FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Becklin, EE Tielens, AGGM Callis, HHS AF Becklin, E. E. Tielens, A. G. G. M. Callis, H. H. S. TI Spectroscopic observations with the stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy (SOFIA) SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE submillimeter; infrared; airborne astronomy AB The joint US and German SOFIA project to develop and operate a 2.5-meter infrared airborne telescope in a Boeing 747-SP is now in its final stages of development. Flying in the stratosphere, SOFIA allows observations through the infrared and submillimeter region, with an average transmission of greater than 80%. SOFIA is characterized by a wide instrument complement ranging from broadband imagers, through moderate resolution spectrographs capable of resolving broad features due to dust and large molecules, to high-resolution spectrometers suitable for kinematic studies of molecular and atomic gas lines at km/s resolution. This broad range in instruments will enable SOFIA to make unique contributions to a broad array of science topics. First science flights will begin in 2009 and the observatory is expected to operate for over 20 years. The sensitivity, characteristics, science instrument complement, and examples of first light spectroscopic science are discussed. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Becklin, E. E.; Callis, H. H. S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Tielens, A. G. G. M.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Code SST, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Becklin, EE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM becklin@astro.ucla.edu NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 5 BP 644 EP 648 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.033 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OR UT WOS:000253589600009 ER PT J AU Ennico, KA Sandford, SA AF Ennico, K. A. Sandford, S. A. CA Abe Aspire Science Teams TI Astrobiology explorer mission concepts (ABE/ASPIRE) SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE astrobiology; infrared spectroscopy; space telescope; organics; interstellar medium ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; IDENTIFYING ORGANIC-MOLECULES; INFRARED-EMISSION BANDS; MURCHISON METEORITE; MIDINFRARED EMISSION; ISOTOPIC ANALYSES; SOLAR-SYSTEM; AMINO-ACIDS; SPACE AB The AstroBiology Explorer (ABE) and the Astrobiology SPace InfraRed Explorer (ASPIRE) Mission Concepts are two missions designed to address the questions (1) "Where do we come from?" and (2) "Are we alone?" as outlined in NASA's Origins Program. Both concepts use infrared spectroscopy to explore the identity, abundance, and distribution of molecules of astrobiological importance throughout the Universe. The ABE mission's observational program is focused on investigating the evolution of ice and organics in all phases of the lifecycle of carbon in the universe, from stellar birth through stellar death and exogenous delivery of these compounds to planetary systems. The ASPIRE mission's observational program expands upon ABE's core mission and also addresses the role of silicates and gas-phase materials in interstellar organic chemistry. ABE (ASPIRE) achieves these goals using a highly sensitive, cryogenically-cooled telescope in an Earth drift-away heliocentric orbit, armed with a suite of infrared spectrometers that cover the 2.5-20 (40) micron spectral region at moderate spectral resolution (R > 2000). ASPIRE's spectrometer complement also includes a high-resolution (R > 25,000) module over the 4-8 micron spectral region. Both missions' target lists are chosen to observe a statistically significant sample of a large number of objects of varied types in support of the tasks outlined above. The ABE and ASPIRE mission lifetimes are designed to be 14 months and 3 years, respectively, both with significant cryogen and propellant lifetime margins to support an extended observing campaign. The ABE/ASPIRE Science Operations will be carried out at NASA's Ames Research Center, and the ABE/ASPIRE database will be archived at Caltech/IPAC. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 [Ennico, K. A.; Sandford, S. A.; Abe Aspire Science Teams] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ennico, KA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Kimberly.A.Ennico@nasa.gov RI Ennico, Kimberly/L-9606-2014 NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 5 BP 649 EP 654 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.051 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OR UT WOS:000253589600010 ER PT J AU Leisawitz, D Baker, C Barger, A Benford, D Blain, A Boyle, R Broderick, R Budinoff, J Carpenter, J Caverly, R Chen, P Cooley, S Cottinghain, C Crooke, J DiPietro, D DiPirro, M Femiano, M Ferrer, A Fischer, J Gardner, JP Hallock, L Harris, K Hartman, K Harwit, M Hillenbrand, L Hyde, T Jones, D Kellogg, J Kogut, A Kuchner, M Lawson, B Lecha, J Lecha, M Mainzer, A Mannion, J Martino, A Mason, P Mather, J McDonald, G Mills, R Mundy, L Ollendorf, S Pellicciotti, J Quinn, D Rhee, K Rinehart, S Sauerwine, T Silverberg, R Smith, T Stacey, G Stahl, HP Staguhn, J Tompkins, S TveekreM, J Wall, S Wilson, M AF Leisawitz, David Baker, Charles Barger, Amy Benford, Dominic Blain, Andrew Boyle, Rob Broderick, Richard Budinoff, Jason Carpenter, John Caverly, Richard Chen, Phil Cooley, Steve Cottinghain, Christine Crooke, Julie DiPietro, Dave DiPirro, Mike Femiano, Michael Ferrer, Art Fischer, Jacqueline Gardner, Jonathan P. Hallock, Lou Harris, Kenny Hartman, Kate Harwit, Martin Hillenbrand, Lynne Hyde, Tupper Jones, Drew Kellogg, Jim Kogut, Alan Kuchner, Marc Lawson, Bill Lecha, Javier Lecha, Maria Mainzer, Amy Mannion, Jim Martino, Anthony Mason, Paul Mather, John McDonald, Gibran Mills, Rick Mundy, Lee Ollendorf, Stan Pellicciotti, Joe Quinn, Dave Rhee, Kirk Rinehart, Stephen Sauerwine, Tim Silverberg, Robert Smith, Terry Stacey, Gordon Stahl, H. Philip Staguhn, Johannes Tompkins, Steve TveekreM, June Wall, Sheila Wilson, Mark TI The space infrared interferometric telescope (SPIRIT): High-resolution imaging and spectroscopy in the far-infrared SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE infrared; submillimeter; interferometry; infrared detectors; cryogenic optics; origins probe ID ULTRAVIOLET LUMINOSITY DENSITY; DEBRIS DISKS; STAR-FORMATION; SPITZER MIPS; GALAXIES; MISSION; PLANETS; DUST; SIGNATURES; SATELLITE AB We report results of a recently-completed pre-formulation phase study of SPIRIT, a candidate NASA Origins Probe mission. SPIRIT is a spatial and spectral interferometer with an operating wavelength range 25-400 mu m. SPIRIT will provide sub-arcsecond resolution images and spectra with resolution R = 3000 in a 1' field of view to accomplish three primary scientific objectives: (1) learn how planetary systems form from protostellar disks, and how they acquire their inhomogeneous composition; (2) characterize the family of extrasolar planetary systems by imaging the structure in debris disks to understand how and where planets of different types form; and (3) learn how high-redshift galaxies formed and merged to form the present-day population of galaxies. Observations with SPIRIT will be complementary to those of the James Webb Space Telescope and the ground-based Atacama Large Millimeter Array. All three observatories could be operational contemporaneously. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Leisawitz, David; Baker, Charles; Benford, Dominic; Boyle, Rob; Broderick, Richard; Budinoff, Jason; Caverly, Richard; Chen, Phil; Cooley, Steve; Crooke, Julie; DiPietro, Dave; DiPirro, Mike; Femiano, Michael; Ferrer, Art; Gardner, Jonathan P.; Hallock, Lou; Harris, Kenny; Hartman, Kate; Hyde, Tupper; Jones, Drew; Kellogg, Jim; Kogut, Alan; Kuchner, Marc; Lawson, Bill; Lecha, Javier; Lecha, Maria; Mannion, Jim; Martino, Anthony; Mason, Paul; Mather, John; McDonald, Gibran; Mills, Rick; Ollendorf, Stan; Pellicciotti, Joe; Quinn, Dave; Rhee, Kirk; Rinehart, Stephen; Sauerwine, Tim; Silverberg, Robert; Smith, Terry; Tompkins, Steve; TveekreM, June; Wall, Sheila; Wilson, Mark] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Barger, Amy] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Blain, Andrew; Carpenter, John; Hillenbrand, Lynne] CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Cottinghain, Christine] Lockheed Martin Tech Operat, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. [Fischer, Jacqueline] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Harwit, Martin; Stacey, Gordon] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Mainzer, Amy] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mundy, Lee] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Stahl, H. Philip] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Staguhn, Johannes] SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Leisawitz, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM david.t.leisawitz@nasa.gov RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Kogut, Alan/D-6293-2012; Kuchner, Marc/E-2288-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; NR 57 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 5 BP 689 EP 703 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.081 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OR UT WOS:000253589600018 ER PT J AU Cremades, H Cyr, OCS AF Cremades, Hebe Cyr, O. C. St. TI Coronal mass ejections: Solar cycle aspects SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Sun; coronal mass ejections (CMEs); corona; evolution ID WHITE-LIGHT CORONAGRAPH; SMM OBSERVATIONS; SPACECRAFT; MISSION; LASCO AB Research in the area of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is now mature, since their discovery coincided with the first coronagraph that was flown in space in 1971. However, the continuity of space coronagraphs and similar instruments has allowed the detection and measurement of CMEs over almost three consecutive solar cycles. Their importance in the space weather field is well established, and some researchers believe the phenomenon may also be important for the longer-term space climate studies. In this review, we summarize the solar cycle variation of the main properties of CMEs detected by previous and ongoing missions. These include rate of detection, apparent angular width, detected mass, apparent speed, and apparent latitude. Their behavior in time is presented and discussed. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Cremades, Hebe] NASA, Postdoctoral Program, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Cremades, Hebe; Cyr, O. C. St.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cremades, H (reprint author), NASA, Postdoctoral Program, MD 20771, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM cremades@lssp-mail.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 36 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 7 BP 1042 EP 1048 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.088 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OT UT WOS:000253589800023 ER PT J AU Mierla, M Schwenn, R Teriaca, L Stenborg, G Podlipnik, B AF Mierla, M. Schwenn, R. Teriaca, L. Stenborg, G. Podlipnik, B. TI The dynamics of the minimum solar corona during the period August-October 1996 SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Sun : corona; Sun : Fe XIV; Sun : dynamics of corona ID GREEN-LINE; SOHO; DIAGNOSTICS; STREAMERS AB The paper presents the dynamics of the solar corona at the minimum phase of the solar cycle (period August-October 1996), as inferred from LASCO-C1 spectral data. LASCO-C1 is an internally occulted coronagraph aboard the SOHO spacecraft. It has a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer which allows taking spectral scans of selected coronal emission lines. From measured line profiles we deduced physical quantities such as temperature and flow velocities along the line of sight. This way, we obtained information on the flow pattern in the low corona (1.1-1.6 solar radii). (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mierla, M.] Romanian Acad, Astron Inst, Bucharest, Romania. [Mierla, M.; Schwenn, R.; Teriaca, L.; Podlipnik, B.] Max Planck Inst Sonnensystemforsch, D-37171 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Stenborg, G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mierla, M (reprint author), Romanian Acad, Astron Inst, Bucharest, Romania. EM m_mierla@yahoo.co.uk NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 7 BP 1049 EP 1053 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.083 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OT UT WOS:000253589800024 ER PT J AU Rumaikin, A AF Rumaikin, Alexander TI Effect of solar variability on the Earth's climate patterns SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE solar irradiance; climate and inter-annual variability; solar variability impact; climate dynamics ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TEMPERATURE; OSCILLATION; MODEL; STRATOSPHERE; PROPAGATION; CIRCULATION; IMPACTS; REGIMES; TRENDS AB We discuss effects of solar variability on the Earth's large-scale climate patterns. These patterns are naturally excited as deviations (anomalies) from the mean state of the Earth's atmosphere-ocean system. We consider in detail an example of such a pattern, the North Annular Mode (NAM), a climate anomaly with two states corresponding to higher pressure at high latitudes with a band of lower pressure at lower latitudes and the other way round. We discuss a mechanism by which solar variability can influence this pattern and formulate an updated general conjecture of how external influences on Earth's dynamics can affect climate patterns. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Rumaikin, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Alexander.Ruzmaikin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 35 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 7 BP 1146 EP 1151 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.076 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OT UT WOS:000253589800037 ER PT J AU Feynman, J AF Feynman, Joan TI Has solar variability caused climate change that affected human culture? SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE climatology; climate change and variability; regional climate change; impacts of global change; solar variability impact ID PHYTOLITH EVIDENCE; ICE-CORE; GREENLAND; DOMESTICATION; MAIZE; OSCILLATIONS; TEMPERATURES; PATTERNS; ATLANTIC; EUROPE AB If solar variability affects human culture it most likely does so by changing the climate in which the culture operates. Variations in the solar radiative input to the Earth's atmosphere have often been suggested as a cause of such climate change on time scales from decades to tens of millennia. In the last 20 years there has been enormous progress in our knowledge of the many fields of research that impinge on this problem; the history of the solar output, the effect of solar variability on the Earth's mean climate and its regional patterns, the history of the Earth's climate and the history of mankind and human culture. This new knowledge encourages revisiting the question asked in the title of this talk. Several important historical events have been reliably related to climate change including the Little lee Age in northern Europe and the collapse of the Classical Mayan civilization in the 9th century AD. In the first section of this paper we discus these historical events and review the evidence that they were caused by changes in the solar output. Perhaps the most important event in the history of mankind was the development of agricultural societies. This began to occur almost 12,000 years ago when the climate changed from the Pleistocene to the modern climate of the Holocene. In the second section of the paper we will discuss the suggestion (Feymnan and Ruzmaikin, 2007) that climate variability was the reason agriculture developed when it did and not before. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Feynman, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Joan.Feynman@jpl.nasa.gov NR 39 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 7 BP 1173 EP 1180 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.077 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OT UT WOS:000253589800040 ER PT J AU Chincarini, G Moretti, A Romano, P Campana, S Covino, S Tagliaferri, G Falcone, AD Burrows, DN Gehrels, N Mangano, V Cusumano, G Perri, M Giommi, P Capalbi, M AF Chincarini, Guido Moretti, Alberto Romano, Patrizia Campana, Sergio Covino, Stefano Tagliaferri, Gianpiero Falcone, Abraham D. Burrows, Davvid N. Gehrels, Neil Mangano, Vanessa Cusumano, Giancarlo Perri, Matteo Giommi, Paolo Capalbi, Milvia TI Gamma ray bursts flares detected and observed by the Swift satellite SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gamma ray bursts; GRB flares; Swift; internal and external shock ID INTERNAL SHOCKS; ENGINE ACTIVITY; AFTERGLOW; WIND; TELESCOPE; PRECURSOR; EMISSION; REM AB The detection of flares with the Swift satellite triggered a lot of observational and theoretical interest in these phenomena. As a consequence a large analysis effort started within the community to characterize the phenomenon and at the same time a variety of theoretical speculations have been proposed to explain it. In this presentation we discuss part of the results we obtained analyzing a first statistical sample of GRBs observed with Swift. The first goal of this research is very simple: derive those observational properties that could distinguish between internal and external shock and between an ever active central engine and delayed shocks (refreshing) related to a very small initial Lorentz bulk factor. We discuss first the method of analysis and the morphology evidencing the similarities such flares have with the prompt emission pulses. We conclude that GRB flares are due to internal shocks and leave still open the question of whether or not the central engine is active for a time of the order of 10(5) s after the prompt emission. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Chincarini, Guido; Romano, Patrizia] Univ Milan, I-20126 Milan, Italy. [Chincarini, Guido; Moretti, Alberto; Romano, Patrizia; Campana, Sergio; Covino, Stefano; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero] INAF Osserv Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. [Falcone, Abraham D.; Burrows, Davvid N.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Gehrels, Neil] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mangano, Vanessa; Cusumano, Giancarlo] INAF, Ist Fis Spaziale & Fis Cosmica, Sez Palermo, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. [Perri, Matteo; Giommi, Paolo; Capalbi, Milvia] ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. RP Chincarini, G (reprint author), Univ Milan, Piazza Sci 3, I-20126 Milan, Italy. EM guido.chincarini@brera.inaf.it RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; OI Campana, Sergio/0000-0001-6278-1576; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Cusumano, Giancarlo/0000-0002-8151-1990; moretti, alberto/0000-0002-9770-0315; Perri, Matteo/0000-0003-3613-4409; Covino, Stefano/0000-0001-9078-5507; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723 NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1199 EP 1207 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.058 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OU UT WOS:000253589900002 ER PT J AU Mastichiadis, A Kazanas, D AF Mastichiadis, A. Kazanas, D. TI The supercritical pile model for GRBs SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gamma ray bursts; radiation mechanisms; plasmas; relativistic ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; PAIR PRODUCTION AB We present the basic notions of the "Supercritical Pile" model of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). This model is motivated by the need for a process that provides the dissipation necessary in GRBs and presents a well defined scheme for converting the energy stored in the relativistic protons of the Relativistic Blast Waves (RBW) associated with GRB into radiation; at the same time it leads to spectra which exhibit a peak in the burst vF(v), distribution at an energy E-p similar or equal to 1 MeV in the observer's frame, in agreement with observation and largely independent of the Lorentz factor Gamma of the associated relativistic outflow. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mastichiadis, A.] Univ Athens, Dept Phys, Athens 15783, Greece. [Kazanas, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mastichiadis, A (reprint author), Univ Athens, Dept Phys, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15783, Greece. EM amastich@phys.uoa.gr NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1250 EP 1254 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.034 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OU UT WOS:000253589900012 ER PT J AU Tashiro, MS Abe, K Angelini, L Endo, Y Enoto, T Fukazawa, Y Hong, S Ishikawa, N Kaluzienski, LJ Kawai, N Kelley, RL Kinugasa, K Kodaira, H Kohmura, T Kokubun, M Kubota, K Maeno, S Makishima, K Miyawaki, R Murakami, T Nakagawa, YE Nakazawa, K Nousek, JA Ohno, M Okuno, S Onda, K Reeves, JN Ricker, G Sato, G Sonoda, E Sugita, S Suzuki, M Takahashi, T Takahashi, T Tamagawa, T Terada, Y Torii, K Ueda, Y Urata, Y Yamaoka, K Yamauchi, M Yoshida, A Yoshinari, S Yonetoku, D AF Tashiro, M. S. Abe, K. Angelini, L. Endo, Y. Enoto, T. Fukazawa, Y. Hong, S. Ishikawa, N. Kaluzienski, L. J. Kawai, N. Kelley, R. L. Kinugasa, K. Kodaira, H. Kohmura, T. Kokubun, M. Kubota, K. Maeno, S. Makishima, K. Miyawaki, R. Murakami, T. Nakagawa, Y. E. Nakazawa, K. Nousek, J. A. Ohno, M. Okuno, S. Onda, K. Reeves, J. N. Ricker, G. Sato, G. Sonoda, E. Sugita, S. Suzuki, M. Takahashi, T. Takahashi, T. Tamagawa, T. Terada, Y. Torii, K. Ueda, Y. Urata, Y. Yamaoka, K. Yamauchi, M. Yoshida, A. Yoshinari, S. Yonetoku, D. CA Suzaku GRB ToO Team Suzaku WAM Team TI Strategy of the Suzaku gamma-ray burst observations SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gamma-ray burst; x-ray observation; swift; Suzaku; strategy ID BOARD SUZAKU; AFTERGLOW; EMISSION; DETECTOR AB Suzaku launched in July 2005 is equipped with the wideband instruments covering 0.3-700 keV. In addition to these main instruments, active shield counters of the hard X-ray detector are designed to be a wideband all-sky monitor (WAM). The WAM is a powerful gamma-ray burst monitor with a wide energy range of 50-5000 keV and with a large effective area of 400cm(2) even around 1 MeV. The paper describes the strategy for the prompt GRB observation with the WAM, and the follow-up observation of X-ray afterglows with the narrow field instruments. So far, the WAM has detected 53 GRBs and half of them were detected simultaneously with other satellites. In addition to that, from at least 8 GRBs, including a bright and hard GRB 051008, it is succeeded to observe significant gamma-ray emission up to 1 MeV. The X-ray afterglow observations were carried out on January 5 and on September 4, 2006. Their results are reported in separate paper. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Tashiro, M. S.; Abe, K.; Endo, Y.; Hong, S.; Onda, K.; Urata, Y.] Saitama Univ, Dept Phys, Sakura, Saitama 3388570, Japan. [Angelini, L.; Kaluzienski, L. J.; Kelley, R. L.; Reeves, J. N.; Sato, G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Enoto, T.; Kokubun, M.; Makishima, K.; Miyawaki, R.] Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. [Fukazawa, Y.; Ohno, M.; Takahashi, T.] Hiroshima Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan. [Ishikawa, N.; Nakagawa, Y. E.; Sugita, S.; Yamaoka, K.; Yoshida, A.] Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Phys & Math, Kanagawa 2298558, Japan. [Kawai, N.] Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. [Kinugasa, K.] Gunma Observ, Gunma 3770702, Japan. [Kodaira, H.; Murakami, T.; Okuno, S.; Yoshinari, S.; Yonetoku, D.] Kanazawa Univ, Dept Phys, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan. [Kohmura, T.] Kogakuin Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1920015, Japan. [Kubota, K.; Ueda, Y.] Kyoto Univ, Dept Astron, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. [Maeno, S.; Sonoda, E.; Yamauchi, M.] Miyazaki Univ, Fac Engn, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan. [Makishima, K.; Suzuki, M.; Tamagawa, T.; Terada, Y.] RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. [Nakagawa, Y. E.; Sato, G.; Takahashi, T.] JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. [Nousek, J. A.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Ricker, G.] MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Osaka Univ, Osaka 5600043, Japan. RP Tashiro, MS (reprint author), Saitama Univ, Dept Phys, Sakura, Saitama 3388570, Japan. EM tashiro@phy.saitama-u.ac.jp RI Tashiro, Makoto/J-4562-2012; Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012; Terada, Yukikatsu/A-5879-2013; XRAY, SUZAKU/A-1808-2009 OI Terada, Yukikatsu/0000-0002-2359-1857; NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1255 EP 1258 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.081 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OU UT WOS:000253589900013 ER PT J AU Mertens, CJ Wilson, JW Walker, SA Tweed, J AF Mertens, Christopher J. Wilson, John W. Walker, Steven A. Tweed, John TI Coupling of multiple Coulomb scattering with energy loss and straggling in HZETRN SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radiation transport; High Charge and Energy (HZE) ions; radiobiology; multiple scattering; HZETRN ID MODEL AB The new version of the High Charge and Energy Transport (HZETRN) deterministic transport code based on Green's function methods, and the incorporation of ground-based laboratory boundary conditions, has lead to the development of analytical and numerical procedures to include off-axis dispersion of primary ion beams due to small-angle multiple Coulomb scattering. In this paper we present the theoretical formulation and computational procedures to compute ion beam broadening and a methodology towards achieving a self-consistent approach to coupling multiple scattering interactions with ionization energy loss and straggling. Our initial benchmark case is a 60 MeV proton beam on muscle tissue, for which we can compare various attributes of beam broadening with Monte Carlo simulations reported in the open literature. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mertens, Christopher J.; Wilson, John W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Walker, Steven A.; Tweed, John] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Mertens, CJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, 21 Lange Blvd MS 401B, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM c.j.mertens@larc.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 9 BP 1357 EP 1367 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.03.075 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OV UT WOS:000253590000006 ER PT J AU Watts, AL Strohmayer, TE AF Watts, Anna L. Strohmayer, Tod E. TI Neutron star oscillations and QPOs during magnetar flares SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE magnetars; neutron stars; seismology ID SOFT GAMMA-REPEATERS; X-RAY OSCILLATIONS; ROTATING SPHERICAL-SHELLS; GIANT-FLARE; TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS; SGR 1900+14; NONRADIAL OSCILLATIONS; RADIATIVE MECHANISM; SGR-1806-20; BURSTS AB The high frequency oscillations discovered in the tails of giant flares from two magnetars are thought to be the first direct detections of seismic vibrations from neutron stars. The possibility of starquakes associated with the giant flares triggering global vibrations opens up the prospect of using seismology to study the interior structure and composition of neutron stars. This is a major breakthrough in the study of the nature of matter under conditions of extreme pressure. In this paper.. we provide an up to date summary of the observations and the theoretical framework, including a brief discussion of gravitational wave searches for the QPOs. We summarize the status of alternative non-seismic mechanisms, and give a critique of a recent paper by Levin that argued against seismic vibrations as a viable mechanism. We conclude with an overview of current results using the seismological technique that constrain parameters such as the equation of state and crust structure. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Watts, Anna L.] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Strohmayer, Tod E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Watts, AL (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany. EM anna@mpa-garching.mpg.de NR 52 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 10 BP 1446 EP 1452 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.021 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OW UT WOS:000253590100004 ER PT J AU Terada, Y Mihara, T Nagase, F Angelini, L Dotani, T Enoto, T Kitamoto, S Kohmura, T Kokubun, M Kotani, T Makishima, K Naik, S Nakajima, M Sugita, S Sudoh, K Suzuki, M Takahashi, H Yonetoku, D Yoshida, A AF Terada, Y. Mihara, T. Nagase, F. Angelini, L. Dotani, T. Enoto, T. Kitamoto, S. Kohmura, T. Kokubun, M. Kotani, T. Makishima, K. Naik, S. Nakajima, M. Sugita, S. Sudoh, K. Suzuki, M. Takahashi, H. Yonetoku, D. Yoshida, A. TI Suzaku observations of cyclotron resonances in binary X-ray pulsars SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE magnetic fields; pulsars : individual (Hercules X-1 A0535+262); stars : neutron; X-rays : binaries ID ANOMALOUS LOW-STATE; DETECTOR HXD-II; ABSORPTION FEATURE; BOARD SUZAKU; LUMINOSITY; ASTRO-E2; X-1; HERCULES-X-1; 4U-0115+63; ENERGIES AB Since the typical magnetic field strengths of neutron stars reach 1012 Gauss, the cyclotron resonance produced by a transition between Landau levels appears in the X-ray band. Systematic measurements of cyclotron absorption features in bright sources have been carried out extensively with Ginga, RXTE, BeppoSAX, and INTEGRAL. The cyclotron resonance phenomena can now be studied with a higher sensitivity over a wider hard X-ray band than before, thanks to the Hard X-ray Detector onboard the fifth Japanese X-ray satellite, Suzaku, launched in July, 2005. Suzaku observed Hercules X-1 mainly for calibration purposes, and successfully confirmed its well-known cyclotron absorption feature. Furthermore, the transient pulsar A0535+262 was observed with Suzaku on 14 September, 2005, in the decay phase of its minor outburst (Finger, M.F. Renewed Activity from A0535+26. The Astronomer's Telegram, vol. 595, 2005). The cyclotron resonance of A0535+262 was successfully detected in absorption at about 45 keV (Inoue, H., Kunieda, H., White, N., Kelley, R., Nlihara, T., Terada, Y., Takahashi, H., Kokubun, M., Makishima, K. Suzaku detection of cyclotron line near 50 keV for A0535+26. The Astronomer's Telegram vol. 595, 2005; Terada, Y., Mihara, T., Nakajima, M., et al. Cyclotron resonance energies at a low X-ray luminosity: A0535+262 observed with Suzaku. ApJL 648, L139-LI42, 2006), even though the object was as dim as 30 mCrab at 20 keV. Compared with previous measurements of the same feature achieved at much brighter phases (e.g., Kretschmar, P., Kreykenbohm, I., Pottschmidt, et al. Integral observes possible cyclotron line at 47 keV for 1A0535+262. The Astronomer's Telegram, vol. 601, 2005; Wilson, C.A., Finger, M.H. RXTE confirms cyclotron line near 50 keV for A0535+26. The Astronomer's Telegram 605, 2005), the Suzaku results give a new constraint to luminosity-related changes in the resonance energy that are observed in other binary pulsars (Nakajima, M., Mihara, T., Makishima, K., Niko, H. A further study of the luminosity-dependent cyclotron resonance energies of the binary X-ray pulsar 4U 0115+63 with the Rossi X-ray timing explorer. ApJ 646, 1125-1138, 2006). (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Terada, Y.; Mihara, T.; Makishima, K.; Nakajima, M.; Suzuki, M.] RIKEN, Makishima Cosmi Radiat Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. [Angelini, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Nagase, F.; Dotani, T.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Dept High Energy Astrophys, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. [Enoto, T.; Makishima, K.] Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. [Kitamoto, S.; Sudoh, K.] Rikkyo Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Tokyo 1718501, Japan. [Kohmura, T.] Kogakuin Univ, Dept Phys, Hachioji, Tokyo 192, Japan. [Kotani, T.] Tokyo Inst Technol, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. [Sugita, S.; Yoshida, A.] Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Math & Phys, Kanagawa 2298558, Japan. [Takahashi, H.] Hiroshima Univ, Dept Phys, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan. [Yonetoku, D.] Kanazawa Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan. RP Terada, Y (reprint author), RIKEN, Makishima Cosmi Radiat Lab, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. EM terada@riken.jp RI Terada, Yukikatsu/A-5879-2013; XRAY, SUZAKU/A-1808-2009; Mihara, Tatehiro/C-5536-2017 OI Terada, Yukikatsu/0000-0002-2359-1857; Mihara, Tatehiro/0000-0002-6337-7943 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 10 BP 1485 EP 1490 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.020 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OW UT WOS:000253590100010 ER PT J AU Lee, K Flanders, J Semones, E Shelfer, T Riman, F AF Lee, Kerry Flanders, Joel Semones, Edward Shelfer, Tad Riman, Fadi TI Simultaneous observation of the radiation environment inside and outside the ISS SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CPDS; space radiation; ISS; cosmic rays ID SILEYE-3/ALTEINO EXPERIMENT AB The low-Earth orbit (LEO) radiation environment has been directly observed by the Intra-Vehicular (IV) and Extra-Vehicular (EV) Charged Particle Directional Spectrometers (CPDS) aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The EV instrument is mounted on the SO truss of the ISS and consists of three separate silicon detector telescopes which are oriented in different directions. The IV instrument is a single silicon detector telescope located inside the US Laboratory module of the ISS. We report on the current state of the data analysis for these instruments, which includes the proton stopping particle spectrum, relative carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen ion (CNO) abundances, and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Lee, Kerry; Flanders, Joel; Shelfer, Tad] Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Semones, Edward] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Riman, Fadi] Jacobs Sverdrup, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Space Operat, 1300 Hercules Suite 100, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM kerry.t.lee@nasa.gov; joel.m.flanders@nasa.gov; edwardj.semones@nasa.gov; tad.shelfer-l@nasa.gov; fadi.riman-l@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1558 EP 1561 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.083 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OX UT WOS:000253590200002 ER PT J AU Wilson, JW Nealy, JE Dachev, TP Tomov, BT Cucinotta, FA Badavi, FF De Angelis, G Atwell, W Leutke, N AF Wilson, J. W. Nealy, J. E. Dachev, Ts. P. Tomov, B. T. Cucinotta, F. A. Badavi, F. F. De Angelis, G. Atwell, W. Leutke, N. TI Time serial analysis of the induced LEO environment within the ISS 6A SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE space radiation; trapped models' shielding ID INTERNATIONAL-SPACE-STATION; RADIATION ENVIRONMENT; ENERGY-SPECTRA; SHUTTLE; MODEL; PROTONS; STS-57; BOARD; ORBIT AB Anisotropies in the low Earth orbit (LEO) radiation environment were found to influence the thermoluminescence detectors (TLD) dose within the (International Space Station) ISS 7A Service Module. Subsequently, anisotropic environmental models with improved dynamic time extrapolation have been developed including westward and northern drifts using AP8 Min & Max as estimates of the historic spatial distribution of trapped protons in the 1965 and 1970 era, respectively. In addition, a directional dependent geomagnetic cutoff model was derived for gcomagnetic field configurations from the 1945 to 2020 time frame. A dynamic neutron albedo model based on our atmospheric radiation studies has likewise been required to explain LEO neutron measurements. The simultaneous measurements of dose and dose rate using four Liulin instruments at various locations in the US LAB and Node I has experimentally demonstrated anisotropic effects in ISS 6A and are used herein to evaluate the adequacy of these revised environmental models. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Wilson, J. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Nealy, J. E.; De Angelis, G.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23508 USA. [Dachev, Ts. P.] Bulgarian Acad Sci, Sofia, Bulgaria. [Cucinotta, F. A.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Badavi, F. F.] Christopher Newport Univ, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [De Angelis, G.] Ist Super Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. [Atwell, W.] Boeing Co, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Leutke, N.] Swales Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23866 USA. RP Wilson, JW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM john.w.wilson@nasa.gov NR 33 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1562 EP 1570 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.030 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OX UT WOS:000253590200003 ER PT J AU Zhou, D SemoneS, E Weyland, M Johnson, S AF Zhou, D. SemoneS, E. Weyland, M. Johnson, S. TI Radiation measured with TEPC and CR-39 PNTDs in low earth orbit SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radiation; cosmic rays; CR-39 detectors; TEPC; low earth orbit; LET spectra ID COSMIC-RAYS; AVIATION ALTITUDES; DETECTORS; FIELD AB The radiation impact to astronauts depends strongly on the particles' linear energy transfer (LET) and is dominated by high LET radiation. It is important to investigate the LET spectrum for the radiation field in low Earth orbit (LEO) and the influence of radiation on astronauts. The best active dosimeter used for all LET is the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC); the best passive dosimeter used for high LET is CR-39 plastic nuclear track dosimeters (PNTDs). TEPC and CR-39 PNTDs were used to investigate the radiation in LEO. LET spectra and radiation quantities were obtained for STS-112 and STS-114 missions with TEPC and CR-39 PNTDs. This paper introduces the operation principles for the two types of dosimeters, presents radiation results measured and compares the results obtained with different dosimeters. (c) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhou, D.; SemoneS, E.; Weyland, M.; Johnson, S.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Zhou, D.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Zhou, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 Nasa Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM dzhou@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1571 EP 1574 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.006 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OX UT WOS:000253590200004 ER PT J AU Zhou, D SemoneS, E Gaza, R Weyland, M AF Zhou, D. SemoneS, E. Gaza, R. Weyland, M. TI Radiation measured with passive dosimeters in low Earth orbit SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radiation; cosmic rays; CR-39 detectors; TLDs and OSLDs; low Earth orbit ID CR-39 DETECTORS; COSMIC-RAYS; AVIATION ALTITUDES; DOSE-EQUIVALENT; FIELD AB The linear energy transfer (LET) of particles in low Earth orbit (LEO) is extended from similar to 0.2 to similar to 1000 keV/mu m water. The best passive dosimeters for radiation measurement are thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) or optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) for low LET and CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) for high LET. Radiation quantities (fluence, absorbed dose, dose equivalent and quality factor) were measured with passive dosimeters composed of TLDs/OSLDs and CR-39 PNTDs for the STS-114 mission. This paper introduces the operation principles for TLDs/OSLDs and CR-39 PNTDs, describes the method to combine the results measured by TLDs/OSLDs and CR-39 PNTDs, and presents the results measured by different dosimeters for different LET bands and that combined for all LET. (c) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhou, D.; SemoneS, E.; Gaza, R.; Weyland, M.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Zhou, D.; Gaza, R.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Zhou, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 Nasa Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM dzhou@emsjsc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1575 EP 1579 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.003 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OX UT WOS:000253590200005 ER PT J AU Nealy, JE Cucinotta, FA Wilson, JW Badavi, FF Dachev, TP Tomov, BT Walker, SA De Angelis, G Blattnig, SR Atwell, W AF Nealy, J. E. Cucinotta, F. A. Wilson, J. W. Badavi, F. F. Dachev, Ts. P. Tomov, B. T. Walker, S. A. De Angelis, G. Blattnig, S. R. Atwell, W. TI Pre-engineering and spaceflight validation of environmental models the 2005 HZETRN simulation code SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE space radiation; shielding; models; measurements ID SPACE-STATION; RADIATION; PROTONS; APPROXIMATION; TRANSPORT; FLUX AB The HZETRN code has been identified by NASA for engineering design in the next phase of space exploration highlighting a return to the Moon in preparation for a Mars mission. In response, a new series of algorithms beginning with 2005 HZETRN, will be issued by correcting some prior limitations and improving control of propagated errors along with established code verification processes. Code validation processes will use new/improved low Earth orbit (LEO) environmental models with a recently improved International Space Station (ISS) shield model to validate computational models and procedures using measured data aboard ISS. These validated models will provide a basis for flight-testing the designs of future space vehicles and systems of the Constellation program in the LEO environment. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Wilson, J. W.; Blattnig, S. R.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Nealy, J. E.; Walker, S. A.; De Angelis, G.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23508 USA. [Cucinotta, F. A.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Badavi, F. F.] Christopher Newport Univ, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Dachev, Ts. P.; Tomov, B. T.] Bulgarian Acad Sci, BU-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. [De Angelis, G.] Ist Super Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. [Atwell, W.] Boeing Co, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Wilson, JW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM john.w.wilson@tiasa.gov NR 53 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1593 EP 1610 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.029 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OX UT WOS:000253590200008 ER PT J AU Casolino, M Altamura, F Minori, M Picozza, P Fuglesang, C Galper, A Popov, A Benghin, V Petrov, VM Nagamatsu, A Berger, T Reitz, G Durante, M Pugliese, M Roca, V Sitiver, L Cucinotta, F Semones, E Shavers, M Guarnieri, V Lobascio, C Castagnolo, D Fortezza, R AF Casolino, M. Altamura, F. Minori, M. Picozza, P. Fuglesang, C. Galper, A. Popov, A. Benghin, V. Petrov, V. M. Nagamatsu, A. Berger, T. Reitz, G. Durante, M. Pugliese, M. Roca, V. Sitiver, L. Cucinotta, F. Semones, E. Shavers, M. Guarnieri, V. Lobascio, C. Castagnolo, D. Fortezza, R. TI The altcriss project on board the International Space Station SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cosmic rays; nuclear abundances; International Space Station; radiation shielding ID SILEYE-3/ALTEINO EXPERIMENT; LIGHT-FLASHES; RADIATION ENVIRONMENT; DOSE-EQUIVALENT; MIR; DOSIMETRY; CALIBRATION; ONBOARD; RISKS AB The Alteriss project aims to perform a long term survey of the radiation environment on board the International Space Station. Measurements are being performed with active and passive devices in different locations and orientations of the Russian segment of the station. The goal is to perform a detailed evaluation of the differences in particle fluence and nuclear composition due to different shielding material and attitude of the station. The Sileye-3/Alteino detector is used to identify nuclei up to Iron in the energy range above similar or equal to 60 MeV/n. Several passive dosimeters (TLDs, CR39) are also placed in the same location of Sileye-3 detector. Polyethylene shielding is periodically interposed in front of the detectors to evaluate the effectiveness of shielding on the nuclear component of the cosmic radiation. The project was submitted to ESA in reply to the AO in the Life and Physical Science of 2004 and data taking began in December 2005. Dosimeters and data cards are rotated every 6 months: up to now three launches of dosimeters and data cards have been performed and have been returned with the end of expedition 12 and 13. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Casolino, M.; Altamura, F.; Minori, M.; Picozza, P.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Casolino, M.; Altamura, F.; Minori, M.; Picozza, P.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Phys, I-00133 Rome, Italy. [Fuglesang, C.] ESA, European Astronaut Ctr, Cologne, Germany. [Galper, A.; Popov, A.] Moscow State Engn Phys Inst, Moscow, Russia. [Benghin, V.; Petrov, V. M.] Minist Publ Hlth Russia, Inst Biomed Problems, Moscow, Russia. [Berger, T.; Reitz, G.] DLR, Cologne, Germany. [Durante, M.; Pugliese, M.; Roca, V.] Univ Naples Federico 2, Naples, Italy. [Durante, M.; Pugliese, M.; Roca, V.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-80125 Naples, Italy. [Sitiver, L.] Chalmers, Dept Nucl Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Cucinotta, F.; Semones, E.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Shavers, M.] Wyle Labs, Radiat Biophys Lab, Houston, TX USA. [Guarnieri, V.; Lobascio, C.] Alcatel Alenia Space Italia, Turin, Italy. [Castagnolo, D.; Fortezza, R.] Mars srl, Naples, Italy. RP Casolino, M (reprint author), Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Via Ric Sci 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy. EM casolino@roma2.infn.it RI Berger, Thomas/E-8495-2010; Durante, Marco/K-1315-2014; Galper, Arkady/M-9610-2015; OI casolino, marco/0000-0001-6067-5104; Picozza, Piergiorgio/0000-0002-7986-3321; Durante, Marco/0000-0002-4615-553X; Berger, Thomas/0000-0003-3319-5740 NR 31 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1746 EP 1753 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.037 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OX UT WOS:000253590200026 ER PT J AU Gersey, B Sodolak, J Hada, M Saganti, P Wilkins, R Cucinotta, F Wu, HL AF Gersey, Brad Sodolak, John Hada, Megumi Saganti, Prem Wilkins, Richard Cucinotta, Francis Wu, Honglu TI Micronuclei induction in human fibroblasts exposed in vitro to Los Alamos high-energy neutrons SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE space radiation; secondary neutrons; micronuclei; shielding ID HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; FISSION NEUTRONS; BRAGG CURVE; CELLS; IONS; VIVO; RBE AB High-energy secondary neutrons, produced by the interaction of galactic cosmic rays with the atmosphere, spacecraft structure and planetary surfaces, contribute to a significant fraction to the dose equivalent in crew members and passengers during commercial aviation travel, and astronauts in space missions. The Los Alamos Nuclear Science Center (LANSCE) neutron facility's ICE House 30L beamline is known to generate neutrons that simulate the secondary neutron spectra of earth's atmosphere. The neutron spectrum is also similar to that measured onboard spacecraft like the MIR and International Space Station (ISS). To evaluate the biological damage, we exposed human fibroblasts in vitro to the LANSCE neutron beams without degrader at an entrance dose rate of 25 mGy/h and analyzed the micronuclei (MN) induction. The cells were also placed behind a 9.9 cm water column to study the effect of shielding in the protection of neutron induced damages. It was found that the dose response in the MN frequency was linear for the samples with and without shielding and the slope of the MN yield behind the shielding was reduced by a factor of 3.5. Compared to the MN induction in human fibroblasts exposed to a gamma source at a similar low dose rate, the RBE was found to be 16.7 and 10.0 for the neutrons without and with the 9.9 cm water shielding, respectively. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Hada, Megumi; Cucinotta, Francis; Wu, Honglu] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Counter Measures Off, Radiat Biophys Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Gersey, Brad; Sodolak, John; Saganti, Prem; Wilkins, Richard] Prairie View A&M Univ, Ctr Appl Radiat Res, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. RP Wu, HL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Counter Measures Off, Radiat Biophys Lab, Mail Code SK,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM honglu.wu-l@nasa.gov NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1754 EP 1757 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.03.018 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OX UT WOS:000253590200027 ER PT J AU Yurchyshyn, V Hu, Q Lepping, RP Lynch, BJ Krall, J AF Yurchyshyn, V. Hu, Q. Lepping, R. P. Lynch, B. J. Krall, J. TI Orientations of LASCO Halo CMEs and their connection to the flux rope structure of interplanetary CMEs SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coronal mass ejection; magnetic clouds ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; HELIOSPHERIC CURRENT SHEET; MAGNETIC CLOUDS; SECTOR STRUCTURE; SOLAR-WIND; MODEL; SUN; EARTH AB Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed near the Sun via LASCO coronographic imaging are the most important solar drivers of geomagnetic storms. ICMEs, their interplanetary, near-Earth counterparts, can be detected in situ, for example, by the Wind and ACE spacecraft. An ICME usually exhibits a complex structure that very often includes a magnetic cloud (MC). They can be commonly modelled as magnetic flux ropes and there is observational evidence to expect that the orientation of a halo CME elongation corresponds to the orientation of the flux rope. In this study, we compare orientations of elongated CME halos and the corresponding MCs, measured by Wind and ACE spacecraft. We characterize the MC structures by using the Grad-Shafranov reconstruction technique and three MC fitting methods to obtain their axis directions. The CME tilt angles and MC fitted axis angles were compared without taking into account handedness of the underlying flux rope field and the polarity of its axial field. We report that for about 64% of CME-MC events, we found a good correspondence between the orientation angles implying that for the majority of interplanetary ejecta their orientations do not change significantly (less than 45 deg rotation) while travelling from the Sun to the near-Earth environment. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Yurchyshyn, V.] Big Bear Solar Observ, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. [Hu, Q.] Univ Calif Riverside, IGPP, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Lepping, R. P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lynch, B. J.] Univ Calif Berkeley, SSL, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Krall, J.] USN, Res Lab, PPL, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Yurchyshyn, V (reprint author), Big Bear Solar Observ, 40386 N Shore Lane, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. EM vayur@bbso.njit.edu RI Lynch, Benjamin/B-1300-2013; OI Lynch, Benjamin/0000-0001-6886-855X NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 12 BP 1821 EP 1826 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.059 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OY UT WOS:000253590300007 ER PT J AU Wu, CC Fry, CD Dryer, M Wu, ST Thompson, B Liou, K Feng, XS AF Wu, C. C. Fry, C. D. Dryer, M. Wu, S. T. Thompson, B. Liou, Kan Feng, X. S. TI Three-dimensional global simulation of multiple ICMEs' interaction and propagation from the Sun to the heliosphere following the 25-28 October 2003 solar events SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Sun : flare; Sun : coronal mass ejection; Sun : interplanetary shock; 3D globe MHD simulation ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELD CHANGES; MHD SIMULATION; 1 AU; WIND; EARTH; TIME; CMES; FLOW; STREAMER AB This study performs simulations of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) propagation in a realistic three-dimensional (313) solar wind structure from the Sun to the Earth by using the newly developed hybrid code, HAFv.2+3DMHD. This model combines two simulation codes, Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry code version 2 (HAFv.2) and a fully 3D, time-dependent MHD simulation code. The solar wind structure is simulated out to 0.08 AU (18 Rs) from source surface maps using the HAFv.2 code. The outputs at 0.08 AU are then used to provide inputs for the lower boundary, at that location, of the 3D MHD code to calculate solar wind and its evolution to I AU and beyond. A dynamic disturbance, mimicking a particular flare's energy output, is delivered to this non-uniform structure to model the evolution and interplanetary propagation of ICMEs (including their shocks). We then show the interaction between two ICMEs and the dynamic process during the overtaking of one shock by the other. The results show that both CMEs and heliosphere current sheet/plasma sheet were deformed by interacting with each other. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Wu, C. C.; Wu, S. T.] Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Fry, C. D.; Dryer, M.] Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. [Dryer, M.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, R E SE, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Thompson, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Liou, Kan] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Wu, C. C.; Feng, X. S.] Chinese Acad Sci, Key State Lab Space Weather, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. RP Wu, CC (reprint author), Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM wuc@cspar.uah.edu; gfry@expi.com; murray.dryer@noaa.gov; wus@cspar.uah.edu; Barbara.j.thomspan@nasa.gov; kan.liou@jhuapl.edu; fengx@spaceweather.ae.en RI Thompson, Barbara/C-9429-2012; Liou, Kan/C-2089-2016 OI Liou, Kan/0000-0001-5277-7688 NR 32 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 40 IS 12 BP 1827 EP 1834 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.06.025 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OY UT WOS:000253590300008 ER PT J AU Mukai, S Sano, I Nishimori, A Sato, M Okada, Y Holben, BN AF Mukai, S. Sano, I. Nishimori, A. Sato, M. Okada, Y. Holben, B. N. TI A comparison of aerosol properties with air pollutants SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE AERONET; aerosols; PM; aerosol optical thickness ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; NETWORK; AERONET; SUN AB The aerosol properties obtained from radiometry with AERONET are compared with the particulate mass simultaneously measured with a new instrument (SPM-613D). AERONET sites have been set up at Shirahama since 2000 and at Osaka since 2002 to make measurements to improve the understanding background aerosols and characteristic features of the urban atmosphere over Japan, respectively. It is found that there was a strong correlation between the PM2.5 concentration and aerosol optical thickness. It indicates that aerosol characteristics can be estimated from SPM data, and vice versa. (c) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mukai, S.; Sano, I.; Nishimori, A.; Sato, M.] Kinki Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. [Okada, Y.] Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. [Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mukai, S (reprint author), Kinki Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. EM mukai@info.kindai.ac.jp NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 1 BP 32 EP 35 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.02.033 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286BS UT WOS:000254821000007 ER PT J AU Sumner, TJ Anderson, J Blaser, JP Cruise, AM Damour, T Dittus, H Everitt, CWF Foulon, B Jafry, Y Kent, BJ Lockerbie, N Loeffler, F Mann, G Mester, J Pegrum, C Reinhardt, R Sandford, M Scheicher, A Speake, CC Torii, R Theil, S Touboul, P Vitale, S Vodel, W Worden, PW AF Sumner, T. J. Anderson, J. Blaser, J. -P. Cruise, A. M. Damour, T. Dittus, H. Everitt, C. W. F. Foulon, B. Jafry, Y. Kent, B. J. Lockerbie, N. Loeffler, F. Mann, G. Mester, J. Pegrum, C. Reinhardt, R. Sandford, M. Scheicher, A. Speake, C. C. Torii, R. Theil, S. Touboul, P. Vitale, S. Vodel, W. Worden, P. W. TI STEP (satellite test of the equivalence principle) SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE STEP; equivalence principle; gravitational experiments; general relativity AB STEP is one of a number of missions now being developed to take advantage of the quiet space environment to carry out very sensitive gravitational experiments. Using pairs of concentric free-falling proof-masses, STEP will be able to test the equivalence principle (EP) to a sensitivity at least five orders of magnitude better than currently achievable on ground. The EP is a founding principle of general relativity and STEP is the most sensitive experiment of this type planned so far, aiming at 1 part in 10(18). (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Sumner, T. J.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, London SW7 2BW, England. [Anderson, J.; Mann, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Blaser, J. -P.] Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. [Cruise, A. M.; Speake, C. C.] Univ Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. [Blaser, J. -P.] Inst Hautes Etud Sci, F-91440 Bures Sur Yvette, France. [Dittus, H.; Scheicher, A.] Univ Bremen, ZARM, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Everitt, C. W. F.; Mester, J.; Torii, R.; Worden, P. W.] Stanford Univ, HEPL, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Foulon, B.] Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, DMPH 29, F-92322 Chatillon, France. [Jafry, Y.; Reinhardt, R.] ESTEC, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Kent, B. J.; Sandford, M.] Rutherford Appleton Lab, CCLRC, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. [Lockerbie, N.; Pegrum, C.] Univ Strathclyde, Dept Phys, Glasgow G4 0NG, Lanark, Scotland. [Loeffler, F.] Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. [Vitale, S.] Fac Ingn, Dipartimento Fis, Trento, Italy. [Vodel, W.] Univ Jena, Fak Phys Astron, D-07743 Jena, Germany. RP Sumner, TJ (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, London SW7 2BW, England. EM t.sumner@imperial.ac.uk RI Speake, Clive/A-5330-2009; Vitale, Stefano/C-2312-2012; Theil, Stephan/O-2305-2015 OI Vitale, Stefano/0000-0002-2427-8918; Theil, Stephan/0000-0002-5346-8091 NR 7 TC 31 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 2 BP 254 EP 258 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.019 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286BV UT WOS:000254821300008 ER PT J AU Turyshev, SG Nieto, MM Anderson, JD AF Turyshev, Slava G. Nieto, Michael Martin Anderson, John D. TI Lessons learned from the Pioneers 10/11 for a mission to test the Pioneer anomaly SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pioneer anomalous acceleration; deep-space navigation; a test of pioneer anomaly AB Analysis of the radio-metric tracking data from the Pioneer 10/11 spacecraft at distances between 20 and 70 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun has consistently indicated the presence of an anomalous, small, constant Doppler frequency drift. The drift is a blue-shift, uniformly changing with rate similar to 6 . 10-9 Hz/s. It can also be interpreted as a constant acceleration of a(P) = (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10(-8) cm/s(2) directed towards the Sun. Although it is suspected that there is a systematic origin to the effect, none has been found. As a result, the nature of this anomaly has become of growing interest. Here, we discuss the details of our recent investigation focusing on the effects both external to and internal to the spacecraft, as well as those due to modeling and computational techniques. We review some of the mechanisms proposed to explain the anomaly and show their inability to account for the observed behavior of the anomaly. We also present lessons learned from this investigation for a potential deep-space experiment that will reveal the origin of the discovered anomaly and also will characterize its properties with an accuracy of at least two orders of magnitude below the anomaly's size. A number of critical requirements and design considerations for such a mission are outlined and addressed. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Turyshev, Slava G.; Anderson, John D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Nieto, Michael Martin] Univ Calif, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret MS B285, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Turyshev, SG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 301-486,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM turyshev@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 2 BP 291 EP 296 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.006 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286BV UT WOS:000254821300014 ER PT J AU Slava, GT Michael, S Nordtvedt, K AF Turyshev, Slava G. Shao, Michael Nordtvedt, Kenneth, Jr. TI Mission design for the laser astrometric test of relativity SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tests of general relativity; astrometry; scalar-tensor theories; laser ranging ID SOLAR GRAVITATIONAL DEFLECTION; POST-NEWTONIAN ORDER; GENERAL-RELATIVITY; GRAVITY; VERIFICATION AB This paper focuses on the mission design for the laser astrometric test of relativity (LATOR). This mission uses laser interferometry between two micro-spacecraft whose lines of sight pass close by the Sun to accurately measure deflection of light in the solar gravity. The key element of the experimental design is a redundant geometry optical truss provided by a long-baseline (100 m) multichannel stellar optical interferometer placed on the International Space Station (ISS). The spatial interferometer is used for measuring the angles between the two spacecraft and for orbit determination purposes. The geometric redundancy enables LATOR to measure the departure from Euclidean geometry caused by the solar gravity field to a very high accuracy. Such a design enables LATOR to improve the value of the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) parameter to unprecedented levels of accuracy of I part in 10(8); the misson will also measure effects of the next post-Newtonian order (infinity G(2)) of light deflection resulting from gravity's intrinsic non-linearity. The solar quadrupole moment parameter, J(2), will be measured with high precision, as well as a variety of other relativistic effects including Lense-Thirring precession. LATOR will lead to very robust advances in the tests of Fundamental physics: this mission could discover a violation or extension of general relativity, or reveal the presence of an additional long range interaction in the physical law. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Turyshev, Slava G.; Shao, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Slava, GT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 301-486,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM turyshev@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 2 BP 297 EP 304 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.003 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286BV UT WOS:000254821300015 ER PT J AU Rietmeijer, FJM Nuth, JA AF Rietmeijer, Frans J. M. Nuth, Joseph A., III TI Laboratory simulation of Mg-rich ferromagnesiosilica dust: The first building blocks of comet dust SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE amorphous silicates; metastable silicates; vapor phase condensation; circumstellar dust; interplanetary dust particles; comet dust ID INTERPLANETARY DUST; CIRCUMSTELLAR DUST; SOLID CONDENSATION; SILICATE GRAINS; SOLAR-SYSTEM; PARTICLES; EVOLUTION; STARS; GAS; MICROMETEORITES AB We will focus on Mg-rich ferromagnesiosilica principal components (PCs) in the matrix of collected interplanetary dust particles to address the question: "Are these components the original presolar and nebular dust or are they made from precursor dust(s)?" Non-equilibrium condensation experiments show they are fused agglomerates of amorphous MgSiO and FeSiO silicate condensates with unique metastable eutectic compositions. While the dust condensates were not preserved, the PCs survived secondary processing comet nuclei and primitive asteroids wherein they were stored for the last 4.5 billion years. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Rietmeijer, Frans J. M.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Nuth, Joseph A., III] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rietmeijer, FJM (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, MSC03-2040,1, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM fransjmr@unm.edu RI Nuth, Joseph/E-7085-2012 NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 3 BP 351 EP 357 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.113 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 286BX UT WOS:000254821500003 ER PT J AU Mertens, CJ Mast, JC Winick, JR Russell, JM Mlynczak, MG Evans, DS AF Mertens, Christopher J. Mast, Jeffrey C. Winick, Jeremy R. Russell, James M., III Mlynczak, Martin G. Evans, David S. TI Ionospheric E-region response to solar-geomagnetic storms observed by TIMED/SABER and application to IRI storm-model development SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; magnetic storms; ion-neutral chemistry; non-LTE; radiation transfer ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; ROTATIONALLY EXCITED NO+; MU-M BANDS; THERMODYNAMIC-EQUILIBRIUM; INTEGRAL EQUATIONS; NUMERICAL SOLUTION; AURORAL ELECTRONS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; INFRARED BANDS; LIMB EMISSION AB The large thermospheric infrared radiance enhancements observed from the TIMED/SABER experiment during recent solar storms provide an exciting opportunity to study the influence of solar-geomagnetic disturbances on the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. In particular, nighttime enhancements of 4.3 mu m emission, due to vibrational excitation and radiative emission by NO+, provide an excellent proxy to study and analyze the response of the ionospheric E-region to auroral electron dosing and storm-time enhancements to the E-region electron density. In this paper, we give a status report of on-going work on model and data analysis methodologies of deriving NO+ 4.3 mu m volume emission rates, a proxy for the storm-time E-region response, and the approach for deriving an empirical storm-time correction to IRI E-region NO+ and electron densities. (c) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Mertens, Christopher J.; Mlynczak, Martin G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Mast, Jeffrey C.] SAIC Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Winick, Jeremy R.] Hanscom AFB, Air Force Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. [Russell, James M., III] Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. [Evans, David S.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Mertens, CJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM ej.mertens@larc.nasa.gov RI Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012 NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 715 EP 728 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.032 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OE UT WOS:000253588300012 ER PT J AU Reinisch, BW Nsumei, P Huang, X Bilitza, DK AF Reinisch, B. W. Nsumei, P. Huang, X. Bilitza, D. K. TI Modeling the F2 topside and plasmasphere for IRI using IMAGE/RPI and ISIS data SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE topside ionosphere; plasmasphere; profiles; Chapman function; IRI ID ELECTRON-DENSITY PROFILES; AUTOMATIC CALCULATION; BOTTOMSIDE IONOGRAMS; DIGITAL IONOGRAMS; SOUNDER DATA; IONOSPHERE AB Empirical models are an important tool for the study of the different geospace regions from Earth to Sun, providing the user with easy access to a synthesis of reliable measurements from ground and space for specific parameters and regions. This paper describes a new effort to develop a coherent model of the topside F2 layer and the plasmasphere with the goal to improve the representation of the topside electron density in the IRI model and to extend the IRI description into the plasmasphere. An alpha-Chapman function with a continuously varying scale height, dubbed a vary-Chap function, is used to describe the topside F2 vertical electron density profile N(h) that seamlessly connects the ionosphere with the plasmasphere. The Chapman scale height H(h) varies only slowly with height near hmF2 and increases rapidly at the O+ to light-ion transition height. A hyperbolic tangent function suitably represents this variation. New plasmasphere density profile data from the IMAGE/RPI measurements and topside profiles from the ISIS topside sounders are used to construct a continuous profile from hmF2 to several RE altitude. (C) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Reinisch, B. W.; Nsumei, P.; Huang, X.] Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Atmospher Res, Environm Earth & Atmosphere Sci Dept, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. [Bilitza, D. K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Reinisch, BW (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Atmospher Res, Environm Earth & Atmosphere Sci Dept, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. EM Bodo_Reinisch@uml.edu NR 26 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 731 EP 738 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.05.032 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OE UT WOS:000253588300013 ER PT J AU Gulyaeva, TL Gallagher, DL AF Gulyaeva, T. L. Gallagher, D. L. TI Comparison of two IRI electron-density plasmasphere extensions with GPS-TEC observations SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; plasmasphere; total electron content; model; GPS ID MODEL AB Comparisons of two model results with Global Positioning System, GPS-TEC, measurements have been carried out for different latitudinal. solar activity, magnetic activity, diurnal, and seasonal conditions. The models evaluated are the Global Core Plasma Model (GCPM-2000) and the IRI extension (IRI*) with the Russian plasmasphere model. Data from 23 observatories providing GPS-TEC and ionosonde data have been used. It is shown that the IRI* plasmasphere electron densities are greater than the GCPM results by an order of magnitude at 6370 kin altitude (one Earth radius), becoming two to three orders of magnitude larger at the GPS satellite orbital altitude of 20,200 kin. Another source of model and GPS-TEC differences is the selection of the ionospheric F2 layer peak parameters driving the models, either with ITU-R (former CCIR) maps or ionosonde observations. The plasmasphere model extension of IRI improves the accuracy of the TEC model predictions taking into account the plasmasphere contribution to the total electron content which could vary from 10% during daytime under quiet magnetic conditions to more than 50% during the night under storm-time conditions. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142190, Russia. [Gulyaeva, T. L.] Polish Acad Sci, Space Res Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland. [Gallagher, D. L.