination. RP Ferrario, J (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM CHEM SECT,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBSTANCES,JOHN C STENNIS SPACE CTR,OPP,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39529, USA. NR 11 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 11 BP 2451 EP 2465 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00083-0 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XD589 UT WOS:A1997XD58900017 PM 9192469 ER PT J AU Sadik, OA VanEmon, JM AF Sadik, OA VanEmon, JM TI Designing immunosensors for environmental monitoring SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; ANTIBODY AB Many devices are being developed based on the measurement of the immunoresponse by electrochemical, optical, or piezoelectric techniques. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,IMMUNOCHEM PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Sadik, OA (reprint author), SUNY BINGHAMTON,POB 6016,BINGHAMTON,NY 13902, USA. NR 10 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD JUN PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 38 EP 46 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA XD200 UT WOS:A1997XD20000011 ER PT J AU Spies, RA Padilla, S Hunter, DL Pillsbury, B Tabasco, J Kelly, CM AF Spies, RA Padilla, S Hunter, DL Pillsbury, B Tabasco, J Kelly, CM TI Validation of the proposed guidelines for analysis of nonreversible cholinesterase inhibitors in rat erythrocytes and brain tissue using Hitachi 717 and 911 autoanalyzers. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 HUNTINGDON LIFE SCI,E MILLSTONE,NJ. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 43 SU 6 BP 398 EP 398 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA XD363 UT WOS:A1997XD36300397 ER PT J AU Bercz, JP Nieman, MC AF Bercz, JP Nieman, MC TI Acetylcholinesterase activity by color/chemical quench corrected chemiluminescence. An ultramicro biomarker of organophosphate and carbamate exposures in environmental monitoring. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NERL,EERD,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 43 SU 6 BP 402 EP 402 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA XD363 UT WOS:A1997XD36300401 ER PT J AU Devereux, R Willis, SG Hines, ME AF Devereux, R Willis, SG Hines, ME TI Genome sizes of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, and Desulfobulbus propionicus estimated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of linearized chromosomal DNA SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INORGANIC SULFUR-COMPOUNDS; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; CHEMOLITHOTROPHIC GROWTH; REDUCTION; METABOLISM; MOLECULES; NITRATE AB Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of linearized, full-length chromosomal DNA was used to estimate the genome sizes of three species of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Genome sizes of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, and Desulfobulbus propionicus were estimated to be 3.1, 3.6, and 3.7 Mb, respectively, These values are double the genome sizes previously determined for two Desulfovibrio species by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA cut with restriction enzymes, PFGE of full-length chromosomal DNA could provide a generally applicable method to rapidly determine bacterial genome size and organization. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Devereux, R (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISLAND DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 337 EP 339 DI 10.1007/s002849900192 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XA214 UT WOS:A1997XA21400001 PM 9142739 ER PT J AU Greenwald, JM AF Greenwald, JM TI A multimedia approach to radon SO ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article C1 US CONGRESS,WASHINGTON,DC 20510. US NUCL REGULATORY COMMISS,WASHINGTON,DC 20555. RP Greenwald, JM (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0013-9157 J9 ENVIRONMENT JI Environment PD JUN PY 1997 VL 39 IS 5 BP 5 EP & PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XC977 UT WOS:A1997XC97700004 ER PT J AU Olsen, AR AF Olsen, AR TI Special issue - Environmental monitoring and assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Olsen, AR (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 4 IS 2 BP 93 EP 94 DI 10.1023/A:1018562109582 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA XD843 UT WOS:A1997XD84300001 ER PT J AU Olsen, AR Schreuder, HT AF Olsen, AR Schreuder, HT TI Perspectives on large-scale natural resource surveys when cause-effect is a potential issue SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE cause-effect; forest; Forest Health Monitoring (FHM); Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA); monitoring design; National Resource Inventory (NRI); natural resource surveys; rangeland; status; trends ID PROGRAM AB Our objective is to present a perspective on large-scale natural resource monitoring when cause-effect is a potential issue. We believe that the approach of designing a survey to meet traditional commodity production and resource state descriptive objectives is too restrictive and unnecessarily limits the ability to investigate cause-effect issues. We only consider terrestrial natural resources, focusing on forests and rangeland. A large institutionalized programme is required to establish cause-effect relationships when monitoring terrestrial resources. This is justified based on the growing concerns about our natural resources. A long-term Vision of a desirable future terrestrial monitoring system, realizing that it is not clear yet what key variables should be measured, will increase the chances that decisions on current designs will ultimately lead to better systems in the future. We propose a pronounced shift in the designs applied to forest and range, specifically, the National Resources Inventory (NRI), the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), and the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) programmes. The designs must not only address simple status and trends estimation but also give emphasis to identifying interesting changes occurring in the sampled populations thus facilitating identification and establishment of possible cause-effect relationships. We propose an integrated design consisting of a large-scale, long-term ongoing survey as the core design accompanied by supplemental experimental design studies or analytic survey. Continuous inventory involving annual measurement of a subset of the sample from selected populations should be implemented: inventorying a population every five years (as with NRI) or every ten years (as with FIA) is insufficient. FHM, FIA, and NRI should collect a subset of variables in common. Complementarity of data collected would make it more likely to identify promising cause-effect relationships for a wider range of resource variables. At this stage we recommend focusing an the mortality of trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses as the key indicator of forest and range health. Mortality is objectively measurable and can often be detected by remote sensing. When possible, follow-up observational studies to document cause-effect relationships should be limited to public lands because of concern of infringing on the personal rights of landowners. This may not be possible if unrepresentative populations result because of this. If studies are designed properly, we could achieve our objectives yet tie such studies to current natural resource inventory systems. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO. RP Olsen, AR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 4 IS 2 BP 167 EP 180 DI 10.1023/A:1018522428238 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA XD843 UT WOS:A1997XD84300006 ER PT J AU Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Johnson, MG Storm, MJ Ball, JT AF Tingey, DT Phillips, DL Johnson, MG Storm, MJ Ball, JT TI Effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on fine root dynamics and fungal growth in seedling Pinus ponderosa SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE CO2; N fertilization; fine root growth; minirhizotron; mycorrhizae; Pinus ponderosa ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION; SOIL RESPIRATION; LOBLOLLY-PINE; QUERCUS-ALBA; NITROGEN; ENRICHMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; TURNOVER; TEMPERATURE AB The effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on fine root growth of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. C. Laws., grown in native soil in open-top held-exposure chambers at Placerville, CA, were monitored for a 2-year period using minirhizotrons. The experimental design was a replicated 3 x 3 factorial with a treatment missing; plants were exposed to ambient (approximate to 365 mu mol mol(-1)) air or ambient air plus either 175 or 350 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 and three levels of N addition (0, 100 and 200 kg ha(-1) year(-1)). By the second year, elevated CO2 increased fine root occurrence and root length while N fertilization had no effect. The CO2 x N interactions were not significant. Neither elevated CO2 nor N fertilization altered fine root diameter. Fine root mortality was increased by increasing soil N but was reduced in elevated CO2. Highest fine root mortality occurred during summer and was lowest during winter. Elevated CO2 increased mycorrhizal and fungal occurrence earlier than N fertilization. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 DYNAMAC INT INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506. RP Tingey, DT (reprint author), US EPA,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 44 TC 46 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 2-3 BP 73 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(97)00003-8 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YC684 UT WOS:A1997YC68400001 ER PT J AU Woodruff, TJ Grillo, J Schoendorf, KC AF Woodruff, TJ Grillo, J Schoendorf, KC TI The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; infant mortality; particulate air pollution; postneonatal mortality ID DEATH-SYNDROME; CHILDREN; ADMISSIONS; EXPOSURE; SMOKING; UTAH AB Recent studies have found associations between particulate air pollution and total and adult mortality. The relationship between particulate air pollution and mortality among infants has not been examined in the United States, This study evaluates the relationship between postneonatal infant mortality and particulate matter in the United States. Our study involved analysis of cohorts consisting of approximately 4 million infants born between 1989 and 1991 in states that report relevant covariates; this included 86 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics-linked birth/infant death records were combined at the MSA level with measurements of particulate matter 10 mu m or less (PM10) from the EPA's Aerometric Database, Infants were categorized as having high, medium, or low exposures based on tertiles of PM10, Total and cause-specific postneonatal mortality rates were examined using logistic :regression to control for demographic and environmental factors. Overall postneonatal mortality rates were 3.1 among infants with low PM10, exposures, 3.5 among infants with medium PM10 exposures, and 3.7 among highly exposed infants. After adjustment for other covariates, the odds ratio (QR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for total postneonatal mortality for the high exposure versus the low exposure group was 1.10 (1.04, 1.16). In normal birth weight infants, high PM10 exposure was associated with respiratory causes [OR = 1.40, (1.05, 1.85)] and sudden infant death syndrome [OR = 1.26, (1.14, 1.39)]. For low birth weight babies, high PM10 exposure was associated, but not significantly, with mortality from respiratory causes [OR = 1.18, (0.86, 1.61)]. This study suggests that particulate matter is associated with risk of postneonatal mortality. Continued attention should be paid to air quality to ensure optimal health of infants in the United States. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP Woodruff, TJ (reprint author), US EPA,401 M ST SW 2126,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 30 TC 213 Z9 226 U1 1 U2 20 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 105 IS 6 BP 608 EP 612 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XW503 UT WOS:A1997XW50300019 PM 9288495 ER PT J AU Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD Berkoff, DC AF Lindstrom, AB Pleil, JD Berkoff, DC TI Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE alveolar breath sampling; bromodichloromethane; chloroform; exposure assessment; swimming; trihalomethanes (THMs) ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ICE SKATING RINKS; CHLOROFORM EXPOSURE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; WATER; ABSORPTION; CHEMICALS; POOLS; AIR AB Alveolar breath sampling was used to assess trihalomethane (THM) exposures encountered by collegiate swimmers during a typical 2-hr training period in an indoor natatorium. The breath samples were collected at regular intervals before, during, and for 3 hr after a moderately intense training workout. Integrated and grab whole-air samples were collected during the training period to help determine inhalation exposures, and pool water samples were collected to help assess dermal exposures. Resulting breath samples collected during the workout demonstrated a rapid uptake of two THMs (chloroform and bromodichloromethane), with chloroform concentrations exceeding the natatorium air levels within 8 min after the exposure began. Chloroform levels continued to rise steeply until they were more than two times the indoor levels, providing evidence that the dermal route of exposure was relatively rapid and ultimately more important than the inhalation route in this training scenario. Chloroform elimination after the exposure period was fitted to a three compartment model that allowed estimation of compartmental half-lives, resulting minimum bloodborne dose, and an approximation of the duration of elevated body burdens. We estimated the dermal exposure route to account for 80% of the blood chloroform concentration and the transdermal diffusion efficiency from the water to the blood to in excess of 2%. Bromodichloromethane elimination was fitted to a two compartment model, which provided evidence of a small, but measurable, body burden of this THM resulting from vigorous swim training. These results suggest that trihalomethane exposures for competitive swimmers under prolonged, high-effort training are common and possibly higher than was previously thought and that the dermal exposure route is dominant. The exposures and potential risks associated with this common recreational activity should be more thoroughly investigated. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV MONTANA,DEPT ENVIRONM STUDIES,MISSOULA,MT 59802. NR 31 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 11 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 105 IS 6 BP 636 EP 642 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XW503 UT WOS:A1997XW50300022 PM 9288498 ER PT J AU Groff, PW Gullett, BK AF Groff, PW Gullett, BK TI Industrial boiler retrofit for NOX control: Combined selective noncatalytic reduction and selective catalytic reduction SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB A 590 kW (2 MMBtu/hr), oil-fired, three-pass, fire-tube package boiler was retrofit with a combined selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system and demonstrated 85% nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction with less than 6 ppm ammonia slip A urea-based SNCR solution was injected in the first pass, reducing NOx and providing ammonia reagent for the SCR. A catalyst housing was designed to fit between the second and third passes, where the access doors of the boiler normally attach. The SCR catalyst volume of 0.04 m(3) (1.5 ft(3)) provided a space velocity of 10,000 hr(-1) at a pressure drop of less than 1.5 cm (0.5 in) of water. Numerous runs demonstrated system repeatability and ease of operation. Continued tests using an on-line ammonia monitor, an on-line reagent flow meter, and a different fuel were conducted to show sustained performance and applicability. C1 Acurex Environm Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Air Pollut Prevent & Control Div MD65, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Groff, PW (reprint author), Acurex Environm Corp, POB 13109, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 116 EP 120 DI 10.1002/ep.3300160217 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZM960 UT WOS:000073593700009 ER PT J AU Oppelt, ET AF Oppelt, ET TI Water supply challenges in the 21st century SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Oppelt, ET (reprint author), Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP S2 EP S2 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZM960 UT WOS:000073593700001 ER PT J AU Vatavuk, WM AF Vatavuk, WM TI Escalating air pollution control equipment costs SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Vatavuk, WM (reprint author), US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP S15 EP S18 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZM960 UT WOS:000073593700003 ER PT J AU Benoit, DA Sibley, PK Juenemann, JL Ankley, GT AF Benoit, DA Sibley, PK Juenemann, JL Ankley, GT TI Chironomus tentans life-cycle test: Design and evaluation for use in assessing toxicity of contaminated sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Chironomus tentans; life-cycle test; sediment toxicity assessment ID FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; RIPARIUS DIPTERA; CADMIUM; INVERTEBRATES; COPPER; MEIGEN; LARVAE; SYSTEM; FOOD AB The development and standardization of toxicity test methods for assessing toxicity of contaminated freshwater sediments has focused predominantly on short-term exposures and lethality. In many situations, however, toxicity is more likely to become manifest over long periods of time so there is need for standardized testing procedures by which sublethal sediment toxicity can be adequately assessed. In this study, we present and evaluate a new life cycle test, using the midge Chironomus tentans, which enables the assessment of sublethal toxicity of contaminated sediments. In designing the life cycle test, our goal was to make the assay relatively straightforward and, to the extent possible, methodologically compatible with the standard 10-d test. The test is initiated with newly hatched (<24 h) larvae and uses four effects-based endpoints to assess toxicity: survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction. Survival is determined at 20 d and at the end of the test by back-calculating through emergence data. Growth can be determined at 20 d, which corresponds to the 10-d endpoint in the 10-d C. tentans growth rest initiated with 10-d-old larvae. From day 23 to the end of the test, emergence and reproduction are monitored daily. The number of for each egg mass, which is then incubated for 6 d to determine hatching success. Each treatment in the life cycle test is terminated separately after 7 consecutive days without emergence. We evaluated the life cycle test by following one generation of C. tentans in sediments collected from the upper Mississippi River. Survival of larvae exceeded 90% at 20 d. Of these larvae, between 60 and 70% successfully emerged; survivorship among pupae and adults exceeded 85%. Mean egg production ranged from 906 to 1,107 eggs per female. The test required 65 d to complete, including pretest preparation. These data show that the C. tentans life cycle test can be used to assess sublethal toxicity accurately in contaminated sediments and provides a suitable compliment to the standard C. tentans 10-d test. C1 INTEGRATED LAB SERV,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP Benoit, DA (reprint author), US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 43 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1165 EP 1176 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1165:CTLCTD>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XC442 UT WOS:A1997XC44200011 ER PT J AU Burgess, RM Charles, JB Kuhn, A Ho, KT Patton, LE McGovern, DG AF Burgess, RM Charles, JB Kuhn, A Ho, KT Patton, LE McGovern, DG TI Development of a cation-exchange methodology for marine toxicity identification evaluation applications SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TIEs; metal toxicity; cation exchange; marine effluent toxicity ID TRACE-METALS; CHEMICAL SPECIATION; HEAVY-METALS; SEA-WATER; PRECONCENTRATION; SEAWATER; CHELEX-100; COPPER; SPECTROMETRY; EXTRACTION AB In phase I of a standard toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) six manipulations are used to characterize toxicity. The ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid addition manipulation is most often used to indicate toxicity caused by divalent metals. An alternative approach for characterizing/identifying metal toxicity is the use of cation-exchange chromatography. In this study, five cation-exchange media were compared to develop a method for using cation-exchange chromatography as part of a marine TIE. To be considered useful the cation-exchange media must meet the following criteria: (1) consistently (with minimal variability) extract and elute toxic concentrations of a mixture of metals spiked into seawater, (2) demonstrate negligible blank acute toxicity, and (3) function effectively with environmental samples. Two solid-phase extraction media met the criteria: Supelco's LC-WCX column and Alltech's Extract-Clean IC-Chelate column. In general, these columns were able to remove 80 to 100% of five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) from spiked seawater, and 85 to 100% of metals could be eluted back into solution (except copper for which recovery was 65-75%). Columns functioned effectively with seawater spiked with metals concentrations approaching 600 mu g/L and showed low intercolumn variability (coefficient of variation = 1.0-14%). For actual environmental samples, once column breakthrough was assessed, both columns reduced toxicity and metal concentrations in postcolumn samples. Further, reconstituted column eluates were as toxic as whole samples. The methodology described can be used to assist in the TIE characterization and identification of toxic metals in environmental samples. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,SHALIMAR,FL 32579. UNIV RHODE ISL,COMMUNITY PLANNING DEPT,KINGSTON,RI 02881. RP Burgess, RM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 36 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1203 EP 1211 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1203:DOACEM>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XC442 UT WOS:A1997XC44200015 ER PT J AU Smith, ME Lazorchak, JM Herrin, LE BrewerSwartz, S Thoeny, WT AF Smith, ME Lazorchak, JM Herrin, LE BrewerSwartz, S Thoeny, WT TI A reformulated, reconstituted water for testing the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE standard water; Hyalella azteca; reference toxicants; sediments ID TOXICITY AB Toxicity testing with the freshwater amphipod, Hyalelia azteca, has routinely been conducted using nonstandard waters. Four waters were tested for acceptability for aqueous reference toxicant testing with H. azteca. These included three formulated (standardized) waters: moderately hard reconstituted water (MHRW), reformulated moderately hard reconstituted water (RMHRW), and 25% dilute mineral water (DMW). The water used for comparison was a nonstandard, in-house culture water mixture of well water and dechlorinated tap water, diluted with Super-Q(R) deionized water to a hardness of 100 mg/L, as CaCO3 (LL/SQ). Control survival was less than the 90% minimum control survival criteria in all tests with MHRW. Two of five tests with DMW also failed to pass the minimum control survival criteria. All five tests with the RMHRW passed the control survival criteria. The mean 50% lethal concentration (LC50) for the tests in RMHRW was 320 mg/L KCl, with a coefficient of variation of 8.5%. Concurrent tests with the in-house water yielded control survival greater than 90% and a mean LC50 of 216 mg/L KCI with a coefficient of variation of 13.4%. Tests in an interlaboratory study yielded similar results. Whole-sediment toxicity tests conducted using RMHRW as the overlying water routinely exceed the 80% minimum survival criteria in the control and reference sediments. The failure of MHRW and DMW to produce acceptable results, as well as the inability of other laboratories to produce LL/SQ, makes RMHRW the best candidate for a standard water for H. azteca testing. C1 US EPA, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, SBI INT, CINCINNATI, OH 45244 USA. EMPE, NASHVILLE, TN 37228 USA. OI Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571 NR 15 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1229 EP 1233 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1229:ARRWFT>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XC442 UT WOS:A1997XC44200018 ER PT J AU West, CW Ankley, GT Nichols, JW Elonen, GE Nessa, DE AF West, CW Ankley, GT Nichols, JW Elonen, GE Nessa, DE TI Toxicity and bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in long-term tests with the freshwater benthic invertebrates Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TCDD; toxcicity; bioaccumulation; Chironomus tentans; Lumbriculus variegatus ID TROUT SALVELINUS-NAMAYCUSH; LIFE STAGE DEVELOPMENT; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; BIOTRANSFORMATION; MODEL; BIOCONCENTRATION; TOXICOKINETICS; DIBENZOFURANS AB Two species of freshwater benthic invertebrates, Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus, were exposed to three dietary concentrations of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and toxicity and bioaccumulation were determined. No toxic effects were observed in full life cycle tests with either species at tissue residue concentrations up to 9.533 ng TCDD/g lipid. The observed lack of sensitivity of the two species to TCDD was consistent with a presumed absence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in aquatic invertebrates. Predictions of lipid normalized tissue concentrations were made based on lipid-normalized TCDD concentrations in the food and were within 15% of targeted concentrations in both species. Depuration studies indicated that TCDD elimination followed first-order kinetics, with elimination rate constants of 0.0014 to 0.0022 h(-1) for L. variegatus and 0.0070 to 0.0099 h(-1) for C. tentans. Half-lives ranged from 315 to 495 h in L. variegatus and from 70 to 99 h in C. tentans. The ability of invertebrates to accumulate relatively high concentrations of TCDD in the absence of toxic effects may be relevant to the transfer of contaminants through aquatic food webs to potentially sensitive vertebrate species. C1 INTEGRATED LAB SYST,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP West, CW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 36 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1287 EP 1294 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1287:TABOTP>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XC442 UT WOS:A1997XC44200026 ER PT J AU Thursby, GB Heltshe, J Scott, KJ AF Thursby, GB Heltshe, J Scott, KJ TI Revised approach to toxicity test acceptability criteria using a statistical performance assessment SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ampelisca; amphipod; t test; statistical variance; test acceptability ID SAMPLE-SIZE; POWER; VARIANCE AB Current acceptability requirements for toxicity tests are often more restrictive than necessary. They focus primarily on response in a control and generally ignore what a test was ''designed'' to detect as a significant difference from that control. An approach is presented that takes into account the performance of an entire test and the magnitude of the deviation from the current acceptability requirements. The procedure is based on analyzing the past statistical performance of a test method (i.e., what kind of difference from the control was the test designed to detect). It takes into account traditonal control acceptance criteria, but adds a requirement for selecting a difference from the control desired to be detected as statistically significant (a threshold value). Choice of statistical procedure is not relevant to the approach. The proposed method allows a sliding scale of acceptance. The greater the deviation of mean control response below current requirements, the less likely a test is to be accepted. An example is presented using data from a 10-d sediment test using the marine amphipod Ampelisca abdita. Use of the proposed acceptability criterion will reduce the frequency of required retesting without sacrificing defensibility of data. Using the old acceptability criterion, 19% of the samples in the amphipod data set would require retesting. The proposed criterion reduces the potential percentage of retests to 9%. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT COMP SCI & STAT,KINGSTON,RI 02881. SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,ENVIRONM TESTING CTR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Thursby, GB (reprint author), US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 13 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1322 EP 1329 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1322:RATTTA>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XC442 UT WOS:A1997XC44200031 ER PT J AU Maxted, JR Eskin, RA Weisberg, SB Kutz, FW AF Maxted, JR Eskin, RA Weisberg, SB Kutz, FW TI The ecological condition of dead-end canals of the Delaware and Maryland coastal bays SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS; CONTAMINATION; MARINA AB Manmade, dead-end canals are common in residential developments along the coastal bays of Delaware and Maryland. The close proximity of housing to the water and the concentration of boating activities enhances the potential for anthropogenic stress to living resources in these poorly flushed aquatic systems. Measurements of water quality, sediment contaminants, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were taken in 25 randomly selected canals and compared to 175 non-canal sites located throughout the coastal bays. The mean bottom dissolved oxygen concentration in canals was half that found in non-canal sites. Mean water-column and benthic chlorophyll concentrations were, respectively, two times and four times higher in the canals. Sediment contaminant concentrations were significantly higher in the canals compared to the coastal bays, and exceeded published guideline values indicating possible adverse ecological effects. The contaminants of greatest concern in the canals included arsenic, copper, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and several banned, persistent pesticides (DDT, dieldrin, endrin, and chlordane). Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in canals were severely degraded; mean species richness, abundance, and biomass were 1/7, 1/10, and 1/20, respectively, of the values for the remaining coastal bays. A single pollution-tolerant polychaete species (Streblospio benedicti) comprised approximately three-fourths (70%) of the community in the canals. Deep (>1 m) and muddy canals were in poorer condition than shallow and sandy ones. C1 VERSAR INC,COLUMBIA,MD 21045. MARYLAND DEPT ENVIRONM,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. US EPA,ANNAPOLIS,MD 21401. RP Maxted, JR (reprint author), DELAWARE DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM CONTROL,POB 1401,DOVER,DE 19903, USA. RI Weisberg, Stephen/B-2477-2008 OI Weisberg, Stephen/0000-0002-0655-9425 NR 18 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1997 VL 20 IS 2 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.2307/1352347 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XF141 UT WOS:A1997XF14100007 ER PT J AU Stapanian, MA Cassell, DL Cline, SP AF Stapanian, MA Cassell, DL Cline, SP TI Regional patterns of local diversity of trees: Associations with anthropogenic disturbance SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE species richness; local; regional; trees; disturbance; silviculture; United States; probability sampling ID SPECIES-DIVERSITY; STABILITY; COMMUNITIES; FOREST; BIODIVERSITY; COMPLEXITY; ECOSYSTEMS; RICHNESS; ECOLOGY AB We used a probability-based sampling scheme to survey the forested lands of 14 states in five regions in the US (California, Colorado, and parts of the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) from 1990 to 1993. Using a nationally consistent plot design, we evaluated the local diversity of trees over 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) at 780 1/15-ha plots nationwide by measuring the plot-level species richness (R). Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. artificial regeneration, logging, grazing by livestock, and prescribed burning), if any, were recorded on each plot. We classified plots with visually evident anthropogenic disturbance as 'disturbed' and the remaining plots as 'undisturbed'. In each of the five geopolitical regions, we quantified the difference in mean R between disturbed and undisturbed plots. With the exception of Colorado (5%), between 34 and 55% of forested lands in each region had recorded anthropogenic disturbances. Mean R was significantly higher for undisturbed areas than for disturbed areas in the Northeast and Southeast, with the largest differences occurring in the Southeast. Mean R was greater in undisturbed areas than in disturbed areas in most forest cover types for all regions. These differences were greatest in the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), oak (Quercus spp.)-hickory (Carya spp.), and oak-pine forest types of the Southeast. The only group for which mean R was significantly greater in disturbed areas was the mixed western hardwoods in California. As expected from previous studies, significant differences between regions in mean R were observed, in both disturbed and undisturbed areas. This study bridges an important gap between site-specific forest studies and remote-sensing studies of the forests of a region. We discuss (1) why combining site-specific studies is not appropriate in most cases for rigorous testing at the regional level and (2) how data for some important site-specific variables are not available from most remotely-sensed data sets. The widespread presence of anthropogenic disturbances in most regions, notably the cutting and planting of pine plantations in the Southeast, is associated with generally lower local species richness of trees. The results warrant further investigation at the regional level in light of recent empirical studies on diversity and ecosystem stability. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. US BUR LAND MANAGEMENT, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. OI Stapanian, Martin/0000-0001-8173-4273 NR 82 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 33 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03944-8 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG247 UT WOS:A1997XG24700004 ER PT J AU Nace, CG Genter, MB Sayre, LM Crofton, KM AF Nace, CG Genter, MB Sayre, LM Crofton, KM TI Effect of methimazole, an FMO substrate and competitive inhibitor, on the neurotoxicity of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile in male rats SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGENASES; OLFACTORY TOXICITY; BETA,BETA'-IMINODIPROPIONITRILE IDPN; METABOLISM; MECHANISM; DEGENERATION; OTOTOXICITY; DEFICITS; NITRILES; MUCOSA AB This study was designed to examine the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) on the auditory and vestibular neurotoxicity of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) using the FMO substrate and competitive inhibitor methimazole (MMI), Specifically, the purpose was to block the FMO-mediated conversion of IDPN to the putative neurotoxic metabolite N-hydroxy 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (HOIDPN). In three separate experiments, adult male Long-Evans hooded rats were administered (ip) saline (vehicle), MMI, IDPN, or HOIDPN individually, or a combination of IDPN and MMI or HOIDPN and MMI. Animals were observed daily for signs of the ECC syndrome (excitation with choreiform and circling movements) for 10 days, One to 2 weeks after exposure, a battery of behavioral tests was used to examine vestibular and auditory function, MMI completely blocked the neurotoxicity associated with a 600 mg/kg dose of IDPN and partially blocked the effects of a 1000 mg/kg dose of IDPN. In contrast, MMI failed to block, and instead increased, the neurotoxicity associated with HOIDPN, These data suggest that FMO-mediated metabolism of IDPN is necessary for the generation of a metabolite responsible for the vestibular and auditory neurotoxicities. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL MD 74B,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR PHYSIOL,CINCINNATI,OH. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. RI Sayre, Lawrence/C-8224-2011; Crofton, Kevin/J-4798-2015 OI Crofton, Kevin/0000-0003-1749-9971 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-00044]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS22688] NR 39 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 2 BP 131 EP 140 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2307 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XL407 UT WOS:A1997XL40700006 PM 9242586 ER PT J AU Smialowicz, RJ DeVito, MJ Riddle, MM Williams, WC Birnbaum, LS AF Smialowicz, RJ DeVito, MJ Riddle, MM Williams, WC Birnbaum, LS TI Opposite effects of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in mice SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITIES; ENZYME-INDUCTION; IMMUNOTOXICITY; ANTAGONIST; LIVER; TCDD; RATS; C57BL/6; TISSUE AB The effect that cotreatment with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has on the antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) was determined in female B6C3F1 mice. Groups of eight mice per group were given a single oral dose of PCB153 alone (0, 3.58, 35.8, or 358 mg/kg), TCDD alone (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 mu g/kg), and all possible combinations of these doses in corn oil 7 days prior to immunization with SRBCs. Separate groups of mice were given phenobarbital (PB) parenterally by intraperitoneal injection at a dosage of 160 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Four days after intravenous immunization, body, spleen, thymus, and liver weights and the PFC response to SRBCs were determined. Exposure to TCDD alone resulted in a dose-related suppression of the PFC response, with significant suppression at 1 and 10 mu g/kg. In contrast, exposure to PCB153 alone resulted in the enhancement of the PFC response at 358 mg/kg. Combined exposure to 358 mg/kg PCB153 and TCDD resulted in no change (PCB153 + 0.1 mu g/kg TCDD) or suppression (PCB153 + 1 or 10 mu g/kg TCDD) of the PFC response relative to PCB153 alone; however, the PFC response was enhanced (PCB153 + 0.1 mu g/kg TCDD), unaffected (PCB153 + 1 mu g/kg TCDD), or suppressed (PCB153 + 10 mu g/kg TCDD) relative to corn oil controls. PB did not affect the PFC response to SRBCs, despite a 13-fold induction of hepatic pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) activity. These results suggest that PCB153 enhancement of the PFC response is not related to PROD induction and that it acts as a functional antagonist rather than an aryl hydrocarbon receptor or dispositional antagonist. By enhancing the PFC response to SRBCs, PCB153 raises the ''setpoint'' response level. Consequently, cotreatment with an immunosuppressive dose of TCDD fails to suppress the PFC response relative to corn oil controls, while clearly suppressing it relative to the appropriate control, PCB153 alone. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. RP Smialowicz, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 2 BP 141 EP 149 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2323 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XL407 UT WOS:A1997XL40700007 PM 9242587 ER PT J AU Berg, RC Keefer, DA Demissie, M Ramamurthy, G Job, CA AF Berg, RC Keefer, DA Demissie, M Ramamurthy, G Job, CA TI Preliminary method development and evaluation of a statewide assessment of ground water and surface water interactions SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article C1 ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Berg, RC (reprint author), ILLINOIS STATE GEOL SURVEY,615 E PEABODY DR,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 17 IS 3 BP 64 EP 69 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb00585.x PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XR462 UT WOS:A1997XR46200004 ER PT J AU McCabe, WJ Job, CA Simons, JJ Graves, JS Terada, CJ AF McCabe, WJ Job, CA Simons, JJ Graves, JS Terada, CJ TI History of the sole source aquifer program: A community-based approach for protecting aquifers used for drinking water supply SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article AB The Sole Source Aquifer Program has helped prevent contamination of many community drinking water supplies. If an aquifer supplies the sole or principal source of a community's drinking water, a local ground water user may petition the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Safe Drinking Water Act for its designation and protection as a ''sole source aquifer.'' Since 1974, residents and officials of 65 communities and multi-community areas have petitioned and received assistance from the EPA to prevent contamination of their local ground water source of drinking water. This designation means that EPA may review federal financially assisted projects to determine if they would contaminate the aquifer and cause a public health hazard. If they could cause contamination, EPA can request that the project be modified or stopped. The significance of this program in terms of population served and funds affected has been substantial, indicating the Sole Source Aquifer Program has been an important local tool for protecting ground water used as a source of drinking water. Information is given on three different examples of sole source aquifer designations protected under this program: the New Jersey Coastal Plain Aquifer System, the Great Miami River Buried Valley Aquifer System (Ohio), and the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer (Idaho), serving populations of 543,000, 921,000, and 275,000, respectively. In all three examples, preventing ground water contamination through the Sole Source Aquifer Program has protected the community drinking water supply. C1 US EPA,REG 3,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. US EPA,REG 10,SEATTLE,WA 98101. RP McCabe, WJ (reprint author), US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 17 IS 3 BP 78 EP 86 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb00588.x PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XR462 UT WOS:A1997XR46200007 ER PT J AU Rosenblum, S Lessler, R Griggs, J Broadway, JA AF Rosenblum, S Lessler, R Griggs, J Broadway, JA TI Photon dose equivalent rate from a cylindrical source using a point kernel technique - Reply SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105 USA. US EPA, MONITORING & ANALYT SERV BRANCH, NATL AIR & RADIAT ENVIRONM LAB, MONTGOMERY, AL 36115 USA. AUBURN UNIV, INT CORPS ENVIRONM, MONTGOMERY, AL 36117 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 72 IS 6 BP 936 EP 936 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA XA233 UT WOS:A1997XA23300014 PM 9169936 ER PT J AU Paode, RD Amy, GL Krasner, SW Summers, RS Rice, EW AF Paode, RD Amy, GL Krasner, SW Summers, RS Rice, EW TI Predicting the formation of aldehydes and BOM SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC-CARBON; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS; DRINKING-WATER; BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; OZONATION; REMOVAL; MATTER; OZONE; FILTERS AB This research attempted to (1) identify water Quality and water treatment parameters that can potentially influence the creation of biodegradable organic matter (BOM) and aldehydes and (2) derive correlations of BOM (estimated by measuring assimilable organic carbon [AOC] and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon [BDOC]) and aldehydes, with ozone dosage and water quality variables, through multiple regression analysis. Aldehyde formation was influenced by ozone dosage, alkalinity, nonhumic fraction of DOG, chlorophyll a, and DOG. Ozonated water BDOC level was a function of raw water BDOC concentration and ozone dosage, whereas AOC concentration in ozonated water was related to raw water AOC level, alkalinity, and ozone dosage. Multiple regression analysis showed good correlations of AOC, BDOC, and aldehydes with the variables listed. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CIVIL ENVIRONM & ARCHITECTURAL ENGN,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,MICROBIOL TREATMENT BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF,WATER QUAL LAB,LA VERNE,CA 91750. RP Paode, RD (reprint author), ARIZONA DEPT ENVIRONM QUAL,3033 N CENT AVE,PHOENIX,AZ 85012, USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 6 BP 79 EP 93 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XE960 UT WOS:A1997XE96000018 ER PT J AU Donegan, KK Seidler, RJ Fieland, VJ Schaller, DL Palm, CJ Ganio, LM Cardwell, DM Steinberger, Y AF Donegan, KK Seidler, RJ Fieland, VJ Schaller, DL Palm, CJ Ganio, LM Cardwell, DM Steinberger, Y TI Decomposition of genetically engineered tobacco under field conditions: Persistence of the proteinase inhibitor I product and effects on soil microbial respiration and protozoa, nematode and microarthropod populations SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetically engineered plants; proteinase inhibitor; risk assessment; soil ecology ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; PLANTS; EXPRESSION; GROWTH AB 1. To evaluate the potential effects of genetically engineered (transgenic) plants on soil ecosystems, litterbags containing leaves of non-engineered (parental) and transgenic tobacco plants were buried in field plots. The transgenic tobacco plants were genetically engineered to constitutively produce proteinase inhibitor I, a protein with insecticidal activity. 2. The litterbag contents and surrounding soil, as well as soil from control plots without litterbags, were sampled over a 5-month period at 2- to 4-week intervals and assayed for proteinase inhibitor concentration, litter decomposition rates, carbon and nitrogen content, microbial respiration rates and population levels of nematodes, protozoa and microarthropods, 3. The proteinase inhibitor concentration in the transgenic plant litter after 57 days was 0.05% of the sample day 0-value and was not detectable on subsequent sample days, Although the carbon content of the transgenic plant litter was comparable to that of the parental plant litter on sample day 0, it became significantly lower over the course of the experiment. 4. Nematode populations in the soil surrounding the transgenic plant litterbags were greater than those in the soil surrounding parental plant litterbags and had a different trophic group composition, including a significantly higher ratio of fungal feeding nr nematodes to bacterial feeding nematodes on sample day 57. In contrast, Collembola populations in the soil surrounding the transgenic plant litterbags were significantly lower than in the soil surrounding parental plant litterbags. 5. Our results demonstrated that under field conditions proteinase inhibitor remained immunologically active in buried transgenic plant litter for at least 57 days and that decomposing parental and transgenic plant litter differed in quality (carbon content) and in the response of exposed soil organisms (Collembola and nematodes). C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT LIFE SCI,IL-52900 RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. RP Donegan, KK (reprint author), DYNAMAC CORP,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 30 TC 54 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3 BP 767 EP 777 DI 10.2307/2404921 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XG786 UT WOS:A1997XG78600016 ER PT J AU Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Pandit, A Biswas, P Brenner, RC AF Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Pandit, A Biswas, P Brenner, RC TI Evaluation of trickle bed air biofilter performance for BTEX removal SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st USC TRG Conference on Biofiltration CY OCT 05-06, 1995 CL UNIV SO CALIF AT LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CA SP Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, Reynolds Grp HO UNIV SO CALIF AT LOS ANGELES ID BIOFILTRATION; TOLUENE AB Biofiltration of a gaseous stream contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three xylene (BTEX) compounds was evaluated in this study. Experimental investigations were conducted on a pilot-scale biofilter containing randomly packed 6-mm R-635 Celite pellets as biological attachment media. The main focus of the study was to expand biofiltration technology to treat high volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentrations while maintaining consistently high removal efficiencies. Operational parameters investigated were BTEX loading, empty bed residence time (EBRT), backwashing frequency and duration, recovery of biofilter removal efficiency after backwashing, development of removal rate constants, and nutrient-phosphorous (nutrient-P) limitation as a biomass control. Periodic backwashing of the biofilter with medium fluidization was necessary for removing excess biomass and attaining stable long-term high removal efficiencies. Removal efficiencies above 99% were achieved for all the BTEX components for loadings up to 1.8 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m(3)/d. Stable overall removal efficiencies of 88% were achieved for a BTEX loading of 6.2 kg COD/m(3)/d and an EBRT of 0.67 min. Evaluations of pseudo-steady-state performance data, one day following backwashing, yielded first-order removal rate constants for all the BTEX components. Removal efficiencies above 99% at BTEX loading of 2.1 kg COD/m(3)/d were attained for a period of 14 d without biofilter backwashing in the absence of nutrient-P. C1 US EPA,NAT RISK MGMT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Sorial, GA (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221, USA. RI Hori, Katsutoshi/K-5289-2012 NR 22 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1997 VL 123 IS 6 BP 530 EP 537 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:6(530) PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XA706 UT WOS:A1997XA70600004 ER PT J AU Wallace, L Slonecker, T AF Wallace, L Slonecker, T TI Ambient air concentrations of fine (PM2.5) manganese in US national parks and in California and Canadian cities: The possible impact of adding MMT to unleaded gasoline SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY PTEAM; ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS; EXPOSURE; INDOOR; PARTICLES; AEROSOL AB The October 1995 court decision allowing Ethyl Corporation to offer methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) for sale to refiners for introduction into unleaded gasoline as an octane enhancer is likely to result in increased fine (PM2.5) manganese (Mn) concentrations in ambient air. Concern exists regarding possible health effects. In this paper, recent fine Mn concentrations in three monitoring networks and one U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study of personal exposure are analyzed. One network consists mainly of rural sites in national parks in the United States, a second consists mainly of urban sites in California, and the third consists mainly of urban sites in Canada where MMT has been used for a number of years. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, mean ambient concentrations ranged from 1 ng/m(3) in the mostly rural network to 3 ng/m(3) in the mostly urban California network to 12 ng/m(3) in the MMT-impacted Canadian network. Several lines of evidence suggested that some of the fine Mn observed in the United States during the 1986-1992 period was contributed by automobiles using leaded gasoline, for which MMT was a registered fuel additive. However, the near-disappearance of leaded gasoline has resulted in a very small portion of fine Mn being attributed to automobiles in the years since 1992. A source apportionment analysis suggested that crustal contributions to ambient fine Mn are on the order of 1-2 ng/m(3) in both the United States and Canada. RP Wallace, L (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR 555,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,OFF RES & DEV,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,RESTON,VA 22090, USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 642 EP 652 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XB842 UT WOS:A1997XB84200001 PM 9180062 ER PT J AU Flemer, DA Ruth, BF Bundrick, CM Moore, JC AF Flemer, DA Ruth, BF Bundrick, CM Moore, JC TI Laboratory effects of microcosm size and the pesticide chlorpyrifos on benthic macroinvertebrate colonization of soft estuarine sediments SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL STREAM SYSTEM; QUALITY CRITERIA; LARVAL SETTLEMENT; RECOLONIZATION; INVERTEBRATES; COMMUNITIES; POLLUTANTS; RESPONSES; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERN AB A 42-d flow-through experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos, and microcosm size (small: 144 cm(2); large: 400 cm(2)) on benthic estuarine macroinvertebrate colonization. Nested central and perimeter (outside margin) cores were used to assess animal distribution within microcosms. Fine-grained, organically-rich (approximately 4.0% organic carbon and 20% dry wt) sediments were nominally fortified with chlorpyrifos controls, low (1.0) and high treatments (10.0 mu g(-1) wet sediment). Large microcosms contained a significantly (p < 0.05) higher average taxa richness (10.9) than small microcosms (8.6) but small microcosms contained a significantly greater average animal density (295.8; numerical abundance adjusted to unit area) than large microcosms (120.5). Density of the polychaete, Neanthes succinea, the amphipod, Corophium acherusicum, and the barnacle, Balanus sp., was significantly greater in small microcosms but density of Ensis minor was significantly greater in large microcosms. In small and large microcosms, respectively, densities averaged significantly greater numbers in perimeter coves (e.g. 203.1 and 75.1) vs central cores (71.9 and 45.4). Average density decreased significantly with increasing chlorpyrifos concentration from controls (326.8), to low (123.8) and high (78.8) treatments. The density decrease was significantly related only to C. acherusicum whose densities decreased from controls (285.8) to low (88.5) and high (43.9) dosed microcosms. Application of an equilibrium partitioning model indicated that density of C. acherusicum was sensitive to an estimated interstitial water concentration of approximately 0.48 mu g liter(-1). Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination analyses provided important insights into response patterns not available through ANOVA procedures. A permutation procedure (ANOSIM) detected a significant size effect (p < 0.0001) and a significant effect between controls and low (p < 0.042) and high doses (p < 0.013) but not between low and high chlorpyrifos treatments (p < 0.465). A single species, C. ascherusicum, as in the ANO VA analyses, dominated contributions to community average percent dissimilarity in most combinations of microcosm size and chlorpyrifos treatment effects (range. 8.4-21.9%). Community structure differed significantly in several combinations of microcosm size, core position and chlorpyrifos treatment. Results confirm earlier work that intrinsic design factors influence benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and determine taxa available to pesticide exposure in microcosms. Published by 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TECH RESOURCES INC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV W FLORIDA,INST STAT & MATH MODELING,PENSACOLA,FL 32514. RP Flemer, DA (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 43 IS 4 BP 243 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(96)00080-3 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA WD621 UT WOS:A1997WD62100001 ER PT J AU Chapman, PM Anderson, B Carr, S Engle, V Green, R Hameedi, J Harmon, M Haverland, P Hyland, J Ingersoll, C Long, E Rodgers, J Salazar, M Sibley, PK Smith, PJ Swartz, RC Thompson, B Windom, H AF Chapman, PM Anderson, B Carr, S Engle, V Green, R Hameedi, J Harmon, M Haverland, P Hyland, J Ingersoll, C Long, E Rodgers, J Salazar, M Sibley, PK Smith, PJ Swartz, RC Thompson, B Windom, H TI General guidelines for using the sediment quality triad SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID INFAUNAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; TOXICITY; CONTAMINATION C1 UNIV CALIF, INST MARINE SCI, MONTEREY, CA 93940 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, USGS BRD, CTR COASTAL STUDIES, CORPUS CHRISTI, TX 78412 USA. USGS BRD, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO, DEPT ZOOL, LONDON, ON N6A 5B7, CANADA. NOAA, NOS, ORCA2, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA. USGS, MIDWEST SCI CTR, COLUMBIA, MO 65201 USA. NOAA, NOS, CHARLESTON, SC 29422 USA. NOAA, ORCA, CMBAD, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA. UNIV MISSISSIPPI, DEPT BIOL, UNIVERSITY, MS 38677 USA. APPL BIOMONITORING, KIRKLAND, WA 98034 USA. US EPA, MID OCEAN ECOL DIV, DULUTH, MN 55803 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT MATH, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. US EPA, NEWPORT, OR 97365 USA. SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY INST, RICHMOND, CA 94804 USA. SKIDAWAY INST OCEANOG, SAVANNAH, GA 31411 USA. RP EVS CONSULTANTS LTD, 195 PEMBERTON AVE, N VANCOUVER, BC V7P 2R4, CANADA. NR 21 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 368 EP 372 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00138-5 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XR026 UT WOS:A1997XR02600011 ER PT J AU Kitchin, KT Brown, JL AF Kitchin, KT Brown, JL TI Simultaneous purification of human albumin and hemoglobin for use as environmental biomarkers SO METHODS AND FINDINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE albumin; hemoglobin; purification; electrophoresis; bromocresol green; biomarkers ID SERUM-ALBUMIN; ADDUCTS AB A combination of known biochemical techniques (binding of bromocresol green to human albumin, nondenaturing electrophoresis and electroelution) have been utilized in a novel purification of human albumin. This paper reports (a) purification of intact, nondenatured human albumin, (b) simultaneous purification of albumin and hemoglobin from a human plasma and red blood cell lysate mixture, (c) development of a purification method for the two most commonly employed protein biomarkers in human environmental epidemiology and (d) demonstration of the general technique of protein purification of colored ligand-protein complexes by undenaturing electrophoresis. The noncovalent binding between a protein (albumin) and a colored ligand (bromocresol green) is the biochemical characteristic exploited in this novel purification scheme. This general purification method may be useful for other colored ligand of fluorescent ligand binding proteins. For small-scale electrophoresis, the amount of protein isolated, percentage yield and protein purity (estimated by SDS-PAGE) were 270 mu g, 80% yield and >99% purity for albumin and 217 mu g, 54% yield and >99% purity for hemoglobin, respectively. For large-scale electrophoresis the comparable dates was 38.3 mg, 57% yield and 98% purity for albumin and 17.2 mg 57% yield and 99% purity for hemoglobin, respectively. RP Kitchin, KT (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU J R PROUS SA PI BARCELONA PA APARTADO DE CORREOS 540, PROVENZA 388, 08025 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0379-0355 J9 METHOD FIND EXP CLIN JI Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 19 IS 5 BP 283 EP 288 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XW543 UT WOS:A1997XW54300001 PM 9379776 ER PT J AU Mass, MJ Wang, LJ AF Mass, MJ Wang, LJ TI Arsenic alters cytosine methylation patterns of the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in human lung cells: A model for a mechanism of carcinogenesis SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arsenic; carcinogenesis; DNA methylation ID MULTIPLE RISK-FACTORS; DNA METHYLATION; BLACKFOOT DISEASE; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; DRINKING-WATER; COLON-CANCER; EXPRESSION; LIVER; METHYLTRANSFERASE; 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AB Arsenic is a potent human carcinogen to which there is significant worldwide exposure through natural contamination of food and drinking water sources. Because arsenic is detoxified via methylation using a methyltransferase (MTase) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor, we hypothesized that a mechanism of carcinogenesis of arsenic could involve alterations of MTase/SAM-dependent DNA methylation of a tumor suppressor gene. We found that exposure of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to sodium arsenite (0.08-2 mu M) or sodium arsenate (30-300 mu M), but not dimethylarsenic acid (2-2000 mu M), produced significant dose-responsive hypermethylation within a 341-base pair fragment of the promoter of p53. This was determined by quantitative PCR/HpaII restriction site analysis to analyze methylation status of two CCGG sites, In experiments with arsenite, DNA sequencing using bisulfite to visualize 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC) over the entire promoter region confirmed data obtained by restriction analysis. Limited data using SssI methylase also suggested that over-methylation of CpG sequences may exist over the entire genome in response to arsenite exposure. We propose that alteration of DNA methylation by arsenic offers a plausible, unified hypothesis for the carcinogenic mechanism of action of arsenic, and we present a model for arsenic carcinogenesis that utilizes perturbations of DNA methylation as the basis for the carcinogenic effects of arsenic. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS DIV MD68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Mass, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS DIV MD68,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 67 TC 195 Z9 214 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 386 IS 3 BP 263 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(97)00008-2 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XG035 UT WOS:A1997XG03500009 PM 9219564 ER PT J AU Moore, MM HarringtonBrock, K Doerr, CL AF Moore, MM HarringtonBrock, K Doerr, CL TI Relative genotoxic potency of arsenic and its methylated metabolites SO MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE organic arsenical; inorganic arsenical; arsenic ID MOUSE LYMPHOMA-CELLS; RESISTANT TFT MUTANTS; SODIUM ARSENITE; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; URINARY-EXCRETION; SISTER CHROMATIDS; TK; COMUTAGENESIS; INGESTION; MUTATIONS AB Arsenic is one of the few identified human carcinogens that has yet to be shown to cause cancer in rodents when the standard bioassay protocols are used. The reasons for this apparent interspecies difference are unclear but may be related to differences between humans and rodents in their detoxification capabilities. Detoxification of arsenic may occur through a methylation pathway. If, in fact, methylation does detoxify arsenic, one would predict that the methylated arsenicals might be less genotoxic than the inorganic arsenicals. To evaluate the hypothesis that the inorganic arsenicals are more mutagenic than the organic arsenicals, we tested sodium arsenite, sodium arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) for their relative mutagenic and clastogenic potentials. We used the L5178Y/TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay which allows the detection of chemicals inducing a broad spectrum of different types of genetic damage. Sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate were active at concentrations of 1-2 mu g/ml and 10-14 mu g/ml, respectively. MMA was active between 2500-5000 mu g/ml; while DMA required almost 10 000 mu g/ml to induce a genotoxic response. The organic arsenicals are thus much less potent as mutagenic agents than the inorganic arsenicals. All four of these arsenicals appear to act by mechanisms that cause chromosomal mutations. RP Moore, MM (reprint author), US EPA,GENET & CELLULAR TOXICOL BRANCH MD68,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 25 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5742 J9 MUTAT RES-REV MUTAT JI Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 386 IS 3 BP 279 EP 290 DI 10.1016/S1383-5742(97)00003-3 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XG035 UT WOS:A1997XG03500010 PM 9219565 ER PT J AU Cairns, MA Brown, S Helmer, EH Baumgardner, GA AF Cairns, MA Brown, S Helmer, EH Baumgardner, GA TI Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE root biomass; forests; aboveground biomass; root:shoot ratio ID NATURAL PLANT-COMMUNITIES; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; DOUGLAS-FIR STANDS; FINE-ROOT; PHYTOMASS STRUCTURE; SOUTHERN VENEZUELA; DECIDUOUS FOREST; CENTRAL HIMALAYA; TROPICAL FOREST; PINE PLANTATION AB Because the world's forests play a major role in regulating nutrient and carbon cycles, there is much interest in estimating their biomass. Estimates of aboveground biomass based on well-established methods are relatively abundant; estimates of root biomass based on standard methods are much less common. The goal of this work was to determine if a reliable method to estimate root biomass density for forests could. be developed based on existing data from the literature. The forestry literature containing root biomass measurements was reviewed and summarized and relationships between both root biomass density (Mg ha(-1)) and root:shoot ratios (R/S) as dependent variables and various edaphic and climatic independent variables, singly and in combination, were statistically tested. None of the tested independent variables of aboveground biomass density, latitude, temperature, precipitation, temperature:precipitation ratios, tree type, soil texture, and age had important explanatory value for R/S. However, linear regression analysis showed that aboveground biomass density, age, and latitudinal category were the most important predictors of root biomass density, and together explained 84% of the variation. A comparison of root biomass density estimates based on our equations with those based on use of generalized R/S ratios for forests in the United States indicated that our method tended to produce estimates that were about 20% higher. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FOREST SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,ANTEON CORP,NATL HLTH & ECOL EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Cairns, MA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ECOL EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 96 TC 482 Z9 549 U1 12 U2 146 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUN PY 1997 VL 111 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1007/s004420050201 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XF860 UT WOS:A1997XF86000001 PM 28307494 ER PT J AU Benson, B AF Benson, B TI Metal finishing industry is a pacesetter in the common sense initiative SO PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING LA English DT Article RP Benson, B (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ELECTROPLATERS SOC INC PI ORLANDO PA 12644 RESEARCH PKWY, ORLANDO, FL 32826-3298 SN 0360-3164 J9 PLAT SURF FINISH JI Plat. Surf. Finish. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 84 IS 6 BP 30 EP & PG 2 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA XB066 UT WOS:A1997XB06600002 ER PT J AU Fiorino, DJ AF Fiorino, DJ TI Strategies for regulatory reform: Forward compared to backward mapping SO POLICY STUDIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LAW AB Most efforts to reform regulation have relied on a forward mapping strategy, which views policy design and implementation from the top down. The limited success of many such reform efforts suggests the need for an alternative approach, barred on a backward mapping strategy. The advantages of such a strategy are that it brings affected stakeholders into the process of designing and implementing reforms;proceeds incrementally to build a consensus for change; and leads to proposals that allow greater discretion and flexibility at the ground level, which is the direction that nearly all critics of existing regulation argue should be taken. Recent initiatives in environmental policy illustrate the uses and potential strengths of a backward mapping strategy for regulatory reform. RP Fiorino, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,POLICY OFF,IND STRATEGIES DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 52 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU POLICY STUDIES ORGANIZATION PI URBANA PA UNIV ILLINOIS 361 LINCOLN HALL, URBANA, IL 61801 SN 0190-292X J9 POLICY STUD J JI Policy Stud. J. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 249 EP 265 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0072.1997.tb00019.x PG 17 WC Political Science; Public Administration SC Government & Law; Public Administration GA YF037 UT WOS:A1997YF03700004 ER PT J AU Powell, RM Puls, RW AF Powell, RM Puls, RW TI Hitting the bull's-eye in groundwater sampling SO POLLUTION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RS KERR ENVIRONM RES CTR,ADA,OK 74820. RP Powell, RM (reprint author), POWELL & ASSOCIATES SCI SERV,LAS VEGAS,NV, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAHNERS-DENVER PUBLISHING CO PI HIGHLANDS RANCH PA 8773 S RIDGELINE BLVD, HIGHLANDS RANCH, CO 80126-2329 SN 0032-3640 J9 POLLUT ENG JI Pollut. Eng. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 29 IS 6 BP 50 EP 54 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XC169 UT WOS:A1997XC16900016 ER PT J AU Guth, DJ Carroll, RJ Simpson, DG Zhou, HB AF Guth, DJ Carroll, RJ Simpson, DG Zhou, HB TI Categorical regression analysis of acute exposure to tetrachloroethylene SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE acute exposures; categorical regression; severity; tetrachloroethylene AB Exposure-response analysis of acute noncancer risks should consider both concentration (C) and duration (T) of exposure, as well as severity of response. Stratified categorical regression is a form of meta-analysis that addresses these needs by combining studies and analyzing response data expressed as ordinal severity categories. A generalized linear model for ordinal data was used to estimate the probability of response associated with exposure and severity category. Stratification of the regression model addresses systematic differences among studies by allowing one or more model parameters to vary across strata defined, for example, by species and sex. The ability to treat partial information addresses the difficulties in assigning consistent severity scores. Studies containing information on acute effects of tetrachloroethylene in rats, mice, and humans were analyzed. The mouse data were highly uncertain due to lack of data on effects of low concentrations and were excluded from the analysis. A model with species-specific concentration intercept terms for rat and human central nervous system data improved fit to the data compared with the base model (combined species). More complex models with strata defined by sex and species did not improve the fit. The stratified regression model allows human effect levels to be identified more confidently by basing the intercept on human data and the slope parameters on the combined data (on a C x T plot). This analysis provides an exposure-response function for acute exposures to tetrachloroethylene using categorical regression analysis. C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT STAT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOSTAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-57030] NR 34 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 3 BP 321 EP 332 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00870.x PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA XK800 UT WOS:A1997XK80000006 PM 9232016 ER PT J AU Wrenn, BA Suidan, MT Strohmeier, KL Eberhart, BL Wilson, GJ Venosa, AD Haines, JR Holder, E AF Wrenn, BA Suidan, MT Strohmeier, KL Eberhart, BL Wilson, GJ Venosa, AD Haines, JR Holder, E TI Influence of tide and waves on washout of dissolved nutrients from the bioremediation zone of a coarse-sand beach: Application in oil-spill bioremediation SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE oil; bioremediation; nutrient; beach; tracer AB Successful bioremediation of oil-contaminated beaches requires maintenance of a sufficient quantity of growth-limiting nutrients in contact with the oiled beach material. A conservative tracer study was conducted on a moderate-energy, sandy beach on Delaware Bay to estimate the washout rate for dissolved nutrients from the bioremediation zone at different stages during the lunar tidal cycle. When an aqueous solution of the conservative tracer (LiNO3) was applied to the beach surface in the upper intertidal zone at the full moon spring tide, it was completely removed within one day. When it was applied at neap tide, however, the tracer persisted in the bioremediation zone for several days. The amount of nutrient remaining in the bioremediation zone was highly correlated with the maximum extent to which the treated area had previously been submerged by water at high tide: submergence resulted in nearly complete removal of dissolved compounds from the bioremediation zone. This high rate of nutrient washout was confirmed by daily monitoring of nutrient concentrations in the bioremediation zone during an oil-spill bioremediation field study that was conducted on a nearby beach. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. US EPA, Natl Risk Management Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Suidan, MT (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 741 Baldwin Hall ML 71, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 4 IS 2 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(98)00005-X PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 108EE UT WOS:000075252400004 ER PT J AU Beck, MB Ravetz, JR Mulkey, LA Barnwell, TO AF Beck, MB Ravetz, JR Mulkey, LA Barnwell, TO TI On the problem of model validation for predictive exposure assessments SO STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS LA English DT Article DE model validation; analysis of uncertainty; model verification; quality assurance; system identification; model calibration ID ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; LAKE-ONTARIO; PEEL INLET; UNCERTAINTY; EUTROPHICATION; PROPAGATION AB The development and use of models for predicting exposures are increasingly common and are essential for many risk assessments of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Exposure assessments conducted by the EPA to assist regulatory or policy decisions are often challenged to demonstrate their ''scientific validity''. Model validation has thus inevitably become a major concern of both EPA officials and the regulated community, sufficiently so that the EPA's Risk Assessment Forum is considering guidance for model validation. The present paper seeks to codify the issues and extensive foregoing discussion of validation with special reference to the development and use of models for predicting the impact of novel chemicals on the environment. Its preparation has been part of the process in formulating a White Paper for the EPA's Risk Assessment Forum. Its subject matter has been drawn from a variety of fields, including ecosystem analysis, surface water quality management, the contamination of groundwaters from high-level nuclear waste, and the control of air quality. The philosophical and conceptual bases of model validation are reviewed, from which it is apparent that validation should be understood as a task of product (or tool) design, for which some form of protocol for quality assurance will ultimately be needed. The commonly used procedures and methods of model validation are also reviewed, including the analysis of uncertainty. Following a survey of past attempts at resolving the issue of model validation, we close by introducing the notion of a model having maximum relevance to the performance of a specific task, such as, for example, a predictive exposure assessment. C1 RES METHODS CONSULTANCY LTD,LONDON NW1 6AU,ENGLAND. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Beck, MB (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 48 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0931-1955 J9 STOCH HYDROL HYDRAUL JI Stoch. Hydrol. Hydraul. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 229 EP 254 DI 10.1007/BF02427917 PG 26 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Statistics & Probability; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mathematics; Water Resources GA XJ535 UT WOS:A1997XJ53500003 ER PT J AU Rogers, JM Mole, ML AF Rogers, JM Mole, ML TI Critical periods of sensitivity to the developmental toxicity of inhaled methanol in the CD-1 mouse SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; WHOLE-EMBRYO CULTURE; RAT EMBRYOS; FORMIC-ACID; ETHANOL; MICE; EXPOSURE; INHALATION; FORMATE AB Exposure of pregnant CD-1 mice to methanol (MeOH) by inhalation on gestation days (gd) 6-15 results in dose-related increases in fetal cleft palate, exencephaly, and skeletal defects. Here, critical periods for the developmental toxicity of MeOH were assessed in pregnant CD-1 mice exposed to 10,000 ppm MeOH or filtered air for 7 hr/day on 2 consecutive days during gd 6-13, or to single day (7 hr) exposures to 10,000 ppm MeOH during gd 5-9. Mice received water but not food during exposure. Maternal blood MeOH was determined at times during, at the end of, and subsequent to a single 7 hr exposure on gd 7. On gd 17, remaining mice were weighed, killed, and gravid uteri removed. Live, dead, and resorbed fetuses were counted, and live fetuses were examined, weighed, and preserved in 70% ethanol. All fetuses were examined externally and for cleft: palate, eviscerated, and stained with Alizarin red for skeletal examination. Pregnant mice lost an average of 0.3-2.9 g during 7 hr exposure to either filtered air or MeOH, but a MeOH treatment effect was evident only with 2-day exposure on gd 7-8. Peak maternal blood MeOH concentration (at the end of exposure) was similar to 4 mg/ml, and MeOH was cleaved from maternal blood within 24 hr. Some fully resorbed litters were observed with 2-day MeOH exposures on gd 6-7 or 7-8, or 1-day exposure an gd 7. With 1-day MeOH exposure on gd 7, the number live was lower than with exposure on any other day. As previously reported, cleft palate, exencephaly, and skeletal defects were the fetal anomalies observed in this mouse strain. Cleft palate occurred with 2-day exposures on gd 6-7 through gd 11-12 (peak on gd 7-8), and with 1-day exposure on gd 5 through gd 9 (peak on gd 7). Exencephaly occurred with 2-day exposures on gd 6-7 through gd 8-9 (peak gd 6-7) or 1-day exposure on gd 5 through gd 8 (peak on gd 7). Skeletal elements malformed included the exoccipital (peak gd 6-7, gd 5), atlas (peak gd 6-7, gd 5,6), axis (peak gd 6-7, gd 7), cervical vertebra 7 with a rib (peak gd 6-7, gd 7), and lumbar vertebra 1 with a rib (peak gd 7-8, gd 7). An increased incidence of fetuses with 25 presacral vertebrae (normal = 26) was observed with methanol exposure on gd 5, whereas an increased incidence of fetuses with 27 presacral vertebrae was observed with MeOH exposure on gd 7. These results indicate that gastrulation and early organogenesis represent a period of increased embryonal sensitivity to methanol. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. RP Rogers, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,DEV BIOL BRANCH,MD-67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD JUN PY 1997 VL 55 IS 6 BP 364 EP 372 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA XV118 UT WOS:A1997XV11800002 PM 9294881 ER PT J AU Andersen, CP Scagel, CF AF Andersen, CP Scagel, CF TI Nutrient availability alters belowground respiration of ozone-exposed ponderosa pine SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; microbial respiration; nutrient availability; respiration quotient; root respiration; soil fertility ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EVOLUTION; MIMIC AMBIENT CONDITIONS; DECIDUOUS FOREST FLOOR; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; ROOT RESPIRATION; ACID-RAIN; MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION; SOIL RESPIRATION; GAS-EXCHANGE; L SEEDLINGS AB Exposure to ozone (O-3) and changes in soil fertility influence both the metabolism of plant roots and their interaction with rhizosphere organisms. Because one indication of altered root metabolism is a change in belowground respiratory activity, we used specially designed measurement chambers to assess the effects of O-3 and nutrient availability on belowground respiratory activity of potted three-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.). Seedlings were exposed to a factorial combination of three O-3 treatments and three fertilization treatments in open-top O-3 exposure chambers. Ozone exposure decreased and high nutrient supply increased total plant dry weight, but root/shoot ratios were not affected. In general, exposure to O-3 increased rates of belowground O-2 uptake and CO2 release and the respiratory quotient (RQ, CO2/O-2), although seasonal differences were detected. In October, following the second season of O-3 exposure, rates of belowground O-2 uptake and CO2 release and RQ were increased in trees in the high-Os exposure treatment by 22, 73 and 32%, respectively, over values in control trees in charcoal-filtered air. Increasing nutrient supply resulted in decreasing rates of belowground O-2 uptake and CO2 release but it had little effect on RQ. In the high-nutrient supply treatment, rates of belowground O-2 uptake and CO2 release were decreased by 38 and 39%, respectively, compared with rates in the low-nutrient supply treatment. At the end of the second growing season, the high-nutrient supply treatment had decreased lateral root total nonstructural carbohydrates by 22% compared with the low-nutrient supply treatment. Nutrient availability altered the belowground respiratory response to O-3, such that the response to O-3 was greatest in the low-nutrient supply treatment. Significant O-3 effects on belowground respiratory activity were apparent before any reduction in total plant growth was found, suggesting that roots and rhizosphere organisms may be early indicators of physiological dysfunction in stressed seedlings. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & EVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 56 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 377 EP 387 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XC799 UT WOS:A1997XC79900004 ER PT J AU Browner, CM AF Browner, CM TI Symposium - Managing international environmental risk: The role of private parties in resolving public problems - Foreword SO UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW LA English DT Editorial Material RP Browner, CM (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV PENN LAW SCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3400 CHESTNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-6204 SN 1086-7872 J9 U PA J INT ECON LAW JI Univ. Pa. J. Int. Econ. Law PD SUM PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 447 EP 454 PG 8 WC Law SC Government & Law GA XP001 UT WOS:A1997XP00100001 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC GodwinSaad, EM Buchman, M AF Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC GodwinSaad, EM Buchman, M TI Effects of pollution on saltwater organisms SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID METAL C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. ADVENT GRP,BRENTWOOD,TN. NOAA,SEATTLE,WA. PTI ENVIRONM SERV,BELLEVUE,WA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH,DEPT BIOL SCI,LONG BEACH,CA 90840, USA. NR 170 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 69 IS 4 BP 877 EP 892 DI 10.2175/106143097X135091 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XH757 UT WOS:A1997XH75700041 ER PT J AU Cicmanec, JL AF Cicmanec, JL TI Comparison of four human studies of perinatal exposure to methylmercury for use in risk assessment (vol 111, pg 157, 1996) SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Correction, Addition RP Cicmanec, JL (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,26 W ML KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 119 IS 3 BP 239 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00051-6 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WX497 UT WOS:A1997WX49700007 ER PT J AU Cooper, GS Sandler, DP AF Cooper, GS Sandler, DP TI Long-term effects of reproductive-age menstrual cycle patterns on peri- and postmenopausal fracture risk SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fractures; menarche; menstrual cycle; menstruation; osteoporosis, postmenopausal ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; ELDERLY WOMEN; MASS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OSTEOPOROSIS; ADOLESCENTS AB The authors examined the association between age at menarche, menstrual cycle characteristics between ages 28 and 32 years, and peri- and postmenopausal fracture risk in a cohort of 874 women who prospectively recorded menstrual cycle data for at least 5 years from their early 20s through their menopause, Fracture history was obtained with a self-administered questionnaire, The mean age of respondents at the lime the questionnaire was completed was 73 years. Wrist fracture (n = 62) risk increased with increasing age at menarche (odds ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.7-6.2) for menarche age greater than or equal to 14 years compared with 12-13 years) and increasing mean cycle length at age 28-32 (odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.0-4.9) for >30.5 days compared with 26.6-30.5 days). Similar results were seen in analyses of the combined wrist, hip, or vertebral fracture group (n = 92). These prospectively recorded menstrual diary data indicate that age at menarche and menstrual cycle patterns may have a long-term association with fracture risk, with effects lasting into the postmenopausal years. RP Cooper, GS (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH A305,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00064] NR 27 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 1997 VL 145 IS 9 BP 804 EP 809 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WX368 UT WOS:A1997WX36800005 PM 9143210 ER PT J AU Yang, Y Gordon, CJ AF Yang, Y Gordon, CJ TI Regulated hypothermia in the hypothyroid rat induced by administration of propylthiouracil SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavioral thermoregulation; thyroid; telemetry; temperature gradient; motor activity; core temperature; ambient temperature; L-thyroxine; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; HORMONE; BRAIN AB Propylthiouracil (PTU), an antithyroidal drug that reduces serum L-thyroxine (T-4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T-3), is presumed to lower core temperature (T-c) by impairing metabolic thermogenesis. However, it is not understood why PTU-treated animals cannot use behavioral and other thermoeffectors to maintain normal T-c. Male rats were administered PTU in drinking water (0.05 mg/ml) while the following parameters were measured: 1) T-c and motor activity (MA) recorded by radiotelemetry for 24 h at ambient temperatures (T-a) of 10-30 degrees C; 2) selected T-a, MA, and T-c in a temperature gradient; and 3) T-c, MA, and grooming behavior during exposure to heat stress (T-a = 34.5 degrees C) for 2 h. PTU reduced serum levels of T-4 and T-3 by 95 and 60%, respectively. T-c decreased after 3 days of PTU treatment; a 0.5 degrees C decrease in T-c persisted throughout the PTU treatment. PTU rats exposed to T-a of 10-30 degrees C maintained a consistent hypothermic T-c during the light phase; however, a deficit in the stability of T-c at night was noted during exposure to 10 degrees C. In the temperature gradient, PTU rats selected warmer T-a, but their T-c was maintained at the same hypothermic levels as observed at fixed T-a values of 15-30 degrees C. Heat stress caused T-c of control rats to increase to 39 degrees C, whereas T-c of the PTU rats was maintained below 38 degrees C. The regulation of T-c at hypothermic levels over a wide range of T-a values and when rats were housed in a temperature gradient indicates that chronic PTU induces a state of regulated hypothermia. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, DIV NEUROTOXICOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. MINIST PUBL HLTH, INST FOOD SAFETY CONTROL & INSPECT, BEIJING 100021, PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 272 IS 5 BP R1390 EP R1395 PG 6 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA WY626 UT WOS:A1997WY62600005 ER PT J AU Mueller, JG Devereux, R Santavy, DL Lantz, SE Willis, SG Pritchard, PH AF Mueller, JG Devereux, R Santavy, DL Lantz, SE Willis, SG Pritchard, PH TI Phylogenetic and physiological comparisons of PAH-degrading bacteria from geographically diverse soils SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 16S rRNA; Biolog(TM); bioremediation; phenotype; phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (GC-FAME); phylogeny; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); taxonomy ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED MATERIALS; BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES; BENCH-SCALE EVALUATION; GEN-NOV; PHASE BIOREMEDIATION; DEEP SUBSURFACE; COMB-NOV; SPHINGOMONAS; PHENANTHRENE AB The diversity of bacteria isolated from creosote- contaminated soils in the United States, Norway, and Germany was determined by comparing their ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (GC-FAME) profiles, sole carbon source utilization patterns (Biolog(TM) assays(dagger)), and 16S rRNA sequences. Bacteria were initially obtained by enrichment with phenanthrene and fluoranthene. Many were capable of degrading a broad range of the PAHs found in creosote. Phenanthrene- or fluoranthene-degraders were abundant in most of the soils tested. Several of the fluoranthene-degrading isolates clustered with Sphingomonas (formerly Pseudomonas) paucimobilis strain EPA505 in the GC-FAME and Biolog(TM) analyses and three of the isolates examined by 16S rRNA sequence comparisons showed a close relationship with Sphingomonas. In addition, the Sphingomonas strains showed the most extensive degradation of 4- & 5-ring PAHs in creosote. Burkholderia cepacia strains isolated on phenanthrene from PAH-contaminated soils had limited ability to attack higher molecular weight PAHs either individually or in creosote. Thus, PAH degradation capabilities appeared to be associated with members of certain taxa, independent of the origin of the soils from which the bacteria were isolated. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, GULF ECOL DIV, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA. USN, RES LAB, WASHINGTON, DC 20375 USA. RP Mueller, JG (reprint author), SBP TECHNOL INC, 1 SABINE ISL DR, GULF BREEZE, FL 32561 USA. NR 71 TC 122 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD MAY PY 1997 VL 71 IS 4 BP 329 EP 343 DI 10.1023/A:1000277008064 PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XD931 UT WOS:A1997XD93100006 PM 9195008 ER PT J AU Middaugh, DP Beckham, N Fournie, JW Deardorff, TL AF Middaugh, DP Beckham, N Fournie, JW Deardorff, TL TI Evaluation of bleached kraft mill process water using Microtox(R), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Menidia beryllina toxicity tests SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EARLY LIFE STAGES; POLYCHLORINATED PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MEDAKA ORYZIAS-LATIPES; RAINBOW-TROUT; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TOXICITY; BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; EGGS; TCDD; PENTACHLOROPHENOL AB To determine whether a 7- to 10-d embryo toxicity/teratogenicity test with the inland silverside fish, Menidia beryllina, is a sensitive indicator for evaluation of bleached kraft mill effluents, we compared this test with the Microtox(R) 15-min acute toxicity test and the Ceriodaphnia dubia 7-d chronic toxicity test. Water samples used in each test were collected from three areas in a bleached kraft pulp and paper mill using a 100% chlorine dioxide bleaching process: 1) river water prior to use in the mill; 2) the combined acid/base waste stream from the pulping process prior to biological treatment in the aerated stabilization basin (ASB); and 3) the effluent from the ASB with a retention time of approximately 11 d. Relative toxicity determined by the three tests for each water sampling location was compared. All three toxicity tests were predictive indicators of toxicity; however, the C. dubia and M. beryllina tests were the more similar and sensitive indicators of toxicity. Process water (ASB influent) prior to biological treatment in the ASB was toxic at all concentrations using the Microtox(R) and C. dubia tests. The fish embryo test showed no toxicity at 1% concentrations, slight toxicity at 10%, and acute toxicity at the 100% ASB influent concentration. Tests with biologically-treated ASB effluent indicated a substantial reduction in observed toxicity to Microtox(R) bacteria, C. dubia, and M. beryllina. No toxic responses were observed in any test at a 1% ASB effluent concentration which was the approximate effluent concentration in the receiving river following mixing. No relationship was found among any toxicological response and effluent levels of adsorbable organic halides, polychlorinated phenolic compounds, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, total suspended solids, color, chemical oxygen demand, or total organic carbon. C1 INT PAPER ERLING RIIS RES LAB,MOBILE,AL 36652. RP Middaugh, DP (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 BP 367 EP 375 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XG447 UT WOS:A1997XG44700005 PM 9175501 ER PT J AU Boese, BL Lamberson, JO Swartz, RC Ozretich, RJ AF Boese, BL Lamberson, JO Swartz, RC Ozretich, RJ TI Photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene to seven marine benthic crustaceans SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; LIGHT AB Seven marine benthic crustaceans were exposed in 4 d water-only toxicity tests to five concentrations of fluoranthene. After exposures, mortality (LC50) and the ability to bury in clean sediment (EC50) were determined. Survivors were then exposed to UV radiation for 1 h. The differences between LC(50)s and EC(50)s before and after UV exposure were used to assess photoinduced toxicity. UV exposure enhanced fluoranthene toxicity by as much as tenfold in five of the seven species tested (Rhepoxynius abronius, Eohaustorius estuarius, Leptocheirus plumulosus, Grandidierella japonica, and Corophium insidiosum). Species having the greatest potential for natural exposure to sunlight (Excirolana vancouverensis and Emerita analoga) were the least sensitive to photoinduced fluoranthene toxicity. Although photoinduced toxicity needs to be considered in environmental risk assessments, testing should be done, using ecologically relevant species and exposures. RP Boese, BL (reprint author), US EPA, HATFIELD MARINE SCI CTR, COASTAL ECOL BRANCH, WESTERN ECOL DIV, NEWPORT, OR 97365 USA. NR 17 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 BP 389 EP 393 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XG447 UT WOS:A1997XG44700008 PM 9175504 ER PT J AU Morton, MG Mayer, FL Dickson, KL Waller, WT Moore, JC AF Morton, MG Mayer, FL Dickson, KL Waller, WT Moore, JC TI Acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl to two estuarine species, Mysidopsis bahia and Cyprinodon variegatus SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMICALS AB The acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl (Guthion) was evaluated for two estuarine species in the laboratory, Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were selected as the representative investebrate and vertebrate estuarine test species, respectively, The toxicological endpoints determined for each species included the 96-h LC50, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), and the acute-to-chronic ratio. The 96-h LC50 value derived for sheepshead minnows (2.0 mu g/L) was seven times higher than the 96-h LC50 value (0.29 mu g/L) derived for mysids, The MATCs were 0.024 mu g/L and 0.24 mu g/L, for the mysid and the sheepshead minnow, respectively. The estimated acute-to-chronic ratios were 12 for mysids and 8.3 for sheepshead minnows. C1 US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,ORD,NHEERL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. UNIV N TEXAS,INST APPL SCI,DENTON,TX 76203. RP Morton, MG (reprint author), US EPA,REG 6,1445 ROSS AVE,DALLAS,TX 75202, USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 32 IS 4 BP 436 EP 441 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA XG447 UT WOS:A1997XG44700017 PM 9175513 ER PT J AU Dearden, JC Barratt, MD Benigni, R Bristol, DW Combes, RD Cronin, MTD Judson, PN Payne, MP Richard, AM Tichy, M Worth, AP Yourick, JJ AF Dearden, JC Barratt, MD Benigni, R Bristol, DW Combes, RD Cronin, MTD Judson, PN Payne, MP Richard, AM Tichy, M Worth, AP Yourick, JJ TI The development and validation of expert systems for predicting toxicity - The report and recommendations of an ECVAM/ECB workshop (ECVAM workshop 24) SO ATLA-ALTERNATIVES TO LABORATORY ANIMALS LA English DT Editorial Material ID NATIONAL-TOXICOLOGY-PROGRAM; AUTOMATED STRUCTURE EVALUATION; IDENTIFYING CONTACT ALLERGENS; RODENT CARCINOGENICITY; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; 44 CHEMICALS; SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; SAFETY EVALUATION; BIOASSAYS C1 LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIV, SCH PHARM & CHEM, LIVERPOOL L3 3AF, MERSEYSIDE, ENGLAND. UNILEVER RES, ENVIRONM SAFETY LAB, SHARNBROOK MK44 1LQ, BEDS, ENGLAND. IST SUPER SANITA, I-00161 ROME, ITALY. NIEHS, NIH, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. FRAME, NOTTINGHAM NG1 4EE, ENGLAND. HEATHER LEA, HARROGATE HG3 1TE, ENGLAND. HLTH & SAFETY LAB, SHEFFIELD S3 7HQ, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND. US EPA, NHEERL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NATL INST PUBL HLTH, PREDICT TOXICOL LAB, PRAGUE 10042 10, CZECH REPUBLIC. US FDA, COSMET TOXICOL BRANCH, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA. RP Dearden, JC (reprint author), COMMISS EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, JOINT RES CTR, INST ENVIRONM, ECVAM, TP 580, I-21020 ISPRA, VA, ITALY. NR 79 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 1 PU FRAME PI NOTTINGHAM PA RUSSELL & BURCH HOUSE 96-98 NORTH SHERWOOD ST, NOTTINGHAM NG1 4EE, NOTTS, ENGLAND SN 0261-1929 J9 ATLA-ALTERN LAB ANIM JI ATLA-Altern. Lab. Anim. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 223 EP 252 PG 30 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA XC771 UT WOS:A1997XC77100009 ER PT J AU DeMarini, DM Brooks, LR Bhatnagar, VK Hayes, RB Eischen, BT Shelton, ML Zenser, TV Talaska, G Kashyap, SK Dosemeci, M Kashyap, R Parikh, DJ Lakshmi, V Hsu, F Davis, BB Jaeger, M Rothman, N AF DeMarini, DM Brooks, LR Bhatnagar, VK Hayes, RB Eischen, BT Shelton, ML Zenser, TV Talaska, G Kashyap, SK Dosemeci, M Kashyap, R Parikh, DJ Lakshmi, V Hsu, F Davis, BB Jaeger, M Rothman, N TI Urinary mutagenicity as a biomarker in workers exposed to benzidine: Correlation with urinary metabolites and urothelial DNA adducts SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; N-ACETYLATION PHENOTYPE; BLADDER-CANCER; CIGARETTE SMOKERS; COAL-TAR; HEMOGLOBIN ADDUCTS; PSORIATIC PATIENTS; RUBBER INDUSTRY; BODY-FLUIDS; HUMAN LIVER AB Urinary mutagenicity has been used in occupational and epidemiological studies for over two decades as a cost-effective, general biomarker of exposure to genotoxic agents. However, few studies have compared urinary mutagenicity to additional biomarkers determined among low- and high-exposed groups. To address this issue, we evaluated the relationship between urinary mutagenicity and other types of biomarkers in a cross-sectional study involving 15 workers exposed to the urinary bladder carcinogen benzidine (BZ, high exposure), 15 workers exposed to BZ-dyes (low exposure), and 13 unexposed controls in Ahmedabad, India. Urinary organics were extracted by C18/methanol and evaluated for mutagenicity in the presence of S9 in the Salmonella strain YG1024, which is a frameshift strain that overproduces acetyltransferase. The results were compared to biomarker data reported recently from the same urine samples (Rothman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 5084-5089, 1996) that included a metabolite biomarker (the sum of the urinary levels of BZ + N-acetylbenzidine + N,N'-diacetylbenzidine) and a DNA adduct biomarker [a presumptive N-(3'-phosphodeoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N'-acetylbenzidine (C8dG-ABZ) DNA adduct in exfoliated urothelial cells]. The mean SE urinary mutagenicity (revertants/mu mol of creatinine) of the low-exposure (BZ-dye) workers was 8.2 +/- 2.4, which was significantly different from the mean of the controls (2.8 +/- 0.7, P = 0.04) as was that of the mean of the high-exposure (BZ) workers (123.2 +/- 26.1, P < 0.0001). Urinary mutagenicity showed strong, positive correlations with urinary metabolites (r = 0.88, P < 0.0001) and the level of the presumptive C8dG-ABZ urothelial DNA adduct (r = 0.59, P = 0.0006). A strong association was found between tobacco use (bidi smoking) and urinary mutagenicity among the controls (r = 0.68, P = 0.01) but not among the exposed workers (r = 0.18, P = 0.11). This study confirms the ability of a biomarker such as urinary mutagenicity to detect low-dose exposures, identify additional genotoxic exposures among the controls, and correlate strongly with urinary metabolites and DNA adducts in the target tissue (urinary bladder epithelia) in humans. C1 NATL INST OCCUPAT HLTH,AHMEDABAD,GUJARAT,INDIA. NCI,DIV CANC EPIDEMIOL & GENET,BETHESDA,MD 20892. VET ADM MED CTR,ST LOUIS,MO 63125. ST LOUIS UNIV,SCH MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63125. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH 45267. RP DeMarini, DM (reprint author), US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1P30-ES-06096-01] NR 71 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD MAY PY 1997 VL 18 IS 5 BP 981 EP 988 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.5.981 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA WZ324 UT WOS:A1997WZ32400015 PM 9163684 ER PT J AU Singh, A Nocerino, J AF Singh, A Nocerino, J TI Robust intervals for some environmental applications SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Environmetrics and Chemometrics CY SEP 11-13, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA, NISS, NIST, Elsevier Sci Publ, Gulf Coast Hazardous Subst Res Ctr, Monsanto Chem Co, Texas A&M Univ DE critical values; degrees of freedom; interval estimates; PROP influence function; robust M-estimation; statistical quality control; student's t-statistic ID MULTIPLE OUTLIERS; IDENTIFICATION AB In an effort to keep the environment clean, local communities, commercial industries, and government agencies, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), need to assess the extent of contamination at polluted sites. The site characterization results are then used to establish approaches for remediation, to determine background threshold levels of the pollutants of concern, and to make decisions on various environmental monitoring and remediation activities. Some aspects of site characterization depend upon the chemical analyses of soil or water samples collected at the site. In Superfund and other applications these environmental samples are routinely analyzed by the various laboratories participating in quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) programs, such as the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) of the US EPA. The performance of those laboratories is typically monitored through statistical quality control (SQC) techniques requiring the use of the estimates of population parameters of location and scale. However, outlying observations, when present, can distort the entire estimation process, which in turn can lead to incorrect decisions. In order to address these issues, several interval estimates have been discussed. The robust procedure based upon the PROP influence function identifies multiple outliers successfully and provides reliable estimates of population parameters. The weights assigned to individual observations are used to obtain estimates of the degrees of freedom (d.f.) associated with the Student's t and other relevant statistics. The appropriate use of these intervals together with the robust estimates of the population parameters and of the associated degrees of freedom result in more accurate and precise statistical regions to be used in these applications. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV, LAS VEGAS, NV 89193 USA. RP Singh, A (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SYST & TECHNOL CO, 980 KELLY JOHNSON DR, LAS VEGAS, NV 89119 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 55 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0169-7439(97)00008-7 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA XB913 UT WOS:A1997XB91300007 ER PT J AU Pleil, JD Lindstrom, AB AF Pleil, JD Lindstrom, AB TI Exhaled human breath measurement method for assessing exposure to halogenated volatile organic compounds SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE exhaled breath sampling; exposure assessment ID MODEL; CHLOROFORM; CHEMICALS AB The organic constituents of exhaled human breath are representative of blood-borne concentrations through gas exchange in the blood/breath interface in the lungs. The presence of specific compounds can be an indicator of recent exposure or represent a biological response of the subject. For volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sampling and analysis of breath is preferred to direct measurement from blood samples because breath collection is noninvasive, potentially infectious waste is avoided, and the measurement of gas-phase analytes is much simpler in a gas matrix rather than in a complex biological tissue such as blood. To exploit these advantages, we have developed the ''single breath canister'' (SEC) technique, a simple direct collection method for individual alveolar breath samples, and adapted conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical methods for trace-concentration VOC analysis. The focus of this paper is to describe briefly the techniques for making VOC measurements in breath, to present some specific applications for which these methods are relevant, and to demonstrate how to estimate exposure to example VOCs on the basis of breath elimination. We present data from three different exposure scenarios: (a) vinyl chloride and cis-1,2-dichloroethene from showering with contaminated water from a private well, (b) chloroform and bromodichloromethane from high-intensity swimming in chlorinated pool water, and (c) trichloroethene from a controlled exposure chamber experiment. In all cases, for all subjects, the experiment is the same: preexposure breath measurement, exposure to halogenated VOC, and a postexposure time-dependent series of breath measurements. Data are presented only to demonstrate the use of the method and how to interpret the analytical results. RP Pleil, JD (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB MD44,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 16 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 43 IS 5 BP 723 EP 730 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA WY184 UT WOS:A1997WY18400004 PM 9166222 ER PT J AU Rhyne, TM AF Rhyne, TM TI Going virtual with geographic information and scientific visualization SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Scientific visualization; Geographic Information Systems; Virtual reality; World Wide Web; Virtual Reality Modeling Language AB Four levels of integration methods for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Scientific Visualization (SciVis) are described. They are rudimentary (minimal data sharing); operational (consistency of data); functional (transparent communication); and merged (comprehensive toolkit). The role of virtual reality and World Wide Web (WWW) developments for geographic visualization are also highlighted. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science. RP Rhyne, TM (reprint author), US EPA,CTR VISUAL SCI,LOCKHEED MARTIN TECH SERV,86 ALEXANDER DR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 23 IS 4 BP 489 EP 491 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00017-4 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA XP416 UT WOS:A1997XP41600014 ER PT J AU Heizer, WD Sandler, RS Seal, E Murray, SC Busby, MG Schliebe, BG Pusek, SN AF Heizer, WD Sandler, RS Seal, E Murray, SC Busby, MG Schliebe, BG Pusek, SN TI Intestinal effects of sulfate in drinking water on normal human subjects SO DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE diarrhea; sulfate; drinking water; normal adults ID INORGANIC SULFATE; PERFORMANCE; EXCRETION; DIARRHEA; ACID AB Uncontrolled observations implicate sulfate in drinking water at concentrations exceeding 500-700 mg/liter as a cause of diarrhea, but controlled studies have not been reported. We conducted a controlled study in normal adults to determine the effect of various drinking water sodium sulfate concentrations on bowel function. Ten healthy subjects were given a constant diet and fluid intake. Fluid consisted of 36 ml/kg/day of drinking water of various known sulfate concentrations and 500 ml of other fluid. In a dose-ranging study, four subjects received drinking water with sulfate concentrations of 0, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 mg/liters for six consecutive two-day periods. In a single-dose study, six other subjects received water with sulfate concentrations of 0 and 1200 mg/liter for two consecutive six-day periods. Stool mass, frequency, and consistency and mouth-to-anus appearance time of colored markers were measured. In the dose-ranging study, the only significant linear trend was decreasing mouth-to-anus appearance time with increasing sulfate concentrations. In the single-dose study, 1200 mg/liter sulfate caused a significant but clinically mild increase in mean stool mass per six-day pool from 621 g to 922 g (P = 0.03). When all 10 subjects were used to compare effects of 0 mg/liter and 1200 mg/liter sulfate, significant differences in stool consistency (P = 0.02) and transit time (P = 0.03) were observed. None of the subjects reported diarrhea or passed more than three stools per day. In 10 normal adult subjects, sulfate in drinking water at a concentration of 1200 mg/liter, which is higher than reported to occur in US municipal water sources, caused a measurable but clinically insignificant increase in stool mass and decrease in stool consistency and appearance time, but no change in stool frequency and no complaint of diarrhea. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,GEN CLIN RES CTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,CTR GASTROINTESTINAL BIOL & DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP Heizer, WD (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,DIV DIGEST DIS & NUTR,DEPT MED,CB 7080,324 BURNETT WOMACK BLDG,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00046]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK34987] NR 31 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0163-2116 J9 DIGEST DIS SCI JI Dig. Dis. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1055 EP 1061 DI 10.1023/A:1018801522760 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA WY084 UT WOS:A1997WY08400027 PM 9149062 ER PT J AU Shealy, DB Barr, JR Ashley, DL Patterson, DG Camann, DE Bond, AE AF Shealy, DB Barr, JR Ashley, DL Patterson, DG Camann, DE Bond, AE TI Correlation of environmental carbaryl measurements with serum and urinary 1-naphthol measurements in a farmer applicator and his family SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air; carbaryl; farmer; 1-naphthol; serum; urine ID WORKERS AB In exposure or risk assessments, both environmental and biological measurements are often used. Environmental measurements are an excellent means for evaluating regulatory compliance, but the models used to estimate body burden from these measurements are complex. Unless all possible routes of exposure (i.e., inhalation, dermal absorption, ingestion) are evaluated, exposure to a toxicant can be underestimated. To circumvent this problem, measurements of the internal dose of a toxicant in blood, serum, urine, or tissues can be used singularly or in combination with environmental data for exposure assessment. In three separate laboratories, carbaryl or its primary metabolite, 1-naphthol, was measured in personal air, dermal samples, blood serum, and urine from farmer applicators and their families. The usefulness of both environmental and biological data has been demonstrated. For the farmer applicator, the environmental levels of carbaryl would have been sufficient to determine that an exposure had occurred. However, biological measurements were necessary to determine the absorbed dose of each member of the applicator's family. In addition, a correlation between serum and urinary 1-naphthol measurements has been shown; therefore, either matrix can be used to accurately evaluate occupational carbaryl exposure. C1 SW RES INST,DEPT ENVIRONM CHEM,DIV CHEM & CHEM ENGN,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78228. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Shealy, DB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 15 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 105 IS 5 BP 510 EP 513 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105510 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XF983 UT WOS:A1997XF98300017 PM 9222136 ER PT J AU Koren, HS Utell, MJ AF Koren, HS Utell, MJ TI Asthma and the environment SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,MED CTR,ROCHESTER,NY 14642. RP Koren, HS (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-58A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 105 IS 5 BP 534 EP 537 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105534 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XF983 UT WOS:A1997XF98300021 PM 9222140 ER PT J AU Abbruzzese, B Leibowitz, SG AF Abbruzzese, B Leibowitz, SG TI A synoptic approach for assessing cumulative impacts to wetlands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cumulative impact assessment; landscape ecology; regional prioritization ID AREAS AB The US Environmental Protection Agency's Wetlands Research Program has developed the synoptic approach as a proposed method for assessing cumulative impacts to wetlands by providing both a general and a comprehensive view of the environment. It can also be applied more broadly to regional prioritization of environmental issues. The synoptic approach is a framework for making comparisons between landscape subunits, such as watersheds, ecoregions, or counties, thereby allowing cumulative impacts to be considered in management decisions, Because there is a lack of tools that can be used to address cumulative impacts within regulatory constraints, the synoptic approach was designed as a method that could make use of available information and best professional judgement. Thus, the approach is a compromise between the need for rigorous results and the need for timely information, It is appropriate for decision making when quantitative, accurate information is not available; the;cost of improving existing information or obtaining better information is high; the cost of a wrong answer is low, there is a high demand for the information; and the situation calls for setting priorities between multiple decisions versus optimizing for a single decision. The synoptic approach should be useful for resource managers because an assessment is timely, it can be completed within one to two years at relatively low cost, tested, and improved over time. An assessment can also be customized to specific needs, and the results are presented in mapped format. However, the utility of a synoptic assessment depends on how well knowledge of the environment is incorporated into the assessment, relevant to particular management questions. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DYNAMAC CORP ENVIRONM SERV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 47 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 21 IS 3 BP 457 EP 475 DI 10.1007/s002679900042 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WU840 UT WOS:A1997WU84000013 ER PT J AU Summers, JK Weisberg, SB Holland, AF Kou, JY Engle, VD Breitberg, DL Diaz, RJ AF Summers, JK Weisberg, SB Holland, AF Kou, JY Engle, VD Breitberg, DL Diaz, RJ TI Characterizing dissolved oxygen conditions in estuarine environments SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; BOTTOM WATERS; HYPOXIA; MACROBENTHOS; RESPONSES; LOUISIANA; DEPLETION; COMMUNITY; MORTALITY; PATTERNS AB Dissolved oxygen concentration, which is often measured in estuaries to quantify the results of and stresses associated with eutrophication, can be highly variable with time of day and tidal stage. To assess how well dissolved oxygen conditions are characterized by typical monitoring programs, we conducted Monte Carlo sampling from 16 semi-continuous, 31-day dissolved oxygen records collected from estuaries along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to mimic three sampling strategies: (1) systematic point-in-time sampling, (2) random point-in-time sampling, and (3) short-term continuous records. These strategies were evaluated for their accuracy in estimating mean oxygen concentration, minimum oxygen concentration, and percent of time below a threshold value of 2 ppm. Mean dissolved oxygen concentration was most accurately estimated in both estuarine regions by random point-in-time sampling, but this strategy required more than ten samplings per month for the estimate to be within 0.5 ppm on 50% of the simulations. Short-term continuous sampling (24-48 h) correctly identified estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico region where dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than 2 ppm were experienced greater than 20% of the time. However, large tidal variations in Atlantic coast estuaries showed this measure to be inaccurate in these estuarine environments. None of the sampling strategies correctly identified month-long oxygen minima within 0.5 ppm for more than 50% of the simulations. This inability to characterize correctly dissolved oxygen conditions could add significant uncertainty to risk assessments, waste load allocation models, and other water quality evaluations that are the basis for developing wastewater treatment strategies and requirements. Perhaps more importantly, the inaccuracy with which conventional sampling procedures characterize minimum dissolved oxygen values suggests that the extent of hypoxia in estuarine waters in being substantially underestimated. RP Summers, JK (reprint author), US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. RI Weisberg, Stephen/B-2477-2008 OI Weisberg, Stephen/0000-0002-0655-9425 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3 BP 319 EP 328 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XH904 UT WOS:A1997XH90400007 ER PT J AU Mulawa, PA Cadle, SH Knapp, K Zweidinger, R Snow, R Lucas, R Goldbach, J AF Mulawa, PA Cadle, SH Knapp, K Zweidinger, R Snow, R Lucas, R Goldbach, J TI Effect of ambient temperature and E-10 fuel on primary exhaust particulate matter emissions from light duty vehicles SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB During the winter of 1994-1995, the State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation conducted a multifaceted program designed to evaluate the impact of switching from regular gasoline to an E-10 fuel (gasoline with 10% ethanol) in Fairbanks. As part of that program, 10 in-use vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer at temperatures of 20, 0, and -20 degrees F using both fuels. Three of these vehicles were retested in the EPA facilities at Research Triangle Park, NC, under the same conditions. Vehicles were driven over the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule of the Federal Test Procedure during testing. PM-10 exhaust emission samples were collected at Fairbanks, and total particulate samples were obtained at the EPA. Results from both parts of this study indicate that particulate matter (PM) emission rates increased with decreasing temperature for both fuels. The increase occurred primarily during cold starting and is assumed to be due to enrichment. Particulate matter emission rates during operation on the E-10 fuel were lower relative to rates obtained during operation on the base gasoline. Exhaust hydrocarbon and PM emissions were well correlated, suggesting that fully phased-in Federal Tier 1 vehicle emission standards will reduce PM emissions from new vehicles and that rich-operating, high emitters can be expected to have high PM emissions. C1 US EPA,MOBILE SOURCE EMISS BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. ALASKA DEPT ENVIRONM CONSERVAT,AIR & WATER QUAL DIV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99709. UNIV ALASKA,SCH MANAGEMENT,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701. RP Mulawa, PA (reprint author), GM CORP,CTR RES & DEV,MC 480-106-269,30500 MOUND RD,WARREN,MI 48090, USA. NR 15 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1302 EP 1307 DI 10.1021/es960514r PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800024 ER PT J AU Meier, JR Chang, LW Jacobs, S Torsella, J Meckes, MC Smith, MK AF Meier, JR Chang, LW Jacobs, S Torsella, J Meckes, MC Smith, MK TI Use of plant and earthworm bioassays to evaluate remediation of soil from a site contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; phytotoxicity; earthworms; genotoxicity; Isopropanol ID ANAPHASE-TELOPHASE TEST; EISENIA-FETIDA; SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS; COMPARATIVE TOXICITY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; HEAVY-METALS; GENOTOXICITY; REPRODUCTION; BIOREMEDIATION AB Soil from a site heavily contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was treated with a pilot-scale, solvent extraction technology. Bioassays in earthworms and plants were used to examine the efficacy of the remediation process for reducing the toxicity of the soil. The earthworm toxicity bioassays were the 14-d survival test and 21-d reproduction test, using Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida andrei. The plant bioassays included phytotoxicity tests for seed germination and root elongation in lettuce and oats, and a genotoxicity test (anaphase aberrations) in Allium cepa (common onion). Although the PCB content of the soil was reduced by 99% (below the remediation goal), toxicity to earthworm reproduction remained essentially unchanged following remediation. Furthermore, phytotoxicity and genotoxicity were higher for the remediated soil compared to the untreated soil. The toxicity remaining after treatment appeared to be due to residual solvent introduced during the remediation process, and/or to heavy metals or other inorganic contaminants not removed by the treatment. Mixture studies involving isopropanol and known toxicants indicated possible synergistic effects of the extraction solvent and soil contaminants. The toxicity in plants was essentially eliminated by a postremediation, water-rinsing step. These results demonstrate a need for including toxicity measurements in the evaluation of technologies used in hazardous waste site remediations, and illustrate the potential value of such measurements for making modifications to remediation processes. C1 DYNCORP, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. US EPA, NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. RP Meier, JR (reprint author), US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. NR 42 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 16 IS 5 BP 928 EP 938 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0928:UOPAEB>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WX065 UT WOS:A1997WX06500012 ER PT J AU Russom, CL Bradbury, SP Broderius, SJ Hammermeister, DE Drummond, RA AF Russom, CL Bradbury, SP Broderius, SJ Hammermeister, DE Drummond, RA TI Predicting modes of toxic action from chemical structure: Acute toxicity in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE quantitative structure-activity relationships; expert systems; toxic action mode; aquatic toxicology; Pimephales promela ID RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; AQUATIC TOXICITY; FISH; SYSTEM; MECHANISMS; ALCOHOLS; 4-CHLOROANILINE; ELECTROPHILES AB In the field of aquatic toxicology, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) have developed as scientifically credible models for predicting the toxicity of chemicals when little or no empirical data are available. In recent years, there has been an evolution of QSAR development and application from that of a chemical-class perspective to one that is more consistent with assumptions regarding modes of toxic action. The objective of this research was to develop procedures that relate modes of acute toxic action in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to chemical structures and properties. An empirically derived database for diverse chemical structures of acute toxicity and corresponding modes of toxic action was developed through joint toxic action studies, the establishment of toxicodynamic profiles, and behavioral and dose-response interpretation of 96-h LC50 tests. Using the results from these efforts, as well as principles in the toxicological literature, approximately 600 chemicals were classified as narcotics (three distinct groups), oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers, respiratory inhibitors, electrophiles/proelectrophiles, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, or central nervous system seizure agents. Using this data set, a computer-based expert system has been established whereby chemical structures are associated with likely modes of toxic action and, when available, corresponding QSARs. RP Russom, CL (reprint author), US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV, 6201 CONGDON BLVD, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 68 TC 395 Z9 410 U1 9 U2 71 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 16 IS 5 BP 948 EP 967 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0948:PMOTAF>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WX065 UT WOS:A1997WX06500014 ER PT J AU Munns, WR Black, DE Gleason, TR Salomon, K Bengtson, D GutjahrGobell, R AF Munns, WR Black, DE Gleason, TR Salomon, K Bengtson, D GutjahrGobell, R TI Evaluation of the effects of dioxin and PCBs on Fundulus heteroclitus populations using a modeling approach SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; polychlorinated biphenyls; ecological risk; Fundulus heteroclitus; population model ID LIFE TABLE EVALUATION; SALT-MARSH; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; BEDFORD HARBOR; SEDIMENT; GROWTH; MASSACHUSETTS; REPRODUCTION; MECHANISM AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is reevaluating the risks associated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs). Most information currently available concerning CHC toxic action and biological effects focuses on the responses of individual organisms, as opposed to the potential impacts of CHCs on populations, communities, or ecosystems. In support of EPA's reevaluation, survivorship and reproduction data from two previous studies involving the estuarine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus), exposed as adults to either dioxin or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were interpreted at the population level using a stage-classified model of F. heteroclitus population dynamics. The studies differed with respect to the route of exposure of the parental stock: dietary exposure to dioxin in the laboratory and natural exposure to PCBs at the New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts marine Superfund site. The CHC effects documented in these studies were used to modify fertility and survivorship in the population model. The finite population multiplication (growth) rate, estimated using the model, was used as the measure of population-level effect. In both cases, a negative relationship was observed between CHC dose (quantified as dioxin whole-body burden and liver burden of non-ortho- and mono-ortho-substituted PCB congeners) and population growth rate. The dose-response relationships developed in this study provide useful information for assessing the ecological risks of CHCs to estuarine fish populations. C1 US EPA, ENVIRONM RES LAB, SCI APPLICAT INT CORP, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. UNIV RHODE ISL, GRAD SCH OCEANOG, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. UNIV RHODE ISL, DEPT ZOOL, KINGSTON, RI 02882 USA. RP Munns, WR (reprint author), US EPA, ATLANTIC ECOL DIV, 27 TARZWELL DR, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA. NR 40 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1074 EP 1081 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1074:EOTEOD>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WX065 UT WOS:A1997WX06500030 ER PT J AU Luebke, RW Hodson, PV Faisal, M Ross, PS Grasman, KA Zelikoff, J AF Luebke, RW Hodson, PV Faisal, M Ross, PS Grasman, KA Zelikoff, J TI Aquatic pollution-induced immunotoxicity in wildlife species SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUCKER CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI; SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WHALES DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; OYSTER CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT; ST-LAWRENCE ESTUARY; FISH-EATING BIRDS; HARBOR SEALS; GREAT-LAKES AB The potential for chemicals to adversely affect human immunologic health has traditionally been evaluated in rodents, under laboratory conditions, These laboratory studies have generated valuable hazard identification and immunotoxicologic mechanism data; however, genetically diverse populations exposed in the wild may better reflect both human exposure conditions and may provide insight into potential immunotoxic effects in humans, In addition, comparative studies of species occupying reference and impacted sites provide important information on the effects of environmental pollution on the immunologic health of wildlife populations. In this symposium overview, Peter Hodson describes physiological changes in fish collected above or below the outflows of paper mills discharging effluent from the bleaching process (BKME). Effects attributable to BKME were identified, as were physiological changes attributable to other environmental factors, In this context, he discussed the problems of identifying true cause and effect relationships in field studies. Mohamed Faisal described changes in immune function of fish collected from areas with high levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbon contamination. His studies identified a contaminant-related decreases in the ability of anterior kidney leukocytes to bind to and kill tumor cell line targets, as well as changes in lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens, Altered proliferative responses of fish from the contaminated site were partially reversed by maintaining fish in water from the reference site, Peter Ross described studies in which harbor seals were fed herring obtained from relatively clean (Atlantic Ocean) and contaminated (Baltic Sea) waters, Decreased natural killer cell activity and lymphoproliferative responses to T and B cell mitogens, as well as depressed antibody and delayed hypersensitivity responses to injected antigens, were identified in seals fed contaminated herring, In laboratory studies, it was determined that rats fed freeze-dried Baltic Sea herring had higher virus titers after challenge with rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) than rats fed Atlantic Ocean herring; perinatal exposure of rats to oil extracted from Baltic herring also reduced the response to challenge with RCMV, Keith Grassman reported an association between exposure to polyhalogenated aryl hydrocarbons and decreased T cell immunity in the offspring of fish-eating birds (herring gulls and Capsian terns) at highly contaminated sites in the Great Lakes. The greatest suppression of skin test responses to phytohemagglutinin injection (an indicator of T cell immunity) was consistently found at sites with the highest contaminant concentrations, Judith Zelikoff addressed the applicability of immunotoxicity studies developed in laboratory-reared fish for detecting altered immune function in wild populations. She presented data from studies done in her laboratory with environmentally relevant concentrations of metals as examples, Although the necessity of proceeding with caution when extrapolating across species was emphasized, she concluded that published data, and results presented by the other Symposium participants, demonstrate that assays similar to those developed for use in laboratory rodents may be useful for detecting immune system defects in wildlife species directly exposed to toxicants present in the environment. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 QUEENS UNIV, SCH ENVIRONM SCI, KINGSTON, ON K7L 3N6, CANADA. VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCI, COLL WILLIAM & MARY, SCH MARINE SCI, GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 USA. SEAL REHABIL & RES CTR, PIETERBUREN, NETHERLANDS. WRIGHT STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, DAYTON, OH 45435 USA. NYU, INST ENVIRONM MED, MED CTR, TUXEDO PK, NY 10987 USA. RP Luebke, RW (reprint author), US EPA, IMMUNOTOXICOL BRANCH, MAIL DROP 92, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 87 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 5 U2 33 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2310 PG 15 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XE401 UT WOS:A1997XE40100001 PM 9193919 ER PT J AU Page, NP Singh, DV Farland, W Goodman, JI Conolly, RB Andersen, ME Clewell, HJ Frederick, CB Yamasaki, H Lucier, G AF Page, NP Singh, DV Farland, W Goodman, JI Conolly, RB Andersen, ME Clewell, HJ Frederick, CB Yamasaki, H Lucier, G TI Implementation of EPA revised cancer assessment guidelines: Incorporation of mechanistic and pharmacokinetic data SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID REGENERATIVE CELL-PROLIFERATION; FEMALE B6C3F1 MICE; MOUSE-LIVER TUMORS; DRINKING-WATER; RISK ASSESSMENTS; AD-LIBITUM; F344 RATS; CORN-OIL; CHLOROFORM; TRICHLOROETHYLENE AB A workshop entitled ''Implementation of EPA Revised Cancer Assessment Guidelines: Incorporation of Mechanistic and Pharmacokinetic Data'' was held in Anaheim, California, in 1996 at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (SOT), This workshop was jointly sponsored by the Carcinogenesis, Risk; Assessment, and Veterinary Specialty Sections of the SOT, The thrust of the workshop was to discuss the scientific basis for the revisions to the EPA Guidelines for cancer assessment and EPA's plans for their implementation, This is the first revision to the original EPA guidelines which have been in use by EPA since 1986. The principal revisions are intended to provide a framework for an increased ability to incorporate biological data into the risk assessment process. Two cases were presented, for chloroform and trichloroethylene, that demonstrated the use of the revised guidelines for specific cancer risk assessments. Using these new guidelines, nonlinear margin of exposure analyses were proposed for these chemicals instead of the linearized multistage model previously used by the EPA as the default method. The workshop participants generally applauded the planned revisions to the EPA guidelines, For the most part, they considered that the revised guidelines represented a positive step which should allow for and encourage the use of biological information in the conduct of cancer risk assessments. Several participants cautioned however that the major problem with cancer risk assessments would continue to be the inadequacy of available data on which to conduct more scientific risk assessments. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 US EPA,NCEA DC,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,E LANSING,MI 48824. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. ICF KAISER ENGINEERS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. ICF KAISER ENGINEERS,RUSTON,LA 71270. ROHM & HAAS CO,SPRING HOUSE,PA 19477. INT AGCY RES CANC,F-69372 LYON 08,FRANCE. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Page, NP (reprint author), TAXACHEM INT,POB 10547,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20849, USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 55 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 16 EP 36 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2305 PG 21 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XE401 UT WOS:A1997XE40100002 PM 9193920 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Giri, SN Starcher, B Hatch, GE AF Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Giri, SN Starcher, B Hatch, GE TI Pulmonary structural and extracellular matrix alterations in Fischer 344 rats following subchronic phosgene exposure SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Thoracic-Society CY MAY 21-25, 1994 CL BOSTON, MA SP Amer Thorac Soc ID HIGH-LEVEL EXPOSURE; INHALATION; TOXICITY; OZONE; BLEOMYCIN; FIBROSIS; LUNGS AB Phosgene, an acylating agent, is a very potent inducer of pulmonary edema. Subchronic effects of phosgene in laboratory animals are not well characterized, The purpose of the study was to elucidate potential long-term effects on collagen and elastin metabolism during pulmonary injury/recovery and obtain information about the concentration X time (C X T) behavior of low levels of phosgene. Male Fischer 344 rats (60 days old) were exposed either to clean air or phosgene, 6 hr/day: 0.1 ppm (5 days/week), 0.2 ppm (5 days/week), 0.5 ppm (2 days/week), and 1.0 ppm (1 day/week), for 4 or 12 weeks, A group of rats was allowed clean air recovery for 4 weeks after 12 weeks of phosgene exposure. This exposure scenario was designed to provide Equal C X T product for all concentrations at one particular time point except for 0.1 ppm (50% C X T). Phosgene exposure for 4 or 12 weeks increased lung to body weight ratio and lung displacement volume in a concentration-dependent manner. The increase in lung displacement volume was significant even at 0.1 ppm phosgene at 4 weeks, Light microscopic level histopathology examination of lung was conducted at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 1.0 ppm phosgene following 4 and 12 and 16 weeks (recovery), Small but clearly apparent terminal bronchiolar thickening and inflammation were evident with 0.1 ppm phosgene at both 4 and 12 weeks, At 0.2 ppm phosgene, terminal bronchiolar thickening and inflammation appeared to be more prominent when compared to the 0.1 ppm group and changes in alveolar parenchyma were minimal. At 1.0 ppm, extensive inflammation and thickening of terminal bronchioles as well as alveolar walls were evident, Concentration rather than C X T seems to drive pathology response, Trichrome staining for collagen at the terminal bronchiolar sites indicated a slight increase at 4 weeks and marked increase at 12 weeks in both 0.2 and 1.0 ppm groups (0.5 ppm was not examined), 1.0 ppm being more intense. Whole-lung prolyl hydroxylase activity and hydroxyproline, taken as an index of collagen synthesis, were increased following 1.0 ppm phosgene exposure at 4 as well as 12 weeks, respectively. Desmosine levels, taken as an index of changes in elastin, were increased in the lung after 4 or 12 weeks in the 1.0 ppm phosgene group, Following 4 weeks of air recovery, lung hydroxyproline was further increased in 0.5 and 1.0 ppm phosgene groups, Lung weight also remained significantly higher than the controls; however,desmosine and lung displacement volume in phosgene-exposed animals were similar to controls. In summary, terminal bronchiolar and lung volume displacement changes occurred at very low phosgene concentrations (0.1 ppm). Phosgene concentration, rather than C X T product appeared to drive toxic responses, The changes induced by phosgene (except of collagen) following 4 weeks were not further amplified at 12 weeks despite continued exposure, Phosgene-induced alterations of matrix were only partially reversible after 4 weeks of clean air exposure. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT VET MOL BIOSCI,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV TEXAS,CTR HLTH,DEPT BIOCHEM,TYLER,TX 75710. RP Kodavanti, UP (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 54 EP 63 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2298 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XE401 UT WOS:A1997XE40100004 PM 9193922 ER PT J AU Dyer, RS AF Dyer, RS TI Multiple chemical sensitivity: Where is the research? SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE MCS; IEI; chemical sensitivity; sensitization; susceptibility AB Chemical sensitivity has received relatively little research attention. This paper clarifies some of the key terms associated with multiple chemical sensitivity. The perspective is presented that before much progress can be made in understanding multiple chemical sensitivity, scientists must agree upon a measure or group of measures that reflect existence and extent of the condition, and upon a chemical or mixture of chemicals that can produce it. RP Dyer, RS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-87,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 3 IS 2 BP 141 EP 149 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN616 UT WOS:A1997XN61600005 ER PT J AU Kawahara, FK Michalakos, PM AF Kawahara, FK Michalakos, PM TI Base-catalyzed destruction of PCBs - New donors, new transfer agents/catalysts SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The use of hydrogen transfer agents and catalysts to improve the base-catalyzed decomposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was investigated. The reaction proceeded only in the presence of base, but the rate of PCB disappearance increased with increasing amount of hydrogen transfer agents and catalysts. Up to 99+% disappearance of 20 000 mg/kg Aroclor 1242 in paraffinic oil was achieved within 1-4 h at 340-350 degrees C. A three-step mechanism is proposed for the formation of biphenyl, the main product: (1) hydrogen species generated from the paraffin oil; (2) hydrogenation of aromatic catalysts (phenanthrene, anthracene, and alkyl naphthalenes) to form dihydroaromatics, or absorption of hydrogen by hexagonal forms of carbon (graphite or carbon black as present in scrap latex) or transition metals (zero-valent iron and stainless steel); (3) transfer of the hydrogen species to the activated PCBs. The product, biphenyl, may be degraded further or possibly form adducts or polymerize. RP Kawahara, FK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1580 EP 1585 DI 10.1021/ie9601460 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA WX916 UT WOS:A1997WX91600026 ER PT J AU Madden, MC Hanley, N Harder, S Velez, G Raymer, JH AF Madden, MC Hanley, N Harder, S Velez, G Raymer, JH TI Increased amounts of hydrogen peroxide in the exhaled breath of ozone-exposed human subjects SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ALVEOLAR BREATH; PRODUCTS; HYDROPEROXIDES; RATS; LUNG; INFLAMMATION; ACETALDEHYDE AB The analysis of exhaled breath components for indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress rarely has been applied to studies involving exposure to an environmental pollutant. The examination of exhaled substances as biomarkers of exposure and/or effect is extremely useful for human studies due to the noninvasive nature of the sample collection. We utilized exhaled breath analysis to demonstrate oxidative stress in humans exposed to the air pollutant ozone (O-3). O-3 has been hypothesized to exert oxidative stress by reacting with lung biomolecules to form secondary reaction produces such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and carbonyl substances, and by inducing an influx of polymorphonuclear phagocytes (PMNs) which can release reactive oxygen species into the lung. We collected the exhaled breath of healthy human volunteer subjects (age 18-35 yr) immediately before and after exposure to air or 0.4 ppm O-3 for 2 h with or without exercise. For assay of H2O2, breath condensate was collected in Tygon tubing submerged in an ice-water bath, and H2O2 was quantitated by a fluorescence assay. in a subset of subjects, exhaled carbonyls were examined by collection of exhaled breath into Tedlar bags. Breath carbonyls were subsequently derivatized and concentrated on column packing containing 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, derivatives eluted, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The data showed an increase in exhaled breath H2O2 in O-3-exposed, exercising subjects but not in subjects exposed to O-3 without exercise. An increase in an aldehydic derivative that eluted with a similar retention time as derivatized acetaldehyde was found in the breath of O-3-exposed subjects. These data suggest that O-3 exposure of humans in vivo can induce an oxidative stress as evidenced by increased formation of H2O2 and carbonyls. The analysis of exhaled breath was able to show the increased lung oxidative stress in an easy, noninvasive manner and has applicability to examining similar responses of humans exposed to other environmental pollutants either in controlled settings or in field studies. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RES TRIANGLE INST,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Madden, MC (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,CLIN RES BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 9 IS 4 BP 317 EP 330 PG 14 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA XA711 UT WOS:A1997XA71100001 ER PT J AU Pergantis, SA Winnik, W Betowski, D AF Pergantis, SA Winnik, W Betowski, D TI Determination of ten organoarsenic compounds using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; speciation; microbore high-perfornmnce liquid chromatography; electrospray mass spectrometry; triple quadrupole; mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry; collision-induced dissociation; selected-reaction monitoring ID FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT; TRIMETHYLARSINE OXIDE; IDENTIFICATION; ARSENOBETAINE; SPECIATION; MARINE; ARSENOCHOLINE; CONFIRMATION; QUANTITATION; ENVIRONMENT AB An analytical method based on reversed-phase microbore HPLC coupled on-line with electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) is described, The method allows for the determination of up to ten organoarsenicals in a single chromatographic run. Excellent sensitivity and selectivity is achieved by operating the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected-reaction monitoring mode, This is possible because the ions produced by collision-induced dissociation of the protonated molecules or molecular ions of the ten organoarsenicals are characteristic of each compound, The best LODs, achieved in the positive-ion mode, were between 2 and 21 pg of arsenic and corresponded to arsenicals which exist as cations in acidic solutions, The selectivity achieved by using this method allows for successful determination of arsenicals co-eluting during HPLC, This is a major improvement over other hyphenated techniques already used for arsenic speciation, e.g., HPLC-ICP-MS. Furthermore, the method was used for the analysis of an undiluted urine SRM in which arsenobetaine was determined to be present at the low mu g l(-1) level. RP Pergantis, SA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. RI Pergantis, Spiros/D-4022-2009; OI Pergantis, Spiros A./0000-0002-9077-7870 NR 35 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 12 IS 5 BP 531 EP 536 DI 10.1039/a606416g PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA WZ818 UT WOS:A1997WZ81800007 ER PT J AU Eaton, RW AF Eaton, RW TI p-Cymene catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas putida F1: Cloning and characterization of DNA encoding conversion of p-cymene to p-cumate SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; BENZYL ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; TOL PLASMID PWW0; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; XYLENE MONOOXYGENASE; TOLUENE DEGRADATION; BENZALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; ALKANE HYDROXYLASE; MEMBRANE-PROTEIN AB Pseudomonas putida F1 utilizes p-cymene (p-isopropyltoluene) by an 11-step pathway through p-cumate (p-isopropylbenzoate) to isobutyrate, pyruvate, and acetyl coenzyme A. The cym operon, encoding the conversion of p-cymene to p-cumate, is located just upstream of the cmt operon, which encodes the further catabolism of p-cumate and is located, in turn, upstream of the fod (toluene catabolism) operon in P. putida F1, The sequences of an 11,236-bp DNA segment carrying the cym operon and a 915-bp DNA segment completing the sequence of the 2,673-bp DNA segment separating the cmf and tod operons have been determined and are discussed here. The cym operon contains six genes in the order cymBCAaAbDE, The gene products have been identified both by functional assays and by comparing deduced amino acid sequences to published sequences, Thus, cymAa and cymAb encode the two components of p-cymene monooxygenase, a hydroxylase and a reductase, respectively; cymB encodes p-cumic alcohol dehydrogenase; cymC encodes p-cumic aldehyde dehydrogenase; cymD encodes a putative outer membrane protein related to gene products of other aromatic hydrocarbon catabolic operons, but having an unknown function in p-cymene catabolism; and cymE encodes an acetyl coenzyme A synthetase whose role in this pathway is also unknown, Upstream of the cym operon is a regulatory gene, cymR. By using recombinant bacteria carrying either the operator-promoter region of the cym operon or the cmt operon upstream of genes encoding readily assayed enzymes, in the presence or absence of cymR, it was demonstrated that cymR encodes a repressor which controls expression of both the cym and cmt operons and is inducible by p-cumate but not p-cymene, Short (less than 350 bp) homologous DNA segments that are located upstream of cymR and between the cmt and tod operons may have been involved in recombination events that led to the current arrangement of cym, cmt, and fod genes in P, putida F1. RP Eaton, RW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 81 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 179 IS 10 BP 3171 EP 3180 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA WY116 UT WOS:A1997WY11600013 PM 9150211 ER PT J AU Hautman, DP Munch, DJ AF Hautman, DP Munch, DJ TI Development of US EPA method 551.1 SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 INT CONSULTANTS INC,CINCINNATI,OH 45219. US EPA,OFF WATER,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 221 EP 231 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA WX643 UT WOS:A1997WX64300006 ER PT J AU Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Biswas, P Brenner, RC AF Sorial, GA Smith, FL Suidan, MT Biswas, P Brenner, RC TI Performance of peat biofilter: Impact of the empty bed residence time, temperature and toluene loading SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE pilot-scale; biofilter; peat; toluene; removal efficiency; temperature; loading; EBRT ID REMOVAL; AIR; BIOFILTRATION AB The performance of a pilot-scale peat biofilter in the treatment of air contaminated with toluene has been evaluated in this study. The operational parameters investigated were the empty bed residence time (EBRT), temperature and toluene loading. The EBRT tests were performed at a constant toluene loading of 0.71 kg COD m(-3) per day and a temperature of 11 degrees C. Removal efficiencies over 99% were achieved at an EBRT of 12 min. The removal efficiency exhibited a decreasing trend at lower EBRTs, with the efficiency dropping to as low as 75% at an EBRT of 2 min. The performance of the biofilter was found to be sensitive to temperature. For a toluene loading of 0.45 kg COD m(-3) per day and an EBRT of 2 min, the removal efficiency was 99% at 32.2 degrees C. The removal efficiency data collected at different temperatures correlated reasonably well with a van't Hoff-Arrhenius-type equation, As the toluene loading was increased at the optimal operational temperature, the removal efficiency decreased to as low as 57% at a toluene loading of 1.57 kg COD m(-3) per day, An adequate moisture content (55%-60%) and mineral nutrients for microbial activity in organic media were found to contribute significantly in the consistent long-term performance of the biofilter. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENGN LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 53 IS 1-3 BP 19 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(96)01842-0 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XJ672 UT WOS:A1997XJ67200002 ER PT J AU Tabak, HH Govind, R AF Tabak, HH Govind, R TI Protocol for determining bioavailability and biokinetics of organic pollutants in dispersed, compacted and intact soil systems to enhance in situ bioremediation SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodegradation kinetics; bioavailability; slurry; wafer; tube and column bioreactors; respirometry; bioremediation; soil AB The development of effective in situ and on-site bioremediation technologies can facilitate the cleanup of chemically-contaminated soil sites. Knowledge of biodegradation kinetics and the bioavailability of organic pollutants can facilitate decisions on the efficacy of in situ and on-site bioremediation of contaminated soils and determine the attainable treatment end-points. Two kinds of compounds have been studied: (1) phenol and alkyl phenols, which represent hydrophilic compounds, exhibiting high water solubility and moderate to low soil partitioning; and (2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are hydrophobic compounds with low water solubility and exhibit significant partitioning in soil organic carbon. Representative data are given for phenol and naphthalene. The results provide support for a systematic multi-level protocol using soil slurry, wafer and porous tube or column reactors to determine the biokinetic parameters for toxic organic pollutants. Insights into bioremediation rates of soil contaminants in compact soil systems can be attained using the protocol. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RP Tabak, HH (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 18 IS 5 BP 330 EP 339 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900394 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA XD567 UT WOS:A1997XD56700008 ER PT J AU Genthner, FJ Winstead, JT Gillet, JE VanFleet, AL Viel, JJ Genovese, EE Singer, S AF Genthner, FJ Winstead, JT Gillet, JE VanFleet, AL Viel, JJ Genovese, EE Singer, S TI Effects of a molluscicidal strain of Bacillus alvei on digestive tubules of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha); Bacillus alvei; digestive diverticula; biological control ID CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; ATROPHY C1 WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,MACOMB,IL 61455. RP Genthner, FJ (reprint author), US EPA,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 69 IS 3 BP 289 EP 291 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.4655 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WZ209 UT WOS:A1997WZ20900015 ER PT J AU Viscusi, WK Hakes, JK Carlin, A AF Viscusi, WK Hakes, JK Carlin, A TI Measures of mortality risks SO JOURNAL OF RISK AND UNCERTAINTY LA English DT Article DE risk perception; mortality risks; value of life; rates of time preference ID UNITED-STATES; LIFE; CATALOG; HEALTH AB Different risks of death are nor equivalent because of differences in timing. This paper develops measures of mortality risks that recognize the probability of death, the duration of life lost, and the role of discounting. These adjustments lead to a substantial reordering of the major causes of death. Recognition of duration-related issues explains much of the public's misperception of mortality risk probabilities, which may reflect duration-related concerns rather than biases in risk beliefs. Our estimates suggest that in forming their risk beliefs the public discounts years of life lost at a rate from 3.3-12.4 percent. Standardization of lifetimes at risk also alters the relative efficacy of regulatory policies for which we provide a variety of cost-effectiveness measures. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Viscusi, WK (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH LAW,PROGRAM EMPIR LEGAL STUDIES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0895-5646 J9 J RISK UNCERTAINTY JI J. Risk Uncertain. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 14 IS 3 BP 213 EP 233 DI 10.1023/A:1007799508646 PG 21 WC Business, Finance; Economics SC Business & Economics GA XJ395 UT WOS:A1997XJ39500001 ER PT J AU Rickman, EE Howe, GB Jayanty, RKM Whitfield, JK AF Rickman, EE Howe, GB Jayanty, RKM Whitfield, JK TI Interlaboratory study of a test method measuring total volatile organic compound content of consumer products SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Consumer products are potentially significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are precursors to the formation of ozone in photochemical smog. To address the problem of ozone formation in ambient air, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been involved in the development of test methods for measuring the VOC content of consumer products. This paper describes results of an interlaboratory study to estimate the repeatability (precision of analyses performed by a single laboratory) and reproducibility (precision of analyses performed by different laboratories) of the consumer products' VOC measurement method based on EPA Method 24 (for VOCs in surface coatings). The mean method repeatability was 2.7 wt % VOC, and the mean method reproducibility was 4.8 wt % VOC. Method repeatability ranged from 0.2 to 4.4 wt % VOC, and reproducibility ranged from 0.6 to 11.9 weight percent VOC. The precision of the VOC method for consumer products is similar to the precision of EPA Method 24 for surface coatings. C1 RES TRIANGLE INST,CTR ENVIRONM MEASUREMENTS & QUAL ASSURANCE,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 5 BP 608 EP 613 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WX562 UT WOS:A1997WX56200006 PM 9155250 ER PT J AU Hansard, LJ HealyGardner, BE Drapkin, AT Bentley, RC McLachlan, JA Walmer, DK AF Hansard, LJ HealyGardner, BE Drapkin, AT Bentley, RC McLachlan, JA Walmer, DK TI Human endometrial transforming growth factor-alpha: A transmembrane, surface epithelial protein that transiently disappears during the midsecretory phase of the menstrual cycle SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR GYNECOLOGIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE TGF-alpha; endometrium; luminal epithelium; human ID MOUSE UTERUS; TGF-ALPHA; PERIIMPLANTATION PERIOD; FACTOR RECEPTOR; INSULIN-LIKE; EXPRESSION; CELL; PROGESTERONE; PRECURSOR; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL AB OBJECTIVE: To characterize the forms of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in normal human endometrium, to evaluate the regional and temporal changes in TGF-alpha expression, and to correlate the pattern of TGF-alpha expression with physiologic events in the endometrium. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed using two TGF-alpha antisera, one raised against the active extracellular N-terminus and the other recognizing the intracellular carboxy terminus of the protein. Immunohistochemistry was performed on hysterectomy specimens from premenopausal women with normal menstrual cycles. Soluble and membrane-bound endometrial proteins were isolated from fresh tissue for Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Antibodies recognizing the intracellular and extracellular domains of TGF-alpha exhibited identical immunohistochemical staining patterns. Transforming growth factor-alpha localized primarily to endometrial epithelial cells, and the most intense staining was in the luminal surface epithelium. In the surface epithelium, TGF-alpha staining was intense in the proliferative phase, decreased during the early secretory phase, was at its nadir in the midsecretory phase, and rebounded in the late secretory phase. Western blot analysis demonstrated two transmembrane forms. The 28-kD protein contained both intracellular and extracellular antigens, and the 18-kD protein contained only the intracellular antigen. CONCLUSION: Western blot data were consistent with the hypothesis that the extracellular segment of TGF-alpha is cleaved from the transmembrane precursor in vivo, as has been demonstrated in other tissues. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the TGF-alpha antigens are concentrated in the luminal surface epithelium and decline and disappear in the early to midsecretory phase. These findings suggest that the most active period of membrane-bound TGF-alpha cleavage corresponds with the interval during which preimplantation embryos are in the uterine cavity. Copyright (C) 1997 by the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,DURHAM,NC 27710. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,DURHAM,NC 27710. TULANE UNIV,DEPT PHARMACOL,TULANE XAVIER CTR BIOENVIRONM RES,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,REPROD & DEV TOXICOL LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1071-5576 J9 J SOC GYNECOL INVEST JI J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3 BP 160 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S1071-5576(97)00016-6 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA XN725 UT WOS:A1997XN72500009 PM 9258881 ER PT J AU Noland, RB AF Noland, RB TI Commuter responses to travel time uncertainty under congested conditions: Expected costs and the provision of information SO JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID URBAN FREEWAY; ECONOMICS; SYSTEMS; MODELS AB A simulation methodology for analyzing policies for reducing traffic congestion and the effect of providing commuters with pre-trip information is developed. This combines a model incorporating travel time uncertainty to determine optimal home departure times with a supply-side congestion model of a highway facility. Congestion is endogenously generated for different scenarios using a randomly generated normal distribution of work start times and previously estimated parameters. The results suggest that greater reductions in the expected costs of commuting may be achievable by policies that reduce travel time variance rather than just travel times. Policy simulations which analyze the congestion effects of providing commuters with pre-trip information are found to not necessarily provide many benefits to those using the information, although gains may be minor because the only behavioral response is limited to departure time changes. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Noland, RB (reprint author), US EPA,OFF POLICY DEV,ENERGY & TRANSPORTAT SECTORS DIV,401 M ST SW,MAIL CODE 2126,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. OI Noland, Robert/0000-0003-0775-0624 NR 36 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0094-1190 J9 J URBAN ECON JI J. Urban Econ. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 41 IS 3 BP 377 EP 406 DI 10.1006/juec.1996.2006 PG 30 WC Economics; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Urban Studies GA WZ569 UT WOS:A1997WZ56900004 ER PT J AU Nesnow, S Gilmer, T Hohman, RJ Pfeifer, AMA Trump, BF Wogan, G Tennant, R AF Nesnow, S Gilmer, T Hohman, RJ Pfeifer, AMA Trump, BF Wogan, G Tennant, R TI Eleventh Aspen Cancer Conference: Mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenesis SO MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 GLAXO WELLCOME INC, DEPT CELL BIOL, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. ONCOR INC, RES & DEV, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877 USA. NESTEC LTD, RES CTR, CH-1000 LAUSANNE 26, SWITZERLAND. UNIV MARYLAND, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA. MIT, DIV TOXICOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. NIEHS, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. RP Nesnow, S (reprint author), US EPA, BIOCHEM & PATHOBIOL BRANCH, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MD-68, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0899-1987 EI 1098-2744 J9 MOL CARCINOGEN JI Mol. Carcinog. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology GA XC420 UT WOS:A1997XC42000001 ER PT J AU Andrews, JE EbronMcCoy, MT Bojic, U Nau, H Kavlock, RJ AF Andrews, JE EbronMcCoy, MT Bojic, U Nau, H Kavlock, RJ TI Stereoselective dysmorphogenicity of the enantiomers of the valproic acid analogue 2-N-propyl-4-pentynoic acid (4-yn-VPA): Cross-species evaluation in whole embryo culture SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; ASYMMETRIC-SYNTHESIS; MOUSE; TERATOGENICITY; DRUG; PHARMACOKINETICS; METABOLITE; INVITRO; SYSTEM; RATS AB We previously reported the in vitro differential stereoselective dysmorphogenic potential of the R(+) and S(-) enantiomers of 2n-propyl-4-pentynoic acid (4-yn-VPA) in mice. To determine whether this stereoselectivity is species specific, we evaluated the dysmorphogenic potential of these isomers as well as valproic acid (VPA) to gestational day 9 rat embryos using whole embryo culture (WEC). Aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of R-4-yn-VPA, S-4-yn-VPA, 50%R/ 50%S-4-yn-VPA or VPA were added to the culture medium to give 0, 0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 mmol/L and embryos were evaluated 48 hr later. The S-4-yn-VPA enantiomer gave clear concentration-dependent dysmorphology as well as effects on developmental score, somite number, crown rump length, and head length. Effects on rotation and defects of the neural tube, somites and heart were observed. Embryolethality was observed only at 1.2 mmol/L concentration. The R-4-yn-VPA enantiomer was neither embryo toxic nor dysmorphogenic at any concentration. VPA significantly reduced all parameters and was dysmorphogenic at the highest concentration but was not embryo lethal. The 50/50 mixture of R- and S-isomers appeared to elicit a degree of embryolethality and dysmorphology similar to VPA. The potency order for the four chemicals was 8(-) > S(-)R(+) = VPA >>> R(+), comparable to that observed in mice by either in vivo or in vitro exposure. These data demonstrate that the stereoselective dysmorphology for these enantiomers can be observed across species and is not related to maternal metabolism. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(d)agger C1 FREE UNIV BERLIN,INST TOXICOL & EMBRYOPHARMACOL,D-1000 BERLIN,GERMANY. RP Andrews, JE (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD MAY PY 1997 VL 55 IS 5 BP 314 EP 318 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199705)55:5<314::AID-TERA3>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 5 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA XP376 UT WOS:A1997XP37600003 PM 9261925 ER PT J AU Bryant, PL Clark, GC Probst, MR Abbott, BD AF Bryant, PL Clark, GC Probst, MR Abbott, BD TI Effects of TCDD on Ah receptor, ARNT, EGF and TGF-alpha expression in embryonic mouse urinary tract SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN; GROWTH-FACTORS-ALPHA; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; HUMAN KERATINOCYTES; GENE-EXPRESSION; RETINOIC ACID; CLEFT-PALATE; 2 MEMBERS AB Prenatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-8-dioxin (TCDD) induces hydronephrosis in C57BL/6N mice. The etiology of this response involves TCDD-induced hyperplasia of ureteric epithelium, which occludes the ureteric lumen, blocking the flow of urine. The present study localizes and examines the effects of TCDD on the expression of the Ah receptor (AhR), the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in the epithelial cells of the developing urinary tract, particularly the ureteric bud derivatives (ureter and tubules). Pregnant C57BL/6N mice were dosed on gestation day(GD) 10 with either corn oil or TCDD at 12 mu g/kg; a dose of 24 mu g/kg is expected to induce 100% hydronephrosis. The metanephric urinary tract is morphologically detectable as early as GD 12; thus, embryos were removed on GD 12, 13, and 14, and the lower dorsal torso was prepared for immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. Regardless of treatment, the expression of both AhR and ARNT increased in epithelial cells of the ureter and AhR increased in the metanephric tubules from GD 12-14. In situ hybridization localized the expression of AhR and ARNT mRNAs to these derivatives of the ureteric bud and levels of mRNA increased throughout the developmental period examined. There were no significant effects of TCDD treatment on expression of AhR, while TCDD significantly decreased levels of ARNT in tubules on GD 14. The epithelial cells of the ureter and tubules expressed TGF-alpha and EGF. EGF increased from GD 12 to 13 in the tubules and ureter, but there was no difference from GD 13 to 14. Treatment with TCDD reduced TGF-alpha significantly only in tubules on GD 13. TCDD exposure significantly decreased EGF in ureter and tubule cells on both GD 13 and 14. In summary, the epithelial cells of the embryonic mouse urinary tract expressed AhR, ARNT, EGF, and TGF-alpha in developmentally dependent patterns. These proteins are involved in the regulation of embryonic cell proliferation during normal urinary tract development and are probably involved in the hyperplastic response to TCDD. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(d)agger C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV MD 67,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. N CAROLINA CENT UNIV,DEPT BIOL,DURHAM,NC 27707. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. XENOBIOT DETECT SYST,DURHAM,NC 27703. NR 42 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD MAY PY 1997 VL 55 IS 5 BP 326 EP 337 PG 12 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA XP376 UT WOS:A1997XP37600005 PM 9261927 ER PT J AU Andersen, ME Eklund, CR Mills, JJ Barton, HA Birnbaum, LS AF Andersen, ME Eklund, CR Mills, JJ Barton, HA Birnbaum, LS TI A multicompartment geometric model of the liver in relation to regional induction of cytochrome P450s SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT-LIVER; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; CELL-PROLIFERATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; RISK ASSESSMENT; MURINE LIVER; DIOXIN; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; PHARMACOKINETICS; LOCALIZATION AB A geometric, multicompartment model of the liver was developed to examine regional protein induction and to provide model output suitable for predicting the degree of induction in both the whole liver and in specific regions. The model was based on functional hexagonal arrays within the liver. A geometric representation was used to divide these functional units into five zones: a concentric periportal zone, a fenestrated periportal region that interconnects among multiple functional units, and three concentric centrilobular areas, referred to, respectively, as zones 1 through 5. The surface areas (and volumes for hexagonal cylinders) of these five zones were, respectively, 13.5, 25.2, 33.9, 20.3, and 6.8% of the total liver, The pharmacokinetic model for induction had dissociation constants (K-d) and Hill constants (n) for interactions of transcriptional activator-ligand complexes with response elements on DNA, Estimates of regional induction were converted to color intensities to ''paint'' the two-dimensional liver for a visual comparison with immunohistochemical observations. To obtain sharp moving boundaries of induced areas with increasing dose (as noted in various experiments), n values in each subcompartment must be large. To create realistic total induction curves that are relatively smooth, the differences in K-d values between adjacent subcompartments must be less than fivefold. Because of the high n values, the low-dose induction characteristics predicted with the multicompartment liver model differ significantly from those predicted with a model that considers the liver as a single homogeneous compartment. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. DUKE UNIV,DURHAM,NC 27711. RP Andersen, ME (reprint author), ICF KAISER ENGINEERS INC,POB 14348,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 19 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 144 IS 1 BP 135 EP 144 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.8066 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WX674 UT WOS:A1997WX67400014 PM 9169077 ER PT J AU Andersen, ME Birnbaum, LS Barton, HA Eklund, CR AF Andersen, ME Birnbaum, LS Barton, HA Eklund, CR TI Regional hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 induction with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin evaluated with a multicompartment geometric model of hepatic zonation SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; RAT-LIVER; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL; AH-RECEPTOR; CYTOCHROME-P-450 ISOZYMES; CHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; EPOXIDE HYDROLASE; INCLUDING HUMANS AB A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was combined with a five-compartment geometric model of hepatic zonation to predict both total and regional induction of CYP450 proteins within the liver. Three literature studies on TCDD pharmacokinetics and protein induction in female rats were analyzed. In simulating low-dose behavior for mRNA in whole liver and, particularly, in representing immunohistochemical observations, the five-compartment model was more successful than conventional homogeneous one-compartment liver models, The five-compartment liver model was used with the affinity of TCDD for the Ah receptor (AhR) held constant across all the liver (K-b = 0.2 nM). The presumed affinities of the AhR-TCDD complex for TCDD responsive elements in the CYP1A1 (K-d1) and CYP1A2 (K-d2) genes varied between adjacent compartments by a factor of 3, This parameterization leads to predicted 81-fold differences in affinities between the centrilobular and the periportal regions. The affinities used for AhR-TCDD complex binding to TCDD response elements for CYP1A2 in compartment 3 (the midzonal area) ranged from 0.08 to 1.0 nM in the three studies modeled. For CYP1A1 the corresponding dissociation constant in compartment 3 varied from 0.6 to 2.0 nM. In each compartment, the Hill coefficient for induction had to be 4 or greater to match the immunohistochemical results. This multicompartment liver model is consistent with data on protein and mRNA induction throughout the liver and on the regional distribution of these proteins, No previous model has incorporated regional variations in induction, The PBPK analysis based on the multicompartment liver model suggests that the low-dose behavior for hepatic CYP1A1/CYP1A2 induction by TCDD is highly nonlinear. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB MD74,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Andersen, ME (reprint author), ICF KAISER ENGINEERS INC,POB 14348,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 30 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 144 IS 1 BP 145 EP 155 DI 10.1006/taap.1996.8067 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WX674 UT WOS:A1997WX67400015 PM 9169078 ER PT J AU Pegram, RA Andersen, ME Warren, SH Ross, TM Claxton, LD AF Pegram, RA Andersen, ME Warren, SH Ross, TM Claxton, LD TI Glutathione S-transferase-mediated mutagenicity of trihalomethanes in Salmonella typhimurium: Contrasting results with bromodichloromethane and chloroform SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 10-14, 1996 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Soc Toxicol ID DRINKING-WATER; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; CELL-PROLIFERATION; ACUTE TOXICITY; B6C3F(1) MICE; FEMALE RATS; ACTIVATION; BIOACTIVATION; INVIVO; GAVAGE AB Trihalomethanes (THMs) are the most prevalent disinfection by-products identified in chlorinated drinking water. Among the THMs, chloroform (CHCl3) generally occurs at the highest concentration in finished water, but the concentrations of each of the brominated THMs (CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, and CHBr3) can exceed that of CHCl3. Each of these four THMs was carcinogenic in rodents in chronic oral dosing studies, This study assessed THM mutagenicity in a strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 that was transfected with rat theta-class glutathione S-transferase T1-1 (+GST). The +GST strain and its nontransfected parent strain (-GST) were employed in a plate-incorporation assay and exposed for 24 hr to the vapor of individual THMs at concentrations up to 25,600 ppm in sealed Tedlar bags. Base-substitution revertants were produced in the +GST strain in a dose-dependent fashion by CHBrCl2 but not by CHCl3. At 4800 ppm CHBrCl2, which produced a calculated agar concentration of 0.67 mM, there were 419 +/- 75 revertants per plate compared to a spontaneous level of 23 +/- 5. CHCl3 produced a doubling of revertants only at the two highest concentrations tested (19,200 and 25,600 ppm). These results indicate that bromination of THMs confers the capability for theta-class GST-mediated transformation to mutagenic intermediates at low substrate concentrations, suggesting the possibility of a similar activation route in humans. Further, the very low affinity of the GSH-dependent pathway for CHCl3 demonstrates that different THMs can induce adverse effects via different mechanisms, indicating that risk evaluations of THMs should not treat members of this class as if they shared a common mode of action. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV ENVIRONM CARCINOGENESIS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Pegram, RA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,MD-74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811; Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 43 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 144 IS 1 BP 183 EP 188 DI 10.1006/taap.1997.8123 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WX674 UT WOS:A1997WX67400020 PM 9169083 ER PT J AU Eliason, DE Bourgeois, AJ AF Eliason, DE Bourgeois, AJ TI Validation of numerical shallow water models for stratified seiches SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE shallow water equations; seiches; stratification; analytical solution; validation AB A new analytical solution is presented for the case of a stratified seiche. This solution, especially its energetics, is useful for the validation of numerical shallow water models under stratified conditions. The utility of the analytical solution for validation is shown by using it to validate a simple finite difference numerical model. A comparison of the energetics of the numerical and analytical solutions reveals that the model results converge rapidly to the analytical solution with increasing resolution, such that a grid size of 30 x 30 would appear adequate for validation. In addition to properly resolving the spatial features, good temporal resolution is also necessary for validation, i.e use of a Courant number (Cr) less than one. For example, owing to the numerical dispersion of the present model, using Cr = 5/4 rather than Cr = 1/4 for the 50 x 50 grid resulted in 36 times larger RMS errors of model versus analytical barotropic available potential energy. This new analytical solution should be applied to a test suite of such validation tools before using such numerical models to simulate the more realistic geophysical flows encountered in lakes, bays, harbours and semienclosed seas under stratified conditions. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Eliason, DE (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DIV ATMOSPHER SCI,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94551, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0271-2091 J9 INT J NUMER METH FL JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids PD APR 30 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 8 BP 771 EP 786 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0363(19970430)24:8<771::AID-FLD481>3.3.CO;2-9 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Computer Science; Mathematics; Mechanics; Physics GA WV644 UT WOS:A1997WV64400003 ER PT J AU Appel, NM Rapoport, SI OCallaghan, JP Bell, JM Freed, LM AF Appel, NM Rapoport, SI OCallaghan, JP Bell, JM Freed, LM TI Sequelae of parenteral domoic acid administration in rats: Comparison of effects on different metabolic markers in brain SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE neurotoxicity; autoradiography; fatty acid; palmitic acid; arachidonic acid; 2-deoxyglucose; brain metabolism; gliosis; glial fibrillary acidic protein; seizure ID SUSTAINED ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; MONKEYS MACACA-FASCICULARIS; TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY; KAINIC ACID; FATTY-ACIDS; UNANESTHETIZED RATS; HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE; REACTIVE GLIOSIS; PERFORANT PATH; AMINO-ACID AB Parenterally administered domoic acid, a structural analog of the excitatory amino acids glutamic acid and kainic acid, has specific effects on brain histology in rats, as measured usung different anatomic markers. Domoic acid-induced convulsions affects Limbic structures such as hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, and different anatomic markers can detect these neurotoxic effects to varying degrees, Here we report effects of domoic acid administration on quantitative indicators of brain metabolism and gliosis. Domoic acid, 2.25 mg/kg i.p., caused stereotyped behavior and convulsions in approximately 60% of rats which received it. Six to eight days after domoic acid or vehicle administration, the animals were processed to measure regional brain incorporation of the long-chain fatty acids [1-C-14]arachidonic acid ([C-14]AA) and [9,10-H-3]palmitic acid ([H-3]PA), or regional cerebral glucose utilization (rCMR(glc)) using 2-[1-C-14]deoxy-D-glucose, by quantitative autoradiography. Others rats were processed to measure brain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Domoic acid increased GFAP in the anterior portion of cerebral cortex, the caudate putamen and thalamus compared with vehicle. However, in rats that convulsed after domoic acid GFAP was significantly increased throughout the cerebral cortex, as well as in the hippocampus, septum, caudate putamen, and thalamus. Domoic acid, in the absence of convulsions, decreased relative [C-14]AA incorporation in the claustrum and pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus compared with vehicle-injected controls, In the presence of convulsions, relative [C-14]AA incorporation was decreased in hippocampus regions CAl and CA2. Uptake of [H-3]PA into brain was unaffected. Relative rCMR(glc) decreased in entorhinal cortex following domoic acid administration with or without convulsions. These results suggest that acute domoic acid exposure affects discrete brain circuits by inducing convulsions, and that domoic acid-induced convulsions cause chronic effects on brain function that are reflected in altered fatty acid metabolism and gliosis. (C) 1977 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIA,NEUROSCI LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US FDA,CTR DRUG EVALUAT & RES,DIV NEUROPHARMACOL DRUG PROD,OFF DRUG EVALUAT 1,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. RP Appel, NM (reprint author), US FDA,CTR DRUG EVALUAT & RES,DIV APPL PHARMACOL RES,OFF TESTING & RES,8301 MUIRKIRK RD,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 62 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD APR 18 PY 1997 VL 754 IS 1-2 BP 55 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00042-5 PG 10 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA WW306 UT WOS:A1997WW30600007 PM 9134959 ER PT J AU Dutta, TK Gunsalus, IC AF Dutta, TK Gunsalus, IC TI Reductase gene sequences and protein structures: p-Cymene methyl hydroxylase SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID TOL PWWO PLASMID; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; NADPH-CYTOCHROME-P-450 REDUCTASE; EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS; XYLENE MONOOXYGENASE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CLONING VECTORS; CRUDE-OIL; ENZYME AB Oxygenases are critical to cycling carbon in the biosphere and dependent on reductase action, principally from flavoprotein enzymes. Oxygenase diversity among organisms and strains carries a common theme of protein sequence and folding. p-Cymene (para-isopropyl toluene) was chosen as a point of convergence in terpene-aromatic mineralization to characterize a methyl hydroxylase electron transport system with the aerobe Pseudomonas aureofaciens. The cymA hydroxylase reductase gene was isolated and sequenced and the protein primary structure deduced. Optimized amino acid sequence alignments of flavoprotein reductases revealed major similarities over protein length, in the binding domains for NAD(P)H, and the flavine centers of pro- and eukaryote systems. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,GULF ECOL DIV,NHEERL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NATL RES COUNCIL,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD APR 17 PY 1997 VL 233 IS 2 BP 502 EP 506 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6493 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA WW748 UT WOS:A1997WW74800040 PM 9144566 ER PT J AU DAngelo, JC Collette, TW AF DAngelo, JC Collette, TW TI A method for the measurement of site-specific tautomeric and zwitterionic microspecies equilibrium constants SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; IONIZATION-CONSTANTS; RESOLUTION; SPECTRA AB We describe a method for the individual measurement of simultaneously occurring, unimolecular, site-specific ''microequilibrium'' constants as in, for example, prototropic tautomerism and zwitterionic equilibria. Our method represents an elaboration of that of Nygren et al. (Anal. Chen. 1996, 68, 1706-10), which thereby becomes generalized and improves the accuracy. Specifically, by making spectral measurements as a function of temperature, we demonstrate the ability to determine site-specific microenthalpies unambiguously. Analysis proceeds via multivariate nonlinear regression modeling of, for example, the Gibbs-Helmholtz relation. Additional determinations of macroscopic equilibrium constants as a function of temperature, in combination with the previously determined microenthalpies, in turn enables the determination of all remaining site-specific thermodynamic parameters, i.e., microentropies, micro free energies, and/or microequilibrium constants, and moreover allows us to resolve and measure the spectra of tautomeric isocoulombers. To our knowledge, we have hereby devised the first such universally applicable and accurate measurement method on record. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD APR 15 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 8 BP 1642 EP 1650 DI 10.1021/ac960922d PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA WT631 UT WOS:A1997WT63100026 ER PT J AU Wachsman, JT AF Wachsman, JT TI DNA methylation and the association between genetic and epigenetic changes: Relation to carcinogenesis SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Review DE author; please supply 3-6 keywords ID MAMMALIAN-CELLS; CYTOSINE METHYLATION; DRUG-RESISTANCE; COLON-CANCER; NITRIC-OXIDE; P53 GENE; METHYLTRANSFERASE; HYPERMETHYLATION; INHIBITORS; MUTATIONS AB This paper examines the relationship between DNA mutagenic lesions, DNA methylation and the involvement of these changes in the process of carcinogenesis. Many types of DNA damage (oxidative lesions, alkylation of bases, abasic sites, photodimers, etc.) interfere with the ability of mammalian cell DNA to be methylated at CpG dinucleotides by DNA-methyltransferases (DNA-MTases). This can result in altered patterns in the distribution of 5-methylcytosine (5MeC) residues at CpG sites. Methylation of DNA is an epigenetic change that by definition is heritable, can result in changes in chromatin structure, and is often accompanied by modified patterns of gene expression. The presence of 5MeC in DNA, as well as oxidative stress induced by the free radical nitric oxide, can interefere with the repair of alkylation damage, thereby increasing the level of potentially mutagenic lesions. CpG sites in DNA represent mutational hotspots, with both the presence of 5MeC in DNA and the catalytic activity of DNA-MTases being intrinsically mutagenic. The process of carcinogenesis has frequently been associated with an increased expression of DNA-MTase activity, accompanied by either hypermethylation or hypomethylation of target cell (progenitor tumor cell) DNA. In addition, there is evidence that overexpression of DNA-MTase activity could result in increased cytosine methylation at non-CpG sites. A variety of chemicals can alter the extent of DNA methylation in mammalian cells. These include inhibitors of topoisomerase II, as well as inhibitors of DNA synthesis, microtubule formation, histone deacetylation, transmethylation, etc. Genetic and epigenetic changes in DNA have a profound influence on one another and could play a major role in the process of carcinogenesis, by modulating both the extent and the pattern of gene expression. RP Wachsman, JT (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 55 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD APR 14 PY 1997 VL 375 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00003-1 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WU893 UT WOS:A1997WU89300001 PM 9129674 ER PT J AU deSerres, FJ Webber, BB AF deSerres, FJ Webber, BB TI Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of spontaneous and radiation-induced specific-locus mutation in the ad-3 region of heterokaryon 12 of Neurospora crassa SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE heterokaryon 12; gene/point mutation; multilocus deletion mutation; ad-3 region; ad-3A locus; ad-3B locus; recessive lethal mutation; ad-3(R)/ad-3(IR) ratio; ad-3B(R-C)/ad-3B(R-NC) ratio; allelic complementation; spontaneous; 250 kVp X-ray; UV; P-32; Sr-85; 101 MeV carbon ion; 39 MeV helium ion; 447 MeV proton; ad-3 forward-mutation assay; Neurospora crassa; genetic risk assessment ID GENETIC RISK ASSESSMENT; 2-COMPONENT HETEROKARYONS; IONIZING-RADIATION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; HUMAN EXPOSURE; INDUCTION; SEQUENCE; SYSTEMS; ASSAY AB The data from forward-mutation experiments to obtain specific-locus mutations at two closely linked loci in the adenine-3 (ad-3) region of heterokaryon 12 (H-12) of Neurospora crassa have been used to determine the relative frequencies and mutational spectra of ad-3 mutants occurring spontaneously and those induced by 7 different radiation treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated that specific-locus mutants at these two loci result from 5 major genotypic classes, namely two classes of gene/point mutations (ad-3A(R) and ad-3B(R)), and 3 classes of multilocus deletion mutations ([ad-3A](IR), [ad-3B](IR) and [ad-3A ad-3B](IR)). Two different approaches were used to compare spontaneous mutation in the ad-3 region with that induced by 7 different radiation treatments (UV, P-32, 447 MeV protons, Sr-85, 250 kVp X-rays, 39 MeV helium ions, and 101 MeV carbon ions). These comparisons included (2)(chi)-tests on the numbers of ad-3 mutants resulting in the following two sets of ratios: (1) gene/point mutations and multilocus deletion mutations; and (2) complementing and non-complementing ad-3B(R) mutants. Combination of the data from these two methods of comparison has demonstrated that each of the 7 radiation treatments induced a spectrum of ad-3 mutants that is statistically different from the spontaneous spectrum. In addition, these same two methods of comparison have been used to compare the mutagenic effects of each of the 7 radiation treatments with each other. Combination of the data from these two methods of comparison demonstrated that the majority of radiation-induced specific-locus mutations: (90.5% (19/21 of the pairwise combinations)) are qualitatively different from each other. We conclude that the mechanisms by which various radiations modify DNA tend to exhibit fundamental differences from each other and from the processes involved in spontaneous mutation. C1 MED COLL GEORGIA,DEPT CELL & MOL BIOL,AUGUSTA,GA 30912. RP deSerres, FJ (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,TOXICOL LAB,ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD APR 14 PY 1997 VL 375 IS 1 BP 37 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(96)00253-9 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WU893 UT WOS:A1997WU89300005 PM 9129678 ER PT J AU deSerres, FJ Malling, HV Brockman, HE Ong, TM AF deSerres, FJ Malling, HV Brockman, HE Ong, TM TI Quantitative and qualitative comparison of spontaneous and chemical-induced specific-locus mutation in the ad-3 region of heterokaryon 12 of Neurospora crassa SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE heterokaryon 12; gene/point mutation; multilocus deletion mutation; ad-3 region; ad-3A locus; ad-3B locus; recessive lethal mutation; ad-3R/[ad-3](IR) ratio; ad-3B(R-C)/ad-3B(R-NC) ratio; spontaneous mutation; chemical-induced mutation; allelic complementation; genetic risk assessment ID GENETIC RISK ASSESSMENT; RADIATION-INDUCED MUTATIONS; EXCISION-REPAIR-PROFICIENT; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS; IONIZING-RADIATION; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; 2-COMPONENT HETEROKARYONS; HUMAN EXPOSURE; INDUCTION; DAMAGE AB The data from forward-mutation experiments to obtain specific-locus mutations at two closely linked loci in the adenine-3 (ad-3) region of heterokaryon 12 (H-12) of Neurospora crassa have been tabulated to determine the relative frequencies and mutational spectra of ad-3 mutants occurring spontaneously and those induced by 22 different chemical treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated that specific-locus mutations at these two loci result from 5 major genotypic classes, namely two classes of gene/point mutations (ad-3A(R) and ad-3B(R)), and 3 classes of multilocus deletion mutations ([ad-3A](IR), [ad-3B](IR) and [ad-3A ad-3B](IR)). In addition, prior studies have demonstrated that some chemical mutagens induced ad-3 mutants exclusively, or almost exclusively, by gene/point mutation and other chemical mutagens by gene/point mutation and multilocus deletion mutation. In the latter cases, there was wide variation in the percentages of ad-3 mutants in these 5 major genotypic classes. Two comparative methods of analysis that also were used to compare spontaneous and chemical-induced ad-3 mutational spectra included chi(2)-tests on the numbers of ad-3 mutants resulting in the following two sets of ratios: (1) gene/point mutations and multilocus deletion mutations; and (2) complementing and non-complementing ad-3B(R) mutants. Combination of the p-values from chi(2)-tests for these two methods of comparison demonstrated that all 22 chemicals induce a spectrum of ad-3 mutants that is qualitatively different from that occurring spontaneously. In addition, these same two methods of comparison have been used to compare the mutagenic effects of each of the 22 chemical treatments with each other. Combination of the data from these two methods of comparison has demonstrated that 93.1% (215/231) of the pairwise combinations of these 22 chemicals were different from each other. The implication of these experimental data on the induction of specific-locus mutations in somatic cells of Neurospora for genetic risk assessment exercises is discussed. C1 ILLINOIS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,NORMAL,IL 61761. NIOSH,DIV RESP DIS STUDIES,MICROBIOL SECT,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. RP deSerres, FJ (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,,TOXICOL LAB,SYST TOXICOL BRANCH,ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD APR 14 PY 1997 VL 375 IS 1 BP 53 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(96)00254-0 PG 20 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA WU893 UT WOS:A1997WU89300006 PM 9129679 ER PT J AU Weber, EJ AF Weber, EJ TI Pesticide spill in the Sacramento River: A case study. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 2 EP SOCED PN 3 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP188 UT WOS:A1997WP18800100 ER PT J AU McKiel, MC AF McKiel, MC TI ISO 14000: Its effects on regulatory activities. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,STAND NETWORK,WASHINGTON,DC 20406. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 15 EP COMSC PN 3 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP188 UT WOS:A1997WP18800095 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR AF Rogers, KR TI Environmental biosensors: Principles and applications SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 23 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503054 ER PT J AU Tratnyek, PG Smolen, JM Weber, EJ AF Tratnyek, PG Smolen, JM Weber, EJ TI Molecular probe techniques for reductant identification in reducing sediments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 OREGON GRAD INST,PORTLAND,OR 97291. NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 32 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503063 ER PT J AU Zubkoff, PL Burns, LA Walentowicz, R AF Zubkoff, PL Burns, LA Walentowicz, R TI The Exposure Models Library: A selection of fate, transport and ecological models for exposure assessments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OPPTS,OPP,BPPD,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,ORD,NERL,ERD,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,ORD,NCEROA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 32 EP CINF PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18502110 ER PT J AU Park, RA Clough, JS Wellman, MC Mauriello, DA AF Park, RA Clough, JS Wellman, MC Mauriello, DA TI Estimating fate and effects with the aquatic ecosystems model, AQUATOX. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ECO MODELING,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20879. US EPA,OFF SCI & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 33 EP CINF PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18502111 ER PT J AU Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL AF Jeffers, PM Wolfe, NL TI Reactions of green plants with gaseous halocarbons. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SUNY COLL CORTLAND,CORTLAND,NY 13045. US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 35 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503066 ER PT J AU VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Sadik, OA AF VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Sadik, OA TI Electrochemical immunosensors for pesticide detection. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. SUNY BINGHAMTON,BINGHAMTON,NY. LOCKHEED MARTIN ENVIRONM SERV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 46 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500237 ER PT J AU Wang, J Lu, F Kane, SA Choi, YK Rogers, K AF Wang, J Lu, F Kane, SA Choi, YK Rogers, K TI Study of effect of different binders in carbon paste composition of tyrosinase based biosensors. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. US EPA,EXPOSURE RES PROGRAM,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 60 EP BTEC PN 3 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP188 UT WOS:A1997WP18800061 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Kohl, SD Riddick, LA Glass, T AF Rogers, KR Kohl, SD Riddick, LA Glass, T TI Detection of 2,4-D using the KinExA(TM) immunoanalyzer. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. SAPIDYNE INC,BOISE,ID 83706. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 61 EP BTEC PN 3 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP188 UT WOS:A1997WP18800062 ER PT J AU Rogers, KR Quantrill, NSM Sharma, A AF Rogers, KR Quantrill, NSM Sharma, A TI Novel assay for substrates of NADH-linked enzymes based on fluorescence quenching by NADH SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. SAPIDYNE INC,BOISE,ID 83706. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 62 EP BTEC PN 3 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP188 UT WOS:A1997WP18800063 ER PT J AU Puls, RW Paul, CJ Clark, PJ AF Puls, RW Paul, CJ Clark, PJ TI Remediation of chromate-contaminated ground water using an in-situ permeable reactive mixture: Field pilot test. Elizabeth City, North Carolina SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 66 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503097 ER PT J AU Bennett, TA Blowes, DW Puls, RW Gillham, RW HantonFong, CJ Ptacek, CJ OHannesin, SF Vogan, J AF Bennett, TA Blowes, DW Puls, RW Gillham, RW HantonFong, CJ Ptacek, CJ OHannesin, SF Vogan, J TI Design installation of an insitu porous reactive wall for treatment of Cr(VI) and trichloroethylene in groundwater SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV WATERLOO,DEPT EARTH SCI,WATERLOO,ON N2L 3G1,CANADA. US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,GUELPH,ON,CANADA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 67 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503098 ER PT J AU Thurman, NC Hetrick, JA Wolf, JK Parsons, LL Hannan, PJ Effland, WR AF Thurman, NC Hetrick, JA Wolf, JK Parsons, LL Hannan, PJ Effland, WR TI Designing lysimeter and field studies to address spatial variability. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV MARYLAND BALTIMORE CTY,BALTIMORE,MD 21228. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 69 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500260 ER PT J AU Wolf, JK Hetrick, JA Thurman, NC Parsons, LL Hannan, PJ Effland, WR AF Wolf, JK Hetrick, JA Thurman, NC Parsons, LL Hannan, PJ Effland, WR TI Does the hydrology in a lysimeter agree with field soil hydrology? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. UNIV MARYLAND BALTIMORE CTY,BALTIMORE,MD 21228. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 70 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500261 ER PT J AU Barrett, R Behl, E Wolf, JK AF Barrett, R Behl, E Wolf, JK TI Mass balance in pesticide leaching studies: How important is it and can it be dome with a true field study design? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 71 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500262 ER PT J AU Barrett, MR Behl, E Liu, SL AF Barrett, MR Behl, E Liu, SL TI The use of lysimeter and ground-water monitoring studies in evaluating pesticide ground-water contamination potential. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 72 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500263 ER PT J AU Williamson, TC Anastas, PT AF Williamson, TC Anastas, PT TI The presidential green chemistry challenge. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX 7406,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RI Anastas, Paul/L-3258-2013 OI Anastas, Paul/0000-0003-4777-5172 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 86 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503117 ER PT J AU Piocos, EA delaCruz, AA AF Piocos, EA delaCruz, AA TI HPLC with solid phase extraction for the analysis of chemical indicators of human fecal pollution in water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 90 EP ANYL PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500445 ER PT J AU Freed, CN AF Freed, CN TI Epa fuel programs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 95 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503126 ER PT J AU GomezTaylor, MM Abernathy, CO Du, JT AF GomezTaylor, MM Abernathy, CO Du, JT TI Drinking water health advisory for methyl tertiary-butyl ether. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 98 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503129 ER PT J AU Zhang, PC Ryan, JA AF Zhang, PC Ryan, JA TI Formation of pyromorphite in apatite and lead mineral suspensions: Effects of reaction kinetics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45224. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 109 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503549 ER PT J AU Ross, JH Powell, S Thongsinthusak, T Haskell, D Dow, MI Worgan, J AF Ross, JH Powell, S Thongsinthusak, T Haskell, D Dow, MI Worgan, J TI Harmonization of issues involving pesticide exposure assessment in North America. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CALIF EPA,DEPT PESTICIDE REGULAT,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. HLTH CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0K9,CANADA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 112 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500302 ER PT J AU Cook, JR Enns, P Sklar, MS AF Cook, JR Enns, P Sklar, MS TI Impact of the oxyfuel program on ambient CO levels. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL VEHICLE & FUEL EMISS LAB,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 121 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503152 ER PT J AU Breen, JJ Hanson, JW Howard, SM AF Breen, JJ Hanson, JW Howard, SM TI The US EPA's OPPT-DFE-PETE alliance for pollution prevention education and training. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 PARTNERSHIP ENVIRONM TECHNOL EDUC,PLEASANTON,CA 94588. US EPA,OFF POLLUT PREVENT & TOX,DESIGN ENVIRONM PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 127 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503158 ER PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ Johnson, WE AF Krynitsky, AJ Johnson, WE TI Determination of pesticide residues in environmental samples by electrospray LC/MS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 132 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500322 ER PT J AU Liu, ZB Hutchins, SR West, CC Wilson, BH AF Liu, ZB Hutchins, SR West, CC Wilson, BH TI Stability of triton X-100 in fuel-contaminated aquifer materials SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 137 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503168 ER PT J AU Glaser, J McCauley, P Potter, C Herrmann, R Dosani, M AF Glaser, J McCauley, P Potter, C Herrmann, R Dosani, M TI Aromatic pathway induction for creosote contaminated soils in bioslurry soil treatment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NRMRL,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. IT CORP,CINCINNATI,OH 45246. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 141 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503172 ER PT J AU Keaney, K AF Keaney, K TI The Environmental Protection Agency's worker protection policies and regulations. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 150 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500340 ER PT J AU Durhan, EJ Burkhard, LP Butterworth, BC Cook, PM Lukasewycz, MT Sheedy, BR AF Durhan, EJ Burkhard, LP Butterworth, BC Cook, PM Lukasewycz, MT Sheedy, BR TI A multilevel HPLC fractionation scheme to analyze environmental samples for bioaccumulative organic chemicals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,MED,DULUTH,MN 55804. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 153 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503183 ER PT J AU Cipollone, MG Wolfe, NL Anderson, JL AF Cipollone, MG Wolfe, NL Anderson, JL TI Long-term kinetic column studies on the use of iron & iron-pyrite for remediating TCE in water SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30605. US EPA,ECOSYST RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 172 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503202 ER PT J AU Morgan, JN AF Morgan, JN TI Effects of processing on heavy metal content of foods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 188 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18500187 ER PT J AU Colon, D Weber, EJ Anderson, JL AF Colon, D Weber, EJ Anderson, JL TI Role of natural organic matter in the mineral-mediated reduction of organic chemicals. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 192 EP ENVR PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503222 ER PT J AU Loux, NT AF Loux, NT TI A chemical potential model for assessing the impact of temperature disequilibrium on elemental mercury evasion rates from natural waters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ECOSYST RES DIV,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 228 EP GEOC PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP185 UT WOS:A1997WP18503668 ER PT J AU DAngelo, JC Collette, TW AF DAngelo, JC Collette, TW TI Determination of micro acidity constants and resolution of tautomeric species spectra via temperature variant spectrotitrimetry SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 13 PY 1997 VL 213 BP 402 EP PHYS PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA WP187 UT WOS:A1997WP18702657 ER PT J AU Menache, MG Hanna, LM Gross, EA Lou, SR Zinreich, SJ Leopold, DA Jarabek, AM Miller, FJ AF Menache, MG Hanna, LM Gross, EA Lou, SR Zinreich, SJ Leopold, DA Jarabek, AM Miller, FJ TI Upper respiratory tract surface areas and volumes of laboratory animals and humans: Considerations for dosimetry models SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID NASAL CAVITY; ACOUSTIC RHINOMETRY; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; AIRWAY; GEOMETRY; DEPOSITION; ANATOMY; BIAS; RATS; LUNG AB To facilitate the development of regional respiratory tract dosimetry comparisons between laboratory animal species and humans, published surface area (SA) and volume (VOL) data for the upper respiratory tract (URT) were reviewed. The review of the literature revealed that (1) different studies used different techniques to prepare specimens and make measurements, (2) different areas of the URT were measured, and (3) URT surface areas and volumes have been reported for a limited number of individual subjects within a species but for a relatively wide range of species. The published data are summarized in tables in this article. New measurements made in an F344 rat and in a female human subject are also presented. Despite the differences in experimental protocols, it was possible to fit allometric scaling equations to the data: In(SA, cm(2)) = -0.34 + 0.52 ln(body weight, g) and ln(VOL, cm(3)) = 1.70 + 0.78 In(body weight, g). Separate scaling equations Mere also fitted for rats alone. To illustrate the use of these scaling equations in quantitative human health risk assessment, two dose metrics (fractional absorption/cm(2) URT SA and fractional absorption/g body weight) for predicted URT uptake in laboratory animals and humans were calculated for acrolein and epichlorohydrin. Expressed as an animal-to-human ratio, the 95% confidence interval for URT SA could change the predicted dose ratio by up to a :actor of 2. Additional studies are needed to describe the entire URT (from the nares through the larynx) quantitatively and to decrease variability in scaling equation predictions as well as to develop additional species-specific scaling equations. Three-dimensional imaging techniques provide a noninvasive method to obtain URT surface areas and volumes in humans and the larger laboratory animals. Comparisons of magnetic resonance image (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans made as part of this study suggest that the greater clarity of the mucosal-air interface in the CT image provides better resolution for the study of anatomic features. Because there is no radiation exposure associated with MRI imaging, however, it is more safely used than CT scans in making repealed measurements in a subject to elucidate changes in URT geometry associated with normal nasal cycling or other physiological changes. C1 SCI INT INC,ALEXANDRIA,VA. CHEM IND INST TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Menache, MG (reprint author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,POB 3210 PULM,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA. NR 66 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD APR 11 PY 1997 VL 50 IS 5 BP 475 EP 506 DI 10.1080/00984109708984003 PG 32 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WW590 UT WOS:A1997WW59000005 PM 9140466 ER PT J AU Isaacs, JS Chen, PC Garza, A Hansen, MF Barrett, JC Weissman, BE AF Isaacs, JS Chen, PC Garza, A Hansen, MF Barrett, JC Weissman, BE TI Failure of HPV E6 to rapidly degrade p53 in human HeLa x PNET cell hybrids SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE p53; E6; tumor suppressor genes ID HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE-16; WILD-TYPE P53; MAMMARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GENE-MUTATIONS; HUMAN KERATINOCYTES; IN-VITRO; PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; UBIQUITIN; TUMOR AB The ability of the E6 protein from high risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) to degrade p53 via the ubiquitin pathway plays a major role in the development of cervical carcinomas. We have previously generated cell hybrids between a p53 null peripheral neuroepithelioma (PNET) cell line and a cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line which exhibits efficient E6-mediated degradation of p53. All of the resulting hybrids expressed HPV 18 E6 from the HeLa parent and some of the hybrids additionally expressed HPV 16 E6. Surprisingly, in spite of abundant E6 expression, the hybrids expressed relatively high steady-state levels of the wild-type p53 protein. We then examined the hybrids to determine whether other components of the E6-mediated degradation pathway were missing or nonfunctional. Specifically, we determined that the E6-associated protein (E6-AP), essential for E6-mediated degradation, was expressed. We further verified that these hybrids had a functional ubiquitination pathway, which suggests that this phenomenon is not due to a general defect in this pathway. We therefore conclude that other unidentified, possibly cell-specific factors can play a role in the E6-mediated degradative process and may act to inhibit this process. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,LINEBERGER COMPREHENS CANC CTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,CTR HUMAN GENET,BOSTON,MA 02118. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,MOL CARCINOGENESIS LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 53318, CA 60122, CA 44470] NR 67 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD APR 10 PY 1997 VL 14 IS 14 BP 1669 EP 1678 DI 10.1038/sj.onc.1201001 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA WR893 UT WOS:A1997WR89300005 PM 9135068 ER PT J AU Santostefano, MJ Ross, DG Savas, U Jefcoate, CR Birnbaum, LS AF Santostefano, MJ Ross, DG Savas, U Jefcoate, CR Birnbaum, LS TI Differential time-course and dose-response relationships of TCDD-induced CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 proteins in rats SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; CYTOCHROME-P-450 ISOZYMES; EPOXIDE HYDROLASE; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; INDUCTION; TOXICOKINETICS; EXPRESSION; INJECTION; EXPOSURE AB This study examined the relationship between dose- and time-dependent hepatic localization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and expression of CYP1B1, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 proteins. A dose-dependent increase in hepatic TCDD in female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 0.01-30.0 mu g TCDD/kg was observed, TCDD induced CYP1A1 protein in rats treated with 0.3 mu g TCDD/kg or higher, TCDD induced CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 proteins in rats treated with 1.0 mu g TCDD/kg or higher, The in vivo ED50 (mu g TCDD/kg) for TCDD-induced CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 proteins were 0.22, 0.40 and 5.19, respectively. Hepatic accumulation of TCDD reached a maximum at 8 hours post dosing with a t(1/2) of approximately 10 days, TCDD-induced CYP1A1/CYP1A2 protein expression was increased time-dependently, reaching a maximum at 3 days after dosing and remaining elevated for 35 days. In contrast, TCDD-induced CYP1B1 protein showed significant expression at 3 days after dosing and decreased to basal concentrations by 35 days. This study demonstrates that TCDD exhibits differential dose-response and time-course relationships on hepatic localization and cytochrome P-450 protein expression. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Santostefano, MJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV EXPT TOXICOL,MAIL DROP 74,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 20 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD APR 7 PY 1997 VL 233 IS 1 BP 20 EP 24 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6389 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA WV136 UT WOS:A1997WV13600005 PM 9144388 ER PT J AU Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Ulevicius, V Juozaitis, A Terzieva, S Donnelly, J Stelma, GN Brenner, KP AF Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Ulevicius, V Juozaitis, A Terzieva, S Donnelly, J Stelma, GN Brenner, KP TI Effect of impaction, bounce and reaerosolization on the collection efficiency of impingers SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOAEROSOL SAMPLERS; SAMPLING METHODS; AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS; AIR SAMPLERS; PARTICLES; AEROSOLS; RECOVERY; CALIBRATION; SURFACE; LIQUID AB The collection efficiency of liquid impingers was studied experimentally as a function of the sampling flow rate with test particles in the bacterial size range. Three impingers were tested: two All-Glass Impingers (AGI-4 and AGI-30), widely used for bioaerosol sampling, and a newly developed slot impinger, The aerosol particles were generated by a Collison nebulizer, and an Aerosizer was used to measure the particle concentrations and size distributions upstream and downstream of each impinger. The effect of the air pressure drop across the impinger on the Aerosizer performance was investigated, and the particle measurement system was modified and calibrated accordingly. While inertial impaction is the dominant particle removal mechanism in impingers, particle bounce and reaerosolization were also found to have significant effects on the impinger collection characteristics. At relatively high flow rates and low levels of collection fluid (corresponding to the collection fluid level after evaporation of most of the liquid during prolonged impingement), the liquid under the impinger jet was observed to be removed by the air pressure and pushed against the container's walls. Particles, such as bacterial or fungal spores, may thus bounce from the bottom of the collection vessel and escape with the effluent air how or may impact sideways into the liquid that was previously pushed against the walls, It was found that such particle bounce may significantly reduce the collection efficiency of impingers containing a small amount of liquid. When the impingers were operated at a high level of collection fluid and sufficiently high sampling Bow rates, it was observed that the bubbles, rising through the liquid, entrained previously collected particles and created new aerosols by bursting at the liquid-air surface. Such particle reaerosolization was also found to reduce the impinger collection efficiency. (C) 1997 American Association for Aerosol Research. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Grinshpun, SA (reprint author), UNIV CINCINNATI,AEROSOL RES LAB,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,POB 670056,CINCINNATI,OH 45267, USA. OI Ulevicius, Vidmantas/0000-0002-3023-0101 NR 46 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 326 EP 342 DI 10.1080/02786829708965434 PG 17 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WQ337 UT WOS:A1997WQ33700004 ER PT J AU Angulo, FJ Tippen, S Sharp, DJ Payne, BJ Collier, C Hill, JE Barrett, TJ Clark, RM Geldreich, EE Donnell, HD Swerdlow, DL AF Angulo, FJ Tippen, S Sharp, DJ Payne, BJ Collier, C Hill, JE Barrett, TJ Clark, RM Geldreich, EE Donnell, HD Swerdlow, DL TI A community waterborne outbreak of salmonellosis and the effectiveness of a boil water order SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY OCT 03-07, 1994 CL ORLANDO, FL ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; INFECTION AB Objectives. A 1993 large waterborne outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infections in Gideon, Mo, a city of 1100 with an unchlorinated community water supply, was investigated to determine the source of contamination and the effectiveness of an order to boil water. Methods. A survey of household members in Gideon and the surrounding township produced information on diarrheal illness, water consumption, and compliance with the boil water order. Results. More than 650 persons were ill; 15 were hospitalized, and 7 died. Persons consuming city water were more likely to be ill (relative risk [RR] = 9.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.9, 28.4), and the attack rate increased with increased water consumption. S. typhimurium was recovered from samples taken from a city fire hydrant and a water storage tower. Persons in 318 (30/98) of city households had drunk unboiled water after being informed about the boil water order, including 14 individuals who subsequently became ill. Reasons for noncompliance included ''not remembering'' (44%) and ''disbelieving'' (25%) the order. Conclusions. Communities with deteriorating water systems risk widespread illness unless water supplies are properly operated and maintained. Effective education to improve compliance during boil water orders is needed. C1 MISSOURI DEPT HLTH,JEFFERSON CITY,MO. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA. MISSOURI DEPT NAT RESOURCES,JEFFERSON CITY,MO. US EPA,DIV DRINKING WATER RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,MAIL STOP A-38,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD APR PY 1997 VL 87 IS 4 BP 580 EP 584 DI 10.2105/AJPH.87.4.580 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WY039 UT WOS:A1997WY03900012 PM 9146435 ER PT J AU Zhou, X George, SE Frank, DW Utley, M Gilmour, I Krogfelt, KA Claxton, LD Laux, DC Cohen, PS AF Zhou, X George, SE Frank, DW Utley, M Gilmour, I Krogfelt, KA Claxton, LD Laux, DC Cohen, PS TI Isolation and characterization of an attenuated strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC869, a 3,5-dichlorobenzoate degrader SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXOENZYME-S; TRANSREGULATORY LOCUS; INFECTION PREVENTION; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; DEGRADATION; BACTERIA; PAO AB Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC869, a 3,5-dichlorobenzoate degrader, is a mouse pathogen and has a reported 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of 1.05 x 10(7) CFU when given intranasally to C3H/HeJ mice (S. E. George, R3. J. Kohan,. M. I, Gilmour, M. S. Taylor, H. G. Brooks, J. P. Creason, and L. D. Claxton, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3585-3591, 1993), AC869 was serotyped as 06 when grown in CD-1 mouse cecal and lung mucus but could not he assigned an O serotype when grown in Luria broth (LB). After growth in mouse cecal mucus, a less virulent mutant, AC869-11, was isolated from AC869 by using bacteriophage E79, which adsorbs to the O side chain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), AC869-11 produced significantly less O antigen on its LPS than AC869 when grown in mouse lung and cecal mucus. The mutant also produced half the amount of exoenzyme S and 16-fold less extracellular protease than AC869 and was more sensitive than its parent to a number of antibiotics when grown either in LB or in mouse lung mucus, AC869-11 had a ninefold higher LD(50) than AC869 in CD-1 mice when administered intranasally, AC869-11 was found in the lungs, small intestine, cecum, and large intestine in numbers at least 100-fold below ACS69, 3 h after intranasal exposure of mice to a sublethal dose of the two strains. Moreover, AC869-11 induced a decreased pulmonary inflammatory response relative to AC869. In contrast to AC869, ACS69-11 did not translocate to the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen following a sublethal dose, Despite attenuation, ACS69-11 grew as well as AC869 with 3,5-dichlorobenzoate as the sole carbon and energy source, However, although AC869-11 survived in 3,5-dichlorobenzoate-contaminated soil as well as AC869 for I week, it failed to survive as well thereafter, These results suggest the possibility that mutations that lead to pulmonary attenuation of P. aeruginosa in mice also lead to weakness in the environment, despite such mutants maintaining the ability to degrade toxic substances under laboratory conditions. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT BIOCHEM MICROBIOL & MOL GENET,KINGSTON,RI 02881. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. MED COLL WISCONSIN,DEPT MICROBIOL,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. STATENS SERUM INST,DEPT CLIN MICROBIOL,DK-2300 COPENHAGEN S,DENMARK. RI Krogfelt , Karen Angeliki/O-8145-2016; OI Krogfelt , Karen Angeliki/0000-0001-7536-3453; Claxton, Larry/0000-0001-7455-1583 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1389 EP 1395 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA WR162 UT WOS:A1997WR16200031 PM 9097436 ER PT J AU Canganella, F Jones, WJ Gambacorta, A Antranikian, G AF Canganella, F Jones, WJ Gambacorta, A Antranikian, G TI Biochemical and phylogenetic characterization of two novel deep-sea Thermococcus isolates with potentially biotechnological applications SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE deep-sea hydrothermal vents; thermophilic archaea; Thermococcus; biotechnological applications ID EXTREMELY THERMOPHILIC ARCHAEBACTERIA; SP-NOV REPRESENTS; 16S RDNA ANALYSIS; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; GENUS THERMOCOCCUS; GUAYMAS BASIN; ARCHAEA; SULFUR; LIPIDS; ENVIRONMENT AB The partial 16S rDNA gene sequences of two thermophilic archaeal strains, TY and TYS, previously isolated from the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site were determined. Lipid analyses and a comparative analysis performed with 16S rDNA sequences of similar thermophilic species showed that the strains isolated from deep-sea vents were not identical to the other species belonging to the genus Thermococcus. On the basis of the results of the phylogenetic analyses, lipid analyses, and previously reported physiological data, we believe that strains TY and TYS are significantly different from the previously described Thermococcus species. According to specific physiological and molecular features, we propose the use of these isolates as potential tools for the development of biotechnological applications in the field of starch processing and DNA technology. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30613. CNR,INST CHEM BIOL INTERESTING MOL,ARCO,ITALY. TECH UNIV HAMBURG,DEPT BIOTECHNOL 1,HAMBURG,GERMANY. RP Canganella, F (reprint author), UNIV TUSCIA,DEPT AGROBIOL & AGROCHEM,VIA C LELLIS,I-01100 VITERBO,ITALY. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 167 IS 4 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.1007/s002030050438 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA WT838 UT WOS:A1997WT83800006 PM 9148682 ER PT J AU Glas, PS Courtney, LA Rayburn, JR Fisher, WS AF Glas, PS Courtney, LA Rayburn, JR Fisher, WS TI Embryonic coat of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio SO BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CRAB CARCINUS-MAENAS; CORTICAL REACTION; FERTILIZATION ENVELOPE; HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; LOBSTER; EGGS; MACRODACTYLUS; PRAWN AB The embryo of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, is surrounded during development by a protective extracellular coat designated as the embryonic coat (EC). At hatching, this EC is composed of four embryonic envelopes (EE), each of which is composed of multiple layers. The outermost layer of the EC, the outer investment coat (OIC), is derived primarily, if not completely, from pleopods of the female. The first envelope (EE1) forms as a bilayered envelope, EE1(a) and EE1(b), immediately after oviposition. The OIC becomes closely associated with EE1 and remains in close contact with EE1 until hatching occurs. An additional layer, EE1(c), is added to the inner side of EE1 between 3 and 5 d after oviposition. Three more embryonic envelopes, EE2, EE3, and EE4, are formed between the embryo and EE1 by 7 d after oviposition. Formation of embryonic envelopes continues until 10 d after oviposition; by this time each envelope is morphologically distinct in composition, with ''outer'' and ''inner'' sides clearly identifiable. All but the innermost embryonic envelope (EE4) are shed by the embryo about 6 h before hatching. Permeability of the EC during the 12-d incubation period is found to decrease between 0 and 5 d after oviposition, and then increase until hatching. Fluorescently labeled lectins react positively with the OIC, indicating the presence of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Thus, the palaemonid EC is a dynamic structure throughout embryonic development. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,GULF ECOL DIV,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NATL RES COUNCIL ASSOC,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 25 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY PI WOODS HOLE PA 7 MBL ST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 SN 0006-3185 J9 BIOL BULL JI Biol. Bull. PD APR PY 1997 VL 192 IS 2 BP 231 EP 242 DI 10.2307/1542717 PG 12 WC Biology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WX539 UT WOS:A1997WX53900004 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Piantadosi, CA Crumbliss, AL AF Ghio, AJ Piantadosi, CA Crumbliss, AL TI Hypothesis: Iron chelation plays a vital role in neutrophilic inflammation SO BIOMETALS LA English DT Review DE free radicals; inflammation; iron; iron chelates; neutrophils ID SERUM FERRITIN CONCENTRATION; HYDROXYL-RADICAL PRODUCTION; INDUCED LUNG FIBROSIS; HUMAN LACTOFERRIN; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; ACETOHYDROXAMIC ACID; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; TUMOR-GROWTH AB Neutrophil influx into tissues occurs in many diverse diseases and can be associated,vith both beneficial and injurious effects. We hypothesize that the stimulus for certain neutrophilic inflammatory responses can be reduced to a series of competing reactions for iron, with either a labile or reactive coordination site available, between host chelators and chelators not indigenous to that specific living system. The iron focuses the transport of host phagocytic cells through a metal catalyzed generation of oxidant sensitive mediators including cytokines and eicosanoids. Many of these products are chemotactic for neutrophils. We also postulate that the iron increases the activity of the phagocyte associated NADPH oxidoreductase in the neutrophil. The function of this enzyme is likely to be the generation of superoxide in the host's attempt to chemically reduce and dislodge the iron from its chelate complex. After the reoxidation of Fe2+ in an aerobic environment, Fe3+ will be coordinated by host lactoferrin released by the neutrophil. When complexed by this glycoprotein, the metal does not readily undergo oxidation/reduction and is safely transported to the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system where it is stored in ferritin. Finally, we propose that the neutrophil will attempt to destroy the chelator not indigenous to the host by releasing granular contents other than lactoferrin, Inability to eliminate the chelator allows this sequence to repeat itself, which can lead to tissue injury. Such persistence of a metal chelate in the host may be associated with biomineralization, fibrosis, and cancer. C1 DUKE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,DURHAM,NC 27710. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. DUKE UNIV,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC. NR 89 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0966-0844 J9 BIOMETALS JI Biometals PD APR PY 1997 VL 10 IS 2 BP 135 EP 142 DI 10.1023/A:1018387308517 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA WV767 UT WOS:A1997WV76700009 PM 9210296 ER PT J AU Clayton, CA Goldberg, MM Potter, BB AF Clayton, CA Goldberg, MM Potter, BB TI Design and analysis of an experiment for assessing cyanide in gold mining wastes SO CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE cyanide measurement; mixture experiment; mixture-amount model; gold mining waste AB Gold mining wastes treated by heap leaching cyanidization typically contain several metallo-cyanide species. Accurate measurement of total cyanide by the most common methods in such a case may be hampered by the inadequate recoveries that occur for certain cyanide compounds (e.g., gold cyanide). Accurate measurement may be further hampered by the presence of other substances in the waste that act as interferences. A laboratory experiment using the EPA-approved 'MIDI method' was executed to assess the accuracy of the method when faced with various cyanide mixtures coupled with varying concentrations of several potential interferences. The mixture constituents and the particular interferences were chosen to simulate those that occur in gold mining wastes. This paper describes the statistical aspects of the design, which involves crossing a mixture experiment with variations in several process variables (total cyanide amount and concentrations of three potential interferences). The paper also describes the strategy used to arrive at the final prediction models. C1 US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. RP Clayton, CA (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST, POB 12194, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7439 EI 1873-3239 J9 CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB JI Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. PD APR PY 1997 VL 36 IS 2 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0169-7439(97)00019-1 PG 13 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mathematics GA WU516 UT WOS:A1997WU51600009 ER PT J AU White, D Minotti, PG Barczak, MJ Sifneos, JC Freemark, KE Santelmann, MV Steinitz, CF Kiester, AR Preston, EM AF White, D Minotti, PG Barczak, MJ Sifneos, JC Freemark, KE Santelmann, MV Steinitz, CF Kiester, AR Preston, EM TI Assessing risks to biodiversity from future landscape change SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION; DIVERSITY; EXTINCTION; WILDLIFE; SCALE; SIZE AB We examined the impacts of possible future land development patterns on the biodiversity of a landscape. Our landscape data included a remote sensing derived map of the current habitat of the study area and six maps of future habitat distributions resulting from different land development scenarios. Our species data included lists of all bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species in the study area, their habitat associations, and area requirements for each. We estimated the area requirements using home ranges, sampled population densities, or genetic area requirements that incorporate dispersal distances. Our measures of biodiversity were species richness and habitat abundance. We calculated habitat abundance in two ways. First, we computed the total habitat area for each species in each landscape. Second, we calculated the number of habitat units for each species in each landscape by dividing the size of each habitat patch in the landscape by the area requirement and summing over all patches. Species richness was based on presence of habitat. Species became extinct in the landscape if they had no habitat area or no habitat units, respectively. We then computed ratios of habitat abundance in each future landscape to habitat abundance in the present for each species. We also computed the ratio of future to present species richness. We then calculated summary statistics across all species. Species richness changed little from present to future. There were distinctly greater risks to habitat abundance in landscapes that extrapolated from present trends of zoning patterns, however, as opposed to landscapes in which land development activities followed more constrained patterns. These results were stable when tested using Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity tests on the area requirements. We conclude that this methodology can begin to discriminate the effects of potential changes in land development on vertebrate biodiversity. C1 US EPA, ENVIRONM CANADA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. HARVARD UNIV, GRAD SCH DESIGN, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. US FOREST SERV, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP White, D (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOSCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 57 TC 102 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 33 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2 BP 349 EP 360 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95458.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WV115 UT WOS:A1997WV11500018 ER PT J AU Hoke, RA Ankley, GT Kosian, PA Cotter, AM Vandermeiden, FM Balcer, M Phipps, GL West, C Cox, JS AF Hoke, RA Ankley, GT Kosian, PA Cotter, AM Vandermeiden, FM Balcer, M Phipps, GL West, C Cox, JS TI Equilibrium partitioning as the basis for an integrated laboratory and field assessment of the impacts of DDT, DDE and DDD in sediments SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DDT; DDE; DDD; equilibrium partitioning; sediment ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; CONTAMINATED SITE; QUALITY CRITERIA; HYALELLA-AZTECA; WATER-QUALITY; BIOTIC INDEX; TOXICITY; STREAM; CHIRONOMIDAE AB Many of the most biologically productive portions of streams are backwater areas which support large populations of benthic macroinvertebrates. The sediments in these locations and their associated macroinvertebrate communities are frequently subjected to chemical inputs and physical perturbations. Historically, assessment of the effects of contaminants in sediments have emphasized chemical analyses and either laboratory toxicity tests or in-stream monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. However, combining the chemical and biological approaches provides a more powerful assessment technique. Such an integrated approach, combining laboratory water-only and sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, field surveys of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and evaluation of chemical data using equilibrium partitioning theory was used to assess the effects of DDT, DDE and DDD (collectively termed DDTR) in the sediments of the Huntsville Spring Branch-Indian Creek (HSB-IC) stream system in the southeastern USA. Benthic macroinvertebrate populations in the HSB-IC system still appear to be adversely affected by DDTR residues within the sediments even though DDT discharges to the stream were stopped over 20 years ago and a major remediation project was completed in the late 1980s. This conclusion is based on a weight of evidence approach which incorporates (1) the observed sediment toxicity to C. tentans and H. azteca in laboratory tests, (2) the identification of DDTR as the likely cause of effects observed during laboratory toxicity tests, (3) the absence of appropriate sensitive species from groups such as the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Amphipoda, (4) the presence of reduced numbers of both total individuals and species of chironomids and oligochaetes relative to nearby streams not contaminated by DDTR and (5) the observed distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to organic carbon-normalized concentrations of DDTR and equilibrium partitioning-based predicted sediment toxic units of DDTR. C1 SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,ENVIRONM RES & ANAL DIV,HACKENSACK,NJ 07601. US EPA,MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. UNIV WISCONSIN,LAKE SUPERIOR RES INST,SUPERIOR,WI 54880. RI Hoke, Robert/F-4943-2010 NR 58 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD APR PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 101 EP 125 DI 10.1023/A:1018610307458 PG 25 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WU684 UT WOS:A1997WU68400003 ER PT J AU Harnly, M Seidel, S Rojas, P Fornes, R Flessel, P Smith, D Kreutzer, R Goldman, L AF Harnly, M Seidel, S Rojas, P Fornes, R Flessel, P Smith, D Kreutzer, R Goldman, L TI Biological monitoring for mercury within a community with soil and fish contamination SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE contaminated soil; fish advisories; fish consumption; inorganic mercury; methyl mercury; Native Americans ID THERMOMETER PLANT; HUMAN-BLOOD; METHYLMERCURY; EXPOSURE; VAPOR; CHILDREN; WORKERS; SAMPLES AB To assess the impact of elevated levels of inorganic mercury in soil and dust and organic mercury in fish, biological monitoring was conducted among Native Americans living next to an inactive mercury mine in Clear Lake, California. Of resident tribal members, 46% (n = 56) participated in biomonitoring. Urine mercury levels are equivalent to background, indicating that soil and dust exposures among study participants are not substantial. The average blood organic mercury level among study participants is 15.6 +/- 8.8 mu g/l (n = 44), which is higher than levels reported by others among those who do not consume fish (2 mu g/l). Consistent with results from other studies, a correlation between fish consumption and blood organic mercury is observed (p = 0.03). The margin between observed and established adverse effect levels for adults is examined for blood organic mercury and found to be less than 10-fold for 20% of the study population. Protective public health efforts for the study population and other similarly exposed populations, notably those who consume commercial fish products, are considered. C1 CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,ENVIRONM HLTH LAB BRANCH,BERKELEY,CA 94704. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Harnly, M (reprint author), CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,ENVIRONM HLTH INVEST BRANCH,151 BERKELEY WAY,ANNEX 10,BERKELEY,CA 94704, USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1997 VL 105 IS 4 BP 424 EP 429 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105424 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XW502 UT WOS:A1997XW50200021 PM 9189708 ER PT J AU Dix, DJ AF Dix, DJ TI Stress proteins in reproductive toxicology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material ID RAT EMBRYOS; HSP70 GENE; EXPRESSION; CELLS; SEQUENCE; HSP-72; HSP27 RP Dix, DJ (reprint author), US EPA,RTD,NHEERL,MD-72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1997 VL 105 IS 4 BP 436 EP 438 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XW502 UT WOS:A1997XW50200023 PM 9189710 ER PT J AU Ursin, G London, S Stanczyk, FZ Gentzschein, E PaganiniHill, A Ross, RK Pike, MC AF Ursin, G London, S Stanczyk, FZ Gentzschein, E PaganiniHill, A Ross, RK Pike, MC TI A pilot study of urinary estrogen metabolites (16 alpha-OHE1 and 2-OHE1) in postmenopausal women with and without breast cancer SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Hormones, Hormone Metabolism, Environment, and Breast Cancer CY SEP 28-29, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE estrogen metabolism; 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone; 2-hydroxyestrone; breast cancer; urinary estrogen metabolites ID POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN; HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN; PROTEIN-BOUND ESTRADIOL; OXIDATIVE-METABOLISM; SERUM CONCENTRATIONS; RISK; DISEASE; ESTRIOL; PLASMA; DIET AB The two main pathways for metabolizing estrogen are via 16 alpha-hydroxylation and 2-hydroxylation. The 16 alpha-hydroxy metabolites are biologically active; the 2-hydroxy metabolites are not. It is suggested that women who metabolize a larger proportion of their endogenous estrogen via the 16 alpha-hydroxy pathway may be al significantly elevated risk of breast cancer compared with women who metabolize proportionally more estrogen via the 2-hydroxy pathway. In particular, it is suggested that the ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) to 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha-OHE1) is an index of reduced breast cancer risk. This pilot study compared this ratio in postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer to those of healthy controls. Urinary concentrations of estrone (E-1), 17 beta-estradiol (E-2) and estriol (E-3) were also quantified. White women who were subjects in a previous breast cancer case-control study at our institution were eligible for inclusion. All participants provided a sample of their first morning urine. The results from the first 25 cases and 23 controls are presented here. The ratio of 2-OHE1 to 16 alpha-OHE1 was 12% lower in the cases (p = 0.58). However, urinary E-1 was 30% higher (p = 0.10), E-2 was 58% higher (p = 0.07), E-3 was 15% higher (p = 0.48), and the sum of E-1, E-2, and E-3 was 22% higher (p = 0.16) in the cases. These preliminary results do not support the hypothesis that the ratio of the two hydroxylation metabolites (2-OHE1/16 alpha-OHE1) is an important risk factor for breast cancer or that it is a better predictor of breast cancer risk than levels of E-1, E-2 and E-3 measured in urine. C1 NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. UNIV SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES CTY WOMENS HOSP,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,LOS ANGELES,CA. RP Ursin, G (reprint author), UNIV SO CALIF,KENNETH NORRIS JR COMPREHENS CANC CTR,DEPT PREVENT MED,1441 EASTLAKE AVE,MS 44,LOS ANGELES,CA 90033, USA. OI London, Stephanie/0000-0003-4911-5290 FU NCI NIH HHS [5 P01 CA 17054] NR 49 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 3 BP 601 EP 605 DI 10.2307/3433377 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB828 UT WOS:A1997XB82800009 PM 9168002 ER PT J AU Budde, WL AF Budde, WL TI ''Good turmoil'' at EPA labs SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Budde, WL (reprint author), US EPA,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP A166 EP A167 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WR546 UT WOS:A1997WR54600003 PM 21650583 ER PT J AU Rice, PJ Drewes, CD Klubertanz, TM Bradbury, SP Coats, JR AF Rice, PJ Drewes, CD Klubertanz, TM Bradbury, SP Coats, JR TI Acute toxicity and behavioral effects of chlorpyrifos, permethrin, phenol, strychnine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol to 30-day-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Japanese medaka; Oryzias latipes; behavior; acute toxicity ID RESPIRATORY-CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; FATHEAD MINNOWS; SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS; PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; FENVALERATE; FISH; ACCUMULATION AB Five chemicals with different modes of action were evaluated in laboratory studies to determine their acute toxicity (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50]) and behavioral effects on 30-d-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The order of toxicity far these xenobiotics was permethrin > chlorpyrifos > 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) > strychnine > phenol. The 48-h LC50s were significantly different and ranged from 0.011 to 24.1 mg/L. In addition, chlorpyrifos and permethrin accumulated in the tissues of juvenile 0. latipes. Observations of five behavioral/morphological responses, including changes in equilibrium, general activity, startle response, and morphology (e.g., hemorrhage and deformities) were used as indicators of sublethal toxicity. Each chemical, with the exception of 2,4-DNP, elicited a distinct behavior or set of behavioral responses. The behavioral toxicology bioassay may be valuable in comparing and predicting the mode of action of new or unknown toxicants in this species of fish. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT ENTOMOL, PESTICIDE TOXICOL LAB, AMES, IA 50011 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT ZOOL, AMES, IA 50011 USA. US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECT RES LAB, MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. NR 41 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 696 EP 704 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0696:ATABEO>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WU832 UT WOS:A1997WU83200014 ER PT J AU Giesy, JP Jude, DJ Tillitt, DE Gale, RW Meadows, JC Zajieck, JL Peterman, PH Verbrugge, DA Sanderson, JT Schwartz, TR Tuchman, ML AF Giesy, JP Jude, DJ Tillitt, DE Gale, RW Meadows, JC Zajieck, JL Peterman, PH Verbrugge, DA Sanderson, JT Schwartz, TR Tuchman, ML TI Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dioxin equivalents; antagonism; bioaccumulation; toxic equivalency factors ID LAKES-INFLUENCED SECTIONS; LOWER GREAT-LAKES; RAINBOW-TROUT; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; ENZYME-INDUCTION; EROD INDUCTION; SULFUR ANALOGS; AH RECEPTOR; SPORT FISH; PCB AB Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) equivalents were measured in composite samples of forage fishes and several sizes of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents determined from the use of TCDD equivalency factors (TEFs) and instrumentally determined concentrations of individual congeners were designated TEq. The 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents determined on the same extracts with the H4IIE bioassay were defined as TCDD-EQ. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ and TEq were significantly, but poorly correlated (R-2 = 0.44). Concentrations of TCDD-EQ and TEq ranged from 10.6 to 348 and 13.5 to 69.5 ng/kg, wet weight, respectively. The ratio of TCDD-EQ to TEq ranged from 0.5 to 5.0, with the greatest ratio observed in common carp but the average ratio between TEq and TCDD-EQ was approximately 1.0. In common carp, larger walleye, and medium-sized alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) there were significant concentrations of TCDD-EQ that could not be accounted for by TEq calculated from an additive model of PCBs, PCDDs, or PCDFs. As much as 75% of the TCDD-EQ in some samples could not be accounted for by TEqs. It is unlikely that PCNs, PCDTs, or polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) occurred at concentrations that were, based on their relative potencies, great enough to contribute significant quantities of TCDD-EQ. The discrepency between TCDD-EQs and TEqs was not due to antagonisms among congeners or extraction efficiencies. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, INST ENVIRONM TOXICOL, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. UNIV MICHIGAN, CTR GREAT LAKES & AQUAT SCI, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. NATL BIOL SERV, MIDWEST SCI CTR, COLUMBIA, MO 65201 USA. US EPA, GREAT LAKES NATL PROGRAM OFF, CHICAGO, IL 60604 USA. RP Giesy, JP (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, PESTICIDE RES CTR, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. RI Mensinger, Allen/B-7349-2013 NR 83 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 EI 1552-8618 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 713 EP 724 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0713:PDPDDB>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WU832 UT WOS:A1997WU83200016 ER PT J AU AllenGil, SM Gubala, CP Landers, DH Lasorsa, BK Crecelius, EA Curtis, LR AF AllenGil, SM Gubala, CP Landers, DH Lasorsa, BK Crecelius, EA Curtis, LR TI Heavy metal accumulation in sediment and freshwater fish in US Arctic lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE arctic; fish; metals; sediment ID BEAR URSUS-MARITIMUS; NORTHWEST-TERRITORIES; ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS; TRACE-METALS; MERCURY; ALPINUS; SEALS; CHAR AB Metal concentrations in sediment and two species of freshwater fish (lake trout [Salvelinus namaycush], and grayling [Thymallus arcticus]) were examined in four Arctic lakes in Alaska. Concentrations of several metals were naturally high in the sediment relative to uncontaminated lakes in other Arctic regions and more temperate locations. For example, concentrations of Hg and Ni were 175 ng/g and 250 ng/g dry weight, respectively, in Feniak Lake surface sediment. If any anthropogenic enrichment has occurred, it is not distinguishable from background variability based on surface sediment to down core comparisons. With the exception of Hg, the site rank order of metal concentrations (Cu, Cd, Ni, Ph, and Zn) in sediment and freshwater fish tissue among lakes is not consistent. This suggests that a number of physical, chemical, and physiological parameters mediate metal bioavailability and uptake in these systems. Maximum concentrations of most metals in fish from this study are equal to or higher than those collected from remote Arctic lakes and rivers in Canada, Finland, and Russia. Muscle Hg concentrations in excess of 1 mu g/g wet weight were observed in lake trout from Feniak Lake, which has no identified Hg source other than naturally Hg-enriched sediments. Fish diet seems to influence some heavy metal burdens, as evidenced by the higher concentrations of some metals in lake trout compared to grayling, and differences among lakes for lake trout. Cadmium, Cu, and Zn burdens were higher in lakes where snails were consumed by trout compared to lakes without snails. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,INST NAT SYST ENGN,LOGAN,UT 84322. BATTELLE PACIFIC NW DIV,SEQUIM,WA 98382. E TENNESSEE STATE UNIV,COLL PUBL & ALLIED HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,JOHNSON CITY,TN 37614. RP AllenGil, SM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 33 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 21 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 733 EP 741 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0733:HMAISA>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WU832 UT WOS:A1997WU83200018 ER PT J AU Erickson, RJ Kleiner, CF Fiandt, JT Highland, TL AF Erickson, RJ Kleiner, CF Fiandt, JT Highland, TL TI Effect of acclimation period on the relationship of acute copper toxicity to water hardness for fathead minnows SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE copper; toxicity; fathead minnow; hardness; acclimation ID RAINBOW-TROUT; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; PH; ALKALINITY; LETHALITY AB The acute (96-h) toxicity of copper sulfate to fathead minnows was tested in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment, with factors being low (ca. 1 meq/L) and high (ca. 4 meq/L) water hardness during an acclimation period and low and high hardness during the exposure period. Acclimation hardness was found to have no significant effects on copper lethality, except that the 24-h LC50 at high exposure hardness was 44% higher for fish sub ect to low acclimation hardness than fish subject to high acclimation hardness. In contrast, exposure hardness was found to have major effects, with LC50s being two to three times greater at high exposure hardness than at low, regardless of the acclimation hardness. These results suggest that the extent of the acclimation period is not a general, severely confounding factor for previous reports of the effects of hardness on copper toxicity to fish, although it may assume some importance for some species and test conditions. RP Erickson, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD APR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 813 EP 815 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0813:EOAPOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WU832 UT WOS:A1997WU83200028 ER PT J AU Casteel, SW Cowart, RP Weis, CP Henningsen, GM Hoffman, E Brattin, WJ Guzman, RE Starost, MF Payne, JT Stockham, SL Becker, SV Drexler, JW Turk, JR AF Casteel, SW Cowart, RP Weis, CP Henningsen, GM Hoffman, E Brattin, WJ Guzman, RE Starost, MF Payne, JT Stockham, SL Becker, SV Drexler, JW Turk, JR TI Bioavailability of lead to juvenile swine dosed with soil from the Smuggler Mountain NPL site of Aspen, Colorado SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BILIARY-EXCRETION; TRACER ELEMENTS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; RATS; INGESTION; COMMUNITY; ACETATE; MODEL; PIG AB Bioavailability of lead (Pb) has become an issue in quantifying exposure of sensitive populations and, where necessary, establishing cleanup levels for contaminated soil. Immature swine were used as a model for young children to estimate the degree to which Pb from two fully characterized composite samples from the Smuggler Mountain Superfund Site in Aspen, Colorado may be bioavailable to resident children. The composite soils contained 14,200 and 3870 mu g Pb/g of soil. Relative and absolute enteric bioavailabilities of Pb in soil (oral dose groups of 75, 225, and 675 mu g Pb/kg body wtlday) were estimated by comparison with an orally administered soluble Pb salt (lead acetate = PbAc2 . 3H(2)O) (dose groups of 0, 75, and 225 mu g Pb/kg body wtlday) and an intravenously administered aqueous solution of Pb (100 mu g Pb/kg/ day) from the same trihydrate salt administered daily for 15 days to 50 juvenile swine. The biological responses (area under the blood Pb concentration-time curve, and the terminal liver-, kidney-, and bone-lead concentrations) produced by Pb from PbAc2 . 3H(2)O and lead-contaminated soils were determined. This study revealed Pb from soil containing 14,200 mu g Pb/g of soil had a bioavailability relative to Pb from PbAc (RBA), ranging from 56% based on the area under the blood lead concentration-time curve (AUG) versus dose, to 86% based on calculations from liver-Pb loading versus dose. Similarly, Pb from soil containing 3870 mu g Pb/g of soil had an RBA ranging from 58% based on the AUC versus dose, to 74% based on calculations from liver- and kidney-Pb loading versus dose. Bioavailability of Pb in soils may be more or less than EPA's default RBA of 60%, therefore, measuring site-specific RBAs provides a basis for improved exposure and risk assessment. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 ROY F WESTON INC,LAKEWOOD,CO 80228. UNIV ILLINOIS,SPRINGFIELD,IL 62794. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. US EPA,REG 8 8EPR PS,DENVER,CO 80202. RP Casteel, SW (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 30 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 36 IS 2 BP 177 EP 187 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2296 PG 11 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WU802 UT WOS:A1997WU80200009 PM 9143487 ER PT J AU Devlin, RB Folinsbee, LJ Biscardi, F Hatch, G Becker, S Madden, MC Robbins, M Koren, HS AF Devlin, RB Folinsbee, LJ Biscardi, F Hatch, G Becker, S Madden, MC Robbins, M Koren, HS TI Inflammation and cell damage induced by repeated exposure of humans to ozone SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBSTRUCTIVE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; VITAMIN-C; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; UCLA POPULATION; LOWER AIRWAYS; GUINEA-PIGS; ADAPTATION; RATS; PERFORMANCE; RESPONSES AB Humans exposed to ozone a single time develop decrements in lung function and an inflammatory reaction in the lung characterized by increased numbers of neutrophils and increased amounts of soluble mediators of inflammation such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, prostaglandin (PG) E-2, lactate dehydrogenase, elastase, and lung protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). However, humans who undergo repeated daily exposures to ozone have decrements in lung function on days 1 and 2 of exposure, followed by progressive diminution or even complete disappearance on following days, a process termed ''attenuation'' or ''tolerance.'' It is not known whether repeated exposure of humans to ozone also results in attenuation of the inflammatory response. In this study, 16 healthy young adult males were exposed to air and 0.4 ppm ozone for 2 h/day on 5 consecutive days, and again a single time 10 or 20 days after the initial 5-day ozone exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed after 5 days of ozone exposure, alter 5 days of air exposure, and a third rime after the 10- or 20-day follow-up ozone exposure. Ozone-induced increases in percent polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and BALF levels of IL-6, PGE(2), elastase, and fibronectin were diminished after 5 days of exposure. In addition, ozone-induced decreases in recovery of viable BALF cells and alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of yeast were also blunted. However, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), elastase, IL-8, BALF total protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and percent epithelial cells were not diminished. Reversal of ozone-induced attenuation was complex. Some mediators (PMNs, IL-6, PGE(2), fibronectin, recovery of viable cells) showed at least partial, if not complete, reversal within 10-20 days, while others (total protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin) did not return to the normal response to ozone even alter 20 days. We conclude from this study that increases in many cellular and biochemical mediators indicative of inflammation seen after a single exposure of humans to ozone are attenuated after 5 consecutive days of exposure. This attenuation is similar to attenuation of symptoms and lung function reported previously. However, markers of cell injury (increased epithelial cells, LDH, total protein) are not attenuated and may indicate a persistent but not perceived effect of ozone. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH MED, CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. US EPA, DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Devlin, RB (reprint author), US EPA, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, MAIL DROP 58D, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 41 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 211 EP 235 PG 25 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WW378 UT WOS:A1997WW37800002 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ Meng, ZH Hatch, GE Costa, DL AF Ghio, AJ Meng, ZH Hatch, GE Costa, DL TI Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence after in vitro exposures of rat alveolar macrophages to oil fly ash is metal dependent SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHEMI-LUMINESCENCE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; RADICAL SCAVENGERS; AIR-POLLUTION; IRON; GENERATION; NEUTROPHILS; SUPEROXIDE; MORTALITY; HYDROXYL AB Epidemiologic studies have associated exposures to air pollution particles with human mortality. Much of this excess mortality is attributed to a respiratory injury. It has been postulated that such injury after particle exposure can result from the capacity of these dusts to catalyze the generation of oxygen-based free radicals. We tested the study hypotheses (1) that oxidant production by rat alveolar macrophages increases with exposures to an emission source air pollution particle (i.e., an oil fly ash), (2) that this elevation in radical generation is dependent on the concentrations of metal associated with the oil fly ash and available to support electron transport, and (3) that increaser in the cellular oxidant formation can be simulated by both soluble metal salts and metal complexed to insoluble carboxylate functionalized latex beads. Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence was measured in reaction mixtures that included rat alveolar macrophages (0.5-1.0 x 10(6) cells/ml), 0.1 mM luminol, 1% bovine serum albumin, and either oil fly ash, iron sulfate, nickel sulfate, vanadyl sulfate, or latex particles with iron, nickel, and vanadyl cation groups complexed to the surface. In vitro exposure of the cells to the oil fly ash significantly increased chemiluminescence, while inclusion of deferoxamine and hydroxyl radical scavengers diminished the signal. Solutions of metal sulfates similarly elevated chemiluminescence in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Finally, latex beads with complexed iron, nickel, and vanadyl cation groups significantly augmented the signal again in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We conclude that (1) the in vitro generation of oxidants by rat alveolar macrophages increases after exposures to an emission source air pollution particle, (2) these elevations in the production of oxygen-based free radicals alter exposure of phagocytes to an air pollution particle can be metal dependent, and (3) solutions of metal sulfates and latex particles with complexed metals similarly augment chemiluminescence by alveolar macrophages. C1 US EPA,ENVIRONM TOXICOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 36 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 255 EP 271 PG 17 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WW378 UT WOS:A1997WW37800004 ER PT J AU Peters, AJ Eve, MD Holt, EH Whitford, WG AF Peters, AJ Eve, MD Holt, EH Whitford, WG TI Analysis of desert plant community growth patterns with high temporal resolution satellite spectra SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; phenology; satellite imagery; vegetation index ID LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; AVHRR DATA; VEGETATION; RANGELANDS; PHENOLOGY; CALIBRATION; INDEXES AB 1. The study of a desert landscape consisting of C-3 shrublands and C-4 grasslands demonstrated the feasibility of mapping desertification processes on a regional scale using time-series satellite images, and demonstrated the potential for monitoring desertification processes through time. 2. Fifteen meteorological satellite images of southern New Mexico, spread over the growing season of 1989, were processed to yield images of normalized difference vegetation indices. Computer classification of these images and comparison with extensive ground measurements confirmed the identification of the major classes of shrubland, grassland and mixed shrub and grass areas. 3. Our high-resolution temporal approach is shown to permit the accurate identification of vegetation types even under conditions of sparse vegetation cover. The phenologies of grassland and shrubland were revealed in the time series of satellite images. We used this feature of the data to overcome the tendency of the strong radiation signal from bare soil to mask the biomass signal. 4. Comprehensive comparisons with ground measurements confirmed the accuracy of the biomass identification for local areas within the Jornada Experimental Range, and justified extrapolation of the classification to a larger adjacent area. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOG, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM MONITORING SYST LAB, LAS VEGAS, NV 89193 USA. RP Peters, AJ (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA, INST AGR & NAT RESOURCES, CTR ADV LAND MANAGEMENT INFORMAT TECHNOL, LINCOLN, NE 68588 USA. NR 37 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 34 IS 2 BP 418 EP 432 DI 10.2307/2404887 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB028 UT WOS:A1997XB02800012 ER PT J AU Hurst, CJ Sims, RC Sims, JL Sorensen, DL McLean, JE Huling, S AF Hurst, CJ Sims, RC Sims, JL Sorensen, DL McLean, JE Huling, S TI Soil gas oxygen tension and pentachlorophenol biodegradation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID BACTERIA; DECHLORINATION; CHLOROPHENOL; PCP AB Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effect of soil gas oxygen concentration on the degradation and mineralization of spiked C-14-pentachlorophenol and nonlabeled pentachlorophenol (PCP) present in soil taken from a prepared-bed land treatment unit at the Champion International Superfund Site in Libby, Mont. This soil was contaminated with wood preserving wastes including creosote and PCP. Degradation rates of C-14-PCP and nonlabeled PCP were found to be enhanced under soil gas oxygen concentrations between 2 and 21% in the contaminated soil. Between 48 and 64% of C-14-PCP spiked onto the soil was mineralized after 70 days at soil gas oxygen levels between 2 and 21%. No statistically significant mineralization of PCP was found to occur at 0% oxygen concentrations. Mineralization of C-14-PCP in contaminated soil poisoned with mercuric chloride was determined to be less than 0.2%. Degradation of indigenous nonradiolabeled PCP in the nonpoisoned soil was statistically significantly greater than in poisoned soil. These results indicated that degradation of PCP was biological and would occur under low oxygen concentrations. Soil gas oxygen concentrations necessary for PCP biodegradation (2-5%) could be maintained, for example, using bioventing technology in order to achieve continued treatment of buried lifts of soil while new lifts are added, thus decreasing the total time for soil remediation of the prepared bed. C1 US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820. RP Hurst, CJ (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 35 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD APR PY 1997 VL 123 IS 4 BP 364 EP 370 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:4(364) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WQ017 UT WOS:A1997WQ01700009 ER PT J AU Wallace, LA Nelson, WC Pellizzari, ED Raymer, JH AF Wallace, LA Nelson, WC Pellizzari, ED Raymer, JH TI Uptake and decay of volatile organic compounds at environmental concentrations: Application of a four-compartment model to a chamber study of five human subjects SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aliphatics; aromatics; blood/breath ratios; breath analysis; chamber studies; chlorinated compounds; VOCs ID HUMAN BREATH; PHARMACOKINETICS; BENZENE; EXPOSURE; CHEMICALS; BLOOD; RATS AB Five subjects were exposed to nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at concentrations that can be encountered in everyday life. Breath samples were collected during a 10-h uptake phase and a 24-h decay phase. It was possible to determine four distinct slopes in the decay curve for each chemical. The distribution in the body and residence times in different tissues were calculated using a linear four-compartment mass-balance model. The model was used to predict breath concentrations for two subjects in a second chamber experiment including the same nine VOCs, representing three chemical classes (aromatic, aliphatic, and chlorinated compounds). Predicted values were generally within 25% of those observed suggesting that the model parameters calculated here could be useful in estimating exposure and body burden to other VOCs in these three classes. Median residence times for the nine VOCs ranged from 3-12 min for compartment 1 (metabolizing); 0.3-2 h for compartment 2; 2-5 h for compartment 3; and 1-4 d for compartment 4. The fraction of the parent compound exhaled at equilibrium was estimated to range from 0.06-0.16 for four aromatic compounds and decane; 0.22-0.23 for trichloroethylene and dichloromethane; 0.35 for hexane; and 0.88 for 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Limited blood measurements were obtained for six of the nine VOCs in two subjects simultaneously with the breath samples over four-hour decay periods. Blood/breath ratios agreed well between the two subjects, but were higher than human blood/air partition coefficients reported in subjects exposed to high concentrations. This observation is consistent with results from other studies at relatively low concentrations. RP Wallace, LA (reprint author), US EPA,12201 SUNRISE VALLEY DR,555 NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 20192, USA. RI Wallace, Lance/K-7264-2013; OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 24 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR-JUN PY 1997 VL 7 IS 2 BP 141 EP 163 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XD085 UT WOS:A1997XD08500001 PM 9185009 ER PT J AU Stump, FD AF Stump, FD TI Influence of ethanol-blended fuels on the emissions from three pre-1985 light-duty passenger vehicles - Response SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter RP Stump, FD (reprint author), US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 1997 VL 47 IS 4 BP 450 EP 450 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WU264 UT WOS:A1997WU26400002 ER PT J AU Law, PL Lioy, PJ Zelenka, MP Huber, AH McCurdy, TR AF Law, PL Lioy, PJ Zelenka, MP Huber, AH McCurdy, TR TI Evaluation of a probabilistic exposure model applied to carbon monoxide (pNEM/CO) using Denver Personal Exposure Monitoring Data SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The probabilistic National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Exposure Model applied to carbon monoxide (pNEM/CO) was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to estimate frequency distributions of population exposure to carbon monoxide (GO) and the resulting carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels. To evaluate pNEM/CO, the model was set up to simulate CO exposure data collected during a Denver Personal Exposure Monitoring Study (PEM) conducted during the winter of 1982-1983. This paper compares computer-simulated exposure distributions obtained by pNEM/CO with the observed cumulative relative frequency distributions of population exposure to CO from 779 people in the Denver PEM study. The subjects were disaggregated into two categories depending upon whether they Lived in a home with a gas stove or an electric stove. The observed and predicted population exposure frequency distributions were compared in terms of 1-hr daily maximum exposure (1DME) and 8-hr daily maximum moving average exposure (8DME) for people Living in homes with gas stove or an electric stove. For 1DME, the computer-simulated results from pNEM/CO agreed most closely within the range of 6-13 ppm, but overestimated occurrences at low exposure (<6 ppm) and underestimated occurrences at high exposure (>13 ppm). For 8DME, the predicted exposures agreed best with observed exposures in the range of CO concentration between 5.5 and 7 ppm, and over-predicted occurrences below 5.5 ppm and under-predicted occurrences above 7 ppm. C1 EOHSI,EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT & ASSESSMENT DIV,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855. NOAA,AIR RESOURCES LAB,ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RI Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011 NR 17 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD APR PY 1997 VL 47 IS 4 BP 491 EP 500 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WU264 UT WOS:A1997WU26400009 PM 28065154 ER PT J AU VanSickle, J Wigington, PJ Church, MR AF VanSickle, J Wigington, PJ Church, MR TI Estimation of episodic stream acidification based on monthly or annual sampling SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE episodic acidification; stream chemistry; sampling design; modeling/statistics; Northeastern USA ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; ADIRONDACK LAKES; SURFACE WATERS; SNOWMELT; CHEMISTRY AB Programs of monthly or annual stream water sampling will rarely observe the episodic extremes of acidification chemistry that occur during brief, unpredictable runoff events. When viewed in the context of data from several streams, however, baseflow measurements of variables such as acid neutralizing capacity, pH and NO3- are likely to be highly correlated with the episodic extremes of those variables from the same stream and runoff season. We illustrate these correlations for a water chemistry record, nearly two years in length, obtained from intensive sampling of 13 small Northeastern U.S. streams studied during USEPA's Episodic Response Project. For these streams, simple regression models estimate episodic extremes of acid neutralizing capacity, pH, NO3-, Ca2+, SO42-, and total dissolved Al with good relative accuracy from statistics of monthly or annual index samples. Model performances remain generally stable when episodic extremes in the second year of sampling are predicted from first-year models. Monthly or annual sampling designs, in conjunction with simple empirical models calibrated and maintained through intensive sampling every few years, may estimate episodic extremes of acidification chemistry with economy and reasonable accuracy. Such designs would facilitate sampling a large number of streams, thereby yielding estimates of the prevalence of episodic acidification at regional scales. C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP VanSickle, J (reprint author), DYNAMAC INT INC,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD APR PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 359 EP 366 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA WX811 UT WOS:A1997WX81100012 ER PT J AU Schneider, K AF Schneider, K TI Go to ding-dong school! SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP Schneider, K (reprint author), US EPA,GARCIA CONSULTING & DIR,REG LIB 2,NEW YORK,NY, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD APR 1 PY 1997 VL 122 IS 6 BP 8 EP 8 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA WP925 UT WOS:A1997WP92500005 ER PT J AU Maier, WE Bartenbach, MJ Brown, HW Tilson, HA Harry, GJ AF Maier, WE Bartenbach, MJ Brown, HW Tilson, HA Harry, GJ TI Induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha in cultured glial cells by trimethyltin SO NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; ACTIVATED MICROGLIA; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; NEUROTOXICITY; CYTOKINES AB Within the central nervous system, cytokines are thought to play an active role in pathophysiological changes seen in various neurodegenerative diseases and trauma. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that systemic administration of the neurotoxicant trimethyltin (TMT) produced a rapid and sustained elevation of CNS TNF alpha mRNA levels. In order to examine the effects of TMT on glial cultures in the absence of a neuronal component, primary glial cultures were exposed to TMT. Cultured glial cells undergo distinct morphological changes within 6 h of exposure to 10 mu M TMT. This is characterized by an initial retraction of astrocytic processes revealing long, thin GFAP-dense processes and enlarged cell bodies, progressing to distinct retraction of plasmalemmna processes by 24 h. Prior to morphological changes, mRNA levels for the astrocyte-specific protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), increased within 3 h, as determined by Northern blot hybridization. Approximately a four-fold increase in TNF alpha mRNA levels was observed after 6 h as determined by competitive RT-PCR. This stimulation resulted in a 10-fold increase in the biologically active form of TNF alpha protein. These results suggest that a direct stimulation of glial cells may produce an early and critical response of the nervous system in chemical-induced neurotoxicity. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIEHS,NEUROTOXICOL WORKGRP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV N CAROLINA,CURRICULUM TOXICOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0197-0186 J9 NEUROCHEM INT JI Neurochem. Int. PD APR-MAY PY 1997 VL 30 IS 4-5 BP 385 EP 392 DI 10.1016/S0197-0186(96)00073-3 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA WR871 UT WOS:A1997WR87100004 PM 9106252 ER PT J AU Henriksen, TB Baird, DD Olsen, J Hedegaard, M Secher, NJ Wilcox, AJ AF Henriksen, TB Baird, DD Olsen, J Hedegaard, M Secher, NJ Wilcox, AJ TI Time to pregnancy and preterm delivery SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIETHYLSTILBESTROL-EXPOSED WOMEN; INVITRO FERTILIZATION; TO-PREGNANCY; INFERTILITY; BIRTH; SELECTION; WEIGHT AB Objective: To test whether subfertile women may be at higher risk of preterm delivery. Methods: We used data from two population-based cohort studies on risk factors and pregnancy outcome for approximately 20,000 deliveries in three major Danish obstetric departments. The Aalborg-Odense study comprised all pregnant women attending routine antenatal care at two obstetric departments from 1984 to 1987. In all, 11,850 women (86%) filled in a questionnaire at about 36 weeks' gestation. The Aarhus study addressed women at the routine visit near 16 weeks' gestation from 1989 to 1991; a study questionnaire was returned by 6857 (80%). Both studies excluded women with chronic illnesses, multiple fetuses, and inability to speak Danish. Only women with planned pregnancies were included in the analysis. In all, 8855 and 3985 women from Aalborg-Odense and Aarhus, respectively, were eligible for the analyses. In both cohorts, women were categorized according to their waiting time to pregnancy (0-6 months, 7-12 months, and greater than 1 year) and according to examination or treatment for infertility (yes, no). Preterm delivery was defined as birth before 37 completed weeks. Results: Compared with women who tried for 6 months or less before they conceived, women who tried for 7-12 months had 1.3 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8, 2.1) the adjusted risk of preterm delivery in both cohorts, and women with a time to pregnancy of greater than 12 months had adjusted relative risks for preterm delivery of 1.6 (95% CI 1.1, 2.2) for Aalborg-Odense and 1.7 (95% CI 1.1, 2.6) for Aarhus. The results remained similar after excluding women with infertility treatment. Conclusions: Pregnant women with subfertility and clinically defined infertility are more prone to preterm delivery, even in the absence of infertility treatment. (C) 1997 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 AARHUS UNIV,DANISH EPIDEMIOL SCI CTR,INST EPIDEMIOL & SOCIAL MED,AARHUS,DENMARK. NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP Henriksen, TB (reprint author), AARHUS UNIV,SKEJBY SYGEHUS,PERINATAL EPIEMIOL RES UNIT,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,DK-8200 AARHUS N,DENMARK. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311; Baird, Donna/0000-0002-5544-2653 NR 35 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 89 IS 4 BP 594 EP 599 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA WP923 UT WOS:A1997WP92300020 PM 9083319 ER PT J AU Blondell, J AF Blondell, J TI Epidemiology of pesticide poisonings in the United States, with special reference to occupational cases SO OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE-STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID CONTROL-CENTERS RP Blondell, J (reprint author), US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS DIV 7509C,OFF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 39 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 SN 0885-114X J9 OCCUP MED JI Occup. Med.-State Art Rev. PD APR-JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 209 EP 220 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XM130 UT WOS:A1997XM13000003 PM 9220482 ER PT J AU Arne, KH AF Arne, KH TI State pesticide regulatory programs: Themes and variations SO OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE-STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS LA English DT Article RP Arne, KH (reprint author), US EPA,REG 10,1200 6TH AVE,SEATTLE,WA 98101, USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 SN 0885-114X J9 OCCUP MED JI Occup. Med.-State Art Rev. PD APR-JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 371 EP 385 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XM130 UT WOS:A1997XM13000013 PM 9220492 ER PT J AU Ortiz, J Mix, A Hostetler, S Kashgarian, M AF Ortiz, J Mix, A Hostetler, S Kashgarian, M TI The California current of the last glacial maximum: Reconstruction at 42 degrees N based on multiple proxies SO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; SURFACE; FORAMINIFERA; TEMPERATURE; SYSTEM AB Multiple paleoceanographic proxies in a zonal transect across the California Current near 42 degrees N record modem and last glacial maximum (LGM) thermal and nutrient gradients. The offshore thermal gradient, derived from foraminiferal species assemblages and oxygen isotope data, was similar at the LGM to that at present (warmer offshore), but average temperatures were 3.3 degrees +/-1.5 degrees C colder. Observed gradients require that the sites remained under the southward flow of the California Current, and thus that the polar front remained north of 42 degrees N during the LGM. Carbon isotopic and foraminiferal flux data suggests enhanced nutrients and productivity of foraminfera in the northern California Current up to 650 km offshore. In contrast, marine organic carbon and coastal diatom burial rates decreased during the LGM. These seemingly contradictory results are reconciled by model simulations of the LGM wind- field, which suggest that wind stress curl at 42 degrees N (and thus open-ocean upwelling) increased, while offshore Ekman transport (and thus coastal upwelling) decreased during the last ice age. The ecosystem of the northern California Current during the LGM approximated that of the modem Gulf of Alaska. Cooling anti production in this legion was thus driven by stronger open-ocean upwelling and/or southward flow of high-latitude water masses, rather than by coastal upwelling. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 92717. US EPA,US GEOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011; Ortiz, Joseph/E-1144-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418; Ortiz, Joseph/0000-0002-6583-3850 NR 48 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0883-8305 J9 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY JI Paleoceanography PD APR PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 191 EP 205 DI 10.1029/96PA03165 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography; Paleontology SC Geology; Oceanography; Paleontology GA WQ646 UT WOS:A1997WQ64600004 ER PT J AU LeVee, GJ Oberhelman, L Anderson, T Koren, H Cooper, KD AF LeVee, GJ Oberhelman, L Anderson, T Koren, H Cooper, KD TI UVA II exposure of human skin results in decreased immunization capacity, increased induction of tolerance and a unique pattern of epidermal antigen-presenting cell alteration SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET-A-IRRADIATION; LANGERHANS CELLS; CONTACT HYPERSENSITIVITY; DELAYED-HYPERSENSITIVITY; SYSTEMIC SUPPRESSION; B RADIATION; LIGHT; INVIVO; CARCINOGENESIS; MACROPHAGES AB The risks incurred from increased exposure to UVA II (320-340 nm) (i.e. during sunscreen use and extended outdoor exposure, tanning parlors) are not well understood. Therefore, we explored the effects of UVA II on skin immune responses in humans. After a single local exposure (4 minimum erythemal dose [MED]) using a xenon are lamp filtered with a narrow bandpass filter (335 +/- 5 nm full width at half maximum), individuals were contact-sensitized with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) through a UVA II exposure site or through normal skin, UVA II induced a marked decrease in the magnitude of skin immune responses (P < 0.0001). The UVA II group had only 29% successful sensitizations, as compared to 83% in the control group. The percentage of individuals who remained tolerant to DNCB after two sensitizations was 23.6% for the UVA II-exposed group, as compared to 3.8% in the controls (P = 0.006). UVA II also uniquely altered the type of antigen-presenting cells present in the epidermis. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ cells in control epidermal cell suspensions (C-EC) comprised a single, homogeneous population of Langerhans cells (LC) with the phenotype: CD1a(hi) DRmid CD11b(-) CD36(-) (1.5 +/- 0.3% of EC). UVA II irradiation reduced the number of such LC to 0.6 +/- 0.2% of EC. Although cells expressing the macrophage phenotype: CD1a(-) DRhi CD(11)b(+) CD36(+) were increased in UVA II skin, relative to C-EC, these comprised only 10.1 +/- 6.1% of the DR+ cells, which is less than that after UVB exposure. Also distinct from UVB, a third population was found in UVA II-EC, which exhibited a novel phenotype: CD1a(+) DR+ CD36(+) CD11b(+); these comprised 11.1 +/- 6.9% of the DR+ UVA II-EC. In conclusion, despite the above differences in infiltrating DR+ cells, both UVB and UVA II reduce the skin's ability to support contact sensitization, induce active suppression (tolerance) and induce a reduction in LC. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT DERMATOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV HOSP,DEPT DERMATOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DEPT DERMATOL,ANN ARBOR,MI. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DEPT DERMATOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DEPT DERMATOL,CLEVELAND,OH. NR 61 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 65 IS 4 BP 622 EP 629 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01903.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA WV985 UT WOS:A1997WV98500008 PM 9114737 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD ONeill, RV Riitters, KH Wade, TG Jones, KB AF Wickham, JD ONeill, RV Riitters, KH Wade, TG Jones, KB TI Sensitivity of selected landscape pattern metrics to land-cover misclassification and differences in land-cover composition SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; GEORGIA; ERROR; MAPS AB Calculation of landscape metrics from land-cover data is becoming increasingly common. Some studies have shown that these measurements are sensitive to differences in land-cover composition, but none are known to have tested also their sensitivity to land-cover misclassification. An error simulation model was written to test the sensitivity of selected landscape pattern metrics to misclassification, and regression analysis was used to determine if these metrics were significantly related to differences in land-cover composition. Comparison of sensitivity and regression results suggests that differences in land-cover composition need to be about 5 percent greater than the misclassification rate to be confident that differences in landscape metrics are not due to misclassification. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89506. US EPA,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RI anzhi, yue/A-8609-2012 NR 32 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD APR PY 1997 VL 63 IS 4 BP 397 EP 402 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA WR924 UT WOS:A1997WR92400010 ER PT J AU Dourson, ML Teuschler, LK Durkin, PR Stiteler, WM AF Dourson, ML Teuschler, LK Durkin, PR Stiteler, WM TI Categorical regression of toxicity data: A case study using adicarb SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RISK ASSESSMENT; CALIFORNIA; RFD AB Categorical regression is a mathematical tool that can be adapted to estimate potential health risk from chemical exposures. By regressing ordered categories of toxic severity or pathological staging on exposure dose, this method can estimate the likelihood of observing any of the categories of severity at any dose level. Depending on the nature of the available data, these estimates can take the form of incidence rates for any of the categories in an exposed population or the probability of a new study conducted at a specified dose level being classified as one of the categories, Categorical regression is illustrated using toxicity data on aldicarb, For aldicarb, the data fall into three different groups: human clinical studies, dietary exposures in experimental animals, and accidental human exposure by contaminated crops. The U.S. EPA has assessed this literature and developed a reference dose (RfD) of 0.001 mg/kg-day. The results of applying categorical regression to data from human clinical studies suggests a maximum likelihood risk estimate of adverse effects of 0.008% at a 10-fold higher dose than the RfD when blood cholinesterase inhibition is not considered as an adverse effect, When blood cholinesterase inhibition of 20% or more is considered as an adverse effect, a maximum likelihood risk estimate of adverse effects is 0.1% at a dose 10-fold higher than the RfD. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. TOXICOL EXCELLENCE RISK ASSESSMENT,CINCINNATI,OH 45223. SYRACUSE ENVIRONM RES ASSOCIATES INC,FAYETTEVILLE,NY 13066. SYRACUSE RES CORP,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD APR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1006/rtph.1996.1079 PG 9 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WZ686 UT WOS:A1997WZ68600005 PM 9185888 ER PT J AU Mills, WB Cheng, JJ Droppo, JG Faillace, ER Gnanapragasam, EK Johns, RA Laniak, GF Lew, CS Strenge, DL Sutherland, JF Whelan, G Yu, C AF Mills, WB Cheng, JJ Droppo, JG Faillace, ER Gnanapragasam, EK Johns, RA Laniak, GF Lew, CS Strenge, DL Sutherland, JF Whelan, G Yu, C TI Multimedia benchmarking analysis for three risk assessment models: RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE multimedia; modeling; benchmarking; human health risk AB This paper is one in a series that describes results of a benchmarking analysis initiated by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). An overview of the study is provided in a companion paper by Laniak et al. presented in this journal issue. The three models used in the study-RESRAD (DOE), MMSOILS (EPA), and MEPAS (DOE)-represent analytically-based tools that are used by the respective agencies for performing human exposure and health risk assessments. Both single media and multimedia benchmarking scenarios were developed and executed. in this paper, the multimedia scenario is examined. That scenario consists of a hypothetical landfill that initially contained uranium-238 and methylene chloride. The multimedia models predict the fate of these contaminants, plus the progeny of manium-238, through the unsaturated zone, saturated zone, surface water, and atmosphere. Carcinogenic risks are calculated from exposure to the contaminants via multiple pathways. Results of the tests show that differences in model endpoint estimates arise from both differences in the models' mathematical formulations and assumptions related to the implementation of the scenarios. C1 ARGONNE NATL LAB,ARGONNE,IL 60439. PACIFIC NW NATL LAB,RICHLAND,WA. US EPA,ATHENS,GA. UNIV TENNESSEE,KNOXVILLE,TN. RP Mills, WB (reprint author), TETRA TECH INC,LAFAYETTE,CA, USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 187 EP 201 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00858.x PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA XF221 UT WOS:A1997XF22100008 PM 9202488 ER PT J AU Laniak, GF Droppo, JG Faillace, ER Gnanapragasam, EK Mills, WB Strenge, DL Whelan, G Yu, C AF Laniak, GF Droppo, JG Faillace, ER Gnanapragasam, EK Mills, WB Strenge, DL Whelan, G Yu, C TI An overview of a multimedia benchmarking analysis for three risk assessment models: RESRAD, MMSOILS, and MEPAS SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE benchmarking; model comparison; multimedia modeling; multipathway analysis AB Multimedia modelers from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (DOE) collaborated to conduct a detailed and quantitative benchmarking analysis of three multimedia models. The three models-RESRAD (DOE), MMSOILS (EPA), and MEPAS (DOE)--represent analytically-based tools that are used by the respective agencies for performing human exposure and health risk assessments. The study is performed by individuals who participate directly in the ongoing design, development, and application of the models. Model form and function are compared by applying the models to a series of hypothetical problems, first isolating individual modules (e.g., atmospheric, surface water, groundwater) and then simulating multimedia-based risk resulting from contaminant release from a single source to multiple environmental media. Study results show that the models differ with respect to environmental processes included (i.e., model features) and the mathematical formulation and assumptions related to the implementation of solutions. Depending on the application, numerical estimates resulting from the models may vary over several orders-of-magnitude. On the other hand, two or more differences may offset each other such that model predictions are virtually equal. The conclusion from these results is that multimedia models are complex due to the integration of the many components of a risk assessment and this complexity must be fully appreciated during each step of the modeling process (i.e., model selection, problem conceptualization, model application, and interpretation of results). C1 PACIFIC NW NATL LAB,RICHLAND,WA. ARGONNE NATL LAB,ARGONNE,IL 60439. TETRA TECH INC,LAFAYETTE,CA. RP Laniak, GF (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,ECOSYST RES DIV,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 8 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD APR PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 203 EP 214 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00859.x PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA XF221 UT WOS:A1997XF22100009 PM 9202489 ER PT J AU Appel, NM Rapoport, SI OCallaghan, JP AF Appel, NM Rapoport, SI OCallaghan, JP TI Sequelae of parenteral domoic acid administration in rats: Comparison of effects on different anatomical markers in brain SO SYNAPSE LA English DT Article DE neurotoxicity; silver; argyrophilia; immunohistochemistry; lectin histochemistry; Griffonia simplicifolia; gliosis; glial fibrillary acidic protein; astroglia; microglia; convulsion; seizure ID GLUTAMATE-BINDING-SITES; MONKEYS MACACA-FASCICULARIS; -LABELED KAINIC ACID; PUTATIVE KAINATE RECEPTOR; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NEURONAL DEGENERATION; QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS; REACTIVE GLIOSIS; INDUCED SEIZURES; MESSENGER-RNA AB Brain damage following administration of domoic acid, a structural analog of the excitatory amino acids glutamic acid and kainic acid, was compared using different anatomic markers in adult rats. Seven days after administration of domoic acid (2.25 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle, brains were collected and sectioned and stained to visualize Nissl substance using thionin, argyrophilia using a cupric silver staining method, astroglia using immunohistochemistry to detect glial fibrillary acidic protein-like immunoreactivity (GFAP-ir), and activated microglia using lectin histochemistry to detect Griffonia simplicifolia I-B-4 isolectin (GSI-B-4) binding in adjacent sections. In approximately 60% of rats to which it was administered, domoic acid caused stereotyped behavior within 60 min, followed by convulsions within 2-3 h. Brains of domoic acid-administered rats that did not manifest stereotyped behavior or convulsions did not differ from brains from vehicle-administered controls. In animals that had manifested stereotyped behavior and convulsions, Nissl staining was mostly unremarkable in brain sections. In contrast, there was intense argyrophilia in anterior olfactory nucleus, CA1 hippocampus, lateral septum, parietal (layer IV), piriform, and entorhinal cortices, ventral posterolateral thalamus, and amygdala. This pattern was reminiscent of that seen in postmortem specimens from humans who consumed domoic acid-tainted mussels and in experimental animals after kainic acid administration. Adjacent sections displayed astrogliosis, evidenced by increased GFAP-ir, which was more diffuse than the argyrophilic reaction. Activated microglia were revealed using GSI-B-4 histochemistry. These data suggest activation of discrete brain circuits in rats that convulse following domoic acid administration and subsequent pathological alterations. The data strongly suggest that neuropathology following domoic acid occurs only in animals manifesting domoic acid-induced sterotypy and convulsions. The data do not rule out more insidious damage in behaviorally normal rats that receive domoic acid. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIA,NEUROSCI LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Appel, NM (reprint author), US FDA,CTR DRUG EVALUAT & RES,OFF TESTING & RES,DIV APPL PHARMACOL RES,8301 MUIRKIRK RD,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA 224-91-130] NR 79 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0887-4476 J9 SYNAPSE JI Synapse PD APR PY 1997 VL 25 IS 4 BP 350 EP 358 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199704)25:4<350::AID-SYN6>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 9 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA WQ983 UT WOS:A1997WQ98300006 PM 9097394 ER PT J AU Wise, LD Beck, SL Beltrame, D Beyer, BK Chahoud, I Clark, RL Clark, R Druga, AM Feuston, MH Guittin, P Henwood, SM Kimmel, CA Lindstrom, P Palmer, AK Petrere, JA Solomon, HM Yasuda, M York, RG AF Wise, LD Beck, SL Beltrame, D Beyer, BK Chahoud, I Clark, RL Clark, R Druga, AM Feuston, MH Guittin, P Henwood, SM Kimmel, CA Lindstrom, P Palmer, AK Petrere, JA Solomon, HM Yasuda, M York, RG TI Terminology of developmental abnormalities in common laboratory mammals (version 1) SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article AB This paper presents the first version of an internationally-developed glossary of terms for structural developmental abnormalities in common laboratory animals. The glossary is put forward by the International Federation of Teratology Societies (IFTS) Committee on International Harmonization of Nomenclature in Developmental Toxicology, and represents considerable progress toward harmonization of terminology in this area. The purpose of this effort is to provide a common vocabulary that will reduce confusion and ambiguity in the description of developmental effects, particularly in submissions to regulatory agencies worldwide. The glossary contains a primary term or phrase, a definition of the abnormality, and notes, where appropriate. Selected synonyms or related terms, which reflect a similar or closely related concept, are noted. Nonpreferred terms are indicated where their usage may be incorrect. Modifying terms used repeatedly in the glossary (e.g., absent, branched) are listed and defined separately, instead of repeating their definitions for each observation. Syndrome names are generally excluded from the glossary, but are listed separately in an appendix. The glossary is organized into broad sections for external, visceral, and skeletal observations, then subdivided into regions, structures, or organs in a general overall head to tail sequence. Numbering is sequential, and not in any regional or hierarchical order. Uses and misuses of the glossary are discussed. Comments, questions, suggestions, and additions from practitioners in the field of developmental toxicology are welcomed on the organization of the glossary as well as on the specific terms and definitions. Updates of the glossary are planned based on the comments received. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 DE PAUL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,CHICAGO,IL 60614. PHARMACIA & UPJOHN INC,WORLDWIDE TOXICOL,MILAN,ITALY. BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB,PHARMACEUT RES INST,EVANSVILLE,IN 47721. FREE UNIV BERLIN,INST TOXICOL & EMBRYOPHARMACOL,D-1000 BERLIN,GERMANY. RHONE POULENC RORER,RES & DEV,DEPT TOXICOL,COLLEGEVILLE,PA 19426. INST DRUG RES LTD,DIV SAFETY STUDIES,BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. SANOFI RES,MALVERN,PA 19355. RHONE POULENC RORER,DRUG SAFETY,GEN & REPROD TOXICOL DEPT,VITRY SUR SEINE,FRANCE. COVANCE LABS INC,MADISON,WI 53707. US EPA,NCEA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. QUINTILES INC,REGULATORY AFFAIRS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUT,DIV RES & DEV,KING OF PRUSSIA,PA 19406. WARNER LAMBERT PARKE DAVIS,PARKE DAVIS PHARMACEUT RES DIV,PATHOL EXPT TOXICOL DEPT,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. HIROSHIMA UNIV,SCH MED,HIROSHIMA,JAPAN. ARGUS RES LABS,HORSHAM,PA 19044. US FDA,STANDARDIZED NOMENCLATURE PROGRAM,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RP Wise, LD (reprint author), MERCK RES LABS,SAFETY ASSESSMENT,W45-1,W POINT,PA 19486, USA. NR 0 TC 106 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD APR PY 1997 VL 55 IS 4 BP 249 EP 292 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199704)55:4<249::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-W PG 44 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA XG721 UT WOS:A1997XG72100005 PM 9216042 ER PT J AU Gerlach, RW White, RJ OLeary, NFD VanEmon, JM AF Gerlach, RW White, RJ OLeary, NFD VanEmon, JM TI Field evaluation of an immunoassay for benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE immunoassay; benzene; toluene; xylene; EPA Method 8020 AB A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration of an immunoassay for benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) compounds was conducted at four field sites within Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. The BTX immunoassay was developed by Antox, Inc. (South Portland, ME) as a semiquantitative test designed as a screening technology for classifying samples as above or below 25 ng/g BTX (the decision level). The immunoassay is simple to use, rugged, inexpensive, and produces on-site results in about 30 min. On-site immunoassay results for aqueous field samples were compared to laboratory-based gas chromatography (GC) results. Compared to the confirmatory GC results, the field sample false negative rate was 6% and the false positive rate was 7%. The immunoassay performed well as a screening tool for samples with BTX concentrations above 200 ng/g, but was inconsistent near the claimed 25 ng/g decision level. However, a small modification to the evaluation protocol is shown to screen for samples below 25 ng/g. The immunoassay provides adequate information for monitoring decisions such as the initial characterization of pollution plume profiles or screening samples to identify either high or low BTX levels. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. RP Gerlach, RW (reprint author), LOCKHEED MARTIN CORP,980 KELLY JOHNSON DR,LAS VEGAS,NV 89119, USA. NR 8 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD APR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP 941 EP 945 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00314-4 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA WR208 UT WOS:A1997WR20800031 ER PT J AU Gordon, CJ Grantham, TA Yang, Y AF Gordon, CJ Grantham, TA Yang, Y TI Hypothermia and delayed fever in the male and female rat exposed to chlorpyrifos SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE organophosphate; fever; sex; hyperthermia; hypothermia; sodium salicylate; cyclooxygenase ID DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE; BODY-TEMPERATURE; HUMANS AB Chlorpyrifos (CHL) is a commonly used organophosphate (OP) pesticide which irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in the CNS. Little is known regarding the thermoregulatory effects of CHL when administered orally and whether the sensitivity to CHL is affected by sex. To address these issues, male and female rats of the Long-Evans strain were administered 0, 10, 50, or 80 mg/kg CHL by gavage while core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) were monitored continuously by telemetry. Females were generally more sensitive than males to CHL. Significant hypothermic responses to CHL were observed in males administered 80 mg/kg and in females administered 10-80 mg/kg. Following recovery from hypothermia T-c of both males and females underwent a significant elevation during the light phase 1-2 days after CHL exposure. CHL-induced hyperthermia was blocked in male and female rats by administration of 200 mg/kg sodium salicylate (SS), an antipyretic agent. Male castrated rats were markedly more sensitive to the hypothermic and hyperthermic effects of CHL compared to sham operated controls. On the other hand, ovariectomized female rats responded to CHL in a similar fashion as the sham operated controls. Thus, testicular function may be important in determining greater resistance to CHL in male rats. It appears that exposure to CHL leads to a delayed fever which involves activation of CNS pathways normally involved in fever. This mechanism could be responsible for the febrile response to OP pesticides commonly observed in humans exposed to OPs. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Gordon, CJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD MAR 28 PY 1997 VL 118 IS 2-3 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03609-8 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WT392 UT WOS:A1997WT39200006 PM 9129169 ER PT J AU Dodson, R Marks, D AF Dodson, R Marks, D TI Daily air temperature interpolated at high spatial resolution over a large mountainous region SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE spatial interpolation; potential temperature; neutral stability ID VARIABILITY; SURFACE AB Two methods are investigated for interpolating daily minimum and maximum air temperatures (T-min and T-max) at a 1 km spatial resolution over a large mountainous region (830 000 km(2)) in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The methods were selected because of their ability to (1) account for the effect of elevation on temperature and (2) efficiently handle large volumes of data. The first method, the neutral stability algorithm (NSA), used the hydrostatic and potential temperature equations to convert measured temperatures and elevations to sea-level potential temperatures. The potential temperatures were spatially interpolated using an inverse-squared-distance algorithm and then mapped to the elevation surface of a digital elevation model (DEM). The second method, linear lapse rate adjustment (LLRA), involved the same basic procedure as the NSA, but used a constant linear lapse rate instead of the potential temperature equation. Cross-validation analyses were performed using the NSA and LLRA methods to interpolate T-min and T-max each day for the 1990 water year, and the methods were evaluated based on mean annual interpolation error (IE). The NSA method showed considerable bias for sites associated with vertical extrapolation. A correction based on climate station/grid cell elevation differences was developed and found to successfully remove the bias. The LLRA method was tested using 3 lapse rates, none of which produced a serious extrapolation bias. The bias-adjusted NSA and the 3 LLRA methods produced almost identical levels of accuracy (mean absolute errors between 1.2 and 1.3 degrees C), and produced very similar temperature surfaces based on image difference statistics. In terms of accuracy, speed, and ease of implementation, LLRA was chosen as the best of the methods tested. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,OFF RES & DEV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 28 TC 149 Z9 158 U1 1 U2 22 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD MAR 27 PY 1997 VL 8 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.3354/cr008001 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WZ145 UT WOS:A1997WZ14500001 ER PT J AU Hiatt, MH AF Hiatt, MH TI Analyses of fish tissue by vacuum distillation gas chromatography mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE AB The analyses of fish tissue using VD/GC/MS with surrogate-based matrix corrections is described, Techniques for equilibrating surrogate and analyte spikes with a tissue matrix are presented, and equilibrated spiked samples are used to document method performance, The removal of analytes from the tissue corresponds to K-oa and K-wa (octanol-air and water-air partition coefficients, respectively), For a given vacuum distillation, the impact of K-oa and K-wa on analyte recovery can be determined by interpreting the recoveries of surrogate compounds and their K-oa and K-wa. The use of these surrogates to monitor and correct for both water-air and octanol-air partitioning provides average recoveries of 86% for volatile gases, 97% for volatiles, 90% for neutral semivolatiles, 124% for basic semivolatiles, and 87% for the water-soluble volatiles, The method detection limits are sub-parts-per-billion for most analytes studied, A technique to experimentally determine the octanol-air partition relative volatility is described and the values for 113 compounds are presented. RP Hiatt, MH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CHARACTERIZAT RES DIV,POB 93478,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193, USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD MAR 15 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 6 BP 1127 EP 1134 DI 10.1021/ac960936j PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA WM550 UT WOS:A1997WM55000023 ER PT J AU Geller, AM AbdelRahman, AA Peiffer, RL Maguire, R AbouDonia, MB Boyes, WK AF Geller, AM AbdelRahman, AA Peiffer, RL Maguire, R AbouDonia, MB Boyes, WK TI Chlorpyrifos (CPF) interferes with eye growth in experimental myopia. SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RTP,NCI,DURHAM,NC. DUKE UNIV,DURHAM,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD MAR 15 PY 1997 VL 38 IS 4 BP 3517 EP 3517 PN 2 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA WN215 UT WOS:A1997WN21500342 ER PT J AU Dutta, TK Samanta, TB AF Dutta, TK Samanta, TB TI Novel catalytic activity of immobilized spores under reduced water activity SO BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CYTOCHROME-P-450 AB Onset of a new catalytic function during transformation of progesterone by immobilized spores of Aspergillus ochraceus TS under reduced water activity is reported. The pathway of transformation, which furnished 1,4-androstadien-17 beta-ol-3-one and 1,4-androstadien-3,17-dione due to cleavage of C-17-C-20 bond, is different from normal reaction sequence. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 BOSE INST,DEPT MICROBIOL,CALCUTTA 700054,W BENGAL,INDIA. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-894X J9 BIOORG MED CHEM LETT JI Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. PD MAR 4 PY 1997 VL 7 IS 5 BP 629 EP 632 DI 10.1016/S0960-894X(97)00072-3 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Organic SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA WL641 UT WOS:A1997WL64100026 ER PT J AU Solomon, AM Leemans, R AF Solomon, AM Leemans, R TI Boreal forest carbon stocks and wood supply: Past, present and future responses to changing climate, agriculture and species availability SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th IUFRO Congress on Caring for the Forest - Research in a Changing World CY AUG, 1995 CL TAMPERE, FINLAND SP Int Union Forestry Res Org DE boreal carbon; boreal wood supply; paleoecology; future forests; future agriculture ID EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LAND-USE; STORAGE; VEGETATION; BUDGET; MODEL; BIOMASS AB The paper assesses the role in boreal forest growth played by environment. It examines past changes in climate coupled with glaciation, and future changes in climate coupled with agricultural land use and tree species availability. The objective was to define and evaluate potential future changes in wood supply and global carbon stocks. Calculations were based on a standard static vegetation model (BIOME 1.1) driven by the most recent climate change scenarios from three coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs). The results indicated that boreal terrestrial carbon stocks increased greatly following the retreat of continental ice sheets, before which boreal forests covered only about a third the amount of land they cover now. Carbon stocks and wood supplies in boreal forests were also projected to increase if vegetation stabilized under all three future climate scenarios (6-15%). However, the opposite response occurred with the addition of expected constraints on forest growth, provided by the lags in immigration of tree species suitable for warmed climate. This transient depauperate condition reduced wood supplies considerably (4-6%). Inclusion of present and future agricultural land uses permitted by a warming climate forced carbon stocks and wood supplies to decline even more (10-20%). The decline in boreal carbon stocks is the equivalent of 1-2.6 Pg year(-1) emitted to the atmosphere (rather than the 1-2 Pg year(-1) global modelers hypothesize is currently being taken up by vegetation from the atmosphere), during the time greenhouse gases are expected to double in concentration. C1 NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT,DEPT TERR ECOL & GLOBAL CHANGE,NL-3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Solomon, AM (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. RI Leemans, Rik/A-1548-2009 OI Leemans, Rik/0000-0002-4001-6301 NR 59 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 137 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(96)02382-9 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WW550 UT WOS:A1997WW55000014 ER PT J AU Winjum, JK Schroeder, PE AF Winjum, JK Schroeder, PE TI Forest plantations of the world: Their extent, ecological attributes, and carbon storage SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th IUFRO Congress on Caring for the Forest - Research in a Changing World CY AUG, 1995 CL TAMPERE, FINLAND SP Int Union Forestry Res Org DE forest plantations; carbon storage; terrestrial ecology ID SEQUESTERING CARBON; CYCLE AB Forest plantations in the world total approximately 130 x 10(6) ha, and annual rates of establishment are about 10.5 x 10(6) ha. A total of 124 countries throughout the high, middle, and low latitudes of the world establish new plantations each year. In addition to supplying an array of goods and services, plantations contribute to carbon (C) storage. This analysis integrates information across latitudes to evaluate the potential of forest plantations to achieve these goals. For example, mean carbon storage (MCS) in above- and below-ground phytomass of artificially established plantations generally increases from high to low latitudes ranging from 47 to 81 t C ha(-1). Over a 50-year period, harvests from these plantations are credited with storing C at 10, 34, 15, and 37 t C ha(-1) in wood products in the high, middle, low-dry, and low-moist latitudes, respectively. Using today's distribution of plantations among the four zones of latitude and C storage values from this analysis, the world's plantations can be credited with storing an area-weighted average of 91 t C ha(-1) including MCS and durable-wood products. Based upon these estimates, the world total C storage in forest plantations today is approximately 11.8 Pg C with an annual increase of 0.178 Pg C year(-1). C1 US EPA,MANTECH ENVIRONM RES SERV CORP,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Winjum, JK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL COUNCIL AIR & STREAM IMPROVEMENT,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 63 TC 66 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 167 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(96)02383-0 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WW550 UT WOS:A1997WW55000015 ER PT J AU Gomez, MR AF Gomez, MR TI Factors associated with exposure in occupational safety and health administration data SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE compliance data ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; SURVEILLANCE; DISEASE AB This study investigated the possibility of making compliance data from the public and private sectors more amenable for multiple uses, by studying data from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspections during 1979-1989. The potential association of five variables with mean and upper-end (in upper quartile) airborne exposures in similar exposure groups was investigated. The exposure groups reflected airborne exposures to lead in the battery manufacturing industry, to perchloroethylene among dry cleaners, and to iron oxide among welders in three metal fabrication industries. Variables examined were year, inspection type and scope, and size and union status of inspected establishments. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were used for the analyses. In small battery plants mean exposure levels were higher and the relative frequency of upper-end exposures (>75th percentile) greater than in larger establishments. Evidence suggested a decline in mean lead exposures (5-9% per year). Neither type of inspection nor union status were associated with mean or upper-end levels of lead exposure, although the study's power to detect an association was sometimes modest. Some evidence showed that full scope inspections may be associated with higher mean exposures. Strong evidence showed a decline in mean perchloroethylene exposures among dry cleaners (7% per year), but no temporal trends for welder exposures to iron oxide. With few exceptions, the size, type, scope, and union variables were rarely associated with mean or upper-end exposure levels among dry cleaners or welders, although the power of the analyses to detect associations was at times modest. Results show that OSHA data is amenable to analysis that can provide Valuable insights about workplace exposures. Several findings of the study are directly useful to the design of public policy. C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSEMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 58 IS 3 BP 186 EP 195 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WN132 UT WOS:A1997WN13200005 PM 9075309 ER PT J AU Becker, S Reed, W Henderson, FW Noah, TL AF Becker, S Reed, W Henderson, FW Noah, TL TI RSV infection of human airway epithelial cells causes production of the beta-chemokine RANTES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE respiratory syncytial virus; airway epithelium; chemokines; upper respiratory disease; regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted ID RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN-3; COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; HUMAN EOSINOPHILS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; LYMPHOCYTES-T; INTERLEUKIN-8 AB Infection of airway epithelial cells with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) results in the production of a restricted number of cytokines, which may modulate the inflammatory response to infection. To get a better understanding of epithelial cell-mediated inflammatory processes in RSV disease, the aim of the present study was to identify the production of mononuclear cell/eosinophil/mast cell inflammatory chemokines [monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, and RANTES] during productive RSV infection in airway epithelial cells. Normal human primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures, nasal epithelial cell explants, and the BEAS-2B airway epithelial cell line were inoculated with RSV, and chemokine induction was assessed during the phase of logarithmic increase in infectious virus production. Only RANTES was found to increase in epithelial cell cultures in an infection-dependent manner. Furthermore, RANTES was released only by RSV-producing cells. To determine whether RANTES was induced by RSV infection in vivo, RANTES was measured in nasal lavage fluids (NLF) from children with RSV-positive and RSV-negative upper respiratory infection and children when they were well. RANTES was increased significantly during RSV infection (128 +/- 38 pg/ml NFL) compared with non-RSV infection (42 +/- 12 pg/ml NFL) and with asymptomatic baseline (13 +/- 4 ng/ml NFL) in the same children. Because RANTES is an effective eosinophil and memory T cell chemoattractant and activator and because eosinophil-dominated inflammation is a hallmark of asthmatic airways, RANTES may play a role in the pathogenesis of RSV-induced exacerbations of airway reactivity and wheezing. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT PEDIAT, SCH MED, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Becker, S (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA, CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL, SCH MED, HUMAN STUDIES BLDG, 104 MASON FARM RD, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02802] NR 44 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 272 IS 3 BP L512 EP L520 PG 9 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA WN864 UT WOS:A1997WN86400018 PM 9124609 ER PT J AU Kodavanti, UP Jaskot, RH Su, WY Costa, DL Ghio, AJ Dreher, KL AF Kodavanti, UP Jaskot, RH Su, WY Costa, DL Ghio, AJ Dreher, KL TI Genetic variability in combustion particle-induced chronic lung injury SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Scientific Meeting of American-Thoracic-Society CY MAY 20-24, 1995 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Thorac Soc DE fibrosis; strain differences; fibronectin isoforms; in situ hybridization; polymerase chain reaction ID INDUCED PULMONARY FIBROSIS; UNITED-STATES CITIES; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; FIBRONECTIN; RAT; COLLAGEN; DISEASE; ROLES; DUST AB Occupational exposure to anthropogenic particles is associated with lung injury in humans. We hypothesized that residual oil fly ash (ROFA), an emission source particulate, may induce acute lung injury and fibrosis in sensitive rat strains and that fibronectin (Fn) gene expression will correspond to the development of fibrosis. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar (WIS), and Fischer 344 (F-344) rats (60 days old) were exposed to saline or ROFA (8.3 mg/kg) by intratracheal instillation and examined for up to 12 wk. Histology indicated focal areas of lung damage showing inflammatory cell infiltration as well as alveolar, airway, and interstitial thickening in all three rat strains during 1-7 days postexposure. Trichrome staining of the lung sections indicated a sporadic incidence of focal alveolar fibrosis at 1, 3, and 12 wk in SD rats, whereas WIS and F-344 rats showed only a modest increase in trichrome staining in the septal areas. Of all Fn mRNA isoforms examined by polymerase chain reaction, only EIIIA(+) was upregulated during 6 h-1 wk in ROFA-exposed SD and WIS rats but not in F-344 rats. In situ hybridization analysis in SD rats revealed Fn mRNA expression by macrophage and alveolar and airway epithelium and within fibrotic areas. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased presence of Fn EIIIA(+) protein in the areas of fibrotic injury and basally to the airway epithelium. In summary, Fn EIIIA(+) increases early in the course of particle-induced lung injury and remodeling, which may or may not result in discernible alveolar fibrosis. There is a rat strain variation in ROFA-induced fibrosis and associated Fn EIIIA(+) expression. C1 US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PTB, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA. NR 32 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 272 IS 3 BP L521 EP L532 PG 12 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA WN864 UT WOS:A1997WN86400019 PM 9124610 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Stonehuerner, J Reed, W Devlin, RB Dailey, LA Kennedy, TP Bromberg, PA Ghio, AJ AF Samet, JM Stonehuerner, J Reed, W Devlin, RB Dailey, LA Kennedy, TP Bromberg, PA Ghio, AJ TI Disruption of protein tyrosine phosphate homeostasis in bronchial epithelial cells exposed to oil fly ash SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vanadium; air pollution particles; tyrosine phosphatase; signal transduction; residual oil fly ash ID AIR-POLLUTION; INHALABLE PARTICLES; RESPIRATORY BURST; MESANGIAL CELLS; VANADATE; KINASES; PHOSPHORYLATION; EXPRESSION; CHILDREN; LINE AB Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a toxic air pollutant that we have previously shown induces inflammatory mediator expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. To identify intracellular signaling mechanisms activated by ROFA, we studied its effect on protein tyrosine phosphate metabolism in the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS. Noncytotoxic levels of ROFA induced significant dose- and time-dependent increases in protein tyrosine phosphate levels in BEAS cells. ROFA-induced increases in protein phosphotyrosines were associated with its soluble fraction and were mimicked by vanadyl [V(IV)]- and vanadate [V(V)]-containing solutions. Ferrous, ferric, and nickel (II) ion solutions failed to increase phosphotyrosine levels. Tyrosine phosphatase activity, which was known to be inhibited by vanadium ions, was markedly diminished after ROFA treatment. Tyrosine kinase activity was unaffected. We conclude that ROFA exposure induces vanadium ion-mediated inhibition of tyrosine phosphatase activity, leading to accumulation of protein phosphotyrosines in BEAS cells. These findings demonstrate that ROFA exposure disrupts protein tyrosine phosphate homeostasis in BEAS cells and suggest a possible mechanism that leads to increased synthesis of proinflammatory proteins in airway epithelial cells exposed to PM10. C1 US EPA, HUMAN STUDIES DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA, CTR ENVIRONM MED & LUNG BIOL, CB 7310, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. NR 39 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1040-0605 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C JI Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 272 IS 3 BP L426 EP L432 PG 7 WC Physiology; Respiratory System SC Physiology; Respiratory System GA WN864 UT WOS:A1997WN86400008 PM 9124599 ER PT J AU Kim, CS Kang, TC AF Kim, CS Kang, TC TI Comparative measurement of lung deposition of inhaled fine particles in normal subjects and patients with obstructive airway disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ENHANCED AEROSOL DEPOSITION; PULMONARY-DISEASE; RESISTANCE; POLLUTION; MODELS; INDEX AB Particulate pollutants have been suggested as a risk factor for increases in mortality and morbidity in patients with obstructive airway disease. In the present study we hypothesized that enhanced particle deposition dose is an underlying factor for such a finding. We measured lung deposition in normal healthy control subjects (N; n = 10) and in subjects with varying levels of airway obstruction: smokers (S; n = 10), smokers with small airways disease (SAD; n = 10), asthmatics (A; n = 5), and patients with chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD; n 10). The subjects inhaled a uniform size sebacate aerosol (1-mu m diameter) from a collapsible bag of a known volume (500 ml) repeatedly for as many as 15 breaths at a rate of 30 breaths/min. Aerosol concentration was monitored continuously at the mouth by a laser aerosol photometer. After correcting for particle loss in the bag, lung deposition fraction [DF = (inhaled minus exhaled)/inhaled], was determined breath by breath. DF values (mean +/- SD) were 0.14 +/- 0.02, 0.16 +/- 0.02, 0.21 +/- 0.05, 0.22 +/- 0.02 and 0.028 +/- 0.03 for N, S, SAD, A, and COPD, respectively. DF values in S, SAD, A, and COPD were 16, 49, 59, and 103% greater, respectively, than that of normal subjects (p < 0.05). DF of COPD was also greater than that of SAD or A (p < 0.05). No difference was found between SAD and A. When all of the subject data were combined, DF was correlated well with percent predicted FEV(1) and FEF(25-75) (r(2) = 0.63 in both). The results indicate a marked increase in particle deposition in patients with obstructive lung disease, and this can be an important factor for the development of the adverse health effects of pollutant particles on the one hand and for the treatment of patients with drug aerosols on the other. RP Kim, CS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,MD-58B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 33 TC 100 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 155 IS 3 BP 899 EP 905 PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA WN857 UT WOS:A1997WN85700020 PM 9117024 ER PT J AU Piedimonte, G Pickles, RJ Lehmann, JR McCarty, D Costa, DL Boucher, RC AF Piedimonte, G Pickles, RJ Lehmann, JR McCarty, D Costa, DL Boucher, RC TI Replication-deficient adenoviral vector for gene transfer potentiates airway neurogenic inflammation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRAL ENDOPEPTIDASE; SUBSTANCE-P; RAT TRACHEA; VASCULAR-PERMEABILITY; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; RECEPTOR; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; CAPSAICIN; HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; ANTAGONIST AB Human trials for the treatment of cystic fibrosis lung disease with adenoviral vectors have been complicated by acute inflammatory reactions of unknown etiology. Because replicating respiratory viruses can potentiate tachykinin-mediated neurogenic inflammatory responses in airways, we studied whether the endotracheal administration of a replication-deficient adenoviral vector potentiated this response. The vector Ad5CMVLacZ was administered endotracheally to rats and the leakage of Evans blue dye was used to measure the capsaicin-induced neurogenic albumin extravasation. These studies show that neurogenic albumin extravasation is significantly potentiated in the airways of rats after administration of Ad5CMVLacZ. This inflammatory response can be blocked by selective antagonists of the substance P receptor or by glucocorticoids. Therefore, (1) the acute airway inflammation observed in patients after exposure to adenoviral vectors may exhibit a neurogenic component, which can be blocked pharmacologically, and (2) preclinical adenoviral vector safety studies of other organs innervated by the tachykinin system, e.g., coronary arteries and gastrointestinal tract, should include assessment of neurogenic inflammation. C1 UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT MED,MAILMAN CTR CHILD DEV,DEPT PEDIAT,MIAMI,FL 33136. UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,MAILMAN CTR CHILD DEV,DEPT PEDIAT,MIAMI,FL 33136. UNIV N CAROLINA,CYST FIBROSIS PULM RES & TREATMENT CTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV N CAROLINA,GENE THERAPY CTR,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Piedimonte, G (reprint author), UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,PEDIAT PULM DIV,MAILMAN CTR CHILD DEV,DEPT PEDIAT,1601 NW 12TH AVE,MIAMI,FL 33136, USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 250 EP 258 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA WP342 UT WOS:A1997WP34200007 PM 9070609 ER PT J AU Meyers, S Sathaye, J Goldberg, B Renne, D Kaupp, A Mendis, M Ernst, J Kokorin, A Kerr, T AF Meyers, S Sathaye, J Goldberg, B Renne, D Kaupp, A Mendis, M Ernst, J Kokorin, A Kerr, T TI International Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technologies and Measures: Summary SO APPLIED ENERGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,GOLDEN,CO. ENERGETIA INT,SUVA,FIJI. ALTERNAT ENERGY DEV INC,SILVER SPRING,MD. INST INST ENERGY CONSERVAT,BANGKOK,THAILAND. INST GLOBAL CLIMATE & ECOL,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Meyers, S (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-2619 J9 APPL ENERG JI Appl. Energy PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 56 IS 3-4 BP 203 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0306-2619(97)00006-8 PG 21 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XR663 UT WOS:A1997XR66300004 ER PT J AU Tong, YY Lighthart, B AF Tong, YY Lighthart, B TI Solar radiation has a lethal effect on natural populations of culturable outdoor atmospheric bacteria SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE solar radiation; atmospheric bacteria; survival ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION AB Ambient heterogenic atmospheric bacteria were collected by impaction directly onto nutrient agar surfaces on clear sunny and cloudy days and at night. Samples were then exposed to summer noontime solar radiation (SR) for increasing periods of time. Bacterial survival was the least for the organisms collected at nighttime and the greatest for those collected during clear sunny days. This result may be due to the inactivation of SR-sensitive bacterial populations by the ambient SR on clear days, and to a lesser extent on cloudy days, leaving only the relatively resistant populations. This does not occur at night when the SR-sensitive populations have not been reduced. The mixed bacterial species populations in the atmosphere do not appear to follow the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law but integration of pure bacterial components of the mixed population that do follow the law, could explain the findings. The populations collected in this investigation exhibited SR survival functions usable in developing survival and dispersion models of outdoor atmospheric bacteria and microbial pesticides. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. INST MICROBIOL & EPIDEMIOL,BEIJING 100071,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 19 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 6 BP 897 EP 900 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WB867 UT WOS:A1997WB86700012 ER PT J AU McCune, B Dey, JP Peck, JE Cassell, D Heiman, K WillWolf, S Neitlich, PN AF McCune, B Dey, JP Peck, JE Cassell, D Heiman, K WillWolf, S Neitlich, PN TI Repeatability of community data: Species richness versus gradient scores in large-scale lichen studies SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID FOREST LAYERS; SWAN VALLEY; MONTANA AB Repeated ecological assessments based on permanent plot data require sufficient data quality to detect a signal of change against a background of noise (sampling error of various kinds). We analysed several components of error in the time-constrained method for sampling lichen communities used by the Forest Health Monitoring program: between-crew (Technicians), crew-to-expert, between-expert, and seasonal variation. Data were from the southeastern United States and Oregon. Two types of dependent variables were used: species richness and scores an lichen community gradients (responses to climatic and air quality gradients). Gradient scores were repeatable to within 2-10% for experts and technicians alike and did not differ between those groups. Species richness is much more difficult to estimate reliably. Despite relatively low species capture by technicians, the high repeatability in gradient scores demonstrates the statistical redundancy in information provided by various lichen species. These results imply that repeated assessments of species richness will contains considerable observer error, but that shifts in community composition may nevertheless be detected reliably. C1 ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IL 61702. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BOT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP McCune, B (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 21 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC PI FAIRFAX PA C/O JAMES D LAWREY, GEORGE MASON UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY MSN 3E1, FAIRFAX, VA 22030 SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD SPR PY 1997 VL 100 IS 1 BP 40 EP 46 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XL567 UT WOS:A1997XL56700004 ER PT J AU Risser, JA Bailey, GW AF Risser, JA Bailey, GW TI Spectroscopic study of soil particle surface redox reactions SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCTIVE DISSOLUTION; NONTRONITE; OXIDATION; SPECTRA; OXIDES; IRON RP Risser, JA (reprint author), US EPA,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 58 IS 3 BP 356 EP 363 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WF217 UT WOS:A1997WF21700003 PM 9008043 ER PT J AU Gullett, BK Raghunathan, K AF Gullett, BK Raghunathan, K TI Observations on the effect of process parameters on dioxin/furan yield in municipal waste and coal systems SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds CY AUG 21-25, 1995 CL EDMONTON, CANADA ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; COMBUSTION AB Effects of fly ash loading; ash-borne, extractable organics; sulfur dioxide (SO,) and hydrogen chloride (HCI) concentration; and combustion quality on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) were evaluated in pilot scale tests simulating municipal waste combustion and coal/waste co-combustion testing. Similar PGDD/F yields from reinjection of as-received and extracted fly ash injection along with testing under ''poor combustion'' conditions show the importance of combustion quality on minimizing precursors. Go-firing coal and municipal solid waste ash leads to increased formation from that of firing coal alone, indicating that the municipal solid waste ash provides additional reactants and/or catalytic sites for formation. Finally, tests with elevated SO, levels found that, at sufficiently high sulfur/chlorine levels, formation of PCDD/F is prevented in both simulated municipal waste combustion and coal/waste co-firing. Published by Elsevier Science. C1 ACUREX ENVIRONM CORP,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Gullett, BK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,AIR POLLUT PREVENT & CONTROL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 5 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 34 IS 5-7 BP 1027 EP 1032 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00404-9 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WR677 UT WOS:A1997WR67700011 ER PT J AU Selgrade, MJK Repacholi, MH Koren, HS AF Selgrade, MJK Repacholi, MH Koren, HS TI Ultraviolet radiation-induced immune modulation: Potential consequences for infectious, allergic, and autoimmune disease SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material ID IMMUNOSUPPRESSION C1 WHO,CH-1211 GENEVA 27,SWITZERLAND. RP Selgrade, MJK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD 92,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 IS 3 BP 332 EP 334 DI 10.1289/ehp.97105332 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XA834 UT WOS:A1997XA83400021 PM 9171995 ER PT J AU Kehrl, HR AF Kehrl, HR TI Laboratory testing of the patient with multiple chemical sensitivity SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE immune system; laboratory tests; multiple chemical sensitivity AB Multiple diagnostic laboratory tests are frequently used in the clinic:al evaluation of parsons with multiple chemical sensitivity without a clear a priori hypothesis. In addition, many of these rests are performed despite a lack oi understanding of the test technical performance characteristics or the clinical significance (test sensitivity and specificity). The result is a plethora of laboratory data that have little clinical relevance and that can be both misleading and misused. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP Kehrl, HR (reprint author), US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,MAIL DROP 58,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 2 BP 443 EP 444 DI 10.2307/3433350 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB827 UT WOS:A1997XB82700005 PM 9167977 ER PT J AU MacPhail, RC AF MacPhail, RC TI Evolving concepts of chemical sensitivity SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE chemical sensitivity; susceptibility; conditioning ID CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE AB Chemical sensitivity appears to be an elusive phenomenon. Studies on individual differences in susceptibility may provide glimpses into the range oi sensitivity in a population, which can be used for further study. Preliminary evidence in laboratory animals suggests the range of sensitivity to manufactured chemicals may span orders oi magnitude. Determining the reasons that underlie individual differences in sensitivity is a more difficult enterprise. Conditioning of adverse physiological effects of airborne chemicals may play a vital role in the etiology of chemical sensitivity. and it provides a rigorous laboratory model by which to investigate some aspects of this elusive phenomenon. RP MacPhail, RC (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,MD-74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 2 BP 455 EP 456 DI 10.2307/3433352 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB827 UT WOS:A1997XB82700007 PM 9167979 ER PT J AU Benignus, VA AF Benignus, VA TI Systematic considerations in the area of multiple chemical sensitivity SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE MCS; logical constructs; explanatory constructs C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP Benignus, VA (reprint author), US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,MAIL DROP 58,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 2 BP 485 EP 485 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB827 UT WOS:A1997XB82700012 PM 9167984 ER PT J AU Miller, C Ashford, N Doty, R Lamielle, M Otto, D Rahill, A Wallace, L AF Miller, C Ashford, N Doty, R Lamielle, M Otto, D Rahill, A Wallace, L TI Empirical approaches for the investigation of toxicant-induced loss of tolerance SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Experimental Approaches to Chemical Sensitivity CY SEP 20-22, 1995 CL PRINCETON, NJ DE chemical challenges; chemical exposure; chemical testing; chemical sensitivity; environmental medical unit; exposure chamber; intolerance; multiple chemical sensitivity; sensitivity; toxicant-induced loss of tolerance ID CHEMICAL-SENSITIVITY; EXPOSURE; RISK AB It has been hypothesized that sensitivity to low-level chemical exposures develops in two steps: initiation by an acute or chronic chemical exposure, followed by triggering of symptoms by low levels of previously tolerated chemical inhalants, foods, or drugs. The Working Group on Toxicant-induced Loss of Tolerance has formulated a series of research questions to lest this hypothesis: Do some individuals experience sensitivity to chemicals at levels of exposure unexplained by classical toxicological thresholds and dose-response relationships, and outside normally expected variation in the population! Do chemically sensitive subjects exhibit masking that may interfere with the reproducibility of their responses to chemical challenges? Does chemical sensitivity develop because of acute, intermittent, or continuous exposure to certain substances? If so, what substances are most likely to initiate this process? An experimental approach for resting directly the relationship between patients' reported symptoms and specific exposures was outlined in response to the first question, which was felt to be a key question. Double-blind, placebo-controlled challenges performed in an environmentally controlled hospital facility (environmental medical unit) coupled with rigorous documentation of both objective and subjective responses are necessary to answer this question and to help elucidate the nature and origins of chemical sensitivity. C1 MIT,CTR TECHNOL POLICY & IND DEV,BOSTON,MA. UNIV PENN,MED CTR,DEPT OTORHINOLARYNGOL HEAD & NECK SURG,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH STRATEGIES,VOORHEES,NJ. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT ENVIRONM MED,ROCHESTER,NY. US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WARRENTON,VA. RP Miller, C (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT FAMILY PRACTICE,7703 FLOYD CURL DR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284, USA. OI Wallace, Lance/0000-0002-6635-2303 NR 11 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 2 BP 515 EP 519 DI 10.2307/3433362 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB827 UT WOS:A1997XB82700017 PM 9167989 ER PT J AU Cohen, N Kehrl, H Berglund, B OLeary, A Ross, G Seltzer, J Weisel, C AF Cohen, N Kehrl, H Berglund, B OLeary, A Ross, G Seltzer, J Weisel, C TI Psychoneuroimmunology SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Experimental Approaches to Chemical Sensitivity CY SEP 20-22, 1995 CL PRINCETON, NJ DE immunology; multiple chemical sensitivities; stress; psychoneuroimmunology; inflammatory response AB This paper develops hypotheses regarding the interactions among stress, immunity, and chemical sensitivities and gives an overview of the questions and hypotheses generated by a working group exploring the application of psychoneurcimmunology to chemical sensitivities. Consideration is given to prospective longitudinal studies designed to find cases among at-risk exposed populations. Relevant immune parameters to be measured longitudinally and in challenge studies for patients with MCS are discussed. immune system changes in response to the chronic stress of having MCS and as primary responses to chemical exposure also are considered. C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. STOCKHOLM UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,PISCATAWAY,NJ. CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DALLAS,TX. INDOOR HYGIEN TECHNOL,SAN DIEGO,CA. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,EOHSI,PISCATAWAY,NJ. RP Cohen, N (reprint author), UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,POB 672,601 ELMWOOD AVE,ROCHESTER,NY 14642, USA. NR 4 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 2 BP 527 EP 529 DI 10.2307/3433364 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB827 UT WOS:A1997XB82700019 PM 9167991 ER PT J AU Bascom, R Meggs, WJ Frampton, M Hudnell, K Killburn, K Kobal, G Medinsky, M Rea, W AF Bascom, R Meggs, WJ Frampton, M Hudnell, K Killburn, K Kobal, G Medinsky, M Rea, W TI Neurogenic inflammation: With additional discussion of central and perceptual integration of nonneurogenic inflammation SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Experimental Approaches to Chemical Sensitivity CY SEP 20-22, 1995 CL PRINCETON, NJ DE neurogenic inflammation; perceptual and central integration; inflammation; chemical sensitivity ID HUMAN NASAL-MUCOSA; SENSITIVITY; OZONE; EXPOSURE; NEUROPEPTIDES; PERMEABILITY; EPITHELIUM; ACTIVATION; POTENTIALS; CAPSAICIN AB The Working Group on Neurogenic inflammation proposed 11 testable hypotheses in the three domains of neurogenic inflammation, perceptual and central integration, and nonneurogenic inflammation. The working group selected the term people reporting chemical sensitivity (PRCS) to identify the primary subject group. in the domain of neurogenic inflammation, testable hypotheses included. PRCS have an increased density of c-fiber neurons in symptomatic tissues; PRCS produce greater quantities of neuropeptides and prostanoids than nonsensitive subjects in response to exposure to low-level capsaicin or irritant chemicals; PRCS have an increased and prolonged response to exogenously administered c-fiber activators such as capsaicin; PRCS demonstrate augmentation of central autonomic reflexes following exposure to agents that produce c-fiber stimulation; PRCS have decreased quantities of neutral endopeptidase in their mucosa; exogenous neuropeptide challenge reproduces symptoms of PRCS. In the domain of perceptual and central integration, testable hypotheses included: PRCS have alterations in adaptation, habituation, cortical representation, perception, cognition, and hedonics compared to controls; the qualitative and quantitative interactions between trigeminal and olfactory systems are altered in PRCS; higher integration of sensory inputs is altered in PRCS. In the domain of nonneurogenic inflammation testable hypotheses included: increased inflammation is present in PRCS in symptomatic tissues and is associated with a heightened neurosensory response; PRCS show an augmented inflammatory response to chemical exposure. The working group recommended that studies be initiated in these areas. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,ENVIRONM & AIRWAY DIS RES FACIL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. E CAROLINA UNIV,DEPT EMERGENCY MED,GREENVILLE,NC. UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED,DEPT PULM & CRIT CARE,ROCHESTER,NY. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES,CA. UNIV ERLANGEN NURNBERG,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,D-8520 ERLANGEN,GERMANY. CHEM IND INST TECHNOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DALLAS,TX. NR 43 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 2 BP 531 EP 537 DI 10.2307/3433365 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB827 UT WOS:A1997XB82700020 PM 9167992 ER PT J AU Bell, IR Rossi, J Gilbert, ME Kobal, G Morrow, LA Newlin, DB Sorg, BA Wood, RW AF Bell, IR Rossi, J Gilbert, ME Kobal, G Morrow, LA Newlin, DB Sorg, BA Wood, RW TI Testing the neural sensitization and kindling hypothesis for illness from low levels of environmental chemicals SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Experimental Approaches to Chemical Sensitivity CY SEP 20-22, 1995 CL PRINCETON, NJ DE sensitization; kindling; mesolimbic; human; animal; time factors; low-level exposures; psychophysiology ID TIME-DEPENDENT SENSITIZATION; ORGANIC-SOLVENT EXPOSURE; SELF-REPORTED ILLNESS; POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION; DRUG VARIABILITY; DOPAMINE RELEASE; CHILDHOOD ABUSE; SEX-DIFFERENCES; WHITE PAPER AB Sensitization in the neuroscience and pharmacology literatures is defined as progressive increase in the size of a response over repeated presentations of a stimulus. Types of sensitization include stimulant drug-induced time-dependent sensitization (TDS), an animal model related to substance abuse, and limbic kindling, an animal model for temporal lobe epilepsy, Neural sensitization (primarily nonconvulsive or subconvulsive) to the adverse properties of substances has been hypothesized to underlie the initiation and subsequent elicitation of heightened sensitivity to low levels of environmental chemicals. A corollary of the sensitization model is that individuals with illness from low-level chemicals are among the more sensitizable members of the population. The Working Group on Sensitization and Kindling identified two primary goals for a research approach to this problem: to perform controlled experiments to determine whether or not sensitization to low-level chemical exposures occurs in multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) patients; and to use animal preparations for kindling and TDS as nonhomologous models for the initiation and elicitation of MCS. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PSYCHOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PSYCHIAT,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT FAMILY & COMMUNITY MED,TUCSON,AZ 85721. USN,MED RES INST DETACHMENT TOXICOL,TRISERV TOXICOL CONSORTIUM,WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB,OH. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV ERLANGEN NURNBERG,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,D-8520 ERLANGEN,GERMANY. UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT PSYCHIAT,PITTSBURGH,PA. NIDA,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET & COMPARAT ANAT PHARMACOL & PHYSIOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NYU,DEPT ENVIRONM MED,NEW YORK,NY 10016. RP Bell, IR (reprint author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DEPT PSYCHIAT,3601 S 6TH AVE,MAIL STOP 116A,TUCSON,AZ 85723, USA. NR 102 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 105 SU 2 BP 539 EP 547 DI 10.2307/3433366 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XB827 UT WOS:A1997XB82700021 PM 9167993 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Wu, JG Bradford, DF AF Wickham, JD Wu, JG Bradford, DF TI A conceptual framework for selecting and analyzing stressor data to study species richness at large spatial scales SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE anthropogenic impacts; biodiversity; environmental gradients; geographic information systems; hierarchy ID ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; UNITED-STATES; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; ENERGY; DETERMINANTS; PRODUCTIVITY; EQUILIBRIUM AB In this paper we develop a conceptual framework for selecting stressor data and analyzing their relationship to geographic patterns of species richness at large spatial scales, Aspects of climate and topography, which are not stressors per se, have been most strongly linked with geographic patterns of species richness at large spatial scales (e.g., continental to global scales). The adverse impact of stressors (e.g., habitat loss, pollution) on species has been demonstrated primarily on much smaller spatial scales. To date, there has been a lack of conceptual development on how to use stressor data to study geographic patterns of species richness at large spatial scales. The framework we developed includes four components: (1) clarification of the terms stress and stressor and categorization of factors affecting species richness into three groups-anthropogenic stressors, natural stressors, and natural covariates; (2) synthesis of the existing hypotheses for explaining geographic patterns of species richness to identify the scales over which stressors and natural covariates influence species richness and to provide supporting evidence for these relationships through review of previous studies; (3) identification of three criteria for selection of stressor and covariate data sets: (a) inclusion of data sets from each of the three categories identified in item 1, (b) inclusion of data sets representing different aspects of each category, and (c) to the extent possible, analysis of data quality; and (4) identification of two approaches for examining scale-dependent relationships among stressors, covariates, and patterns of species richness-scaling-up and regression-tree analyses. Based on this framework, we propose 10 data sets as a minimum data base for examining the effects of stressors and covariates on species richness at large spatial scales. These data sets include land cover, roads, wetlands (numbers and loss), exotic species, livestock grazing, surface water pH, pesticide application, climate (and weather), topography, and streams. C1 ARIZONA STATE UNIV W, DEPT LIFE SCI, PHOENIX, AZ 85069 USA. US EPA, NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB, LAS VEGAS, NV 89119 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHOR, HIST FORESTRY BLDG, 17 RIDGEWAY RD, NORRIS, TN 37828 USA. RI WU, Jingle/A-4055-2009; Wu, Jianguo/G-6267-2010 NR 105 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 21 IS 2 BP 247 EP 257 DI 10.1007/s002679900024 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WH932 UT WOS:A1997WH93200012 ER PT J AU Cho, JS DiGiulio, DC Wilson, JT Vardy, JA AF Cho, JS DiGiulio, DC Wilson, JT Vardy, JA TI In situ air injection, soil vacuum extraction and enhanced biodegradation: A case study in a JP-4 jet fuel contaminated site SO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS LA English DT Article AB The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) conducted a joint demonstration of in situ remediation of a JP-4 jet fuel spill at the USCG Support Center in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The jet fuel was trapped beneath a clay layer that extended from the surface to a depth of 1.5 m. The water table was 2.0 m below land surface, and jet fuel extended from a depth of 1.0 to 3.5 m. Air was injected under pressure to depress the water table and bring the entire spill into the unsaturated zone, where hydrocarbons could be removed by volatilization and biodegradation. The injected air teas recovered through soil vacuum extraction (SVE) at the treatment area. To document actual removal of hydrocarbons core samples were acquired in August 1992 before air injection, and September 1994 at the end of the demonstration. The spill originally contained 3600 kg of JP-4. Between the core sampling events, only 55 % of the total petroleum hydrocarbons were removed, but more than 98 % of benzene was removed. The initial goal was to reduce the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to concentrations less than 100 mg/kg soil. This was not accomplished within 18 months of operation. During the period of operation, ground water was monitored for the concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers (BTEX), and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). The concentration of BTEX and MTBE in the subsurface was reduced to a very low level, but concentrations of benzene and MTBE in ground water did not meet the EPA drinking water standards in the most heavily impacted wells. The effluent gas from SVE was monitored for the concentration of total hydrocarbon vapors. Eased on analysis of soil cores, 2000 kg of TPH was removed during the demonstration. About 1700 kg of hydrocarbon was collected through the SVE system, accounting for most of the actual removal. The rate of biodegradation was estimated from the rate of oxygen consumption in the unsaturated zone when the air injection pumps were turned off. Within the area containing nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), the biodegradation rate based on oxygen consumption ranged from 0.72 to 13 mg hydrocarbon/kg soil/day, with an average of 3 mg hydrocarbon/kg soil/day. The mass balance revealed that the contribution of biodegradation was apparently overestimated from oxygen consumption in the soil gas. RP Cho, JS (reprint author), US EPA,ROBERT S KERR ENVIRONM RES LAB,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0278-4491 J9 ENVIRON PROG JI Environ. Prog. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1002/ep.3300160118 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WM695 UT WOS:A1997WM69500009 ER PT J AU Ho, KT McKinney, RA Kuhn, A Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM AF Ho, KT McKinney, RA Kuhn, A Pelletier, MC Burgess, RM TI Identification of acute toxicants in New Bedford Harbor sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sediments; New Bedford Harbor; toxicity identification/evaluation; polychlorinated biphenyls; amphipods ID WINTER FLOUNDER; TOXICITY; CONTAMINATION; MASSACHUSETTS; EXTRACTION; CONGENERS; MODEL; TESTS AB New Bedford Harbor (NBH) is a marine Superfund site contaminated with high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals. Experiments were conducted to determine the causal toxic agent(s) in pore waters from New Bedford Harbor sediments to amphipods and mysid shrimp. Chemical manipulations to characterize toxicity revealed that pore-water toxicity was organic in nature. Fractionation and subsequent mass spectral identification of peaks in the toxic fraction indicated that PCBs, PAHs, and unknown compounds were present. Comparisons of PAH LC50s and PAH concentrations in this fraction indicated that the toxicity was not due to PAHs because the PAH concentrations were much lower than the reported PAH LC50s. One unknown peak was positively identified as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and the other tentatively identified as pyrazole. Toxicity tests and comparison of toxicity in the blank and toxic fractions eliminated the two ''unknowns'' as toxic causal agents. We determined the range of PCB LC50s to fall between 10 and 110 ppb for Mysidopsis bahia and Ampelisca abdita. Concentrations of PCBs for the toxic fractions ranged from 12 to 27 ppb. This range falls within our observed PCB LC50s for M. bahia and A. abdita. Based upon these PCB concentrations, we concluded that PCBs were the acute toxic agents in NBH pore waters. Other compounds in the toxic fractions, or compounds that coeluted and were undistinguished from PCBs had minor contributions to the measured toxicity. RP Ho, KT (reprint author), US EPA,ATLANTIC ECOL DIV,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. OI Kuhn, Anne/0000-0003-4935-6692 NR 33 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 551 EP 558 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0551:IOATIN>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WN508 UT WOS:A1997WN50800022 ER PT J AU Bushnell, PJ AF Bushnell, PJ TI Concentration-time relationships for the effects of inhaled trichloroethylene on signal detection behavior in rats SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; RECEPTOR LIGANDS; EXPOSURE; INHALATION; TOLUENE; VIGILANCE; TOXICITY; HEALTH; INDEX AB The risk from inhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is presently assessed on the basis of Lifetime exposure to average concentrations of the vapor. This strategy yields rational predictions of risk if the product of concentration (C) and the duration of exposure (t) yields constant effects on health (Haber's Rule). The validity of this assumption was evaluated by assessing the acute behavioral effects of inhaled trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor at various values of C and t. Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 11) were trained to perform a signal detection task in which a press on one lever produced food on trials containing a signal (a brief, unpredictable light flash); a press on a second lever produced food on trials lacking a signal. Response time (RT) and indices of sensitivity (SI) and bias (RI) derived from the theory of signal detection were calculated at three times during repeated daily 60-min tests conducted in air containing 0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, or 2400 ppm TCE. Behavior remained stable during tests in air. In TCE, SI declined and RT increased as functions of both C and t. RI was not affected by TCE. Effects on SI and RT mere not predictable from the C x t product: both endpoints were more affected by C than by t. To quantify the change in the effect of TCE across exposure times, concentration-effect relationships for inhaled TCE on SI and RT were modeled with cubic polynomial functions at each of the three exposure durations. Concentrations of inhaled TCE associated with preselected changes in SI and RT were then estimated for each animal from these functions. Criterion concentrations, SI0.1 and RT(100), were defined as the concentration of TCE associated with a 0.1-unit decrease in SI or a 100-msec increase in RT, respectively. Both SI0.1 and RT(100) increased as exposure duration decreased, but did so more slowly than would be predicted by Haber's Rule. This pattern indicates that application of Haber's Rule overestimates the concentration of inhaled TCE associated with changes in signal detection and thus underestimates the risk of behavior change from short-term exposures to TCE. On the other hand, the fact that SI0.1 and RT(100) did increase with shorter exposure times indicates that the converse assumption, that the toxicity of inhaled TCE is independent of the duration of exposure, yields an overly conservative estimate of risk. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. RP Bushnell, PJ (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,MD 74B,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 37 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 36 IS 1 BP 30 EP 38 DI 10.1006/faat.1997.2287 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WP302 UT WOS:A1997WP30200003 PM 9073464 ER PT J AU Solomon, AM Kirilenko, AP AF Solomon, AM Kirilenko, AP TI Climate change and terrestrial biomass: what if trees do not migrate! SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE tree migration; terrestrial carbon; climate change effects; vegetation models; forest development ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; CARBON STORAGE; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; VEGETATION PATTERNS; POTENTIAL RESPONSE; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; FUTURE; SENSITIVITY; DIOXIDE AB Climate changes induced by doubling atmospheric greenhouse gas (2XGHG) concentrations are expected to affect the distribution of global vegetation and thereby, the amount of carbon it stores. The role of the terrestrial biosphere as a source or sink for carbon during climate change is critical: if increased GHG concentration and warming enhances carbon storage, thereby reducing atmospheric concentrations, the climate changes would also be ameliorated. If instead, carbon storage is reduced, the warming could induce a positive feedback to further increase atmospheric concentrations already on the rise from burning of fossil fuels. Differing climate-defined static vegetation classifications have been used to project biome distributions for climates induced by 2XGHGs. These projections assume that species extirpation and invasion will track perfectly distributions of climate variables and they predict enhanced terrestrial carbon storage. However, theoretical calculations and palaeoecological evidence suggest an alternative, more realistic simplifying assumption: trees will be extirpated but will not invade new territory before 2XGHG climate is attained. We projected global terrestrial carbon under future climates using both assumptions. Simulated terrestrial carbon under delayed immigration decreasd 7 to 34 Pg from modern values in contrast to increases projected under instant migration in this and earlier model exercises. RP Solomon, AM (reprint author), US EPA,WESTERN ECOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 55 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.2307/2997570 PG 10 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA XL652 UT WOS:A1997XL65200005 ER PT J AU Job, C AF Job, C TI A summary of State Wellhead Protection Programs SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article RP Job, C (reprint author), US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 61 EP 63 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb00155.x PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XA872 UT WOS:A1997XA87200003 ER PT J AU Peterson, WJ AF Peterson, WJ TI Relationship between contaminated ground water concentration levels and explosion potentials in sewer systems SO GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION LA English DT Article ID INSITU AB This paper establishes methods to estimate ground water cleanup levels based on the potential for vapors to accumulate in sewer systems from infiltrating ground water containing dissolved contaminants. The analysis assumes that no free product phase is present and that the sewer system has a circular cross section. The methods presented can be applied to any volatile chemical contaminant which may be released into the subsurface environment. Simplifying assumptions are made to establish relationships between the target ground water cleanup levels C-gw. the hydrocarbon vapor concentration in the sewer C-v and the depth of the water level d. in the sewer. The paper presents sample calculations of target ground water cleanup levels for the release of fresh and weathered gasoline into the subsurface environment. RP Peterson, WJ (reprint author), ENVIRONM PROTECT AGCY,726 MINNESOTA AVE,KANSAS CITY,KS 66101, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 1069-3629 J9 GROUND WATER MONIT R JI Ground Water Monit. Remediat. PD SPR PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 116 EP 121 PG 6 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA XA872 UT WOS:A1997XA87200011 ER PT J AU Franke, DL Cole, EC Leese, KE Foarde, KK Berry, MA AF Franke, DL Cole, EC Leese, KE Foarde, KK Berry, MA TI Cleaning for improved indoor air quality: An initial assessment of effectiveness SO INDOOR AIR LA English DT Article DE indoor air quality; biopollutants; airborne particles; volatile organic compounds; cleaning; building characterization ID DUST AB A study was conducted to characterize the indoor environment of a multifloor, multiuse, nonproblem, noncomplaint building through long-term monitoring for biological, chemical, and particulate pollutants. The study also assessed the effects of cleaning on indoor air quality by providing a program to monitor baseline levels, providing a rigorous (deep) cleaning of the building, and then continuing to monitor after implementation of a standardized, improved, cleaning program. To assess the effectiveness of the cleaning program, air, surface, and dust data from monitoring prior to the cleaning program were compared with those obtained while the improved housekeeping program was in place. Correlations between pollutants and other environmental factors were studied. The data suggest that the improved cleaning program contributed to indoor air quality through the reduction of airborne dust mass, total volatile organic compounds, and culturable bacteria and fungi. C1 DYNCORP, HLTH RES SERV DIV, DURHAM, NC 27703 USA. US EPA, ENVIRONM CRITERIA & ASSESSMENT OFF, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. RP Franke, DL (reprint author), RES TRIANGLE INST, POB 12194, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air PD MAR PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 41 EP 54 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1997.t01-3-00006.x PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WW289 UT WOS:A1997WW28900006 ER PT J AU Hertzler, PC Davies, C AF Hertzler, PC Davies, C TI The cost of infrastructure needs SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB A survey conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency provided a wealth of information on the cost of drinking water infrastructure needs. This information was used to develop cost models for more than 50 types of source, treatment, storage, and. transmission and distribution projects. The cost models provide the tools to accurately estimate the total infrastructure investment needed by community water systems in the United States. They also give insight into real-world costs for common types of drinking water infrastructure projects. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Hertzler, PC (reprint author), CADMUS GRP INC,4900 SEMINARY RD,SUITE 600,ALEXANDRIA,VA 22311, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 55 EP 61 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA WN417 UT WOS:A1997WN41700008 ER PT J AU Craun, GF Berger, PS Calderon, RL AF Craun, GF Berger, PS Calderon, RL TI Coliform bacteria and waterborne disease outbreaks SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Coliform-free tap water has previously been thought to be unlikely to cause waterborne disease. However, disease outbreaks (especially those caused by Giardia or Cryptosporidium) and endemic waterborne disease risks have been reported in water systems that have not violated either the 1975 or 1989 maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total coliforms. Focusing on the 1975 rule and using coliform data and investigative reports about outbreaks, the authors compared MCL violations for water systems that did and did not experience an outbreak. Coliforms were usually found in a public system during an outbreak: investigation, but in the months before an outbreak, they were detected in only half of the systems and caused an MCL violation in only one fourth of them. The violation rate was not significantly different between community systems that experienced an outbreak and those that did not; usually both met the MCL. To safeguard the public against waterborne disease, microbiological monitoring must be supplemented with periodic sanitary surveys and activities that ensure adequate water quality. C1 US EPA,OFF GROUND WATER & DRINKING WATER,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Craun, GF (reprint author), GUNTHER F CRAUN & ASSOCIATES,101 W FREDERICK ST,SUITE 104,STAUNTON,VA 24401, USA. NR 12 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 96 EP 104 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA WN417 UT WOS:A1997WN41700012 ER PT J AU Ricker, DD Crone, JL Chamness, SL Klinefelter, GR Chang, TSK AF Ricker, DD Crone, JL Chamness, SL Klinefelter, GR Chang, TSK TI Partial sympathetic denervation of the rat epididymis permits fertilization but inhibits embryo development SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE inferior mesenteric ganglion; fertility; spinal cord injury; innervation; spermatozoa; intrauterine insemination ID SPINAL-CORD INJURY; ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; ABDOMINAL TEMPERATURE; INVITRO FERTILIZATION; HAMSTER SPERMATOZOA; MALE-INFERTILITY; IN-VITRO; MEN; ELECTROEJACULATION; FERTILITY AB The rat cauda epididymidis receives sympathetic innervation from the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG). We have previously demonstrated that surgical removal of the IMG and proximal hypogastric nerves (IMG denervation) results in significant and cauda-specific changes in epididymal sperm transport, sperm motility, luminal fluid protein composition, and tissue histology. In the present study we used natural mating trials and intrauterine insemination (IUI) techniques to determine whether or not IMG denervation affects male fertility and reproductive capacity. For the initial studies, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were mated with estrous females 1 and 4 weeks following IMG denervation. Nine days after mating, uterine implantation sites and corpora lutea (CL) were counted. In females mated with sham-operated control males, 85.8% of ovulated oocytes were fertilized and subsequently implanted. In contrast, females mated with IMG-denervated males 1 or 4 weeks following surgery had 0% and 3.5%, respectively, of ovulated oocytes fertilized and implanted. For rats maintained 21 days after mating, an average of 13 +/- 1 pups were delivered by each of nine females mated with sham-operated control male rats; whereas, only seven morphologically normal pups were delivered by one of 14 females mated with IMG-denervated male rats. Additional experiments demonstrated that the decrement in offspring was, in part, due to a significant decrease in the number of spermatozoa in the female uterus following mating with IMG-denervated males. To determine whether IMG denervation exerted an additional effect directly on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa, IUI experiments were performed. Six million cauda epididymal spermatozoa from 1- or 4-week IMG-denervated males were inseminated into the uterine horns of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-synchronized females and 9 days later implantation sites and CL were counted. Implantations were observed for 78%, 28%, and 25% of ovulated oocytes following IUI with spermatozoa from sham-operated controls and from 1- and 4-week IMG-denervated rats, respectively. To determine whether the reduction in implantation sites following IUI with spermatozoa from IMG-denervated rats resulted from impaired oocyte fertilization, studies were performed in which oocytes were retrieved and stained 24 hours after IUI. Comparable fertilization rates of 76.5% and 89.0% were observed using cauda epididymal spermatozoa from IMG-denervated and sham-operated control males, respectively, indicating that oocyte fertilization was not affected by the loss of innervation. These studies establish the importance of innervation from the IMG for ejaculatory competence and sperm reproductive capacity in the male rat. These data further suggest that sympathetic innervation in the epididymis critically influences paternal factors associated with embryonic development. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT POPULAT DYNAM,DIV REPROD BIOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,DEPT UROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21287. US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,DIV DEV TOXICOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD3019702]; PHS HHS [H32-6647] NR 42 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 131 EP 138 PG 8 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA WY390 UT WOS:A1997WY39000006 PM 9154507 ER PT J AU Klinefelter, GR Laskey, JW Ferrell, J Suarez, JD Roberts, NL AF Klinefelter, GR Laskey, JW Ferrell, J Suarez, JD Roberts, NL TI Discriminant analysis indicates a single sperm protein (SP22) is predictive of fertility following exposure to epididymal toxicants SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE epididymis; biomarker ID ETHANE DIMETHANESULFONATE; ADULT-RATS; EPICHLOROHYDRIN; ANDROGEN; ABILITY AB In a previous study, we found that ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) compromised the fertilizing ability of proximal cauda epididymal sperm from the rat within 4 days of exposure, an effect that persisted in castrated, testosterone (T)-implanted animals, establishing direct action on the epididymis. This EDS-induced reduction in fertilizing ability was highly correlated with a quantitative decrease in specific sperm protein. Here we sought to determine whether the fertility of proximal cauda epididymal sperm recovered from animals exposed to a variety of male reproductive toxicants could be predicted by assessing quantitative changes in specific sperm protein(s), or whether more common endpoints (e.g., sperm motility, sperm morphology, serum and epididymal tissue T, cauda epididymal sperm reserves) also are required to predict fertility. Intact adult male rats were dosed with EDS (25 or 50 mg/kg), chloroethylmethanesulphonate (GEMS; 12.5 or 18.75 mg/kg), or epichlorohydrin (EPI; 3 or 6 mg/kg) daily for 4 days. Castrated, T-implanted rats were dosed with hydroxyflutamide (HFLUT; 12.5 or 25 mg/kg) daily for 5 days. On day 5, proximal cauda epididymal sperm were inseminated in utero into receptive, cervically stimulated adult females, and on day 9, fertility (implants/corpora lutea) was assessed. Fertility was decreased by the higher dose of each toxicant (P < 0.05) and also by the lower dose of EPI and HFLUT. Likewise, an acidic 22 kDa sperm protein (SP22) was decreased quantitatively (P < 0.05) in silver-stained two-dimensional gels by the higher dose of each toxicant as well as by the lower dose of EPI and HFLUT. Although sperm motility and serum T were altered by specific exposures, these endpoints were not useful in predicting fertility. In contrast, SP22 was highly correlated (P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.83) with fertility. Indeed, the amount of SP22 correctly predicted 90% and 94% of the fertile (>50% fertility) and subfertile (<50% fertility) animals, respectively, when discriminant analysis was performed. Thus, the amount of SP22 in a cauda epididymal sperm sample may be a useful predictor of fertility in toxicant-treated animals. RP Klinefelter, GR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,MD 72,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 22 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 139 EP 150 PG 12 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA WY390 UT WOS:A1997WY39000007 PM 9154508 ER PT J AU Krynitsky, AJ AF Krynitsky, AJ TI Determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in water by capillary electrophoresis and by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID METSULFURON-METHYL; CHLORSULFURON; DERIVATIVES AB A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method and an electrospray ionization (ESI) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) confirmatory method were developed to analyze 12 sulfonylurea herbicides and one sulfonamide (Flumetsulam) in runoff water. The water used for fortification was collected from a local marsh that contained high levels of potentially interfering compounds. Good recoveries and adequate sensitivity at the 0.2 ppb level (limit of quantitation) were obtained, A portion of the water was acidified and extracted with reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE). Extracts were cleaned up with a tandem system consisting of a strong-anion exchange SPE cartridge stacked on an alumina SPE cartridge. CE/ultraviolet quantitation was achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis at pH 4.75 with 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer and an acetonitrile modifier, ESI LC/MS quantitation was achieved by using a time-scheduled selective-ion monitoring (positive mode) of the M + H ions for each compound, The extraction/cleanup procedure provided extracts such that in-source collision-induced dissociation gave product ions for confirmation at the 0.2 ppb fortification level. RP Krynitsky, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANALYT CHEM LAB,US ENVIRON PROTECT AGCY,BLDG 306,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 392 EP 400 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WP016 UT WOS:A1997WP01600018 PM 9086596 ER PT J AU Field, R OConnor, TP AF Field, R OConnor, TP TI Optimization of CSO storage and treatment systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Combined-sewer overflow (CSO) must be controlled by a storage-treatment system because storm flow in the combined sewerage system is intermittent and highly variable in both pollutant concentration and flow rate. A treatment facility operating without the benefit of upstream storage would need to be very large and costly in order to handle the relatively high volume and flowrate of a CSO. Similarly, if storage is used without treatment, the storage volume required would be very large and also expensive. This paper describes a strategy to optimize CSO control system. This optimized system maximizes the use of the existing system before new construction and sizes the storage volume in concert with the wastewater treatment plant capacity to obtain the lowest-cost storage and treatment system. C1 US EPA,EDISON,NJ. NAT RISK MGMT RES LAB,WET WEATHER FLOW RES PROGRAM,CINCINNATI,OH. OI O'Connor, Thomas/0000-0002-5643-644X NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1997 VL 123 IS 3 BP 269 EP 274 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:3(269) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK063 UT WOS:A1997WK06300010 ER PT J AU Nitisoravut, S Wu, JS Reasoner, DJ Chao, AC AF Nitisoravut, S Wu, JS Reasoner, DJ Chao, AC TI Columnar biological treatability of AOC under oligotrophic conditions SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC-CARBON; GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON; DRINKING-WATER AB The biological treatability of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in drinking water was investigated under oligotrophic conditions. AOC of the simulated feed was provided with model compounds such as glucose, acetate, or glycerol at 1 mg . C/L. The bioreactors were initially inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P17, an indigenous organism isolated from water-distribution systems, to initiate biological activity. Cell-immobilization techniques investigated consisted of entrapment in calcium (Ca) alginate beads and carrier-binding with Type-Z carrier. It was found that reactors packed with either alginate beads or Type-Z carrier were operational at stable conditions over a period of two years without any loss of metabolic functionality Excellent removal of influent substrates was obtained by all reactor types at hydraulic retention times ranging from 6 to 30 min. Type-Z carrier appears to be the preferred choice of biocarrier because of its inorganic structure and simplicity of immobilization. The steady-state, average effluent AOC and total organic carbon (TOC) from bioreactors packed with Type-Z carrier ranged from 9 to 28 mu g . C/L and from 0.23 to 0.32 mg . C/L, respectively, when the operating hydraulic retention times varied from 20 to 30 min. Maintaining a low level of AOC in finished water helps minimize microbial regrowth in a water-distribution system. C1 US EPA,WSWRD,NRMRL,CONTAMINANTS CONTROL BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Nitisoravut, S (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV UNIV N CAROLINA,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1997 VL 123 IS 3 BP 290 EP 296 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:3(290) PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK063 UT WOS:A1997WK06300013 ER PT J AU Logan, TJ Lindsay, BJ Goins, LE Ryan, JA AF Logan, TJ Lindsay, BJ Goins, LE Ryan, JA TI Field assessment of sludge metal bioavailability to crops: Sludge rate response SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ACCUMULATION; CADMIUM; ZINC AB We conducted a field study (1991-1995) of trace metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in two crops, corn (Zea mays L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as affected by a one-time application of an anaerobically digested sewage sludge to Miamian silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) in Columbus, OH to determine the nature of the uptake response over a wide range of sludge application rates (0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 188, 225, and 300 Mg/ha dry solids). Cadmium, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn sludge concentrations were 46, 433, 67, 185, and 2334 mg/kg, respectively. Soil pH did not vary significantly with sludge application (6.1-7.5), while electrical conductivity, total C and total organic N increased linearly with sludge application and declined over time. Soil metals extracted with 0.005 M EDTA in 0.01 M Ca(NO3)(2) increased linearly with total soil concentration and generally declined over time. Cadmium, Cu and Zn concentrations in corn increased significantly with sludge application, while Ni and Pb levels were low compared to the control. Cadmium, Cu, and Zn concentrations in corn exhibited a plateau-type response that could be modeled with the Mitscherlich equation. Lettuce concentrations increased linearly with sludge application for Cd, Cu, and Zn in all years, and linear regression slopes generally declined and stabilized after the first 2 yr. C1 US EPA,RISK REDUCT ENVIRONM LAB,CINCINNATI,OH. RP Logan, TJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 23 TC 113 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1997 VL 26 IS 2 BP 534 EP 550 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WP039 UT WOS:A1997WP03900026 ER PT J AU McFarland, BH Hill, BH Willingham, WT AF McFarland, BH Hill, BH Willingham, WT TI Abnormal Fragilaria spp. (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Periphytic diatom samples from a metal-contaminated Rocky Mountain river in Colorado, U.S.A. were analyzed on two occasions for the presence of morphological abnormalites. Samples were collected from natural (rocks) and artificial (tiles) substrates at 12 sites displaying a range of metal concentrations. Members of the genus Fragilaria sensu Krammer and Lange-Bertalot (including Synedra and Hannaea), which was abundant at all of the sampling sites, exhibited the highest incidence of abnormalities. There were no significant differences in percentage of deformed cells between natural and artificial substrates. Percentage of diatom abnormalities at each site ranged from 0.2 +/- 0.2% to 12.0 +/- 2.0% of the total population, and normal Fragilaria valves were always observed along with abnormal valves for each taxa. Percentage of abnormal valves at a site was transformed (are sine square root) and regressed against dissolved cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc. For 1991, the best regression model fit (based on Mallows' C-p) was a two variable model using Cd and Zn (r(2) = 0.39, C-p = 2.4). In 1992, the four variables model (Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn) provided the best fit to the Fragilaria data (r(2) = 0.60, C-p = 5.0). These data indicate that morphologically abnormal Fragilaria valves may be an indicator of elevated dissolved metal concentrations in streams. C1 US EPA,WATER MANAGEMENT DIV,REG 8,DENVER,CO 80224. RP McFarland, BH (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. RI Hill, Brian/E-6799-2013 NR 27 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 141 EP 149 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663517 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WM932 UT WOS:A1997WM93200015 ER PT J AU Adams, JR Clark, TB Tompkins, GJ Neel, WW Schroder, RF Schaefer, PW AF Adams, JR Clark, TB Tompkins, GJ Neel, WW Schroder, RF Schaefer, PW TI Histopathological investigations on Rickettsiella-like sp. and nonoccluded viruses infecting the pecan weevil Curculio caryae, the squash beetle Epilachna borealis, and the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rickettsiella-like organisms; virus-like particles; ultrastructural investigations; pecan weevil; squash beetle; Mexican bean beetle ID PARTICLES; CHLAMYDIA AB Electron microscopic observations of abnormal specimens of pecan weevils, Curculio caryae, squash beetles, Epilachna borealis, and Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis, obtained from insect-rearing facilities and from field collections revealed that rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) and viruses caused disease in these species. Several pleomorphic forms of the RLOs which were similar to those of Rickettsiella sp. were found in tissues of the fat body, hypodermis, tracheal matrix, muscle, and midgut of each insect species. In addition, RLOs also were found in heart and silk gland tissues of the pecan weevil, Stalked knobs or ''pill'' were found on the cell membranes of the RLOs in the infected tissues of the pecan weevil and the squash beetle, Crystals often associated with Rickettsiella infections were not observed. Virus-like particles of 18-42 nm were found in various tissues of the three species examined. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. USDA ARS,BENEFICIAL INSECTS INTRODUCT RES,NEWARK,DE 19713. RP Adams, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 69 IS 2 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.4628 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WN412 UT WOS:A1997WN41200005 ER PT J AU Genthner, FJ Foss, SS Glas, PS AF Genthner, FJ Foss, SS Glas, PS TI Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae to embryos of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Palaemonetes pugio; Metarhizium anisopliae; virulence; biological control; N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase ID FUNGUS BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; MENIDIA-BERYLLINA AB Experiments were performed in which developing embryos of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, were exposed to conidiospores of the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Responses were variable, with significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) adverse effects observed in five of six experiments conducted. Dead embryos and larvae with visible growth of M anisopliae were observed in all experiments. Growth of M. anisopliae was occasionally observed on embryos and larvae prior to death. Delayed hatch was also observed. In one of the initial experiments, an increase in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, EC 3.2.1.30 (NAGase), activity accompanied by an increase in virulence toward shrimp embryos was observed, Additional experiments in which conidiospores were produced on ho mogenized caterpillars suggested a positive correliation between virulence of M. anisopliae to P. pugio embryos and activity of spore-associated NAGase. Under these laboratory conditions M. anisepliae was an invasive pathogen of grass shrimp embryos, and the growth substrates on which their spores develop can influence the severity of effects on these nontarget arthropods. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 NATL RES COUNCIL,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. RP Genthner, FJ (reprint author), US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,1 SABINE ISL DR,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561, USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 69 IS 2 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.4653 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WN412 UT WOS:A1997WN41200009 ER PT J AU Kelce, WR Wilson, EM AF Kelce, WR Wilson, EM TI Environmental antiandrogens: Developmental effects, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE-JMM LA English DT Review DE antiandrogen; endocrine disruptor; sex differentiation; androgen receptor; hypospadias; breast cancer; vinclozolin; 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene ID HUMAN ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; HUMAN-BREAST-CANCER; HORMONE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS; HUMAN PROGESTERONE-RECEPTOR; HUMAN PROSTATIC-CARCINOMA; HUMAN ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; HUMAN X-CHROMOSOME; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; STEROID BINDING; CELL-LINE AB Industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants can disrupt reproductive development in wildlife and humans by mimicking or inhibiting the action of the gonadal steroid hormones, estradiol and testosterone. The toxicity of these so-called environmental endocrine disrupters is especially insidious during sex differentiation and development due to the crucial role of gonadal steroid hormones in regulating these processes. This review describes the mechanism of toxicity and clinical implications of a new class of environmental chemicals that inhibit androgen-mediated sex development. For several of these chemicals, including the agricultural fungicide vinclozolin and the ubiquitous and persistent 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethane metabolite, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene, the molecular mechanism of action and the adverse developmental effects on male sex differentiation have been elucidated and are used as examples. Environmental chemicals with antiandrogenic activity offer profound implications with regard to recent clinical observations that suggest an increasing incidence of human male genital tract malformations, male infertility, and female breast cancer. Finally, in light of increasing concern over the potential endocrine disrupting effects of environmental pollutants, an in vitro/in vivo investigational strategy is presented which has proved useful in identifying chemicals with antiandrogen activity and their mechanism of action. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,REPROD BIOL LABS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PEDIAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. RP Kelce, WR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 110 TC 226 Z9 237 U1 6 U2 37 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0946-2716 J9 J MOL MED-JMM JI J. Mol. Med. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 75 IS 3 BP 198 EP 207 DI 10.1007/s001090050104 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Genetics & Heredity; Research & Experimental Medicine GA WP417 UT WOS:A1997WP41700007 PM 9106076 ER PT J AU Chestnut, LG Dennis, RL AF Chestnut, LG Dennis, RL TI Economic benefits of improvements in visibility: Acid Rain Provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The Acid Rain Provisions (Title IV) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 call for about a 10 million ton reduction in annual SO, emissions in the United States. Although the provisions apply nationwide, most of the reduction will occur in the eastern half of the country, where use of high-sulfur coal for electricity generation is most common. One potentially large benefit of Title IV is the expected improvement in visibility conditions in the eastern United States due to the reductions in secondary sulfate aerosols. This paper combines available economic estimates of willingness to pay for improvements in visibility with current estimates of the difference between expected visibility conditions in the eastern United States with and without Title IV to estimate the expected visibility benefits of Title IV. The results suggest an annual value of $2.3 billion (in 1994 dollars) in the year 2010, as a result of visibility improvements due to Title IV in residential areas of the eastern United States. The results also suggest a possible additional annual value for eastern U.S. residents of as much as $1-2 billion for visibility improvements at national parks in the Southeast. C1 US EPA,ATMOSPHER RES & EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT LABS,NATL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER ADM,AIR RESOURCES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Chestnut, LG (reprint author), HAGLER BAILLY SERV INC,PO DRAWER O,BOULDER,CO 80306, USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 47 IS 3 BP 395 EP 402 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WQ335 UT WOS:A1997WQ33500011 ER PT J AU Vose, JM Elliott, KJ Johnson, DW Tingey, DT Johnson, MG AF Vose, JM Elliott, KJ Johnson, DW Tingey, DT Johnson, MG TI Soil respiration response to three years of elevated CO2 and N fertilization in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dong Ex Laws) SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE dynamic measurement; elevated CO2 effects; open-top chambers; pCO(2); soil respiration ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EVOLUTION; TRACE GAS FLUXES; FOREST FLOOR; INTERIOR ALASKA; TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE; PATTERNS; CHAMBERS; EFFLUX AB We measured growing season soil CO2 evolution under elevated atmospheric [CO2] and soil nitrogen (N) additions. Our objectives were to determine treatment effects, quantify seasonal variation, and compare two measurement techniques. Elevated [CO2] treatments were applied in open-top chambers containing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa L.) seedlings. N applications were made annually in early spring. The experimental design was a replicated factorial combination of CO2 (ambient, +175, and +350 mu L L-1 CO2) and N (0, 10, and 20 g m(-2) N as ammonium sulphate). Soils were irrigated to maintain soil moisture at > 25 percent. Soil CO2 evolution was measured over diurnal periods (20-22 hours) in October 1992, and April, June, and October 1993 and 1994 using a flow-through, infrared gas analyzer measurement system and corresponding pCO(2) measurements were made with gas wells. Significantly higher soil CO2 evolution was observed in the elevated CO2 treatments; N effects were not significant. Averaged across all measurement periods, fluxes, were 4.8, 8.0, and 6.5 for ambient + 175 CO2, and +350 CO2 respectively). Treatment variation was linearly related to fungal occurrence as observed in minirhizotron tubes. Seasonal variation in soil CO2 evolution was non-linearly related to soil temperature; i.e., fluxes increased up to approximately soil temperature (10cm soil depth) and decreased dramatically at temperatures > 18 degrees C. These patterns indicate exceeding optimal temperatures for biological activity. The dynamic, flow-through measurement system was weakly correlated (r = 0.57; p < 0.0001; n = 56) with the pCO(2) measurement method. C1 UNIV NEVADA,COLL AGR,DESERT RES INST,RENO,NV 89512. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Vose, JM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,999 COWEETA LAB RD,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 31 TC 40 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1997 VL 190 IS 1 BP 19 EP 28 DI 10.1023/A:1004204129128 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XJ610 UT WOS:A1997XJ61000003 ER PT J AU Vine, MF Setzer, RW Everson, RB Wyrobek, AJ AF Vine, MF Setzer, RW Everson, RB Wyrobek, AJ TI Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sperm; morphology; computerized image analysis; smoking; male; human ID SEMEN QUALITY; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; MEN; CLASSIFICATION; SPERMATOZOA; MORPHOLOGY; EXPOSURE; COTININE; COUPLES; BLOOD AB The purpose of this study is to determine whether sperm nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture parameters are associated with lifestyle exposures including smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption. Eighty-six healthy male volunteers (ages 18-35), recruited through newspaper advertisements, provided a semen, blood, and urine sample and completed a questionnaire concerning demographic and lifestyle exposures. Sperm nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture parameters were measured using computerized image analysis. Results indicated no associations between the sperm nuclear morphometric parameters and age, smoking, or alcohol consumption. There was weak evidence for an association with caffeine intake. In conclusion, the lifestyle factors smoking, caffeine intake, and alcohol consumption do not appear to significantly affect sperm nuclear size, shape, or chromatin texture in this study population. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US EPA,HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DIV BIOMED SCI,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Vine, MF (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,CB 7400,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(97)00004-X PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000002 PM 9100290 ER PT J AU Goldman, JM Parrish, MB Cooper, RL McElroy, WK AF Goldman, JM Parrish, MB Cooper, RL McElroy, WK TI Blockade of ovulation in the rat by systemic and ovarian intrabursal administration of the fungicide sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dithiocarbamates; ovulation; intrabursal injections ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SURGE; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; INVOLVEMENT; CATECHOLAMINES; EXPRESSION; SECRETION; RECEPTORS; MECHANISM; CELLS AB Dithiocarbamates, acting as inhibitors of catecholamine synthesis, have been reported to block ovulation in female rats following systemic administration by suppressing the neural noradrenergic signaling involved in triggering the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. The ovaries also synthesize norepinephrine and receive noradrenergic input via sympathetic innervation, and it has been suggested that such input may play a role in follicular maturation and ovulation. The current experiments investigated whether the dithiocarbamate fungicide dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC) would block oocyte release in normally cycling rats when administered systemically during the proestrous presurge period, and if so, would the compound also have a comparable direct ovarian effect on ovulation in response to a local intrabursal exposure of one ovary late on the day of vaginal proestrus, The results showed that a dose-related suppression of oocyte release was present in response to both intraperitoneal and intrabursal (IB) injections, But these effects appear to be mediated through different mechanisms, The unilateral IB injections mere effective only on the exposed side for each ovarian pair, while no alterations were seen in ovarian norepinephrine, IB administration 24 h earlier blocked ovulation on both sides, while hCG injections were able to restore ovulation on the noninjected side only, implying that diestrous DMDTC was inhibiting the LH surge. The data indicate that while an effect on hypothalamic catecholamine synthesis may underlie the ovulatory blockade following intraperitoneal DMDTC administration, it does not appear to be involved in the response to local ovarian exposure. Moreover, the blockade in response to the diestrous IB exposure likely involves two separate mechanisms, one attributable to an alteration in ovarian hormonal feedback to the brain (or pituitary), inhibiting the LH surge, and the other associated with a direct, as yet undetermined, effect on local preovulatory events within the ovary. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Goldman, JM (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,RTD,ENDOCRINOL BRANCH,MD-72,ENDOCRINOL BR,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 185 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(97)00005-1 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000003 PM 9100291 ER PT J AU Wyrobek, AJ Schrader, SM Perreault, SD Fenster, L Huszar, G Katz, DF Osorio, AM Sublet, V Evenson, D AF Wyrobek, AJ Schrader, SM Perreault, SD Fenster, L Huszar, G Katz, DF Osorio, AM Sublet, V Evenson, D TI Assessment of reproductive disorders and birth defects in communities near hazardous chemical sites .3. Guidelines for field studies of male reproductive disorders SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEMIAUTOMATIC IMAGE-ANALYSIS; CREATINE-KINASE ACTIVITY; HUMAN-SPERM MORPHOLOGY; HUMAN-SPERMATOZOA; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS; ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE; OLIGOSPERMIC MEN; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; SEMEN ANALYSIS AB Exposures to environmental toxicants can have detrimental effects on several aspects of human male reproduction: fertility, sexual function, hormone status, and pregnancy/birth outcomes. However, no simple prescreening methods are available for reliably identifying potential hazards; questionnaires alone are relatively imprecise and inefficient in the absence of field data. Multidisciplinary field studies are required that include detailed exposure information, health and reproductive histories, physical examinations, semen analyses, and possibly, hormone analyses. Semen analysis is a critical component of field studies for evaluating two aspects of male reproduction: 1) changes in sperm or seminal content, which may be indicative of adverse effects on the male reproductive system with possible implications for fertility potential; and 2) defects in sperm DNA or chromosomes, which may be associated with subsequent changes in viability during embryonic development and health risks to the offspring. Semen analyses may be tiered: 1) initially, each semen study may include conventional semen assays (concentration, motility, and morphology) as well as specific biomarkers indicated by the health effect of concern in the study cohort; and 2) archived samples (i.e., frozen, videotaped, or smeared) mag be utilized in later second-tier analyses to further characterize specific findings. Before initiating any field study, it is cost effective to critically evaluate the suitability of the cohort by confirming exposure and determining that there are adequate numbers of male participants in each exposure category. Such evaluations must be based on the statistical sensitivities of the specific tissue biomarkers and health endpoints for detecting changes. This article summarizes the components of the ideal field study and identifies research needs for improving field studies of mate effects and for understanding the mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity. Several promising semen methods currently under development are also discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 NIOSH,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. DEPT HLTH SERV,REPROD EPIDEMIOL SECT,BERKELEY,CA. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510. DUKE UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,DURHAM,NC 27706. DEPT HLTH SERV,BERKELEY,CA. SUBLET & ASSOCIATES,COLUMBUS,OH. S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,OLSON BIOCHEM FLOW CYTOMETRY LAB,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. RP Wyrobek, AJ (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,L-452,POB 808,7000 EAST AVE,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Y01-ES-10203-00] NR 72 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 243 EP 259 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00108-6 PG 17 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000011 PM 9100299 ER PT J AU Kimmel, CA AF Kimmel, CA TI Introduction to the symposium SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIABETES-MELLITUS; MOTHERS; GROWTH RP Kimmel, CA (reprint author), US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT 8623,401 M ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 261 EP 263 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00209-2 PG 3 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000012 PM 9221034 ER PT J AU Bishop, JB Kimmel, CA AF Bishop, JB Kimmel, CA TI Molecular and cellular mechanisms of early mammalian development: An overview of NIEHS/EPA developmental toxicity workshops SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETHYLENE-OXIDE; FETAL ANOMALIES; ZYGOTES; DEATH; MICE C1 US EPA,NATL CTR ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Bishop, JB (reprint author), NIEHS,ENVIRONM TOXICOL PROGRAM,REPROD TOXICOL GRP,POB 12233 A2-10,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00211-0 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000019 PM 9100303 ER PT J AU Schultz, RM Albertini, D Eppig, J Fenwick, R Hirshfield, A PerreaultDarney, S Wiley, LM Strickland, S AF Schultz, RM Albertini, D Eppig, J Fenwick, R Hirshfield, A PerreaultDarney, S Wiley, LM Strickland, S TI Gamete-derived determinants SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUSE OOCYTES; CELLS; MATURATION; FOLLICLES; MUTATIONS; CAPACITY; INVITRO; EMBRYOS; ZYGOTES; LOCUS C1 TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02111. JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609. BAYLOR COLL MED,INST MOL GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT OB GYN,DAVIS,CA 95616. SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PHARMACOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. RP Schultz, RM (reprint author), UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,415 UNIV AVE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 293 EP 308 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00212-2 PG 16 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000020 PM 9100304 ER PT J AU Kavlock, RJ AF Kavlock, RJ TI Recent advances in mathematical modeling of developmental abnormalities using mechanistic information SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; developmental toxicity; teratogenicity; benchmark dose; biologically based dose-response models; BBDR; homeobox; skeletal development; segmentation; pattern formation; mathematical models ID DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT; HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS; MUTANT MICE; TARGETED DISRUPTION; PATTERN-FORMATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; HOX GENES; PHARMACODYNAMIC MODELS; CERVICAL-VERTEBRAE; RISK ASSESSMENT AB During the last several years, significant changes in the risk assessment process for developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants have begun to emerge, The first of these changes is the development and beginning use of statistically based dose-response models [the benchmark dose (BMD) approach] that better utilize data derived from existing testing approaches, Accompanying this change is the greater emphasis placed on understanding and using mechanistic information to yield more accurate, reliable, and less uncertain risk assessments, The next stage in the evolution of risk assessment will be the use of biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models that begin to build into the statistically based models factors related to the underlying kinetic, biochemical, and/or physiologic processes perturbed by a toxicant. Such models are now emerging from several research laboratories, The introduction of quantitative models and the incorporation of biologic information into them has pointed to the need for even more sophisticated modifications for which we offer the term embryologically based dose-response (EBDR) models, Because these models would be based upon the understanding of normal morphogenesis, they represent a quantum leap in our thinking, but their complexity presents daunting challenges both to the developmental biologist and the developmental toxicologist, Implementation of these models will require extensive communication between developmental toxicologists, molecular embryologists, and biomathematicians. The remarkable progress in the understanding of mammalian embryonic development at the molecular level that has occurred over the last decade combined with advances in computing power and computational models should eventually enable these as yet hypothetical models to be brought into use. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Kavlock, RJ (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,REPROD TOXICOL DIV MD71,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 86 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 423 EP 434 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00157-8 PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000036 PM 9100318 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR AF Goldman, LR TI New approaches for assessing the etiology and risks of developmental abnormalities from chemical exposure SO REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE developmental abnormalities; chemical exposure ID CHILDREN; HUMANS; TCDD AB Developmental toxicants, insidious in modes of action and effects, strike the very origin of our lives: the developing embryo, fetus, neonate, and child; they cause spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, malformations, early postnatal mortality, reduced birth weight, mental retardation, sensory loss as well as other functional or physical changes, including subclinical effects having far reaching social and economic impacts. The large majority of developmental defects have unknown etiologies. With this uncertainty, EPA and the scientific community world-wide give high priority to finding new approaches for assessing etiology and risks of developmental effects. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and Agenda 21 mobilized the international community to focus on risks posed by chemicals in the environment, including developmental risks. The international harmonization of test and risk assessment guidelines for developmental effects are priorities. Lead, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disrupters, and the improvement of quantitative risk assessment methodologies, particularly for children, are priorities. EPA reinvented its research agenda to assure wide involvement of the National Science Foundation, other federal agencies, and national experts in research to address the U.S.'s public health and environmental priorities. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Goldman, LR (reprint author), US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBST,WASHINGTON,DC 20460, USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 58 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0890-6238 J9 REPROD TOXICOL JI Reprod. Toxicol. PD MAR-JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 443 EP 451 DI 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00159-1 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology SC Reproductive Biology; Toxicology GA WQ840 UT WOS:A1997WQ84000039 PM 9100320 ER PT J AU Wrenn, BA Suidan, MT Strohmeier, KL Eberhart, BL Wilson, GJ Venosa, AD AF Wrenn, BA Suidan, MT Strohmeier, KL Eberhart, BL Wilson, GJ Venosa, AD TI Nutrient transport during bioremediation of contaminated beaches: Evaluation with lithium as a conservative tracer SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nutrient transport; conservative tracer; oil spill; bioremediation; beaches; intertidal zone ID OIL-SPILL BIOREMEDIATION; WATER AB Bioremediation of oil-contaminated beaches typically involves fertilization with nutrients that are thought to limit the growth rate of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Much of the available technology involves application of fertilizers that release nutrients in a water-soluble form prior to bacterial uptake. Oil contamination of coastal areas from offshore spills usually occurs in the intertidal zone. This area is subjected to periodic flooding by a combination of tides and waves, which can affect the washout rate of water-soluble nutrients from the contaminated area. We used lithium nitrate as a conservative tracer to study the rate of nutrient transport in a low-energy, sandy beach on the southwestern shore of Delaware Bay. The rate of tracer washout from the bioremediation zone (i.e. the upper 25 cm below the beach surface) was more rapid when the tracer was applied at spring tide (when the tidal amplitude is largest) than at neap tide, but the physical path taken by the tracer plume was not affected.:In both cases, the tracer plume moved vertically into the beach subsurface and horizontally through the beach in a seaward direction. The vertical transport was probably driven by waves infiltrating through the unsaturated zone. Hydraulic gradients that were established by differences between the rate at which the elevation of the water table in the beach changed and the rate at which the tide rose and fell contributed to horizontal movement of the plume. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 23 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 515 EP 524 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00304-1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA WM121 UT WOS:A1997WM12100017 ER PT J AU Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ AF Rowsey, PJ Gordon, CJ TI Tolerance to the hypothermic and hyperthermic effects following repeated injections of chlorpyrifos. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 28 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 514 EP 514 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA WL530 UT WOS:A1997WL53000515 ER PT J AU Grantham, TA Yang, Y Gordon, CJ AF Grantham, TA Yang, Y Gordon, CJ TI Hypothermia and delayed fever in the male and female rat exposed to chlorpyrifos. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. N CAROLINA CENT UNIV,DURHAM,NC 27707. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 28 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 515 EP 515 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA WL530 UT WOS:A1997WL53000513 ER PT J AU Su, WY Jaskot, RH Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Abramson, SR Dreher, KL AF Su, WY Jaskot, RH Kodavanti, UP Costa, DL Abramson, SR Dreher, KL TI Induction of rat matrilysin gene expression during acute lung injury after exposure to residual oil fly ash. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DURHAM,NC 27710. UNIV MIAMI,MIAMI,FL 33136. US EPA,NHEERL,PTB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 28 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 613 EP 613 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA WL530 UT WOS:A1997WL53000615 ER PT J AU Dreher, K Jaskot, R AF Dreher, K Jaskot, R TI Role of particle-associated endotoxin in ambient air particulate matter induced pulmonary inflammation. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,NHEERL,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 28 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 721 EP 721 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA WL530 UT WOS:A1997WL53000721 ER PT J AU Hastings, SB Gallagher, J Bell, DA Watson, MA Schell, MJ Kohlmeier, L AF Hastings, SB Gallagher, J Bell, DA Watson, MA Schell, MJ Kohlmeier, L TI Effect of NAT1*10 genotype on ex vivo induced calf thymus DNA adducts by human bile SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514. NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 28 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 2550 EP 2550 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA WL530 UT WOS:A1997WL53002550 ER PT J AU Stech, S Samet, J Devlin, R Kohlmeier, L AF Stech, S Samet, J Devlin, R Kohlmeier, L TI Plasma carotenoid responsiveness to ozone exposure in humans. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. US EPA,NHEERL,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD FEB 28 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 3392 EP 3392 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA WL530 UT WOS:A1997WL53003392 ER PT J AU Dreher, KL Jaskot, RH Lehmann, JR Richards, JH McGee, JK Ghio, AJ Costa, DL AF Dreher, KL Jaskot, RH Lehmann, JR Richards, JH McGee, JK Ghio, AJ Costa, DL TI Soluble transition metals mediate residual oil fly ash induced acute lung injury SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Thomas L. Petty Lung Conference CY JUN 07-10, 1995 CL ASPEN, CO ID FACTOR-KAPPA-B; UNITED-STATES CITIES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; GENE-EXPRESSION; AIR-POLLUTION; PARTICLES; ACTIVATION; MECHANISMS; TOXICITY; VANADIUM AB identification of constituents responsible for the pulmonary toxicity of fugitive combustion emission source particles may provide insight into the adverse health effects associated with exposure to these particles as well as ambient air particulate pollution. Herein, we describe results of studies conducted to identify constituents responsible for the acute lung injury induced by residual oil fly ash (ROFA) and to assess physical-chemical factors that influence the pulmonary toxicity of these constituents. Biochemical and cellular analyses performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from rats following intratracheal instillation of ROFA suspension demonstrated the presence of severe inflammation, an indicator of pulmonary injury, which included recruitment of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes into the airway. A leachate prepared from ROFA, containing predominantly Fe, Ni, V, Ca, Mg, and sulfate, produced similar lung injury to that induced by ROFA suspension. Depletion of Fe, Ni, and V from the ROFA leachate abrogated its pulmonary toxicity. Correspondingly, minimal lung injury was observed in animals exposed to saline-washed ROFA particles. A surrogate transition metal sulfate solution containing Fe, V, and Ni largely reproduced the lung injury induced by ROFA. Metal interactions and pH were found to influence the severity and kinetics of lung injury induced by ROFA and soluble transition metals. These findings provide direct evidence for the role of soluble transition metals in the pulmonary injury induced by the combustion emission source particulate, ROFA. C1 US EPA,HUMAN STUDIES DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Dreher, KL (reprint author), US EPA,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,NHEERL,MD 82,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 44 TC 381 Z9 389 U1 2 U2 27 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD FEB 21 PY 1997 VL 50 IS 3 BP 285 EP 305 DI 10.1080/009841097160492 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WK518 UT WOS:A1997WK51800005 PM 9055877 ER PT J AU Bennett, WA Beitinger, TL AF Bennett, WA Beitinger, TL TI Temperature tolerance of the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID PUPFISH CYPRINODON; FISHES; PINFISH; STRESS; TEXAS AB The sheepshead minnow may be the most eurythermic of all known fishes. This species' physiological (static or plunge) and ecological (dynamic) thermal tolerance polygons have areas of 1380 C-2 and 1470 C-2, respectively, which are among the largest ever measured for a fish. Zn addition, sheepshead minnows are more resistant to both high and low lethal temperatures than are other fish species. Sheepshead minnows acclimated to 5 and 30 C have CTMin-CTMax of 0.6-34.6 C and 11.3-44.2 C, respectively. The CTMax increased to 45.1 C for fish exposed to a thermoperiod of 37-42 C for 30 days. At temperatures below 10 C, fish burrow into the substrate, presumably to maintain body temperatures above the lower physiological limit of -1.8 C. Physiological and behavioral adaptations allow sheepshead minnows to survive in extreme tidal pool habitats where temperatures can range from -1.9-43 C. C1 UNIV N TEXAS,DEPT BIOL SCI,DENTON,TX 76203. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,GULF BREEZE,FL 32561. NR 38 TC 94 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS BUSINESS OFFICE PI CARBONDALE PA SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV, DEPT ZOOLOGY, CARBONDALE, IL 62901-6501 SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD FEB 18 PY 1997 IS 1 BP 77 EP 87 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA WK260 UT WOS:A1997WK26000010 ER PT J AU Semino, G Lilly, P Andersen, ME AF Semino, G Lilly, P Andersen, ME TI A pharmacokinetic model describing pulsatile uptake of orally-administered carbon tetrachloride SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; DOSING VEHICLES; CORN-OIL; RATS; HEPATOTOXICITY; CHLOROFORM; METABOLISM; MICE AB Many rodent bioassays have been conducted using oral gavage for delivery of test chemicals. Highly lipophilic compounds are generally administered to rodents dissolved in corn oil, a dosing vehicle shown to influence xenobiotic toxicity, carcinogenicity and pharmacokinetics by altering chemical absorption processes. In this paper, we present a multi-compartmental description of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract linked to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model to describe the complex oral uptake of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administered in corn oil and 0.25% Emulphor(R). The GI submodel was described using a series of subcompartments, each subcompartment described with an absorption constant (K-2, 1/h), a bioavailability term (A, unitless), and a compartment emptying time (T, h). The model was parameterized by fitting multi-peak blood and exhaled breath chamber concentration-time profiles following oral gavage of CCl4 in corn oil and aqueous vehicles to male Fischer 344 rats. Successful fitting of experimental data was accomplished by varying values of K-a, A, and T until adequate fits were obtained. Values of K-a and A required to fit data from aqueous gavage were greater than corn oil. Utilization of the multi-compartmental GI tract submodel provided increased precision in fitting complex oral uptake profiles compared to previously used one- and two-compartment oral uptake models. This model provides estimates of absorption rate constants and bioavailabilities as well as providing a framework for generation of more complete, physiologically-realistic descriptions of oral absorption. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 UNIV MILAN,LAB TOSSICOL,IST SCI FARMACOL,MILAN,ITALY. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC. US EPA,PHARMACOKINET BRANCH,EXPT TOXICOL DIV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. OI Andersen, Melvin/0000-0002-3894-4811 NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 14 PY 1997 VL 117 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03546-9 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA WG353 UT WOS:A1997WG35300003 PM 9020196 ER PT J AU Ghio, AJ LeFurgey, A Roggli, VL AF Ghio, AJ LeFurgey, A Roggli, VL TI In vivo accumulation of iron on crocidolite is associated with decrements in oxidant generation by the fiber SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ASBESTOS BODIES; MACROPHAGES; FERRITIN; RADICALS; SURFACE; FE3+; LUNG AB In vivo exposures to fibrous silicates are characterized by the formation of asbestos bodies. These structures consist of the original fiber with a coating of inexact composition, but it will include iron and protein. We tested the hypothesis that this iron, accumulated on asbestos bodies, participates in electron transport and oxidant generation. Thirty-day-old, male guinea pigs were intratracheally instilled with 1.0 mg crocidolite. Six months later, the animals were anesthetized, euthanized, and the fibers were isolated from the lungs. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed an accumulation of metal onto the fiber after in vivo exposure. Stains for iron demonstrated a heterogeneous distribution of the metal on the silicate, while the uptake of a commercially available polyclonal antibody to ferritin localized to beaded enlargements along the coated fibers. Chelatable [Fe3+] associated with the fiber increased after in vivo exposure. However, oxidant generation by asbestos bodies was decreased relative to uncoated fibers despite the elevation in the concentration of metal associated with the crocidolite. We conclude that iron is accumulated onto fibers in the lungs of guinea pigs. Some portion of this accumulation of iron is in the form of ferritin, and this metal is not chemically reactive in oxidant production. Asbestos bodies may represent a successful attempt by the host to sequester the metal adsorbed to the surface of a fiber and diminish the oxidative challenge introduced by a fibrous silicate. Subsequently, the generation of free radicals by the fibrous silicate is diminished. C1 DUKE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. RP Ghio, AJ (reprint author), US EPA,NHEERL,MAILDROP 58D,HSD,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02655] NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD FEB 7 PY 1997 VL 50 IS 2 BP 125 EP 142 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA WJ817 UT WOS:A1997WJ81700004 PM 9048957 ER PT J AU Tarone, RE Alavanja, MCR Zahm, SH Lubin, JH Sandler, DP McMaster, SB Rothman, N Blair, A AF Tarone, RE Alavanja, MCR Zahm, SH Lubin, JH Sandler, DP McMaster, SB Rothman, N Blair, A TI The agricultural health study: Factors affecting completion and return of self-administered questionnaires in a large prospective cohort study of pesticide applicators SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE epidemiologic methods; prospective cohort study; occupational exposure; selection bias (epidemiology); cancer ID NONRESPONSE BIAS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; MAIL SURVEY; FOLLOW-UP; CANCER; MORTALITY; RESPONDENTS; MINNESOTA; LYMPHOMA AB Response rates were examined in a prospective epidemiologic study of individuals, mostly farmers, from Iowa and North Carolina seeking a pesticide applicator license during the period from 1994 through 1996. in the first year of enrollment 16,535 farmers (representing 77% of eligible farmers applicators) enrolled in the study by completing a 17-page questionnaire administered at a pesticide training session; 47% of the enrolled farmers completed and returned a much longer take-home questionnaire. The characteristics of farmers who completed only the enrollment questionnaire were quite similar to those of farmers who also completed and returned the take-home questionnaire. The most notable difference was the increased age of responders. Thus, the study population might have slightly higher cumulative farm exposures and slightly lower current farm exposures than the base population of all farmer applicators. The lack of evidence for substantial selection bias is reassuring for the Agricultural Health Study, and provides a measure of reassurance for other studies depending an the voluntary completion of self-administered questionnaires. (C) l997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Tarone, RE (reprint author), NCI,EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT PROGRAM,EPN 403,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. RI Zahm, Shelia/B-5025-2015; OI Sandler, Dale/0000-0002-6776-0018 NR 32 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 31 IS 2 BP 233 EP 242 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WF879 UT WOS:A1997WF87900013 PM 9028440 ER PT J AU Chang, LW Meier, JR Smith, MK AF Chang, LW Meier, JR Smith, MK TI Application of plant and earthworm bioassays to evaluate remediation of a lead-contaminated soil SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICITY; METALS AB Earthworm acute toxicity, plant seed germination/root elongation (SG/RE) and plant genotoxicity bioassays were employed to evaluate the remediation of a lead-contaminated soil. The remediation involved removal of heavy metals by a soil washing/soil leaching treatment process. A portion of the soil after remediation was rinsed with water in order to simulate exposure to rainfall. The bioassay results showed that the soils before treatment (BT) and after treatment plus water rinsing (RT) were not toxic to earthworms in a 14-day exposure, while after treatment (AT) showed significant toxicity. The LC50 values for Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris were 44.04 and 28.83 (as % AT soil supplemented in artificial soil), respectively. The phytotoxicity data indicated that all three test soils significantly inhibited lettuce SG/RE in a dose-related manner, with AT being the most phytotoxic. In oats, RT had no effect on SG/RE and AT was more toxic than BT For the two local site grass seeds tested (blue grama and sideoat grama), the AT soil was the most phytotoxic followed by BT and RT. In Allium cepa (common onion), BT and AT induced similar levels of genetic damage to root tip cells, whereas RT was not genotoxic. High salt levels generated during the remediation process appeared to be responsible for the increased toxicity of AT soil for both plants and earthworms. The rinsing of the AT soil with water effectively removed both acutely toxic and genotoxic components of the soil. RP Chang, LW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOL EXPOSURE RES DIV,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 11 TC 44 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 18 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 32 IS 2 BP 166 EP 171 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WQ768 UT WOS:A1997WQ76800008 PM 9069192 ER PT J AU Leino, RL McCormick, JH AF Leino, RL McCormick, JH TI Reproductive characteristics of the ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, in the St Louis River estuary on western Lake Superior: A histological examination of the ovaries over one annual cycle SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PERCH AB The Eurasian ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, is a small percid that has recently been introduced into the Duluth-Superior Harbor at the western end of Lake Superior. Because of its adverse impact on native species, its presence has caused considerable concern in the North American fisheries community. Ruffe have experienced phenomenal reproductive success in their new home and are rapidly extending their range. The reproductive success of this species seems to be partly related to the manner of spawning. We describe the dynamics of oogenesis of different age groups during the 1994 reproductive cycle. Spawning commenced within a week or two of ice-out and extended for approximately 8 weeks. Histological observations revealed that different age groups of ruffe spawned somewhat in succession, with older fish spawning first. As the season progressed, earlier spawners engaged in repeat spawning, probably two or three times before the end of the spawning period. These observations suggest that the unstable spring weather characteristic of this region has a minimal effect on the success of ruffe age groups, in contrast with several native species that spawn only once in the spring and that could suffer losses of age groups during a postspawning cold spell. C1 US EPA,MID CONTINENT ECOL DIV,DULUTH,MN 55804. RP Leino, RL (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,DULUTH,MN 55812, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 54 IS 2 BP 256 EP 263 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-2-256 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XB787 UT WOS:A1997XB78700003 ER PT J AU Cidlowski, JA AF Cidlowski, JA TI DATELINE Shanghai - First International Symposium on Programmed Cell Death, Shanghai, China, September 8-12, 1996 SO CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Cidlowski, JA (reprint author), NATL INST ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,POB 12233,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 1350-9047 J9 CELL DEATH DIFFER JI Cell Death Differ. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 4 IS 2 BP 168 EP 168 DI 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400227 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA WE588 UT WOS:A1997WE58800009 PM 16465224 ER PT J AU Rask, JH Bryndzia, LT Braunsdorf, NR Murray, TE AF Rask, JH Bryndzia, LT Braunsdorf, NR Murray, TE TI Smectite illitization in Pliocene-age Gulf of Mexico mudrocks SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE clay diagenesis; core analysis; Gulf of Mexico; illite; smectite; TEM; XRD ID LAYER ILLITE SMECTITE; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; STRUCTURAL DISORDER; BURIAL DIAGENESIS; COAST; SEDIMENTS; CHLORITE; METAMORPHISM; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITION AB Utilizing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, we have studied the transition from shallower smectite-rich mudrocks to deeper illite-rich mudrocks in Pliocene-age turbidite sediments from the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Our objective in this work was to better understand how the smectite-illite transition may affect the onset of geopressuring in GOM sediments. The samples studied were sidewall cores from an offshore Louisiana well. In previous studies of GOM sediments, the smectite-to-illite reaction has mainly been documented in considerably older, Miocene-age sediments. The results of this study elucidate the reaction mechanisms entailed in the transformation of clays in this sediment from smectitic to illitic. We found that illite formed at the expense of smectite in 2 ways: 1) growth of preexisting discrete illite flakes, and 2) creation of new illite layers within mixed-layer illite-smectite. Also, illitization apparently proceeded via a dissolution/precipitation, Al-conserving reaction rather than a solid-state, layer-conserving reaction. Smectite illitization is commonly believed to require input of K from feldspar dissolution. Our XRD results found little correlation between decreases in K-feldspar and increases of illite. However, in 1 instance TEM/EDS analyses indicated the presence of high-charge smectite, which suggests that insufficient K was available for illitization. TEM images also show small packets of authigenic chlorite in illite-rich mudrock. This chlorite may act as a sink for Fe liberated upon smectite illitization. C1 US EPA,NRMRL,CINCINNATI,OH 45224. SHELL E&P TECHNOL CO,BELLAIRE TECHNOL CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77001. SHELL DEV CO,WESTHOLLOW RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77001. RP Rask, JH (reprint author), SHELL WESTERN E&P CO,200 N DAIRY ASHFORD,HOUSTON,TX 77079, USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 45 IS 1 BP 99 EP 109 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450112 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA XB133 UT WOS:A1997XB13300012 ER PT J AU Zaroogian, G AF Zaroogian, G TI Use of monochlorobimane to determine the in vivo effect of cadmium, copper acid lead on glutathione status in Mercenaria mercenaria brown cells SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; copper; glutathione; hard shell clam; lead; Mercenaria; monochlorobimane; N-ethylmaleimide ID RAT-LIVER; TOXICITY; INVITRO; METAL; METALLOTHIONEIN; METABOLISM; SYSTEM; NICKEL; ZINC AB This study was undertaken to demonstrate the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) in Mercenaria mercenaria brown cells to test the hypothesis that failure to achieve 100% mortality with metal treatment is the result of high concentrations of GSH heterogeneously distributed in the brown cell population and to determine the effect of Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ on the GSH status in brown cells. The monochlorobimane (MCB) assay appeared to be selective for GSH in brown cells and a close relationship between the levels of GSH measured by MCB and a standard enzymatic method was found. The fluorescent GSH-bimane adduct, once formed within the cell, was not released from the cell. The technique was used to establish that GSH was synthesized in brown cells and was heterogeneously distributed in the brown cell population. Metal concentrations as high as 40 mM cadmium, 6.0 mu M copper, or 20 mM lead did not deplete but caused decreases in brown cell GSH concentration that differed significantly (P < 0.05) from controls. The decrease caused by cadmium, copper, and lead was not in a dose dependent manner, whereas, the decrease caused by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was. It appears that the partial kill phenomenon associated with metal toxicity may be due to the heterogeneous distribution of GSH in the brown cell population. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. RP Zaroogian, G (reprint author), US EPA,27 TARZWELL DR,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882, USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 116 IS 2 BP 117 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(96)00162-4 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA WU072 UT WOS:A1997WU07200002 ER PT J AU Abebe, HM Seidler, RJ Lindow, SE Short, KA Clark, E King, RJ AF Abebe, HM Seidler, RJ Lindow, SE Short, KA Clark, E King, RJ TI Relative expression and stability of a chromosomally integrated and plasmid-borne marker gene fusion in environmentally competent bacteria SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; LAKE WATER; CLONING; XYLE; GROWTH; PROBE; SOIL AB A xylE-iceC transcriptional fusion was created by ligating a DNA fragment harboring the cloned xylE structural gene from the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 into the cloned iceC gene of Pseudomonas syringae Cit7. This fusion construct was integrated into the chromosome of Pseudomonas syringae Cit7 by homologous recombination, Both cis-merodiploid strain Cit7m17 and marker exchange strain Cit7h69 produced the XylE gene product, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. Strain Cit7m17, in which XylE was influenced by transcription initiated by the amp promoter on pBR322, exhibited XylE activity in stationary phase at levels about 45 times higher than strain Cit7h69, permitting detection of 10(7) Cit7m17 cells in the spectrophotometric assay and 10(3) cells in HPLC measurements. The stability of xylE in both Cit7m17 and Cit7h69 was compared with maintenance of xylE in several plasmid-borne constructs in P. aeruginosa, Erwinia herbicola, and Escherichia coli. Only the xylE-iceC fusion in the chromosome of Cit7h69 and Cit7m17 was stable in plate assays over the course of these studies. Even though strain Cit7h69 stably expressed xylE, the low level of expression precludes its use in direct spectrophotometric or HPLC assays as a means for detecting cells in environmental samples. However, expression of xylE in Cit7h69 is sufficient for identification of colonies harboring this marker gene which is useful in laboratory plate assays, and as a marker gene system for the detection of environmentally-competent strains chromosomally tagged with xylE for use in autecological studies. C1 MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,ENVIRONM RES LAB,US EPA,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 34 IS 2 BP 71 EP 78 DI 10.1007/s002849900147 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA WF514 UT WOS:A1997WF51400001 PM 9003582 ER PT J AU Kinnee, E Geron, C Pierce, T AF Kinnee, E Geron, C Pierce, T TI United States land use inventory for estimating biogenic ozone precursor emissions SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biogenic emissions; foliar mass; GIS (Geographic Information System); isoprene; land cover; monoterpene; nitric oxide ID ISOPRENE EMISSION; RATE VARIABILITY; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; LIGHT AB The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) EROS (Earth Resources Observation System) Data Center's (EDC) 1-km classified land cover data are combined with other land use data using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to create the Biogenic Emissions Landcover Database (BELD). The land cover data are being used to estimate biogenic emissions in the contiguous United States. These emissions include volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from vegetation and nitric oxide (NO) from soils. The EDC data are used predominately in the western United States, while other sources, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Census of Agriculture and the U.S. Forest Service Eastwide Forest Inventory and Analysis Database (EWDB), are used in the eastern United States. The EROS Data Center land cover classifications must be used with caution in heterogenous areas. Emission factors vary drastically by specific crop and tree genera, and mixed classes in the EDC scheme may not always accurately reflect the actual crop/genus mix. However, future use of satellite-derived vegetation indices and other land cover characteristics may prove useful in understanding geographic distributions of foliar mass and seasonal variation in Leaf Area Index (LAI), which are important drivers in biogenic emission models. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NOAA,AIR RESOURCES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Kinnee, E (reprint author), DYNTEL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. OI Geron, Chris/0000-0002-4266-2155 NR 24 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 46 EP 58 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WK441 UT WOS:A1997WK44100005 ER PT J AU Matchett, WH Winnik, W Betowski, LO Brumley, WC AF Matchett, WH Winnik, W Betowski, LO Brumley, WC TI A kinetic study of the methanolysis of the sulfonylureas bensulfuron methyl and sulfometuron methyl using capillary electrophoresis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; sulfonylurea herbicides; kinetics of methanolysis; negative ion mass spectrometry; tandem mass spectrometry ID HERBICIDES AB The instability of sulfonylureas in solution in methanol has led us to a kinetic study of methanolysis of two sulfonylureas using capillary electrophoresis. In a preliminary experiment, solutions of the seven compounds, bensulfuron methyl, sulfometuron methyl, nicosulfuron, chlorimuron ethyl, thifensulfuron methyl, metsulfuron methyl, and chlorsulfuron were prepared in methanol and in acetonitrile. After six weeks at room temperature the compounds dissolved in acetonitrile were quite stable as shown by electropherograms obtained with free zone capillary electrophoresis (CE). All seven of the compounds dissolved in methanol had undergone extensive degradation and in some cases the sulfonylurea could not be detected. Bensulfuron methyl and sulfometuron methyl were selected for further detailed study. Solutions of these two compounds in methanol were heated at 5, 40, 50, 57, and 65 degrees C. No decomposition of either compound was observed in similar solutions of acetonitrile incubated at 57 degrees C. The rates of decomposition in methanolic solutions were estimated from the decrease in instrumental response representing the peaks of the two sulfonylureas. The methanolysis of both compounds proceeded with pseudo first-order kinetics as evidenced by the fact that semilogarithmic plots of the concentration of the substrate as a function of time were linear (correlation coefficients of 0.99). Rate constants and half-lives for the reactions at 40, 50, 57, and 65 degrees C were determined. These varied by factors of 18 to 22 depending upon the reaction temperature. The energies of activation for these reactions were estimated from the appropriate Arrhenius plots and found to be 26 kcal per mole for bensulfuron methyl and 24.5 kcal per mole for sulfometuron methyl. The kinetics of appearance of the products of methanolysis were directly related to and accurately predicted by the pseudo first-order rate constants observed for disappearance of the sulfonylureas. Kinetic study of the reaction mixture by negative and positive-ion mass spectrometry indicated that the products of methanolysis of sulfometuron methyl were 2-carboxymethyl (N-carboxymethyl)benzsulfonamide and 2-amino-4,6-dimethyl pyrimidine and suggested a general mechanism for methanolysis of each of the seven compounds studied. C1 US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES PROGRAM,LAS VEGAS,NV 89193. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD FEB PY 1997 VL 18 IS 2 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1002/elps.1150180206 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA WK839 UT WOS:A1997WK83900005 PM 9080127 ER PT J AU McNeill, FE Laughlin, NK Todd, AC Sonawane, BR VandeWal, KM Fowler, BA AF McNeill, FE Laughlin, NK Todd, AC Sonawane, BR VandeWal, KM Fowler, BA TI Geriatric bone lead metabolism in a female nonhuman primate population SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; SMELTER WORKERS; EXPOSURE AB A geriatric rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) population, previously exposed to lead, was investigated using Cd-109 K X-ray fluorescence (K XRF) to determine whether metabolism of lead in bone was similar to that in human populations. The accumulation rate of lead into the tibia in this group of monkeys was determined to be 0.10-0.13 mu g Pb (g bone mineral)(-1) (mu g dl(-1) year)(-1), which compares well with human data, where the rate has been found to be 0.05-0.10 mu g Pb (g bone mineral)(-1) (mu g dl(-1) year)(-1). In addition, bone lead changes over a 10-month time period were investigated, but no statistically significant difference was found. A half-life for lead in ''bone'' was calculated by fitting a single exponential model to serial blood lead data; the mean half-life of lead in bone was found to be 3.0 +/- 1.0 years, Both endogenous and exogenous lead exposure were found to be low at the present time, 10 years after cessation of lead intake, It is concluded that rhesus monkeys are an extremely good animal model of human bone lead metabolism and, in addition, that further research is needed to pro vide a more complete understanding of lead metabolism in geriatric populations. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,TOXICOL PROGRAM,BALTIMORE,MD 21227. UNIV WISCONSIN,HARLOW PRIMATE LAB,MADISON,WI 53715. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 72 IS 2 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1006/enrs.1996.3719 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WV375 UT WOS:A1997WV37500004 PM 9177655 ER PT J AU Gavett, SH Madison, SL Dreher, KL Winsett, DW McGee, JK Costa, DL AF Gavett, SH Madison, SL Dreher, KL Winsett, DW McGee, JK Costa, DL TI Metal and sulfate composition of residual oil fly ash determines airway hyperreactivity and lung injury in rats SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SULFURIC-ACID AEROSOLS; RESPIRATORY RESPONSES; OXIDANT GENERATION; IRON; HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; ASSOCIATIONS; MACROPHAGES; VOLUNTEERS; ASTHMATICS; PARTICLES AB The biological effects of particulate matter (PM) deposition in the airways may depend on aqueous-leachable chemical constituents of the particles. The effects of two residual oil fly ash (ROFA) PM samples of equivalent diameters but different metal and sulfate contents on pulmonary responses in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. ROFA sample 1 (R1) had approximately twice as much saline-leachable sulfate, nickel, and vanadium, and 40 times as much iron as ROFA sample 2 (R2), while R2 had a 31-fold higher zinc content. Four groups of rats were intratracheally instilled with a suspension of 2.5 mg R2 in 0.3 ml saline (R2), the supernatant of R2 (R2s), the supernatant of 2.5 mg R1 (R1s), or saline only. By 4 days after instillation, 4 of 24 rats treated with R2s or R2 had died, compared with none treated with R1s or saline, and pathological indices were greater in both R2 groups compared with the R1s group. In surviving rats, baseline pulmonary function parameters and airway hyperreactivity to acetylcholine challenge were significantly worse in R2 and R2s groups than in the R1s group. Numbers of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils, but not other inflammatory cells or biochemical parameters of lung injury, were greater in both R2 groups compared with the R1s group. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the composition of soluble metals and sulfate leached from ROFA, an emission source particle, is critical in the development of airway hyperreactivity and lung injury. RP Gavett, SH (reprint author), US EPA,PULM TOXICOL BRANCH,EXPT TOXICOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 41 TC 125 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 72 IS 2 BP 162 EP 172 DI 10.1006/enrs.1997.3732 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WV375 UT WOS:A1997WV37500007 PM 9177658 ER PT J AU Sibley, PK Benoit, DA Ankley, GT AF Sibley, PK Benoit, DA Ankley, GT TI The significance of growth in Chironomus tentans sediment toxicity tests: Relationship to reproduction and demographic endpoints SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Chironomus tentans; sediment; toxicity; growth; reproduction ID LIFE-HISTORY; FOOD AVAILABILITY; DETROIT RIVER; WATER; DIPTERA; INVERTEBRATES; MECHANISM; DYNAMICS; QUANTITY; EXPOSURE AB In the Chironomus tentans 10-d growth test, changes in larval growth relative to sediment contamination are often ascribed ecological relevance by assuming that such changes become manifest at the population level through effects on reproductive output even though the relationship between growth and reproduction is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between growth and reproduction in C. tentans and to use these data in a demographic model to predict the growth and size of a theoretical population. Growth was manipulated by varying food supply (0.29, 0.33, 0.38, 0.42, 0.46, and 0.5 mg/individual per d). The test was initiated with 12 newly hatched larvae per replicate and carried through one complete generation. Larval growth and survival were determined at 20 d, and reproduction was monitored daily during emergence. Food supply did not significantly affect survivorship at any life stage; survival of larvae at 20 d, pupae, and adults exceeded 83%, while survival of larvae in the reproduction replicates exceeded 65%. Both larval and adult dry weight declined significantly with a reduction in food supply. Total emergence was reduced at the lowest feeding level only, whereas the rate of emergence declined at food supplies below 0.42 mg/individual per d. Based on the relationship between larval and adult dry weight, a minimum larval tissue mass of between 0.5 and 0.6 mg dry weight/individual appears to be necessary before emergence can take place. The number of eggs/female declined significantly with a decrease in food supply below 0.42 mg/individual per d. Above this level (corresponding to larval dry weight of similar to 1.5 mg/individual), the addition of more food had no effect on reproductive output. Fecundity (number of daughters/female) and expected number of progeny declined linearly with reduced food supply. Application of the data in a demographic model showed that the growth and predicted size of a population would decline significantly with a decline in larval growth and reproductive output. These results demonstrate that changes in growth, positive or negative, can be used to make meaningful predictions regarding reproduction and population dynamics in the midge C. tentans. RP Sibley, PK (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS LAB,6201 CONGDON BLVD,DULUTH,MN 55804, USA. NR 44 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 336 EP 345 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0336:TSOGIC>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA WK824 UT WOS:A1997WK82400032 ER PT J AU Johnson, LB Richards, C Host, GE Arthur, JW AF Johnson, LB Richards, C Host, GE Arthur, JW TI Landscape influences on water chemistry in Midwestern stream ecosystems SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEW-ZEALAND RIVERS; LAND-USE; QUALITY; DYNAMICS; NITRATE; CHANNEL; LOSSES; FOREST AB 1. Landscape characteristics of sixty-two subcatchments within the Saginaw Bay Catchment of central Michigan were examined to identify relationships with stream water chemistry. Land use, land cover and elevation were quantified for both entire catchments and the upland-river ecotone (100 m stream buffer strip). Catchment and ecotone data were then empirically compared with stream water chemistry using multivariate and regression analyses. Redundancy analysis was used to partition variance among land use, geology, and the shared influence of land use and geology. 2. Major catchments dominated by rowcrop agriculture had the highest alkalinity, total dissolved solids and nitrate + nitrite concentrations. 3. Strong seasonal differences were observed in total nitrogen and nitrite + nitrate, but not in total phosphorus or suspended solids. Land use and landscape structure factors such as slope and patch density (number of land use patches per km(2)) accounted for most of the observed variance in summer. 4. In both autumn and summer, landscape factors accounted for much of the observed variation in total dissolved solids and alkalinity. During: autumn, geological factors and the shared influence of geology/landscape structure plus land use exerted more influence than did land use alone. 5. Total phosphorus and total suspended solids were much better explained by land use within the stream ecotone in summer than in other seasons. However, total nitrogen, nitrate, orthophosphate and alkalinity were equally well explained by land use within the ecotone and throughout the whole catchment. Only total dissolved solids in summer and ammonium in autumn were explained better by the whole catchment than the ecotone. 6. Our results show that relatively coarse spatial databases can provide useful descriptors of regional water quality. C1 US EPA, MIDCONTINENT ECOL DIV, DULUTH, MN 55804 USA. RP UNIV MINNESOTA, NAT RESOURCES RES INST, CTR WATER & ENVIRONM, 5013 MILLER TRUNK HWY, DULUTH, MN 55811 USA. NR 56 TC 374 Z9 416 U1 25 U2 127 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0046-5070 EI 1365-2427 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 193 EP + DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.d01-539.x PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WJ192 UT WOS:A1997WJ19200015 ER PT J AU Moser, VC Becking, GC MacPhail, RC Kulig, BM AF Moser, VC Becking, GC MacPhail, RC Kulig, BM TI The IPCS collaborative study on neurobehavioral screening methods SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL BATTERY; NEUROTOXICITY; ACRYLAMIDE AB The International Programme on Chemical Safety sponsored a collaborative study to evaluate the utility of neurobehavioral test methods for identifying neurotoxic chemicals. The protocol consisted of a functional observational battery and automated assessment of motor activity. The study involved four laboratories in the United States and four in Europe, each of which evaluated the dose- and time-related effects of seven prototypic chemicals following both single and 4-week repeated exposures. The protocol was designed to assess the general utility and reliability of neurobehavioral screening procedures in a diversity of testing situations. The results of chemical testing indicated that all participating laboratories generally could detect and characterize the effects of known neurotoxicants, despite some differences on specific endpoints. These data provide important information regarding the reliability and sensitivity of neurobehavioral screening methods over a range of laboratory conditions. The purpose of this workshop was to describe the background and study design of the collaborative effort, present the data (including comparison of results across laboratories), and discuss issues regarding the conduct and interpretation of these behavioral tests, as well as future directions for neurotoxicity screening. (C) 1997 Society of Toxicology. C1 WHO,INT PROGRAMME CHEM SAFETY,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. TNO,NUTR & FOOD RES,DEPT NEUROTOXICOL & REPROD TOXICOL,NL-3700 AJ ZEIST,NETHERLANDS. RP Moser, VC (reprint author), US EPA,DIV NEUROTOXICOL,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 35 IS 2 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.2276 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WK146 UT WOS:A1997WK14600001 PM 9038235 ER PT J AU Weinstock, LG AF Weinstock, LG TI NESHAP risk assessment SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Letter C1 US EPA, OFF RADIAT & INDOOR AIR, WASHINGTON, DC 20460 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 72 IS 2 BP 321 EP 321 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA WE857 UT WOS:A1997WE85700020 PM 9003721 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZQ Martonen, T AF Zhang, ZQ Martonen, T TI Deposition of ultrafine aerosols in human tracheobronchial airways SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION AB Theoretical modeling of ultrafine particle deposition in human airways can be employed as a valuable complement to difficult and expensive in vitro and in vivo experimental studies. If such modeling can be shown to be reasonably accurate (compared with laboratory data), versatile (simulate different conditions), and compact (easy to use), it would then be warranted to use it for the extrapolation of theoretical results in risk assessment applications. In this study, a closed-form solution proposed by Martonen et al. (in press), which quantitatively describes convective particle diffusion in a conduit including wall irregularities and entrance effects, has been validated by experimental data from the literature. Theoretical predictions of particle deposition efficiencies are not only in agreement with the best-fit empirical correlation presented by Cohen and Asgharian (1990) over a wide range of dimensionless diffusion parameters but also march individual experimental measurements with regard to effects of the parameters of particle size, flow rate, and airway dimensions. Indeed, the model presented in this work is in much better agreement with actual data than the theory of Ingham (1975) used by Cohen and Asgharian (1990). For instance, the mean ratio of experimental-to-theoretical particle diffusion values using our model is 1.1 (i.e., the difference is only about 10%), while the mean ratio using Ingham's (1975) theory is 2.1 (i.e., the difference can exceed 100%). C1 US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,DIV PULM DIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC. RP Zhang, ZQ (reprint author), UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT MECH ENGN & APPL MECH,KINGSTON,RI 02881, USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 99 EP 110 PG 12 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA WK574 UT WOS:A1997WK57400003 ER PT J AU Boulos, PF Rossman, LA Orr, CH Heath, E Meyer, MS AF Boulos, PF Rossman, LA Orr, CH Heath, E Meyer, MS TI Fire flow computation with network models SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Water mains are usually designed to meet demands for firefighting. Fire flow is the maximum flow rate available at a specified pressure, typically 20 psi (138 kPa). Water network models provide the capability to compute these flows at all points in a distribution system. This article presents a simple and rigorous sequential search procedure for computing fire flows using network models. The method can be applied manually between runs of the model, or it can easily be incorporated into existing computer codes. Examples illustrate the procedure's excellent convergence properties. Enhancement of water distribution system design, planning, and management is a principal benefit of the proposed methodology. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. US EPA,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. RP Boulos, PF (reprint author), MONTGOMERY WATSON,WATER DISTRIBUT TECHNOL,300 N LAKE AVE,SUITE 1200,PASADENA,CA 91101, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 89 IS 2 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA WJ433 UT WOS:A1997WJ43300012 ER PT J AU Sethi, V Patnaik, P Biswas, P Clark, RM Rice, EW AF Sethi, V Patnaik, P Biswas, P Clark, RM Rice, EW TI Evaluation of optical detection methods for waterborne suspensions SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; PARTICLE COUNTERS; TURBIDITY; SPECTRODISSYMMETRY AB Turbidimeters and optical particle counters (OPCs) are used to monitor particulate matter in water. The response from these instruments is governed by the optical properties of the suspension and the instrument design. The recommended design criteria for turbidimeters allow for large tolerances that lead to variations in measurements from different instruments. OPCs provide size-specific information but may inaccurately size microorganisms or particles having optical properties different from those of the calibration particles. The authors evaluate the effects of optical design parameters in turbidimeters and OPCs. Performance data from two OPCs are presented. A multiple-angle Light-scattering method was developed to obtain ''optical signatures'' from suspensions of monodisperse spheres and several micro organism is elates. Such ''signatures'' provide more optical information on waterborne particles and may also be used to identify specific types of microorganisms in real time. C1 UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. US EPA,OAK RIDGE INST SCI & EDUC,WATER SUPPLY & WATER RESOURCES DIV,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 89 IS 2 BP 98 EP 112 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA WJ433 UT WOS:A1997WJ43300016 ER PT J AU Panday, S Wu, YS Huyakorn, PS Wade, SC Saleem, ZA AF Panday, S Wu, YS Huyakorn, PS Wade, SC Saleem, ZA TI A composite numerical model for assessing subsurface transport of oily wastes and chemical constituents SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE petroleum hydrocarbons; solute transport; subsurface modeling ID NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID; ASSESSING NAPL CONTAMINATION; GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION; CRUDE-OIL; IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS; UNSATURATED ZONE; MULTIPHASE FLOW; GRAVEL AQUIFER; SHALLOW SAND; SIMULATION AB Subsurface fate and transport models are utilized to predict concentrations of chemicals leaching from wastes into downgradient receptor wells. The contaminant concentrations in groundwater provide a measure of the risk to human health and the environment. The level of potential risk is currently used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to determine whether management of the wastes should conform to hazardous waste management standards. It is important that the transport and fate of contaminants is simulated realistically. Most models in common use are inappropriate for simulating the migration of wastes containing significant fractions of nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). The migration of NAPL and its dissolved constituents may not be reliably predicted using conventional aqueous-phase transport simulations. To overcome this deficiency, an efficient and robust regulatory assessment model incorporating multiphase flow and transport in the unsaturated and saturated zones of the subsurface environment has been developed. The proposed composite model takes into account all of the major transport processes including infiltration and ambient flow of NAPL, entrapment of residual NAPL, adsorption, volatilization, degradation, dissolution of chemical constituents, and transport by advection and hydrodynamic dispersion. Conceptually, the subsurface is treated as a composite unsaturated zone-saturated zone system. The composite simulator consists of three major interconnected computational modules representing the following components of the migration pathway: (1) vertical multiphase flow and transport in the unsaturated zone; (2) areal movement of the free-product lens in the saturated zone with vertical equilibrium; and (3) three-dimensional aqueous-phase transport of dissolved chemicals in ambient groundwater. Such a composite model configuration promotes computational efficiency and robustness (desirable for regulatory assessment applications). Two examples are presented to demonstrate the model verification and a site application. Simulation results obtained using the composite modeling approach are compared with a rigorous numerical solution and field observations of crude oil saturations and plume concentrations of total dissolved organic carbon at a spill site in Minnesota, U.S.A. These comparisons demonstrate the ability of the present model to provide realistic depiction of field-scale situations. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Panday, S (reprint author), HYDROGEOL INC,HERNDON,VA 22070, USA. RI Wu, Yu-Shu/A-5800-2011 NR 41 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(96)00022-8 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WX044 UT WOS:A1997WX04400003 ER PT J AU Puls, RW Paul, CJ AF Puls, RW Paul, CJ TI Multi-layer sampling in conventional monitoring wells for improved estimation of vertical contaminant distributions and mass SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE groundwater monitoring; aquifer heterogeneity; filtration; chromium ID BALANCE EVALUATION; GROUNDWATER; AQUIFER; CHROMIUM; WATERS; TESTS; SITE AB ''Traditional'' approaches to sampling groundwater and interpreting monitoring well data often provide misleading pictures of plume shape and location in the subsurface and the true extent of contamination. Groundwater samples acquired using pumps and bailers in conventional monitoring wells yield data which are largely dependent upon the length of the screened interval, the purging and sampling method employed, and the purge volume extracted prior to sample collection. Accurate delineation of plume boundaries and vertical concentration gradients is desirable, to accurately characterize waste sites and optimize remedial strategies. The objective of this study was to compare sampling results using four different sampling approaches and devices. Conventional monitoring wells were sampled with an electric submersible pump using low-flow sampling techniques and with a bailer using ''traditional'' sampling methods. The same wells were also sampled with a passive multi-layer sampling system (DMLS(R), Margan Ltd.). Finally, aqueous concentrations were also determined in the formation adjacent to the monitoring wells studied using a Geoprobe(R) and short (30 cm) screens. Results indicated that ''traditional'' sampling methods can provide misleading information regarding contaminant distribution and mass and indeed can miss the presence of contamination altogether. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Puls, RW (reprint author), US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,ADA,OK 74820, USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 25 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(96)00026-5 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA WX044 UT WOS:A1997WX04400005 ER PT J AU Cooper, RL Kavlock, RJ AF Cooper, RL Kavlock, RJ TI Endocrine disruptors and reproductive development: A weight-of-evidence overview SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; PULP-MILL EFFLUENT; FEMALE RAT; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; SEX-DIFFERENTIATION; WHITE SUCKER; INUTERO; GROWTH; ALTERS RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), US EPA, HLTH EFFECTS RES LAB, REPROD TOXICOL DIV, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 71 TC 202 Z9 215 U1 5 U2 36 PU BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD PI BRISTOL PA EURO HOUSE, 22 APEX COURT WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 152 IS 2 BP 159 EP 166 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1520159 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA WK011 UT WOS:A1997WK01100001 PM 9071972 ER PT J AU Frick, WE Sproul, CA Stuart, D AF Frick, WE Sproul, CA Stuart, D TI Bacterial impacts of ocean outfalls: Legal challenges SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL WAVES; TRANSPORT AB Simple analytical methods are used to help establish wastewater treatment permit conditions. However, a recent lawsuit alleged one such screening method was inadequate to show bacterial water quality standards would be protected shoreward of Honolulu's Honouliuli outfall. In response, a progressive vector diagram (PVD) and initial dilution plume model were combined to better estimate the frequency of pathogenic bacteria reaching beaches. For each period in a representative current meter data record a vector summation process was applied until the distance to a sensitive site was reached. Corresponding travel times were noted. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PLUMES UM model and farfield algorithm were used to estimate dilutions. Sometimes dilution alone reduces concentrations below the state standard. Most importantly, however, the analysis shows an order of magnitude reduction in frequency of incidence at the site of concern compared to the simple current rose screening method. The PVD method also better estimates travel times, showing that exposure to bacteriologically lethal sunlight is common. The approach and subsequent independent work support the existing permit. C1 US EPA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105. RP Frick, WE (reprint author), US EPA,ERD,960 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 1997 VL 123 IS 2 BP 191 EP 196 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:2(191) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WE471 UT WOS:A1997WE47100012 ER EF