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Gulyaeva, TL (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142190, Russia. EM tamara@izmiran.troitsk.ru; Dennis.L.Gailagher@nasa.gov NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 744 EP 749 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.064 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OE UT WOS:000253588300015 ER PT J AU Bilitza, D Truhlik, V Richards, P Abe, T Triskova, L AF Bilitza, D. Truhlik, V. Richards, P. Abe, T. Triskova, L. TI Solar cycle variations of mid-latitude electron density and temperature: Satellite measurements and model calculations SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE IRI; electron density; electron temperature; solar cycle; DMSP ID UPPER F-REGION; INCOHERENT-SCATTER; UPPER IONOSPHERE; ION TEMPERATURES; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; PLASMASPHERE; ALTITUDE; ATMOSPHERE; EXPLORER; MINIMUM AB This paper presents an analysis of a large database of in-situ topside ionosphere electron densities (N-e) and temperatures (T-e) from three decades of satellite measurements with the ultimate goal of improving the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. The satellite data, which range from the early Explorers to the more recent KOMPSAT and DMSP satellites, are examined to reveal the variation of the mid-latitude N-e and T-e at altitudes of 550, 850, and 2000 km as a function of solar activity for different local times, and seasons. Comparisons with IRI, the FLIP physical model, and the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar empirical model help to determine how consistent these satellite-observed variations patterns are with the current IRI model, with the theoretical expectations and with ground-based results. For N-e good agreement is found between the data and models in terms of variations pattern as well as absolute values. Whereas N-e always increases with solar activity, T-e can increase, decrease, or stay constant depending on the specific altitude, local time and season. At 550 km the daytime T-e increases with solar activity in summer, decreases in equinox and stays almost constant in winter. At this altitude range we find generally good agreement between the variations seen with the satellite data and those predicted by the FLIP and Millstone Hill models. At 850 km, however, significant discrepancies are noted. The satellite data, primarily DMSP in this altitude range, are consistently higher than the Millstone Hill model averages and include unrealistically high temperatures (4000-5000 K) at very low solar activities. The FLIP model also predicts much lower values at low solar activities but otherwise (for middle to high solar activities) agrees well with the satellite data. During nighttime the FLIP model underestimates T-e at 850 and 2000 km altitude for the summer and equinox seasons. The current IRI T-e model does not include variations with solar activity. The IRI values are generally in between the satellite and radar averages with a few exceptions. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Truhlik, V.; Triskova, L.] Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague 14131 4, Czech Republic. [Richards, P.] Univ Alabama, Dept Comp Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Abe, T.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Bilitza, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 672, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bilitza@pop600.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Triskova, Ludmila/H-6503-2014; Truhlik, Vladimir/H-6971-2014 OI Truhlik, Vladimir/0000-0002-6624-4388 NR 56 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 779 EP 789 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.11.022 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OE UT WOS:000253588300021 ER PT J AU Zhang, SR Holt, JM Bilitza, DK van Eyken, T McCready, M Arnory-Mazaudier, C Fukao, S Sulzer, M AF Zhang, Shun-Rong Holt, John M. Bilitza, Dieter K. van Eyken, Tony McCready, Mary Arnory-Mazaudier, Christine Fukao, Shoichiro Sulzer, Michael TI Multiple-site comparisons between models of incoherent scatter radar and IRI SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ionospheric model; incoherent scatter radar; IRI; electron density; ion temperature; electron temperature AB Long-term databases of multiple incoherent scatter radars (ISRs) are used to create local empirical models at seven ISR sites including, from magnetic north to south and east to west, EISCAT Svalbard Radar (Norway), Sondrestrom Radar (Greenland), EISCAT TromsoRadars (Norway), Millstone Hill Radar (USA), St. Santin Radar (France), Shigaraki Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) Radar (Japan) and Arecibo Radar (Puerto Rico). As local models, they can represent some features that may be smeared out in a global model, and are important complements to and validation tools for global models such as IRI This paper presents comparisons between these ISR models and IRI for median solar activity and quiet magnetic activity conditions, with focus on daytime height variations for electron density, ion and electron temperatures. (C) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhang, Shun-Rong; Holt, John M.] MIT, Haystack Observ, Westford, MA 01886 USA. [Bilitza, Dieter K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [van Eyken, Tony] EISCAT Sci Assoc, SE-98123 Kiruna, Sweden. [McCready, Mary] SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Arnory-Mazaudier, Christine] CNRS, Ctr Study Earth & Planets Environm, F-94107 St Maur des Fosses, France. [Fukao, Shoichiro] Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. [Sulzer, Michael] NAIC, Arecibo Observ, Arecibo, PR 00612 USA. RP Zhang, SR (reprint author), MIT, Haystack Observ, Off Route 40, Westford, MA 01886 USA. EM shunrong@haystack.mit.edu RI Zhang, Shun-Rong/G-7593-2015 OI Zhang, Shun-Rong/0000-0002-1946-3166 NR 11 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 5 BP 910 EP 917 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.05.027 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OE UT WOS:000253588300037 ER PT J AU George, K Cucinotta, FA AF George, K. Cucinotta, F. A. TI The influence of shielding on the biological effectiveness of accelerated particles for the induction of chromosome damage SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radiation; chromsosome damage; high-LET; relative biological effect; shielding ID ENERGY IRON IONS; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; SPACE RADIATION; HIGH-LET; BLOOD-LYMPHOCYTES; TIME-COURSE; HEAVY-IONS; ABERRATIONS; PROTECTION; COSMONAUTS AB Chromosome damage was assessed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to Si-28 (490 or 600 MeV/n), Ti-48 (1000 MeV/n), or Fe-56 (600, 1000, or 5000 MeV/n). LET values for these ions ranged from 51 to 184 keV/mu m and doses ranged from 10 to 200 cGy. The effect of either aluminum or polyethylene shielding on the induction of chromosome aberrations was investigated for each ion. After chromosomes were prematurely condensed using calyculin-A, chromosome exchanges were measured using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole chromosome probes in cells collected at G2 and at mitosis in first division post-irradiation. The yield of chromosome aberrations increased linearly with dose, and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for the primary beams, estimated from the initial slope of the dose-response curve for total chromosome exchanges with respect to gamma-rays, ranged from 9 to 35. The RBE values increased with LET, reaching a maximum for the 600 MeV/n Fe ions with LET of 184 keV/mu m. When the LET of the primary beam was below about 100 keV/mu m, the addition of shielding material increased the effectiveness per unit dose. When the LET of the primary beam was greater than 100 keV/mu m, shielding decreased the effectiveness per unit dose. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [George, K.] Wyle Labs Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Cucinotta, F. A.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP George, K (reprint author), Wyle Labs Inc, 1290 Hercules Dr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Kerry.A.George@nasa.gov; Francis.A.Cucinotta@nasa.gov NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1076 EP 1081 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.004 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OF UT WOS:000253588400014 ER PT J AU Kiss, JZ Kumar, P Bowman, RN Steele, MK Eodice, MT Correll, MJ Edelmann, RE AF Kiss, John Z. Kumar, Prem Bowman, Robert N. Steele, Marianne K. Eodice, Michael T. Correll, Melanie J. Edelmann, Richard E. TI Biocompatibility studies in preparation for a spaceflight experiment on plant tropisms (TROPI) SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE EMCS; gravitropism; ISS; plant space biology; phototropism; spaceflight hardware ID WILD-TYPE; ARABIDOPSIS; GRAVITROPISM; PHOTOTROPISM; LIGHT; MUTANTS; SYSTEM; EMCS AB The interaction among tropisms is important in determining the growth form of a plant. Thus, we have developed a project to study the interaction between two key tropistic responses (i.e., gravitropism and phototropism) to be performed in microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS). Specifically, we are interested in the role of red-light-absorbing phytochrome pigments in modulating tropisms in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. This project, termed TROPI for tropisms, is to be performed on the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS), which provides an incubator with atmospheric control, lighting, and high-resolution video. The EMCS has two rotating centrifuge platforms so that our experiments can be performed at microgravity, 1g (control), and fractional g-levels. In order to optimize these spaceflight experiments, we have continued ground-based technical tests as well as basic science experiments. Since the seeds will have to be stored for several months in hardware prior to use on the ISS, we tested the effects of long-term storage of seeds in the TROPI EUE (experimental unique equipment) on germination rates and plant growth. The EUE consists of five seedling cassettes with LED lighting and a water delivery system in an Experimental Container (EC). Preliminary studies showed that there were reduced seed germination and plant growth after several months of storage in the EUE. We determined that the likely source of this biocompatibility problem was the conformal coating of electrical components of the EUE, which was required by NASA for safety reasons. In order to alleviate this problem, carbon filters were added to both the seedling cassettes and to the base of the EC. We expect that these improvements to the hardware will result in healthy plants capable of robust tropistic responses in our spaceflight experiments. (c) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kiss, John Z.; Kumar, Prem; Edelmann, Richard E.] Miami Univ, Dept Bot, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. [Bowman, Robert N.; Steele, Marianne K.; Eodice, Michael T.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Correll, Melanie J.] Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kiss, JZ (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Bot, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. EM kissjz@muohio.edu RI Kiss, John/C-5571-2009 NR 14 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1154 EP 1160 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.12.017 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 331DG UT WOS:000257992300006 ER PT J AU Sahai, Y Becker-Guedes, F Fagundes, PR Lima, WLC Otsuka, Y Huang, CS Espinoza, ES Pi, X de Abreu, AJ Bolzan, MJA Pillat, VG Abalde, JR Pimenta, AA Bittencourt, JA AF Sahai, Y. Becker-Guedes, F. Fagundes, P. R. Lima, W. L. C. Otsuka, Y. Huang, C. -S. Espinoza, E. S. Pi, X. de Abreu, A. J. Bolzan, M. J. A. Pillat, V. G. Abalde, J. R. Pimenta, A. A. Bittencourt, J. A. TI Response of nighttime equatorial and low latitude F-region to the geomagnetic storm of August 18, 2003, in the Brazilian sector SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE equatorial and low latitude F-region; geomagnetic storm; spread-F ID ZONAL ELECTRIC-FIELDS; TO-DAY VARIABILITY; PLASMA DEPLETIONS; SPREAD-F; IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES; DYNAMICS AB This paper presents an investigation of geomagnetic storm effects in the equatorial and low latitude F-region in the Brazilian sector during the intense geomagnetic storm on 18 August, 2003 (SSC 14:21 UT on 17/08; Sigma Kp = 52+; Ap = 108; vertical bar Dst vertical bar(max) = 168 at 1600 UT on 18/08). Simultaneous ionospheric sounding measurements from two stations, viz., Palmas (10.2 degrees S, 48.2 degrees W; dip latitude 5.7 degrees S) and Sao Jose dos Campos (23.2 degrees S, 45.9 degrees W; dip latitude 17.6 degrees S), Brazil, are presented for the nights of 16-17, 17-18 and 18-19 August, 2003 (quiet, disturbed and recovery phases). Both stations are equipped with the Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI). Quiet and disturbed conditions of the F-region ionosphere are compared using data collected from the two stations. The relationship between magnetospheric disturbance and low-latitude ionospheric dynamics, and generation of ionospheric irregularities are discussed. On the disturbed nights (17-18 and 18-19 August), the low latitude station S. J. Campos showed strong enhancements in the F-region critical frequency (foF2), whereas the near equatorial station Palmas showed strong uplifting of the F-layer about 1 h earlier. Normally during the June solstice months (May-August) in the Brazilian sector, large-scale ionospheric irregularities in form of plasma bubbles are rarely observed. On the night of 17-18 August, ionsospheric sounding observations at Palmas showed the presence of bottomside spread-F, whereas on the night of 18-19 August, the observations at Palmas and S. J. Campos showed the presence of plasma bubbles when the storm recovery phase had just started. The complementary GPS data available from several stations in the "Rede Brasileira de MonitoramentoContinuo de GPS (Brazilian Network for Continuous GPSMonitoring)" are used to obtain the vertical total electron content (VTEC) and the rate of change of TEC per minute on UT days 18 and 19 August, 2003 and presented. Also, several global ionospheric TEC maps from the worldwide network of GPS receivers are presented, showing widespread latitudinal and longitudinal TEC changes during the different phases of the storm. All the observations (local ionospheric sounding and GPS network measurements, and global GPS measurements) presented in this investigation related to the geomagnetic storm on 18 August indicate that the equatorial and low latitude region in the Brazilian sector had much stronger effect during the recovery phase compared with the main phase. A comparison of the observed disturbance drifts with the Fejer-Scherliess storm-time model drifts indicate that the modeled drifts are not consistent with the present observations. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sahai, Y.; Becker-Guedes, F.; Fagundes, P. R.; Pillat, V. G.; Abalde, J. R.] Univ Vale Paraiba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Lima, W. L. C.] Ctr Univ Luterano Palmas, Palmas, TO, Brazil. [Otsuka, Y.] Nagoya Univ, STELAB, Toyokawa, Japan. [Huang, C. -S.] MIT, Haystack Observ, Westford, MA 01886 USA. [Pi, X.] Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Pimenta, A. A.; Bittencourt, J. A.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Sahai, Y (reprint author), Univ Vale Paraiba, SJ Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM sahai@univap.br RI Bolzam, Mauricio/G-7860-2011; Fagundes, Paulo/G-8758-2011; Abalde, Jose/C-4274-2012; Sahai, Yogeshwar/C-4855-2012; Pimenta, Alexandre/C-6719-2012; de Abreu, Alessandro /C-4531-2012; Pillat, Valdir/D-4610-2012; Becker-Guedes, Fabio/M-6911-2015 NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1325 EP 1334 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.064 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OG UT WOS:000253588500012 ER PT J AU Akiyama, S Yashiro, S GopalswaMy, N AF Akiyama, S. Yashiro, S. GopalswaMy, N. TI The CME-productivity associated with flares from two active regions SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Sun : flare; Sun : coronal mass ejection; Sun : activity ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS AB We report on two flare-productive adjacent active regions (ARs), with different levels of coronal mass ejection (CME) association. AR 10039 and AR 10044 produced strong X-ray flares during their disk passages. We examined the CME association rate of X-ray flares and found it to be different between the two ARs. AR 10039 was CME-rich with 72% association with flares, while AR 10044 was CME-poor with an association rate of only 14%. CMEs from the CME-rich AR were faster and wider than the ones from the CME-poor AR. The flare activity of AR 10044 was temporally concentrated over a short interval and spatially localized over a compact area between the major sun spots. We suggest that different pre-eruption evolution and magnetic configuration in the two regions might have contributed to the difference between the two ARs. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Akiyama, S.; Yashiro, S.] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Yashiro, S.; GopalswaMy, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Akiyama, S (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, 200 Hannan Hall, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM akiyama@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; yashiro@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; gopals@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 9 BP 1467 EP 1470 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.03.033 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OH UT WOS:000253588600019 ER PT J AU Dow, JM Neilan, RE Weber, R Gendt, G AF Dow, J. M. Neilan, R. E. Weber, R. Gendt, G. TI Galileo and the IGS: Taking advantage of multiple GNSS constellations SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Galileo; IGS; GNSS; International GNSS Service; GPS; GLONASS; IGLOS; IGEX ID INTERNATIONAL GLONASS EXPERIMENT; GPS SERVICE AB The paper reviews some objectives and preparatory activities of the International GNSS Service (IGS), in relation to the developing European Global Navigation Satellite System Galileo. Experience already acquired in the IGS in monitoring multiple global navigation satellite systems (GPS and GLONASS) is reviewed. Some significant features of the Galileo system are outlined, including constellation design, and some areas are identified in which Galileo will influence IGS operations in the future and in which the IGS and its active elements can continue to contribute to new GNSS developments. These include the IGS GNSS Working Group, the Galileo System Test Bed GSTB-V2 and the Galileo Geodetic Service Provider (GGSP) Prototype. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Dow, J. M.] ESA, European Space Operat Ctr, Darmstadt, Germany. [Neilan, R. E.] CALTECH, IGS Cent Bur, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Weber, R.] Tech Univ, Vienna, Austria. [Gendt, G.] Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Dow, JM (reprint author), ESA, European Space Operat Ctr, Darmstadt, Germany. EM john.dow@esa.int NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 10 BP 1545 EP 1551 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.064 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OI UT WOS:000253588700005 ER PT J AU Willis, P AF Willis, P. TI Analysis of a possible future degradation in the DORIS geodetic results related to changes in the satellite constellation SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE DORIS; terrestrial reference frame; earth rotation parameters; satellite constellation; simulation ID TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME; SERVICE; NETWORK; ORBITS; MODEL AB Recently, several improvements were made in the DORIS data processing at the IGN/JPL (Institut Geographique National, France; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA) analysis center: use of GRACE-derived gravity fields, data preprocessing and station discontinuity detection, etc. This allowed enhanced performances for ground station geodetic positioning (typically 10 mm using a week of data), as well as for polar motion (0.5-1.0 mas for daily determination). However, since the loss in 2004 of the DORIS receiver on the TOPEX/Poseidon mission, only four satellites (SPOT-2, SPOT-4, SPOT-5, and ENVISAT) are currently equipped with DORIS receivers. Furthermore, most of them are aging and some have already far exceeded their expected lifetime. The goal of this paper is to analyze how the geodetic performances could be degraded in the future if one or more of these satellites would unfortunately be lost, and to envisage which satellites are currently the most critical in the DORIS geodetic performances. We have reanalyzed 1 year of recent DORIS data (2005), processing all possible combinations of satellite constellation sub-sets. We then compared these results (station coordinates and polar motion) with those obtained in regular data processing when using DORIS data from all four available satellites in 2005. We demonstrate the importance of the SPOT-5 data, equipped with a new type of on-board DORIS receiver. The study also shows some possible weaknesses in our current ENVISAT orbit computations. Fortunately, new DORIS satellites are also expected in the near future (Jason-2, CRYOSAT-2 and AltiKa), which could improve current DORIS-derived geodetic results due to their specific type of orbit (different from the SPOT sun-synchronous orbits) and also to enhanced on-board receivers. (C) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Willis, P.] Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. [Willis, P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Willis, P.] Inst Phys Globe, Lab Etud Spatiales & Planetol, F-75252 Paris, France. RP Willis, P (reprint author), Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, 2 Ave Pasteur,BP 68, F-94160 St Mande, France. EM pascal.willis@ign.fr RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 10 BP 1582 EP 1588 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.11.018 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OI UT WOS:000253588700009 ER PT J AU Willis, P Haines, BJ Kuang, D AF Willis, P. Haines, B. J. Kuang, D. TI DORIS satellite phase center determination and consequences on the derived scale of the Terrestrial Reference Frame SO ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE DORIS; GPS; antenna phase center; Terrestrial Reference Frame; geocenter ID ORBIT DETERMINATION; TOPEX/POSEIDON; RESIDUALS; TRACKING; ITRF2000; SERVICE; NETWORK AB We analyzed 1 year of DORIS data to estimate daily corrections to the mean locations of the satellite antenna phase centers. For each DORIS satellite, we looked for possible biases, discontinuities, trends or annual signals. All SPOT satellites show very similar patterns, which are characterized by a significant constant bias of about 20 mm in the cross-track direction as well as a clear annual signal of 5 mm amplitude. All DORIS satellites show a consistent systematic radial offset of 10-20 mm (equivalent to 1.5-3.0 ppb in the Terrestrial Reference Frame) when using ITRF2000 and less than 1 ppb using ITRF2005P. A discontinuity unexpectedly appears in DORIS radial antenna phase center offset of the ENVISAT satellite on October 12, 2004, at the time of a flight software switch. GPS phase center offsets were also computed for Jason and TOPEX/Poseidon and no significant differences were found between DORIS and GPS estimations. Finally, we applied these estimated DORIS satellite antenna phase center offsets to derive weekly time series of station coordinates in 2004. Results showed very small improvement for station coordinates and confirmed that DORIS scale could match ITRF2000 scale by modifying the vector between the center of mass of the satellite and the phase center of the on-board antenna with a proper radial offset. At this point, we do not recommend the adoption of any empirical DORIS satellite phase center offsets at this point. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Willis, P.] Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, F-94160 St Mande, France. [Willis, P.; Haines, B. J.; Kuang, D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Willis, P.] Inst Phys Globe, Lab Etud Spatiales & Planetol, F-75252 Paris, France. RP Willis, P (reprint author), Inst Geog Natl, Direct Tech, 2 Ave Pasteur,BP 68, F-94160 St Mande, France. EM pascal.willis@ign.fr RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679 NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 EI 1879-1948 J9 ADV SPACE RES JI Adv. Space Res. PY 2007 VL 39 IS 10 BP 1589 EP 1596 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.007 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268OI UT WOS:000253588700010 ER PT S AU Woodruff, SL Rubinstein, R AF Woodruff, Stephen L. Rubinstein, Robert BE Palma, JMLM Lopes, AS TI Finite dimensional models for perturbed self-similar turbulent flows SO ADVANCES IN TURBULENCE XI SE Springer Proceedings in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th EUROMECH European Turbulence Conference CY JUN 25-28, 2007 CL Univ Porto, Fac Engenharia, Oporto, PORTUGAL HO Univ Porto, Fac Engenharia C1 [Woodruff, Stephen L.] Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Rubinstein, Robert] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Woodruff, SL (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM woodruff@caps.fsu.edu; r.rubinstein@larc.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0930-8989 BN 978-3-540-72603-6 J9 SPRINGER PROC PHYS PY 2007 VL 117 BP 325 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Physics GA BHA07 UT WOS:000251779600103 ER PT S AU Rubinstein, R Bos, W AF Rubinstein, Robert Bos, Wouter BE Palma, JMLM Lopes, AS TI The modulated dissipation rate in periodically forced turbulence SO ADVANCES IN TURBULENCE XI SE Springer Proceedings in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th EUROMECH European Turbulence Conference CY JUN 25-28, 2007 CL Univ Porto, Fac Engenharia, Oporto, PORTUGAL HO Univ Porto, Fac Engenharia C1 [Rubinstein, Robert] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Bos, Wouter] Ecole Cent Lyon, F-69130 Ecully, France. RP Rubinstein, R (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM r.rubinstein@larc.nasa.gov; wouter.bos@ec-1yon.fr OI Bos, Wouter/0000-0003-3510-0362 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0930-8989 BN 978-3-540-72603-6 J9 SPRINGER PROC PHYS PY 2007 VL 117 BP 553 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Physics GA BHA07 UT WOS:000251779600176 ER PT S AU Bigazzi, A Biferale, L Gama, SMA Velli, M AF Bigazzi, A. Biferale, L. Gama, S. M. A. Velli, M. BE Palma, JMLM Lopes, AS TI Anisotropy and universality in solar wind turbulence. Ulysses spacecraft data SO ADVANCES IN TURBULENCE XI SE Springer Proceedings in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th EUROMECH European Turbulence Conference CY JUN 25-28, 2007 CL Univ Porto, Fac Engenharia, Oporto, PORTUGAL HO Univ Porto, Fac Engenharia AB A novel (SO(3)) analysis of anisotropies in Solar Wind turbulence (Ulysses) shows the absence of a complete recovery of isotropy in magnetic field fluctuations at the smallest scales and persistence of intermittent, anisotropic contributions. Quantities mixing isotropic and anisotropic fluctuations, such as longitudinal structure functions, may thus be affected by uncontrolled errors. C1 [Bigazzi, A.; Biferale, L.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, INAF, Rome, Italy. [Bigazzi, A.; Biferale, L.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dip Fis, Rome, Italy. [Gama, S. M. A.] Univ Porto, CMUP, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. [Gama, S. M. A.] Univ Porto, DMA, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. [Velli, M.] CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Bigazzi, A (reprint author), Univ Roma Tor Vergata, INAF, Rome, Italy. RI biferale, luca/L-4535-2013; OI Gama, Silvio/0000-0002-0852-8892 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0930-8989 BN 978-3-540-72603-6 J9 SPRINGER PROC PHYS PY 2007 VL 117 BP 682 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Physics GA BHA07 UT WOS:000251779600216 ER PT S AU Kolano, PZ AF Kolano, Paul Z. BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Parvin, B Koracin, D Paragios, N Tanveer, SM Ju, T Liu, Z Coquillart, S CruzNeira, C Muller, T Malzbender, T TI A scalable aural-visual environment for security event monitoring, analysis, and response SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PT I SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Visual Computing CY NOV 26-28, 2007 CL Lake Tahoe, NV SP UNR Comp Vis Lab, Desert Res Inst, Berkeley Lab, NASA, SIEMENS, Intel Corp, DigitalPersona, EQUINOX, hp, Ford, MITSUBISHI, Utopia Compress AB Intrusion detection systems gather large quantities of host and network information in an attempt to detect and respond to attacks against an organization. The widely varying nature of attacks makes humans essential for analysis, but the sheer volume of data can quickly overwhelm even experienced analysts. Existing approaches utilize visualization to provide rapidly comprehensible representations of the data, but fail to scale to real-world environments due to unrealistic data handling and lack of response facilities. This paper introduces a new tool for security event monitoring, analysis, and response called Savors. Savors provides suitable scalability by utilizing three additional areas of computing. High-end computing brings large amounts of on-demand processing to bear on the problem. Auralization allows both monitoring and analysis to be performed in parallel. Finally, grid computing provides the basis for remote data access and response capabilities with seamless and secure access to organization resources. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Adv Supercomp div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Kolano, PZ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NASA Adv Supercomp div, M-S 258-6, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-76857-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4841 BP 564 EP 575 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHF97 UT WOS:000252834100055 ER PT J AU Khatib, L Morris, P Morris, R Rossi, F Sperduti, A Venable, KB AF Khatib, Lina Morris, Paul Morris, Robert Rossi, Francesca Sperduti, Alessandro Venable, K. Brent TI Solving and learning a tractable class of soft temporal constraints: Theoretical and experimental results SO AI COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE temporal constraints; preferences; scheduling; learning constraints ID SOLUTION PREFERENCES; NETWORKS AB Often we need to work in scenarios where events happen over time and preferences are associated with event distances and durations. Soft temporal constraints allow one to describe in a natural way problems arising in such scenarios. In general, solving soft temporal problems requires exponential time in the worst case, but there are interesting subclasses of problems which are polynomially solvable. In this paper we identify one of such subclasses, that is, simple fuzzy temporal problems with semi-convex preference functions, giving tractability results. Moreover, we describe two solvers for this class of soft temporal problems, and we show some experimental results. The random generator used to build the problems on which tests are performed is also described. We also compare the two solvers highlighting the tradeoff between performance and robustness. Sometimes, however, temporal local preferences are difficult to set, and it may be easier instead to associate preferences to some complete solutions of the problem. To model everything in a uniform way via local preferences only, and also to take advantage of the existing constraint solvers which exploit only local preferences, we show that machine learning techniques can be useful in this respect. In particular, we present a learning module based on a gradient descent technique which induces local temporal preferences from global ones. We also show the behavior of the learning module on randomly-generated examples. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Padua, Dept Pure & Appl Math, I-35131 Padua, Italy. RP Khatib, L (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 49 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-7126 EI 1875-8452 J9 AI COMMUN JI AI Commun. PY 2007 VL 20 IS 3 BP 181 EP 209 PG 29 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 216NF UT WOS:000249884100004 ER PT J AU Gokcen, T Stewart, DA AF Gokcen, Tahir Stewart, David A. TI Computational analysis of semi-elliptical nozzle arcjet experiments: Calibration plate, wing leading-edge SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 35th Fluid Dynamics Conference CY JUN 06-09, 2006 CL Toronto, CANADA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; LINE RELAXATION; FLOW AB This paper reports computational analysis in support of experiments in a high enthalpy arcjet wind tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. These experiments were conducted in the NASA Ames 60-MW Interaction Heating Facility and include surface temperature measurements of swept-wing leading edge shaped pylon models. Surface temperatures of the arcjet pylon models were measured with thermocouples, an infrared camera, and a pyrometer. During the facility characterization runs, surface pressure and heat flux measurements on a water-cooled calibration plate were obtained. The present analysis comprises computational simulations of the nonequilibrium flowfield in the facility, (the nozzle and the test box) and comparisons with the experimental measurements. The value of computational fluid dynamics simulations in planning and analysis of a complex arcjet test configuration is demonstrated.. C1 ELORET Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, TPS Mat Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Gokcen, T (reprint author), ELORET Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 45 IS 1 BP 128 EP 137 DI 10.2514/1.22845 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 130WU UT WOS:000243830500012 ER PT J AU Wright, MJ Hwang, HH Schwenke, DW AF Wright, Michael J. Hwang, Helen H. Schwenke, David W. TI Recommended collision integrals for transport property computations Part 2: Mars and Venus entries SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT ELECTRONIC STATES; SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS; DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS; ATOM-MOLECULE; OXYGEN-ATOMS; BASIS-SETS; CARBON; AIR; MIXTURES; NITROGEN AB A review of the best-available data for calculating a complete set of binary collision integrals for the computation of the mixture transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, ordinary and thermal diffusion) of 17-species weakly ionized CO2-N-2 mixtures is presented. The fidelity of the data varies considerably, but most.of the atomatom interactions are derived from ab initio methods that are estimated to be accurate to within 5%. The remaining important interactions between neutral species are estimated to be accurate to within about 30% over the temperature range of interest (300-20,000 K) to Mars and Venus reentry plasmas. Collision integrals for important ion-neutral interactions are computed using a modified Tang-Toennies potential and have an estimated accuracy of +/- 25%, whereas those between trace species are approximated via the polarization (Langevin) potential model. The accuracy and valid temperature range for electron-neutral interactions vary considerably due to scarcity of the required cross section data. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Applicat Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wright, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, MS 230-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI schwenke, david/I-3564-2013 NR 53 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 45 IS 1 BP 281 EP 288 DI 10.2514/1.24523 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 130WU UT WOS:000243830500027 ER PT B AU Hogrefe, C Lynn, B Solecki, B Cox, J Small, C Knowlton, K Rosenthal, J Goldberg, R Rosenzweig, C Civerolo, K Ku, JY Gaffin, S Kinney, PL AF Hogrefe, C. Lynn, B. Solecki, B. Cox, J. Small, C. Knowlton, K. Rosenthal, J. Goldberg, R. Rosenzweig, C. Civerolo, K. Ku, J-Y. Gaffin, S. Kinney, P. L. BE Borrego, C Norman, AL TI Air quality in future decades - Determining the relative impacts of changes in climate, emissions, global atmospheric composition, and regional land use SO AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATIONS XVII SE NATO - CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application CY OCT 24-29, 2004 CL Banff, CANADA SP NATO, CCMS, Univ Aveiro, Univ Calgary ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; MODEL; OZONE C1 [Hogrefe, C.; Kinney, P. L.] SUNY Albany, ASRC, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Civerolo, K.; Ku, J-Y.] New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. [Lynn, B.; Goldberg, R.; Rosenzweig, C.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Small, C.; Knowlton, K.; Rosenthal, J.; Gaffin, S.; Kinney, P. L.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Kinney, PL (reprint author), SUNY Albany, ASRC, Albany, NY 12222 USA. FU U.S. Environmental Projection Agency [R-82873301] FX This work is supported by the U.S. Environmental Projection Agency under STAR grant R-82873301. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-28255-8 J9 NATO-CHAL M PY 2007 VL 17 BP 217 EP + PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFU85 UT WOS:000244729600024 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Aumann, HH Chahine, MT O'Callaghan, FG AF Pagano, Thomas S. Aumann, Hartmut H. Chahine, Moustafa T. O'Callaghan, Fred G. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Advanced Remote-sensing Imaging Emission Spectrometer (ARIES): System-level design tradeoffs - art. no. 65651 SO Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XIII CY APR 09-12, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE AIRS; MODIS; ARIES; Imaging spectrometer; remote sensing AB Development of a next-generation imager/sounder requires advances in optics, focal planes, mechanical systems and electronics. Technologies exist today to meet the requirements of next generation imager/sounders, but they allow a wide range of configurations. On one hand, the instrument aperture can be as small as diffraction will allow, but this will require a very large field of view of the optical system and a large focal plane assembly. On the other hand, the aperture can be large, minimizing the field of view and number of detectors. In this paper, we examine the relationship between aperture size, field of view of the optical system and focal plane assembly size and the number of detector elements needed to meet the requirements of a next generation imager/sounder system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6687-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6565 BP 65651 EP 65651 AR 65651 DI 10.1117/12.718788 PG 6 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGO62 UT WOS:000249044300054 ER PT S AU Susskind, J AF Susskind, Joel BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Recent theoretical advances in analysis of AIRS/AMSU sounding data SO ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, AND ULTRASPECTRAL IMAGERY XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XIII CY APR 09-12, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE high spectral resolution IR sounders; atmospheric sounding; satellite meteorology; new theoretical developments; improved forecast skill ID WEATHER PREDICTION; CLOUDY ATMOSPHERES; AIRS AB The AIRS Science Team Version 5.0 retrieval algorithm will become operational at the Goddard DAAC in early 2007 in the near real-time analysis of AIRS/AMSU sounding data. This algorithm contains many significant theoretical advances over the AIRS Science Team Version 4.0 retrieval algorithm used previously. Three very significant developments are: 1) the development and implementation of a very accurate Radiative Transfer Algorithm (RTA) which allows for accurate treatment of non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) effects on shortwave sounding channels; 2) the development of methodology to obtain very accurate case by case product error estimates which are in turn used for quality control; and 3) development of an accurate AIRS only cloud clearing and retrieval system. These theoretical improvements taken together enabled a new methodology to be developed which further improves soundings in partially cloudy conditions, without the need for microwave observations in the cloud clearing step as has been done previously. In this methodology, longwave CO2 channel observations in the spectral region 700 cm(-1) to 750 cm(-1) are used exclusively for cloud clearing purposes, while shortwave CO2 channels in the spectral region 2195 cm(-1) to 2395 cm(-1) are used for temperature sounding purposes. The new methodology is described briefly and results are shown, including comparison with those using AIRS Version 4, as well as a forecast impact experiment assimilating AIRS Version 5.0 retrieval products in the Goddard GEOS 5 Data Assimilation System. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6687-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6565 AR 65651H DI 10.1117/12.718448 PG 12 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGO62 UT WOS:000249044300049 ER PT J AU Ford, WF Pennline, JA AF Ford, William F. Pennline, James A. TI When does convergence in the mean imply uniform convergence? SO AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL MONTHLY LA English DT Article C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Ford, WF (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. EM James.A.Pennline@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATHEMATICAL ASSOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1529 18TH STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-9890 J9 AM MATH MON JI Am. Math. Mon. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 114 IS 1 BP 58 EP 60 PG 3 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 123SI UT WOS:000243315500005 ER PT J AU Lenihan, JS Ball, JC Gavalas, VG Lumpp, JK Hines, J Daunert, S Bachas, LG AF Lenihan, Jeffrey S. Ball, J. Christopher Gavalas, Vasilis G. Lumpp, Janet K. Hines, John Daunert, Sylvia Bachas, Leonidas G. TI Microfabrication of screen-printed nanoliter vials with embedded surface-modified electrodes SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE microfabrication; nanoliter vials; ion-selective sensing ID GLASSY-CARBON ELECTRODES; FIBER MICRODISK ELECTRODES; ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES; CHIP-BASED NANOVIALS; POLYPYRROLE FILM; LASER ACTIVATION; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; ELECTROANALYTICAL SENSOR; SAMPLE INTRODUCTION; RECESSED MICRODISK AB A self-contained ion-selective sensing system within a nanoliter-volume vial has been developed by integrating screen printing, laser ablation, and molecular imprinting techniques. Screen printing and laser ablation are used in tandem to fabricate nanoliter-volume vials with carbon and Ag/AgCl ring electrodes embedded in the sidewalls. Using multisweep cyclic voltammetry, the surface of the carbon electrode can be modified with a polypyrrole film. By polymerizing pyrrole in the presence of nitrate, pores complementary to the nitrate anion in size, shape, and charge distribution are formed in the resulting film. Electrochemical cells modified with this nitrate-imprinted polypyrrole film show a near-Nernstian response to nitrate, and excellent reproducibility. The integration of molecular recognition and electrochemical response in the nanoliter vials is demonstrated by the detection of as little as 0.36 ng nitrate in nanoliter-volume samples. The integration of tailored molecular recognition within nanoliter vials via established fabrication and imprinting protocols should result in a number of nanosensor devices with applications in BioMEMS and micro total analysis systems. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bachas, LG (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Chem, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM bachas@uky.edu RI Bachas, Leonidas/G-2479-2015; OI Bachas, Leonidas/0000-0002-3308-6264 NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 387 IS 1 BP 259 EP 265 DI 10.1007/s00216-006-0893-4 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 118UN UT WOS:000242968000040 PM 17115139 ER PT J AU Mayr, HG Mengel, JG Huang, FT Nash, ER AF Mayr, H. G. Mengel, J. G. Huang, F. T. Nash, E. R. TI Equatorial annual oscillation with QBO-driven 5-year modulation in NCEP data SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; general circulation; middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEMIANNUAL OSCILLATION; TROPICAL STRATOSPHERE; OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; GRAVITY-WAVES; KELVIN WAVE; CYCLE AB An analysis is presented of the stratospheric zonal wind and temperature variations supplied by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The derived zonal-mean variations are employed. Stimulated by modeling studies, the data are separated into the hemispherically symmetric and anti-symmetric components, and spectral analysis is applied to study the 12-month annual oscillation (AO) and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). For data samples that cover as much as 40 years, the zonal wind results reveal a pronounced 5-year modulation of the symmetric AO in the lower stratosphere, which is confined to equatorial latitudes. This modulation is also seen in the temperature variations but extends to high latitudes, qualitatively consistent with published model results. A comparison between different time intervals of the data indicates that the signature of the 5-year oscillation is larger when the QBO of 30 months is more pronounced. Thus there is circumstantial evidence that this particular QBO period is involved in generating the oscillation as was shown in a modeling study (Mayr et al., 2000). In agreement with the model, the spectral analysis also reveals a weak anti-symmetric 5-year oscillation in the zonal wind data, which could interact with the strong anti-symmetric AO to produce the modulation of the symmetric AO. The 30-month QBO is well suited to be synchronized by, and phase-locked to, the equatorial semi-annual oscillation (SAO), and this may explain why this QBO periodicity and its 5-year spin-off are observed to persist for many cycles. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Creat Comp Solut Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Mayr, HG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM hans.mayr@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 1 BP 37 EP 45 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 144HG UT WOS:000244786500007 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Verkhoglyadova, OP Mannucci, AJ Araki, T Sato, A Tsuda, T Yumoto, K AF Tsurutani, B. T. Verkhoglyadova, O. P. Mannucci, A. J. Araki, T. Sato, A. Tsuda, T. Yumoto, K. TI Oxygen ion uplift and satellite drag effects during the 30 October 2003 daytime superfountain event SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; electric fields and currents; ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions; magnetospheric physics; electric fields ID IONOSPHERIC ELECTRIC-FIELDS; F-REGION; STORMS; MODEL; LAYER AB The prompt penetration of interplanetary electric fields (IEFs) to the dayside low-latitude ionosphere during the first similar to 2 h of a superstorm is estimated and applied to a modified NRL SAMI2 code for the 30 October 2003 event. In our simulations, the dayside ionospheric 01 is convected to higher altitudes (similar to 600 km) and higher latitudes (similar to +/- 25 degrees to 30 degrees), forming highly displaced equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) peaks. This feature plus others are consistent with previously published CHAMP electron (TEC) measurements and with the dayside superfountain model. The rapid upward motion of the O+ ions causes neutral oxygen (0) uplift due to ion-neutral drag. It is estimated that above similar to 400 km altitude the 0 densities within the displaced EIAs can be increased substantially over quiet time values. The latter feature will cause increased drag for low-altitude satellites. This newly predicted phenomenon is expected to be typical for superstorm/IEF events. C1 Kyoto Univ, RISH, Uji, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Kyoto Univ, KUGI, Kyoto, Japan. Kyushu Univ, SERC, Fukuoka 812, Japan. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, RISH, Uji, Japan. EM bruce.t.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov RI Mannucci, Anthony/A-1349-2007; tsuda, toshitaka/A-3035-2015; OI Mannucci, Anthony/0000-0003-2391-8490; Verkhoglyadova, Olga/0000-0002-9295-9539 NR 31 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 3 BP 569 EP 574 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 164WQ UT WOS:000246265900001 ER PT J AU Becker-Guedes, F Sahai, Y Fagundes, PR Espinoza, ES Pillat, VG Lima, WLC Basu, S Basu, S Otsuka, Y Shiokawa, K MacKenzie, EM Pi, X Bittencourt, JA AF Becker-Guedes, F. Sahai, Y. Fagundes, P. R. Espinoza, E. S. Pillat, V. G. Lima, W. L. C. Basu, Su. Basu, Sa. Otsuka, Y. Shiokawa, K. MacKenzie, E. M. Pi, X. Bittencourt, J. A. TI The ionospheric response in the Brazilian sector during the super geomagnetic storm on 20 November 2003 SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; equatorial ionosphere; ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions; ionospheric irregularities ID MAGNETIC STORM; ELECTRIC-FIELD; LOW LATITUDES; SUBSTORMS; REGION; PHASE AB A very intense geomagnetic storm (superstorm) began with storm sudden commencement (SSC) at 08:03 UT on 20 November 2003, as a result of the coronal mass ejection (CME) by sunspot 484 hurled into space on 18 November 2003. The geomagnetic storm attained vertical bar D-st vertical bar(max)=472 nT at 20:00 UT (20 November). In this paper we present the simultaneous ionospheric sounding observations, using the Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosondes (CADIs), carried out from Palmas (PAL; 10.2 degrees S, 48.2 degrees W; dip latitude 5.5 degrees S; a near equatorial station) and Sao Jose dos Campos (SJC; 23.2 degrees S. 45.9 degrees W; dip latitude 17.6 degrees S; station located under the crest of equatorial ionospheric anomaly), Brazil. In addition, total electron content (TEC) measurements from several GPS receiving stations in the Brazilian sector during this storm are presented. The simultaneous ionospheric sounding observations carried out at SJC and PAL, and TEC observations on 3 consecutive days viz., 19 November (quiet), 20 November (disturbed) and 21 November (recovery phase) are presented. Salient features from the ionospheric observations in the Brazilian sector during the superstorm are discussed. The difference in the observed ionospheric response at the two stations (PAL and SJC) is considerable. This is not surprising given that PAL is close to the magnetic equator and SJC is near the crest of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA). It should be pointed out that soon after the SSC (about 4 h later), the F-region critical frequency (foF2), the F-region peak height (hpF2), and variations of virtual heights at different frequencies (iso-frequency plots) all show wavelike oscillations of the F-region during daytime at both the ionospheric sounding stations. Unusual rapid uplifting of F-region at PAL was observed during both the main and recovery phases of the storm. C1 UNIVAP, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. Inst Geofis Peru, Radio Observ Jicamarca, Lima, Peru. ULBRA, CEULP, Palmas, TO, Brazil. Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. Nagoya Univ, STELAB, Toyokawa, Japan. Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. INPE, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. RP Becker-Guedes, F (reprint author), UNIVAP, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. EM fabio@univap.br RI Fagundes, Paulo/G-8758-2011; Sahai, Yogeshwar/C-4855-2012; Pillat, Valdir/D-4610-2012; Becker-Guedes, Fabio/M-6911-2015 NR 28 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 4 BP 863 EP 873 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 171UY UT WOS:000246762100005 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, A Hesse, M Kuznetsova, M Rastatter, L AF Pulkkinen, A. Hesse, M. Kuznetsova, M. Rastatter, L. TI First-principles modeling of geomagnetically induced electromagnetic fields and currents from upstream solar wind to the surface of the Earth SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; auroral ionosphere; modeling and forecasting; space plasma physics; numerical simulation studies ID COMPLEX-IMAGE METHOD; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; CURRENT SYSTEMS; AURORAL ELECTROJET; GLOBAL SIMULATION; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; STORM; MAGNETOSPHERE; INDUCTION AB Our capability to model the near-space physical phenomena has gradually reached a level enabling modulebased first-principles modeling of geomagnetically induced electromagnetic fields and currents from upstream solar wind to the surface of the Earth. As geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) pose a real threat to the normal operation of long conductor systems on the ground, such as high-voltage power transmission systems, it is quite obvious that success in accurate predictive modeling of the phenomenon would open entirely new windows for operational space weather products. Here we introduce a process for obtaining geomagnetically induced electromagnetic fields and currents from the output of global magnetospheric MHD codes. We also present metrics that take into account both the complex nature of the signal and possible forecasting applications of the modeling process. The modeling process and the metrics are presented with the help of an actual example space weather event of 24-29 October 2003. Analysis of the event demonstrates that, despite some significant shortcomings, some central features of the overall ionospheric current fluctuations associated with GIC can be captured by the modeling process. More specifically, the basic spatiotemporal morphology of the modeled and '' measured '' GIC is quite similar. Furthermore, the presented user-relevant utility metrics demonstrate that MHD-based modeling can outperform simple GIC persistence models. C1 Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ, Washington, DC USA. RP Pulkkinen, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM antti.pulkkinen@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Hesse, Michael/D-2031-2012; Rastaetter, Lutz/D-4715-2012; Kuznetsova, Maria/F-6840-2012 OI Rastaetter, Lutz/0000-0002-7343-4147; NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 4 BP 881 EP 893 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 171UY UT WOS:000246762100007 ER PT J AU Mayr, HG Mengel, JG Wolff, CL Huang, FT Porter, HS AF Mayr, H. G. Mengel, J. G. Wolff, C. L. Huang, F. T. Porter, H. S. TI The QBO as potential amplifier and conduit to lower altitudes of solar cycle influence SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; general circulation; middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; DOPPLER-SPREAD PARAMETERIZATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NUMERICAL SPECTRAL MODEL; WAVE MOMENTUM DEPOSITION; INTERNAL GRAVITY-WAVES; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL OSCILLATIONS; SEMIANNUAL OSCILLATION AB In several papers, the solar cycle (SC) effect in the lower atmosphere has been linked observationally to the Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) of the zonal circulation. Salby and Callaghan (2000) in particular analyzed the QBO wind measurements, covering more than 40 years, and discovered that they contain a large SC signature at 20 km. We present here the results from a study with our 3-D Numerical Spectral Model (NSM), which relies primarily on parameterized gravity waves (GW) to describe the QBO. In our model, the period of the SC is taken to be 10 years, and the relative amplitude of radiative forcing varies exponentially with height, i.e., 0.2% at the surface, 2% at 50 km, and 20% at 100 km and above. Applying spectral analysis to identify the SC signature, the model generates a relatively large modulation of the QBO, which reproduces the observations qualitatively. ne numerical results demonstrate that the QBO modulation, closely tracking the phase of the SC, is robust and persists at least for 70 years. The question is what causes the SC effect, and our analysis shows that four interlocking processes are involved: (1) In the mesosphere at around 60 km, the solar UV variations generate in the zonal winds a SC modulation of the 12-month annual oscillation, which is hemispherically symmetric and confined to equatorial latitudes like the QBO. (2) Although the amplitude of this equatorial annual oscillation (EAO) is relatively small, its SC modulation is large and extends into the lower stratosphere under the influence of, and amplified by, wave forcing. (3) The amplitude modulations of both EAO and QBO are essentially in phase with the imposed SC heating for the entire time span of the model simulation. This indicates that, due to positive feedback in the wave mechanism, the EAO apparently provides the pathway and pacemaker for the SC modulation of the QBO. (4) Our analysis demonstrates that the SC modulations of the QBO and EAO are amplitied by tapping the momentum from the upward propagating gravity waves. Influenced and amplified by wave processes, the QBO thus acts as conduit to transfer to lower altitudes the larger SC variations in the UV absorbed in the mesosphere. Our model produces in the temperature variations of the QBO and EAO measurable SC modulations at polar latitudes near the tropopause. The effects are apparently generated by the meridional circulation, and planetary waves presumably, which redistribute the energy from the equatorial region where the waves are very effective in amplifying the SC influence. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat, Lanham, MD USA. Creative Comp Solut Inc, Rockville, MD USA. Furman Univ, Greenville, SC 29613 USA. RP Mayr, HG (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM hmayr2@verizon.net NR 66 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1071 EP 1092 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 185JY UT WOS:000247708500002 ER PT J AU DeJong, AD Cai, X Clauer, RC Spann, JF AF DeJong, A. D. Cai, X. Clauer, R. C. Spann, J. F. TI Aurora and open magnetic flux during isolated substorms, sawteeth, and SMC events SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; auroral phenomena; storms and substorms ID STEADY MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTION; POLAR-CAP AREA; SAWTOOTH EVENTS; BOUNDARY AB Using Polar UVI LBH1 and IMAGE FUV WIC data, we have compared the auroral signatures and polar cap open flux for isolated substorms, sawteeth oscillations, and steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) events. First, a case study of each event type is performed, comparing auroral signatures and open magnetic fluxes to one another. The latitude location of the auroral oval is similar during isolated substorms and SMC events. The auroral intensity during SMC events is similar to that observed during the expansion phase of an isolated substorm. Examination of an individual sawtooth shows that the auroral intensity is much greater than the SMC or isolated substorm events and the auroral oval is displaced equatorward making a larger polar cap. The temporal variations observed during the individual sawtooth are similar to that observed during the isolated substorm, and while the change in polar cap flux measured during the sawtooth is larger, the percent change in flux is similar to that measured during the isolated substorm. These results are confirmed by a statistical analysis of events within these three classes. The results show that the auroral oval measured during individual sawteeth contains a polar cap with, on average, 150% more magnetic flux than the oval measured during isolated substorms or during SMC events. However, both isolated substorms and sawteeth show a 30% decrease in polar cap magnetic flux during the dipolarization (expansion) phase. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NASA, Huntsville, AL USA. RP DeJong, AD (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM dejonga@umich.edu NR 26 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1865 EP 1876 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 217WX UT WOS:000249979100014 ER PT J AU Taktakishvili, A Zimbardo, G Amata, E Savin, S Greco, A Veltri, P Lopez, RE AF Taktakishvili, A. Zimbardo, G. Amata, E. Savin, S. Greco, A. Veltri, P. Lopez, R. E. TI Ion escape from the high latitude magnetopause: analysis of oxygen and proton dynamics in the presence of magnetic turbulence SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; space plasma physics; numerical simulation studies; transport processes ID HIGH-ALTITUDE CUSP; LEVY RANDOM-WALK; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MAGNETOSHEATH INTERACTION; SPACECRAFT OBSERVATIONS; FIELD LINES; POLAR-CAP; MAGNETOSPHERE; CLUSTER; OUTFLOW AB Recent Cluster observations of the vicinity of the high latitude magnetopause indicate the presence of beams of singly charged oxygen ions, which are of ionospheric origin. In this paper we examine the role of magnetic turbulence combined with a dc electric field across the magnetopause in causing the cross field transport of protons and of singly charged oxygen ions, by means of a kinetic test particle simulation. We find that the observed values of magnetosheath turbulence and electric fields can produce a substantial escape of the oxygen ions relative to protons. By varying the magnetic turbulence level in the simulation, we find that the number of O+ crossing the magnetopause grows with delta B/B-0, and that very few ions can cross the magnetopause for delta B/B-0=0. The ion temperature also grows with delta B/B-0, showing that magnetic turbulence is effective in thermalizing the kinetic energy gain due to the cross-magnetopause potential drop. We suggest that this mechanism can help to explain Cluster observations of energetic oxygen ions during a high-latitude magnetopause crossing. C1 Univ Calabria, Cosenza, Italy. Ctr Plasma Astrophys, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. INAF, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Rome, Italy. Space Res Inst, Moscow, Russia. Florida Inst Technol, Melbourne, FL USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Taktakishvili, A (reprint author), Univ Calabria, Cosenza, Italy. EM zimbardo@fis.unical.it RI Veltri, Pierluigi/J-1348-2014; OI Veltri, Pierluigi/0000-0002-7412-1660; Zimbardo, Gaetano/0000-0002-9207-2647; Lopez, Ramon/0000-0001-5881-1365 NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1877 EP 1885 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 217WX UT WOS:000249979100015 ER PT J AU Verronen, PT Rodger, CJ Clilverd, MA Pickett, HM Turunen, E AF Verronen, P. T. Rodger, C. J. Clilverd, M. A. Pickett, H. M. Turunen, E. TI Latitudinal extent of the January 2005 solar proton event in the Northern Hemisphere from satellite observations of hydroxyl SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE atmospheric composition and structure; middle atmosphere; composition and chemistry; ionosphere; particle precipitation; magnetospheric physics; polar cap phenomena ID POLAR-CAP ABSORPTION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; THERMOSPHERE AB We utilise hydroxyl observations from the MLS/Aura satellite instrument to study the latitudinal extent of particle forcing in the northern polar region during the January 2005 solar proton event. MLS is the first satellite instrument to observe HOx changes during such an event. We also predict the hydroxyl changes with respect to the magnetic latitude by the Sodankyla Ion and Neutral Chemistry model, estimating the variable magnetic cutoff energies for protons using a parameterisation based on magnetosphere modelling and the planetary magnetic index K-p. In the middle and lower mesosphere, HOx species are good indicators of the changes in the atmosphere during solar proton events, because they respond rapidly to both increases and decreases in proton forcing. Also, atmospheric transport has a negligible effect on HOx because of its short chemical lifetime. The observations indicate the boundary of the proton forcing and a transition region, from none to the 'full' effect, which ranges from about 57 to 64 degrees of magnetic latitude. When saturating the rigidity cutoff K-p at 6 in the model, as suggested by earlier studies using observations of cosmic radio noise absorption, the equatorward boundary of the transition region is offset by approximate to 2 degrees polewards compared with the data, thus the latitudinal extent of the proton forcing in the atmosphere is underestimated. However, the model predictions are in reasonable agreement with the MLS measurements when the K-p index is allowed to vary within its nominal range, i.e., from 1 to 9 in the cutoff calculation. C1 Earth Observ, Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. Univ Otago, Dept Phys, Dunedin, New Zealand. British Antarctic Survey, Div Phys Sci, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Oulu, Sodankyla Geophys Observ, Sodankyla, Finland. RP Verronen, PT (reprint author), Earth Observ, Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. EM pekka.verronen@fmi.fi RI Verronen, Pekka/G-6658-2014; Rodger, Craig/A-1501-2011 OI Verronen, Pekka/0000-0002-3479-9071; Rodger, Craig/0000-0002-6770-2707 NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 10 BP 2203 EP 2215 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235NS UT WOS:000251241800013 ER PT J AU Marubashi, K Lepping, RP AF Marubashi, K. Lepping, R. P. TI Long-duration magnetic clouds: a comparison of analyses using torus- and cylinder-shaped flux rope models SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary physics (Interplanetary magnetic fields; Solar wind plasma) ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; FORCE-FREE FIELD; SOLAR-WIND; INTERNAL STRUCTURE; HELICITY BUDGET; CONSTANT-ALPHA; PLASMA; PARAMETERS; SPACECRAFT; EVENTS AB We identified 17 magnetic clouds (MCs) with durations longer than 30 h, surveying the solar wind data obtained by the WIND and ACE spacecraft during 10 years from 1995 through 2004. Then, the magnetic field structures of these 17 MCs were analyzed by the technique of the least-squares fitting to force-free flux rope models. The analysis was made with both the cylinder and torus models when possible, and the results from the two models are compared. The torus model was used in order to approximate the curved portion of the MCs near the flanks of the MC loops. As a result, we classified the 17 MCs into 4 groups. They are (1) 5 MC events exhibiting magnetic field rotations through angles substantially larger than 180 degrees which can be interpreted only by the torus model; (2) 3 other MC events that can be interpreted only by the torus model as well, though the rotation angles of magnetic fields are less than 180 degrees; (3) 3 MC events for which similar geometries are obtained from both the torus and cylinder models; and (4) 6 MC events for which the resultant geometries obtained from both models are substantially different from each other, even though the observed magnetic field variations can be interpreted by either of the torus model or the cylinder model. It is concluded that the MC events in the first and second groups correspond to those cases where the spacecraft traversed the MCs near the flanks of the MC loops, the difference between the two being attributed to the difference in distance between the torus axis and the spacecraft trajectory. The MC events in the third group are interpreted as the cases where the spacecraft traversed near the apexes of the MC loops. For the MC events in the fourth group, the real geometry cannot be determined from the model fitting technique alone. Though an attempt was made to determine which model is more plausible for each of the MCs in this group by comparing the characteristics of associated bidirectional electron heat flows, the results were not very definitive. It was also found that the radii of the flux ropes obtained from the torus fitting tend to be generally smaller than those obtained from the cylinder fitting. This result raises a possible problem in estimating the magnetic flux and helicity carried away from the Sun by the MCs. C1 [Marubashi, K.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Koganei, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. [Lepping, R. P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Marubashi, K (reprint author), Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Taejon 305348, South Korea. EM k.marubashi@cos.ocn.ne.jp NR 52 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2453 EP 2477 PG 25 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246HU UT WOS:000251998900016 ER PT J AU Lepping, RP Narock, TW Chen, H AF Lepping, R. P. Narock, T. W. Chen, H. TI Comparison of magnetic field observations of an average magnetic cloud with a simple force free model: the importance of field compression and expansion SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE solar physics, astrophysics and astronomy; flares and mass ejections, magnetic fields; space plasma physics; experimental and mathematical techniques ID SOLAR-WIND; 1 AU; CONSTANT-ALPHA; FLUX ROPES; PARAMETERS; EVOLUTION; VOYAGER; ERRORS; LOOP AB We investigate the ability of the cylindrically symmetric force-free magnetic cloud (MC) fitting model of Lepping et al. (1990) to faithfully reproduce actual magnetic field observations by examining two quantities: (1) a difference angle, called beta, i.e., the angle between the direction of the observed magnetic field (B(obs)) and the derived force free model field (B(mod)) and (2) the difference in magnitudes between the observed and modeled fields, i.e., Delta B(=vertical bar B(obs)vertical bar-vertical bar B(mod)vertical bar), and a normalized Delta B (i.e., Delta B/< B >) is also examined, all for a judiciously chosen set of 50 WIND interplanetary MCs, based on quality considerations. These three quantities are developed as a percent of MC duration and averaged over this set of MCs to obtain average profiles. It is found that, although and its normalize version are significantly enhanced (from a broad central average value) early in an average MC (and to a lesser extent also late in the MC), the angle is small (less than 8 degrees) and approximately constant all throughout the MC. The field intensity enhancements are due mainly to interaction of the MC with the surrounding solar wind plasma causing field compression at front and rear. For example, for a typical MC, Delta B/< B > is: 0.21 +/- 0.27 very early in the MC, -0.11 +/- 0.10 at the center (and -0.085 +/- 0.12 averaged over the full 'central region,' i.e., for 30% to 80% of duration), and 0.05 +/- 0.29 very late in the MC, showing a double sign change as we travel from front to center to back, in the MC. When individual MCs are examined we find that over 80% of them possess field enhancements within several to many hours of the front boundary, but only about 30% show such enhancements at their rear portions. The enhancement of the MC's front field is also due to MC expansion, but this is usually a lesser effect compared to compression. It is expected that this compression is manifested as significant distortion to the MC's cross-section from the ideal circle, first suggested by Crooker et al. (1990), into a more elliptical/oval shape, as some global MC studies seem to confirm (e.g., Riley and Crooker, 2004) and apparently also as confirmed for local studies of MCs (e.g., Hidalgo et al., 2002; Nieves-Chinchilla et al., 2005). C1 [Lepping, R. P.; Narock, T. W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Narock, T. W.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth & Sci Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Chen, H.] River Hill High Sch, Clarksville, MD 21029 USA. RP Lepping, RP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ronald.p.lepping@nasa.gov NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2007 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2641 EP 2648 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 258HY UT WOS:000252860200017 ER PT S AU Li, J Zwally, HJ Comiso, JC AF Li, Jun Zwally, H. Jay Comiso, Josefino C. BE Sharp, M TI Ice-sheet elevation changes caused by variations of the firn compaction rate induced by satellite-observed temperature variations (1982-2003) SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 46, 2007 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Cryospheric Indicators of Global Climate Change CY AUG 21-25, 2006 CL Cambridge, ENGLAND SP Int Glaciol Soc, British Antarct Res, IUGG Commiss Cryospher Sci, World Climate Res Program Climate & Cryosphere Project ID MASS-BALANCE; INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SURFACE ELEVATION; GREENLAND SUMMIT; DENSIFICATION; MODEL; VARIABILITY AB Changes in the surface elevation of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and ice shelves caused by variations in the rate of firn compaction are calculated with a time-dependent firn densification model driven by two decades (1982-2003) of satellite-observed monthly surface temperatures. The model includes the effects of melting and refreezing, both the direct changes in density and the subsequent effects on the densification rate. As previously shown, the temperaturem dependent rate of densification is largest in summer, but changes in winter temperatures also have a significant effect. Over the last decade, climate warming has enhanced the rate of compaction and lowered the average surface elevation of Greenland by 1.8cma-1 and most of West Antarctica by 1.9 cm a-'. In East Antarctica, a small cooling raised the average surface elevation by 0.14 cm a-'. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Code 614-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 BN 978-0-946417-41-4 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 2007 VL 46 BP 8 EP 13 DI 10.3189/172756407782871486 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BGW54 UT WOS:000250954200002 ER PT S AU Zinnecker, H Yorke, HW AF Zinnecker, Hans Yorke, Harold W. TI Toward understanding massive star formation SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS SE Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE accretion; circumstellar disks; HII regions; massive stars; protostars; star formation ID LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; ORION-NEBULA CLUSTER; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS; TURBULENT MOLECULAR CLOUD; YOUNG STELLAR CLUSTERS; H-II REGIONS; GALACTIC STARBURST NGC-3603; ANGULAR-MOMENTUM TRANSPORT; ULTRACOMPACT HII-REGIONS AB Although fundamental for astrophysics, the processes that produce massive stars are not well understood. Large distances, high extinction, and short timescales of critical evolutionary phases make observations of these processes challenging. Lacking good observational guidance, theoretical models have remained controversial. This review offers a basic description of the collapse of a massive molecular core and a critical discussion of the three competing concepts of massive star formation: square monolithic collapse in isolated cores square competitive accretion in a protocluster environment square stellar collisions and mergers in very dense systems We also review the observed outflows, multiplicity, and clustering properties of massive stars, the upper initial mass function and the upper mass limit. We conclude that high-mass star formation is not merely a scaled-up version of low-mass star formation with higher accretion rates, but partly a mechanism of its own, primarily owing to the role of stellar mass and radiation pressure in controlling the dynamics. C1 Inst Astrophys Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zinnecker, H (reprint author), Inst Astrophys Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany. EM hzinnecker@aip.de; Harold.Yorke@jpl.nasa.gov NR 435 TC 596 Z9 598 U1 3 U2 29 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4146 BN 978-0-8243-0945-9 J9 ANNU REV ASTRON ASTR JI Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2007 VL 45 BP 481 EP 563 DI 10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092549 PG 83 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 222QL UT WOS:000250311900013 ER PT S AU Vincenti, WG Boyd, JW Bugos, GE AF Vincenti, Walter G. Boyd, John W. Bugos, Glenn E. TI H. Julian Allen: An appreciation SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS SE Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics LA English DT Biographical-Item; Book Chapter DE theoretical aerodynamics; hypersonic aerodynamics; research management; biography AB Harvey Allen is best known as the genius behind the blunt-body concept, published in 1953, which enables spacecraft to return safely home through Earth's dense atmosphere. He was also an extraordinary research leader, who led a world-class research program in hypersonics at the NACA Ames Aeronautical Laboratory. This paper reviews his career as one of America's leading theorists and experimenters, including his engineering education at Stanford, his work on the inverse problem of calculating the airfoil profile to obtain a desired pressure distribution, his hand in constructing wind tunnels and experimental facilities at Ames, and his pioneering and wide-ranging work on atmospheric re-entry. It concludes with an appreciation of his uniquely inspirational style of research management, and of his magnetic personality. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Vincenti, WG (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM sts@stanford.edu; John.W.Boyd@NASA.gov; Glenn.E.Bugos@NASA.gov NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4189 BN 978-0-8243-0739-4 J9 ANNU REV FLUID MECH JI Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. PY 2007 VL 39 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.052506.084853 PG 17 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 131WA UT WOS:000243900500002 ER PT B AU Hinchey, M Dai, YS Rash, JL Truszkowski, W Madhusoodan, M AF Hinchey, Michael Dai, Yuan-Shun Rash, James L. Truszkowski, Walt Madhusoodan, Manish GP ACM TI Bionic Autonomic Nervous System and Self-Healing for NASA ANTS-Like Missions SO APPLIED COMPUTING 2007, VOL 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd ACM Symposium on Applied Computing CY MAR 11-15, 2007 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP ACM DE Autonomic Computing; Self-Healing; Autonomous Nano-Technology Swarm; Reliability AB The PAM (Prospecting Asteroid Mission) submission of the NASA concept mission ANTS (Autonomous Nano-Technology Swarm) involves the launch of a swarm of 1,000 autonomous pico-class spacecraft that will explore the asteroid belt. I this paper, we describe the development of a novel BANS (Bionic Autonomic Nervous System) technology with the potential to be deployed as part of the ANTS mission. The BANS is analogous to the biological nervous system, which consists of basic modules such as cyber axons, cyber neurons, the cyber peripheral nervous system and the cyber central nervous system. Equipped with the BANS, the ANTS system would be able to self-diagnose and self-heal faults/failures and avoid possible damage or collisions. An implementation and experimental results of the BANS exhibits the effectiveness and efficiency of the self-healing functions. C1 [Hinchey, Michael; Rash, James L.; Truszkowski, Walt] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hinchey, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-59593-480-2 PY 2007 BP 90 EP 96 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BKI57 UT WOS:000268215700019 ER PT B AU Rogers, RM AF Rogers, Robert M. BA Rogers, RM BF Rogers, RM TI Applied Mathematics in Integrated Navigation Systems Third Edition Introduction SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS IN INTEGRATED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS, THIRD EDITION SE AIAA Education Series LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID TUNED GYROSCOPE; KALMAN C1 [Rogers, Robert M.] Rogers Engn & Associates, Gainesville, FL USA. [Rogers, Robert M.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Rogers, RM (reprint author), Rogers Engn & Associates, Gainesville, FL USA. NR 0 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS & ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, STE 500, RESTON, VA 20191-4344 USA BN 978-1-56347-927-4 J9 AIAA EDUC SER PY 2007 SI 3rd BP 3 EP + PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BKD42 UT WOS:000267817400001 ER PT B AU Bukley, A Paloski, W Clement, G AF Bukley, Angie Paloski, William Clement, Gilles BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI Physics of artificial gravity SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy C1 [Bukley, Angie; Clement, Gilles] Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. [Paloski, William] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. [Clement, Gilles] Ctr Natl Rec Sci, Toulouse, France. RP Bukley, A (reprint author), Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. EM bukley@bobeat.ent.ohiou.edu; gilles.clement@cerco.ups-tlse.fr NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 33 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000002 ER PT B AU Clement, G Bukley, A Paloski, W AF Clement, Gilles Bukley, Angie Paloski, William BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI History of artificial gravity SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy ID SLOW ROTATION ROOM; CORIOLIS ACCELERATIONS; LINEAR ACCELERATION; PERCEPTION; SPACE; ADAPTATION; MICROGRAVITY; ORIENTATION; ENVIRONMENT; CENTRIFUGE C1 [Clement, Gilles] CNRS, Toulouse, France. [Clement, Gilles; Bukley, Angie] Ohio Univ, Athens, OH USA. [Paloski, William] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Clement, G (reprint author), CNRS, Toulouse, France. EM gilles.clement@cerco.ups-tlse.fr; bukley@bobeat.ent.ohiou.edu NR 69 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 59 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000003 ER PT B AU Groen, E Clarke, A Bles, W Wuyts, F Paloski, W Clement, G AF Groen, Eric Clarke, Andrew Bles, Willem Wuyts, Floris Paloski, William Clement, Gilles BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI Physiological targets of artificial gravity: The sensory-motor system SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy ID CORIOLIS-FORCE PERTURBATIONS; CANADIAN VESTIBULAR EXPERIMENTS; ORBITAL SPACE-FLIGHT; SLOW ROTATION ROOM; SPATIAL ORIENTATION; MOTION SICKNESS; LINEAR ACCELERATION; EYE-MOVEMENTS; SELF-MOTION; PROLONGED MICROGRAVITY C1 [Groen, Eric; Bles, Willem] TNO, Soesterberg, Netherlands. [Clarke, Andrew] Charite, Berlin, Germany. [Paloski, William] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Clement, Gilles] CNRS, Toulouse, France. [Clement, Gilles] Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. [Wuyts, Floris] Univ Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. RP Groen, E (reprint author), TNO, Soesterberg, Netherlands. EM gilles.clement@cerco.ups-tlse.fr NR 127 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 95 EP + PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000004 ER PT B AU Denise, P Normand, H Wood, S AF Denise, Pierre Normand, Herve Wood, Scott BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI Interactions among the vestibular, autonomic, and skeletal systems in artificial gravity SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy ID SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS-SYSTEM; LIMB BLOOD-FLOW; CONSCIOUS CATS; BILATERAL LABYRINTHECTOMY; CARDIOVASCULAR REGULATION; ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE; PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS; CIRCADIAN PACEMAKER; LINEAR ACCELERATION; POSTURAL CHANGES C1 [Denise, Pierre; Normand, Herve] Univ Caen, F-14032 Caen, France. [Wood, Scott] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Denise, P (reprint author), Univ Caen, F-14032 Caen, France. RI NORMAND, Herve/N-8787-2015; Denise, Pierre/E-2174-2011 OI Denise, Pierre/0000-0002-9049-7692 NR 66 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 233 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000008 ER PT B AU Heer, M Baecker, N Zwart, S Smith, S AF Heer, Martina Baecker, Nathalie Zwart, Sara Smith, Scott BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI Interactions among artificial gravity, the affected physiological systems, and nutrition SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; ACID-BASE-BALANCE; URINARY CALCIUM EXCRETION; BODY-PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; SODIUM-CHLORIDE INTAKE; ORAL GLUCOSE-LOAD; RED-BLOOD-CELLS; BED-REST; SPACE-FLIGHT; VITAMIN-K C1 [Heer, Martina; Baecker, Nathalie] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Cologne, Germany. [Zwart, Sara; Smith, Scott] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Heer, M (reprint author), German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Cologne, Germany. NR 140 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 249 EP + PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000009 ER PT B AU Mehta, S Crucian, B Pierson, D Sams, C Stowe, R AF Mehta, Satish Crucian, Brian Pierson, Duane Sams, Clarence Stowe, Raymond BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI Artificial gravity and the immune system function SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; VARICELLA-ZOSTER-VIRUS; CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; SUBCLINICAL REACTIVATION; HEALTHY-CHILDREN; SPACE-FLIGHT; OKA STRAIN; STRESS; VACCINE; ASTRONAUTS C1 [Mehta, Satish; Crucian, Brian; Pierson, Duane; Sams, Clarence] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Stowe, Raymond] Microgen Labs, La Marque, TX USA. RP Mehta, S (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 61 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 271 EP + PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000010 ER PT B AU Jones, J Reinertson, R Paloski, W AF Jones, Jeffrey Reinertson, Randal Paloski, William BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI Medical, psychological, and environmental issues of artificial gravity SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy ID DECOMPRESSION-SICKNESS; CENTRIFUGE; ASTRONAUTS; RESPONSES; ACCELERATION; VALIDATION; DURATION; MISSION; SYNCOPE C1 [Jones, Jeffrey; Reinertson, Randal; Paloski, William] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Jones, J (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 287 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000011 ER PT B AU Byard, J Meeker, L Reinertson, R Paloski, W AF Byard, John Meeker, Larry Reinertson, Randal Paloski, William BE Clement, G Bukley, A TI Safety issues in artificial gravity studies SO ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY SE Space Technology Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESA Topical Team Workshop on Artificial Gravity CY NOV 28-30, 2005 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS SP European Space Agcy C1 [Byard, John; Meeker, Larry; Reinertson, Randal; Paloski, William] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Byard, J (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 978-0-387-70712-9 J9 SPACE TECHNOL LIB PY 2007 VL 20 BP 315 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Physiology SC Engineering; Physiology GA BGL54 UT WOS:000248202000012 ER PT S AU Li, ZJ Chao, Y Farrara, JD Wang, XC McWilliams, JC Ide, K AF Li, Zhijin Chao, Yi Farrara, John D. Wang, Xiaochun McWilliams, James C. Ide, Kayo BE Zou, X Barker, D LeDimet, FX TI A three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme in support of coastal ocean observing systems - art. no. 66850B SO ASSIMILATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND IN SITU DATA IN MODERN NUMERICAL WEATHER AND ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION MODELS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference Assimilation of Remote Sensing and in Situ Data in Modern Numerical Weather and Environmental Prediction Models CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE data assimilation; coastal ocean; observing system; satellite data; glider; High Frequency radar ID IMPLEMENTATION; MODEL AB A three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system (ROMS3DAR) has been developed in the framework of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). This system enables the capability of predicting meso- to small-scale variations with temporal scales from hours to days in the coastal oceans. To cope with the particular difficulties that result from complex coastlines and bottom topography, unbalanced flows and sparse observations, ROMS3DVAR utilizes several novel strategies. These strategies include the implementation of three-dimensional anisotropic and inhomogeneous error correlations, application of particular weak dynamic constraints, and implementation of efficient and reliable algorithms for minimizing the cost function. ROMS3DVAR has been implemented in a quasi-real-time fashion in support of both the Southern and Central California Coastal Ocean Observing System (SCCOOS and CenCOOS). ROMS3DVAR assimilates a variety of observations, including satellite sea surface temperatures and sea surface heights, High Frequency (HF) radar velocities, ship reports and other available temperature and salinity profiles. The evaluation showed useful forecast skills. C1 [Li, Zhijin; Chao, Yi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Li, ZJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6833-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6685 BP B6850 EP B6850 DI 10.1117/12.740681 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ33 UT WOS:000251486900004 ER PT S AU Park, K Li, ZJ Farrara, J Chao, Y AF Park, Kyungjeen Li, Zhijin Farrara, John Chao, Yi BE Zou, X Barker, D LeDimet, FX TI Assimilation of the high-frequency radar measurements for coastal currents using ROMS SO ASSIMILATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND IN SITU DATA IN MODERN NUMERICAL WEATHER AND ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION MODELS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference Assimilation of Remote Sensing and in Situ Data in Modern Numerical Weather and Environmental Prediction Models CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE high frequency radar; data assimilation; vector mapping; coastal oceans ID SURFACE CURRENTS; MONTEREY BAY; HF RADAR; SMOOTHER AB Surface current observations made by high-frequency radar in the Monterey Bay region during August 2003 are assimilated using a three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme developed for the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS-DAS). The observed upwelling and relaxation surface currents in Monterey Bay are well recovered in the analysis. A new mapping method based on ROMS-DAS is also proposed. This method is based on a variational algorithm for the calculation of stream function and velocity potential from given velocity fields, and has the ability to interpolate vectors over any irregular domain. C1 [Park, Kyungjeen; Li, Zhijin; Chao, Yi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Park, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6833-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6685 AR 66850C DI 10.1117/12.740618 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ33 UT WOS:000251486900005 ER PT S AU Give'on, A Kern, B Shaklan, S Moody, DC Pueyo, L AF Give'on, Amir Kern, Brian Shaklan, Stuart Moody, Dwight C. Pueyo, Laurent BE Tyson, RK LloydHart, M TI Broadband wavefront correction algorithm for high-contrast imaging systems - art. no. 66910A SO Astronomical Adaptative Optics Systems and Applications III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astronomical Adaptive Optics Systems and Applications III CY AUG 29-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA DE phase conjugation; high contrast imaging ID CORONAGRAPH AB Great strides have been made in recent years toward the goal of high-contrast imaging with a sensitivity adequate to detect earth-like planets around nearby stars. It appears that the hardware - optics, coronagraph masks, deformable mirrors, illumination systems, thermal control systems - are up to the task of obtaining the required 10(-10) contrast. But in broadband light (e.g., 10% bandpass) the wavefront control algorithms have been a limiting factor. In this paper we describe a general correction methodology that works in broadband light with one or multiple deformable mirrors by conjugating the electric field in a predefined region in the image where terrestrial planets would be found. We describe the linearized approach and demonstrate its effectiveness through laboratory experiments. This paper presents results from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) for both narrow-band light (2%) and broadband light (10%) correction. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Give'on, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 13 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6839-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6691 BP A6910 EP A6910 AR 66910A DI 10.1117/12.733122 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BGX13 UT WOS:000251053700006 ER PT B AU Stephens, T AF Stephens, Thomas BE Shaw, RA Hill, F Bell, DJ TI A high performance spatial query engine for large event data sets developed for the GLAST LAT instrument SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVI SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Tucson, AZ AB The Large Area Telescope (LAT) is the primary instrument on-board the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) satellite. The LAT is not a typical imaging instrument but rather records the energy and arrival direction of each individual gamma-ray photon. It is designed to operate primarily in sky survey mode, instead of pointing at fixed targets for long periods of time. The standard survey mode gives complete coverage of the celestial sphere every 2 orbits (similar to 3 hrs). Additionally, the LAT has a very large (similar to 2 sr) field of view, and an energy dependent point spread function (PSF). These factors combine to generate a large data volume and present a unique challenge in providing data to the user community for the study of astronomical sources. We present the design of the public data server at the GLAST Science Support Center (GSSC) for the LAT data as well as performance benchmarks of the initial implementation. The data server operates on event lists stored in FITS files. Based on the user's query, the photons matching the data cuts are extracted and presented to the user as a FITS file ready to be downloaded and used in the GLAST science analysis software. Running on a single CPU, the photon data server can extract and prepare the similar to 1.5 million photons matching a typical user's query from the similar to 80 million photons in a year's worth of observational data in approximately 40 s. The complete system is implemented as a small cluster of Linux PCs to improve performance even more by distributing the load of a single query or processing multiple queries simultaneously. C1 NASA, Goddard RSIS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stephens, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard RSIS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-313-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 376 BP 26 EP 29 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BGW99 UT WOS:000251043600004 ER PT B AU Borne, KD Chang, A AF Borne, Kirk D. Chang, Allison BE Shaw, RA Hill, F Bell, DJ TI Data mining for extra-solar planets SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVI SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Tucson, AZ AB We describe the results of a large catalog data-mining project whose goal is to identify favorable stars for potential SETI-like searches, and for potential extra-solar planet searches. We apply a variety of constraints to mine the USNO-B catalog of over one billion objects in order to generate a reduced "best candidates" list of a few hundred stars. We summarize our assumptions, our approach, and our data mining results. C1 [Borne, Kirk D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chang, Allison] Brown Univ, Providence, RI USA. RP Borne, KD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU NASA SEICA (Summer Institute in Engineering and Computer Applications); NASA's National Space Science Data Center FX A. Chang was supported in part by the 2006 NASA SEICA (Summer Institute in Engineering and Computer Applications) program at the Goddard Space Flight Center. We thank E. Grayzeck of NASAs National Space Science Data Center for providing financial support for this internship. We thank S. Levine and D. Monet of the USNO-Flagstaff Station for invaluable assistance, advice, and access to the complete set of USNO-B data files. We also thank J. Russell and A. Schultz of NASA-GSFC for additional advice and useful conversations. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-313-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 376 BP 453 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BGW99 UT WOS:000251043600096 ER PT B AU Seaman, R Pence, W White, R Dickinson, M Valdes, F Zarate, N AF Seaman, Rob Pence, William White, Rick Dickinson, Mark Valdes, Frank Zarate, Nelson BE Shaw, RA Hill, F Bell, DJ TI Astronomical tiled image compression: How and why SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVI SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Tucson, AZ ID FITS AB A tsunami of astronomical data is fast approaching. New survey programs will dwarf any data sets that have come before. Observatories' data storage costs will threaten their budgets. Data transport latency and bandwidth will threaten not just budgets, but available technology and human patience. Under such circumstances, projects will increasingly rely on data compression as a technique necessary to meet requirements of acceptable throughput and affordable data handling. C1 [Seaman, Rob] Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. [Pence, William] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [White, Rick] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Dickinson, Mark; Valdes, Frank; Zarate, Nelson] Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. RP Seaman, R (reprint author), Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. RI White, Richard/A-8143-2012 NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-313-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 376 BP 483 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BGW99 UT WOS:000251043600103 ER PT B AU Pence, WD Chai, P AF Pence, William D. Chai, Pan BE Shaw, RA Hill, F Bell, DJ TI The Hera data analysis service at the HEASARC SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVI SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Tucson, AZ AB Hera is the new astronomical data analysis service provided by the HEASARC. It enables qualified researchers to immediately begin analyzing astronomical data in FITS format, especially from high-energy astrophysics missions. All the necessary resources needed to do the data analysis (software, CPU cycles, and disk space) are freely provided. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Pence, WD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-313-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 376 BP 554 EP 556 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BGW99 UT WOS:000251043600120 ER PT B AU Pence, WD AF Pence, William D. BE Shaw, RA Hill, F Bell, DJ TI Fits SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XVI SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th Annual Conference on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Tucson, AZ AB The FITS Birds-of-a-Feather session provides a forum for the FITS user community to exchange information about recent activities and to discuss current issues. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Pence, WD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-313-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 376 BP 679 EP 680 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BGW99 UT WOS:000251043600148 ER PT J AU Holland, ST Boyd, PT Gorosabel, J Hjorth, J Schady, P Thomsen, B Augusteijn, T Blustin, AJ Breeveld, A De Pasquale, M Fynbo, JPU Gehrels, N Gronwall, C Hunsberger, S Ivanushkina, M Landsman, W Laursen, P McGowan, K Mangano, V Markwardt, CB Marshall, F Mason, KO Moretti, A Page, MJ Poole, T Roming, P Rosen, S Still, M AF Holland, S. T. Boyd, P. T. Gorosabel, J. Hjorth, J. Schady, P. Thomsen, B. Augusteijn, T. Blustin, A. J. Breeveld, A. De Pasquale, M. Fynbo, J. P. U. Gehrels, N. Gronwall, C. Hunsberger, S. Ivanushkina, M. Landsman, W. Laursen, P. McGowan, K. Mangano, V. Markwardt, C. B. Marshall, F. Mason, K. O. Moretti, A. Page, M. J. Poole, T. Roming, P. Rosen, S. Still, M. TI Optical, infrared, and ultraviolet observations of the X-ray flash XRF 050416A SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts ID BURST AFTERGLOWS; 2-COMPONENT JET; DUST; TELESCOPE; ENERGETICS; EMISSION; SPECTRA; MISSION; ENERGY; GALAXY AB We present ultraviolet, optical, and infrared photometry of the afterglow of the X-ray flash XRF 050416A taken between approximately 100 s and 36 days after the burst. We find an intrinsic spectral slope between 1930 and 22200 angstrom of beta = -1.14 +/- 0.20 and a decay rate of alpha = -0.86 +/- 0.15. There is no evidence for a change in the decay rate between approximately 0.7 and 4.7 days after the burst. Our data imply that there is no spectral break between the optical and X-ray bands between 0.7 and 4.7 days after the burst and are consistent with the cooling break being redward of the K(s) band (22200 angstrom) at 0.7 days. The combined ultraviolet/optical/infrared spectral energy distribution shows no evidence for a significant amount of extinction in the host galaxy along the line of sight to XRF 050416A. Our data suggest that the extragalactic extinction along the line of sight to the burst is only approximately A(V) 0.2 mag, which is significantly less than the extinction expected from the hydrogen column density inferred from X-ray observations of XRF 050416A assuming a dust-to-gas ratio similar to what is found for the Milky Way. The observed extinction, however, is consistent with the dust-to-gas ratio seen in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We suggest that XRF 050416A may have a two-component jet similar to what has been proposed for GRB 030329. If this is the case, the lack of an observed jet break between 0.7 and 42 days is an illusion due to emission from the wide jet dominating the afterglow after approximately 1.5 days. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada, Spain. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Dark Cosmol Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Aarhus, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Nord Opt Telescope, Santa Cruz De La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. Ist Astrofis Spaziale, INAF, Palermo, Italy. Fis Cosm Sez Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Particle Phys & Astron Res Council, Swindon, Wilts, England. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, Merate, Italy. S African Astron Observ, Cape Town, South Africa. RP Holland, ST (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM sholland@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Boyd, Patricia/D-3274-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Fynbo, Johan/L-8496-2014; Hjorth, Jens/M-5787-2014 OI Fynbo, Johan/0000-0002-8149-8298; Hjorth, Jens/0000-0002-4571-2306 NR 51 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 133 IS 1 BP 122 EP 129 DI 10.1086/509656 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 121BF UT WOS:000243132000011 ER PT J AU Didkovsky, LV Judge, DL Jones, AR Wieman, S Tsurutani, BT McMullin, D AF Didkovsky, L. V. Judge, D. L. Jones, A. R. Wieman, S. Tsurutani, B. T. McMullin, D. TI Correction of SOHOCELIAS/SEM EUV measurements saturated by extreme solar flare events SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article DE sun : EUV radiation; sun : flares; sun : particle emission; sun : solar-terrestrial relations AB The solar irradiance in the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) spectral bands has been observed with a 15 s cadence by the SOHO Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) since 1995. During remarkably intense solar flares the SEM EUV measurements are saturated in the central (zero) order channel (0.1-50.0 mn) by the flare soft X-ray and EUV flux. The first order EUV channel (26-34 nm) is not saturated by the flare flux because of its limited bandwidth, but it is sensitive to the arrival of Solar Energetic Particles (SEP). While both channels detect nearly equal SEP fluxes, their contributions to the count rate is sensibly negligible in the zero order channel but must be accounted for and removed from the first channel count rate. SEP contribution to the measured SEM signals usually follows the EUV peak for the gradual solar flare events. Correcting the extreme solar flare SEM EUV measurements may reveal currently unclear relations between the flare magnitude, dynamics observed in different EUV spectral bands, and the measured Earth atmosphere response. A simple and effective correction technique based on analysis of SEM count-rate profiles, GOES X-ray, and GOES proton data has been developed and used for correcting EUV measurements for the five extreme solar flare events of July 14, 2000, October 28, November 2, November 4, 2003, and January 20, 2005. Although none of the 2000 and 2003 flare peaks were contaminated by the presence of SEPs, the January 20, 2005 SEPs were unusually prompt and contaminated the peak. The estimated accuracy of the correction is about +/- 7.5% for large X-class events. (c) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim C1 Univ So Calif, Ctr Space Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Praxis Inc, Alexandria, VA USA. RP Didkovsky, LV (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Ctr Space Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM leonid@usc.edu NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2007 VL 328 IS 1 BP 36 EP 40 DI 10.1002/asna.200610667 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 133XM UT WOS:000244047200006 ER PT J AU Hanasoge, SM Duvall, TL AF Hanasoge, S. M. Duvall, T. L., Jr. TI The solar acoustic simulator: applications and results SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st HELAS Local Helioseismology Workshop on Roadmap for European Local Helioseismology CY SEP 25-27, 2006 CL Nice, FRANCE DE Sun : oscillations; Sun : helioseismology; Sun : interior ID HELIOSEISMOLOGY AB It is important to understand the limits and accuracy of helioseismic techniques in their ability to probe the solar interior. The availability of a method that is able to compute the solar acoustic wave field in the presence of thermal or flow perturbations affords us a means to place bounds on detectability and accuracy of inferences of interior perturbations. We describe the technique used to simulate wave propagation within a spherical shell that extends from a desired depth (not including the center) into the solar atmosphere and which possesses a solar like stratification. (c) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. C1 Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Res Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hanasoge, SM (reprint author), Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Res Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM shravan@stanford.edu RI Duvall, Thomas/C-9998-2012 NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2007 VL 328 IS 3-4 BP 319 EP 322 DI 10.1002/asna.200610737 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 152RW UT WOS:000245380500021 ER PT J AU Cusumano, G Mangano, V Chincarini, G Panaitescu, A Burrows, DN La Parola, V Sakamoto, T Campana, S Mineo, T Tagliaferri, G Angelini, L Barthelmy, SD Beardmore, AP Boyd, PT Cominsky, LR Gronwall, C Fenimore, EE Gehrels, N Giommi, P Goad, M Hurley, K Immler, S Kennea, JA Mason, KO Marshal, F Meszaros, P Nousek, JA Osborne, JP Palmer, DM Roming, PWA Wells, A White, NE Zhang, B AF Cusumano, G. Mangano, V. Chincarini, G. Panaitescu, A. Burrows, D. N. La Parola, V. Sakamoto, T. Campana, S. Mineo, T. Tagliaferri, G. Angelini, L. Barthelmy, S. D. Beardmore, A. P. Boyd, P. T. Cominsky, L. R. Gronwall, C. Fenimore, E. E. Gehrels, N. Giommi, P. Goad, M. Hurley, K. Immler, S. Kennea, J. A. Mason, K. O. Marshal, F. Meszaros, P. Nousek, J. A. Osborne, J. P. Palmer, D. M. Roming, P. W. A. Wells, A. White, N. E. Zhang, B. TI Swift observations of GRB050904: the most distant cosmic explosion ever observed SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts; X-rays : bursts; gamma rays : observations; cosmology : early Universe ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION; ENGINE ACTIVITY; STAR-FORMATION; LIGHT-CURVE; AFTERGLOW; GRB-050904; TELESCOPE; EMISSION AB Context. Swift discovered the high redshift (z = 6.29) GRB050904 with the Burst Alert Telescope ( BAT) and began observing with its narrow field instruments 161 s after the burst onset. This gamma-ray burst is the most distant cosmic explosion ever observed. Because of its high redshift, the X-ray Telescope (XRT) and BAT simultaneous observations provide 4 orders of magnitude of spectral coverage (0.2-150 keV; 1.4-1090 keV in the source rest frame) at a very early source-frame time (22 s). The X-ray emission was monitored by the XRT up to 10 days after the burst. Aims. We present the analysis of BAT and XRT observations of GRB050904 and a complete description of its high energy phenomenology. Methods. We performed time resolved spectral analysis and light curve modeling. Results. GRB050904 was a long, multi-peaked, bright GRB with strong variability during its entire evolution. The light curve observed by the XRT is characterized by the presence of a long flaring activity lasting up to 1-2 h after the burst onset in the burst rest frame, with no evidence of a smooth power-law decay following the prompt emission as seen in other GRBs. However, the BAT tail extrapolated to the XRT band joins the XRT early light curve and the overall behavior resembles that of a very long GRB prompt. The spectral energy distribution softens with time, with the photon index decreasing from -1.2 during the BAT observation to -1.9 at the end of the XRT observation. The dips of the late X-ray flares may be consistent with an underlying X-ray emission arising from the forward shock and with the properties of the optical afterglow reported by Tagliaferri et al. (2005b, A& A, 443, L1). Conclusions. We interpret the BAT and XRT data as a single continuous observation of the prompt emission from a very long GRB. The peculiarities observed in GRB050904 could be due to its origin within one of the first star-forming regions in the Universe; very low metallicities of the progenitor at these epochs may provide an explanation. C1 IASFPA, INAF, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, Italy. Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Fis, I-20126 Milan, Italy. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Sonoma State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Cusumano, G (reprint author), IASFPA, INAF, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, Italy. EM giancarlo.cusumano@ifc.inaf.it RI White, Nicholas/B-6428-2012; Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012; Boyd, Patricia/D-3274-2012; Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; OI White, Nicholas/0000-0003-3853-3462; Mineo, Teresa/0000-0002-4931-8445; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Cusumano, Giancarlo/0000-0002-8151-1990; La Parola, Valentina/0000-0002-8087-6488; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723 NR 74 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 462 IS 1 BP 73 EP 80 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065173 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 126KW UT WOS:000243512800013 ER PT J AU Guetta, D Fiore, F D'Elia, V Perna, R Antonelli, LA Piranomonte, S Puccetti, S Stella, L Angelini, L Schartel, N Campana, S Chincarini, G Covino, S Tagliaferri, G Malesani, D Guidorzi, C Monfardini, A Mundell, CG Cruz, JD Castro-Tirado, AJ Guzly, S Gorosabel, J Jelinek, M Gomboc, A AF Guetta, D. Fiore, F. D'Elia, V. Perna, R. Antonelli, L. A. Piranomonte, S. Puccetti, S. Stella, L. Angelini, L. Schartel, N. Campana, S. Chincarini, G. Covino, S. Tagliaferri, G. Malesani, D. Guidorzi, C. Monfardini, A. Mundell, C. G. de Leon Cruz, J. Castro-Tirado, A. J. Guzly, S. Gorosabel, J. Jelinek, M. Gomboc, A. TI The variable X-ray light curve of GRB 050713A: the case of refreshed shocks SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gamma ray : bursts; X-ray : general ID OPTICAL AFTERGLOW; BURST AFTERGLOWS; GRB-021004; VARIABILITY; ENGINE; FLARES AB We present a detailed study of the spectral and temporal properties of the X-ray and optical emission of GRB050713a up to 0.5 day after the main Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) event. The X-ray light curve exhibits large amplitude variations with several rebrightenings superposed on the underlying three-segment broken power-law that is often seen in Swift GRBs. Our time-resolved spectral analysis supports the interpretation of a long-lived central engine, with rebrightenings consistent with energy injection in refreshed shocks as slower shells generated in the central engine prompt phase catch up with the afterglow shock at later times. Our sparsely sampled light curve of the optical afterglow can be fitted with a single power-law without large flares. The optical decay index appears flatter than the X-ray one, especially at later times. C1 Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. ESA, ESAC, XMM Newton SOC, Madrid 28080, Spain. Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, I-20126 Milan, Italy. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, Lc, Italy. SISSA, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England. Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada, Spain. Univ Ljubljana, A Gomboc Fac Math & Phys, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. RP Guetta, D (reprint author), Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, Via Frascati 33, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy. EM guetta@mporzio.astro.it RI de Leon, Julia/H-7569-2015; Jelinek, Martin/E-5290-2016; OI de Leon, Julia/0000-0002-0696-0411; Jelinek, Martin/0000-0003-3922-7416; D'Elia, Valerio/0000-0002-7320-5862; guetta, dafne/0000-0002-7349-1109; Castro-Tirado, A. J./0000-0003-2999-3563; Puccetti, Simonetta/0000-0002-2734-7835; Covino, Stefano/0000-0001-9078-5507; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723; Fiore, Fabrizio/0000-0002-4031-4157 NR 47 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 461 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065038 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 117DL UT WOS:000242852800013 ER PT J AU Ormel, CW Spaans, M Tielens, AGGM AF Ormel, C. W. Spaans, M. Tielens, A. G. G. M. TI Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: porosity matters SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ISM : dust, extinction; planetary systems : formation; planetary systems : protoplanetary disks; accretion, accretion disks ID CHONDRULE-SIZED PARTICLES; WEAKLY MAGNETIZED DISKS; LOCAL SHEAR INSTABILITY; SOLAR NEBULA; ACCRETION DISKS; GRAIN-GROWTH; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; EVOLUTION; SPACE; SPECTROSCOPY AB Context. Sticking of colliding dust particles through van der Waals forces is the first stage in the grain growth process in protoplanetary disks, eventually leading to the formation of comets, asteroids and planets. A key aspect of the collisional evolution is the coupling between dust and gas motions, which depends on the internal structure (porosity) of aggregates. Aims. To quantify the importance of the internal structure on the collisional evolution of particles, and to create a new coagulation model to investigate the difference between porous and compact coagulation in the context of a turbulent protoplanetary disk. Methods. We have developed simple prescriptions for the collisional evolution of porosity of grain-aggregates in grain-grain collisions. Three regimes can then be distinguished: "hit-and-stick" at low velocities, with an increase in porosity; compaction at intermediate velocities, with a decrease of porosity; and fragmentation at high velocities. This study has been restricted to physical regimes where fragmentation is unimportant. The temporal evolution has been followed using a Monte Carlo coagulation code. Results. This collision model is applied to the conditions of the (gas dominated) protoplanetary disk, with an alpha(T) parameter characterising the turbulent viscosity. We can discern three different stages in the particle growth process. Initially, growth is driven by Brownian motion and the relatively low velocities involved lead to a rapid increase in porosity of the growing aggregate. The subsequent second stage is characterised by much higher, turbulent driven velocities and the particles compact. As they compact, their mass-to-surface area increases and eventually they enter the third stage, the settling out to the mid-plane. We find that when compared to standard, compact models of coagulation, porous growth delays the onset of settling, because the surface area-to-mass ratio is higher, a consequence of the build-up of porosity during the initial stages. As a result, particles grow orders of magnitudes larger in mass before they rain-out to the mid-plane. Depending on the precise value of alpha(T) and on the position in the nebula, aggregates can grow to (porous) sizes of similar to 10 cm in a few thousand years. We also find that collisional energies are higher than in the limited PCA/CCA fractal models, thereby allowing aggregates to restructure. It is concluded that the microphysics of collisions plays a key role in the growth process. C1 Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ormel, CW (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. EM spaans@astro.rug.nl; tielens@astro.rug.nl NR 67 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 4 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 461 IS 1 BP 215 EP 232 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065949 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 117DL UT WOS:000242852800025 ER PT J AU Stratta, G Basa, S Butler, N Atteia, JL Gendre, B Pelangeon, A Malacrino, F Mellier, Y Kann, DA Klose, S Zeh, A Masetti, N Palazzi, E Gorosabel, J Castro-Tirado, AJ Postigo, ADU Jelinek, M Cepa, J Castaneda, H Martinez-Delgado, D Boer, M Braga, J Crew, G Donaghy, TQ Dezalay, JP Doty, J Fenimore, EE Galassi, M Graziani, C Jernigan, JG Kawai, N Lamb, DQ Levine, A Manchanda, RK Martel, F Matsuoka, M Nakagawa, Y Olive, JF Pizzichini, G Prigozhin, G Ricker, G Sakamoto, T Shirasaki, Y Sugita, S Suzuki, M Takagishi, K Tamagawa, T Vanderspek, R Villasenor, J Woosley, SE Yamauchi, M Yoshida, A AF Stratta, G. Basa, S. Butler, N. Atteia, J. L. Gendre, B. Pelangeon, A. Malacrino, F. Mellier, Y. Kann, D. A. Klose, S. Zeh, A. Masetti, N. Palazzi, E. Gorosabel, J. Castro-Tirado, A. J. Postigo, A. de Ugarte Jelinek, M. Cepa, J. Castaneda, H. Martinez-Delgado, D. Boer, M. Braga, J. Crew, G. Donaghy, T. Q. Dezalay, J. -P. Doty, J. Fenimore, E. E. Galassi, M. Graziani, C. Jernigan, J. G. Kawai, N. Lamb, D. Q. Levine, A. Manchanda, R. K. Martel, F. Matsuoka, M. Nakagawa, Y. Olive, J. -F. Pizzichini, G. Prigozhin, G. Ricker, G. Sakamoto, T. Shirasaki, Y. Sugita, S. Suzuki, M. Takagishi, K. Tamagawa, T. Vanderspek, R. Villasenor, J. Woosley, S. E. Yamauchi, M. Yoshida, A. TI X-ray flashes or soft gamma-ray bursts? The case of the likely distant XRF 040912 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts ID HOST GALAXY; STAR-FORMATION; SUPERNOVA; REDSHIFT; DUST; XRF-020903; AFTERGLOW; SPECTRA; STELLAR; 2006AJ AB Context. The origin of X-ray Flashes (XRFs) is still a mystery and several models have been proposed. To disentangle among these models, an important observational tool is the measure of the XRF distance scale, so far available only for a few of them. Aims. In this work, we present a multi-wavelength study of XRF 040912, aimed at measuring its distance scale and the intrinsic burst properties. Methods. We performed a detailed spectral and temporal analysis of both the prompt and the afterglow emission and we estimated the distance scale of the likely host galaxy. We then used the currently available sample of XRFs with known distance to discuss the connection between XRFs and classical Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs). Results. We found that the prompt emission properties unambiguously identify this burst as an XRF, with an observed peak energy of E(p) = 17 +/- 13 keV and a burst fluence ratio S(2-30 keV)/S(30-400) keV > 1. A non-fading optical source with R similar to 24 mag and with an apparently extended morphology is spatially consistent with the X-ray afterglow, likely the host galaxy. XRF 040912 is a very dark burst since no afterglow optical counterpart is detected down to R > 25 mag (3 sigma limiting magnitude) at 13.6 h after the burst. The host galaxy spectrum detected from 3800 angstrom to 10 000 angstrom, shows a single emission line at 9552 angstrom. The lack of any other strong emission lines blue-ward of the detected one and the absence of the Ly alpha cut-off down to 3800 angstrom are consistent with the hypothesis of the [OII] line at redshift z = 1.563 +/- 0.001. The intrinsic spectral properties rank this XRF among the soft GRBs in the E(peak)-E(iso) diagram. Similar results were obtained for most XRFs at known redshift. Only XRF 060218 and XRF 020903 represent a good example of instrinsic XRF (i-XRF) and are possibly associated with a different progenitor population. This scenario may call for a new definition of XRFs. C1 Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Astrophys Toulouse, F-31400 Toulouse, France. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13012 Marseille, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. IASF Roma, INAF, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany. IASF Bologna, INAF, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. CSIC, IAA, E-18080 Granada, Spain. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RIKEN, Tokyo 3510198, Japan. Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Tsukuba Space Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058505, Japan. Natl Astron Observ, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan. Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Phys, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1578572, Japan. Miyazaki Univ, Fac Engn, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. RP Stratta, G (reprint author), Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Astrophys Toulouse, 14 Av E Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. EM gstratta@ast.obs-mip.fr RI gendre, bruce/O-2923-2013; Palazzi, Eliana/N-4746-2015; Jelinek, Martin/E-5290-2016; Stratta, Maria Giuliana/L-3045-2016; OI Masetti, Nicola/0000-0001-9487-7740; de Ugarte Postigo, Antonio/0000-0001-7717-5085; gendre, bruce/0000-0002-9077-2025; Jelinek, Martin/0000-0003-3922-7416; Stratta, Maria Giuliana/0000-0003-1055-7980; Castro-Tirado, A. J./0000-0003-2999-3563; Palazzi, Eliana/0000-0002-8691-7666 NR 71 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 461 IS 2 BP 485 EP 492 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20065831 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 119HZ UT WOS:000243004700012 ER PT J AU Walter, R Lubinski, P Paltani, S Produit, N Zurita, J Kuulkers, E Beckmann, V Gehrels, N Blecha, A Carrier, F Cherix, M AF Walter, R. Lubinski, P. Paltani, S. Produit, N. Zurita, J. Kuulkers, E. Beckmann, V. Gehrels, N. Blecha, A. Carrier, F. Cherix, M. TI IGR j17497-2821: a new X-ray nova SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : observations; X-rays : individuals : IGR J17497-2821 ID BLACK-HOLE CANDIDATES; TRANSITIONS; TRANSIENTS; BINARIES; STATES; SOFT AB Context. A new hard X-ray transient has been discovered by INTEGRAL on 2006 Sep. 17 at 1 degree from the Galactic Centre. Aims. INTEGRAL, Swift/XRT and optical photometric observations are used to characterize IGR J17497-2821 and to unveil its nature. Methods. The X-ray position has been refined to arcsec level through a study of the optical variability of the possible counterparts. Hard X-ray variability and spectroscopy are used to determine the nature of the source outburst. Results. IGR J17497-2821 is a new X-ray Nova in low-hard state, probably a new Black-Hole Candidate. C1 INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. Univ Genoa, Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland. Nicholas Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland. CEA Saclay, DSM, DAPNIA, SAp, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. ESA, ESAC, ISOC, Madrid 28080, Spain. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Sterrenkunde, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. RP Walter, R (reprint author), INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, Chemin Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. EM Roland.Walter@obs.unige.ch RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 461 IS 2 BP L17 EP L20 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20066520 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 119HZ UT WOS:000243004700001 ER PT J AU Frederiks, DD Golenetskii, SV Palshin, VD Aptekar, RL Ilyinskii, VN Oleinik, FP Mazets, EP Cline, TL AF Frederiks, D. D. Golenetskii, S. V. Palshin, V. D. Aptekar, R. L. Ilyinskii, V. N. Oleinik, F. P. Mazets, E. P. Cline, T. L. TI Giant flare in SGR 1806-20 and its Compton reflection from the Moon SO ASTRONOMY LETTERS-A JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND SPACE ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE neutron stars; flares; gamma rays; Compton scattering ID SOFT GAMMA REPEATER; MAGNETIZED NEUTRON-STARS; RADIATIVE MECHANISM; SGR 1900+14; RAY BURSTS; AUGUST 27; X-RAY; CONSTRAINTS; EMISSION; ENERGY AB We analyze the data obtained when the Konus-Wind gamma-ray spectrometer detected a giant flare in SGR 1806-20 on December 27, 2004. The flare is similar in appearance to the two known flares in SGR 0526-66 and SGR 1900+14 while exceeding them significantly in intensity. The enormous X-ray and gamma-ray flux in the narrow initial pulse of the flare leads to almost instantaneous deep saturation of the gamma-ray detectors, ruling out the possibility of directly measuring the intensity, time profile, and energy spectrum of the initial pulse. In this situation, the detection of an attenuated signal of inverse Compton scattering of the initial pulse emission by the Moon with the Helicon gamma-ray spectrometer onboard the Coronas-F satellite was an extremely favorable circumstance. Analysis of this signal has yielded the most reliable temporal, energy, and spectral characteristics of the pulse. The temporal and spectral characteristics of the pulsating flare tail have been determined from Konus-Wind data. Its soft spectra have been found to contain also a hard power-law component extending to 10 MeV. A weak afterglow of SGR 1806-20 decaying over several hours is traceable up to 1 MeV. We also consider the overall picture of activity of SGR 1806-20 in the emission of recurrent bursts before and after the giant flare. C1 Russian Acad Sci, AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Frederiks, DD (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, Politekhnicheskaya 26, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. EM aptekar@mail.ioffe.ru RI Oleynik, Philipp/C-1104-2014; Frederiks, Dmitry/C-7612-2014; Pal'shin, Valentin/F-3973-2014; Aptekar, Raphail/B-3456-2015; Golenetskii, Sergey/B-3818-2015; OI Frederiks, Dmitry/0000-0002-1153-6340 NR 30 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7737 J9 ASTRON LETT+ JI Astron. Lett.-J. Astron. Space Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 33 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1134/S106377370701001X PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 124UV UT WOS:000243396300001 ER PT J AU Frederiks, DD Palshin, VD Aptekar, RL Golenetskii, SV Cline, TL Mazets, EP AF Frederiks, D. D. Palshin, V. D. Aptekar, R. L. Golenetskii, S. V. Cline, T. L. Mazets, E. P. TI On the possibility of identifying the short hard burst GRB 051103 with a giant flare from a soft gamma repeater in the M81 group of galaxies SO ASTRONOMY LETTERS-A JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND SPACE ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE gamma repeaters; giant flares; galaxies ID RAY BURSTS; SGR-1806-20 AB The light curve, energy characteristics, and localization of the short hard burst GRB 051103 are considered. Evidence for identifying this event with a giant flare from a soft gamma repeater in the nearby M81 group of interacting galaxies is discussed. C1 Russian Acad Sci, AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Frederiks, DD (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, Ul Politekhnickeskaya 26, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. EM aptekar@mail.ioffe.ru RI Frederiks, Dmitry/C-7612-2014; Pal'shin, Valentin/F-3973-2014; Aptekar, Raphail/B-3456-2015; Golenetskii, Sergey/B-3818-2015; OI Frederiks, Dmitry/0000-0002-1153-6340 NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 1063-7737 J9 ASTRON LETT+ JI Astron. Lett.-J. Astron. Space Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 33 IS 1 BP 19 EP 24 DI 10.1134/S1063773707010021 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 124UV UT WOS:000243396300002 ER PT J AU Stecker, FW AF Stecker, F. W. TI Are diffuse high energy neutrinos and gamma-rays from starburst galaxies, observable? SO ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE extragalactic neutrinos; starburst galaxies ID EMISSION; FLUXES; GAS AB Loeb and Waxman have argued that high energy neutrinos from the decay of pions produced in interactions of cosmic rays with interstellar gas in starburst galaxies would be produced with a large enough flux to be observable. Their model is reexamined here and we obtain an upper limit to the diffuse neutrino flux from starburst galaxies. The upper limit obtained here is a factor of similar to 5 lower than the flux which they predict. Our predicted neutrino flux would be below the atmospheric neutrino foreground flux at energies below similar to 300 TeV and therefore would be unobservable. Compared with predicted fluxes from other extragalactic high energy neutrino sources, starburst neutrinos with similar to PeV energies would have a flux considerably below that predicted for AGN models. We also estimate an upper limit for the diffuse GeV gamma-ray flux from starbust galaxies to be O(10(-2)) of the observed gamma-ray background, much less than the component from unresolved blazars and more than an order of magnitude below the estimate of Thompson et al. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stecker, FW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM stecker@lheapop.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Stecker, Floyd/D-3169-2012 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-6505 J9 ASTROPART PHYS JI Astropart Phys. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 26 IS 6 BP 398 EP 401 DI 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2006.08.002 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 128QA UT WOS:000243671800005 ER PT J AU Goldsmith, PF Li, D Krco, M AF Goldsmith, Paul F. Li, Di Krco, Marko TI The transition from atomic to molecular hydrogen in interstellar clouds: 21 cm signature of the evolution of cold atomic hydrogen in dense clouds SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : atoms; ISM : evolution; ISM : individual (hydrogen); ISM : molecules ID THERMALLY BISTABLE FLOW; NARROW SELF-ABSORPTION; GALACTIC PLANE SURVEY; WARM NEUTRAL HALOS; DARK CLOUDS; H-I; STAR-FORMATION; DYNAMICAL CONDENSATION; SPIRAL GALAXIES; INNER GALAXY AB We have investigated the timescale for formation of molecular clouds by examining the conversion of H I to H(2) using a time-dependent model with H(2) photodissociation including self-shielding. H(2) formation on dust grains and cosmic-ray destruction are also included in one-dimensional model slab clouds that incorporate time-independent density and temperature distributions. We calculate 21 cm spectral line profiles seen in absorption against a background provided by general Galactic H I emission and compare the model spectra with H I narrow self-absorption (HINSA) profiles absorbed in a number of nearby molecular clouds. The time evolution of the H I and H(2) densities is dramatic, with the atomic hydrogen disappearing in a wave propagating from the central, denser regions, which have a shorter H(2) formation timescales, to the edges, where the density is lower and the timescales for H(2) formation longer. The model 21 cm spectra are characterized by very strong absorption at early times. Emission at early times produced by the warm edges of the cloud is difficult to separate from variations in the background spectrum, when the background temperature is low. The minimum time for cloud evolution based on the model spectra is set by the requirement that most of the H I in the outer portions of the cloud be removed. The characteristic time that has elapsed since cloud compression and initiation of the H I --> H(2) conversion is a few x 10(14) s, or similar or equal to 10(7) yr. This sets a minimum time for the age of these molecular clouds and thus for star formation that may take place within them. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Goldsmith, PF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM paul.f.goldsmith@jpl.nasa.gov; dli@jpl.nasa.gov; marko@astro.cornell.edu RI Goldsmith, Paul/H-3159-2016 NR 56 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP 273 EP 289 DI 10.1086/509067 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JI UT WOS:000243221800019 ER PT J AU Kaneko, Y Ramirez-Ruiz, E Granot, J Kouveliotou, C Woosley, SE Patel, SK Rol, E in 't Zand, JJM van der Horst, AJ Wijers, RAMJ Strom, R AF Kaneko, Yuki Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico Granot, Jonathan Kouveliotou, Chryssa Woosley, Stan E. Patel, Sandeep K. Rol, Evert in 't Zand, Jean J. M. van der Horst, Alexander J. Wijers, Ralph A. M. J. Strom, Richard TI Prompt and afterglow emission properties of gamma-ray bursts with spectroscopically identified supernovae SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts; supernovae : general ID 25 APRIL 1998; LIGHT CURVES; PEAK ENERGY; BATSE OBSERVATIONS; RELATIVISTIC JETS; RADIO AFTERGLOW; LOW-LUMINOSITY; ERROR BOX; OFF-AXIS; GRB-030329 AB We present a detailed spectral analysis of the prompt and afterglow emission of four nearby long-soft gamma-ray bursts (GRBs 980425, 030329, 031203, and 060218) that were spectroscopically found to be associated with Type Ic supernovae and compare them to the general GRB population. For each event, we investigate the spectral and luminosity evolution and estimate the total energy budget based on broadband observations. The observational inventory for these events has become rich enough to allow estimates of their energy content in relativistic and subrelativistic form. The result is a global portrait of the effects of the physical processes responsible for producing long-soft GRBs. In particular, we find that the values of the energy released in mildly relativistic outflows appears to have a significantly smaller scatter than those found in highly relativistic ejecta. This is consistent with a picture in which the energy released inside the progenitor star is roughly standard, while the fraction of that energy that ends up in highly relativistic ejecta outside the star can vary dramatically between different events. C1 Univ Space Res Assoc, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 RH7, Leics, England. SRON, Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Astron Inst, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. ASTRON, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands. RP Kaneko, Y (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, NSSTC, VP62,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM yuki.kaneko@nsstc.nasa.gov NR 88 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP 385 EP 402 DI 10.1086/508324 PN 1 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JI UT WOS:000243221800027 ER PT J AU Mangano, V La Parola, V Cusumano, G Mineo, T Malesani, D Dyks, J Campana, S Capalbi, M Chincarini, G Giommi, P Moretti, A Perri, M Romano, P Tagliaferri, G Burrows, DN Gehrels, N Godet, O Holland, ST Kennea, JA Page, KL Racusin, JL Roming, PWA Zhang, B AF Mangano, Vanessa La Parola, Valentina Cusumano, Giancarlo Mineo, Teresa Malesani, Daniele Dyks, Jaroslaw Campana, Sergio Capalbi, Milvia Chincarini, Guido Giommi, Paolo Moretti, Alberto Perri, Matteo Romano, Patrizia Tagliaferri, Gianpiero Burrows, David N. Gehrels, Neil Godet, Olivier Holland, Stephen T. Kennea, Jamie A. Page, Kim L. Racusin, Judith L. Roming, Peter W. A. Zhang, Bing TI Swift XRT observations of the afterglow of XRF 050416a SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts; X-rays : individual (XRF 050416A) ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; CONTINUOUS ENERGY INJECTION; LIGHT CURVES; BATSE OBSERVATIONS; ALERT TELESCOPE; ENGINE ACTIVITY; JET MODEL; FLASHES; BRIGHT; EVOLUTION AB Swift discovered XRF 050416A with the Burst Alert Telescope and began observing it with its narrow-field instruments only 64.5 s after the burst onset. Its very soft spectrum classifies this event as an X-ray flash. The afterglow X-ray emission was monitored up to 74 days after the burst. The X-ray light curve initially decays very fast (decay slope alpha similar to 2.4), subsequently flattens (alpha similar to 0.44), and eventually steepens again (alpha similar to 0.88), similar to many X-ray afterglows. The first and second phases end similar to 172 and similar to 1450 s after the burst onset, respectively. We find evidence of spectral evolution from a softer emission with photon index Gamma similar to 3.0 during the initial steep decay, to a harder emission with Gamma similar to 2.0 during the following evolutionary phases. The spectra show intrinsic absorption in the host galaxy with column density of similar to 6.8 x 10(21) cm(-2). The consistency of the initial photon index with the high-energy BAT photon index suggests that the initial fast decaying phase of the X-ray light curve may be the low-energy tail of the prompt emission. The lack of jet break signatures in the X-ray afterglow light curve is not consistent with empirical relations between the source rest-frame peak energy and the collimation-corrected energy of the burst. The standard uniform jet model can give a possible description of the XRF 050416A X-ray afterglow for an opening angle larger than a few tens of degrees, although numerical simulations show that the late-time decay is slightly flatter than expected from on-axis viewing of a uniform jet. A structured Gaussian-type jet model with uniform Lorentz factor distribution and viewing angle outside the Gaussian core is another possibility, although a full agreement with data is not achieved with the numerical models explored. C1 Ist Nazl Astrofis, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Sez Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, SISSA, Trieste, Italy. Ctr Astron M Kopernika PAN, Torun, Poland. Ist Nazl Astrofis, Osservatorio Astron Brera, Merate, LC, Italy. ASI Sci Data Ctr, Rome, Italy. Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Fis, Milan, Italy. Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Mangano, V (reprint author), Ist Nazl Astrofis, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Sez Palermo, Palermo, Italy. EM vanessa@ifc.inaf.it RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Racusin, Judith/D-2935-2012; OI Mineo, Teresa/0000-0002-4931-8445; Campana, Sergio/0000-0001-6278-1576; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Cusumano, Giancarlo/0000-0002-8151-1990; Perri, Matteo/0000-0003-3613-4409; La Parola, Valentina/0000-0002-8087-6488; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723 NR 79 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP 403 EP 412 DI 10.1086/509100 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JI UT WOS:000243221800028 ER PT J AU Morris, DC Reeves, J Pal'shin, V Garczarczyk, M Falcone, AD Burrows, DN Krimm, H Galante, N Gaug, M Golenetskii, S Mizobuchi, S Pagani, C Stamerra, A Teshima, M Beardmore, AP Godet, O Gehrels, N AF Morris, D. C. Reeves, J. Pal'shin, V. Garczarczyk, M. Falcone, A. D. Burrows, D. N. Krimm, H. Galante, N. Gaug, M. Golenetskii, S. Mizobuchi, S. Pagani, C. Stamerra, A. Teshima, M. Beardmore, A. P. Godet, O. Gehrels, N. TI GRB 050713A: High-energy observations of the gamma-ray burst prompt and afterglow emission SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : bursts ID TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS; ENGINE ACTIVITY; SPECTRA; FLARE; ABSORPTION; MISSION; ORIGIN; WIND; LONG AB Swift discovered GRB 050713A and slewed promptly to begin observing with its narrow-field instruments 72.6 s after the burst onset, while the prompt gamma-ray emission was still detectable in the BAT. Simultaneous emission from two flares is detected in the BAT and XRT. This burst marks just the second time that the BAT and XRT have simultaneously detected emission from a burst and the first time that both instruments have produced a well-sampled, simultaneous data set covering multiple X-ray flares. The temporal rise and decay parameters of the flares are consistent with the internal-shock mechanism. In addition to the Swift coverage of GRB 050713A, we report on the Konus-Wind (K-W) detection of the prompt emission, an upper limiting GeV measurement of the prompt emission made by the MAGIC imaging atmospheric Cerenkov telescope, and XMM-Newton observations of the afterglow. Simultaneous observations with Swift XRT and XMM-Newton produce consistent results, showing a break in the light curve at T-0+ similar to 15 ks. Together, these four observatories provide unusually broad spectral coverage of the prompt emission and detailed X-ray follow-up of the afterglow for 2 weeks after the burst trigger. Simultaneous spectral fits of K-W with BAT and BAT with XRT data indicate that an absorbed broken power law is often a better fit to GRB flares than a simple absorbed power law. These spectral results together with the rapid temporal rise and decay of the flares suggest that flares are produced in internal shocks due to late-time central-engine activity. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Russian Acad Sci, AF Ioffe Physicotech Inst, St Petersburg 196140, Russia. Max Planck Inst Phys & Astrophys, D-80805 Munich, Germany. Univ Siena, Dipartimento Fis, Pisa, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Pisa, Italy. Inst Fis Altes Energies, Barcelona, Spain. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RP Morris, DC (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM morris@astro.psu.edu RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Pal'shin, Valentin/F-3973-2014; GAug, Markus/L-2340-2014; Golenetskii, Sergey/B-3818-2015; OI GAug, Markus/0000-0001-8442-7877; Stamerra, Antonio/0000-0002-9430-5264 NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP 413 EP 428 DI 10.1086/509098 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JI UT WOS:000243221800029 ER PT J AU Woods, PM Kouveliotou, C Finger, MH Gogus, E Wilson, CA Patel, SK Hurley, K Swank, JH AF Woods, Peter M. Kouveliotou, Chryssa Finger, Mark H. Goegues, Ersin Wilson, Colleen A. Patel, Sandeep K. Hurley, Kevin Swank, Jean H. TI The prelude to and aftermath of the giant flare of 2004 December 27: Persistent and pulsed X-ray properties of SGR 1806-20 from 1993 to 2005 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE pulsars : individual (SGR 1806-20); X-rays : bursts ID SOFT GAMMA-REPEATERS; MAGNETIZED NEUTRON-STARS; VARIABLE SPIN-DOWN; VACUUM POLARIZATION; RADIO COUNTERPART; SGR-1806-20; EMISSION; BURST; SGR-1900+14; SGR1900+14 AB We report on the evolution of key spectral and temporal parameters of SGR 1806 - 20 prior to and following the highly energetic giant flare of 2004 December 27. Using RXTE, we track the pulse frequency of the SGR and find that the spin-down rate varied erratically in the months before and after the flare. Contrary to the giant flare in SGR 1900+14, we find no evidence for a discrete jump in spin frequency at the time of the December 27th flare (\Delta nu/nu\ < 5 x 10(-6)). In the months surrounding the flare, we find a strong correlation between pulsed flux and torque consistent with the model for magnetar magnetosphere electrodynamics proposed by Thompson et al. As with the flare in SGR 1900+14, the pulse morphology of SGR 1806 - 20 changes drastically following the flare. Using Chandra and other publicly available imaging X-ray detector observations, we construct a spectral history of SGR 1806 - 20 from 1993 to 2005. The usual magnetar persistent emission spectral model of a power law plus a blackbody provides an excellent fit to the data. We confirm the earlier finding byMereghetti et al. of increasing spectral hardness of SGR 1806 - 20 between 1993 and 2004. However, our results indicate significant differences in the temporal evolution of the spectral hardening. Rather than a direct correlation between torque and spectral hardness, we find evidence for a sudden torque change that preceded a gradual hardening of the energy spectrum on a timescale of years. Interestingly, the spectral hardness, spin-down rate, phase-averaged flux, and pulsed flux of SGR 1806 - 20 all peak months before the flare epoch. C1 Dynetics Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Sabanci Univ, FENS, TR-34956 Istanbul, Turkey. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LHEA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Woods, PM (reprint author), Dynetics Inc, 1000 Explorer Blvd, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. EM peter.woods@dynetics.com RI Swank, Jean/F-2693-2012 NR 45 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP 470 EP 486 DI 10.1086/507459 PN 1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JI UT WOS:000243221800033 ER PT J AU Luhman, KL Patten, BM Marengo, M Schuster, MT Hora, JL Ellis, RG Stauffer, JR Sonnett, SM Winston, E Gutermuth, RA Megeath, ST Backman, DE Henry, TJ Werner, MW Fazio, GG AF Luhman, K. L. Patten, B. M. Marengo, M. Schuster, M. T. Hora, J. L. Ellis, R. G. Stauffer, J. R. Sonnett, S. M. Winston, E. Gutermuth, R. A. Megeath, S. T. Backman, D. E. Henry, T. J. Werner, M. W. Fazio, G. G. TI Discovery of two T dwarf companions with the Spitzer Space Telescope SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE binaries : visual; infrared : stars; stars : evolution; stars : fundamental parameters; stars : low-mass, brown dwarfs ID SOLAR-TYPE STARS; INFRARED FILTER SET; URSA-MAJOR GROUP; CANDIDATE SUBSTELLAR COMPANION; EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS; ADAPTIVE OPTICS SURVEY; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; YOUNG BROWN DWARF; LITHIUM ABUNDANCES; STELLAR COMPANIONS AB We report the discovery of T dwarf companions to the nearby stars HN Peg (G0 V, 18.4 pc, tau similar to 0.3 Gyr) and HD 3651 (K0V, 11.1 pc, tau similar to 7 Gyr). During an ongoing survey of 50; 50 fields surrounding stars in the solar neighborhood with the Infrared Array Camera aboard the Spitzer Space Telescope, we identified these companions as candidate T dwarfs based on their mid-infrared colors. Using near-infrared spectra obtained with SpeX at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, we confirm the presence of methane absorption that characterizes T dwarfs and measure spectral types of T2.5 +/- 0.5 and T7.5 +/- 0.5 for HN Peg B and HD 3651B, respectively. By comparing our Spitzer data to images from the Two Micron All Sky Survey obtained several years earlier, we find that the proper motions of HN Peg B and HD 3651B are consistent with those of the primaries, confirming their companionship. A comparison of their luminosities to the values predicted by theoretical evolutionary models implies masses of 0.021 +/- 0.009 and 0.051 +/- 0.014 M-. for HN Peg B and HD 3651B, respectively. In addition, the models imply an effective temperature for HN Peg B that is significantly lower than the values derived for other T dwarfs at similar spectral types, which is the same behavior reported by Metchev & Hillenbrand for the young late L dwarf HD 203030B. Thus, the temperature of the L/T transition appears to depend on surface gravity. Meanwhile, HD 3651B is the first substellar companion directly imaged around a star that is known to harbor a close-in planet from radial velocity surveys. The discovery of this companion supports the notion that the high eccentricities of close-in planets like that near HD 3651 may be the result of perturbations by low-mass companions at wide separations. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Toledo, Dept Phys & Astron, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. SOFIA SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Luhman, KL (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 525 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM kluhman@astro.psu.edu OI Hora, Joseph/0000-0002-5599-4650 NR 93 TC 123 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP 570 EP 579 DI 10.1086/509073 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JI UT WOS:000243221800042 ER PT J AU Eisner, JA Graham, JR Akeson, RL Ligon, ER Colavita, MM Basri, G Summers, K Ragland, S Booth, A AF Eisner, J. A. Graham, J. R. Akeson, R. L. Ligon, E. R. Colavita, M. M. Basri, G. Summers, K. Ragland, S. Booth, A. TI Stellar and molecular radii of a Mira star: First observations with the Keck Interferometer grism SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellar matter; instrumentation : interferometers; stars : AGB and post-AGB; stars : individual (R Virginis); techniques : interferometric; techniques : spectroscopic ID PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; PERIOD VARIABLE-STARS; SEMIREGULAR VARIABLES; M-GIANTS; PULSATION; DIAMETERS; TEMPERATURES; ATMOSPHERES; MULTIEPOCH; EVOLUTION AB Using a new grism at the Keck Interferometer, we obtained spectrally dispersed (R similar to 230) interferometric measurements of the Mira star R Vir. These data show that the measured radius of the emission varies substantially from 2.0 to 2.4 mu m. Simple models can reproduce these wavelength-dependent variations using extended molecular layers, which absorb stellar radiation and reemit it at longer wavelengths. Because we observe spectral regions with and without substantial molecular opacity, we determine the stellar photospheric radius, uncontaminated by molecular emission. We infer that most of the molecular opacity arises at approximately twice the radius of the stellar photosphere. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CALTECH, Michelson Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Calif Assoc Res Astron, WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI USA. RP Eisner, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jae@astro.berkeley.edu NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP L77 EP L80 DI 10.1086/510717 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JM UT WOS:000243222200020 ER PT J AU Kashlinsky, A Arendt, RG Mather, J Moseley, SH AF Kashlinsky, A. Arendt, R. G. Mather, J. Moseley, S. H. TI On the nature of the sources of the cosmic infrared background SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; cosmology : theory; diffuse radiation; early universe ID POPULATION-III STARS; SPACE-TELESCOPE; 1ST STARS; GALAXIES; EVOLUTION; DENSITY; LIGHT; FLUCTUATIONS; ANISOTROPIES; EMISSION AB We discuss the interpretation of the cosmic infrared background (CIB) anisotropies detected by us recently in the Spitzer/IRAC-based measurements. The fluctuations are approximately isotropic on the sky, which is consistent with their cosmological origin. They remain after the removal of fairly faint intervening sources and must arise from a population that has a strong CIB clustering component with only a small shot-noise level. We discuss the constraints the data place on the luminosities, epochs, and mass-to-light ratios of the individual sources producing them. Assuming the concordance Lambda CDM cosmology, the measurements imply that the luminous sources producing them lie at cosmic times <1 Gyr and were individually much brighter per unit mass than the present stellar populations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Kashlinsky, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM kashlinsky@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Moseley, Harvey/D-5069-2012 NR 40 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP L1 EP L4 DI 10.1086/510484 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JM UT WOS:000243222200001 ER PT J AU Kashlinsky, A Arendt, RG Mather, J Moseley, SH AF Kashlinsky, A. Arendt, R. G. Mather, J. Moseley, S. H. TI New measurements of cosmic infrared background fluctuations from early epochs SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; diffuse radiation; early universe ID 1ST STARS; EXPERIMENT SEARCH; POPULATION-III; ANISOTROPIES; BRIGHTNESS; EMISSION; UNIVERSE; LIGHT AB Cosmic infrared background fluctuations may contain a measurable contribution from objects inaccessible to current telescopic studies, such as the first stars and other luminous objects in the first gigayear of the universe's evolution. In an attempt to uncover this contribution, we have analyzed the GOODS data obtained with the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC). These data are deeper and cover larger scales than the Spitzer data that we have previously analyzed. Here we report these new measurements of the cosmic infrared background fluctuations remaining after removing cosmic sources to fainter levels than before. The remaining anisotropies on scales similar to 0.5' - 10' have a significant clustering component with a low shot-noise contribution. We show that these fluctuations cannot be accounted for by instrumental effects or by the solar system and Galactic foreground emissions and that they must arise from extragalactic sources. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Kashlinsky, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM kashlinsky@milkway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Moseley, Harvey/D-5069-2012 NR 20 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2007 VL 654 IS 1 BP L5 EP L8 DI 10.1086/510483 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 122JM UT WOS:000243222200002 ER PT J AU Cillis, AN Reimer, O Torres, DE AF Cillis, Analia N. Reimer, Olaf Torres, Diego E. TI Gamma-ray source stacking analysis at low galactic latitudes SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Multi-Messenger Approach to High Energy Gamma-Ray Sources/3rd Workshop of the Nature of Unidentified High-Energy Sources CY JUL 04-07, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN DE gamma rays; observations; pulsars; methods : data analysis ID EGRET UPPER LIMITS; SUPERNOVA-REMNANTS; EMISSION; SEARCHES; GALAXIES; CATALOG; PULSARS; RADIO AB We studied the problematic of uncertainties in the diffuse gamma radiation apparent in stacking analysis of EGRET data at low Galactic latitudes. Subsequently, we co-added maps of counts, exposure and diffuse background, and residuals, in varying numbers for different subcategories of putatively and known source populations (like PSRs). Finally we tested for gamma-ray excess emission in those maps and attempt to quantify the systematic biases in such approach. Such kind of an analysis will help the classification processes of sources and source populations in the GLAST era. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Ciencias, CSIC, Inst Ciencias Espai,Inst Recerca & Estudis A, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Cillis, AN (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM cillis@gamma.gsfc.nasa.gov; olr@stanford.edu; dtorres@ieec.uab.es RI Reimer, Olaf/A-3117-2013 OI Reimer, Olaf/0000-0001-6953-1385 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2007 VL 309 IS 1-4 BP 51 EP 55 DI 10.1007/s10509-007-9424-9 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 194IR UT WOS:000248338600010 ER PT J AU Harding, AK Grenier, IA Gonthier, PL AF Harding, Alice K. Grenier, Isabelle A. Gonthier, Peter L. TI The Geminga fraction SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Multi-Messenger Approach to High Energy Gamma-Ray Sources/3rd Workshop of the Nature of Unidentified High-Energy Sources CY JUL 04-07, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN DE pulsars; gamma-ray sources; pulsar populations; non-thermal radiation ID GAMMA-RAY PULSARS; RAPIDLY SPINNING PULSARS; RADIO-EMISSION GEOMETRY; RADIATION PAIR FRONTS; HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION; POLAR CAPS; SLOT GAPS; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; EMPIRICAL-THEORY AB Radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars like Geminga may account for a number of the unidentified EGRET sources in the Galaxy. The number of Geminga-like pulsars is very sensitive to the geometry of both the gamma-ray and radio beams. Recent studies of the shape and polarization of pulse profiles of young radio pulsars have provided evidence that their radio emission originates in wide cone beams at altitudes that are a significant fraction (1-10%) of their light cylinder radius. Such wide radio emission beams will be visible at a much larger range of observer angles than the narrow core components thought to originate at lower altitude. Using 3D geometrical modeling that includes relativistic effects from pulsar rotation, we study the visibility of such radio cone beams as well as that of the gamma-ray beams predicted by slot gap and outer gap models. From the results of this study, one can obtain revised predictions for the fraction of Geminga-like, radio quiet pulsars present in the gamma-ray pulsar population. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CEA Saclay, AIM, Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Hope Coll, Dept Phys, Holland, MI 49423 USA. RP Harding, AK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 663, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM harding@twinkie.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 44 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2007 VL 309 IS 1-4 BP 221 EP 230 DI 10.1007/s10509-007-9435-6 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 194IR UT WOS:000248338600034 ER PT J AU Razzano, M Harding, AK AF Razzano, Massimiliano Harding, Alice K. TI Pulsar sensitivity studies of the GLAST large area telescope SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Multi-Messenger Approach to High Energy Gamma-Ray Sources/3rd Workshop of the Nature of Unidentified High-Energy Sources CY JUL 04-07, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN DE pulsars; GLAST; gamma-rays ID GAMMA-RAY PULSARS; OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; POLAR-CAP; RADIATION AB In this contribution we present our preliminary investigation on pulsar sensitivity of the Large Area Telescope, the main instrument aboard the GLAST mission. In particular we concentrated our attention to pulsars located at low galactic latitudes. We created a set of simulated pulsars having different fluxes in an array of galactic coordinates separated by a distance greater than the LAT Point Spread Function in order to avoid confusion between adjacent sources. Galactic gamma-ray sky background as used during the second LAT Data Challenge (DC2) is also included. We then run an automatic routine for testing periodicity for all the pulsars considering an opportune timing solution. In this way we can obtain a map of the sensitivity of the periodic searches for different fluxes and for various Galactic latitudes. Some assumptions have been made by simulating the pulsar sources, but this study is a first step toward an estimate for pulsed emission sensitivity of the GLAST LAT. The pulsed flux sensitivity profile we generate could also be input to a population synthesis code of Galactic pulsars in order to obtain more accurate predictions of the number of expected pulsar detections by GLAST. C1 Univ Pisa, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-56100 Pisa, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Razzano, M (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-56100 Pisa, Italy. EM massimiliano.razzano@pi.infn.it; harding@twinkie.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2007 VL 309 IS 1-4 BP 241 EP 244 DI 10.1007/s10509-007-9463-2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 194IR UT WOS:000248338600037 ER PT J AU Gonthier, PL Story, SA Clow, BD Harding, AK AF Gonthier, Peter L. Story, Sarah A. Clow, Brian D. Harding, Alice K. TI Population statistics study of radio and gamma-ray pulsars in the Galactic plane SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Multi-Messenger Approach to High Energy Gamma-Ray Sources/3rd Workshop of the Nature of Unidentified High-Energy Sources CY JUL 04-07, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN DE pulsars; gamma-rays sources; pulsar populations; nonthermal radiation mechanisms ID BEAM GEOMETRY; MILKY-WAY; EMISSION; BINARIES; MODELS; GALAXY AB We present results of our pulsar population synthesis of normal and millisecond pulsars in the Galactic plane. Over the past several years, a program has been developed to simulate pulsar birth, evolution and emission using Monte Carlo techniques. We have added to the program the capability to simulate millisecond pulsars, which are old, recycled pulsars with extremely short periods. We model the spatial distribution of the simulated pulsars by assuming that they start with a random kick velocity and then evolve through the Galactic potential. We use a polar cap/slot gap model for gamma-ray emission from both millisecond and normal pulsars. From our studies of radio pulsars that have clearly identifiable core and cone components, in which we fit the polarization sweep as well as the pulse profiles in order to constrain the viewing geometry, we develop a model describing the ratio of radio core-to-cone peak fluxes. In this model, short period pulsars are more cone-dominated than in our previous studies. We present the preliminary results of our recent study and the implications for observing these pulsars with GLAST and AGILE. C1 Hope Coll, Dept Phys, Holland, MI 49424 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gonthier, PL (reprint author), Hope Coll, Dept Phys, 27 Graves Pl, Holland, MI 49424 USA. EM gonthier@hope.edu; sarah.story@hope.edu; brian.clow@hope.edu; harding@twinkie.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2007 VL 309 IS 1-4 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1007/s10509-007-9432-9 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 194IR UT WOS:000248338600038 ER PT J AU Reimer, O Michelson, PF Cameron, RA Digel, SW Thompson, DJ Wood, KS AF Reimer, O. Michelson, P. F. Cameron, R. A. Digel, S. W. Thompson, D. J. Wood, K. S. TI GLAST large area telescope multiwavelength planning SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Multi-Messenger Approach to High Energy Gamma-Ray Sources/3rd Workshop of the Nature of Unidentified High-Energy Sources CY JUL 04-07, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN DE gamma rays; multiwavelength; observatories ID GAMMA-RAY SOURCES; SPACE-TELESCOPE; SOURCE 3EG; IDENTIFICATION; J1835+5918 AB Gamma-ray astrophysics depends in many ways on multiwavelength studies. The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has started multiwavelength planning well before the scheduled 2007 launch of the observatory. Some of the high-priority multiwavelength needs include: (1) availability of contemporaneous radio and X-ray timing of pulsars; (2) expansion of blazar catalogs, including redshift measurements; (3) improved observations of molecular clouds, especially at high galactic latitudes; (4) simultaneous broad-band blazar monitoring; (5) characterization of gamma-ray transients, including gamma ray bursts; (6) radio, optical, X-ray and TeV counterpart searches for reliable and effective sources identification and characterization. Several of these activities are needed to be in place before launch. C1 Stanford Univ, HEPL, KIPAC, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Reimer, O (reprint author), Stanford Univ, HEPL, KIPAC, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM olr@stanford.edu RI Thompson, David/D-2939-2012; Reimer, Olaf/A-3117-2013 OI Thompson, David/0000-0001-5217-9135; Reimer, Olaf/0000-0001-6953-1385 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2007 VL 309 IS 1-4 BP 523 EP 526 DI 10.1007/s10509-007-9474-z PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 194IR UT WOS:000248338600078 ER PT J AU Fortney, JJ AF Fortney, Jonathan J. TI The structure of jupiter, saturn, and exoplanets: Key questions for high-pressure experiments SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics CY MAR 11-14, 2006 CL Rich Univ, Houston, TX HO Rich Univ DE planetary systems; Jupiter; Saturn ID TRANSITING EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; GPA 1.4 MBAR; GIANT PLANETS; PHASE-SEPARATION; FLUID HYDROGEN; SHOCK COMPRESSION; HELIUM; EVOLUTION; DEUTERIUM; ATMOSPHERE AB We give an overview of our current understanding of the structure of gas giant planets, from Jupiter and Saturn to extrasolar giant planets. We focus on addressing what high-pressure laboratory experiments on hydrogen and helium can help to elucidate about the structure of these planets. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Fortney, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jfortney@arc.nasa.gov OI Fortney, Jonathan/0000-0002-9843-4354 NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 307 IS 1-3 BP 279 EP 283 DI 10.1007/s10509-006-9224-7 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 147HX UT WOS:000244995100052 ER PT J AU Nishikawa, KI Hededal, CB Hardee, PE Fishman, GJ Kouveliotou, C Mizuno, Y AF Nishikawa, K. -I. Hededal, C. B. Hardee, P. E. Fishman, G. J. Kouveliotou, C. Mizuno, Y. TI 3-D RPIC simulations of relativistic jets: Particle acceleration, magnetic field generation, and emission SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics CY MAR 11-14, 2006 CL Rich Univ, Houston, TX HO Rich Univ DE gamma-ray bursts; relativistic jets; Weibel instability; particle acceleration; magnetic field generation; methods numerical; particle-in-cell simulation ID SYNCHROTRON SHOCK MODEL; RAY BURST SOURCES; WEIBEL INSTABILITY; PROMPT EMISSION; PLASMA SHOCKS; REVERSE SHOCK; AFTERGLOWS; EVOLUTION AB We have applied numerical simulations and modeling to the particle acceleration, magnetic field generation, and emission from relativistic shocks. We investigate the nonlinear stage of theWeibel instability and compare our simulations with the observed gamma-ray burst emission. In collisionless shocks, plasma waves and their associated instabilities (e.g., the Weibel, Buneman and other two-stream instabilities) are responsible for particle (electron, positron, and ion) acceleration and magnetic field generation. 3-D relativistic electromagnetic particle (REMP) simulations with three different electron-positron jet velocity distributions and also with an electron-ion plasma have been performed and show shock processes including spatial and temporal evolution of shocks in unmagnetized ambient plasmas. The growth time and nonlinear saturation levels depend on the initial jet parallel velocity distributions. Simulations show that the Weibel instability created in the collisionless shocks accelerates jet and ambient particles both perpendicular and parallel to the jet propagation direction. The nonlinear fluctuation amplitude of densities, currents, electric, and magnetic fields in the electron-positron shocks are larger for smaller jet Lorentz factor. This comes from the fact that the growth time of the Weibel instability is proportional to the square of the jet Lorentz factor. We have performed simulations with broad Lorentz factor distribution of jet electrons and positrons, which is assumed to be created by photon annihilation. Simulation results with this broad distribution show that the Weibel instability is excited continuously by the wide-range of jet Lorentz factor from lower to higher values. In all simulations the Weibel instability is responsible for generating and amplifying magnetic fields perpendicular to the jet propagation direction, and contributes to the electron's (positron's) transverse deflection behind the jet head. This small scale magnetic field structure contributes to the generation of "jitter" radiation from deflected electrons (positrons), which is different from synchrotron radiation in uniform magnetic fields. The jitter radiation resulting from small scale magnetic field structures may be important for understanding the complex time structure and spectral evolution observed in gamma-ray bursts or other astrophysical sources containing relativistic jets and relativistic collisionless shocks. The detailed studies of shock microscopic process evolution may provide some insights into early and later GRB afterglows. C1 Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Niels Bohr Inst, Dark Cosmol Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Nishikawa, KI (reprint author), Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM ken-ichi.nishikawa@nsstc.nasa.gov RI Mizuno, Yosuke/D-5656-2017 OI Mizuno, Yosuke/0000-0002-8131-6730 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 307 IS 1-3 BP 319 EP 323 DI 10.1007/s10509-006-9234-5 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 147HX UT WOS:000244995100059 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N AF Gehrels, Neil CA Swift Team BE Yuan, YF Li, XD Lai, D TI Swift observations of gamma ray bursts SO ASTROPHYSICS OF COMPACT OBJECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Astrophysics of Compact Objects CY JUL 01-07, 2007 CL Huangshan, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Astron Soc, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Natl Astron Observ China, Res Grp Compact Objects & Diffuse Medium, Inst High Energy Phys, Particle Astrophys Lab, Peking Univ, Astron Dept, Univ Sci & Technol China DE swift observations; gamma ray bursts ID 28 FEBRUARY 1997; HOST GALAXY; AFTERGLOW; REDSHIFT; TELESCOPE; GRB-050709; SUPERNOVA; EMISSION; GRB-060614; DISCOVERY AB Since its launch on 20 November 2004, the Swift mission is detecting similar to 100 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) each year, and immediately (within similar to 90 s) starting X-ray and UV/optical observations of the afterglow. It has already collected an impressive database including prompt emission to higher sensitivities than BATSE, uniform monitoring of afterglows, and rapid follow-up by other observatories notified through the GCN. The detection of X-ray afterglows have been found to have complex temporal shapes including tails emission from the prompt phase and bright flares. X-ray afterglows from short bursts has led to accurate localizations. It is found that they can occur in non-star forming galaxies or regions, whereas long GRBs are strongly concentrated within star forming regions. This is consistent with the NS merger model. Swift has greatly increased the redshift range of GRB detection. The highest redshift GRBs, at z similar to 5 - 6, are approaching the era of reionization. Ground-based deep optical spectroscopy of high redshift bursts is giving metallicity measurements and other information on the source environment to much greater distance than other techniques. The localization of GRB 060218 to a nearby galaxy, and association with SN 2006aj, added a valuable member to the class of GRBs with detected supemova. The prospects for future progress are excellent give the > 10 year orbital lifetime of the Swift satellite. C1 [Gehrels, Neil] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0485-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 968 BP 3 EP 8 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHG45 UT WOS:000252959900001 ER PT S AU Strohmayer, TE AF Strohmayer, Tod E. BE Yuan, YF Li, XD Lai, D TI Fast x-ray oscillations during magnetar flares SO ASTROPHYSICS OF COMPACT OBJECTS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Astrophysics of Compact Objects CY JUL 01-07, 2007 CL Huangshan City, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Astron Soc, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Natl Astron Observ China, Res Grp Compact Objects & Diffuse Medium, Inst High Energy Phys, Particle Astrophys Lab, Peking Univ, Astron Dept, Univ Sci & Technol China DE neutron stars; torsional oscillations; pulsars; rotation; magnetospheres ID SOFT GAMMA-REPEATERS; RESONANT CYCLOTRON SCATTERING; NEUTRON-STARS; GIANT-FLARE; TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS; NONRADIAL OSCILLATIONS; RADIATIVE MECHANISM; 2004 HYPERFLARE; SGR 1806-20; SGR-1806-20 AB The giant flares produced by highly magnetized neutron stars, "magnetars," are the brightest sources of high energy radiation outside our solar system. Serendipitous observations with NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) of the two most recent flares resulted in the discovery of high frequency oscillations in their X-ray fluxes. The frequencies of these oscillations range from approximate to 20 Hz to as high as 1800 Hz, and may represent the first detection of global oscillation modes of neutron stars. Here I will present an observational and theoretical overview of these oscillations and discuss how they might allow us to probe neutron star interiors and dense matter physics. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Strohmayer, TE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0485-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 968 BP 85 EP 92 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHG45 UT WOS:000252959900016 ER PT S AU Baring, MG Harding, AK AF Baring, Matthew G. Harding, Alice K. BE Yuan, YF Li, XD Lai, D TI Modeling the non-thermal X-ray tail emission of anomalous X-ray pulsars SO ASTROPHYSICS OF COMPACT OBJECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Astrophysics of Compact Objects CY JUL 01-07, 2007 CL Huangshan, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Astron Soc, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Natl Astron Observ China, Res Grp Compact Objects & Diffuse Medium, Inst High Energy Phys, Particle Astrophys Lab, Peking Univ, Astron Dept, Univ Sci & Technol China DE non-thermal radiation mechanisms; magnetic fields; neutron stars; pulsars; X-rays ID STRONG MAGNETIC-FIELDS; ELECTRON-ENERGY LOSSES; COMPTON-SCATTERING; POLAR CAPS; THOMSON SCATTERING; 4U 0142+61; ELECTRODYNAMICS; ABSORPTION; DISCOVERY; REPEATERS AB The paradigm for Anomalous X-ray Pulsars (AXPs) has evolved recently with the discovery by INTEGRAL and RXTE of flat, hard X-ray components in three AXPs. These non-thermal spectral components differ dramatically from the steeper quasi-power-law tails seen in the classic Xray band in these sources, and can naturally be attributed to activity in the magnetosphere. Resonant magnetic Compton upscattering is a candidate mechanism for generating this new component since it is very efficient in the strong fields present near AXP surfaces. In this paper, results from an inner magnetospheric model for upscattering of surface thermal X-rays in AXPs are presented, using a kinetic equation formalism and employing a QED magnetic scattering cross section. Characteristically flat and strongly-polarized emission spectra are produced by non-thermal electrons injected in the emission region. Spectral results depend strongly on the observer's orientation and the magnetospheric locale of the scattering, which couple directly to the angular distributions of photons sampled. Constraints imposed by the Comptel upper bounds for these AXPs are mentioned. C1 [Baring, Matthew G.] Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, MS 108,6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Harding, Alice K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Gravitat Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Baring, MG (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, MS 108,6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM baring@rice.edu; harding@twinkie.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 FU NASA [NNG05GK29G, NNX06AI32G]; National Science Foundation [AST06-07651] FX We thank Lucien Kuiper and Wim Hermsen for discussions concerning the INTEGRAL/RXTE data on the hard X-ray tails in Anomalous X-ray Pulsars. Support for this research was provided by NASA via Grant Nos. NNG05GK29G and NNX06AI32G, and the National Science Foundation through Grant No. AST06-07651. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0485-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 968 BP 93 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHG45 UT WOS:000252959900017 ER PT S AU Harding, AK AF Harding, Alice K. BE Yuan, YF Li, XD Lai, D TI High-energy emission from rotation-powered pulsars SO ASTROPHYSICS OF COMPACT OBJECTS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Astrophysics of Compact Objects CY JUL 01-07, 2007 CL Huangshan City, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Astron Soc, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Natl Astron Observ China, Res Grp Compact Objects & Diffuse Medium, Inst High Energy Phys, Particle Astrophys Lab, Peking Univ, Astron Dept, Univ Sci & Technol China DE gamma rays; gamma-ray sources; pulsars ID GAMMA-RAY PULSARS; RAPIDLY SPINNING PULSARS; POLAR CAPS; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; SLOT GAPS; OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; PAIR FORMATION; RADIATION; CASCADES; MODELS AB Forty years after the discovery of rotation-powered pulsars, we still do not understand many aspects of their pulsed emission. In the last few years there have been some fundamental developments in acceleration and emission models. I will review both the basic physics of the models as well as the latest developments in understanding the high-energy emission of rotation-powered pulsars. The prospects for a revolution of the field is about to take place with the launch of AGILE and GLAST. Prospects for using this large increase in gamma-ray data for the study of pulsar physics will be discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harding, AK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0485-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 968 BP 104 EP 111 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHG45 UT WOS:000252959900019 ER PT S AU Gonthier, PL Story, SA Clow, BD Harding, AK AF Gonthier, Peter L. Story, Sarah A. Clow, Brian D. Harding, Alice K. BE Yuan, YF Li, XD Lai, D TI Population statistics of radio and gamma-ray pulsars from the Galactic disk SO ASTROPHYSICS OF COMPACT OBJECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Astrophysics of Compact Objects CY JUL 01-07, 2007 CL Huangshan, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Astron Soc, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Natl Astron Observ China, Res Grp Compact Objects & Diffuse Medium, Inst High Energy Phys, Particle Astrophys Lab, Peking Univ, Astron Dept, Univ Sci & Technol China DE pulsars; gamma-rays sources; pulsar populations; nonthermal radiation mechanisms ID EMISSION; GEOMETRY; MODEL AB We present results of our population synthesis of normal and millisecond pulsars from the Galactic disk. Over the past several years, a program has been developed to simulate pulsar birth, evolution, and emission using Monte Carlo techniques. We have added to the program the capability to simulate millisecond pulsars, which are old, recycled pulsars with extremely short periods. We model the spatial distribution of millisecond pulsars by assuming they start with a random kick velocity and then evolve through the Galactic potential. We use a polar cap/slot gap model for gamma-ray emission from both millisecond and normal pulsars. We also include gamma-ray emission from an outer-gap model to compare the statistics of radio-loud and radio-faint gamma-ray pulsars on the same footing as pulsars from our polar cap/slot gap model. From our studies of radio pulsars that have clearly identifiable core and cone components, in which we fit the polarization sweep as well as the pulse profiles to constrain the viewing geometry, we develop a model describing the ratio of radio core-to-cone peak fluxes. In this model, short period pulsars are more cone-dominated than in our previous studies. We present the preliminary results of our recent study including comparisons between these two groups of pulsars and the implications for observing these pulsars with GLAST and AGILE. GLAST should detect significant numbers of millisecond pulsars. C1 [Gonthier, Peter L.; Clow, Brian D.] Hope Coll, Dept Phys, 27 Graves Pl, Holland, MI 49423 USA. [Story, Sarah A.] Rice Univ, Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Harding, Alice K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gonthier, PL (reprint author), Hope Coll, Dept Phys, 27 Graves Pl, Holland, MI 49423 USA. RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0485-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 968 BP 112 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHG45 UT WOS:000252959900020 ER PT B AU Yan, H Dickinson, M Giavalisco, M Stern, D Eisenhardt, PRM Ferguson, HC AF Yan, Haojing Dickinson, Mark Giavalisco, Mauro Stern, Daniel Eisenhardt, Peter R. M. Ferguson, Henry C. BE Afonso, J Ferguson, HC Mobasher, B Norris, R TI The stellar masses and star formation histories of galaxies at z similar to 6: Constraints from Spitzer GOODS observations SO AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE: LATEST RESULTS FROM THE DEEPEST ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on At the Edge of the Universe CY OCT 09-13, 2006 CL Sintra, PORTUGAL SP British Council, Camara Municipal Sintra, Centro Astronomia & Astrofis Univ Lisboa, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundacao Luso Americana, Gabinete Relacoes Internacionaise Ciencia & Ensino Superior, IPPAR, Observ Astronomico Lisboa, Microcapital, Publibrinde, POCI, TAP Portugal ID ULTRA-DEEP-FIELD; SPACE-TELESCOPE; HIGH-REDSHIFT; HUBBLE AB Using the deep Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), we study the stellar masses and star formation histories (SFH) of galaxies at z approximate to 6. The IRAC instrument provides the best opportunity to estimate the stellar masses of galaxies at these redshifts because it samples their rest-frame optical fluxes, which are less prone to dust extinction and are more sensitive to the light from longer-lived stars. Our study is based on the i(775)-band dropout sample selected from the GOODS southern and northern fields (similar to 330 aremin 2 in total), several of which already have spectroscopic confirmations. We present the analysis for both the IRAC-detected and TRAC-non-detected i(775)-dropouts. The former ones have typical stellar masses of similar to 10(10)M(circle dot)(D and typical ages of a couple of hundred million years, while the latter ones are much younger and are typically less massive by a factor of ten. The existence of high-mass galaxies at z approximate to 6 can be explained by at least one set of N-body simulations of the hierarchical paradigm. Based on our mass estimates, we derive a lower limit to the global stellar mass density at z approximate to 6. We also investigate the implication of our results for reionzation, and find that the progenitors of the galaxies comparable to those in our sample, even in the most optimized (probably unrealistic) scenario, cannot sustain the reionization for a period longer than similar to 2 million years. C1 [Yan, Haojing] Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. [Dickinson, Mark] Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. [Giavalisco, Mauro; Ferguson, Henry C.] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Stern, Daniel; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yan, H (reprint author), Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM yhj@aociw.edu; mauro@stsci.edu; Peter.Eisenhardt@jpl.nasa.gov FU Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy Science; NASA [1224666, 1407, HSTGO-09780.03]; Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology FX Support for this work, part of the Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy Science Program, was provided by NASA through contract 1224666, issued by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, under NASA contract 1407. H. Y. acknowledges the support from the NASA grant HSTGO-09780.03. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-323-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 380 BP 35 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHM73 UT WOS:000254343300005 ER PT B AU Ajello, M Greiner, J Rau, A Kanbach, G Strong, AW Tueller, J Markwardt, CB Mushotzky, RF Barthelmy, SD Gehrels, N AF Ajello, Marco Greiner, Jochen Rau, Arne Kanbach, Gottfried Strong, Andrew W. Tueller, Jack Markwardt, Craig B. Mushotzky, Richard F. Barthelmy, Scott D. Gehrels, Neil BE Afonso, J Ferguson, HC Mobasher, B Norris, R TI Application of maximum likelihood method to the swift/BAT hard X-ray survey: Preliminary results SO AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE: LATEST RESULTS FROM THE DEEPEST ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on At the Edge of the Universe CY OCT 09-13, 2006 CL Sintra, PORTUGAL SP British Council, Camara Municipal Sintra, Centro Astronomia & Astrofis Univ Lisboa, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundacao Luso Americana, Gabinete Relacoes Internacionaise Ciencia & Ensino Superior, IPPAR, Observ Astronomico Lisboa, Microcapital, Publibrinde, POCI, TAP Portugal ID MISSION; AGN AB The BAT instrument, on board the Swift observatory, is surveying the hard X-ray sky to unprecedented sensitivity. An implementation of Spatial Model fitting (Strong et al. 2005) is applied to BAT data. A test of this algorithm on a selected 90x90 deg(2) field leads to the detection of 62 hard X-ray sources, of which, 30 are new and 20 are still unidentified, and a <1 mCrab sensitivity in less than 1 Ms exposure. The extragalactic source counts distribution (14-170 keV) is consistent with an Euclidean function and yields an AGN surface density of 0.028 +/- 0.002 deg(-2) above a limiting flux of 10(-11) erg cm(-2) s(-1). Moreover, BAT is a sensitive instrument for the detection of new Compton-thick objects because their emission peaks around 20,keV. C1 [Ajello, Marco; Greiner, Jochen; Kanbach, Gottfried; Strong, Andrew W.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Postfach 1312, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Rau, Arne] CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observat, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Tueller, Jack; Markwardt, Craig B.; Barthelmy, Scott D.; Gehrels, Neil] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Markwardt, Craig B.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Mushotzky, Richard F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, X Ray Astrophys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ajello, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Postfach 1312, D-85741 Garching, Germany. EM majello@ampe.mpg.de RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Tueller, Jack/D-5334-2012; Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-323-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 380 BP 163 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHM73 UT WOS:000254343300025 ER PT B AU Seymour, N Stern, D De Breuck, C AF Seymour, N. Stern, D. De Breuck, C. CA ShiZRaG Collaboration BE Afonso, J Ferguson, HC Mobasher, B Norris, R TI Spitzer observations of high redshift radio galaxies SO AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE: LATEST RESULTS FROM THE DEEPEST ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on At the Edge of the Universe CY OCT 09-13, 2006 CL Sintra, PORTUGAL SP British Council, Camara Municipal Sintra, Centro Astronomia & Astrofis Univ Lisboa, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundacao Luso Americana, Gabinete Relacoes Internacionaise Ciencia & Ensino Superior, IPPAR, Observ Astronomico Lisboa, Microcapital, Publibrinde, POCI, TAP Portugal ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; K-Z RELATION; BLACK-HOLE MASS; STELLAR POPULATIONS; STAR-FORMATION; SAMPLE; QUASAR; Z-GREATER-THAN-4; DIAGRAM; CHANDRA AB We present the results of a comprehensive Spitzer survey of 70 radio galaxies across 1 < z < 5.2. Using IRAC (3.6 - 8.0 mu m), IRS (16 gm) and MIPS (24 - 160 mu m) imaging, we decompose the rest-frame optical to infrared spectral energy distributions into stellar, AGN, and dust components and determine the contribution of host galaxy stellar emission at rest-frame 1.6 mu m (H-band). The resultant stellar luminosities imply stellar masses of 10(11-12) M-circle dot, independent of redshift, indicating that radio galaxies form early and are amongst the most massive galaxies observed over this redshift range. These powerful radio galaxies tend to lie in a similar region of mid-IR color-color space as unobscured AGN, despite the inferred stellar contribution to their shorter-wavelength, mid-IR SEDs. The observed rest-frame mid-IR luminosities are typically above 10(11)L(circle dot), similar to lower redshift AGN. As expected, these exceptionally high mid-IR luminosities are consistent with an obscured, highly-accreting AGN. A weak, but significant, correlation of stellar mass with radio luminosity is found, consistent with earlier results. C1 [Seymour, N.] CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, 1200 E California Bd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Stern, D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [De Breuck, C.] European Southern Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Seymour, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, 1200 E California Bd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Norris, Ray/A-1316-2008 OI Norris, Ray/0000-0002-4597-1906 NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-323-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 380 BP 393 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHM73 UT WOS:000254343300063 ER PT B AU Fadda, D Biviano, A Marleau, F Storrie-Lombardi, L Durret, F AF Fadda, Dario Biviano, A. Marleau, F. Storrie-Lombardi, L. Durret, F. BE Afonso, J Ferguson, HC Mobasher, B Norris, R TI Spitzer observations of galaxy clusters SO AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE: LATEST RESULTS FROM THE DEEPEST ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on At the Edge of the Universe CY OCT 09-13, 2006 CL Sintra, PORTUGAL SP British Council, Camara Municipal Sintra, Centro Astronomia & Astrofis Univ Lisboa, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundacao Luso Americana, Gabinete Relacoes Internacionaise Ciencia & Ensino Superior, IPPAR, Observ Astronomico Lisboa, Microcapital, Publibrinde, POCI, TAP Portugal AB We present preliminary results of a project to study three rich nearby clusters of galaxies with the Spitzer space telescope. The Spitzer observations in the four IRAC and three MIPS bands cover a region up to three virial radii, approximately, and have been recently completed. On the basis of the first Spitzer images, we followed up spectroscopically the far-infrared sources with the multi-fiber spectrograph HYDRA on the WIYN telescope. 70% of the sources brighter than 0.3 mJy at 24 mu m and r' < 20.5 have been observed for a total of 1078 spectra. For 87% of them we were able to measure redshifts obtaining 50 to 100 members for the different clusters. This first study shows that the far-IR sources in these clusters are predominantly powered by star formation and clustered in regions far from the center. In the case of A1763, they seem to be situated along a filament supporting the idea of infalling galaxies experiencing bursts of star formation during their first contact with the hot intra-cluster medium. C1 [Fadda, Dario] CALTECH, NASA, Herschel Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Biviano, A.] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Trieste, I-34143 Trieste, Italy. [Marleau, F.; Storrie-Lombardi, L.] CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Durret, F.] IAP, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Fadda, D (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Herschel Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM fadda@ipac.caltech.edu OI Biviano, Andrea/0000-0002-0857-0732 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-323-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 380 BP 507 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHM73 UT WOS:000254343300083 ER PT B AU Steeker, FW AF Steeker, F. W. BE Afonso, J Ferguson, HC Mobasher, B Norris, R TI Exploring the edge of the stellar universe with gamma-ray observations SO AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE: LATEST RESULTS FROM THE DEEPEST ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYS SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on At the Edge of the Universe CY OCT 09-13, 2006 CL Sintra, PORTUGAL SP British Council, Camara Municipal Sintra, Centro Astronomia & Astrofis Univ Lisboa, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundacao Luso Americana, Gabinete Relacoes Internacionaise Ciencia & Ensino Superior, IPPAR, Observ Astronomico Lisboa, Microcapital, Publibrinde, POCI, TAP Portugal ID STAR-FORMATION RATE; DEEP-FIELD; LUMINOSITY DENSITY; SPITZER VIEW; GALAXIES; Z-SIMILAR-TO-6; EVOLUTION; SPECTRUM; BREAK; LIGHT AB The determination of the densities of intergalactic photons from the FIR to the UV produced by stellar emission and dust reradiation at various redshifts can provide an independent measure of the star formation history of the universe. Using recent Spitzer and GALEX data in conjunction with other observational inputs, Stecker, Malkan, & Scully have calculated the intergalactic photon density as a function of both energy and redshift for 0 < z < 6 and for photon energies from 0.003 eV to the Lyman limit cutoff at 13.6 eV in a ACDM universe with Omega(A) = 0.7 and Omega(m) = 0.3. Their results are based on backwards evolution models for galaxies developed previously by Malkan & Stecker. The calculated background SEDs at z = 0 are in good agreement with present observational data and limits. The calculated intergalactic photon densities were used to predict the absorption of high energy gamma-rays in intergalactic space from sources such as blazars and quasars, this absorption being produced by interactions of the gamma-rays with intergalactic FIR-UV photons having the calculated densities. The results are in excellent agreement with absorption features found in the very high energy gamma-ray spectra of the low-z blazars, Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 at z = 0.03 and PKS 2155-304 at z = 0.12. However, uncertainties in the predicted gamma-ray absorption features grow with redshift. Actual measurements of the spectra of gamma-ray sources at higher redshifts from detectors such as the (soon to be launched) GLAST space telescope can be used to determine intergalactic photon densities in the distant past, thereby shedding light on the history of star formation and galaxy evolution. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Steeker, FW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Stecker, Floyd/D-3169-2012 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-323-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 380 BP 555 EP 558 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHM73 UT WOS:000254343300094 ER PT S AU Elfes, A Podnar, GW Dolan, JM Stephen, S Lin, E Hosler, JC Ames, TJ Moisan, J Moisan, TA Higinbotham, J Kulczycki, EA AF Elfes, Alberto Podnar, Gregg W. Dolan, John M. Stephen, Stancliff Lin, Ellie Hosler, Jeffrey C. Ames, Troy J. Moisan, John Moisan, Tiffany A. Higinbotham, John Kulczycki, Eric A. BE Goldberg, MD Bloom, HJ Huang, AH Ardanuy, PE TI The telesupervised adaptive ocean sensor fleet - art. no. 668411 SO ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING DATA PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION III: READINESS FOR GEOSS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Enviromental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization III: Readiness for GEOSS CY AUG 17-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE telesupervision; multirobot systems; sensor web; adaptive sampling; harmful algal blooms; ocean sensing AB We are developing a multi-robot science exploration architecture and system called the Telesupervised Adaptive Ocean Sensor Fleet (TAOSF). TAOSF uses a group of robotic boats (the OASIS platforms) to enable in-situ study of ocean surface and sub-surface phenomena. The OASIS boats are extended-deployment autonomous ocean surface vehicles, whose development is funded separately by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The TAOSF architecture provides an integrated approach to multi-vehicle coordination and sliding human-vehicle autonomy. It allows multiple mobile sensing assets to function in a cooperative fashion, and the operating mode of the vessels to range from autonomous control to teleoperated control. In this manner, TAOSF increases data-gathering effectiveness and science return while reducing demands on scientists for tasking, control, and monitoring. It combines and extends prior related work done by the authors and their institutions. The TAOSF architecture is applicable to other areas where multiple sensing assets are needed, including ecological forecasting, water management, carbon management, disaster management, coastal management, homeland security, and planetary exploration. The first field application chosen for TAOSF is the characterization of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Several components of the TAOSF system have been tested, including the OASIS boats, the communications and control interfaces between the various hardware and software subsystems, and an airborne sensor validation system. Field tests in support of future HAB characterization were performed under controlled conditions, using rhodamine dye as a HAB simulant that was dispersed in a pond. In this paper, we describe the overall TAOSF architecture and its components, discuss the initial tests conducted and outline the next steps. C1 [Elfes, Alberto; Kulczycki, Eric A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Elfes, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Elfes, Alberto/E-2463-2011; Moisan, John/B-8762-2016 OI Elfes, Alberto/0000-0003-2433-995X; Moisan, John/0000-0002-8078-8939 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6832-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6684 BP 68411 EP 68411 DI 10.1117/12.735561 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ32 UT WOS:000251483900030 ER PT S AU Seablom, MS Talabac, SJ Higgins, GJ Womack, BT AF Seablom, Michael S. Talabac, Stephen J. Higgins, Glenn J. Womack, Brice T. BE Goldberg, MD Bloom, HJ Huang, AH Ardanuy, PE TI Simulation for the design of next-generation global earth observing systems - art. no. 668413 SO ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING DATA PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION III: READINESS FOR GEOSS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Enviromental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization III: Readiness for GEOSS CY AUG 17-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB Under a recently-funded NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) award we are now designing, and will eventually implement, a sensor web architecture that couples future Earth observing systems with atmospheric, chemical, and oceanographic models and data assimilation systems. The end product will be a "sensor web simulator" (SWS), based upon the proposed architecture, that would objectively quantify the scientific return of a fully functional model-driven meteorological sensor web. Our proposed work is based upon two previously-funded ESTO studies that have yielded a sensor web-based 2025 weather observing system architecture, and a preliminary SWS software architecture that had been funded by NASA's Revolutionary Aerospace Systems Concept (RASC) and other technology awards. Sensor Web observing systems have the potential to significantly improve our ability to monitor, understand, and predict the evolution of rapidly evolving, transient, or variable meteorological features and events. A revolutionary architectural characteristic that could substantially reduce meteorological forecast uncertainty is the use of targeted observations guided by advanced analytical techniques (e.g., prediction of ensemble variance). Simulation is essential: investing in the design and implementation of such a complex observing system would be very costly and almost certainly involve significant risk. A SWS would provide information systems engineers and Earth scientists with the ability to define and model candidate designs, and to quantitatively measure predictive forecast skill improvements. The SWS will serve as a necessary trade studies tool to: evaluate the impact of selecting different types and quantities of remote sensing and in situ sensors; characterize alternative platform vantage points and measurement modes; and to explore potential rules of interaction between sensors and weather forecast/data assimilation components to reduce model error growth and forecast uncertainty. We will demonstrate key SWS elements using a proposed future lidar wind measurement mission as a use case. C1 [Seablom, Michael S.; Talabac, Stephen J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Integrat & Visualizat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Seablom, MS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Integrat & Visualizat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6832-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6684 BP 68413 EP 68413 DI 10.1117/12.735746 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ32 UT WOS:000251483900032 ER PT S AU Mandl, D Sohlberg, R Justice, C Ungar, S Ames, T Frye, S Chien, S Tran, D Cappelaere, P Derezinski, L Paules, G Sullivan, D Di, L Kolitz, S AF Mandl, Daniel Sohlberg, Rob Justice, Chris Ungar, Stephen Ames, Troy Frye, Stuart Chien, Steve Tran, Daniel Cappelaere, Patrice Derezinski, Linda Paules, Granville Sullivan, Don Di, Liping Kolitz, Stephan BE Goldberg, MD Bloom, HJ Huang, AH Ardanuy, PE TI Sensor webs with a service-oriented architecture for on-demand science products - art. no. 668414 SO ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING DATA PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION III: READINESS FOR GEOSS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Enviromental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization III: Readiness for GEOSS CY AUG 17-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE sensor webs; OGC; on-demand science; service-oriented architecture AB This paper describes the work being managed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Information System Division (ISD) under a NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information System Technology (AIST) grant to develop a modular sensor web architecture which enables discovery of sensors and workflows that can create customized science via a high-level service-oriented architecture based on Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) web service standards. These capabilities serve as a prototype to a user-centric architecture for Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). This work builds and extends previous sensor web efforts conducted at NASA/GSFC using the Earth Observing I (EO-I) satellite and other low-earth orbiting satellites. C1 [Mandl, Daniel; Ungar, Stephen; Ames, Troy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mandl, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6832-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6684 BP 68414 EP 68414 DI 10.1117/12.735944 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ32 UT WOS:000251483900033 ER PT S AU Susskind, J AF Susskind, Joel BE Goldberg, MD Bloom, HJ Huang, AH Ardanuy, PE TI Improved atmospheric soundings and error estimates from analysis of AIRS/AMSU data - art. no. 66840M SO ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING DATA PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION III: READINESS FOR GEOSS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Enviromental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization III: Readiness for GEOSS CY AUG 17-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE high spectral resolution IR sounders; atmospheric sounding; satellite meteorology; new theoretical developments; improved forecast skill ID AIRS AB The AIRS Science Team Version 5.0 retrieval algorithm became operational at the Goddard DAAC in July 2007 generating near real-time products from analysis of AIRS/AMSU sounding data. This algorithm contains many significant theoretical advances over the AIRS Science Team Version 4.0 retrieval algorithm used previously. Three very significant developments of Version 5 are: 1) the development and implementation of an improved Radiative Transfer Algorithm (RTA) which allows for accurate treatment of non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) effects on shortwave sounding channels; 2) the development of methodology to obtain very accurate case by case product error estimates which are in turn used for quality control; and 3) development of an accurate AIRS only cloud clearing and retrieval system. These theoretical improvements taken together enabled a new methodology to be developed which further improves soundings in partially cloudy conditions, without the need for microwave observations in the cloud clearing step as has been done previously. In this methodology, longwave CO2 channel observations in the spectral region 700 cm(-1) to 750 cm(-1) are used exclusively for cloud clearing purposes, while shortwave CO, channels in the spectral region 2195 cm(-1) to 2395 cm(-1) are used for temperature sounding purposes. The new methodology for improved error estimates and their use in quality control is described briefly and results are shown indicative of their accuracy. Results are also shown of forecast impact experiments assimilating AIRS Version 5.0 retrieval products in the Goddard GEOS 5 Data Assimilation System using different quality control thresholds. C1 [Susskind, Joel] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6832-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6684 BP M6840 EP M6840 DI 10.1117/12.734336 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ32 UT WOS:000251483900017 ER PT S AU Aumann, HH Fishbein, E Gohlke, J AF Aumann, Hartmut H. Fishbein, Evan Gohlke, Jan BE Goldberg, MD Bloom, HJ Huang, AH Ardanuy, PE TI Evaluation of data thinning for climate applications using the first four years of AIRS hyperspectral data - art. no. 66840P SO ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING DATA PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION III: READINESS FOR GEOSS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Enviromental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization III: Readiness for GEOSS CY AUG 17-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared; temperature sounder; global change; IASI; CRIS ID RADIANCE AB The application of infrared hyper-spectral sounder data to climate research requires the global analysis of multi-decadal time series of various atmosphere, surface or cloud related parameters. The data used in this analysis has to meet stringent global and scene independent absolute accuracy and stability requirements, it also has to be spatially and radiometrically unbiased, manageable in size and self-contained. Self-contained means that the data set contains not only a globally unbiased sample of the state of the Earth Climate system as seen in the infrared, it has to contain enough data to contrast clear with average (cloudy) data and to allow an independent assessment of the radiometric and spectral accuracy and stability of the data. We illustrate this with data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) data. AIRS and IASI were designed with fairly similar functional requirements. AIRS was launched on the EOS Aqua spacecraft in May 2002 into a 705 km polar sun-synchronous orbit with accurately maintained 1:30 PM ascending node. Essentially un-interrupted data are available since September 2002. Since October 2006 IASI is in a 9:30 AM polar orbit at 8 15 km altitude on the MetOp2 satellite, with data available since May 2007. C1 [Aumann, Hartmut H.; Fishbein, Evan; Gohlke, Jan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aumann, HH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6832-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6684 BP P6840 EP P6840 DI 10.1117/12.734573 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ32 UT WOS:000251483900019 ER PT S AU Aumann, HH Pagano, T Hofstadter, M AF Aumann, Hartmut H. Pagano, Tom Hofstadter, Mark BE Goldberg, MD Bloom, HJ Huang, AH Ardanuy, PE TI Observations of deep convective clouds as stable reflected light standard for climate research: AIRS evaluation(1). SO ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING DATA PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION III: READINESS FOR GEOSS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric and Enviromental Remote Sensing Data Processing and Utilization III: Readiness for GEOSS CY AUG 17-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared; visible light; calibration; deep convective clouds; global warming AB Changes of the order of 1%/decade or less are expected in the tropical ocean cloud amount due to global warming. Since the ocean is very dark in the visible and near infrared region of the spectrum, a change in the Earth reflectance is equivalent to a measure of the change in the cloud cover. A reliable measurement of such a small change in the visible requires a reference source which is much more stable than 1%/decade. A procedure is developed to use the sunlight reflected from Deep Convective Clouds (DCC) as a stable and readily available reference source for reflected light channels. The procedure uses the stability of the NIST traceable infrared radiometric calibration of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) to create a stable DCC detection threshold, which assures a stable visible reflected reference signal. DCC are identified in the data as any IR footprint within 30 degree latitude, where the brightness temperature in the 1231 cm(-1) window channel is 2 1 OK or less. The 90%tile value of the observed visible signal is used as reference to minimize the effect of under-filling the footprint. Typically 2000 DCC are identified each day during the daylight part of the orbit; The stability uncertainty in the DCC reference signal measured from the first four years of AIRS data is 0.02%/year, i.e. 0.2%/decade. The stability of the procedure demonstrated with AIRS is thus already better than the 1%/decade expected change in the cloud amount due to global warming. Extrapolated from four years to the expected 12 year lifetime of AIRS the trend uncertainty on the DCC measurements should decrease to 0.06%/decade. A 12 year record of the Earth reflectance stabilized with the DCC would allow for a very sensitive test of a change in the cloud amount. AIRS was launched on the EOS Aqua spacecraft in May 2002 into a 705 km polar sun-synchronous orbit with accurately maintained 1:30 PM ascending node. Essentially un-interrupted data are freely available, since September 2002. The DCC are included in the AIRS Calibration Data Subset (ACDS). C1 [Aumann, Hartmut H.; Pagano, Tom; Hofstadter, Mark] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aumann, HH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6832-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6684 AR 668410 DI 10.1117/12.734599 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGZ32 UT WOS:000251483900029 ER PT J AU Boersma, KF Eskes, HJ Veefkind, JP Brinksma, EJ van der A, RJ Sneep, M van den Oord, GHJ Levelt, PF Stammes, P Gleason, JF Bucsela, EJ AF Boersma, K. F. Eskes, H. J. Veefkind, J. P. Brinksma, E. J. Van der A, R. J. Sneep, M. van den Oord, G. H. J. Levelt, P. F. Stammes, P. Gleason, J. F. Bucsela, E. J. TI Near-real time retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from OMI SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE-MONITORING INSTRUMENT; GOME MEASUREMENTS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; SURFACE REFLECTIVITY; BAND MEASUREMENTS; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; MODEL; COLUMNS; OXYGEN; NM AB We present a new algorithm for the near-real time retrieval - within 3 h of the actual satellite measurement - of tropospheric NO2 columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The retrieval is based on the combined retrieval-assimilation-modelling approach developed at KNMI for off-line tropospheric NO2 from the GOME and SCIAMACHY satellite instruments. We have adapted the off-line system such that the required a priori information profile shapes and stratospheric background NO2 - is now immediately available upon arrival ( within 80 min of observation) of the OMI NO2 slant columns and cloud data at KNMI. Slant columns for NO2 are retrieved using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) in the 405 465 nm range. Cloud fraction and cloud pressure are provided by a new cloud retrieval algorithm that uses the absorption of the O-2-O-2 collision complex near 477 nm. Online availability of stratospheric slant columns and NO2 profiles is achieved by running the TM4 chemistry transport model (CTM) forward in time based on forecast ECMWF meteo and assimilated NO2 information from all previously observed orbits. OMI NO2 slant columns, after correction for spurious across-track variability, show a random error for individual pixels of approximately 0.7 x 10(15) molec cm(-2). Cloud parameters from OMI's O-2-O-2 algorithm have similar frequency distributions as retrieved from SCIAMACHY's Fast Retrieval Scheme for Cloud Observables ( FRESCO) for August 2006. On average, OMI cloud fractions are higher by 0.011, and OMI cloud pressures exceed FRESCO cloud pressures by 60 hPa. A sequence of OMI observations over Europe in October 2005 shows OMI's capability to track changeable NOx air pollution from day to day in cloud-free situations. C1 KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Boersma, KF (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM boersma@fas.harvard.edu RI Gleason, James/E-1421-2012; Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008 OI Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; NR 54 TC 205 Z9 224 U1 4 U2 48 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 8 BP 2103 EP 2118 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167MJ UT WOS:000246455500014 ER PT J AU Alfred, J Fromm, M Bevilacqua, R Nedoluha, G Strawa, A Poole, L Wickert, J AF Alfred, J. Fromm, M. Bevilacqua, R. Nedoluha, G. Strawa, A. Poole, L. Wickert, J. TI Observations and analysis of polar stratospheric clouds detected by POAM III and SAGE III during the SOLVE II/VINTERSOL campaign in the 2002/2003 Northern Hemisphere winter SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; OZONE; VALIDATION; DENITRIFICATION; PARTICLES; MIPAS AB The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment instruments both observed high numbers of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the polar region during the second SAGE Ozone Loss and Validation (SOLVE II) and Validation of INTERnational Satellites and Study of Ozone Loss (VINTERSOL) campaign, conducted during the 2002/2003 Northern Hemisphere winter. Between 15 November 2002 (14 November 2002) and 18 March 2003 (21 March 2003) SAGE (POAM) observed 122 (151) aerosol extinction profiles containing PSCs. PSCs were observed on an almost daily basis, from early December through 15 January, in both instruments. No PSCs were observed from either instrument from 15 January until 4 February, and from then only sparingly in three periods in mid- and late February and mid- March. In early December, PSCs were observed in the potential temperature range from roughly 375 K to 750 K. Throughout December the top of this range decreases to near 600 K. In February and March, PSC observations were primarily constrained to potential temperatures below 500 K. The PSC observation frequency as a function of ambient temperature relative to the nitric acid-trihydrate saturation point (using a nitric acid profile prior to denitrification) was used to infer irreversible denitrification. By late December 38% denitrification was inferred at both the 400-475 K and 475-550 K potential temperature ranges. By early January extensive levels of denitrification near 80% were inferred at both potential temperature ranges, and the air remained denitrified at least through early March. C1 Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA USA. USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atmospher Phys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Dept Geodesy & Remote Sensing, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RP Alfred, J (reprint author), Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA USA. EM alfred@cpi.com RI Fromm, Michael/F-4639-2010; Wickert, Jens/A-7257-2013 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 9 BP 2151 EP 2163 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167MP UT WOS:000246456100001 ER PT J AU Hansen, J Sato, M Ruedy, R Kharecha, P Lacis, A Miller, R Nazarenko, L Lo, K Schmidt, GA Russell, G Aleinov, I Bauer, S Baum, E Cairns, B Canuto, V Chandler, M Cheng, Y Cohen, A Del Genio, A Faluvegi, G Fleming, E Friend, A Hall, T Jackman, C Jonas, J Kelley, M Kiang, NY Koch, D Labow, G Lerner, J Menon, S Novakov, T Oinas, V Perlwitz, J Perlwitz, J Rind, D Romanou, A Schmunk, R Shindell, D Stone, P Sun, S Streets, D Tausnev, N Thresher, D Unger, N Yao, M Zhang, S AF Hansen, J. Sato, M. Ruedy, R. Kharecha, P. Lacis, A. Miller, R. Nazarenko, L. Lo, K. Schmidt, G. A. Russell, G. Aleinov, I. Bauer, S. Baum, E. Cairns, B. Canuto, V. Chandler, M. Cheng, Y. Cohen, A. Del Genio, A. Faluvegi, G. Fleming, E. Friend, A. Hall, T. Jackman, C. Jonas, J. Kelley, M. Kiang, N. Y. Koch, D. Labow, G. Lerner, J. Menon, S. Novakov, T. Oinas, V. Perlwitz, Ja. Perlwitz, Ju. Rind, D. Romanou, A. Schmunk, R. Shindell, D. Stone, P. Sun, S. Streets, D. Tausnev, N. Thresher, D. Unger, N. Yao, M. Zhang, S. TI Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; CARBON-CYCLE FEEDBACKS; TROPICAL CYCLONES; GREENHOUSE GASES; WEST ANTARCTICA; SOLAR-RADIATION; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; LEVEL RISE; ATLANTIC AB We investigate the issue of "dangerous human-made interference with climate" using simulations with GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880 2003 and extended to 2100 for IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well as the "alternative" scenario of Hansen and Sato ( 2004). Identification of "dangerous" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming of more than 1 degrees C above the level in 2000 has effects that may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, with peak added forcing similar to 1.5 W/m(2) in 2100, keeps further global warming under 1 degrees C if climate sensitivity is similar to 3 degrees C or less for doubled CO2. The alternative scenario keeps mean regional seasonal warming within 2 sigma ( standard deviations) of 20th century variability, but other scenarios yield regional changes of 5 - 10 sigma, i.e. mean conditions outside the range of local experience. We conclude that a CO2 level exceeding about 450 ppm is "dangerous", but reduction of non-CO2 forcings can provide modest relief on the CO2 constraint. We discuss three specific sub-global topics: Arctic climate change, tropical storm intensification, and ice sheet stability. We suggest that Arctic climate change has been driven as much by pollutants (O-3, its precursor CH4, and soot) as by CO2, offering hope that dual efforts to reduce pollutants and slow CO2 growth could minimize Arctic change. Simulated recent ocean warming in the region of Atlantic hurricane formation is comparable to observations, suggesting that greenhouse gases (GHGs) may have contributed to a trend toward greater hurricane intensities. Increasing GHGs cause significant warming in our model in submarine regions of ice shelves and shallow methane hydrates, raising concern about the potential for accelerating sea level rise and future positive feedback from methane release. Growth of non-CO2 forcings has slowed in recent years, but CO2 emissions are now surging well above the alternative scenario. Prompt actions to slow CO2 emissions and decrease non-CO2 forcings are required to achieve the low forcing of the alternative scenario. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. Sigma Space Partners LLC, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New York, NY USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. Clean Air Task Force, Boston, MA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, New York, NY 10025 USA. Orme Merisiers, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Yale Univ, Dept Geol, New Haven, CT USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Hansen, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM jhansen@giss.nasa.gov RI Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012; Lacis, Andrew/D-4658-2012; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Perlwitz, Judith/B-7201-2008; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Sun, Shan/H-2318-2015; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; OI Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350; Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359; Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; Perlwitz, Judith/0000-0003-4061-2442; Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022 NR 142 TC 119 Z9 128 U1 13 U2 49 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 9 BP 2287 EP 2312 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167MP UT WOS:000246456100011 ER PT J AU Strahan, SE Duncan, BN Hoor, P AF Strahan, S. E. Duncan, B. N. Hoor, P. TI Observationally derived transport diagnostics for the lowermost stratosphere and their application to the GMI chemistry and transport model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; POLAR VORTEX; INITIATIVE ASSESSMENT; ACCURATE SIMULATION; CHEMICAL-MODELS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SPURT; TROPOSPHERE; TRACER; N2O AB Transport from the surface to the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can occur on timescales of a few months or less, making it possible for short-lived tropospheric pollutants to influence stratospheric composition and chemistry. Models used to study this influence must demonstrate the credibility of their chemistry and transport in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). Data sets from satellite and aircraft instruments measuring CO, O-3, N2O, and CO2 in the UT/LS are used to create a suite of diagnostics for the seasonally-varying transport into and within the lowermost stratosphere, and of the coupling between the troposphere and stratosphere in the extratropics. The diagnostics are used to evaluate a version of the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) Chemistry and Transport Model (CTM) that uses a combined tropospheric and stratospheric chemical mechanism and meteorological fields from the GEOS-4 general circulation model. The diagnostics derived from N2O and O-3 show that the model lowermost stratosphere has realistic input from the overlying high latitude stratosphere in all seasons. Diagnostics for the LMS show two distinct layers. The upper layer begins similar to 30K potential temperature above the tropopause and has a strong annual cycle in its composition. The lower layer is a mixed region similar to 30K thick near the tropopause that shows no clear seasonal variation in the degree of tropospheric coupling. Diagnostics applied to the GMI CTM show credible seasonally-varying transport in the LMS and a tropopause layer that is realistically coupled to the UT in all seasons. The vertical resolution of the GMI CTM in the UT/LS, similar to 1 km, is sufficient to realistically represent the extratropical tropopause layer. This study demonstrates that the GMI CTM has the transport credibility required to study the impact of tropospheric emissions on the stratosphere. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. RP Strahan, SE (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM sstrahan@pop600.gsfc.nasa.gov RI hoor, peter/G-5421-2010; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012 OI hoor, peter/0000-0001-6582-6864; NR 46 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 9 BP 2435 EP 2445 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 167MP UT WOS:000246456100018 ER PT J AU Hatzianastassiou, N Matsoukas, C Drakakis, E Stackhouse, PW Koepke, P Fotiadi, A Pavlakis, KG Vardavas, I AF Hatzianastassiou, N. Matsoukas, C. Drakakis, E. Stackhouse, P. W., Jr. Koepke, P. Fotiadi, A. Pavlakis, K. G. Vardavas, I. TI The direct effect of aerosols on solar radiation based on satellite observations, reanalysis datasets, and spectral aerosol optical properties from Global Aerosol Data Set (GADS) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; DUST EXPERIMENT SHADE; SAHARAN DUST; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA; PHASE FUNCTION; CLIMATE; BUDGET; ATMOSPHERE; MODELS AB A global estimate of the seasonal direct radiative effect (DRE) of natural plus anthropogenic aerosols on solar radiation under all-sky conditions is obtained by combining satellite measurements and reanalysis data with a spectral radiative transfer model and spectral aerosol optical properties taken from the Global Aerosol Data Set ( GADS). The estimates are obtained with detailed spectral model computations separating the ultraviolet (UV), visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The global distribution of spectral aerosol optical properties was taken from GADS whereas data for clouds, water vapour, ozone, carbon dioxide, methane and surface albedo were taken from various satellite and reanalysis datasets. Using these aerosol properties and other related variables, we generate climatological ( for the 12-year period 1984 - 1995) monthly mean aerosol DREs. The global annual mean DRE on the outgoing SW radiation at the top of atmosphere (TOA, 1 Delta F-TOA) is - 1.62 W m(-2) ( with a range of - 15 to 10 W m(-2), negative values corresponding to planetary cooling), the effect on the atmospheric absorption of SW radiation ( Delta F-atmab) is 1.6 W m(-2) ( values up to 35 W m(-2), corresponding to atmospheric warming), and the effect on the surface downward and absorbed SW radiation (Delta F-surf, and Delta F-surfnet, respectively) is - 3.93 and - 3.22 W m(-2) ( values up to - 45 and - 35 W m(-2), respectively, corresponding to surface cooling). According to our results, aerosols decrease/increase the planetary albedo by - 3 to 13% at the local scale, whereas on planetary scale the result is an increase of 1.5%. Aerosols can warm locally the atmosphere by up to 0.98 K day(-1), whereas they can cool the Earth's surface by up to - 2.9 K day(-1). Both these effects, which can significantly modify atmospheric dynamics and the hydrological cycle, can produce significant planetary cooling on a regional scale, although planetary warming can arise over highly reflecting surfaces. The aerosol DRE at the Earth's surface compared to TOA can be up to 15 times larger at the local scale. The largest aerosol DRE takes place in the northern hemisphere both at the surface and the atmosphere, arising mainly at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. C1 Univ Ioannina, Dept Phys, Lab Meteorol, Ioannina 45110, Greece. Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Iraklion, Crete, Greece. Univ Aegean, Dept Environm, Mitilini, Greece. Univ Crete, Dept Phys, Iraklion, Greece. Techol Educ Inst Crete, Dept Elect Engn, Iraklion, Greece. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-8000 Munich, Germany. Technol Educ Inst Crete, Dept Gen Appl Sci, Iraklion, Greece. RP Hatzianastassiou, N (reprint author), Univ Ioannina, Dept Phys, Lab Meteorol, Ioannina 45110, Greece. EM nhatzian@cc.uoi.gr RI Drakakis, Emmanuel/D-7396-2012; Vardavas, Ilias/G-7310-2011 NR 75 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 10 BP 2585 EP 2599 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WT UT WOS:000246903900010 ER PT J AU Eleftheratos, K Zerefos, CS Zanis, P Balis, DS Tselioudis, G Gierens, K Sausen, R AF Eleftheratos, K. Zerefos, C. S. Zanis, P. Balis, D. S. Tselioudis, G. Gierens, K. Sausen, R. TI A study on natural and manmade global interannual fluctuations of cirrus cloud cover for the period 1984-2004 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ICE-SUPERSATURATED REGIONS; EL-NINO; SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; II OBSERVATIONS; THIN CIRRUS; SAGE-II; PART I; CLIMATE; CONTRAILS AB The seasonal variability and the interannual variance explained by ENSO and NAO to cirrus cloud cover (CCC) are examined during the twenty-year period 1984 2004. CCC was found to be significantly correlated with vertical velocities and relative humidity from ECMWF/ERA40 in the tropics ( correlations up to - 0.7 and + 0.7 at some locations, respectively) suggesting that variations in large-scale vertical winds and relative humidity fields can be the origin of up to half of the local variability in CCC over these regions. These correlations reflect mostly the seasonal cycle. Although the annual cycle is dominant in all latitudes and longitudes, peaking over the tropics and subtropics, its amplitude can be exceeded during strong El Nino/La Nina events. Over the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean the interannual variance of CCC which can be explained by ENSO is about 6.8% and it is similar to 2.3 times larger than the amplitude of the annual cycle. Natural long-term trends in the tropics are generally small ( about - 0.3% cloud cover per decade) and possible manmade trends in those regions are also small. The contributions of NAO and QBO to the variance of CCC in the tropics are also small. In the northern mid-latitudes, on the other hand, the effect of NAO is more significant and can be very important regionally. Over northern Europe and the eastern part of the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (NAFC) there is a small positive correlation between CCC and NAO index during the wintertime of about 0.3. In this region, the interannual variance of CCC explained by NAO is 2.6% and the amplitude of the annual cycle is 3.1%. Long-term trends over this region are about + 1.6% cloud cover per decade and compare well with the observed manmade trends over congested air traffic regions in Europe and the North Atlantic as have been evidenced from earlier findings. C1 Univ Athens, Lab Climatol & Atmospher Environm, GR-10679 Athens, Greece. Acad Athens, Fdn Biomed Res, Athens, Greece. Natl Observ Athens, Athens, Greece. Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Meteorol & Climatol, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Cologne, Germany. RP Eleftheratos, K (reprint author), Univ Athens, Lab Climatol & Atmospher Environm, GR-10679 Athens, Greece. EM kelef@geol.uoa.gr RI Zanis, Prodromos/B-5598-2015; OI Balis, Dimitris/0000-0003-1161-7746 NR 36 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 10 BP 2631 EP 2642 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WT UT WOS:000246903900013 ER PT J AU Treffeisen, R Krejci, R Strom, J Engvall, AC Herber, A Thomason, L AF Treffeisen, R. Krejci, R. Strom, J. Engvall, A. C. Herber, A. Thomason, L. TI Humidity observations in the Arctic troposphere over Ny-Alesund, Svalbard based on 15 years of radiosonde data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MIDLATITUDE UPPER TROPOSPHERE; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; CIRRUS CLOUDS; WATER-VAPOR; ICE SUPERSATURATION; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; TROPOPAUSE REGION; DISTRIBUTION LAW; CLIMATE; AEROSOL AB Water vapour is an important component in the radiative balance of the polar atmosphere. We present a study covering fifteen years of data of tropospheric humidity profiles measured with standard radiosondes at Ny-Alesund ( 78 degrees 55 0 N 11 degrees 52' E) during the period from 1991 to 2006. It is well-known that relative humidity measurements are less reliable at low temperatures when measured with standard radiosondes. The data was corrected for errors and used to determine key characteristic features of the vertical and temporal relative humidity evolution in the Arctic troposphere over Ny-Alesund. We present frequencies of occurrence of ice-supersaturation layers in the troposphere, their vertical span, temperature and statistical distribution. Supersaturation with respect to ice shows a clear seasonal behaviour. In winter, ( October - February) it occurred in 19% of all cases and less frequently in spring ( March - May 12%), and summer ( June - September, 9%). Finally, the results are compared with findings from the SAGE II satellite instrument on subvisible clouds. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Stockholm, Dept Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, ITM, Dept Appl Environm Sci, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Treffeisen, R (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Telegrafenberg A45, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM renate.treffeisen@awi.de RI Krejci, Radovan/L-3257-2013; OI Krejci, Radovan/0000-0002-9384-9702; Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 8 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 10 BP 2721 EP 2732 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 173WT UT WOS:000246903900019 ER PT J AU Coy, L Allen, DR Eckermann, SD McCormack, JP Stajner, I Hogan, TF AF Coy, L. Allen, D. R. Eckermann, S. D. McCormack, J. P. Stajner, I. Hogan, T. F. TI Effects of model chemistry and data biases on stratospheric ozone assimilation SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ANALYSIS SYSTEM; SIMULATIONS; CLIMATOLOGY; PREDICTION; RADIANCES; PROJECT; WINTER; WAVES; H2O AB The innovations or observation minus forecast (O - F) residuals produced by a data assimilation system provide a convenient metric of evaluating global analyses. In this study, O - F statistics from the Global Ozone Assimilation Testing System ( GOATS) are used to examine how ozone assimilation products and their associated O - F statistics depend on input data biases and ozone photochemistry parameterizations (OPP). All the GOATS results shown are based on a 6-h forecast and analysis cycle using observations from SBUV/2 ( Solar Backscatter UltraViolet instrument-2) during September - October 2002. Results show that zonal mean ozone analyses are more independent of observation biases and drifts when using an OPP, while the mean ozone O - Fs are more sensitive to observation drifts when using an OPP. In addition, SD O - Fs ( standard deviations) are reduced in the upper stratosphere when using an OPP due to a reduction of forecast model noise and to increased covariance between the forecast model and the observations. Experiments that changed the OPP reference state to match the observations by using an "adaptive" OPP scheme reduced the mean ozone O - Fs at the expense of zonal mean ozone analyses being more susceptible to data biases and drifts. Additional experiments showed that the upper boundary of the ozone DAS can affect the quality of the ozone analysis and therefore should be placed well above ( at least a scale height) the region of interest. C1 USN, Div Space Sci, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Dordt Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Sioux Ctr, IA USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USN, Marine Meteorol Div, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. RP Coy, L (reprint author), USN, Div Space Sci, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM coy@nrl.navy.mil RI Stajner, Ivanka/B-5228-2009; OI Stajner, Ivanka/0000-0001-6103-3939; McCormack, John/0000-0002-3674-0508 NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 11 BP 2917 EP 2935 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 179AF UT WOS:000247261000009 ER PT J AU von Hobe, M Salawitch, RJ Canty, T Keller-Rudek, H Moortgat, GK Grooss, JU Muller, R Stroh, F AF von Hobe, M. Salawitch, R. J. Canty, T. Keller-Rudek, H. Moortgat, G. K. Grooss, J.-U. Mueller, R. Stroh, F. TI Understanding the kinetics of the ClO dimer cycle SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THERMAL UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; LOWER POLAR STRATOSPHERE; CHLORINE PEROXIDE; SELF-REACTION; OZONE LOSS; ANTARCTIC OZONE; MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER; CLO/CL2O2 EQUILIBRIUM; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL AB Among the major factors controlling ozone loss in the polar vortices in winter/spring is the kinetics of the ClO dimer catalytic cycle. Here, we propose a strategy to test and improve our understanding of these kinetics by comparing and combining information on the thermal equilibrium between ClO and Cl2O2, the rate of Cl2O2 formation, and the Cl2O2 photolysis rate from laboratory experiments, theoretical studies and field observations. Concordant with a number of earlier studies, we find considerable inconsistencies of some recent laboratory results with rate theory calculations and stratospheric observations of ClO and Cl2O2. The set of parameters for which we find the best overall consistency - namely the ClO/Cl2O2 equilibrium constant suggested by Plenge et al. ( 2005), the Cl2O2 recombination rate constant reported by Nickolaisen et al. ( 1994) and Cl2O2 photolysis rates based on absorption cross sections in the range between the JPL 2006 assessment and the laboratory study by Burkholder et al. ( 1990) - is not congruent with the latest recommendations given by the JPL and IUPAC panels and does not represent the laboratory studies currently regarded as the most reliable experimental values. We show that the incorporation of new Pope et al. ( 2007) Cl2O2 absorption cross sections into several models, combined with best estimates for other key parameters ( based on either JPL and IUPAC evaluations or on our study), results in severe model underestimates of observed ClO and observed ozone loss rates. This finding suggests either the existence of an unknown process that drives the partitioning of ClO and Cl2O2, or else some unidentified problem with either the laboratory study or numerous measurements of atmospheric ClO. Our mechanistic understanding of the ClO/Cl2O2 system is grossly lacking, with severe implications for our ability to simulate both present and future polar ozone depletion. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphere ICG1, Julich, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Div Atmospher Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. RP von Hobe, M (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphere ICG1, Julich, Germany. EM m.von.hobe@fz-juelich.de RI Stroh, Fred/A-6505-2009; Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Canty, Timothy/F-2631-2010; Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; von Hobe, Marc/A-7969-2013 OI Stroh, Fred/0000-0002-4492-2977; Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Canty, Timothy/0000-0003-0618-056X; Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; NR 59 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 12 BP 3055 EP 3069 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183KU UT WOS:000247572500001 ER PT J AU Myhre, G Stordal, F Johnsrud, M Kaufman, YJ Rosenfeld, D Storelvmo, T Kristjansson, JE Berntsen, TK Myhre, A Isaksen, ISA AF Myhre, G. Stordal, F. Johnsrud, M. Kaufman, Y. J. Rosenfeld, D. Storelvmo, T. Kristjansson, J. E. Berntsen, T. K. Myhre, A. Isaksen, I. S. A. TI Aerosol-cloud interaction inferred from MODIS satellite data and global aerosol models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; AIR-POLLUTION; ABSORBING AEROSOLS; CLIMATE SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; DATA-SETS; OCEAN; SMOKE; PRODUCTS AB We have used the MODIS satellite data and two global aerosol models to investigate the relationships between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloud parameters that may be affected by the aerosol concentration. The relationships that are studied are mainly between AOD, on the one hand, and cloud cover, cloud liquid water path, and water vapour, on the other. Additionally, cloud droplet effective radius, cloud optical depth, cloud top pressure and aerosol Angstrom exponent, have been analysed in a few cases. In the MODIS data we found, as in earlier studies, an enhancement in the cloud cover with increasing AOD. We find it likely that most of the strong increase in cloud cover with AOD, at least for AOD < 0.2, is a result of aerosol-cloud interactions and a prolonged cloud lifetime. Large and mesoscale weather systems seem not to be a cause for the increase in cloud cover with AOD in this range. Sensitivity simulations show that when water uptake of the aerosols is not taken into account in the models the modelled cloud cover mostly decreases with AOD. Part of the relationship found in the MODIS data for AOD > 0.2 can be explained by larger water uptake close to the clouds since relative humidity is higher in regions with higher cloud cover. The efficiency of the hygroscopic growth depends on aerosol type, the hygroscopic nature of the aerosol, the relative humidity, and to some extent the cloud screening. By analysing the Angstrom exponent we find that the hygroscopic growth of the aerosol is not likely to be a main contributor to the cloud cover increase with AOD. Since the largest increase in cloud cover with AOD is for low AOD ( similar to 0.2) and thus also for low cloud cover, we argue that cloud contamination is not likely to play a large role. However, interpretation of the complex relationships between AOD and cloud parameters should be made with great care and further work is clearly needed. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Telemark Univ Coll, Bo, Norway. RP Myhre, G (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM gunnar.myhre@geo.uio.no RI Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Rosenfeld, Daniel/F-6077-2016; OI Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Rosenfeld, Daniel/0000-0002-0784-7656; Stordal, Frode/0000-0002-5190-6473 NR 58 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 12 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 12 BP 3081 EP 3101 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183KU UT WOS:000247572500003 ER PT J AU Hatzianastassiou, N Matsoukas, C Fotiadi, A Stackhouse, PW Koepke, P Pavlakis, KG Vardavas, I AF Hatzianastassiou, N. Matsoukas, C. Fotiadi, A. Stackhouse, P. W., Jr. Koepke, P. Pavlakis, K. G. Vardavas, I. TI Modelling the direct effect of aerosols in the solar near-infrared on a planetary scale SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; RADIATION BUDGET; SAHARAN DUST; SATELLITE; SYSTEM; APPROXIMATION; SENSITIVITY; WAVELENGTHS; ULTRAVIOLET AB We used a spectral radiative transfer model to compute the direct radiative effect (DRE) of natural plus anthropogenic aerosols in the solar near-infrared (IR), between 0.85 - 10 mu m, namely, their effect on the outgoing near-IR radiation at the top of atmosphere (TOA, Delta F-TOA), on the atmospheric absorption of near-IR radiation (Delta F-atmab) and on the surface downward and absorbed near-IR radiation (Delta F-surf, and Delta F-surfnet, respectively). The computations were performed on a global scale ( over land and ocean) under all-sky conditions, using detailed spectral aerosol optical properties taken from the Global Aerosol Data Set ( GADS) supplemented by realistic data for the rest of surface and atmospheric parameters. The computed aerosol DRE, averaged over the 12-year period 1984 - 1995 for January and July, shows that on a global mean basis aerosols produce a planetary cooling by increasing the scattered near-IR radiation back to space by 0.48 W m(-2), they warm the atmosphere by 0.37 W m(-2) and cool the surface by decreasing the downward and absorbed near-IR radiation at surface by 1.03 and 0.85 W m(-2), respectively. The magnitude of the near-IR aerosol DRE is smaller than that of the combined ultraviolet (UV) and visible DRE, but it is still energetically important, since it contributes to the total shortwave ( SW) DRE by 22-31%. The aerosol-produced near-IR surface cooling combined with the atmospheric warming, may affect the thermal dynamics of the Earth-atmosphere system, by increasing the atmospheric stability, decreasing thus cloud formation, and precipitation, especially over desertification threatened regions such as the Mediterranean basin. This, together with the fact that the sign of near-IR aerosol DRE is sometimes opposite to that of UV-visible DRE, demonstrates the importance of performing detailed spectral computations to provide estimates of the climatic role of aerosols for the Earth-atmosphere system. This was demonstrated by sensitivity tests revealing very large differences ( up to 300%) between aerosol DREs computed using detailed spectral and spectrally-averaged aerosol optical properties. Our model results indicate thus that the aerosol direct radiative effect on the near-IR radiation is very sensitive to the treatment of the spectral dependence of aerosol optical properties and solar radiation. C1 Univ Ioannina, Dept Phys, Lab Meteorol, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Iraklion, Crete, Greece. Univ Aegean, Dept Environm, Mitilini, Greece. Univ Crete, Dept Phys, Iraklion, Greece. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-8000 Munich, Germany. Technol Educ Inst Crete, Dept Gen Appl Sci, Iraklion, Greece. RP Hatzianastassiou, N (reprint author), Univ Ioannina, Dept Phys, Lab Meteorol, POB 1186, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece. EM nhatzian@cc.uoi.gr RI Vardavas, Ilias/G-7310-2011; OI Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858 NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 12 BP 3211 EP 3229 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183KU UT WOS:000247572500011 ER PT J AU Hu, Y Vaughan, M McClain, C Behrenfeld, M Maring, H Anderson, D Sun-Mack, S Flittner, D Huang, J Wielicki, B Minnis, P Weimer, C Trepte, C Kuehn, R AF Hu, Y. Vaughan, M. McClain, C. Behrenfeld, M. Maring, H. Anderson, D. Sun-Mack, S. Flittner, D. Huang, J. Wielicki, B. Minnis, P. Weimer, C. Trepte, C. Kuehn, R. TI Global statistics of liquid water content and effective number concentration of water clouds over ocean derived from combined CALIPSO and MODIS measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; DEPOLARIZATION; CLIMATE AB This study presents an empirical relation that links the volume extinction coefficients of water clouds, the layer integrated depolarization ratios measured by lidar, and the effective radii of water clouds derived from collocated passive sensor observations. Based on Monte Carlo simulations of CALIPSO lidar observations, this method combines the cloud effective radius reported by MODIS with the lidar depolarization ratios measured by CALIPSO to estimate both the liquid water content and the effective number concentration of water clouds. The method is applied to collocated CALIPSO and MODIS measurements obtained during July and October of 2006, and January 2007. Global statistics of the cloud liquid water content and effective number concentration are presented. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NASA Headquarter, Washington, DC USA. Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Builder, CO USA. RP Hu, Y (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM yongxiang.hu-1@nasa.gov RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; NR 15 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 6 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 12 BP 3353 EP 3359 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 183KU UT WOS:000247572500018 ER PT J AU Freitas, SR Longo, KM Chatfield, R Latham, D Dias, MAFS Andreae, MO Prins, E Santos, JC Gielow, R Carvalho, JA AF Freitas, S. R. Longo, K. M. Chatfield, R. Latham, D. Silva Dias, M. A. F. Andreae, M. O. Prins, E. Santos, J. C. Gielow, R. Carvalho, J. A., Jr. TI Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low resolution atmospheric transport models SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; SMOKE INJECTION; SOUTH-AMERICA; AREA FIRES; PART II; CONVECTION; PARTICLES; WILDFIRES AB We describe and begin to evaluate a parameterization to include the vertical transport of hot gases and particles emitted from biomass burning in low resolution atmospheric-chemistry transport models. This sub-grid transport mechanism is simulated by embedding a 1-D cloud-resolving model with appropriate lower boundary conditions in each column of the 3-D host model. Through assimilation of remote sensing fire products, we recognize which columns have fires. Using a land use dataset appropriate fire properties are selected. The host model provides the environmental conditions, allowing the plume rise to be simulated explicitly. The derived height of the plume is then used in the source emission field of the host model to determine the effective injection height, releasing the material emitted during the flaming phase at this height. Model results are compared with CO aircraft profiles from an Amazon basin field campaign and with satellite data, showing the huge impact that this mechanism has on model performance. We also show the relative role of each main vertical transport mechanisms, shallow and deep moist convection and the pyro-convection (dry or moist) induced by vegetation fires, on the distribution of biomass burning CO emissions in the troposphere. C1 INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasting & Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. UW Maidson Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite, Madison, WI USA. INPE, Lab Combustao & Propulsao, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. UNESP, FEG, Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil. RP Freitas, SR (reprint author), INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasting & Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. EM sfreitas@cptec.inpe.br RI Andreae, Meinrat/B-1068-2008; Silva Dias, Maria /C-5998-2012; Freitas, Saulo/A-2279-2012 OI Andreae, Meinrat/0000-0003-1968-7925; Freitas, Saulo/0000-0002-9879-646X NR 53 TC 117 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 13 BP 3385 EP 3398 DI 10.5194/acp-7-3385-2007 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZF UT WOS:000248733000001 ER PT J AU Gobiet, A Kirchengast, G Manney, GL Borsche, M Retscher, C Stiller, G AF Gobiet, A. Kirchengast, G. Manney, G. L. Borsche, M. Retscher, C. Stiller, G. TI Retrieval of temperature profiles from CHAMP for climate monitoring: intercomparison with Envisat MIPAS and GOMOS and different atmospheric analyses SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIO OCCULTATION MEASUREMENTS; GPS OCCULTATION; ERROR ANALYSIS; INFORMATION; VALIDATION; SYSTEM; WINTER; WATER AB This study describes and evaluates a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) retrieval scheme particularly aimed at delivering bias-free atmospheric parameters for climate monitoring and research. The focus of the retrieval is on the sensible use of a priori information for careful high-altitude initialisation in order to maximise the usable altitude range. The RO retrieval scheme has been meanwhile applied to more than five years of data (September 2001 to present) from the German CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload for geoscientific research (CHAMP) satellite. In this study it was validated against various correlative datasets including the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and the Global Ozone Monitoring for Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) sensors on Envisat, five different atmospheric analyses, and the operational CHAMP retrieval product from GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam. In the global mean within 10 to 30 km altitude we find that the present validation observationally constrains the potential RO temperature bias to be <0.2 K. Latitudinally resolved analyses show biases to be observationally constrained to <0.2-0.5 K up to 35 km in most cases, and up to 30 km in any case, even if severely biased (about 10 K or more) a priori information is used in the high altitude initialisation of the retrieval. No evidence is found for the 10-35 km altitude range of residual RO bias sources other than those potentially propagated downward from initialisation, indicating that the widely quoted RO promise of 'unbiasedness and long-term stability due to intrinsic self-calibration' can indeed be realised given care in the data processing to strictly limit structural uncertainty. The results thus reinforce that adequate high-altitude initialisation is crucial for accurate stratospheric RO retrievals. The common method of initialising, at some altitude in the upper stratosphere, the hydrostatic integral with an upper boundary temperature or pressure value derived from meteorological analyses is prone to introduce biases from the upper boundary down to below 25 km. Also above 30 to 35 km, GNSS RO delivers a considerable amount of observed information up to around 40 km, which is particularly interesting for numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems, where direct assimilation of non-initialised observed RO bending angles (free of a priori) is thus the method of choice. The results underline the value of RO for climate applications. C1 Graz Univ, Wegener Ctr Climate & Global Change, Graz, Austria. Graz Univ, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol, Graz, Austria. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. ESA, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. Forschungszentrum, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch, Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Gobiet, A (reprint author), Graz Univ, Wegener Ctr Climate & Global Change, Graz, Austria. EM andreas.gobiet@uni-graz.at RI Gobiet, Andreas/B-5228-2008; Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; Kirchengast, Gottfried/D-4990-2016 OI Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; Kirchengast, Gottfried/0000-0001-9187-937X NR 55 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 13 BP 3519 EP 3536 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZF UT WOS:000248733000010 ER PT J AU Liu, X Chance, K Sioris, CE Kurosu, TP AF Liu, X. Chance, K. Sioris, C. E. Kurosu, T. P. TI Impact of using different ozone cross sections on ozone profile retrievals from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ultraviolet measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; UV SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; TEMPERATURE; HITRAN AB We investigate the effect of using three different cross section data sets on ozone profile retrievals from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ultraviolet measurements (289-307 nm, 326-337 nm). These include Bass-Paur, Brion, and GOME flight model cross sections (references below). Using different cross sections can significantly affect the retrievals, by up to 12 Dobson Units (DU, 1 DU=2.69x10(16)< molecules cm(-2)) in total column ozone, up to 10 DU in tropospheric column ozone, and up to 100% in retrieved ozone values for individual atmospheric layers. Compared to using the Bass-Paur and GOME flight model cross sections, using the Brion cross sections not only reduces fitting residuals by 15-60% in the Huggins bands, but also improves retrievals, especially in the troposphere, as seen from validation against ozonesonde measurements. Therefore, we recommend using the Brion cross section for ozone profile retrievals from ultraviolet measurements. The total column ozone retrieved using the GOME flight model cross sections is systematically lower, by 7-10 DU, than that retrieved using the Brion and Bass-Paur cross sections and is also systematically lower than Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) observations. This study demonstrates the need for improved ozone cross section measurements in the ultraviolet to improve profile retrievals of this key atmospheric constituent. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Atom & Mol Phys Div, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Environm Canada, Atomospher Sci & Technol Directorate, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Liu, X (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Atom & Mol Phys Div, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM xliu@umbc.edu RI Liu, Xiong/P-7186-2014; OI Liu, Xiong/0000-0003-2939-574X; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577; Sioris, Christopher/0000-0003-1168-8755 NR 20 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 13 BP 3571 EP 3578 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZF UT WOS:000248733000013 ER PT J AU Steck, T von Clarmann, T Fischer, H Funke, B Glatthor, N Grabowski, U Hopfner, M Kellmann, S Kiefer, M Linden, A Milz, M Stiller, GP Wang, DY Allaart, M Blumenstock, T von der Gathen, P Hansen, G Hase, F Hochschild, G Kopp, G Kyro, E Oelhaf, H Raffalski, U Marrero, AR Remsberg, E Russell, J Stebel, K Steinbrecht, W Wetzel, G Yela, M Zhang, G AF Steck, T. von Clarmann, T. Fischer, H. Funke, B. Glatthor, N. Grabowski, U. Hoepfner, M. Kellmann, S. Kiefer, M. Linden, A. Milz, M. Stiller, G. P. Wang, D. Y. Allaart, M. Blumenstock, Th. von der Gathen, P. Hansen, G. Hase, F. Hochschild, G. Kopp, G. Kyroe, E. Oelhaf, H. Raffalski, U. Redondas Marrero, A. Remsberg, E. Russell, J., III Stebel, K. Steinbrecht, W. Wetzel, G. Yela, M. Zhang, G. TI Bias determination and precision validation of ozone profiles from MIPAS-Envisat retrieved with the IMK-IAA processor SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIMB EMISSION-SPECTRA; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; INSTRUMENTS; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM AB This paper characterizes vertical ozone profiles retrieved with the IMK-IAA (Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe & ndash; Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia) science-oriented processor from high spectral resolution data (until March 2004) measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) aboard the environmental satellite Envisat. Bias determination and precision validation is performed on the basis of correlative measurements by ground-based lidars, Fourier transform infrared spectrometers, and microwave radiometers as well as balloon-borne ozonesondes, the balloon-borne version of MIPAS, and two satellite instruments (Halogen Occultation Experiment and Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III). Percentage mean differences between MIPAS and the comparison instruments for stratospheric ozone are generally within +/- 10%. The precision in this altitude region is estimated at values between 5 and 10% which gives an accuracy of 15 to 20%. Below 18 km, the spread of the percentage mean differences is larger and the precision degrades to values of more than 20% depending on altitude and latitude. The main reason for the degraded precision at low altitudes is attributed to undetected thin clouds which affect MIPAS retrievals, and to the influence of uncertainties in the water vapor concentration. C1 Forschungszentrum, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch, Karlsruhe, Germany. Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Granada, Spain. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys, Brunswick, ME USA. Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. Inst Environm & Policy, Norwegian Inst Air Res, Tromso, Norway. Arct Res Ctr, FMI, Sodankyla, Finland. Swedish Inst Space Phys, IRF, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. Inst Nacl Meteorol, Tenerife, Spain. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Steck, T (reprint author), Forschungszentrum, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch, Karlsruhe, Germany. EM tilman.steck@imk.fzk.de RI Stebel, Kerstin/F-6465-2013; Redondas, Alberto/L-9299-2015; Yela, Margarita/J-7346-2016; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/G-6113-2010; Milz, Mathias/C-9899-2011; von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Blumenstock, Thomas/K-2263-2012; Oelhaf, Hermann/A-7895-2013; von Clarmann, Thomas/A-7287-2013; Glatthor, Norbert/B-2141-2013; Kiefer, Michael/A-7254-2013; Funke, Bernd/C-2162-2008; Wetzel, Gerald/A-7065-2013; Hopfner, Michael/A-7255-2013; Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; Hase, Frank/A-7497-2013 OI Stebel, Kerstin/0000-0002-6935-7564; Redondas, Alberto/0000-0002-4826-6823; Yela, Margarita/0000-0003-3775-3156; Milz, Mathias/0000-0002-4478-2185; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang/0000-0003-0680-6729; von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; von Clarmann, Thomas/0000-0003-2219-3379; Funke, Bernd/0000-0003-0462-4702; Hopfner, Michael/0000-0002-4174-9531; Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 13 BP 3639 EP 3662 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZF UT WOS:000248733000019 ER PT J AU Duncan, BN Strahan, SE Yoshida, Y Steenrod, SD Livesey, N AF Duncan, B. N. Strahan, S. E. Yoshida, Y. Steenrod, S. D. Livesey, N. TI Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INITIATIVE ASSESSMENT MODEL; ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ART. NO. 4100; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; ACCURATE SIMULATION; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; CHEMICAL-MODELS AB We present a modeling study of the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST) of pollution from major biomass burning regions to the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). TST occurs predominately through 1) slow ascent in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the LS and 2) quasi-horizontal exchange to the lowermost stratosphere (LMS). We show that biomass burning pollution regularly and significantly impacts the composition of the TTL, LS, and LMS. Carbon monoxide (CO) in the LS in our simulation and data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) shows an annual oscillation in its composition that results from the interaction of an annual oscillation in slow ascent from the TTL to the LS and seasonal variations in sources, including a semi-annual oscillation in CO from biomass burning. The impacts of CO sources that peak when ascent is seasonally low are damped (e.g. Southern Hemisphere biomass burning) and vice-versa for sources that peak when ascent is seasonally high (e.g. extra-tropical fossil fuels). Interannual variation of CO in the UT/LS is caused primarily by year-to-year variations in biomass burning and the locations of deep convection. During our study period, 1994-1998, we find that the highest concentrations of CO in the UT/LS occurred during the strong 1997-1998 El Nino event for two reasons: i. tropical deep convection shifted to the eastern Pacific Ocean, closer to South American and African CO sources, and ii. emissions from Indonesian biomass burning were higher. This extreme event can be seen as an upper bound on the impact of biomass burning pollution on the UT/LS. We estimate that the 1997 Indonesian wildfires increased CO in the entire TTL and tropical LS (>60 mb) by more than 40% and 10%, respectively, for several months. Zonal mean ozone increased and the hydroxyl radical decreased by as much as 20%, increasing the lifetimes and, subsequently TST, of trace gases. Our results indicate that the impact of biomass burning pollution on the UT/LS is likely greatest during an El Nino event due to favorable dynamics and historically higher burning rates. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Duncan, BN (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM bryan.n.duncan@nasa.gov RI Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Steenrod, Stephen/H-2218-2012 NR 94 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 14 BP 3713 EP 3736 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZG UT WOS:000248733100003 ER PT J AU Park, S Jimenez, R Daube, BC Pfister, L Conway, TJ Gottlieb, EW Chow, VY Curran, DJ Matross, DM Bright, A Atlas, EL Bui, TP Gao, RS Twohy, CH Wofsy, SC AF Park, S. Jimenez, R. Daube, B. C. Pfister, L. Conway, T. J. Gottlieb, E. W. Chow, V. Y. Curran, D. J. Matross, D. M. Bright, A. Atlas, E. L. Bui, T. P. Gao, R.-S. Twohy, C. H. Wofsy, S. C. TI The CO2 tracer clock for the Tropical Tropopause Layer SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; EMPIRICAL AGE SPECTRA; STRATOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CIRRUS CLOUDS; PIPE MODEL; MEAN AGES; CONVECTION AB Observations of CO2 were made in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the deep tropics in order to determine the patterns of large-scale vertical transport and age of air in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). Flights aboard the NASA WB-57F aircraft over Central America and adjacent ocean areas took place in January and February, 2004 (Pre-AURA Validation Experiment, Pre-AVE) and 2006 (Costa Rice AVE, CR-AVE), and for the same flight dates of 2006, aboard the Proteus aircraft from the surface to 15 km over Darwin, Australia (Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment, TWP-ICE). The data demonstrate that the TTL is composed of two layers with distinctive features: (1) the lower TTL, 350-360 K (potential temperature(theta); approximately 12-14 km), is subject to inputs of convective outflows, as indicated by layers of variable CO2 concentrations, with air parcels of zero age distributed throughout the layer; (2) the upper TTL, from theta=similar to 360 K to similar to 390 K (14-18 km), ascends slowly and ages uniformly, as shown by a linear decline in CO2 mixing ratio tightly correlated with altitude, associated with increasing age. This division is confirmed by ensemble trajectory analysis. The CO2 concentration at the level of 360 K was 380.0(+/-0.2) ppmv, indistinguishable from surface site values in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) for the flight dates. Values declined with altitude to 379.2(+/-0.2) ppmv at 390 K, implying that air in the upper TTL monotonically ages while ascending. In combination with the winter slope of the CO2 seasonal cycle (+10.8+?-0.4 ppmv/yr), the vertical gradient of -0.78 (+/-0.09) ppmv gives a mean age of 26(+/-3) days for the air at 390 K and a mean ascent rate of 1.5(+/-0.3) mm s(-1). The TTL near 360 K in the Southern Hemisphere over Australia is very close in CO2 composition to the TTL in the Northern Hemisphere over Costa Rica, with strong contrasts emerging at lower altitudes (<360 K). Both Pre-AVE and CR-AVE CO2 observed unexpected input from deep convection over Amazonia deep into the TTL. The CO2 data confirm the operation of a highly accurate tracer clock in the TTL that provides a direct measure of the ascent rate of the TTL and of the age of air entering the stratosphere. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wofsy, SC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM swofsy@deas.harvard.edu RI Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI JIMENEZ, Rodrigo/0000-0002-8665-9484 NR 38 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 14 BP 3989 EP 4000 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZG UT WOS:000248733100016 ER PT J AU Hocke, K Kampfer, N Ruffieux, D Froidevaux, L Parrish, A Boyd, I von Clarmann, T Steck, T Timofeyev, YM Polyakov, AV Kyrola, E AF Hocke, K. Kaempfer, N. Ruffieux, D. Froidevaux, L. Parrish, A. Boyd, I. von Clarmann, T. Steck, T. Timofeyev, Y. M. Polyakov, A. V. Kyrola, E. TI Comparison and synergy of stratospheric ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVAL; PROFILES; LIDAR AB Stratospheric O-3 profiles obtained by the satellite limb sounders Aura/MLS, ENVISAT/ MIPAS, ENVISAT/ GOMOS, SAGE-II, SAGE-III, UARS/HALOE are compared to coincident O-3 profiles of the ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA in Switzerland. Data from the various measurement techniques are within 10% at altitudes below 45 km. At altitudes 45-60 km, the relative O-3 differences are within a range of 50%. Larger deviations at upper altitudes are attributed to larger relative measurement errors caused by lower O-3 concentrations. The spatiotemporal characteristics of the O-3 differences (satellite ground station) are investigated by analyzing about 2300 coincident profile pairs of Aura/MLS (retrieval version 1.5) and SOMORA. The probability density function of the O-3 differences is represented by a Gaussian normal distribution. The dependence of the O-3 differences on the horizontal distance between the sounding volumes of Aura/MLS and SOMORA is derived. While the mean bias (Aura/MLS - SOMORA) is constant with increasing horizontal distance (up to 800 km), the standard deviation of the O-3 differences increases from around 8 to 11% in the mid-stratosphere. Geographical maps yield azimuthal dependences and horizontal gradients of the O-3 difference field around the SOMORA ground station. Coherent oscillations of O-3 are present in the time series of Aura/MLS and SOMORA (e. g., due to traveling planetary waves). Ground-and space-based measurements often complement one another. We discuss the double differencing technique which allows both the cross-validation of two satellites by means of a ground station and the cross-validation of distant ground stations by means of one satellite. Temporal atmospheric noise in the geographical ozone map over Payerne is significantly reduced by combination of the data from SOMORA and Aura/MLS. These analyses illustrate the synergy of ground-based and space-based measurements. C1 Univ Bern, Inst Appl Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol & Klimaforsch, Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. St Petersburg State Univ, Dept Atmospher Phys, St Petersburg, Russia. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. RP Hocke, K (reprint author), Univ Bern, Inst Appl Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. EM klemens.hocke@mw.iap.unibe.ch RI von Clarmann, Thomas/A-7287-2013; Polyakov, Alexander/I-7509-2013; Kyrola, Erkki/E-1835-2014; Timofeev, Yuriy/K-1618-2013 OI von Clarmann, Thomas/0000-0003-2219-3379; Polyakov, Alexander/0000-0002-7406-8986; Timofeev, Yuriy/0000-0003-2771-9931 NR 29 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 15 BP 4117 EP 4131 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZJ UT WOS:000248733400009 ER PT J AU Davis, CP Evans, KF Buehler, SA Wu, DL Pumphrey, HC AF Davis, C. P. Evans, K. F. Buehler, S. A. Wu, D. L. Pumphrey, H. C. TI 3-D polarised simulations of space-borne passive mm/sub-mm midlatitude cirrus observations: a case study SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; AVHRR DATA; CLOUDS; PRECIPITATION; VERIFICATION; REFLECTANCE; SENSITIVITY; ALGORITHM; PARTICLE AB Global observations of ice clouds are needed to improve our understanding of their impact on earth's radiation balance and the water-cycle. Passive mm/sub-mm has some advantages compared to other space-borne cloud-ice remote sensing techniques. The physics of scattering makes forward radiative transfer modelling for such instruments challenging. This paper demonstrates the ability of a recently developed RT code, ARTS-MC, to accurately simulate observations of this type for a variety of viewing geometries corresponding to operational (AMSU-B, EOS-MLS) and proposed (CIWSIR) instruments. ARTS-MC employs an adjoint Monte-Carlo method, makes proper account of polarisation, and uses 3-D spherical geometry. The actual field of view characteristics for each instrument are also accounted for. A 3-D midlatitude cirrus scenario is used, which is derived from Chilbolton cloud radar data and a stochastic method for generating 3-D ice water content fields. These demonstration simulations clearly demonstrate the beamfilling effect, significant polarisation effects for non-spherical particles, and also a beamfilling effect with regard to polarisation. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Atmospher & Environm Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Lulea Tech Univ, Dept Space Sci, Kiruna, Sweden. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Davis, CP (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Atmospher & Environm Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. EM cory.davis@metservice.com RI Buehler, Stefan Alexander/A-4056-2009; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Buehler, Stefan Alexander/0000-0001-6389-1160; NR 25 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 15 BP 4149 EP 4158 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 199ZJ UT WOS:000248733400012 ER PT J AU Grannas, AM Jones, AE Dibb, J Ammann, M Anastasio, C Beine, HJ Bergin, M Bottenheim, J Boxe, CS Carver, G Chen, G Crawford, JH Domine, F Frey, MM Guzman, MI Heard, DE Helmig, D Hoffmann, MR Honrath, RE Huey, LG Hutterli, M Jacobi, HW Klan, P Lefer, B McConnell, J Plane, J Sander, R Savarino, J Shepson, PB Simpson, WR Sodeau, JR von Glasow, R Weller, R Wolff, EW Zhu, T AF Grannas, A. M. Jones, A. E. Dibb, J. Ammann, M. Anastasio, C. Beine, H. J. Bergin, M. Bottenheim, J. Boxe, C. S. Carver, G. Chen, G. Crawford, J. H. Domine, F. Frey, M. M. Guzman, M. I. Heard, D. E. Helmig, D. Hoffmann, M. R. Honrath, R. E. Huey, L. G. Hutterli, M. Jacobi, H. W. Klan, P. Lefer, B. McConnell, J. Plane, J. Sander, R. Savarino, J. Shepson, P. B. Simpson, W. R. Sodeau, J. R. von Glasow, R. Weller, R. Wolff, E. W. Zhu, T. TI An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE DEPLETION EVENTS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE H2O2; HIGH-ALPINE SITE; POLAR ICE CORES; ASSEMBLED ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED DESORPTION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHEMISTRY TRANSPORT MODELS; REACTIVE NITROGEN-OXIDES AB It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays an important role in processing atmospheric species. Photochemical production of a variety of chemicals has recently been reported to occur in snow/ice and the release of these photochemically generated species may significantly impact the chemistry of the overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen oxide and oxidant precursor fluxes have been measured in a number of snow covered environments, where in some cases the emissions significantly impact the overlying boundary layer. For example, photochemical ozone production (such as that occurring in polluted mid-latitudes) of 3-4 ppbv/day has been observed at South Pole, due to high OH and NO levels present in a relatively shallow boundary layer. Field and laboratory experiments have determined that the origin of the observed NOx flux is the photochemistry of nitrate within the snowpack, however some details of the mechanism have not yet been elucidated. A variety of low molecular weight organic compounds have been shown to be emitted from sunlit snowpacks, the source of which has been proposed to be either direct or indirect photo-oxidation of natural organic materials present in the snow. Although myriad studies have observed active processing of species within irradiated snowpacks, the fundamental chemistry occurring remains poorly understood. Here we consider the nature of snow at a fundamental, physical level; photochemical processes within snow and the caveats needed for comparison to atmospheric photochemistry; our current understanding of nitrogen, oxidant, halogen and organic photochemistry within snow; the current limitations faced by the field and implications for the future. C1 Villanova Univ, Dept Chem, Villanova, PA 19085 USA. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radio & Environm Chem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Consiglio Nazl Ricerche Ist Inquinamento Atmosfer, I-00016 Rome, Italy. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Environm Canada, Air Qual Res Branch, Downsview, ON, Canada. CALTECH, WM Keck Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Dept Chem, Cambridge, England. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, St Martin Dheres, France. Univ Calif Merced, Sch Engn, Merced, CA 95343 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany. Masaryk Univ, Dept Chem, Brno, Czech Republic. York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON, Canada. Max Planck Inst Chem, Air Chem Dept, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Dept Chem, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Coll Cork, Dept Chem, Cork, Ireland. Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, Heidelberg, Germany. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich, Norfolk, England. Peking Univ, Coll Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. Univ Houston, Dept Geosci, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RP Grannas, AM (reprint author), Villanova Univ, Dept Chem, Villanova, PA 19085 USA. EM amanda.grannas@villanova.edu RI Savarino, Joel/H-9730-2012; Guzman, Marcelo/C-5966-2008; Ammann, Markus/E-4576-2011; Domine, Florent/E-8699-2011; Sander, Rolf/A-5725-2011; von Glasow, Roland/E-2125-2011; Klan, Petr/H-1189-2012; Shepson, Paul/E-9955-2012; Frey, Markus/G-1756-2012; ZHU, TONG/H-6501-2011; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Wolff, Eric/D-7925-2014; Plane, John/C-7444-2015; Simpson, William/I-2859-2014; Lefer, Barry/B-5417-2012; OI Savarino, Joel/0000-0002-6708-9623; Guzman, Marcelo/0000-0002-6730-7766; Ammann, Markus/0000-0001-5922-9000; Sander, Rolf/0000-0001-6479-2092; von Glasow, Roland/0000-0002-3944-2784; Klan, Petr/0000-0001-6287-2742; Frey, Markus/0000-0003-0535-0416; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Wolff, Eric/0000-0002-5914-8531; Plane, John/0000-0003-3648-6893; Simpson, William/0000-0002-8596-7290; Lefer, Barry/0000-0001-9520-5495; Heard, Dwayne/0000-0002-0357-6238 NR 352 TC 279 Z9 286 U1 7 U2 120 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 16 BP 4329 EP 4373 PG 45 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 204VU UT WOS:000249072900013 ER PT J AU Textor, C Schulz, M Guibert, S Kinne, S Balkanski, Y Bauer, S Berntsen, T Berglen, T Boucher, O Chin, M Dentener, F Diehl, T Feichter, J Fillmore, D Ginoux, P Gong, S Grini, A Hendricks, J Horowitz, L Huang, P Isaksen, ISA Iversen, T Kloster, S Koch, D Kirkevag, A Kristjansson, JE Krol, M Lauer, A Lamarque, JF Liu, X Montanaro, V Myhre, G Penner, JE Pitari, G Reddy, MS Seland, O Stier, P Takemura, T Tie, X AF Textor, C. Schulz, M. Guibert, S. Kinne, S. Balkanski, Y. Bauer, S. Berntsen, T. Berglen, T. Boucher, O. Chin, M. Dentener, F. Diehl, T. Feichter, J. Fillmore, D. Ginoux, P. Gong, S. Grini, A. Hendricks, J. Horowitz, L. Huang, P. Isaksen, I. S. A. Iversen, T. Kloster, S. Koch, D. Kirkevag, A. Kristjansson, J. E. Krol, M. Lauer, A. Lamarque, J. F. Liu, X. Montanaro, V. Myhre, G. Penner, J. E. Pitari, G. Reddy, M. S. Seland, O. Stier, P. Takemura, T. Tie, X. TI The effect of harmonized emissions on aerosol properties in global models - an AeroCom experiment SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GROUND MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SULFATE AEROSOLS; TRANSPORT MODEL; WET DEPOSITION; MINERAL DUST; SIMULATION; CLIMATE; SIZE AB The effects of unified aerosol sources on global aerosol fields simulated by different models are examined in this paper. We compare results from two AeroCom experiments, one with different (ExpA) and one with unified emissions, injection heights, and particle sizes at the source (ExpB). Surprisingly, harmonization of aerosol sources has only a small impact on the simulated inter-model diversity of the global aerosol burden, and consequently global optical properties, as the results are largely controlled by model-specific transport, removal, chemistry (leading to the formation of secondary aerosols) and parameterizations of aerosol microphysics (e.g., the split between deposition pathways) and to a lesser extent by the spatial and temporal distributions of the (precursor) emissions. The burdens of black carbon and especially sea salt become more coherent in ExpB only, because the large ExpA diversities for these two species were caused by a few outliers. The experiment also showed that despite prescribing emission fluxes and size distributions, ambiguities in the implementation in individual models can lead to substantial differences. These results indicate the need for a better understanding of aerosol life cycles at process level (including spatial dispersal and interaction with meteorological parameters) in order to obtain more reliable results from global aerosol simulations. This is particularly important as such model results are used to assess the consequences of specific air pollution abatement strategies. C1 Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Columbia Univ, GISS, New York, NY USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Opt Atmospher Lab, CNRS, Villeneuve Dascq, France. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Climate Change Unit, Ispra, Italy. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. ARQM Meteorol Serv Canda, Toronto, ON, Canada. DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Univ Utrecht, IMAU, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. UPMC, IPSL, CNRS, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Textor, C (reprint author), Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM christiane.textor@lsce.ipsl.fr RI Balkanski, Yves/A-6616-2011; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Liu, Xiaohong/E-9304-2011; Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Stier, Philip/B-2258-2008; Krol, Maarten/B-3597-2010; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Boucher, Olivier/J-5810-2012; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Boucher, Olivier/K-7483-2012; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014 OI Balkanski, Yves/0000-0001-8241-2858; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Liu, Xiaohong/0000-0002-3994-5955; Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Stier, Philip/0000-0002-1191-0128; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Boucher, Olivier/0000-0003-2328-5769; Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314 NR 52 TC 114 Z9 117 U1 3 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 17 BP 4489 EP 4501 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 210SD UT WOS:000249475000001 ER PT J AU Newman, PA Daniel, JS Waugh, DW Nash, ER AF Newman, P. A. Daniel, J. S. Waugh, D. W. Nash, E. R. TI A new formulation of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TOTAL OZONE; TRANSPORT MODEL; POTENTIALS; DEPLETION; HALOGEN; AIR AB Equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) is a convenient parameter to quantify the effects of halogens (chlorine and bromine) on ozone depletion in the stratosphere. We show, discuss, and analyze a new formulation of EESC that now includes the effects of age-of-air dependent fractional release values and an age-of-air spectrum. This EESC can be more appropriately applied to various parts of the stratosphere because of this dependence on mean age-of-air. This new formulation provides quantitative estimates of EESC that can be directly related to inorganic chlorine and bromine throughout the stratosphere. In this paper, we first provide a detailed description of the EESC calculation. We then use this EESC formulation to estimate that human-produced ozone depleting substances will recover to 1980 levels in 2041 in the midlatitudes, and 2067 over Antarctica. These recovery dates are based upon the assumption that the international agreements for regulating ozone-depleting substances are adhered to. In addition to recovery dates, we also estimate the uncertainties and possible problems in the estimated times of recovery. The midlatitude recovery of 2041 has a 95% confidence uncertainty from 2028 to 2049, while the 2067 Antarctic recovery has a 95% confidence uncertainty from 2056 to 2078. The principal uncertainties are from the estimated mean age-of-air and fractional release values, and the assumption that these quantities are time independent. Using other model estimates of age decrease due to climate change, we estimate that midlatitude recovery may be significantly accelerated. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Div Chem Sci, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Newman, PA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM paul.a.newman@nasa.gov RI Daniel, John/D-9324-2011; Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Waugh, Darryn/K-3688-2016; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Waugh, Darryn/0000-0001-7692-2798; NR 39 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 17 BP 4537 EP 4552 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 210SD UT WOS:000249475000005 ER PT J AU Barth, MC Kim, SW Wang, C Pickering, KE Ott, LE Stenchikov, G Leriche, M Cautenet, S Pinty, JP Barthe, C Mari, C Helsdon, JH Farley, RD Fridlind, AM Ackerman, AS Spiridonov, V Telenta, B AF Barth, M. C. Kim, S.-W. Wang, C. Pickering, K. E. Ott, L. E. Stenchikov, G. Leriche, M. Cautenet, S. Pinty, J.-P. Barthe, Ch. Mari, C. Helsdon, J. H. Farley, R. D. Fridlind, A. M. Ackerman, A. S. Spiridonov, V. Telenta, B. TI Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT; 3-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL-MODEL; STORM ELECTRIFICATION MODEL; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; RESOLVING MODEL; JULY 10; LIGHTNING PARAMETERIZATION; ADVECTION SCHEME; AEROSOL PHYSICS; CHEMISTRY AB Transport and scavenging of chemical constituents in deep convection is important to understanding the composition of the troposphere and therefore chemistry-climate and air quality issues. High resolution cloud chemistry models have been shown to represent convective processing of trace gases quite well. To improve the representation of sub-grid convective transport and wet deposition in large-scale models, general characteristics, such as species mass flux, from the high resolution cloud chemistry models can be used. However, it is important to understand how these models behave when simulating the same storm. The intercomparison described here examines transport of six species. CO and O-3, which are primarily transported, show good agreement among models and compare well with observations. Models that included lightning production of NOx reasonably predict NOx mixing ratios in the anvil compared with observations, but the NOx variability is much larger than that seen for CO and O-3. Predicted anvil mixing ratios of the soluble species, HNO3, H2O2, and CH2O, exhibit significant differences among models, attributed to different schemes in these models of cloud processing including the role of the ice phase, the impact of cloud-modified photolysis rates on the chemistry, and the representation of the species chemical reactivity. The lack of measurements of these species in the convective outflow region does not allow us to evaluate the model results with observations. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Clermont Ferrand, France. Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse, France. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Rapid City, SD USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Hydrometeorol Inst, Skopje, Macedonia. SENES Consultant Ltd, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Barth, MC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM barthm@ucar.edu RI Ackerman, Andrew/D-4433-2012; Fridlind, Ann/E-1495-2012; Ott, Lesley/E-2250-2012; Pickering, Kenneth/E-6274-2012; Kim, Si-Wan/I-3979-2013; Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Manager, CSD Publications/B-2789-2015; OI Maud, LERICHE/0000-0002-7668-5056; Ackerman, Andrew/0000-0003-0254-6253; Kim, Si-Wan/0000-0002-7889-189X; , /0000-0002-3979-4747 NR 92 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 18 BP 4709 EP 4731 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 215CK UT WOS:000249785700001 ER PT J AU Rozanov, A Eichmann, KU von Savigny, C Bovensmann, H Burrows, JP von Bargen, A Doicu, A Hilgers, S Godin-Beekmann, S Leblanc, T McDermid, IS AF Rozanov, A. Eichmann, K.-U. von Savigny, C. Bovensmann, H. Burrows, J. P. von Bargen, A. Doicu, A. Hilgers, S. Godin-Beekmann, S. Leblanc, T. McDermid, I. S. TI Comparison of the inversion algorithms applied to the ozone vertical profile retrieval from SCIAMACHY limb measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; SCATTER MEASUREMENTS; O-3 PROFILES; VALIDATION; INSTRUMENT; SATELLITE; SPECTRA; MISSION; SYSTEMS AB This paper is devoted to an intercomparison of ozone vertical profiles retrieved from the measurements of scattered solar radiation performed by the SCIAMACHY instrument in the limb viewing geometry. Three different inversion algorithms including the prototype of the operational Level 1 to 2 processor to be operated by the European Space Agency are considered. Unlike usual validation studies, this comparison removes the uncertainties arising when comparing measurements made by different instruments probing slightly different air masses and focuses on the uncertainties specific to the modeling-retrieval problem only. The intercomparison was performed for 5 selected orbits of SCIAMACHY showing a good overall agreement of the results in the middle stratosphere, whereas considerable discrepancies were identified in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere altitude region. Additionally, comparisons with ground-based lidar measurements are shown for selected profiles demonstrating an overall correctness of the retrievals. C1 Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. RP Rozanov, A (reprint author), Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. EM alexei.rozanov@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de RI von Savigny, Christian/B-3910-2014; Bovensmann, Heinrich/P-4135-2016; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014 OI Bovensmann, Heinrich/0000-0001-8882-4108; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 18 BP 4763 EP 4779 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 215CK UT WOS:000249785700004 ER PT J AU Cortesi, U Lambert, JC De Clercq, C Bianchini, G Blumenstock, T Bracher, A Castelli, E Catoire, V Chance, KV De Maziere, M Demoulin, P Godin-Beekmann, S Jones, N Jucks, K Keim, C Kerzenmacher, T Kuellmann, H Kuttippurath, J Iarlori, M Liu, GY Liu, Y McDermid, IS Meijer, YJ Mencaraglia, F Mikuteit, S Oelhaf, H Piccolo, C Pirre, M Raspollini, P Ravegnani, F Reburn, WJ Redaelli, G Remedios, JJ Sembhi, H Smale, D Steck, T Taddei, A Varotsos, C Vigouroux, C Waterfall, A Wetzel, G Wood, S AF Cortesi, U. Lambert, J. C. De Clercq, C. Bianchini, G. Blumenstock, T. Bracher, A. Castelli, E. Catoire, V. Chance, K. V. De Maziere, M. Demoulin, P. Godin-Beekmann, S. Jones, N. Jucks, K. Keim, C. Kerzenmacher, T. Kuellmann, H. Kuttippurath, J. Iarlori, M. Liu, G. Y. Liu, Y. McDermid, I. S. Meijer, Y. J. Mencaraglia, F. Mikuteit, S. Oelhaf, H. Piccolo, C. Pirre, M. Raspollini, P. Ravegnani, F. Reburn, W. J. Redaelli, G. Remedios, J. J. Sembhi, H. Smale, D. Steck, T. Taddei, A. Varotsos, C. Vigouroux, C. Waterfall, A. Wetzel, G. Wood, S. TI Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT operational ozone data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIMB EMISSION-SPECTRA; HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; GROUND-BASED FTIR; NEW-ZEALAND; SAGE-II; ERROR ANALYSIS; STRATOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; PROFILES; INSTRUMENT AB The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), on-board the European ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) launched on 1 March 2002, is a middle infrared Fourier Transform spectrometer measuring the atmospheric emission spectrum in limb sounding geometry. The instrument is capable to retrieve the vertical distribution of temperature and trace gases, aiming at the study of climate and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, and at applications to data assimilation and weather forecasting. MIPAS operated in its standard observation mode for approximately two years, from July 2002 to March 2004, with scans performed at nominal spectral resolution of 0.025 cm(-1) and covering the altitude range from the mesosphere to the upper troposphere with relatively high vertical resolution (about 3 km in the stratosphere). Only reduced spectral resolution measurements have been performed subsequently. MIPAS data were re-processed by ESA using updated versions of the Instrument Processing Facility (IPF v4.61 and v4.62) and provided a complete set of level-2 operational products (geo-located vertical profiles of temperature and volume mixing ratio of H2O, O-3, HNO3, CH4, N2O and NO2) with quasi continuous and global coverage in the period of MIPAS full spectral resolution mission. In this paper, we report a detailed description of the validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT operational ozone data, that was based on the comparison between MIPAS v4.61 (and, to a lesser extent, v4.62) O-3 VMR profiles and a comprehensive set of correlative data, including observations from ozone sondes, ground-based lidar, FTIR and microwave radiometers, remote-sensing and in situ instruments on-board stratospheric aircraft and balloons, concurrent satellite sensors and ozone fields assimilated by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting. A coordinated effort was carried out, using common criteria for the selection of individual validation data sets, and similar methods for the comparisons. This enabled merging the individual results from a variety of independent reference measurements of proven quality (i.e. well characterized error budget) into an overall evaluation of MIPAS O-3 data quality, having both statistical strength and the widest spatial and temporal coverage. Collocated measurements from ozone sondes and ground-based lidar and microwave radiometers of the Network for the Detection Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) were selected to carry out comparisons with time series of MIPAS O-3 partial columns and to identify groups of stations and time periods with a uniform pattern of ozone differences, that were subsequently used for a vertically resolved statistical analysis. The results of the comparison are classified according to synoptic and regional systems and to altitude intervals, showing a generally good agreement within the comparison error bars in the upper and middle stratosphere. Significant differences emerge in the lower stratosphere and are only partly explained by the larger contributions of horizontal and vertical smoothing differences and of collocation errors to the total uncertainty. Further results obtained from a purely statistical analysis of the same data set from NDACC ground-based lidar stations, as well as from additional ozone soundings at middle latitudes and from NDACC ground-based FTIR measurements, confirm the validity of MIPAS O-3 profiles down to the lower stratosphere, with evidence of larger discrepancies at the lowest altitudes. The validation against O-3 VMR profiles using collocated observations performed by other satellite sensors (SAGE II, POAM III, ODIN-SMR, ACE-FTS, HALOE, GOME) and ECMWF assimilated ozone fields leads to consistent results, that are to a great extent compatible with those obtained from the comparison with ground-based measurements. Excellent agreement in the full vertical range of the comparison is shown with respect to collocated ozone data from stratospheric aircraft and balloon instruments, that was mostly obtained in very good spatial and temporal coincidence with MIPAS scans. This might suggest that the larger differences observed in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere with respect to collocated ground-based and satellite O-3 data are only partly due to a degradation of MIPAS data quality. They should be rather largely ascribed to the natural variability of these altitude regions and to other components of the comparison errors. By combining the results of this large number of validation data sets we derived a general assessment of MIPAS v4.61 and v4.62 ozone data quality. A clear indication of the validity of MIPAS O-3 vertical profiles is obtained for most of the stratosphere, where the mean relative difference with the individual correlative data sets is always lower than +/- 10%. Furthermore, these differences always fall within the combined systematic error (from 1 hPa to 50 hPa) and the standard deviation is fully consistent with the random error of the comparison (from 1 hPa to similar to 30-40 hPa). A degradation in the quality of the agreement is generally observed in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, with biases up to 25% at 100 hPa and standard deviation of the global mean differences up to three times larger than the combined random error in the range 50-100 hPa. The larger differences observed at the bottom end of MIPAS retrieved profiles can be associated, as already noticed, to the effects of stronger atmospheric gradients in the UTLS that are perceived differently by the various measurement techniques. However, further components that may degrade the results of the comparison at lower altitudes can be identified as potentially including cloud contamination, which is likely not to have been fully filtered using the current settings of the MIPAS cloud detection algorithm, and in the linear approximation of the forward model that was used for the a priori estimate of systematic error components. The latter, when affecting systematic contributions with a random variability over the spatial and temporal scales of global averages, might result in an underestimation of the random error of the comparison and add up to other error sources, such as the possible underestimates of the p and T error propagation based on the assumption of a 1 K and 2% uncertainties, respectively, on MIPAS temperature and pressure retrievals. At pressure lower than 1 hPa, only a small fraction of the selected validation data set provides correlative ozone data of adequate quality and it is difficult to derive quantitative conclusions about the performance of MIPAS O-3 retrieval for the topmost layers. C1 CNR, IFAC, Florence, Italy. Belgian Inst Space Aeron, BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. Univ Karlsruhe, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, IMK, Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys & Remote Sensing, Bremen, Germany. CNR, ISAC, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. Univ Orleans, CNRS, LPCE, Orleans, France. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, Liege, Belgium. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Serv Aeron, IPSL, Paris, France. Univ Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Aquila, CETEMPS, Dipartimento Fis, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. Jet Propuls Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, RIVM, LVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Univ Oxford, Oxford, England. Rutherford Appleton Lab, CCLRC, Didcot, Oxon, England. Univ Leicester, Leicester, Leics, England. Natl Inst Water & Air Res Ltd, Lauder, New Zealand. Univ Athens, Fac Phys, Dept Appl Phys, Athens, Greece. RP Cortesi, U (reprint author), CNR, IFAC, Florence, Italy. EM u.cortesi@ifac.cnr.it RI Ravegnani, Fabrizio/A-7800-2009; Blumenstock, Thomas/K-2263-2012; Wetzel, Gerald/A-7065-2013; Oelhaf, Hermann/A-7895-2013; Bracher, Astrid/B-7805-2013; Varotsos, Costas/H-6257-2013; Cortesi, Ugo/D-2704-2012; Jones, Nicholas/G-5575-2011; Catoire, Valery/E-9662-2015; Barthlott, Sabine/B-1439-2013; OI Ravegnani, Fabrizio/0000-0003-0735-9297; Redaelli, Gianluca/0000-0002-4449-1513; Bracher, Astrid/0000-0003-3025-5517; Varotsos, Costas/0000-0001-7215-3610; Cortesi, Ugo/0000-0002-2827-5239; Jones, Nicholas/0000-0002-0111-2368; Catoire, Valery/0000-0001-8126-3096; Barthlott, Sabine/0000-0003-0258-9421; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577; Castelli, Elisa/0000-0003-2218-5790 NR 89 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 18 BP 4807 EP 4867 PG 61 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 215CK UT WOS:000249785700007 ER PT J AU Wang, DY Hopfner, M Blom, CE Ward, WE Fischer, H Blumenstock, T Hase, F Keim, C Liu, GY Mikuteit, S Oelhaf, H Wetzel, G Cortesi, U Mencaraglia, F Bianchini, G Redaelli, G Pirre, M Catoire, V Huret, N Vigouroux, C De Maziere, M Mahieu, E Demoulin, P Wood, S Smale, D Jones, N Nakajima, H Sugita, T Urban, J Murtagh, D Boone, CD Bernath, PF Walker, KA Kuttippurath, J Kleinbohl, A Toon, G Piccolo, C AF Wang, D. Y. Hoepfner, M. Blom, C. E. Ward, W. E. Fischer, H. Blumenstock, T. Hase, F. Keim, C. Liu, G. Y. Mikuteit, S. Oelhaf, H. Wetzel, G. Cortesi, U. Mencaraglia, F. Bianchini, G. Redaelli, G. Pirre, M. Catoire, V. Huret, N. Vigouroux, C. De Maziere, M. Mahieu, E. Demoulin, P. Wood, S. Smale, D. Jones, N. Nakajima, H. Sugita, T. Urban, J. Murtagh, D. Boone, C. D. Bernath, P. F. Walker, K. A. Kuttippurath, J. Kleinboehl, A. Toon, G. Piccolo, C. TI Validation of MIPAS HNO3 operational data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LIMB ATMOSPHERIC SPECTROMETER; MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; GROUND-BASED FTIR; HIGH-RESOLUTION; EMISSION-SPECTRA; ATMOS EXPERIMENT; MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; LOWER STRATOSPHERE AB Nitric acid (HNO3) is one of the key products that are operationally retrieved by the European Space Agency (ESA) from the emission spectra measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard ENVISAT. The product version 4.61/4.62 for the observation period between July 2002 and March 2004 is validated by comparisons with a number of independent observations from ground-based stations, aircraft/balloon campaigns, and satellites. Individual HNO3 profiles of the ESA MIPAS level-2 product show good agreement with those of MIPAS-B and MIPAS-STR (the balloon and aircraft version of MIPAS, respectively), and the balloon-borne infrared spectrometers MkIV and SPIRALE, mostly matching the reference data within the combined instrument error bars. In most cases differences between the correlative measurement pairs are less than 1 ppbv (5-10%) throughout the entire altitude range up to about 38 km (similar to 6 hPa), and below 0.5 ppbv (15-20% or more) above 30 km (similar to 17 hPa). However, differences up to 4 ppbv compared to MkIV have been found at high latitudes in December 2002 in the presence of polar stratospheric clouds. The degree of consistency is further largely affected by the temporal and spatial coincidence, and differences of 2 ppbv may be observed between 22 and 26 km (similar to 50 and 30 hPa) at high latitudes near the vortex boundary, due to large horizontal inhomogeneity of HNO3. Similar features are also observed in the mean differences of the MIPAS ESA HNO3 VMRs with respect to the ground-based FTIR measurements at five stations, aircraft-based SAFIRE-A and ASUR, and the balloon campaign IBEX. The mean relative differences between the MIPAS and FTIR HNO3 partial columns are within +/- 2%, comparable to the MIPAS systematic error of similar to 2%. For the vertical profiles, the biases between the MIPAS and FTIR data are generally below 10% in the altitudes of 10 to 30 km. The MIPAS and SAFIRE HNO3 data generally match within their total error bars for the mid and high latitude flights, despite the larger atmospheric inhomogeneities that characterize the measurement scenario at higher latitudes. The MIPAS and ASUR comparison reveals generally good agreements better than 10-13% at 20-34 km. The MIPAS and IBEX measurements agree reasonably well (mean relative differences within +/- 15%) between 17 and 32 km. Statistical comparisons of the MIPAS profiles correlated with those of Odin/SMR, ILAS-II, and ACE-FTS generally show good consistency. The mean differences averaged over individual latitude bands or all bands are within the combined instrument errors, and generally within 1, 0.5, and 0.3 ppbv between 10 and 40 km (similar to 260 and 4.5 hPa) for Odin/SMR, ILAS-II, and ACE-FTS, respectively. The standard deviations of the differences are between 1 to 2 ppbv. The standard deviations for the satellite comparisons and for almost all other comparisons are generally larger than the estimated measurement uncertainty. This is associated with the temporal and spatial coincidence error and the horizontal smoothing error which are not taken into account in our error budget. Both errors become large when the spatial variability of the target molecule is high. C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, IMK, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada. CNR, IFAC, Florence, Italy. Univ Aquila, CETEMPS, Dipartimento Fis, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. Univ Orleans, CNRS, LPCE, Orleans, France. Belgian Inst Space Aeron, BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. Univ Liege, Inst Astron & Geophys, Liege, Belgium. NIWA, Otago, New Zealand. Univ Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Chalmers, Dept Radio & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. Ecole Polytech, CNRS, LMD, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford, England. RP Wang, DY (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, IMK, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM dwang@unb.ca RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Ward, William/F-6263-2012; Blumenstock, Thomas/K-2263-2012; Wetzel, Gerald/A-7065-2013; Hopfner, Michael/A-7255-2013; Hase, Frank/A-7497-2013; Oelhaf, Hermann/A-7895-2013; Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Cortesi, Ugo/D-2704-2012; Catoire, Valery/E-9662-2015; Barthlott, Sabine/B-1439-2013; Jones, Nicholas/G-5575-2011; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011 OI Sugita, Takafumi/0000-0002-0508-7040; Redaelli, Gianluca/0000-0002-4449-1513; Mahieu, Emmanuel/0000-0002-5251-0286; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Hopfner, Michael/0000-0002-4174-9531; Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Cortesi, Ugo/0000-0002-2827-5239; Catoire, Valery/0000-0001-8126-3096; Barthlott, Sabine/0000-0003-0258-9421; Jones, Nicholas/0000-0002-0111-2368; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559 NR 82 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 18 BP 4905 EP 4934 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 215CK UT WOS:000249785700010 ER PT J AU Waugh, DW Strahan, SE Newman, PA AF Waugh, D. W. Strahan, S. E. Newman, P. A. TI Sensitivity of stratospheric inorganic chlorine to differences in transport SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MODELS; AGE AB Correctly modeling stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cl-y) is crucial for modeling the past and future evolution of stratospheric ozone. However, comparisons of the chemistry climate models used in the latest international assessment of stratospheric ozone depletion have shown large differences in the modeled Cl-y, with these differences explaining many of the differences in the simulated evolution of ozone over the next century. Here in, we examine the role of transport in determining the simulated Cl-y using three simulations from the same off-line chemical transport model that have the same lower tropospheric boundary conditions and the same chemical solver, but differing resolution and/or meteorological fields. These simulations show that transport plays a key role in determining the Cl-y distribution, and that Cl-y depends on both the time scales and pathways of transport. The time air spends in the stratosphere (e.g., the mean age) is an important transport factor determining stratospheric Cl-y, but the relationship between mean age and Cl-y is not simple. Lower stratospheric Cl-y depends on the fraction of air that has been in the upper stratosphere, and transport differences between models having the same mean age can result in differences in the fraction of organic chlorine converted into Cl-y. Differences in transport pathways result in differences in vertical profiles of CFCs, and comparisons of observed and modeled CFC profiles provide a stringent test of transport pathways in models. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Waugh, DW (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM waugh@jhu.edu RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Waugh, Darryn/K-3688-2016 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Waugh, Darryn/0000-0001-7692-2798 NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 18 BP 4935 EP 4941 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 215CK UT WOS:000249785700011 ER PT J AU Bauer, SE Koch, D Unger, N Metzger, SM Shindell, DT Streets, DG AF Bauer, S. E. Koch, D. Unger, N. Metzger, S. M. Shindell, D. T. Streets, D. G. TI Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: a global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC EQUILIBRIUM-MODEL; PACIFIC EXPLORATORY MISSION; THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; IONIC-SOLUTIONS; MULTICOMPONENT; SULFATE; AMMONIUM; HYGROSCOPICITY AB Nitrate aerosols are expected to become more important in the future atmosphere due to the expected increase in nitrate precursor emissions and the decline of ammoniumsulphate aerosols in wide regions of this planet. The GISS climate model is used in this study, including atmospheric gas- and aerosol phase chemistry to investigate current and future (2030, following the SRES A1B emission scenario) atmospheric compositions. A set of sensitivity experiments was carried out to quantify the individual impact of emission-and physical climate change on nitrate aerosol formation. We found that future nitrate aerosol loads depend most strongly on changes that may occur in the ammonia sources. Furthermore, microphysical processes that lead to aerosol mixing play a very important role in sulphate and nitrate aerosol formation. The role of nitrate aerosols as climate change driver is analyzed and set in perspective to other aerosol and ozone forcings under pre-industrial, present day and future conditions. In the near future, year 2030, ammonium nitrate radiative forcing is about - 0.14 W/m(2) and contributes roughly 10% of the net aerosol and ozone forcing. The present day nitrate and pre-industrial nitrate forcings are - 0.11 and - 0.05 W/m(2), respectively. The steady increase of nitrate aerosols since industrialization increases its role as a non greenhouse gas forcing agent. However, this impact is still small compared to greenhouse gas forcings, therefore the main role nitrate will play in the future atmosphere is as an air pollutant, with annual mean near surface air concentrations, in the fine particle mode, rising above 3 mu g/m(3) in China and therefore reaching pollution levels, like sulphate aerosols. C1 Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY 10027 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY USA. Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Mainz, Germany. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL USA. RP Bauer, SE (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, New York, NY 10027 USA. EM sbauer@giss.nasa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; OI Streets, David/0000-0002-0223-1350 NR 73 TC 104 Z9 107 U1 4 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 19 BP 5043 EP 5059 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MS UT WOS:000251239000002 ER PT J AU Pitts, MC Thomason, LW Poole, LR Winker, DM AF Pitts, M. C. Thomason, L. W. Poole, L. R. Winker, D. M. TI Characterization of Polar Stratospheric Clouds with spaceborne lidar: CALIPSO and the 2006 Antarctic season SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DUMONT DURVILLE; OZONE LOSS; POAM-II; WINTER; AEROSOL; CLIMATOLOGY; VALIDATION; DEPLETION; VORTEX; MIPAS AB The role of polar stratospheric clouds in polar ozone loss has been well documented. The CALIPSO satellite mission offers a new opportunity to characterize PSCs on spatial and temporal scales previously impossible. A PSC detection algorithm based on a single wavelength threshold approach has been developed for CALIPSO. The method appears to accurately detect PSCs of all opacities, including tenuous clouds, with a very low rate of false positives and few missed clouds. We applied the algorithm to CALIOP data acquired during the 2006 Antarctic winter season from 13 June through 31 October. The spatial and temporal distribution of CALIPSO PSC observations is illustrated with weekly maps of PSC occurrence. The evolution of the 2006 PSC season is depicted by time series of daily PSC frequency as a function of altitude. Comparisons with '' virtual '' solar occultation data indicate that CALIPSO provides a different view of the PSC season than attained with previous solar occultation satellites. Measurement-based time series of PSC areal coverage and vertically-integrated PSC volume are computed from the CALIOP data. The observed area covered with PSCs is significantly smaller than would be inferred from the commonly used temperature-based proxy TNAT but is similar in magnitude to that inferred from T-STS. The potential of CALIOP measurements for investigating PSC composition is illustrated using combinations of lidar backscatter and volume depolarization for two CALIPSO PSC scenes. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Hampton, VA USA. RP Pitts, MC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM michael.c.pitts@nasa.gov OI Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 NR 37 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 19 BP 5207 EP 5228 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MS UT WOS:000251239000012 ER PT J AU Thomason, LW Pitts, MC Winker, DM AF Thomason, L. W. Pitts, M. C. Winker, D. M. TI CALIPSO observations of stratospheric aerosols: a preliminary assessment SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SAGE-II; LIDAR; EXTINCTION AB We have examined the 532-nm aerosol backscatter coefficient measurements by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) for their use in the monitoring of stratospheric aerosol. CALIPSO makes observations that span from 82 degrees S to 82 degrees N each day and, for each profile, backscatter coefficient values reported up to similar to 40 km. The possibility of using CALIPSO for stratospheric aerosol monitoring is demonstrated by the clear observation of the 20 May 2006 eruption of Montserrat in the earliest CALIPSO data in early June as well as by observations showing the 7 October 2006 eruption of Tavurvur (Rabaul). However, the very low aerosol loading within the stratosphere makes routine observations of the stratospheric aerosol far more difficult than relatively dense volcanic plumes. Nonetheless, we found that averaging a complete days worth of nighttime-only data into 5-deg latitude by 1-km vertical bins yields a stratospheric aerosol distribution that is fairly consistent with past measurements by spaceborne instruments. Based on comparisons with 2004 data from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment, the derived values are close to expectation except in the tropics where they are larger by about a factor of 2. The cause of the difference in the tropics is not readily apparent but is most likely related to difficulties in the lidar calibration process currently found in the CALIOP data at tropical latitudes. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Thomason, LW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM l.w.thomason@nasa.gov OI Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 NR 20 TC 21 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 20 BP 5283 EP 5290 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MU UT WOS:000251239200001 ER PT J AU Coheur, PF Herbin, H Clerbaux, C Hurtmans, D Wespes, C Carleer, M Turquety, S Rinsland, CP Remedios, J Hauglustaine, D Boone, CD Bernath, PF AF Coheur, P. -F. Herbin, H. Clerbaux, C. Hurtmans, D. Wespes, C. Carleer, M. Turquety, S. Rinsland, C. P. Remedios, J. Hauglustaine, D. Boone, C. D. Bernath, P. F. TI ACE-FTS observation of a young biomass burning plume: first reported measurements of C2H4, C3H6O, H2CO and PAN by infrared occultation from space SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MIDINFRARED CROSS-SECTIONS; SPECTROSCOPY AFTIR; INSTRUMENT; CHEMISTRY; SMOKE; SPECTROMETER; PARAMETERS; RETRIEVAL; SATELLITE; EMISSION AB In the course of our study of the upper tropospheric composition with the infrared Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), we found an occultation sequence that on 8 October 2005, sampled a remarkable plume near the east coast of Tanzania. Model simulations of the CO distribution in the Southern hemisphere are performed for this period and they suggest that the emissions for this event likely originated from a nearby forest fire, after which the plume was transported from the source region to the upper troposphere. Taking advantage of the very high signal-to-noise ratio of the ACE-FTS spectra over a wide wavenumber range (750-4400 cm(-1)), we present in-depth analyses of the chemical composition of this plume in the middle and upper troposphere, focusing on the measurements of weakly absorbing pollutants. For this specific biomass burning event, we report simultaneous observations of an unprecedented number of organic species. Measurements of C2H4 (ethene), C3H4 (propyne), H2CO (formaldehyde), C3H6O (acetone) and CH3COO2NO2 (peroxyacetylnitrate, abbreviated as PAN) are the first reported detections using infrared occultation spectroscopy from satellites. Based on the lifetime of the emitted species, we discuss the photochemical age of the plume and also report, whenever possible, the enhancement ratios C1 Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Univ Paris 06, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Leicester, Ctr Space Res, Dept Phys & Astron, Earth Observ Sci, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. CEA, CNRS, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Sci Climat Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. RP Coheur, PF (reprint author), Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. EM pfcoheur@ulb.ac.be RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013 OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; NR 36 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 20 BP 5437 EP 5446 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MU UT WOS:000251239200012 ER PT J AU Castanho, ADD Prinn, R Martins, V Herold, M Ichoku, C Molina, LT AF Castanho, A. D. de Almeida Prinn, R. Martins, V. Herold, M. Ichoku, C. Molina, L. T. TI Analysis of Visible/SWIR surface reflectance ratios for aerosol retrievals from satellite in Mexico City urban area SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; PRECIPITABLE WATER; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SUN PHOTOMETER; MODIS; LAND; PERFORMANCE; ALGORITHM; VALIDATION AB The surface reflectance ratio between the visible (VIS) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) radiation is an important quantity for the retrieval of the aerosol optical depth (tau(a)) from the MODIS sensor data. Based on empirically determined VIS/SWIR ratios, MODIS tau(a) retrieval uses the surface reflectance in the SWIR band (2.1 mu m), where the interaction between solar radiation and the aerosol layer is small, to predict the visible reflectances in the blue (0.47 mu m) and red (0.66 mu m) bands. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the VIS/SWIR ratio is essential for achieving accurate retrieval of aerosol optical depth from MODIS. We analyzed the surface reflectance over some distinct surface covers in and around the Mexico City metropolitan area (MCMA) using MODIS radiances at 0.66 mu m and 2.1 mu m. The analysis was performed at 1.5 km x 1.5 km spatial resolution. Also, ground-based AERONET sun-photometer data acquired in Mexico City from 2002 to 2005 were analyzed for aerosol depth and other aerosol optical properties. In addition, a network of hand-held sun-photometers deployed in Mexico City, as part of the MCMA-2006 Study during the MILAGRO Campaign, provided an unprecedented measurement of tau(a) in 5 different sites well distributed in the city. We found that the average RED/SWIR ratio representative of the urbanized sites analyzed is 0.73 +/- 0.06 for scattering angles < 140 degrees and goes up to 0.77 +/- 0.06 for higher ones. The average ratio for non-urban sites was significantly lower (approximately 0.55). In fact, this ratio strongly depends on differences in urbanization levels (i.e. relative urban to vegetation proportions and types of surface materials). The aerosol optical depth retrieved from MODIS radiances at a spatial resolution of 1.5 km x 1.5 km and averaged within 10x10 km boxes were compared with collocated 1-h tau(a) averaged from sun-photometer measurements. The use of the new RED/SWIR ratio of 0.73 in the MODIS retrieval over Mexico City led to a significant improvement in the agreement between the MODIS and sun-photometer AOD results; with the slope, offset, and the correlation coefficient of the linear regression changing from (tau aMODIS=0.91 tau(a) sun-photometer+0.33, R-2=0.66) to (tau aMODIS=0.96 tau(a)-photometer-0.006, R-2=0.87). Indeed, an underestimation of this ratio in urban areas lead to a significant overestimation of the AOD retrieved from satellite. Therefore, we strongly encourage similar analyses in other urban areas to enhance the development of a parameterization of the surface ratios accounting for urban heterogeneities. C1 [Castanho, A. D. de Almeida] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Jena, Jena, Germany. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA. RP Castanho, ADD (reprint author), MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM castanho@mit.edu RI Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012; Herold, Martin/F-8553-2012 OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549; Herold, Martin/0000-0003-0246-6886 NR 29 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 20 BP 5467 EP 5477 DI 10.5194/acp-7-5467-2007 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MU UT WOS:000251239200014 ER PT J AU Chin, M Diehl, T Ginoux, P Malm, W AF Chin, Mian Diehl, T. Ginoux, P. Malm, W. TI Intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols: implications for regional air quality SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; GLOBAL-MODEL GOCART; TRANSATLANTIC TRANSPORT; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DAILY MORTALITY; FINE PARTICLES; UNITED-STATES; ACE-ASIA; ART.; EUROPE AB We use the global model GOCART to examine the impact of pollution and dust aerosols emitted from their major sources on surface fine particulate matter concentrations at regional and hemispheric scales. Focusing on the North America region in 2001, we use measurements from the IMPROVE network in the United States to evaluate the model-simulated surface concentrations of the ''reconstructed fine mass'' (RCFM) and its components of ammonium sulfate, black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), and fine mode dust. We then quantify the RCFM budget in terms of the RCFM chemical composition, source type, and region of origin to find that in the eastern U.S., ammonium sulfate is the dominant RCFM component (similar to 60%) whereas in the western U.S., dust and OM are just as important as sulfate but have considerable seasonal variations, especially in the NW. On an annual average, pollution aerosol (defined as aerosols from fuel combustion for industrial and transportation uses) from North America accounts for 65-70% of the surface RCFM in the eastern U.S. and for a lower proportion of 30-40% in the western U.S.; by contrast, pollution from outside of North America contributes to just 2-6% (similar to 0.2 mu g m(-3)) of the total RCFM over the U.S. In comparison, long-range transport of dust brings 3 to 4 times more fine particles than the transport of pollution to the U.S. (0.5-0.8 mu g m(-3) on an annual average) with a maximum influence in spring and over the NW. Of the major pollution regions, Europe has the largest potential to affect the surface aerosol concentrations in other continents due to its shorter distance from receptor continents and its larger fraction of sulfate-producing precursor gas in the outflow. With the IPCC emission scenario for the year 2000, we find that European emissions increase levels of ammonium sulfate by 1-5 mu m(-3) over the surface of northern Africa and western Asia, and its contribution to eastern Asia (>= 0.2 mu g m(-3)) is twice as much as the Asian contribution to North America. Asia and North America pollution emissions exert strong impacts on their neighboring oceans, but their influences over other continents are relatively small (<= 10%) due to long traveling distances across the oceans and efficient removal during transport. Among the major dust source regions, Asia displays a significant influence over large areas in the northern hemisphere except over the North Atlantic and the tropics, where African dust dominates. We also notice that the African dust and European pollution can travel eastward through a pathway spanning across Asia and North Pacific to western North America; such a pathway is difficult to detect because these aerosols usually merge and travel together with Asian dust and pollution labeled as ''Asian outflow''. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Natl Pk Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Chin, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM mian.chin@nasa.gov RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; NR 47 TC 134 Z9 137 U1 2 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 21 BP 5501 EP 5517 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MX UT WOS:000251239500002 ER PT J AU Ricaud, P Barret, B Attie, JL Motte, E Le Flochmoen, E Teyssedre, H Peuch, VH Livesey, N Lambert, A Pommereau, JP AF Ricaud, P. Barret, B. Attie, J. -L. Motte, E. Le Flochmoeen, E. Teyssedre, H. Peuch, V. -H. Livesey, N. Lambert, A. Pommereau, J. -P. TI Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; TROPOPAUSE LAYER; DEEP CONVECTION; AURA SATELLITE; EOS MLS; TRANSPORT; MODELS; AIR; SIMULATIONS; VALIDATION AB The mechanism of troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics was investigated from space-borne observations of the horizontal distributions of tropospheric-origin long-lived species, nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO), from 150 to 70 hPa in March-April-May by the ODIN/Sub-Millimeter Radiometer (SMR), the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)/Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the TERRA/Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instruments in 2002-2004, completed by recent observations of the AURA/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument during the same season in 2005. The vertical resolution of the satellite measurements ranges from 2 to 4 km. The analysis has been performed on isentropic surfaces: 400 K (lower stratosphere) for all the species and 360 K (upper troposphere) only for CO. At 400 K (and 360 K for CO), all gases show significant longitudinal variations with peak-to-trough values of similar to 5-11 ppbv for N2O, 0.07-0.13 ppmv for CH4, and similar to 10 ppbv for CO (similar to 40 ppbv at 360 K). The maximum amounts are primarily located over Africa and, depending on the species, secondary more or less pronounced maxima are reported above northern South America and South-East Asia. The lower stratosphere over the Western Pacific deep convective region where the outgoing longwave radiation is the lowest, the tropopause the highest and the coldest, appears as a region of minimum concentration of tropospheric trace species. The possible impact on trace gas concentration at the tropopause of the inhomogeneous distribution and intensity of the sources, mostly continental, of the horizontal and vertical transports in the troposphere, and of cross-tropopause transport was explored with the MOCAGE Chemistry Transport Model. In the simulations, significant longitudinal variations were found on the medium-lived CO (2-month lifetime) with peak-to-trough value of similar to 20 ppbv at 360 K and similar to 10 ppbv at 400 K, slightly weaker than observations. However, the CH4 (8-10 year lifetime) and N2O (130-year lifetime) longitudinal variations are significantly weaker than observed: peak-to-trough values of similar to 0.02 ppmv for CH4 and 1-2 ppbv for N2O at 400 K. The large longitudinal contrast of N2O and CH4 concentrations reported by the space-borne instruments at the tropopause and in the lower stratosphere not captured by the model thus requires another explanation. The suggestion is of strong overshooting over land convective regions, particularly Africa, very consistent with the space-borne Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar maximum overshooting features over the same region during the same season. Compared to observations, the MOCAGE model forced by ECMWF analyses is found to ignore these fast local uplifts, but to overestimate the average uniform vertical transport in the UTLS at all longitudes in the tropics. C1 Univ Toulouse 1, CNRS, UMR 5560, Lab Aerolog, F-31042 Toulouse, France. Ctr Natl Res Meteorol, Meteo France, Toulouse, France. NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. CNRS, Serv Aeron, Verrieres Le Buisson, France. RP Ricaud, P (reprint author), Univ Toulouse 1, CNRS, UMR 5560, Lab Aerolog, F-31042 Toulouse, France. EM philippe.ricaud@aero.obs-mip.fr RI Peuch, Vincent-Henri/A-7308-2008; Barret, Brice/I-9350-2012; OI Barret, Brice/0000-0002-1784-4758; Motte, Erwan/0000-0002-3466-9269 NR 56 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 21 BP 5639 EP 5657 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MX UT WOS:000251239500012 ER PT J AU Arellano, AF Raeder, K Anderson, JL Hess, PG Emmons, LK Edwards, DP Pfister, GG Campos, TL Sachse, GW AF Arellano, A. F., Jr. Raeder, K. Anderson, J. L. Hess, P. G. Emmons, L. K. Edwards, D. P. Pfister, G. G. Campos, T. L. Sachse, G. W. TI Evaluating model performance of an ensemble-based chemical data assimilation system during INTEX-B field mission SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHEMISTRY-TRANSPORT MODEL; KALMAN FILTER; AIR-POLLUTION; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC-CHEMISTRY; TRACER OBSERVATIONS; ERROR STATISTICS; NORTH-AMERICA; OZONE; CO AB We present a global chemical data assimilation system using a global atmosphere model, the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3) with simplified chemistry and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) assimilation package. DART is a community software facility for assimilation studies using the ensemble Kalman filter approach. Here, we apply the assimilation system to constrain global tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) by assimilating meteorological observations of temperature and horizontal wind velocity and satellite CO retrievals from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. We verify the system performance using independent CO observations taken on board the NSF/NCAR C-130 and NASA DC-8 aircrafts during the April 2006 part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B). Our evaluations show that MOPITT data assimilation provides significant improvements in terms of capturing the observed CO variability relative to no MOPITT assimilation (i.e. the correlation improves from 0.62 to 0.71, significant at 99% confidence). The assimilation provides evidence of median CO loading of about 150 ppbv at 700 hPa over the NE Pacific during April 2006. This is marginally higher than the modeled CO with no MOPITT assimilation (similar to 140 ppbv). Our ensemble-based estimates of model uncertainty also show model overprediction over the source region (i.e. China) and underprediction over the NE Pacific, suggesting model errors that cannot be readily explained by emissions alone. These results have important implications for improving regional chemical forecasts and for inverse modeling of CO sources and further demonstrate the utility of the assimilation system in comparing non-coincident measurements, e.g. comparing satellite retrievals of CO with in-situ aircraft measurements. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Earth & Sun Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Inst Math Appl Geosci, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Arellano, AF (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Earth & Sun Syst Lab, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM arellano@ucar.edu RI Hess, Peter/M-3145-2015; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016; Pfister, Gabriele/A-9349-2008; Arellano, Avelino, Jr./F-5674-2010 OI Hess, Peter/0000-0003-2439-3796; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212; NR 63 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 21 BP 5695 EP 5710 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 235MX UT WOS:000251239500015 ER PT J AU Myhre, CL Toledano, C Myhre, G Stebel, K Yttri, KE Aaltonen, V Johnsrud, M Frioud, M Cachorro, V De Frutos, A Lihavainen, H Campbell, JR Chaikovsky, AP Shiobara, M Welton, EJ Torseth, K AF Myhre, C. Lund Toledano, C. Myhre, G. Stebel, K. Yttri, K. E. Aaltonen, V. Johnsrud, M. Frioud, M. Cachorro, V. De Frutos, A. Lihavainen, H. Campbell, J. R. Chaikovsky, A. P. Shiobara, M. Welton, E. J. Torseth, K. TI Regional aerosol optical properties and radiative impact of the extreme smoke event in the European Arctic in spring 2006 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SUN PHOTOMETERS; AIR-POLLUTION; CLIMATE; NETWORK; DEPTH; AERONET; CLOUD; ASSESSMENTS AB In spring 2006 a special meteorological situation occurred in the European Arctic region giving record high levels of air pollution. The synoptic situation resulted in extensive transport of pollution predominantly from agricultural fires in Eastern Europe into the Arctic region and record high air-pollution levels were measured at the Zeppelin observatory at Ny-Aalesund (78 degrees 54' N, 11 degrees 53' E) in the period from 25 April to 12 May. In the present study we investigate the optical properties of the aerosols from this extreme event and we estimate the radiative forcing of this episode. We examine the aerosol optical properties from the source region and into the European Arctic and explore the evolution of the episode and the changes in the optical properties. A number of sites in Eastern Europe, Northern Scandinavia and Svalbard are included in the study. The observations show that the maximum AOD was from 2-3 May at all sites and varies from 0.52 to 0.87, and the corresponding Angstrom exponent was relatively large. Lidar measurements from Minsk, ALOMAR (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research at Andenes) and Ny-Aalesund show that the aerosol layer was below 3 km at all sites the height is decreasing from the source region and into the Arctic. For the AERONET sites included (Minsk, Toravere, Hornsund) we have further studied the evolution of the aerosol size. The single scattering albedo at Svalbard is provided for two sites; Ny-Aalesund and Hornsund. Importantly the calculated single scattering albedo based on the aerosol chemical composition and size distribution from Ny-Aalesund and the AERONET measurements at Hornsund are consistent. We have found strong agreement between the satellite daily MODIS AOD and the ground-based AOD observations. This agreement is crucial for accurate radiative forcing calculations. We calculate a strong negative radiative forcing for the most polluted days employing the analysed ground based data, MODIS AOD and a multi-stream model for radiative transfer of solar radiation. During this specific pollution event the forcing reached values as low as -35 W m(-2) in the region. For comparison, the direct forcing of a corresponding aerosol layer with a typical AOD of 0.05 for the season is around -5 W m(-2). C1 [Myhre, C. Lund; Stebel, K.; Johnsrud, M.; Torseth, K.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller 2027, Norway. [Toledano, C.; Cachorro, V.; De Frutos, A.] Univ Valladolid, GOA UVA, E-47002 Valladolid, Spain. [Myhre, G.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. [Myhre, G.] Ctr Int Climate & Environm Res, Oslo, Norway. [Aaltonen, V.; Lihavainen, H.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Frioud, M.] ALOMAR Andoya Rocket Range, Andenes, Norway. [Campbell, J. R.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Chaikovsky, A. P.] Natl Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Minsk, Byelarus. [Shiobara, M.] Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo 173, Japan. [Welton, E. J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Myhre, CL (reprint author), Norwegian Inst Air Res, POB 100, Kjeller 2027, Norway. EM clm@nilu.no RI Lund Myhre, Cathrine/M-4508-2014; Torseth, Kjetil/A-3905-2012; Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Lihavainen, Heikki/N-4840-2014; Campbell, James/C-4884-2012; Yttri, Karl Espen/E-6671-2012; Toledano, Carlos/J-3672-2012; Stebel, Kerstin/F-6465-2013; OI Lund Myhre, Cathrine/0000-0003-3587-5926; Torseth, Kjetil/0000-0002-3500-6096; Campbell, James/0000-0003-0251-4550; Toledano, Carlos/0000-0002-6890-6648; Stebel, Kerstin/0000-0002-6935-7564; Cachorro, Victoria/0000-0002-4627-9444 NR 61 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 22 BP 5899 EP 5915 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 248PH UT WOS:000252166000011 ER PT J AU Bergstrom, RW Pilewskie, P Russell, PB Redemann, J Bond, TC Quinn, PK Sierau, B AF Bergstrom, R. W. Pilewskie, P. Russell, P. B. Redemann, J. Bond, T. C. Quinn, P. K. Sierau, B. TI Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES; WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE; SAHARAN DUST; UV; AETHALOMETER; VARIABILITY; INSTRUMENT AB We have determined the solar spectral absorption optical depth of atmospheric aerosols for specific case studies during several field programs (three cases have been reported previously; two are new results). We combined airborne measurements of the solar net radiant flux density and the aerosol optical depth with a detailed radiative transfer model for all but one of the cases. The field programs (SAFARI 2000, ACE Asia, PRIDE, TARFOX, INTEX-A) contained aerosols representing the major absorbing aerosol types: pollution, biomass burning, desert dust and mixtures. In all cases the spectral absorption optical depth decreases with wavelength and can be approximated with a power-law wavelength dependence (Absorption Angstrom Exponent or AAE). We compare our results with other recent spectral absorption measurements and attempt to briefly summarize the state of knowledge of aerosol absorption spectra in the atmosphere. We discuss the limitations in using the AAE for calculating the solar absorption. We also discuss the resulting spectral single scattering albedo for these cases. C1 [Bergstrom, R. W.] Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. [Pilewskie, P.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Russell, P. B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Redemann, J.] Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Ventura, CA USA. [Bond, T. C.] Univ Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. [Quinn, P. K.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Sierau, B.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Bergstrom, RW (reprint author), Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA 95476 USA. EM bergstrom@baeri.org RI Bond, Tami/A-1317-2013; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Bond, Tami/0000-0001-5968-8928; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 37 TC 204 Z9 210 U1 6 U2 55 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 23 BP 5937 EP 5943 DI 10.5194/acp-7-5937-2007 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 248PJ UT WOS:000252166200001 ER PT J AU Dufour, G Szopa, S Hauglustaine, DA Boone, CD Rinsland, CP Bernath, PF AF Dufour, G. Szopa, S. Hauglustaine, D. A. Boone, C. D. Rinsland, C. P. Bernath, P. F. TI The influence of biogenic emissions on upper-tropospheric methanol as revealed from space SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ART.; CHEMISTRY; HYDROCARBONS; IMPACT; FATE AB The distribution and budget of oxygenated organic compounds in the atmosphere and their impact on tropospheric chemistry are still poorly constrained. Near-global space-borne measurements of seasonally resolved upper tropospheric profiles of methanol (CH3OH) by the ACE Fourier transform spectrometer provide a unique opportunity to evaluate our understanding of this important oxygenated organic species. ACE-FTS observations from March 2004 to August 2005 period are presented. These observations reveal the pervasive imprint of surface sources on upper tropospheric methanol: mixing ratios observed in the mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere reflect the seasonal cycle of the biogenic emissions whereas the methanol cycle observed in the southern tropics is highly influenced by biomass burning emissions. The comparison with distributions simulated by the state-of-the-art global chemistry transport model, LMDz-INCA, suggests that: (i) the background methanol (high southern latitudes) is correctly represented by the model considering the measurement uncertainties; (ii) the current emissions from the continental biosphere are underestimated during spring and summer in the Northern Hemisphere leading to an underestimation of modelled upper tropospheric methanol; (iii) the seasonal variation of upper tropospheric methanol is shifted to the fall in the model suggesting either an insufficient destruction of CH3OH (due to too weak chemistry and/or deposition) in fall and winter months or an unfaithful representation of transport; (iv) the impact of tropical biomass burning emissions on upper tropospheric methanol is rather well reproduced by the model. This study illustrates the potential of these first global profile observations of oxygenated compounds in the upper troposphere to improve our understanding of their global distribution, fate and budget. C1 [Szopa, S.; Hauglustaine, D. A.] CNRS CEA UVSQ, LSCE IPSL, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Boone, C. D.; Bernath, P. F.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Rinsland, C. P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Dufour, G.] LMD IPSL, Palaiseau, France. RP Dufour, G (reprint author), Univ Paris 12, LISA, CNRS, Creteil, France. EM dufour@lisa.univ-paris12.fr RI Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012 OI Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X NR 30 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2007 VL 7 IS 24 BP 6119 EP 6129 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 248PL UT WOS:000252166500003 ER PT S AU Wilson, KE Kovalik, J Biswas, A Roberts, W AF Wilson, Keith E. Kovalik, Joseph Biswas, Abhijit Roberts, William BE Young, CY Gilbreath, GC TI Development of laser beam transmission strategies for future ground-to-space optical communications - art. no. 65510B SO Atmospheric Propagation IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric Propagation IV CY APR 11-12, 2007 CL Orlando, FL DE optical communications; lasers; uplink scintillation mitigation strategies AB Optical communications is a key technology to meet the bandwidth expansion required in the global information grid. High bandwidth bi-directional links between sub-orbital platforms and ground and space terminals can provide a seamless interconnectivity for rapid return of critical data to analysts. The JPL Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) is located in Wrightwood California at an altitude of 2.2.km. This 200 sq-m facility houses a state-of-the-art 1-m telescope and is used to develop operational strategies for ground-to-space laser beam propagation that include safe beam transmission through navigable air space, adaptive optics correction and multi-beam scintillation mitigation, and line of sight optical attenuation monitoring. JPL has received authorization from international satellite owners to transmit laser beams to more than twenty retro-reflecting satellites. This paper presents recent progress in the development of these operational strategies tested by narrow laser beam transmissions from the OCTL to retro-reflecting satellites. We present experimental results and compare our measurements with predicted performance for a variety of atmospheric conditions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilson, KE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6673-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6551 BP B5510 EP B5510 AR 65510B DI 10.1117/12.720803 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Telecommunications GA BGL49 UT WOS:000248197600009 ER PT J AU Landi, E Bhatia, AK AF Landi, E. Bhatia, A. K. TI Atomic data and spectral line intensities for MgVI SO ATOMIC DATA AND NUCLEAR DATA TABLES LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; ELECTRON-IMPACT EXCITATION; EMISSION-LINES; ACTIVE-REGION; COLLISION STRENGTHS; EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; DIPOLE TRANSITIONS; CROSS-SECTIONS; SI-VIII; SOLAR AB Electron impact collision strengths, energy levels, oscillator strengths, and spontaneous radiative decay rates are calculated for Mg VI. The configurations used are 2s(2)p(3), 2s(2)p(4), 2p(5), 2S(2)2p(2)3s, 2s(2)2p(2)3p, and 2s(2)2p(2)3d, giving rise to 72 fine-structure levels in intermediate coupling. Collision strengths are calculated at five incident energies, 12,24,36,48, and 60 Ry. Excitation rate coefficients are calculated as a function of electron temperature by assuming a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution. Using the excitation rate coefficients and the radiative transition rates, statistical equilibrium equations for level populations are solved at electron densities covering the range of 10(8)-10(14) cm(-3) at an electron temperature of log T-e(K) = 5.6, corresponding to maximum abundance of Mg VI. Relative and absolute spectral line intensities are calculated and compared with observations of a solar active region. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USN, Res Lab, ARTEP Inc, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Landi, E (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, ARTEP Inc, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM landi@poppeo.nrl.navy.mil RI Landi, Enrico/H-4493-2011 NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0092-640X J9 ATOM DATA NUCL DATA JI Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tables PD JAN PY 2007 VL 93 IS 1 BP 1 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.adt.2006.06.001 PG 54 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 128NO UT WOS:000243664800001 ER PT S AU Mushotzky, R AF Mushotzky, Richard BE Gillaspy, JD Curry, JJ Wiese, WL TI Plasma astrophysics-cosmology and the growth of cosmic structure SO Atomic Processes in Plasmas SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP US DOE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB I will present some of the ways that x-ray spectroscopy can be utilized to deter-mine cosmological parameters focusing on 5 methods : the gas fraction in clusters, the use of the Suny aev-Zeldovich effect, the detection of resonance scattering in clusters, the use of resonance absorption and emission in background sources and the growth of structure. All of these techniques except the S-Z effect rely heavily on high resolution x-ray spectroscopy and require the next generation of x-ray spectroscopic missions such as Constellation-X. The promise of these techniques is great and they have the potential for precision cosmology with errors similar to those of other precision techniques such as type la supernova. If time permits I will also talk about how we can learn about how active galaxies strongly influence the growth of cosmic structure and how broad band high resolution x-ray spectra are necessary to measure the effects of AGN and how much energy they input into the universe and the role of new atomic physics calculations in interpreting these results. A related discussion can be found in a previously published manuscript [1]. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mushotzky, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0436-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 926 BP 91 EP 91 PG 1 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BGO81 UT WOS:000249095400015 ER PT S AU Hwang, U Larning, JM AF Hwang, Una Larning, J. Martin BE Gillaspy, JD Curry, JJ Wiese, WL TI Probing the cassiopeia a supernova explosion SO ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL Gaithersburg, MD SP US DOE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl Inst Stand & Technol DE astronomical observations; supernovae; supernova remnants ID CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE; NEUTRINO-DRIVEN EXPLOSIONS; ELECTRON-ION EQUILIBRATION; ACCELERATED ELECTRONS; NONRADIATIVE SHOCKS; SN 1006; EJECTA; TI-44; NUCLEOSYNTHESIS; EVOLUTION AB X-ray observations of the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant reveal explosive nucleosynthesis products such as Si and Fe, and thus provide a unique window into the core-collapse explosion that formed the remnant 330 years ago. We review current progress using X-ray spectra extracted on arcsecond angular scales from a 10(6) s Chandra observation of Cas A, in conjunction with models that follow the remnant's hydrodynamical evolution and treat the relevant plasma microphysics. We address questions related to the explosion such as the degree of explosion asymmetry, the nature of the jets, the nature of the circumstellar environment, and extent of radial mixing of the Fe ejecta. C1 [Hwang, Una] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hwang, Una] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Larning, J. Martin] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Hwang, U (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU Chandra GO Program; NASA LTSA Program; Office of Naval Research FX This work was supported by the Chandra GO Program, the NASA LTSA Program, and by basic research funds of the Office of Naval Research. NR 54 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0436-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 926 BP 92 EP + PG 3 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BGO81 UT WOS:000249095400016 ER PT S AU Tse, MK Choinsky, J Carbon, DF Knuth, KH AF Tse, M. K. Choinsky, J. Carbon, D. F. Knuth, K. H. BE Knuth, KH Caticha, A Giffin, A Rodriguez, CC Center, JL TI Estimating background spectra SO BAYESIAN INFERENCE AND MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering CY JUL 08-13, 2007 CL Saratoga Springs, NY SP Boise State Univ, Edwin T Jaynes Int Ctr Bayesian Methods & Maximum Entropy, Univ Albany, MaxEnt Workshops Inc DE background; spectrum; nested sampling; MCMC; Planck blackbody; mixture of Gaussians; astrophysics; astrobiology AB All measurements consist of a mixture of the signal of interest and additional signals called the background. Here we focus on the problem of measuring infrared spectra emitted by interstellar clouds. The signals of interest are infrared emissions from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are a class of complex organic molecules. The PAH emissions are characterized by emission bands near 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 15-20 microns. The background consists of a host of associated spectral signals which, in the simplest case, can include emissions from multiple Planck blackbodies as well as broadband and narrowband emissions. To analyze the PAH spectra we must accurately assess this background. To do this, we have developed a Bayesian algorithm based on nested sampling (Skilling 2005, Sivia & Skilling 2006). The spectral model consists of a mixture of Planck functions and Gaussians. We demonstrate this algorithm on both synthetic data and infrared spectra recorded from interstellar clouds. The result shows that the algorithm can accurately identify and remove simple backgrounds. In future work, we plan to incorporate mixtures of PAH spectra and more complex models for the background so that the algorithm will simultaneously estimate both the signals of interest and the background. C1 [Tse, M. K.; Choinsky, J.; Knuth, K. H.] SUNY Albany, Dept Phys, Albany, NY 12222 USA. [Choinsky, J.] Univ Albany, Dept Comp Sci, Albany, NY USA. [Carbon, D. F.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Knuth, K. H.] Univ Albany, Dept Informat, Albany, NY USA. RP Tse, MK (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Dept Phys, Albany, NY 12222 USA. FU NASA AISR [NNH05ZDA001N]; European Space Agency (ESA); ESA; Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FX This research was supported by NASA AISR NNH05ZDA001N. Analysis based on observations with the Infrared Space Observatory, a European Space Agency (ESA) project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the Principal Investigator countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) and with the participation of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0468-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 954 BP 322 EP + PG 2 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Applied SC Mathematics; Physics GA BGY63 UT WOS:000251381000035 ER PT S AU Sherrit, S AF Sherrit, Stewart BE Dapino, MJ TI Analytical model for the strain-field and polarization-field hysteresis curves for ferroic materials - art. no. 652608 SO Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE ferroelectnics; ferroelastic; ferromagnetic; ferroic; piezoelectric; electrostrictive AB We present a generalized energy based analytical macroscopic model using distribution functions for the polarization and strain response to external electric field in electromechanical materials. Although the distributions are based on classical Boltzmann statistics, we show that they differ only by a factor of 2 in the exponential factor from Fen-ni-Dirac statistics in the two state system. The electric displacement-field D-E and strain-field S-E curves of antiferroelectric, ferroelectric, relaxor ferroelectric and linear piezoelectrics including hysteresis are described. The polarization model is based on a Weiss molecular field and assumes only net contributions to the polarizations need to be summed. No distinction between 90 degrees and 180 degrees domain contributions or domain dynamics is made. The strain field S-E curves are generated in all cases using the electrostriction relationship S=QD(2). The model shows utility in modeling phase change between anti ferroelectric double right arrow ferroelectric or ferroelectric double right arrow relaxor ferroelectric states. The hysteresis in the strain-field and electric displacement field curves is accounted for using the time derivative of the applied electric field. Although the model was developed for polarizable dielectric materials it is proposed that the same approach can be applied to magnetic, elastic or other ferroic materials. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Sherrit, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6647-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6526 BP 52608 EP 52608 AR 652608 DI 10.1117/12.715314 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BGK77 UT WOS:000248062300004 ER PT S AU Bigelow, GS Padula, SA Garg, A Noebe, RD AF Bigelow, Glen S. Padula, Santo A., II Garg, Anita Noebe, Ronald D. BE Dapino, MJ TI Correlation between mechanical behavior and actuator-type performance of Ni-Ti-Pd high-temperature shape memory alloys - art. no. 65262B SO Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE high-temperature shape memory alloy; NiTiPd; martensite; austenite; tensile properties; work output; shape memory behavior; transformation strain; critical stress for slip; strain recovery ID IMPROVEMENT; TITANIUM AB High-temperature shape memory alloys in the NiTiPd system are being investigated as lower cost alternatives to NiTiPt alloys for use in compact solid-state actuators for the aerospace, automotive, and power generation industries. A range of ternary NiTiPd alloys containing 15 to 46 at.% Pd has been processed and actuator mimicking tests (thermal cycling under load) were used to measure transformation temperatures, work behavior, and dimensional stability. With increasing Pd content, the work output of the material decreased, while the amount of permanent strain resulting from each load-biased thermal cycle increased. Monotonic isothermal tension testing of the high-temperature austenite and low temperature martensite phases was used to partially explain these behaviors, where a mismatch in yield strength between the austenite and martensite phases was observed at high Pd levels. Moreover, to further understand the source of the permanent strain at lower Pd levels, strain recovery tests were conducted to determine the onset of plastic deformation in the martensite phase. Consequently, the work behavior and dimensional stability during thermal cycling under load of the various NiTiPd alloys is discussed in relation to the deformation behavior of the materials as revealed by the strain recovery and monotonic tension tests. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bigelow, GS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6647-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6526 BP B5262 EP B5262 AR 65262B DI 10.1117/12.715252 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BGK77 UT WOS:000248062300052 ER PT S AU Mane, P Mossi, K Green, C Bryant, R AF Mane, Poorna Mossi, Karla Green, Christopher Bryant, Robert BE Dapino, MJ TI Studying the effects of temperature on energy harvesting using prestressed piezoelectric diaphragms - art. no. 65260K SO Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE pre-stressed; energy harvesting; Thunder((R)); piezoelectric; regression analysis ID ACTUATORS; SENSOR; BENDER AB Energy harvesting is a process in which energy which would otherwise be wasted is captured, stored and then used to power a system. Devices having such capabilities enjoy an extended life particularly advantageous in systems with limited accessibility, such as biomedical implants and structure embedded micro and wireless sensors. A viable family of materials for this purpose is piezoelectric materials because of their inherent ability to convert vibrations into electrical energy. This paper uses a type of pre-stressed PZT-5A Unimorph called Thunder((R)), to actively convert mechanical vibrations into useable power. The effects of temperature, 20-100 degrees C, pressure, 138-345kPa, frequency, 2-5Hz, and load resistance, 0.47-2.0M Omega, on the energy harvesting potential of the device are studied. The data obtained is analyzed using statistical techniques that assess the significance of the factors being studied. Results showed that the effect of temperature by itself on the voltage, AC or DC, and power generation was not significant. In combination with other factors such as pressure, frequency, and load resistance however, the temperature effect becomes statistically significant. These interaction effects tend to reduce voltage and power conversion. The maximum DC voltage and power were calculated as 108V and 11641 M at 20 degrees C, 275.8kPa, 2.5Hz and 2M Omega. Similarly the greatest peak to peak AC voltage of 338V was also measured at 20 degrees C and 2.5Hz. Based on the geometry of the piezoelectric diaphragm the most power density was evaluated to be 15 mu W/mm(3). C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Mane, P (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Mech Engn, 601 W Main St, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6647-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6526 BP K5260 EP K5260 AR 65260K DI 10.1117/12.717091 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BGK77 UT WOS:000248062300014 ER PT S AU Ghosn, LJ Abdul-Aziz, A Raj, SV Rauser, RW AF Ghosn, Louis J. Abdul-Aziz, Ali Raj, Sai V. Rauser, Richard W. BE Dapino, MJ TI A combined NDE/FEA approach to evaluate the structural response of a metal foam - art. no. 65262U SO Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers AB Metal foams are expected to find use in structural applications where weight is of particular concern, such as space vehicles, rotorcraft blades, car bodies or portable electronic devices. The obvious structural application of metal foam is for light weight sandwich panels, made up of thin solid face sheets and a metallic foam core. The stiffness of the sandwich structure is increased by separating the two face sheets by a light weight metal foam core. The resulting high-stiffness structure is lighter than that constructed only out of the solid metal material. Since the face sheets carry the applied in-plane and bending loads, the sandwich architecture is a viable engineering concept. However, the metal foam core must resist transverse shear loads and compressive loads while remaining integral with the face sheets. Challenges relating to the fabrication and testing of these metal foam panels remain due to some mechanical properties falling short of their theoretical potential. Theoretical mechanical properties are based on an idealized foam microstructure and assumed cell geometry. But the actual testing is performed on as fabricated foam microstructure. Hence in this study, a detailed three dimensional foam structure is generated using series of 2D Computer Tomography (CT) scans. The series of the 2D images are assembled to construct a high precision solid model capturing all the fine details within the metal foam as detected by the CT scanning technique. Moreover, a finite element analysis is then performed on as fabricated metal foam microstructures, to calculate the foam mechanical properties with the idealized theory. The metal foam material is an aerospace grade precipitation hardened 17-4 PH stainless steel with high strength and high toughness. Tensile and compressive mechanical properties are deduced from the FEA model and compared with the theoretical values for three different foam densities. The combined NDE/FEA provided insight in the variability of the mechanical properties compared to idealized theory. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ghosn, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6647-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6526 BP U5262 EP U5262 AR 65262U DI 10.1117/12.715215 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BGK77 UT WOS:000248062300066 ER PT J AU Little, B Lee, J Ray, R AF Little, Brenda Lee, Jason Ray, Richard TI A review of 'green' strategies to prevent or mitigate microbiologically influenced corrosion SO BIOFOULING LA English DT Review DE microbiologically influenced corrosion; biofilms; inhibition; electron acceptors ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; AEROBIC BIOFILMS; MILD-STEEL; INHIBITION; MECHANISM; WATER; MODEL AB Two approaches to control microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) have been developed that do not require the use of biocides. These strategies include the following: i) use of biofilms to inhibit or prevent corrosion, and ii) manipulation (removal or addition) of an electron acceptor, (e.g. oxygen, sulphate or nitrate) to influence the microbial population. In both approaches the composition of the microbial community is affected by small perturbations in the environment (e.g. temperature, nutrient concentration and flow) and the response of microorganisms cannot be predicted with certainty. The following sections will review the literature on the effectiveness of these environmentally friendly, "green,'' strategies for controlling MIC. C1 USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Little, B (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Code 7303, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM blittle@nrlssc.navy.mil NR 42 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 27 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0892-7014 J9 BIOFOULING JI Biofouling PY 2007 VL 23 IS 2 BP 87 EP 97 DI 10.1080/08927010601151782 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 164TB UT WOS:000246256200003 PM 17453733 ER PT B AU Clausen, DM Fujioka, JT AF Clausen, David M. Fujioka, Jeffrey T. BE Heifetz, J Dicosimo, J Gharrett, AJ Love, MS OConnell, VM Stanley, RD TI Variability in trawl survey catches of pacific ocean perch, shortraker rockfish, and rougheye rockfish in the Gulf of Alaska SO BIOLOGY, ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT OF NORTH PACIFIC ROCKFISHES SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Biology, Assessment, and Management of North Pacific Rockfishes CY SEP 13-15, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Univ Alaska Fairbanks AB Little information is available on the comparative variability of Pacific ocean perch, shortraker rockfish, and rougheye rockfish catches in Alaska trawl surveys. In this study, data were first examined for these three species from three localized experimental bottom trawl surveys in the Gulf of Alaska in 1993, 1998, and 1999 to compare the variability of catch rates for each species. When catch rates were analyzed within favorable fishing areas for each species, the coefficients of variation for Pacific ocean perch were approximately 2.5 to 3 times greater than those of shortraker or rougheye rockfish, indicating that the latter two species are much more even in their distribution. To provide a broader comparison of variability, catch rates of the three species were also examined from seven large-scale bottom trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf of Alaska from 1984 to 2001. Using geographic information systems software, subsets of the hauls in these surveys were selected in what were determined to be favorable fishing areas for either Pacific ocean perch or for shortraker and rougheye rockfish. Analysis of the species' catch rates in these hauls indicated results that were very similar to those of the experimental trawl surveys; the variability of Pacific ocean perch was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that for either shortraker or rougheye rockfish. The results of this study indicate that a trawl survey for shortraker and rougheye rockfish based on a random design may be logistically feasible, but that an alternative design would be needed for Pacific ocean perch in order to be cost effective. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Clausen, DM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 978-1-56612-114-9 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2007 VL 23 BP 411 EP 428 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Limnology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BGO07 UT WOS:000248909500023 ER PT B AU Courtney, DL Ianelli, JN Hanselman, D Heifetz, J AF Courtney, Dean L. Ianelli, James N. Hanselman, Dana Heifetz, Jonathan BE Heifetz, J Dicosimo, J Gharrett, AJ Love, MS OConnell, VM Stanley, RD TI Extending statistical age-structured assessment approaches to gulf of Alaska rockfish (Sebastes spp.) SO BIOLOGY, ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT OF NORTH PACIFIC ROCKFISHES SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 23rd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Biology, Assessment, and Management of North Pacific Rockfishes CY SEP 13-15, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Dept Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Univ Alaska Fairbanks ID FISHERIES STOCK ASSESSMENT; POPULATION ANALYSIS; NATURAL MORTALITY; DECISION-ANALYSIS; MODEL; SELECTIVITY; CATCH AB Modern age-structured stock assessments typically involve use of a complex "packaged" model or programming of a customized model. For Gulf of Alaska (GOA) rockfish, a customized model has been developed for use with four rockfish species: northern rockfish (Sebastes polyspinis), Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus), dusky rockfish (S. variabilis), and rougheye rockfish (S. aleutianus). Each species has particular differences in fishery, survey, and biology, and changes to the customized model structure have allowed for the additional data types and special fishery and biological characteristics. Compared with large, more feature-rich packaged programs, the software developed for GOA rockfish is efficient and relatively straightforward to implement. We describe the customized model and compare differences in model structure among the four applications, the relative impact of different data sources, and factors affecting the uncertainty of key parameter estimates. Modifications needed to adapt the customized model to the different rockfish species were relatively minor, and comparisons among assumptions were easy to compile. Comparison of diagnostics of model fits and estimates of uncertainty in key parameters among species indicated that the variance specified for most data components was consistent with characteristics of the data and the biological aspects unique to each rockfish species. The development of a customized age-structured model for several rockfish species proved to be adaptable for evaluating uncertainty and the information content of diverse types of data. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Courtney, DL (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 978-1-56612-114-9 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2007 VL 23 BP 429 EP 449 PG 21 WC Fisheries; Limnology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BGO07 UT WOS:000248909500024 ER PT J AU Wade, L Lo, D Soedarmadji, E Fraser, S Lester, H AF Wade, Lawrence Lo, Daniel Soedarmadji, Edwin Fraser, Scott Lester, Henry TI Imaging the microorganization of synaptic receptors SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 51st Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-Society CY MAR 03-07, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD SP Biophys Soc C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2007 SU S BP 607A EP 607A PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 132WA UT WOS:000243972404313 ER PT J AU Banerjee, RK Devarakonda, SB Rajamohan, D Back, LH AF Banerjee, Rupak K. Devarakonda, Surendra B. Rajamohan, Divakar Back, Lloyd H. TI Developed pulsatile flow in a deployed coronary stent SO BIORHEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coronary artery; stent; pulsatile flow; stenosis; computational fluid dynamics; wall shear stress ID COMPUTATIONAL FLUID-DYNAMICS; SHEAR-STRESS; WALL SHEAR; IN-VITRO; IMPLANTATION; RESTENOSIS; THICKNESS; DESIGN; VESSEL; BLOOD AB The patho-physiologic process of restenosis and tissue growth may not be completely eliminated and is the primary concern of clinicians performing angioplasty and stent implantation procedures. Recent evidence suggests that the restenosis process is influenced by several factors: (1) geometry and size of vessel; (2) stent design; and (3) it's location that alter hemodynamic parameters, including local wall shear stress (WSS) distributions. The present three-dimensional (3D) analysis of pulsatile flow in a deployed coronary stent: (1) shows complex 3D variation of hemodynamic parameters; and (2) quantifies the changes in local WSS distributions for developed flow and compares with recently published WSS data for developing flow. Higher order of magnitude of WSS of 290 dyn/cm(2) is observed on the surface of cross-link intersections at the entrance of the stent for developed flow, which is about half of that for developing flow. Low WSS of 0.8 dyn/cm(2) and negative WSS of -8 dyn/cm(2) are seen at the immediate upstream and downstream regions of strut intersections. Persistent recirculation is observed at the downstream region of each strut cross-link and the regions of low and negative WSS may lead to patho-physiologic conditions near the stented region. The key finding of this study is that the location of stent in the coronary artery determines the developing or developed nature of the flow, which in turn, results in varied level of WSS. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Engn Mech, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Biomed Engn Dept, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Banerjee, RK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Ind & Nucl Engn, 688 Rhodes Hall,POB 210072, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM Rupak.Banerjee@UC.Edu NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-355X J9 BIORHEOLOGY JI Biorheology PY 2007 VL 44 IS 2 BP 91 EP 102 PG 12 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Hematology SC Biophysics; Engineering; Hematology GA 172OB UT WOS:000246812500003 PM 17538201 ER PT J AU Levy, RC Pinker, RT AF Levy, Robert C. Pinker, Rachel T. TI Remote sensing of spectral aerosol properties - A classroom experience SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SAHARAN DUST; SYSTEM; OCEAN; MODIS; VARIABILITY; INSTRUMENT; RADIANCES; ALGORITHM AB The direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols on climate and climate change remain a source of uncertainty in climate research (Houghton et al. 2001). Aerosols [also known as particulate matter (PM)] play an important role in precipitation processes, reduced visibility, and human morbidity (Samet et al. 2000). Before the satellite era, information on aerosols came from limited surface-based observations, which are not sufficient to describe their spatial and temporal variability. With their vantage high above the Earth, satellite observations of reflected and emitted radiances are increasingly being used to monitor aerosols and their interactions within the climate system (King et al. 1999). A highly successful project is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS; Salomonson et al. 1989), which has been observing from aboard the Terra (since 2000) and Aqua (since 2002) satellite platforms. By observing spectral radiances in 36 channels (from 0.412 to 14.2 mu m, see information online at http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov) and at resolutions ranging from 250 m to 1 km, MODIS is highly suitable for deriving aerosol properties over the oceans (Tanre et al. 1996, 1997). The MODIS polar geosynchronous orbit is such that most of the globe is covered each day and completely covered every two days, thus providing comprehensive observations. Because the MODIS data are well characterized and easy to access, they are suitable for introducing students to the physics of remote sensing of aerosols. As part of a graduate course in remote sensing, students used MODIS data and focused on the following: understanding how aerosols interact with reflected solar radiation, obtaining a working knowledge of inversion techniques for retrieving aerosol properties over oceans, implementing the MODIS algorithm to retrieve aerosol properties from observations, contrasting aerosol properties from different sites and relating them to geography and season, and evaluating satellite retrievals in the context of ground-based aerosol measurements. This paper reviews the basic physics of the remote sensing of aerosols and describes selected findings and lessons learned by the students. Data, codes, and detailed instructions needed to perform the exercises are available online at www.atmos.umd.edu/-levy/ MODIS-Aerosol-Project. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Levy, RC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci syst & Applicat Inc, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM levy@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013 OI Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303 NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 88 IS 1 BP 25 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-88-1-25 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 137NC UT WOS:000244298300014 ER PT J AU Sundaresan, A Pellis, NR AF Sundaresan, A. Pellis, N. R. TI Gene expression in human osteoblasts and osteoclasts in a three dimensional tissue culture model SO CALCIFIED TISSUE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas So Univ, Houston, TX 77004 USA. NASA, Houston, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0171-967X J9 CALCIFIED TISSUE INT JI Calcif. Tissue Int. PY 2007 VL 80 SU 1 BP S86 EP S87 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 170JP UT WOS:000246660000263 ER PT J AU Vander Wal, RL Yezerets, A Currier, NW Kim, DH Wang, CM AF Vander Wal, Randy L. Yezerets, Aleksey Currier, Neal W. Kim, Do Heui Wang, Chong Min TI HRTEM Study of diesel soot collected from diesel particulate filters SO CARBON LA English DT Article ID GASIFICATION-INDUCED DENSIFICATION; CARBON BLACK; FORM COKE; OXIDATION; EVOLUTION; COMBUSTION; CHEMISTRY; BEHAVIOR; PORE AB HRTEM study of several soot samples collected on Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) under conditions relevant to practical applications of DPF technology, revealed nano-structure, to our knowledge, not reported previously for diesel soot. In particular, some of the primary particles were found to have hollow interior, and the outer shell exhibiting evidence of graphitization, with a higher crystallinity compared to the non-hollowed particles. The percentage of such particles varied between different soot samples and tentatively appeared to be related to the oxidation history of the sample. Remarkably, similar effect was not reproduced for a carbon black sample, Printex-U, suggesting that propensity to such oxidation-induced graphitization is related to the original nano-structure of the particle. These initial observations were independently confirmed for the same set of soot samples by two different HRTEM facilities., at NASA-Glenn and PNNL. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, USRA, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cummins Inc, Columbus, IN 47201 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Inst Interfacial Catalysis, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Vander Wal, RL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, USRA, Ms 110-3,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Randall.L.VanderWal@grc.nasa.gov RI Kim, Do Heui/I-3727-2015 NR 31 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PD JAN PY 2007 VL 45 IS 1 BP 70 EP 77 DI 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.08.005 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 127KA UT WOS:000243583300011 ER PT B AU Misawa, T Eracleous, M Charlton, JC Ganguly, R Tytler, D Kirkman, D Suzuki, N Lubin, D AF Misawa, Torn Eracleous, Michael Charlton, Jane C. Ganguly, Rajib Tytler, David Kirkman, David Suzuki, Nao Lubin, Dan BE Ho, LC Wang, JM TI Probing quasar outflows with intrinsic narrow absorption lines SO CENTRAL ENGINE OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei CY OCT 16-21, 2006 CL Xi an Jiaotong Univ, Xi an, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Xi an Jiaotong Univ ID SPECTRA AB We present statistical and monitoring results of narrow absorption lines that are physically related to quasars (i.e., intrinsic NALs). We use Keck/HIRES spectra of 37 optically bright quasars at z=2-4, and identify 150 NAL systems that contain 124 C IV, 12 N V, and 50 Si IV doublets. Among them, 39 are classified as intrinsic systems based on partial coverage analysis. At least 50% of quasars host intrinsic NALs. We identify two families of intrinsic systems based on their ionization state. Some intrinsic systems have detectable low-ionization NALs at similar velocities as higher-ionization NALs, although such low-ionization lines are rare in broad absorption-line (BAL) systems. We also have observed an optically bright quasar, HS1603+3820, eight times with Subaru/HDS and HET/MRS over an interval of 4.2 years (1.2 years in the quasar rest frame), for the purpose of monitoring a variable C IV mini-BAL system. We find that all the troughs of the system vary in concert. However, no other correlations are seen between the variations of different profile parameters. We propose that the observed variations are either (i) a result of rapid continuum fluctuations, caused by a clumpy screen of variable optical depth located between the continuum source and the mini-BAL gas, or (ii) a result of variable scattering of continuum photons around the absorber. C1 [Misawa, Torn; Eracleous, Michael; Charlton, Jane C.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 525 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Eracleous, Michael] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Eracleous, Michael] Penn State Univ, Ctr Gravitat Wave Phys, State Coll, PA USA. [Ganguly, Rajib] Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. [Tytler, David; Kirkman, David; Suzuki, Nao; Lubin, Dan] Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Tytler, David; Kirkman, David; Suzuki, Nao; Lubin, Dan] Univ Calif San Diego, CALTECH, NASA, WM Keck Observ, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Misawa, T (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 525 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. FU NASA [NAG5-10817, NAG5-13113]; UCSD; NSF [AST 0507717]; Theoretical Astrophysics Visitors' Fund at Northwestern University FX This work was supported by NASA grant NAG5-10817. UCSD work was supported in part by NASA grant NAG5-13113 and NSF grant AST 0507717. ME acknowledges partial support from the Theoretical Astrophysics Visitors Fund at Northwestern University. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-307-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 373 BP 291 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGZ17 UT WOS:000251450500082 ER PT B AU Lewis, KT Eracleous, M Halpern, JP Storchi-Bergmann, T AF Lewis, K. T. Eracleous, M. Halpern, J. P. Storchi-Bergmann, T. BE Ho, LC Wang, JM TI Long-term profile variability in double-peaked emission-line AGN SO CENTRAL ENGINE OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei CY OCT 16-21, 2006 CL Xi an Jiaotong Univ, Xi an, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Xi an Jiaotong Univ ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; BLACK-HOLE AB An increasing number of active galactic nuclei (AGN) exhibit broad, double-peaked Balmer emission lines that originate in the outer accretion disk of the AGN. The line profiles have been observed to vary on timescales of several months to years. Over the past decade, our group has monitored a set of 20 double-peaked emitters. Here we characterize the variability patterns of several of the objects in our study and compare with some simple models. C1 [Lewis, K. T.; Eracleous, M.; Halpern, J. P.; Storchi-Bergmann, T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lewis, KT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-307-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 373 BP 395 EP 398 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGZ17 UT WOS:000251450500103 ER PT B AU Cleary, K Lawrence, CR Marshall, JA Hao, L Meier, D AF Cleary, K. Lawrence, C. R. Marshall, J. A. Hao, L. Meier, D. BE Ho, LC Wang, JM TI Spitzer observations of powerful radio sources SO CENTRAL ENGINE OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei CY OCT 16-21, 2006 CL Xi an Jiaotong Univ, Xi an, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Xi an Jiaotong Univ ID SPACE-TELESCOPE; INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH; GALAXIES AB We have measured the mid-infrared radiation from an orientation-unbiased sample of 3C RR galaxies and quasars with 0.4 < z < 1.2 using the IRS and MIPS instruments aboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. We fit the Spitzer data as well as other measurements from the literature with synchrotron and dust components. At 15 mu m, quasars are typically four times brighter than radio galaxies with the same isotropic radio power. Based on our fits, half of this difference can be attributed to the presence of non-thermal emission in the quasars but not the radio galaxies. The other half is consistent with dust absorption in the radio galaxies but not the quasars. C1 [Cleary, K.; Lawrence, C. R.; Meier, D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Cleary, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-307-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 373 BP 475 EP 478 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGZ17 UT WOS:000251450500120 ER PT S AU Singh, M Asthana, R AF Singh, Mrityunjay Asthana, Rajiv BE Ewsuk, K Nogi, K Waesche, R Umakoshi, Y Hinklin, T Uematsu, K Tomsia, T Abe, H Kamiya, H Naito, M TI BRAZING OF ADVANCED CERAMIC COMPOSITES: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES SO CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL OF INTERFACES FOR HIGH QUALITY ADVANCED MATERIALS II SE Ceramic Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Characterization and Control of Inbterfaces for High Quality Advanced Materials, and Joining Technology for New Metallic Glasses and Inorganic Materials CY 2006 CL Kurashiki, JAPAN ID JOINTS AB The relative effectiveness of several Ag-, Cu-, and Ni-base brazes for joining of C-C. C-SiC and SiC-SiC composites to Ti, Inconel 625, Hastealloy and Cu-clad Mo, is evaluated. Titanium-containing active metal brazes led to sound metallurgical microstructure and good joints. The surface preparation and fiber architecture at the mating surface influence the shear strength of the composite/metal joints. The need to characterize molten braze contact angles and thermoelastic compatibility issues between the composite and the base metal to fabricate robust composite-to-metal joints is highlighted. C1 [Singh, Mrityunjay] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Singh, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 978-0-470-18414-1 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2007 VL 198 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BTM14 UT WOS:000287272500002 ER PT J AU Righter, K AF Righter, Kevin TI Not so rare Earth? New developments in understanding the origin of the Earth and Moon SO CHEMIE DER ERDE-GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE giant impact; Earth; Moon; magma ocean; origin of water ID TERRESTRIAL PLANET FORMATION; EARLY SOLAR-SYSTEM; EARLY DIFFERENTIATION HISTORY; LITHIUM ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS; SINGLE-IMPACT HYPOTHESIS; EARLY CORE FORMATION; HF-W CHRONOMETRY; GIANT IMPACT; SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS; MAGMA OCEAN AB A widely accepted inodel for the origin of the Earth and Moon has been a somewhat specific giant impact scenario involving an impactor to proto-Earth mass ratio of 3:7, occurring 50-60 Ma after To, when the Earth was only half-accreted, with the majority of Earth's water then accreted after the main stage of growth, perhaps from comets. There have been many changes to this specific scenario, due to advances in isotopic and trace element geochemistry, more detailed, improved, and realistic giant impact and terrestrial planet accretion modeling, and consideration of terrestrial water sources other than high D/H comets. The current scenario is that the Earth accreted faster and differentiated quickly, the Moon-forming impact could have been mid- to late in the accretion process, and water may have been present during accretion. These new developments have broadened the range of conditions required to make an Earth-Moon system, and suggests there may be many new fruitful avenues of research. There are also some classic and unresolved problems such as the significance of the identical O isotopic composition of the Earth and Moon, the depletion of volatiles on the lunar mantle relative to Earth's, the relative contribution of the impactor and proto-Earth to the Moon's mass, and the timing of Earth's possible atmospheric loss relative to the giant impact. Published by Elsevier GmbH. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Righter, K (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Mailcode KT,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM kevin.righter-1@nasa.gov NR 186 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0009-2819 J9 CHEM ERDE-GEOCHEM JI Chem Erde-Geochem. PY 2007 VL 67 IS 3 BP 179 EP 200 DI 10.1016/j.chemer.2007.05.002 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 249PR UT WOS:000252241700001 ER PT J AU Mottl, MJ Glazer, BT Kaiser, RI Meech, KJ AF Mottl, Michael J. Glazer, Brian T. Kaiser, Ralf I. Meech, Karen J. TI Water and astrobiology SO CHEMIE DER ERDE-GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE water; astrobiology; interstellar medium; Solar System; origins; oceans; atmosphere; life ID INTERSTELLAR ICE ANALOGS; HF-W CHRONOMETRY; TERRESTRIAL PLANET FORMATION; DEEPLY EMBEDDED PROTOSTARS; LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT; EARLY CORE FORMATION; O1 HALE-BOPP; SOLAR-SYSTEM; EARLY EARTH; MICROBIAL LIFE AB Water is formed from two of the three most abundant elements in the universe and so is abundant in interstellar space, in our Solar System, and on Earth, where it is an essential compound for the existence of life as we know it. Water ice acts as a substrate and reactant in interstellar clouds of gas and dust, enabling the formation of organic compounds that are important precursors to life and that eventually became incorporated into comets and asteroids in the early Solar System. Laboratory experiments have allowed LIS to infer the reaction pathways and mechanisms by which some of these compounds are formed. In these reactions, water can act as an energy transfer medium, increasing product yields, or it can lower yields by diluting reaction centers. Water can also destroy organic compounds when water ice decomposes under ionizing radiation and the decomposition products attack the compounds; whether this happens depends critically on temperature and structure of the ice, whether crystalline or amorphous. Ice structure and temperature also largely determine its gas content. As the solar nebula collapsed, icy mantles on interstellar grains probably sublimated and then recondensed onto other grains, thus influencing the transport of energy, mass, and angular momentum in the disk. Icy grains also influenced the temperature structure of the disk because they influence mean disk opacity. Outside the "snow line" at 3-5 AU icy grains accreted to become part of comets and planetesimals that occupy the region of the outer planets, the Kuiper belt, and the Oort cloud. Water was acquired by the growing Earth by several mechanisms. Evidence from noble gas isotopes indicates that Earth achieved sufficient mass fast enough to capture an early H-rich atmosphere from the Solar nebula itself. Although the remnant of this primary atmosphere is now found only in the mantle, it may also reside in the core, which could contain most of the H on Earth (or none at all). The bulk silicate Earth contains only 500-1100 ppm H2O, an amount small enough to explain by "wet" accretion, although most of it probably accumulated with the latter half of Earth's mass from wetter planetary embryos originating beyond 1.5 AU. Degassing on impact delivered water to Earth's surface, where it dissolved into a magma ocean, a process that likely saved it from loss during subsequent catastrophic impacts such as the Moon-forming giant impact, which resulted in >99% loss of the noble gas inventory. Although most of Earth's water probably came from meteoritic material, the depletion on Earth of Xe relative to Kr strongly suggests a role for comets. The role of water in supporting life is an essential one on Earth and probably elsewhere, given the unusual properties of water compared with other potentially abundant compounds. Its dipolarity, high boiling point and heat of vaporization and, for ice, melting temperature; its expansion on freezing; and its solvent properties make it an ideal medium for life. Life originated early on Earth, indicating an abundance of water, nutrients, precursor molecules, substrates, and appropriate physical and chemical conditions. Life adapted quickly to (and may have originated in) extreme environments, of heat, cold, dryness, saltiness, and acidity. This adaptation to extreme conditions bodes well for the prospect of finding life elsewhere in our Solar System and in planetary systems around other stars. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. C1 [Mottl, Michael J.; Glazer, Brian T.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Kaiser, Ralf I.] Univ Hawaii, Dept Chem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Meech, Karen J.] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Mottl, Michael J.; Glazer, Brian T.; Kaiser, Ralf I.; Meech, Karen J.] Univ Hawaii, NASA Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Mottl, MJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM mmotl@soest.hawaii.edu RI Glazer, Brian/C-2248-2011 NR 245 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0009-2819 EI 1611-5864 J9 CHEM ERDE-GEOCHEM JI Chem Erde-Geochem. PY 2007 VL 67 IS 4 BP 253 EP 282 DI 10.1016/j.chemer.2007.09.002 PG 30 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 263ZE UT WOS:000253254200001 ER PT S AU Corcoran, MF Hamaguchi, K AF Corcoran, M. F. Hamaguchi, Kenji BE GarciaSegura, G RamirezRuiz, E TI Eta car and its surroundings: The x-ray diagnosis SO CIRCUMSTELLAR MEDIA AND LATE STAGES OF MASSIVE STELLAR EVOLUTION SE Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica-Serie de Conferencias LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Circumstellar Media and Late Stages of Massive Stellar Evolution CY SEP 04-08, 2006 CL Ensenada, MEXICO DE ISM : jets and outflows; stars : binaries; stars : individual (Eta car); stars : mass loss ID CARINAE; EMISSION; VARIABILITY; MINIMUM; CHANDRA; NEBULA; EJECTA; SHELL AB X-ray emission from the supermassive star Eta Carinae (77 Carinae) originates from hot shocked gas produced by current stellar mass loss as well as ejecta from prior eruptive events. Absorption of this emission by cool material allows the determination of the spatial and temporal distribution of this material. Emission from the shocked gas can provide important information about abundances through the study of thermal X-ray line emission. We discuss how studies of the X-ray emission from Eta Car at a variety of temporal, spatial and spectral scales and resolutions have helped refine our knowledge of both the continuous and discrete mass loss from the system, and its interactions with more extended material around the star. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Corcoran, MF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM corco-ran@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA MEXICO INSTITUTO ASTRONOMIA PI MEXICO CITY PA APARTADO POSTAL 70-264, MEXICO CITY 04510, MEXICO SN 1405-2059 BN 978-970-32-3275-8 J9 REV MEX AST ASTR PY 2007 VL 30 BP 29 EP 34 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGU83 UT WOS:000250716900006 ER PT B AU McClanahan, TP Loew, MH Trombka, JI AF McClanahan, Timothy P. Loew, Murray H. Trombka, Jacob I. BE Savoie, M Aguilar, J Chu, HW Zinn, CD Mura, G Andina, D TI Automated energy calibration and fitting of LaCl3(Ce) gamma-spectra using peak likelihood and tabu search SO CITSA 2007/CCCT 2007: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS : INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTING, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, VOL III, POST-CONFERENCE ISSUE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Cybernetics and Information Technologies, Systems and Applications/5th Int Conf on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies CY JUL 12-15, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP Int Inst Informat & System DE spectroscopy; gamma-ray; automation; tabu; elemental AB An automated method for gamma-emission spectrum calibration and deconvolution is presented for spaceflight applications for a Cerium doped Lanthanum Chloride, (LaCl3(Ce)) gamma-ray detector system. This detector will be coupled with a pulsed neutron generator (PNG) to induce and enhance nuclide signal quality and rates, yielding large volumes of spectral information. Automated analytical methods are required to deconvolve and quantify nuclide signals from spectra; this will both reduce human interactions in spectrum analysis and facilitate feedback to automated robotic and operations planning. Initial system tests indicate significant energy calibration drifts (>6%), that which must be mitigated for spectrum analysis. A linear energy calibration model is presently considered, with gain and zero factors. Deconvolution methods incorporate a tabu search heuristic to formulate and optimize searches using memory structures. Iterative use of a peak likelihood methodology identifies global calibration minima and peak areas. The method is compared to manual methods of calibration and indicates superior performance using tabu methods. Performance of the Tabu enhanced calibration method is superior to similar unoptimized local search. The techniques are also applicable to other emission spectroscopy, eg. X-ray and neutron. C1 [McClanahan, Timothy P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McClanahan, TP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT INST INFORMATICS & SYSTEMICS PI ORLANDO PA 14269 LORD BARCLAY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 USA BN 978-1-934272-24-4 PY 2007 BP 93 EP 97 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Education & Educational Research; Information Science & Library Science; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Education & Educational Research; Information Science & Library Science; Telecommunications GA BHL79 UT WOS:000254154400018 ER PT J AU Das, B Bishop, JJ Kim, S Meiselman, HJ Johnson, PC Popel, AS AF Das, Bigyani Bishop, Jeffrey J. Kim, Sangho Meiselman, Herbert J. Johnson, Paul C. Popel, Aleksander S. TI Red blood cell velocity profiles in skeletal muscle venules at low flow rates are described by the Casson model SO CLINICAL HEMORHEOLOGY AND MICROCIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE red blood cell aggregation; computational model; Casson model; two-phase flow; hemorheology; rat blood viscosity ID ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGABILITY; SHEAR RATE; CEREBROVASCULAR-DISEASE; AGGREGATION; VISCOSITY; RHEOLOGY; HEMODYNAMICS; MICROCIRCULATION; INFARCTION; DISORDERS AB Knowledge of the effects of red blood cell aggregation on blood flow in small vessels is crucial to a better understanding of resistance changes in the venous microcirculation. Recent studies on rat spinotrapezius muscle indicate that enhanced red blood cell aggregation, induced by dextran 500, significantly affects velocity profiles at pseudoshear rates (the ratio of mean velocity to diameter) less than 40 s(-1). Since the use of a power-law model to describe these profiles does not provide a consistent rheological description, we have evaluated using the Casson model that has been widely used to characterize in vitro blood rheology. In the present study, we report experimental values of rat blood viscosity in the presence of dextran 500 and combine these in vitro measurements with previously obtained in vivo venular velocity profiles to determine whether the Casson model can provide a valid description of in vivo velocity profiles. Our analysis shows that the two-phase Casson model with a peripheral plasma layer is in quantitative agreement with experimentally obtained velocity profiles obtained in venules of rat spinotrapezius muscle under low flow rate. These results have implications for pathological low-flow conditions, such as hemorrhage and sepsis, and they quantitatively describe blunted velocity profiles and elevated flow resistance in postcapillary venules. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Sci Computat & Math Modeling, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Das, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 610-3,Bldg 28-S-205, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bdas@nccs.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Kim, Sangho/I-7032-2012; CHO, Seungkwan/B-2466-2013; Das, Bigyani/P-4064-2014 OI Kim, Sangho/0000-0002-1045-5928; FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL52684, HL15722] NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-0291 J9 CLIN HEMORHEOL MICRO JI Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. PY 2007 VL 36 IS 3 BP 217 EP 233 PG 17 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 145VS UT WOS:000244894500004 PM 17361024 ER PT S AU Werdell, PJ Franz, BA Bailey, SW Harding, LW Feldman, GC AF Werdell, P. Jeremy Franz, Bryan A. Bailey, Sean W. Harding, Lawrence W., Jr. Feldman, Gene C. BE Frouin, RJ Lee, Z TI Approach for the long-term spatial and temporal evaluation of ocean color satellite data products in a coastal environment - art. no. 66800G SO COASTAL OCEAN REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Coastal Ocean Remote Sensing CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE ocean color; bio-optical algorithm; remote sensing; SeaWiFS; MODIS; Chesapeake Bay ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ATLANTIC BIGHT; CHESAPEAKE BAY; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM; ESTUARY; SEAWIFS; MODEL AB Ocean color satellites provide a mechanism for studying the marine biosphere on temporal and spatial scales otherwise unattainable via conventional in situ sampling methods. These satellites measure visible and infrared radiances, which are used to estimate additional geophysical data products, such as the concentration of the phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll a, C-a, via the application of secondary bio-optical algorithms. The operational C-a algorithms for the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), for example, perform well in the global open ocean, but often degrade in more optically complex coastal environments where global parameterizations are less applicable. Organizations such as the Chesapeake Bay Program, which have interest in using SeaWiFS and MODIS data products to facilitate regional monitoring activities, must rely on locally parameterized algorithms to achieve requisite accuracies. To facilitate algorithm selection, the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group recently developed the infrastructure to spatially and temporally evaluate a long-term regional time-series of satellite observations using in situ measurements as ground-truth. Here, we present this approach using a case study in the Chesapeake Bay, where a series of C-a algorithms and atmospheric correction schemes were evaluated for the full SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua time-series. We demonstrate how the selection of the best algorithms and processing approaches is driven by trade-offs in coverage needs and relative accuracy requirements. While our case study highlights C-a in the Chesapeake Bay, our methodology is applicable to any geophysical data product and region of interest. C1 [Werdell, P. Jeremy; Franz, Bryan A.; Bailey, Sean W.; Feldman, Gene C.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Werdell, PJ (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RI Franz, Bryan/D-6284-2012; Werdell, Jeremy/D-8265-2012; Bailey, Sean/D-3077-2017 OI Franz, Bryan/0000-0003-0293-2082; Bailey, Sean/0000-0001-8339-9763 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6828-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6680 BP G6800 EP G6800 DI 10.1117/12.732489 PG 12 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BHB62 UT WOS:000252098800011 ER PT J AU Santa, KJ Sun, Z Chao, BH Sunderland, PB Axelbaum, RL Urban, DL Stocker, DP AF Santa, K. J. Sun, Z. Chao, B. H. Sunderland, P. B. Axelbaum, R. L. Urban, D. L. Stocker, D. P. TI Numerical and experimental observations of spherical diffusion flames SO COMBUSTION THEORY AND MODELLING LA English DT Article DE laminar spherical diffusion flames; Lewis number; microgravity; numerical combustion; thin-filament pyrometry ID EXTINCTION AB Spherical diffusion flames supported on a porous sphere were studied numerically and experimentally. Experiments were performed in 2.2 s and 5.2 s microgravity facilities. Numerical results were obtained from a Chemkin- based programme. The programme simulates flow from a porous sphere into a quiescent environment, yields both steady state and transient results and accounts for optically thick gas- phase radiation. The low flow velocities and long residence times in these diffusion flames lead to enhanced radiative and diffusive effects. Despite similar adiabatic flame temperatures, the measured and predicted temperatures varied by as much as 700 K. The temperature reduction correlates with flame size but characteristic flow times and Lewis number also influence temperature. The numerical results show that the ambient gas Lewis number would have a strong effect on flame temperature if the flames were steady and nonradiating. For example, a 10% decrease in Lewis number would increase the steady state flame temperature by 200 K. However, for these transient, radiating flames the effect of Lewis number is small. It was also observed that when hydrocarbon fuel is supplied from the ambient the large diffusion distances associated with these flames can lead to unusual steady state compositions near the outer boundary because decomposition products can diffuse to the outer boundary. This results in a loss of chemical enthalpy from the system but the effect on flame temperature is small. Transient predictions of flame sizes are larger than those observed in microgravity experiments. Close agreement could not be obtained without either increasing the model's thermal and mass diffusion properties by 30% or reducing mass flowrate by 25%. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Mech Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Fire Protect Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chao, BH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Mech Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM bchao@eng.hawaii.edu OI Sunderland, Peter/0000-0002-8262-7100 NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-7830 J9 COMBUST THEOR MODEL JI Combust. Theory Model. PY 2007 VL 11 IS 4 BP 639 EP 652 DI 10.1080/13647830601161567 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mathematics GA 200GJ UT WOS:000248751600008 ER PT S AU Barth, TJ AF Barth, Timothy J. BE Kassinos, SC Langer, CA Iaccarino, G Moin, P TI Space-time error representation and estimation in Navier-Stokes calculations SO Complex Effects in Large Eddy Simulations SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Complex Effects in Large Eddy Simulation CY SEP 21-24, 2005 CL Lemesos, CYPRUS SP Univ Cyprus, Stanford Univ, Ctr Turbulence Res, NASA Ames Res Ctr ID COMPUTATIONAL FLUID-DYNAMICS; EQUATIONS AB The mathematical framework for a-posteriori error estimation of functionals elucidated by Eriksson et al. [1] and Becker and Rannacher [2] is revisited in a space-time context. Using these theories, a hierarchy of exact and approximate error representation formulas are presented for use in error estimation and mesh adaptivity. Numerical space-time results for simple model problems as well as compressible Navier-Stokes flow at Re = 300 over a 2D circular cylinder are then presented to demonstrate elements of the error representation theory for time-dependent problems. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Barth, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1439-7358 BN 978-3-540-34233-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2007 VL 56 BP 29 EP + PG 22 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BFT88 UT WOS:000244562300003 ER PT J AU Wolpert, DH Macready, W AF Wolpert, David H. Macready, William TI Using self-dissimilarity to quantify complexity SO COMPLEXITY LA English DT Article DE self-dissimilarity; complexity; robustness; Monte Carlo sampling AB For many systems characterized as "complex" the patterns exhibited on different scales differ markedly from one another For example, the biomass distribution in a human body "looks very different" depending on the scale at which one examines it. Conversely, the patterns at different scales in "simple" systems (e.g., gases, mountains, crystals) vary little from one scale to another Accordingly, the degrees of self-dissimilarity between the patterns of a system at various scales constitute a complexity "signature" of that system. Here we present a novel quantification of self-dissimilarity. This signature can, if desired, incorporate a novel information-theoretic measure of the distance between probability distributions that we derive here. Whatever distance measure is chosen, our quantification of self-dissimilarity can be measured for many kinds of real-world data. This allows comparisons of the complexity signatures of wholly different kinds of systems (e.g., systems involving information density in a digital computer vs. species densities in a rain forest vs. capital density in an economy, etc.). Moreover, in contrast to many other suggested complexity measures, evaluating the self-dissimilarity of a system does not require one to already have a model of the system. These facts may allow self-dissimilarity signatures to be used as the underlying observational variables of an eventual overarching theory relating all complex systems. To illustrate self-dissimilarity, we present several numerical experiments. In particular we show that the underlying structure of the logistic map is picked out by the self-dissimilarity signature of time series produced by that map. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. D Wave Syst, Burnaby, BC V5C 6G9, Canada. RP Wolpert, DH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM dhw@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1076-2787 J9 COMPLEXITY JI Complexity PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 12 IS 3 BP 77 EP 85 DI 10.1002/cplx.20165 PG 9 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 133ZG UT WOS:000244051800009 ER PT S AU Burlaga, LF F-Vinas, A AF Burlaga, Leonard F. F-Vinas, Adolfo BE Abe, S Herrmann, H Quarati, P Rapisarda, A Tsallis, C TI Tsallis distribution functions in the solar wind: Magnetic field and velocity observations SO COMPLEXITY, METASTABILITY AND NONEXTENSIVITY SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Complexity, Metastability and Nonextensivity CY JUL 01-05, 2007 CL Catania, ITALY SP Univ Catania, Politecn Torino, Natl Inst Nucl Phys DE Tsallis distribution; q-Gaussian; magnetic fields; solar wind; heliosphere ID STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; STRENGTH FLUCTUATIONS; DISTANT HELIOSPHERE; 95 AU; SUPERSTATISTICS; VOYAGER-1; EVOLUTION; MODEL AB The distributions the fluctuations of magnetic field strengths B(t) observed on a scale of a year in the heliosphere between 1 AU and 90 AU are approximately lognormal. The PDFs of the corresponding increments of B(t) are Tsallis distributions on scales from 1 hr-128 days between I and 90 AU. A deterministic MHD model predicts these results. The model predicts that small chaotic structures merge to form large structures. There is a "phase transition" near similar to 40 AU at which the there is a change from growth to decay. Between R similar to 40 and 85 AU the solar wind is in a quasi-equilibrium state described by a "q-triplet". C1 [Burlaga, Leonard F.; F-Vinas, Adolfo] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Geospace Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burlaga, LF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Geospace Phys Lab, Code 673, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0481-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 965 BP 259 EP 266 PG 8 WC Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA BHE22 UT WOS:000252425900034 ER PT J AU Kradinov, V Madenci, E Ambur, DR AF Kradinov, V. Madenci, E. Ambur, D. R. TI Combined in-plane and through-the-thickness analysis for failure prediction of bolted composite joints SO COMPOSITE STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE lap joints; bolt; laminate; failure AB Although two-dimensional methods provide accurate predictions of contact stresses and bolt load distribution in bolted composite joints with multiple bolts, they fail to capture the effect of thickness on the strength prediction. This study presents an analysis method to account for the variation of stresses in the thickness direction by augmenting a two-dimensional analysis with a one-dimensional through-the-thickness analysis. The two-dimensional in-plane solution method is based on the combined complex potential and variational formulation. The through-the-thickness analysis is based on the model utilizing a beam on an elastic foundation. The bolt, represented as a short beam while accounting for bending and shear deformations, rests on springs, where the spring coefficients represent the resistance of the composite laminate to bolt deformation. The combined in-plane and through-the-thickness analysis produces the bolt/hole displacement in the thickness direction, as well as the stress state in each ply. The initial ply failure predicted by applying the average stress criterion is followed by a simple progressive failure. Application of the model is demonstrated by considering single- and double-lap joints of metal plates bolted to composite laminates. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Struct Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Madenci, E (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, POB 210119, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM madenci@email.arizona.edu NR 7 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0263-8223 J9 COMPOS STRUCT JI Compos. Struct. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 77 IS 2 BP 127 EP 147 DI 10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.06.008 PG 21 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 114FQ UT WOS:000242652500001 ER PT J AU Kradinov, V Madenci, E Ambur, DR AF Kradinov, V. Madenci, E. Ambur, D. R. TI Application of genetic algorithm for optimum design of bolted composite lap joints SO COMPOSITE STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE lap joints; bolt; optimization; composite; design variables ID STACKING-SEQUENCE AB The genetic algorithm (GA), a powerful optimization technique for multiple extrema functions in multidimensional search spaces, is applied in conjunction with stress analysis to achieve optimum designs of bolted composite lap joints. The objective of the optimization is to ensure the highest strength of the joint. In this study, the laminate thickness, laminate Jay-up, bolt location, bolt flexibility, and bolt size are considered as design variables. The contact stresses (bolt loads) are determined by a combined complex potential and variational formulation. In this formulation, the equilibrium equations are satisfied exactly and the boundary conditions are enforced by minimizing the total potential. The contact stresses as well as the contact region are determined through an iterative procedure as part of a solution method that accounts for the effects of finite geometry and by-pass loading. The fitness function for the GA optimization is based on the average stress failure criterion for predicting net-section, shear-out, and bearing failure modes in bolted lap joints. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Struct Anal & Design Grp, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Struct Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Madenci, E (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM madenci@email.arizona.edu NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0263-8223 J9 COMPOS STRUCT JI Compos. Struct. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 77 IS 2 BP 148 EP 159 DI 10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.06.009 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 114FQ UT WOS:000242652500002 ER PT J AU Turon, A Costa, J Camanho, PP Davila, CG AF Turon, A. Costa, J. Camanho, P. P. Davila, C. G. TI Simulation of delamination in composites under high-cycle fatigue SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Composites Testing and Model Identification CY APR 10-12, 2006 CL Univ Porto, Oporto, PORTUGAL HO Univ Porto DE delamination; fatigue; cohesive elements ID COHESIVE ZONE MODEL; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; INTERFACE ELEMENTS; CRACK-GROWTH; PROGRESSIVE DELAMINATION; GLASS/EPOXY COMPOSITES; DRIVEN DELAMINATION; PROPAGATION; SPECIMENS; SOLIDS AB A damage model for the simulation of delamination propagation under high-cycle fatigue loading is proposed. The basis for the formulation is a cohesive law that links fracture and damage mechanics to establish the evolution of the damage variable in terms of the crack growth rate dA/dN. The damage state is obtained as a function of the loading conditions as well as the experimentally-determined coefficients of the Paris law crack propagation rates for the material. It is shown that by using the constitutive fatigue damage model in a structural analysis, experimental results can be reproduced without the need of additional model-specific curve-fitting parameters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Turon, A.; Costa, J.] Univ Girona, Polytech Sch, AMADE, Girona, Spain. [Camanho, P. P.] Univ Porto, Fac Engn, DEMEGI, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. [Davila, C. G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Camanho, PP (reprint author), Univ Girona, Polytech Sch, AMADE, Campus Montilivi S-N, Girona, Spain. EM pcamanho@fe.up.pt RI Costa, Josep/C-4941-2008; Davila, Carlos/D-8559-2011; AMADE Research Group, AMADE/B-6537-2014; Balanzat, Josep Costa/C-1017-2014; Turon, Albert/C-6875-2008; Camanho, Pedro /E-1666-2011; Andersson, Tobias/F-4499-2011 OI Costa, Josep/0000-0002-7134-7146; AMADE Research Group, AMADE/0000-0002-5778-3291; Turon, Albert/0000-0002-2554-2653; Camanho, Pedro/0000-0003-0363-5207; NR 40 TC 97 Z9 101 U1 3 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 2007 VL 38 IS 11 SI SI BP 2270 EP 2282 DI 10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.11.009 PG 13 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 241LH UT WOS:000251657400004 ER PT S AU Artho, C Havelund, K Honiden, S AF Artho, Cyrille Havelund, Klaus Honiden, Shinichi TI Visualization of concurrent program executions SO COMPSAC 2007: THE THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS SE Proceedings International Computer Software and Applications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE, CPS AB Various program analysis techniques are efficient at discovering failures and properties. However it is often difficult to evaluate results, such as program traces. This calls for abstraction and visualization tools. We propose an approach based on UML sequence diagrams, addressing shortcomings of such diagrams for concurrency. The resulting visualization is expressive and provides all the necessary information at a glance. C1 [Artho, Cyrille] AIST, RCIS, Tokyo, Japan. [Havelund, Klaus] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Columbus Technol, Pasadena, CA USA. [Honiden, Shinichi] Natl Inst Informat, Honiden Lab, Tokyo, Japan. RP Artho, C (reprint author), AIST, RCIS, Tokyo, Japan. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 0730-3157 BN 978-0-7695-2870-0 J9 P INT COMP SOFTW APP PY 2007 BP 541 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGQ04 UT WOS:000249654100082 ER PT S AU Hririda, GA AF Hririda, G. A. BE Brebbia, CA Carlomagno, GM TI Geometrically nonlinear static analysis of 3D trusses using the are-length method SO Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIII SE WIT TRANSACTIONS ON MODELLING AND SIMULATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements CY 2007 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Wessex Inst Technol, Univ Naples Federico II, WIT Transact Modelling & Simulat DE nonlinear; truss; arc-length; finite element; snap-back; Crisfield; tangent stiffiness; equilibrium path; Nastran; bifurcation AB Rigorous analysis of geometrically nonlinear structures demands the creation of mathematical models that accurately include loading and support conditions and, more importantly, model the stiffness and response of the structure. Nonlinear geometric structures often contain critical points with snap-through behavior during the response to large loads. Studying the post buckling behavior during a portion of a structure's unstable load history may be necessary. Primary structures made from ductile materials will stretch enough prior to failure for loads to redistribute producing sudden and often catastrophic collapses that are difficult to predict. The responses and redistribution of the internal loads during collapses and possible sharp snap-back of structures have frequently caused numerical difficulties in analysis procedures. The presence of critical stability points and unstable equilibrium paths are major difficulties that numerical solutions must pass to fully capture the nonlinear response. Some hurdles still exist in finding nonlinear responses of structures under large geometric changes. Predicting snap-through and snap-back of certain structures has been difficult and time consuming. Also difficult is finding how much load a structure may still carry safely. Highly geometrically nonlinear responses of structures exhibiting complex snap-back behavior are presented and analyzed with a finite element approach. The arc-length method will be reviewed and shown to predict the proper response and follow the nonlinear equilibrium path through limit points. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Hririda, GA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS/COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, ASHURST, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ENGLAND SN 1746-4064 BN 978-1-84564-084-2 J9 WIT TRANS MODEL SIM PY 2007 VL 46 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.2495/CMEM070261 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BGL86 UT WOS:000248244200026 ER PT S AU Memarsadeghi, N Mount, DM AF Memarsadeghi, Nargess Mount, David M. BE Shi, Y VanAlbada, GD Dongarra, J Sloot, PMA TI Efficient implementation of an optimal interpolator for large spatial data sets SO COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - ICCS 2007, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2007) CY MAY 27-30, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Data Technol & Knowledge Econ, AMID, Springer, World Sci Publishing, Univ Nebraska, CAS, Grad Univ, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Policy & Management, Univ Amsterdam DE geostatistics; kriging; tapering; iterative methods ID COVARIANCE; SYSTEMS AB Interpolating scattered data points is a problem of wide ranging interest. One of the most popular interpolation methods in geostatistics is ordinary kriging. The price for its statistical optimality is that the estimator is computationally very expensive. We demonstrate the space and time efficiency and accuracy of approximating ordinary kriging through the use of covariance tapering combined with iterative methods. C1 [Memarsadeghi, Nargess] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 588, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Memarsadeghi, Nargess; Mount, David M.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA. RP Memarsadeghi, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 588, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Nargess.Memarsadeghi@nasa.gov; mount@cs.umd.edu NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-72585-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4488 BP 503 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGH84 UT WOS:000247062900074 ER PT J AU Matthies, L Maimone, M Cheng, Y Johnson, A Willson, R AF Matthies, Larry Maimone, Mark Cheng, Yang Johnson, Andrew Willson, Reg BE Harris, LR Jenkin, MRM TI Computer vision in the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission SO COMPUTATIONAL VISION IN NEURAL AND MACHINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID STEREO VISION; MOTION C1 [Matthies, Larry; Maimone, Mark; Cheng, Yang; Johnson, Andrew; Willson, Reg] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matthies, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-52186-260-8 PY 2007 BP 71 EP 84 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Neurosciences SC Computer Science; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BYC62 UT WOS:000297984300004 ER PT J AU Menzies, T Owen, D Richardson, J AF Menzies, Tim Owen, David Richardson, Julian TI The strangest thing about software SO COMPUTER LA English DT Article AB The authors propose that software works because internally it is surprisingly simple. Recent research results from artificial intelligence offer much support for believing this. AI has discovered certain previously unrecognized regularities that developers can use to quickly find solutions. A careful reading of the software engineering literature shows that these regularities also appear in conventional software. For problems with those regularities, random search can find much of what we can find via complex and costly methods. C1 W Virginia Univ, Lane Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Comp Sci Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Menzies, T (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Lane Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM tim@menzies.us; owen@csee.wvu.edu; julian.richardson@gmail.com NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9162 EI 1558-0814 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD JAN PY 2007 VL 40 IS 1 BP 54 EP + DI 10.1109/MC.2007.37 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 124OX UT WOS:000243379600016 ER PT J AU Goel, T Vaidyanathan, R Haftka, RT Shyy, W Queipo, NV Tucker, K AF Goel, Tushar Vaidyanathan, Rajkumar Haftka, Raphael T. Shyy, Wei Queipo, Nestor V. Tucker, Kevin TI Response surface approximation of Pareto optimal front in multi-objective optimization SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Pareto optimal front; response surface approximation; multi-objective evolutionary algorithms; Rocket injector design; Pareto drift ID EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION; DESIGN OPTIMIZATION; SHAPE OPTIMIZATION; ALGORITHMS; ELECTROMAGNETICS; AERODYNAMICS; STRATEGIES AB A systematic approach is presented to approximate the Pareto optimal front (POF) by a response surface approximation. The data for the POF is obtained by multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. Improvements to address drift in the POF are also presented. The approximated POF can help visualize and quantify trade-offs among objectives to select compromise designs. The bounds of this approximate POF are obtained using multiple convex-hulls. The proposed approach is applied to study trade-offs among objectives of a rocket injector design problem where performance and life objectives compete. The POF is approximated using a quintic polynomial. The compromise region quantifies trade-offs among objectives. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Zulia, Fac Engn, Appl Comp Inst, Maracaibo 4011, Venezuela. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Goel, T (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, POB 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM tusharg@ufl.edu OI Shyy, Wei/0000-0001-6670-5394 NR 49 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2007 VL 196 IS 4-6 BP 879 EP 893 DI 10.1016/j.cma.2006.07.010 PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 114EA UT WOS:000242648300012 ER PT S AU Kolano, PZ AF Kolano, Paul Z. BE Biskup, J Lopez, J TI Maintaining high performance communication under least privilege using dynamic perimeter control SO Computer Security - ESORICS 2007, Proceedings SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security CY SEP 24-26, 2007 CL Dresden, GERMANY DE firewalls; grids; high performance networking; multiport protocols; network access control; security AB From a security standpoint, it is preferable to implement least privilege network security policies in which only the bare minimum of TCP/UDP ports on internal hosts are accessible from outside the perimeter. Unfortunately, organizations with such policies can no longer communicate using common multiport protocols that require randomly chosen ports for auxiliary connections. This paper introduces a new approach for maintaining such communication under least privilege while achieving maximum performance. By dynamically modifying perimeter ACLs, inbound auxiliary connections are only allowed through the perimeter at exactly the times required. These modifications are made transparently to external users and with minimal changes to internal configuration. A prototype implementation of the Dynamic Perimeter Enforcement system, called Diaper, has been implemented and tested with several applications. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kolano, PZ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, MS 258-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-74834-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4734 BP 38 EP 54 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGU23 UT WOS:000250570800003 ER PT J AU Olson, CF Matthies, LH Wright, JR Li, RX Di, KC AF Olson, Clark F. Matthies, Larry H. Wright, John R. Li, Rongxing Di, Kaichang TI Visual terrain mapping for Mars exploration SO COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE UNDERSTANDING LA English DT Article DE terrain mapping; structure-from-motion; stereo vision; Mars; robot navigation; localization ID MOTION STEREO; REGIONS; IMAGES; MAPS AB One goal for future Mars missions is for a rover to be able to navigate autonomously to science targets not visible to the rover, but seen in orbital or descent images. This can be accomplished if accurate maps of the terrain are available for the rover to use in planning and localization. We describe techniques to generate such terrain maps using images with a variety of resolutions and scales, including surface images from the lander and rover, descent images captured by the lander as it approaches the planetary surface, and orbital images from current and future Mars orbiters. At the highest resolution, we process surface images captured by rovers and landers using bundle adjustment. At the next lower resolution (and larger scale), we use wide-baseline stereo vision to map terrain distant from a rover with surface images. Mapping the lander descent images using a structure-from-motion algorithm generates data at a hierarchy of resolutions. These provide a link between the high-resolution surface images and the low-resolution orbital images. Orbital images are mapped using similar techniques, although with the added complication that the images may be captured with a variety of sensors. Robust multi-modal matching techniques are applied to these images. The terrain maps are combined using a system for unifying multi-resolution models and integrating three-dimensional terrains. The result is a multi-resolution map that can be used to generate fixed-resolution maps at any desired scale. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn & Geodet Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Olson, CF (reprint author), Univ Washington, 18115 Campus Way NE,Box 358534, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. EM cfolson@u.washington.edu; larry.matthies@jpl.nasa.gov; john.wright@jpl.nasa.gov; li.282@osu.edu; di.2@osu.edu OI di, kai chang/0000-0001-6581-6615 NR 38 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1077-3142 EI 1090-235X J9 COMPUT VIS IMAGE UND JI Comput. Vis. Image Underst. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 105 IS 1 BP 73 EP 85 DI 10.1016/j.cviu.2006.08.005 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 125RU UT WOS:000243460900006 ER PT B AU Hansen, FK Eriksen, HK Banday, AJ Gorski, KM Lilje, PB AF Hansen, F. K. Eriksen, H. K. Banday, A. J. Gorski, K. M. Lilje, P. B. BE Metcalfe, N Shanks, T TI Cosmic microwave background challenges to the standard model SO COSMIC FRONTIERS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cosmic Frontiers CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Durham Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, ENGLAND HO Durham Univ, Dept Phys ID ANISOTROPY-PROBE DATA; POWER SPECTRUM ESTIMATION; NON-GAUSSIANITY; WMAP DATA; SPHERICAL WAVELETS; SKY MAPS; GABOR TRANSFORMS; TEMPERATURE; ASYMMETRIES; ANOMALIES AB Shortly after the release of the first year data from the WMAP satellite, several statistical anomalies of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) fluctuation field were reported. Large scale power (scales down to about 5 degrees) was found to by asymmetrically distributed between the northern and southern ecliptic hemispheres. Unexpected alignments were found between the directions of the smallest multipoles and a huge cold spot in the southern galactic hemisphere was found to introduce non-Gaussianities. These as well as other anomalies, if found to be cosmological, may pose a threat to the cosmological standard model. Here they will be reviewed along with suggested explanations and the present status after the release of the WMAP 3 year data. C1 [Hansen, F. K.; Eriksen, H. K.; Lilje, P. B.] Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, POB 1029, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. [Hansen, F. K.; Eriksen, H. K.; Lilje, P. B.] Univ Oslo, Ctr Math Applicat, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. [Eriksen, H. K.; Gorski, K. M.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Banday, A. J.] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. [Gorski, K. M.] Univ Warsaw Observ, PL-00478 Warsaw, Poland. [Gorski, K. M.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hansen, FK (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, POB 1029, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. EM frodekh@astro.uio.no RI Lilje, Per/A-2699-2012 FU European Union Marie Curie; FKH; HKE; PBL; Research Council of Norway FX FKH acknowledges support from a European Union Marie Curie reintegration grant. FKH, HKE and PBL acknowledge support from the Research Council of Norway NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-320-1 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 379 BP 16 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHJ45 UT WOS:000253562800004 ER PT S AU Titarchuk, L Shaposhnikov, N Arefiev, V AF Titarchuk, Lev Shaposhnikov, Nikolai Arefiev, Vadim BE Novello, M Bergilaffa, SEP TI Power spectra of black holes (BH) and neutron stars (NS) as a probe of hydrodynamical structure of the source: Diffusion theory and its application to X-ray observations of NS and BH sources SO COSMOLOGY AND GRAVITATION SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Brazilian School of Cosmology and Graviation CY SEP 10-23, 2006 CL Mangaratiba, BRAZIL SP FAPERJ, Centro Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, CNPq, Fianciadora Estudos & Projetos, Int Ctr Relativist Astrophys DE accretion, accretion disks; black hole physics; stars; individual (Cyg X-1); individual (Cyg X-2); radiation mechanisms; nonthermal-physical data and processes ID ACCRETION DISCS; VARIABILITY; BINARIES AB We present a model of Fourier Power Density Spectrum (PDS) formation in accretion powered X-ray binary systems derived from the first principles of the diffusion theory. Timing properties of X-ray emission are considered to be a result of diffusive propagation of the driving perturbations in a bounded medium. We prove that the integrated power of the resulting PDS, P,, is only a small fraction of the integrated power of the driving oscillations, Pd, which is distributed., is inversely proportional to the characteristic frequency of the over the disk. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the power P driving oscillations v(dr), which is likely scaled with the frequency of the local gravity waves in the disk (Keplerian frequency). Keeping in mind that v(dr), increases towards soft states leads us to conclude that the power P,, declines towards soft states. This dependence P-x proportional to v-(1)(dr) explains the well-known observational phenomenon that the power of the X-ray variability decreases when the source evolves to softer states. The resulting PDS continuum is a sum of two components, a low frequency (LF) component which presumably originates in an extended accretion disk and a high frequency (HF) component which originates in the innermost part of the source [Compton cloud (CC)]. The LF PDS component has a power-law shape with index of 1.0 - 1.5 at higher frequencies ("red" noise) and a flat spectrum below a characteristic (break) frequency ("white" noise). This white-red noise (WRN) continuum spectrum holds information about the physical parameters of the bounded extended medium, diffusion time scale and the dependence law of viscosity vs radius. This LF PDS associated with the extended disk dominates in the soft states of the system, while the HF PDS characteristic of innermost CC component is dominant in the low/hard and intermediate states. These PDS LF and HF components directly correspond to the energy spectrum components. Namely: LF WRN is related to thermal emission from an accretion disk, and the HF WRN to the power-law tail, which presents a fraction of the disk emission Comptonized in the Compton cloud. Hence, a change of PDS features correlates with a change of energy spectral features. Analyzing the data for a number of sources we find that the PDS is well represented by a sum of the WRN CC component and the WRN extended disk component. We apply our model of the PDS to a sample of RXTE and EXOSAT timing data from Cyg X-1 and Cyg X-2 which describes adequately the spectral transitions in these sources. C1 [Titarchuk, Lev] George Mason Univ, Ctr Earth Observing & Space Res, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Titarchuk, Lev] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Titarchuk, Lev] Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. [Titarchuk, Lev] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Shaposhnikov, Nikolai] Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Arefiev, Vadim] Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IKI, Moscow 117997, Russia. RP Titarchuk, L (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Ctr Earth Observing & Space Res, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. EM lev@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; nikolai@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; gita@hea.iki.rssi.ru NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0418-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 910 BP 334 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGM34 UT WOS:000248437600007 ER PT J AU Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB Tang, J AF Pikuta, Elena V. Hoover, Richard B. Tang, Jane TI Microbial extremophiles at the limits of life SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE extremophiles; microbial diversity; astrobiology; ecology of microorganisms; limits of life ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM; RADIATION-RESISTANT BACTERIA; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; RICE FIELD SOIL; WATER ICE CAP; SP-NOV.; GEN-NOV; DEINOCOCCUS-RADIODURANS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AB Prokaryotic extremophiles were the first representatives of life on Earth and they are responsible for the genesis of geological structures during the evolution and creation of all currently known ecosystems. Flexibility of the genome probably allowed life to adapt to a wide spectrum of extreme environments. As a result, modern prokaryotic diversity formed in a framework of physico-chemical factors, and it is composed of: thermophilic, psychrophilic, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halophilic, barophilic, and radioresistant species. This artificial systematics cannot reflect the multiple actions of different environmental factors since one organism could unite characteristics of several extreme-groups. In this review we show the current status of studies in all fields of extremophiles and summarize the limits of life for different species of microbial extremophiles. We also discuss the finding of extremophiles from unusual places such as soils, and briefly review recent studies of microfossils in meteorites in the context of the significance of microbial extremophiles to Astrobiology. C1 NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Noblis, Falls Church, VA USA. RP Pikuta, EV (reprint author), NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, VP-62,320 Sperkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM elenapikuta@hotmail.com; Richard.Hoover@NASA.GOV NR 237 TC 103 Z9 108 U1 23 U2 178 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-841X J9 CRIT REV MICROBIOL JI Crit. Rev. Microbiol. PY 2007 VL 33 IS 3 BP 183 EP 209 DI 10.1080/10408410701451948 PG 27 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 195MH UT WOS:000248415800004 PM 17653987 ER PT S AU DiPirro, M Tuttle, J Ollendorf, S Mattern, A Leisawitz, D Jackson, M Francis, J Hait, T Cleveland, P Muheim, D Mastropietro, AJ AF DiPirro, M. Tuttle, J. Ollendorf, S. Mattern, A. Leisawitz, D. Jackson, M. Francis, J. Hait, T. Cleveland, P. Muheim, D. Mastropietro, A. J. BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI High fidelity cryothermal test of a subscale large space telescope - art. no. 669202 SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XII CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE cryogenic; space telescope; thermal testing; thermal modeling; subscale AB To take advantage of the unique environment of space and optimize infrared observations for faint sources, space telescopes must be cooled to low temperatures. The new paradigm in cooling large space telescopes is to use a combination of passive radiative cooling and mechanical cryocoolers. The passive system must shield the telescope from the Sun, Earth, and the warm spacecraft components while providing radiative cooling to deep space. This shield system is larger than the telescope itself, and must attenuate the incoming energy by over one million to limit heat input to the telescope. Testing of such a system on the ground is a daunting task due to the size of the thermal/vacuum chamber required and the degree of thermal isolation necessary between the room temperature and cryogenic parts of the shield. These problems have been attacked in two ways: by designing a subscale version of a larger sunshield and by carefully closing out radiation sneak paths. The 18% scale (the largest diameter shield was 1.5 m) version of the SPIRIT Origins Probe telescope shield was tested in a low cost helium shroud within a 3.1 m diameter x 4.6 m long LN2 shrouded vacuum chamber. Thermal straps connected from three shield stages to the liquid helium cooled shroud Were instrumented with heaters and thermometers to simulate mechanical cryocooler stages at 6 K, 18-20 K, and 45-51 K. Performance data showed that less than 10 microwatts of radiative heat leaked from the warm to cold sides of the shields during the test. The excellent agreement between the data and the thermal models is discussed along with shroud construction techniques. C1 [DiPirro, M.; Tuttle, J.; Ollendorf, S.; Mattern, A.; Leisawitz, D.; Jackson, M.; Francis, J.; Hait, T.; Muheim, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP DiPirro, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6840-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6692 BP 69202 EP 69202 DI 10.1117/12.734203 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHE47 UT WOS:000252461200001 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ Madison, TJ AF Leviton, Douglas B. Frey, Bradley J. Madison, Timothy J. BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Temperature-dependent refractive index of CaF2 and Infrasil 301 - art. no. 669204 SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XII CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE refractive index; calcium fluoride; Infrasil; fused silica; cryogenic; refractometer; thermo-optic coefficient; CHARMS ID ULTRAVIOLET OPTICAL-MATERIALS; ABSOLUTE PRISM REFRACTOMETER; HIGH-ACCURACY; CALCIUM-FLUORIDE AB In order to enable high quality lens designs using calcium fluoride (CaF2) and Heraeus Infrasil 301 (Infrasil) for cryogenic operating temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive index of these two materials as a function of both wavelength and temperature using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. For CaF2, we report absolute refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 25 to 300 K at wavelengths from 0.4 to 5.6 mu m, while for Infrasil, we cover temperatures ranging from 35 to 300 K and wavelengths from 0.4 to 3.6 mu m. For CaF2, we compare our index measurements to measurements of other investigators. For Infrasil, we compare our measurements to the material manufacturer's data at room temperature and to cryogenic measurements for fused silica from previous investigations including one of our own. Finally, we provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our measured data to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures. C1 [Leviton, Douglas B.; Frey, Bradley J.; Madison, Timothy J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6840-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6692 BP 69204 EP 69204 DI 10.1117/12.735594 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHE47 UT WOS:000252461200002 ER PT S AU Frey, BJ Leviton, DB Madison, TJ Gong, Q Tecza, M AF Frey, Bradley J. Leviton, Douglas B. Madison, Timothy J. Gong, Qian Tecza, Matthias BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Cryogenic temperature-dependent refractive index measurements of N-BK7, BaLKN3, SF15, and E-SF03 - art. no. 669205 SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XII CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE refractive index; N-BK7; BaLKN3; SF15; E-SF03; cryogenic; infrared; refractometer; thermo-optic coefficient; CHARMS ID ULTRAVIOLET OPTICAL-MATERIALS; ABSOLUTE PRISM REFRACTOMETER; HIGH-ACCURACY AB In order to enable high quality lens designs using N-BK7, BaLKN3, SF15, and E-SF03 at cryogenic temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive index of prisms of these four materials using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, as a function of both wavelength and temperature. For N-BK7, we report absolute refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 50 to 300 K at wavelengths from 0.45 to 2.7 mu m; for BaLKN3 we cover temperatures ranging from 40 to 300 K and wavelengths from 0.4 to 2.6 mu m; for SF15 we cover temperatures ranging from 50 to 300 K and wavelengths from 0.45 to 2.6 mu m; for E-SF03 we cover temperatures ranging from 30 to 300 K and wavelengths from 0.45 to 2.8 mu m. We compare our measurements with others in the literature and provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our data to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures. While we generally find good agreement (+/-2 x 10(-4) for N-BK7, +/-4 x 10(-4) for E-SF03, <1X10(-4) for the other materials) at room temperature between our measured values and those provided by the vendor, there is some variation between the datasheets provided with the prisms we measured and the catalog values published by the vendor. This underlines the importance of measuring the absolute refractive index of the material when precise knowledge of the refractive index is required. C1 [Frey, Bradley J.; Leviton, Douglas B.; Madison, Timothy J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Frey, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6840-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6692 BP 69205 EP 69205 DI 10.1117/12.735598 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHE47 UT WOS:000252461200003 ER PT S AU Quijada, MA Henry, R AF Quijada, Manuel A. Henry, Ross BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Temperature evolution of exciton absorptions in Cd1-xZnxTe materials - art. no. 669206 SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XII CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CdZnTe; CdTe; semiconducting gap; exciton; reflectance; transmittance; photoluminescence; refractive index ID DETECTORS AB These studies consist of measuring the frequency dependent transmittance (T(w)) and reflectance (R(w)) above and below the optical band-gap in the UV/Visible and infrared frequency ranges for Cd1-xZnxTe materials for x=0 and x=0.04. Measurements were also done in the temperature range from 5 to 300 K. The results show that the optical gap near 1.49 eV at 300 K increases to 1.62 eV at 5 K. Finally, we observe sharp absorption peaks near this gap energy at low temperatures for the x=0.04 sample. The close proximity of these peaks to the optical transition threshold suggests that they originate from the creation of bound electron-hole pairs or excitons. The decay of these excitonic absorptions may contribute to a photoluminescence and transient background response of these back-illuminated HgCdTe CCD detectors. C1 [Quijada, Manuel A.; Henry, Ross] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Quijada, MA (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6840-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6692 BP 69206 EP 69206 DI 10.1117/12.735604 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHE47 UT WOS:000252461200004 ER PT S AU Blake, P Miller, F Zukowski, T Canavan, ER Crane, A Madison, T Miller, D AF Blake, Peter Miller, Franklin Zukowski, Tim Canavan, Edgar R. Crane, Allen Madison, Tim Miller, David BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Cryogenic system for interferometric measurement of dimensional changes at 40 K: Design and performance - art. no. 669207 SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XII CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE cryogenic; cryocooler; interferometry; dilatometer; ISIM; JWST; metrology; sapphire windows AB This report describes the facility, experimental methods, characterizations, and uncertainty analysis of the Cryo-Distortion Measurement Facility (CDMF) at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This facility is designed to measure thermal distortions of structural elements as the temperature is lowered from 320K to below 40 K over multiple cycles, and is capable of unattended running and data logging. The first measurement is the change in length and any bending of composite tubes with Invar end-fittings. The CDMF includes a chamber that is efficiently cooled with two cryo-coolers (one single-stage and one two-stage) rather than with liquid cryogens. Five optical ports incorporate sapphire radiation shields - transparent to the interferometer - on each of two shrouds and a fused silica vacuum-port window. The change in length of composite tubes is monitored continuously with displacement-measuring interferometers; and the rotations, bending, and twisting are measured intermittently with theodolites and a surface-figure interferometer. Nickel-coated invar mirrors and attachment mechanisms were developed and qualified by test in the CDMF. The uncertainty in measurement of length change of 0.4 m tubes is currently estimated at 0.9 micrometers. C1 [Blake, Peter; Miller, Franklin; Canavan, Edgar R.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Blake, P (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6840-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6692 BP 69207 EP 69207 DI 10.1117/12.741002 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHE47 UT WOS:000252461200005 ER PT S AU Nowak, M Crane, A Davila, P Eichhorn, W Gill, J Herrera, A Hill, M Hylan, J Jetten, M Marsh, J Ohl, R Quigley, R Redman, K Sampler, H Wright, G Young, P AF Nowak, Maria Crane, Allen Davila, Pam Eichhorn, William Gill, James Herrera, Acey Hill, Michael Hylan, Jason Jetten, Mark Marsh, James Ohl, Raymond Quigley, Rob Redman, Kevin Sampler, Henry Wright, Geraldine Young, Philip BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Photogrammetric metrology for the James webb space telescope integrated science instrument module - art. no. 66920P SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XII CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE JWST; ISIM; photogrammetry; cryogenic; laser tracker AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a 6.6m diameter, segmented, deployable telescope for cryogenic IR space astronomy (similar to 40K). The JWST Observatory architecture includes the Optical Telescope Element and the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) element that contains four science instruments (SI) including a Guider. The ISIM structure must meet its requirements at the similar to 40K cryogenic operating temperature. The SIs are aligned to the structure's coordinate system under ambient, clean room conditions using laser tracker and theodolite metrology. The ISIM structure is thermally cycled for stress relief and in order to measure temperature-induced mechanical, structural changes. These ambient-to-cryogenic changes in the alignment of SI and OTE-related interfaces are an important component in the JWST Observatory alignment plan and must be verified. We report on the planning for and preliminary testing of a cryogenic metrology system for ISIM based on photogrammetry. Photogrammetry is the measurement of the location of custom targets via triangulation using images obtained at a suite of digital camera locations and orientations. We describe metrology system requirements, plans, and ambient photogrammetric measurements of a mock-up of the ISIM structure to design targeting and obtain resolution estimates. We compare these measurements with those taken from a well known ambient metrology system, namely, the Leica laser tracker system. C1 [Nowak, Maria; Davila, Pam; Eichhorn, William; Hill, Michael; Hylan, Jason; Marsh, James; Ohl, Raymond; Sampler, Henry; Wright, Geraldine] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nowak, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6840-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6692 BP P6920 EP P6920 DI 10.1117/12.733896 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHE47 UT WOS:000252461200019 ER PT S AU Frey, BJ Davila, PS Hagopian, JG Marsh, JM Ohl, RG Wilson, ME Young, PJ AF Frey, Bradley J. Davila, Pamela S. Hagopian, John G. Marsh, James M. Ohl, Raymond G. Wilson, Mark E. Young, Philip J. BE Heaney, JB Burriesci, LG TI Optical alignment of the JWST ISIM to the OTE simulator (OSIM): current concept and design studies - art. no. 66920R SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments XII CY AUG 26-27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE JWST; ISIM; OSIM; cryogenic; optical alignment; metrology; optical test AB The James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) contains the observatory's four science instruments and their support subsystems. During alignment and test of the integrated ISIM at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Optical telescope element SIMulator (OSIM) will be used to optically stimulate the science instruments to verify their operation and performance. In this paper we present the design of two cryogenic alignment fixtures that will be used to align the OSIM to the ISIM during testing at GSFC. These fixtures, the Master Alignment Target Fixture (MATF) and the ISIM Alignment Target Fixture (IATF), will provide continuous, six degree of freedom feedback to OSIM during initial ambient alignment as well as during cryogenic vacuum testing. These fixtures will allow us to position the OSIM and detect OSIM-ISIM absolute alignment to better than 180 microns in translation and 540 micro-radians in rotation. We will provide a brief overview of the OSIM system and we will also discuss the relevance of these fixtures in the context of the overall ISIM alignment and test plan. C1 [Frey, Bradley J.; Davila, Pamela S.; Hagopian, John G.; Marsh, James M.; Ohl, Raymond G.; Wilson, Mark E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Frey, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6840-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6692 BP R6920 EP R6920 DI 10.1117/12.736050 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHE47 UT WOS:000252461200021 ER PT S AU Mouroulis, P AF Mouroulis, Pantazis BE Mouroulis, PZ Smith, WJ Johnson, RB TI Rear landscape on steroids - art. no. 666706 SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LENS DESIGN AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering VIII CY AUG 27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE telecentric lens; achromatic lens; wide field; broad band; infrared AB Some all-spherical designs are presented that are variations of the positive-negative-positive triplet with the stop at the front. Examples include a compact wide angle (60 degrees field of view) near-telecentric lens, as well as super-achromatic, telecentric lenses for the visible to infrared (450-1000nm or 450-2300 nm) and mid-wave and thermal infrared. This design form, loosely thought of as a boosted version of the rear landscape lens, has provided a useful optimization starting point for a variety of designs with different requirements. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mouroulis, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6815-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6667 BP 66706 EP 66706 DI 10.1117/12.735617 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BGX06 UT WOS:000251049100004 ER PT S AU Mouroulis, P Green, RO AF Mouroulis, Pantazis Green, Robert O. BE Mouroulis, PZ Smith, WJ Johnson, RB TI Spectral response evaluation and computation for pushbroom imaging spectrometers - art. no. 66670G SO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LENS DESIGN AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering VIII CY AUG 27, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE imaging spectroscopy; spectral resolution; spectral uniformity ID HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGER; CALIBRATION; DESIGN; SENSOR AB We discuss issues associated with computation and measurement of the spectral response function and spectral uniformity of pushbroom imaging spectrometers. Methods for accurate computation are presented and advantages or pitfalls of particular approaches are identified. We demonstrate the extent to which partial coherence effects can be neglected or approximated through simpler incoherent computations. The results are illustrated with spectral calibration data from a complete sensor. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mouroulis, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6815-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6667 BP G6670 EP G6670 DI 10.1117/12.735672 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BGX06 UT WOS:000251049100014 ER PT S AU Tessler, A AF Tessler, Alexander BE Garibaldi, L Surace, C Holford, K Ostachowicz, WM TI Structural analysis methods for Structural Health Management of future aerospace vehicles SO Damage Assessment of Structures VII SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures (DAMAS 2007) CY JUN 25-27, 2007 CL Turin, ITALY SP Politecnico Torino, Assoc Ind Met Meccanici Affini, Ctr Ricerche Fiat, Consiglio Reg Piemonte, Inst Phys, Citta Torino DE Structural Health Management; inverse finite element method; shape sensing; delamination; damage ID VARIATIONAL METHOD; ERROR ESTIMATION; ELEMENT AB Two finite-element-based, full-field computational methods and algorithms for use in Structural Health Management (SHM) systems are reviewed. Their versatility, robustness, and computational efficiency make them well suited for real-time, large-scale space vehicle, structures, and habitat applications. The methods may be effectively employed to enable real-time processing of sensing information, specifically for identifying three-dimensional deformed structural shapes as well as the internal loads, In addition, they may be used in conjunction with evolutionary algorithms to design optimally distributed sensors. These computational tools have demonstrated substantial promise for utilization in future SHM systems. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Tessler, A (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 2007 VL 347 BP 57 EP 66 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical SC Acoustics; Computer Science; Engineering GA BGM10 UT WOS:000248294400004 ER PT J AU Gregg, WW Casey, NW AF Gregg, Watson W. Casey, Nancy W. TI Modeling coccolithophores in the global oceans SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE coccolithophores; phytoplankton functional groups; biogeochemical models; ocean ecosystems ID PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TROPICAL NORTH-ATLANTIC; HPLC PIGMENT SIGNATURES; POLAR FRONT REGION; SUB-ARCTIC PACIFIC; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SKELETONEMA-COSTATUM; EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI AB Coccolithophores are important ecological and geochemical components of the global oceans. A global three-dimensional model was used to simulate their distributions in a multi-phytoplankton context. The realism of the simulation was supported by comparisons of model surface nutrients and total chlorophyll with in situ and satellite observations. Nitrate, silica, and dissolved iron surface distributions were positively correlated with in situ data across major oceanographic basins. Global annual departures were + 18.9% for nitrate (model high), + 5.4% for silica, and +45.0% for iron. Total surface chlorophyll was also positively correlated with satellite and in situ data sets across major basins. Global annual departures were -8.0% with Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) (model low), + 1.1 % with Aqua, and -17.1 % with in situ data. Global annual primary production estimates were within 1 % and 9% of estimates derived from SeaWiFS and Aqua, respectively, using a common primary production algorithm. Coccolithophore annual mean relative abundances were 2.6% lower than observations, but were positively correlated across basins. Two of the other three phytoplankton groups, diatoms and cyanobacteria, were also positively correlated with observations. Distributions of coccolithophores were dependent upon interactions and competition with the other phytoplankton groups. In this model, coccolithophores had a competitive advantage over diatoms and chlorophytes by virtue of a greater ability to utilize nutrients and light at low values. However, their higher sinking rates placed them at a disadvantage when nutrients and light were plentiful. In very low nutrient conditions, such as the mid-ocean gyres, coccolithophores were unable to compete with the efficient nutrient utilization capability and low sinking rate of cyanobacteria. Comparisons of simulated coccolithophore distributions with satellite-derived estimates of calcite concentration and coccolithophore blooms showed some agreement, but also areas of departure. Vast blooms observed in the North Atlantic were well-represented by the model. However, model coccolithophores were nearly absent in the North Pacific, while calcite estimates suggested widespread abundance in summer. In situ observations supported the satellite calcite, suggesting a deficiency in the model. New satellite estimates of phytoplankton groups, indicated good agreement of diatoms in one case, and poor agreement in general in another. Comparisons of phytoplankton group primary production with other models showed wide disparity. The divergence among models and satellite estimates is common for such an emerging field of research. The quantitative comparisons with in situ observations are encouraging, but disparities with model and satellite estimates suggested that further research is needed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Gregg, WW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM watson.gregg@nasa.gov; nancy.casey@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 114 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 27 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2007 VL 54 IS 5-7 BP 447 EP 477 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.12.007 PG 31 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 183PS UT WOS:000247585300002 ER PT J AU Cox, AR Kirkham, H AF Cox, Anthony R. Kirkham, Harold TI A case study of a graphical misrepresentation - Drawing the wrong conclusions about the measles, mumps and rubella virus vaccine SO DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Article ID MMR VACCINATION; AUTISM; CHILDREN AB Graphs have been used in attempts to show a relationship between the measles, mumps and rubella virus (MMR) vaccine and autism. We examine the topic of graphical representation of data in general, and one of these graphs in particular: the one that appeared in a 1999 letter to The Lancet. That graph combined data from England and from California, USA. The author alleged that this graph illustrated a rise in autism rates linked to the use of the MMR vaccine. By examining the presentation closely, we are able to show how this graph misrepresented the data used. We give advice for both authors and publishers in the use of such graphical treatments of data. C1 [Cox, Anthony R.] Sandwell & W Birmingham Hosp NHS Trust, W Midlands Ctr Adverse Drug React City Hosp, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. [Cox, Anthony R.] Aston Univ, Sch Life & Hlth Sci, Sch Pharm, Birmingham B4 7ET, W Midlands, England. [Kirkham, Harold] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. OI Kirkham, Harold/0000-0003-2893-7586 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU ADIS INT LTD PI AUCKLAND PA 41 CENTORIAN DR, PRIVATE BAG 65901, MAIRANGI BAY, AUCKLAND 1311, NEW ZEALAND SN 0114-5916 J9 DRUG SAFETY JI Drug Saf. PY 2007 VL 30 IS 10 BP 831 EP 836 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 220BA UT WOS:000250130700002 PM 17867721 ER PT S AU Nghiem, SV Steffen, K Neumann, G Huff, R AF Nghiem, S. V. Steffen, K. Neumann, G. Huff, R. BE Tregoning, P Rizos, C TI Snow accumulation and snowmelt monitoring in Greenland and Antarctica SO DYNAMIC PLANET: MONITORING AND UNDERSTANDING A DYNAMIC PLANET WITH GEODETIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOLS SE International Association of Geodesy Symposia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAG Symposium on Dynamic Planet CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Cairns, AUSTRALIA SP IAG DE QuikSCAT; ICESat; ice mass balance; snowmelt; snow accumulation; sea level; Greenland; Antarctica ID ICE-SHEET; MELT; REGIONS; PARTS AB Snow deposition, accumulation, and melt on an ice sheet are key components of mass balance. Innovative algorithms using satellite scatterometer data have been developed to monitor snowmelt, ice layer extent, and snow accumulation on Greenland with verifications using in-situ data from the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net). QuikSCAT/SeaWinds Scatterometer (QSCAT) has collected data over Greenland and Antarctic two times per day since July 1999. QSCAT data show the shortest melt season in 2004, verified by GCNet data at ETH/CU Camp, and detect peculiar snowmelt during wintertime in Greenland in 2005. QSCAT results reveal a record increase in the snow accumulation rate on the Greenland ice sheet including the west flank in January-March 2005 with an estimate of 565 kM3 of total snow accumulation volume. The record snow anomaly is verified by GC-Net snow measurements, showing the largest snow accumulation rate in the first half of 2005 ever recorded in the past decade since the inception of the GC-Net. The QSCAT algorithins developed for Greenland are adapted for Antarctica. QSCAT results show strong melt in 2002 and prolonged melt in 2005 at McMurdo. New extensive ice layers, created by refreezing of melt water in the fim layer, were identified by QSCAT along the Antarctica Walgreen, Bakutis, and Hobbs coasts extending well inland in 2005. Extensive regions of ice layering, evidence of preceding strong melt occurrence, were also found over the Rockefeller Plateau and along the Ross Ice Shelf adjacent to Queen Maud Mountains in 2005. C1 [Nghiem, S. V.; Neumann, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,300-235, Pasadena, CA 91007 USA. [Steffen, K.; Huff, R.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nghiem, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,300-235, Pasadena, CA 91007 USA. RI Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012; Steffen, Konrad/C-6027-2013 OI Steffen, Konrad/0000-0001-8658-1026 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).; NASA FX The research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The research carried out at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, was also supported by NASA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 978-3-540-49349-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2007 VL 130 BP 31 EP + PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography GA BFY17 UT WOS:000245419400005 ER PT S AU Lemoine, FG Luthcke, SB Rowlands, DD Chinn, DS Klosko, SM Cox, CM AF Lemoine, F. G. Luthcke, S. B. Rowlands, D. D. Chinn, D. S. Klosko, S. M. Cox, C. M. BE Tregoning, P Rizos, C TI The use of mascons to resolve time-variable gravity from GRACE SO DYNAMIC PLANET: MONITORING AND UNDERSTANDING A DYNAMIC PLANET WITH GEODETIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOLS SE International Association of Geodesy Symposia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAG Symposium on Dynamic Planet CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Cairns, AUSTRALIA SP IAG DE GRACE; time-variable gravity; mascons; continental hydrology ID GRAVITATIONAL-FIELD AB We have analyzed intersatellite data from the GRACE mission (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) to resolve time-variable gravity using a local mascon approach. The spherical harmonic solutions have resolved the signal from surface hydrology over land areas at spatial scales of 750 to 1000 km over one month intervals (Wahr et al., 2004; Tapley et al., 2004a). In our local approach, we solve explicitly for the mass of water in surface blocks using only the intersatellite data collected as the GRACE spacecraft overfly the region of interest. The local representation of gravity minimizes leakage of errors from other areas due to aliasing or mismodelling. We review solutions for mascons from July 2003 to August 2004 over three regions: the Amazon, the Indian subcontinent, and the continental United States. We solve for mass change at 10-day intervals using 4 degrees x 4 degrees blocks using a temporal and spatial constraint. The mascon solutions clearly resolve the annual signal over all three regions and show evidence of shorter period variations in parts of the continental U.S. C1 [Lemoine, F. G.; Luthcke, S. B.; Rowlands, D. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 697, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chinn, D. S.; Klosko, S. M.] SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. [Cox, C. M.] Raytheon ITSS, Marlborough, MA 20774 USA. RP Lemoine, FG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 697, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Rowlands, David/D-2751-2012; Luthcke, Scott/D-6283-2012; Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012; Lemoine, Frank/D-1215-2013 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 978-3-540-49349-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2007 VL 130 BP 231 EP + PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography GA BFY17 UT WOS:000245419400035 ER PT S AU Jiang, W Kuang, W Chao, B Fang, M Cox, C AF Jiang, W. Kuang, W. Chao, B. Fang, M. Cox, C. BE Tregoning, P Rizos, C TI Understanding time-variable gravity due to core dynamical processes with numerical geodynamo modeling SO DYNAMIC PLANET: MONITORING AND UNDERSTANDING A DYNAMIC PLANET WITH GEODETIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOLS SE International Association of Geodesy Symposia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAG Symposium on Dynamic Planet CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Cairns, AUSTRALIA SP IAG DE gravity anomalies; core convection; numerical model ID FLUID CORE; FIELD; MOTIONS; MANTLE AB On decadal time scales, there are three major physical processes in the Earth's outer core that contribute to gravity variations: (i) the mass redistribution due to advection in the outer core, (ii) the mantle deformation in response to (i), and (iii) the (core) pressure loading on the core-mantle boundary. Except the last one, they cannot be evaluated from surface observations. In this paper we use MoSST core dynamics model and PREM model to understand the gravity anomalies from the three processes. Our numerical results show that, the gravity anomalies are comparable in magnitude, though that from the process (i) is in general the strongest. The gravity anomalies from the first two processes tend to offset each other ("mantle shielding"). Consequently the pressure loading effect contributes more to axisymmetric part of the net gravity variation, while the net effect from the first two processes is more important to non axisymmetric components. C1 [Jiang, W.] Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21229 USA. [Kuang, W.; Chao, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Fang, M.] MIT, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Cambridge, MA 02136 USA. [Cox, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jiang, W (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21229 USA. RI Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012; Kuang, Weijia/K-5141-2012 OI Kuang, Weijia/0000-0001-7786-6425 FU NASA Solid Earth; Natural Hazard (SENH) FX This work is supported by NASA Solid Earth and Natural Hazard (SENH) program. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 978-3-540-49349-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2007 VL 130 BP 473 EP + PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography GA BFY17 UT WOS:000245419400069 ER PT S AU Pearlman, M Altamimi, Z Beck, N Forsberg, R Gurtner, W Kenyon, S Behrend, D Lemoine, FG Ma, C Noll, CE Pavlis, EC Malkin, Z Moore, AW Webb, FH Neilan, RE Ries, JC Rothacher, M Willis, P AF Pearlman, M. Altamimi, Z. Beck, N. Forsberg, R. Gurtner, W. Kenyon, S. Behrend, D. Lemoine, F. G. Ma, C. Noll, C. E. Pavlis, E. C. Malkin, Z. Moore, A. W. Webb, F. H. Neilan, R. E. Ries, J. C. Rothacher, M. Willis, P. BE Tregoning, P Rizos, C TI GGOS working group on ground networks and communications SO DYNAMIC PLANET: MONITORING AND UNDERSTANDING A DYNAMIC PLANET WITH GEODETIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOLS SE International Association of Geodesy Symposia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAG Symposium on Dynamic Planet CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Cairns, AUSTRALIA SP IAG DE GGOS; GEOSS; IAG; GPS; SLR; VLBI; DORIS; gravity; tides; geoid ID REFERENCE FRAME; SERVICE; DORIS; SYSTEM; GPS AB Properly designed and structured ground-based geodetic networks materialize the reference systems to support sub-mm global change measurements over space, time and evolving technologies. Over this past year, the Ground Networks and Communications Working Group (GN&C WG) has been organized under the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) to work with the IAG measurement services (the IGS, ILRS, IVS, IDS and IGFS) to develop a strategy for building, integrating, and maintaining the fundamental network of instruments and supporting infrastructure in a sustainable way to satisfy the long-term (10-20 year) requirements identified by the GGOS Science Council. Activities of this Working Group include the investigation of the status quo and the development of a plan for full network integration to support improvements in terrestrial reference frame establishment and maintenance, Earth orientation and gravity field monitoring, precision orbit determination, and other geodetic and gravimetric applications required for the long-term observation of global change. This integration process includes the development of a network of fundamental stations with as many co-located techniques as possible, with precisely determined intersystem vectors. This network would exploit the strengths of each technique and minimize the weaknesses where possible. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Altamimi, Z.] Inst Geog Natl, F-77455 Marne la Vallee, France. [Beck, N.] Natl Res Council Canada, Geodet Survey Div, Ottawa, ON K1A OE9, Canada. [Forsberg, R.] Danish Natl Space Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [Gurtner, W.] Univ Bern, Astron Inst, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Kenyon, S.] National Geospat Intelligence Agcy, Arnold, MO 63010 USA. [Behrend, D.; Lemoine, F. G.; Ma, C.; Noll, C. E.; Pavlis, E. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Malkin, Z.] Inst Appl Astron, St Petersburg 191187, Russia. [Moore, A. W.; Webb, F. H.; Neilan, R. E.; Willis, P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ries, J. C.] Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Space Res, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Rothacher, M.] Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. [Willis, P.] Inst Geog Natl, F-94160 St Mande, France. RP Pearlman, M (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Willis, Pascal/A-8046-2008; Altamimi, Zuheir/A-4168-2009; Noll, Carey/D-8884-2012; Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012; Malkin, Zinovy/C-1560-2008 OI Willis, Pascal/0000-0002-3257-0679; Malkin, Zinovy/0000-0002-5583-8391 FU IAG services FX The authors would like to acknowledge the support of IAG services (IGS, ILRS, IVS, IDS, IGFS, and IERS) and their participating organizations. Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 978-3-540-49349-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2007 VL 130 BP 719 EP + PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography GA BFY17 UT WOS:000245419400103 ER PT S AU Pearlman, M Noll, C Gurtner, W Noomen, R AF Pearlman, M. Noll, C. Gurtner, W. Noomen, R. BE Tregoning, P Rizos, C TI The International Laser Ranging Service and its support for GGOS SO DYNAMIC PLANET: MONITORING AND UNDERSTANDING A DYNAMIC PLANET WITH GEODETIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOLS SE International Association of Geodesy Symposia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAG Symposium on Dynamic Planet CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Cairns, AUSTRALIA SP IAG DE space geodesy; satellite laser ranging (SLR); lunar laser ranging (LLR); International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS); terrestrial reference frame; GGOS AB The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) was established in September 1998 as a service within the IAG to support programs in geodetic, geophysical, and lunar research activities and to provide data products to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) in support of its prime objectives. The ILRS develops the standards and specifications necessary for product consistency and the priorities and tracking strategies required to maximize network efficiency. This network consists of more than forty SLR stations, routinely tracking nearly thirty retroreflector-equipped satellites and the Moon in support of user needs. The Service collects, merges, analyzes, archives and distributes satellite and lunar laser ranging data to satisfy a variety of scientific, engineering, and operational needs and encourages the application of new technologies to enhance the quality, quantity, and cost effectiveness of its data products. The ILRS works with the global network to improve station performance, new satellite missions in the design and building of retroreflector targets to maximize data quality and quantity, and science programs to optimize scientific data yield. The ILRS Central Bureau maintains a comprehensive web site (http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov) as the primary vehicle for the distribution of information within the ILRS community. During the last few years, the ILRS has addressed very important challenges: (1) Data from the network stations are now submitted hourly and made available immediately through the data centers, (2) Tracking on low orbit satellites has been significantly improved through the sub-daily issuance of predictions, drag functions, and the real-time exchange of time biases, (3) Analysis products are now submitted in SINEX format for compatibility with the other space geodesy techniques, (4) The Analysis Working Group is now generating an operational station position and Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) product, and (5) SLR has significantly increased its participation in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) activity. C1 [Pearlman, M.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Noll, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gurtner, W.] Univ Bern, Inst Astron, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Noomen, R.] Delft Univ Technol, NL-2600 AA Delft, Netherlands. RP Pearlman, M (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Noll, Carey/D-8884-2012; Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012 FU International Laser Ranging Service and its contributing organizations FX The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the International Laser Ranging Service and its contributing organizations. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 978-3-540-49349-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2007 VL 130 BP 741 EP + PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography GA BFY17 UT WOS:000245419400106 ER PT S AU Niell, A Whitney, A Petrachenko, W Schluter, W Vandenberg, N Hase, H Koyama, Y Ma, C Schuh, H Tuccari, G AF Niell, A. Whitney, A. Petrachenko, W. Schlueter, W. Vandenberg, N. Hase, H. Koyama, Y. Ma, C. Schuh, H. Tuccari, G. BE Tregoning, P Rizos, C TI VLBI2010: A vision for future geodetic VLBI SO DYNAMIC PLANET: MONITORING AND UNDERSTANDING A DYNAMIC PLANET WITH GEODETIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOLS SE International Association of Geodesy Symposia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAG Symposium on Dynamic Planet CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Cairns, AUSTRALIA SP IAG DE Very Long Baseline Interferometry; IVS; IAG; GGOS AB This article summarizes the results of IVS Working Group 3 'VLBI2010', which was charged with creating a vision for a new geodetic VLBI instrument that will meet requirements for the coming decades. This comes at a time when problems with aging antennas, a deteriorating radio frequency environment due to interference, obsolete electronics, and high operating costs are making it difficult to achieve the required level of performance. Fortunately, recent advances in antenna manufacture, digital electronics, and data transmission technology are enabling the development of systems and modes of operation unimaginable only a few years ago, along with much reduced costs. A set of criteria to be met by a future geodetic VLBI system was established based on recommendations in reports compiled by IVS, GGOS, and NASA. These criteria are: I mm measurement accuracy on global baselines, continuous measurements for time series of station positions and Earth orientation parameters, and turnaround time to initial geodetic results of less than 24 hrs. Additionally, it is also vital to continue the measurements for the determination of UTI, nutation, and the celestial reference frame. A number of performance-enhancement strategies were studied, including reducing random and systematic components of the delay observable, increasing the number of antenna sites and improving their global distribution, reducing susceptibility to external radio frequency interference (RFI), increasing the number of observations per unit time, and developing new observing strategies. Recommendations for a new observing system include small (10-12m) antennas covering a broad frequency range (similar to 1-14GHz), high data rates (up to 8 or 16 Gbps/station), new correlator systems, and automated data analysis. This goes along with further improvements of the VLBI data analysis software and analysis strategies. Specific steps are recommended in order to develop, deploy, and bring the new system into operation, including system studies and simulations in parallel with development and prototyping of new antenna and data-collection systems. C1 [Niell, A.; Whitney, A.] MIT, Haystack Observ, Route 40, Westford, MA 01886 USA. [Petrachenko, W.] Natl Resources Canada, Geodet Survey Div, DRAO, Penticton, BC V2A623, Canada. [Schlueter, W.] Fundamentalstat Wettzell, Bundesamt Kartograph & Geodasie, D-93444 Kotzting, Germany. [Vandenberg, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NVI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hase, H.] Observatorio Geodesico TIGO, Bundesamt Kartograph & Geodasie, Casilla 4036, Chile. [Koyama, Y.] NICT, Kashima Space Res Ctr, Ibaraki 3148501, Japan. [Ma, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Schuh, H.] Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Geodesy & Geophys, A-1040 Vienna, Austria. [Tuccari, G.] Inst Radioastronamia INAF, I-96017 Noto, Sicily, Italy. RP Niell, A (reprint author), MIT, Haystack Observ, Route 40, Westford, MA 01886 USA. RI Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012 NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 978-3-540-49349-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2007 VL 130 BP 757 EP 759 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography GA BFY17 UT WOS:000245419400108 ER PT S AU Muller, J Williams, JG Turyshev, SG AF Mueller, Juergen Williams, James G. Turyshev, Slava G. BE Tregoning, P Rizos, C TI Potential capabilities of Lunar Laser Ranging for geodesy and relativity SO DYNAMIC PLANET: MONITORING AND UNDERSTANDING A DYNAMIC PLANET WITH GEODETIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC TOOLS SE International Association of Geodesy Symposia LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAG Symposium on Dynamic Planet CY AUG 22-26, 2005 CL Cairns, AUSTRALIA SP IAG DE Lunar Laser Ranging; relativity; Earth-Moon dynamics ID TESTS AB Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), which has been carried out for more than 35 years, is used to determine many parameters within the Earth-Moon system. This includes coordinates of terrestrial ranging stations and that of lunar retro-reflectors, as well as lunar orbit, gravity field, and its tidal acceleration. LLR data analysis also performs a number of gravitational physics experiments such as test of the equivalence principle, search for time variation of the gravitational constant, and determines value of several metric gravity parameters. These gravitational physics parameters cause both secular and periodic effects on the lunar orbit that are detectable with LLR. Furthermore, LLR contributes to the determination of Earth orientation parameters (EOP) such as nutation, precession (including relativistic precession), polar motion, and UTI. The corresponding LLR EOP series is three decades long. LLR can be used for the realization of both the terrestrial and selenocentric reference frames. The realization of a dynamically defined inertial reference frame, in contrast to the kinematically realized frame of VLBI, offers new possibilities for mutual cross-checking and confirmation. Finally, LLR also investigates the processes related to the Moon's interior dynamics. Here, we review the LLR technique focusing on its impact on Geodesy and Relativity. We discuss the modem observational accuracy and the level of existing LLR modeling. We present the near-term objectives and emphasize improvements needed to fully utilize the scientific potential of LLR. C1 [Mueller, Juergen] Leibniz Univ Hannover, Inst Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. [Williams, James G.; Turyshev, Slava G.] Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Texas Austin, Space Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78759 USA. RP Muller, J (reprint author), Leibniz Univ Hannover, Inst Erdmessung, Schneiderberg 50, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. EM mueller@ife.uni-hannover.de RI Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 978-3-540-49349-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2007 VL 130 BP 903 EP + PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography GA BFY17 UT WOS:000245419400126 ER PT J AU Potter, C Klooster, S Huete, A Genovese, V AF Potter, Christopher Klooster, Steven Huete, Alfredo Genovese, Vanessa TI Terrestrial carbon sinks for the United States predicted from MODIS satellite data and ecosystem modeling SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; ecosystems; remote sensing; MODIS; EVI ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SOLAR-RADIATION; NORTH-AMERICA; CLIMATE; AVHRR; PRODUCTIVITY; VARIABILITY; EXCHANGE; FLUXES AB A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States over the period 2001-04. Predicted net ecosystem production (NEP) flux for atmospheric CO(2) in the United States was estimated as annual net sink of about +0.2 Pg C in 2004. Regional climate patterns were reflected in the predicted annual NEP flux from the model, which showed extensive carbon sinks in ecosystems of the southern and eastern regions in 2003-04, and major carbon source fluxes from ecosystems in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions in 2003-04. As demonstrated through tower site comparisons, net primary production (NPP) modeled with monthly MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) inputs closely resembles both the measured high- and low-season carbon fluxes. Modeling results suggest that the capacity of the NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model to use 8-km resolution MODIS EVI data to predict peak growing season uptake rates of CO(2) in irrigated croplands and moist temperate forests is strong. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Calif State Univ, Seaside, CA USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Potter, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cpotter@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Huete, Alfredo/C-1294-2008 OI Huete, Alfredo/0000-0003-2809-2376 NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2007 VL 11 AR 13 DI 10.1175/EI228.1 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 211ZK UT WOS:000249563000001 ER PT J AU Wang, W Anderson, BT Entekhabi, D Huang, D Su, Y Kaufmann, RK Myneni, RB AF Wang, Weile Anderson, Bruce T. Entekhabi, Dara Huang, Dong Su, Yin Kaufmann, Robert K. Myneni, Ranga B. TI Intraseasonal interactions between temperature and vegetation over the boreal forests SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE land-atmosphere interaction; remote sensing; modeling ID GROUND SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; FORCE-RESTORE METHOD; SOIL-MOISTURE; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE FEEDBACKS; ENERGY-EXCHANGE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; ATMOSPHERE AB This paper uses statistical and analytical techniques to investigate intraseasonal interactions between temperature and vegetation [ surrogated by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)] over the boreal forests. Results indicate that interactions between the two fields may be approximated as a coupled second-order system, in which the variability of NDVI and temperature of the current month is significantly regulated by lagged NDVI anomalies from the preceding two months. In particular, the influence from the variability is generally positive, but the influence from the second-month lagged NDVI anomalies is often negative. Such regulations lead to an intrinsic oscillatory variability of vegetation at growing-season time scales across the study domain. The regulation of temperature variability by NDVI anomalies is most significant over interior Asia (Siberia), suggesting strong vegetation atmosphere couplings over these regions. Physical mechanisms for these statistical results are investigated further with a stochastic model. The model suggests that the oscillatory variability of the temperature-NDVI system may reflect the dynamic adjustments between the two fields as they maintain a thermal balance within the soil and lower boundary layer of the atmosphere; the particular role vegetation plays in this scenario is mainly to dissipate heat and therefore reduce surface temperatures. C1 [Wang, Weile; Anderson, Bruce T.; Huang, Dong; Su, Yin; Kaufmann, Robert K.; Myneni, Ranga B.] Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. [Entekhabi, Dara] MIT, Ralph M Parsons Lab, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Wang, W (reprint author), Fdn Calif State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM weile.wang@gmail.com RI Huang, Dong/H-7318-2014; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012 OI Huang, Dong/0000-0001-9715-6922; NR 59 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2007 VL 11 AR 18 DI 10.1175/EI219.1 PG 30 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 239RE UT WOS:000251534600001 ER PT S AU Waluschka, E Voss, K Moyer, D Meister, G Liao, L AF Waluschka, Eugene Voss, Kenneth Moyer, David Meister, Gerhard Liao, Lushalan BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI VIIRS ZEMAX and FORTRAN polarization models - art. no. 66770A SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE NPOESS; VIIRS; polarization; radiometry AB The Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) collects visible/infrared imagery and radiometric data. The radiometric requirements are such that the instrument's polarization sensitivity must be very well understood. This paper presents the ZEMAX and FORTRAN polarization ray trace models of the instrument's visible light path. This will include the measured optical surface reflectance data, the band pass shapes and a comparison of the results of the two models. C1 [Waluschka, Eugene] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr 551 0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Waluschka, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr 551 0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Meister, Gerhard/F-7159-2012; Voss, Kenneth /A-5328-2013 OI Voss, Kenneth /0000-0002-7860-5080 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6677 BP A6770 EP A6770 DI 10.1117/12.735652 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500009 ER PT S AU Priestley, KJ Smith, GL Thomas, S Cooper, D Lee, RB Walikainen, D Hess, P Szewczyk, ZP Wilson, R AF Priestley, Kory J. Smith, G. Louis Thomas, Susan Cooper, Denise Lee, Robert B., III Walikainen, Dale Hess, Phil Szewczyk, Z. Peter Wilson, Robert BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI Radiometric performance of the CERES Earth Radiation Budget climate record sensors on the EOS Aqua and Terra Spacecraft - art. no. 66770H SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CERES; calibration; radiometry; EOS; Earth Radiation Budget ID RADIANT ENERGY SYSTEM; RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION; THERMISTOR BOLOMETERS; CLOUDS; VALIDATION AB The CERES Flight Models 1 through 4 instruments were launched aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua Spacecraft into 705 Km sun-synchronous orbits with 10:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. equatorial crossing times. These instruments supplement measurements made by the CERES Proto Flight Model (PFM) instrument launched aboard NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft on November 27, 1997 into a 350 Km, 38-degree mid-inclined orbit. The archived CERES Science data products consist of geolocated and calibrated instantaneous filtered and unfiltered radiances through temporally and spatially averaged TOA, Surface, and Atmospheric fluxes. CERES filtered radiance measurements cover three spectral bands including shortwave (0.3 to 5 micron), total (0.3 to <100 micron) and an atmospheric window channel (8 to 12 micron). Earth Radiation Budget measurements made by the CERES represent a new era in radiation climate data. CERES climate data products realize a factor of 2 to 4 improvement in calibration accuracy and stability over the previous ERBE products. This improvement is derived from two sources: incorporation of lessons learned from the ERBE mission and the development of a rigorous and comprehensive radiometric validation protocol which consists of studies covering different spatial, spectral and temporal time scales on data collected both pre and post launch. This approach has resulted in unprecedented levels of accuracy for radiation budget data products with calibration stability of better than 0.2% and calibration traceability from ground to flight of 0.25%. The current work summarizes the status of the radiometric accuracy and stability of the CERES Edition2 Level 1 data products. C1 [Priestley, Kory J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Priestley, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6677 BP H6770 EP H6770 DI 10.1117/12.735294 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500016 ER PT S AU Scharenbroich, LJ Aumann, HH AF Scharenbroich, Lucas J. Aumann, Hartmut H. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI A method for jointly estimating the noise and bias of AIRS and TIES over homogeneous ocean scenes - art. no. 66770J SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE inference; AIRS; TES; Gibbs sampling; Bayesian AB Accurate estimation of measurement noise in remote sensing instruments is critically important for the retrieval of geophysical quantities and the analysis of bias and trends. It is difficult to estimate noise directly from observed scene data because it is a combination of many sources, including instrument quiescent noise; scene inhomogeneity and random background fluctuations. Multiple datasets can be used to separate the instrument and scene noise. A noise estimate based on staring at cold space or a calibration source constitutes a lower limit, while noise estimates derived from the difference between scene observations and a model (such as forecast) convolves the true noise with the model uncertainty. Ideally; noise should be estimated directly from the observation of the scene. We have developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to jointly estimate the scene noise, instrument noise and instrument biases from sets of overlapping footprints. Informative prior distributions are constructed from prelaunch test results and inference is done by using Gibbs sampling to sample from the posterior distribution of the instrument parameters. We demonstrate this model by estimating and comparing the relative noise and bias of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) instrument on board the Aqua platform to the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Aura platform over the tropical latitudes using the Real-time, global, sea surface temperature (RTG-SST) analysis as a ground truth. C1 [Scharenbroich, Lucas J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Scharenbroich, LJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 306-463,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6677 BP J6770 EP J6770 DI 10.1117/12.733455 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500018 ER PT S AU Xiong, X Wu, A Chen, N Chiang, K Xiong, S Wenny, B Barnes, WL AF Xiong, X. Wu, A. Chen, N. Chiang, K. Xiong, S. Wenny, B. Barnes, W. L. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI Detector noise characterization and performance of MODIS thermal emissive bands - art. no. 66770L SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE MODIS; blackbody; thermal emissive bands; calibration; noise characterization ID CALIBRATION AB MODIS is a cross-track scanning radiometer that makes solar reflective and thermal emissive observations. It has 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB), a total of 160 individual detectors (10 for each spectral band), with wavelengths in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectral regions. They are located on two cold focal plane assemblies (CFPA). MODIS TEB detectors were fully characterized pre-launch in a thermal vacuum (TV) environment using a laboratory blackbody calibration source (BCS) at temperatures from 170 to 340K. On-orbit the TEB detectors are calibrated using an on-board blackbody (BB). For nominal on-orbit operation, the on-board BB temperature is controlled at 290K for Terra MODIS and 285K for Aqua MODIS. Each TEB detector's noise equivalent temperature difference (NEdT) is often used to assess its on-orbit performance since this parameter is a key contributor to the calibration uncertainty. Because of its importance, the MODIS TEB detector NUT is monitored on a daily basis at a fixed BB temperature and fully characterized on a regular basis at BB temperatures from 270 to 315K. In this paper, we describe MODIS TEB NEdT characterization activities, approaches, and associated results. We compare both prelaunch and on-orbit performance with sensor design specifications and examine the impact of detector noise characterization on the TEB calibration uncertainty. For general science applications and future reference purposes, a complete summary of TEB noisy detectors, identified pre-launch and on-orbit, is provided. Since launch in December 1999 and May 2002, Terra and Aqua MODIS have operated for more than 7 and 5 years, respectively. To date, 138 Terra MODIS TEB detectors and 158 Aqua MODIS TEB detectors continue to meet the sensor design NEdT requirements and enable high quality observations. C1 [Xiong, X.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6677 BP L6770 EP L6770 DI 10.1117/12.731305 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500020 ER PT S AU Xiong, X Xie, X Angal, A Choi, J Sun, J Barnes, WL AF Xiong, X. Xie, X. Angal, A. Choi, J. Sun, J. Barnes, W. L. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI Characterization of MODIS solar diffuser on-orbit degradation - art. no. 66770O SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE MODIS; Terra; Aqua; radiometer; solar diffuser; solar diffuser stability monitor; degradation ID PERFORMANCE; CALIBRATION AB MODIS has 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) that are calibrated on-orbit using a solar diffuser (SD) and a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM). The MODIS SD bi-directional reflectance factor (BRF) was characterized pre-launch. Its on-orbit degradation is regularly monitored by the SDSM at wavelengths ranging from 0.41 to 0.94 mu m. During each SD/SDSM calibration event, the SDSM views alternately the sunlight directly through a fixed attenuation screen and the sunlight diffusely reflected from the SD panel. The time series of SDSM measurements (ratios of the SD view response to the Sun view response) is used to determine the SD BRF degradation at SDSM wavelengths. Since launch Terra MODIS has operated for more than seven years and Aqua for over five years. The SD panel on each MODIS instrument has experienced noticeable degradation with the largest changes observed in the VIS spectral region. This paper provides a brief description of MODIS RSB calibration methodology and SD/SDSM operational activities, and illustrates the SD on-orbit degradation results for both Terra and Aqua MODIS. It also discusses the impact on the SD degradation due to sensor operational activities and SD solar exposure time. Aqua MODIS has been operated under nearly the same condition for more than five years. Its SD annual degradation rate is estimated to be 2.7% at 0.41 lam, 1.7% at 0.47 mu m, and less than 1.0% at wavelengths above 0.53 mu m. Terra MODIS, on the other hand, has experienced two different SD solar exposure conditions due to an SD door (SDD) operation related anomaly that occurred in May 2003 that had led to a decision to keep the SDD permanently at its "open" position. Prior to this event, Terra MODIS SD degradation rates were very similar to Aqua MODIS. Since then its SD has experienced much faster degradation rates due to more frequent solar exposure. C1 [Xiong, X.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6677 BP O6770 EP O6770 DI 10.1117/12.731304 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500023 ER PT S AU Meister, G Pan, CH Patt, FS Franz, B Xiong, J McClain, CR AF Meister, Gerhard Pan, Chunhui Patt, Frederick S. Franz, Bryan Xiong, Jack McClain, Charles R. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI Correction of subframe striping in high resolution MODIS ocean color products - art. no. 66770P SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE remote sensing; scanners; calibration AB The MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) scanner makes subframe measurements in some of its bands to increase the spatial resolution from its standard 1km resolution to 500m or 250m. This is achieved by sampling a detector of a high resolution band at twice (or four times) the sampling rate of the 1km bands. This paper shows that a calibration equation nonlinear with radiance and specific to the individual subframes will reduce striping in the images. The effects are significant for low radiance levels like those encountered over ocean scenes. A preliminary calibration correction is derived with two approaches: first from prelaunch measurements, then from on-orbit data. The results of the two methods are qualitatively similar. C1 [Meister, Gerhard] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Futuretech Corp, Ocean Biol Proc Grp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Meister, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Futuretech Corp, Ocean Biol Proc Grp, Code 614-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Franz, Bryan/D-6284-2012; Meister, Gerhard/F-7159-2012 OI Franz, Bryan/0000-0003-0293-2082; NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6677 BP P6770 EP P6770 DI 10.1117/12.732191 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500024 ER PT S AU Franz, BA Kwiatkowska, EJ Meister, G McClain, CR AF Franz, Bryan A. Kwiatkowska, Ewa J. Meister, Gerhard McClain, Charles R. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI Utility of MODIS-Terra for ocean color applications - art. no. 66770Q SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE ocean color; remote sensing; calibration; validation; MODIS; SeaWiFS ID WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE; SEAWIFS; ALGORITHM AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is currently flying on both the Terra and Aqua satellite platforms. The Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is producing operational ocean color products from the MODIS-Aqua sensor; however, documented uncertainties and instabilities in the prelaunch and on-orbit characterization have inhibited the production of similar products from MODIS-Terra. In particular, the radiometric response of the 412-nm band has degraded by more than 40% over the 7-year mission lifespan, with similar though less extreme changes in the longer wavelengths. Furthermore, the degradation trends are significantly different between the two mirror sides, which is likely a result of asymmetric damage done to the mirror during prelaunch testing. These effects contribute to uncertainty in our knowledge of instrument response versus incidence angle on the mirror and sensitivity with respect to polarization of the observed radiance. In this paper, we examine the impact of apparent MODIS-Terra. instrument characterization errors on the derived ocean color products and show that residual errors in the current operational calibration give rise to significant cross-scan artifacts, mirror-side differences, and detector-to-detector striping in the retrieved water-leaving radiances. In addition, we describe OBPG efforts to reduce these artifacts through statistical and vicarious instrument characterization, and show the quality of the resulting water-leaving radiance retrievals relative to those derived from MODIS-Aqua. C1 [Franz, Bryan A.; Kwiatkowska, Ewa J.; Meister, Gerhard; McClain, Charles R.] NASA, Ocean Biol Proc Grp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Franz, BA (reprint author), NASA, Ocean Biol Proc Grp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Franz, Bryan/D-6284-2012; Meister, Gerhard/F-7159-2012 OI Franz, Bryan/0000-0003-0293-2082; NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6677 BP Q6770 EP Q6770 DI 10.1117/12.732082 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500025 ER PT S AU Butler, JJ Johnson, BC Rice, JP Brown, SW Barnes, RA AF Butler, James J. Johnson, B. Carol Rice, Joseph P. Brown, Steven W. Barnes, Robert A. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI Validation of radiometric standards for the laboratory calibration of reflected-solar Earth observing satellite instruments SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE remote sensing; calibration; radiometry; radiance; reflectance ID INTEGRATING SPHERE SOURCE; ROUND-ROBIN; SPECTROMETER; ULTRAVIOLET; PROGRAM; SUPPORT; MODIS AB Historically, the traceability of the laboratory calibration of Earth-observing satellite instruments to a primary radiometric reference scale (SI units) is the responsibility of each instrument builder. For the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS), a program has been developed using laboratory transfer radiometers, each with its own traceability to the primary radiance scale of a national metrology laboratory, to independently validate the radiances assigned to the laboratory sources of the instrument builders. The EOS Project Science Office also developed a validation program for the measurement of onboard diffuse reflecting plaques, which are also used as radiometric standards for Earth-observing-satellite instruments. Summarized results of these validation campaigns, with an emphasis on the current state-of-the-art uncertainties in laboratory radiometric standards, will be presented. Future mission uncertainty requirements, and possible enhancements to the EOS validation program to ensure that those uncertainties can be met, will be presented. C1 [Butler, James J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Butler, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM James.J.Butler@nasa.gov; cjohnson@nist.gov; joe.rice@nist.gov; steven.brown@nist.gov; Robert.A.Barnes@nasa.gov RI Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6677 AR 667707 DI 10.1117/12.733922 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500006 ER PT S AU Elliott, DA Aumann, HH Strow, LL Gregorich, DT AF Elliott, Denis A. Aumann, Hartmut H. Strow, L. Larrabee Gregorich, David T. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI Contributions to climate studies from four years of hyperspectral data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE hyperspectral; grating spectrometer; climate data records; calibration AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), launched on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002, has been in routine operations since late August 2002. In this paper we analyze the first four years of AIRS Level IB data (calibrated radiances) from September 1, 2002 through August 31, 2006 for stability and accuracy of the radiometric and spectral calibration. Both are key to linking the AIRS record to previous and future instruments. The analysis shows that the AIRS absolute radiometric accuracy is better than 200 mK with a stability of better than 10 mK/year. Both upper limits are due to the difficulty of finding ground truth data of sufficient quality. The instantaneous knowledge of the channel frequencies is better than 1 ppmf. Compared to the nominal frequency set adopted in September 2002, AIRS channel frequencies are slowly shifting to higher frequencies at the rate of about 1 ppmf/year. The term "ppmf" means "parts per million in frequency". For all but the most critical climate applications, using the nominal frequency set is sufficient for the radiative transfer code used in atmospheric parameter retrievals. C1 [Elliott, Denis A.; Aumann, Hartmut H.; Gregorich, David T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Elliott, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6677 AR 667714 DI 10.1117/12.732662 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500038 ER PT S AU Lambrigtsen, BH Brown, ST Dinardo, SJ Gaier, TC Kangaslahti, PP Tanner, AB AF Lambrigtsen, B. H. Brown, S. T. Dinardo, S. J. Gaier, T. C. Kangaslahti, P. P. Tanner, A. B. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, J TI GeoSTAIZ - A geostationary microwave sounder for the future SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XII CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE atmospheric sounding; microwave; GOES; geostationary; aperture synthesis; STAR AB The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer (GeoSTAR) is a new Earth remote sensing instrument concept that has been under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. First conceived in 1998 as a NASA New Millennium Program mission and subsequently developed in 2003-2006 as a proof-of-concept prototype under the NASA Instrument Incubator Program, it is intended to fill a serious gap in our Earth remote sensing capabilities namely the lack of a microwave atmospheric sounder in geostationary orbit. The importance of such observations have been recognized by the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, which recently released its report on a "Decadal Survey" of NASA Earth Science activities'. One of the recommended missions for the next decade is a geostationary microwave sounder. GeoSTAR is well positioned to meet the requirements of such a mission, and because of the substantial investment NASA has already made in GeoSTAR technology development, this concept is fast approaching the necessary maturity for implementation in the next decade. NOAA is also keenly interested in GeoSTAR as a potential payload on its next series of geostationary weather satellites, the GOES-R series. GeoSTAR, with its ability to map out the three-dimensional structure of temperature, water vapor, clouds, precipitation and convective parameters on a continual basis, will significantly enhance our ability to observe hurricanes and other severe storms. In addition, with performance matching that of current and next generation of low-earth-orbiting microwave sounders, GeoSTAR will also provide observations important to the study of the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric processes and climate variability and trends. In particular, with GeoSTAR it will be possible to fully resolve the diurnal cycle. We discuss the GeoSTAR concept and basic design, the performance of the prototype, and a number of science applications that will be possible with GeoSTAR. The work reported on here was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. C1 [Lambrigtsen, B. H.; Brown, S. T.; Dinardo, S. J.; Gaier, T. C.; Kangaslahti, P. P.; Tanner, A. B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lambrigtsen, BH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6825-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6677 AR 66771B DI 10.1117/12.731933 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Geology; Optics GA BGZ44 UT WOS:000251496500045 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, A Pirjola, R Viljanen, A AF Pulkkinen, Antti Pirjola, Risto Viljanen, Ari TI Determination of ground conductivity and system parameters for optimal modeling of geomagnetically induced current flow in technological systems SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE geomagnetic induction; geomagnetically induced currents; GIC; modeling; inversion; space weather ID PIPELINES AB In this work, methods to determine technological system parameters and the ground conductivity structure from different sets of geomagnetically induced current (GIC), magnetic field and geoelectric field observations are explored. The goal of the work is to enable optimal modeling of induced currents in any technological system experiencing GIC. As an additional product, the introduced methods can also be applied to utilize GIC observations in the imaging of the subsurface geological structures. Here a robust processing scheme and Occam's inversion technique familiar from magnetotelluric (MT) studies are applied to the determination of the ground conductivity structure. The application of the methods to GIC data from the Finnish pipeline for a storm period of October 24-November 1, 2003 demonstrate that optimal system parameters and ground conductivity structure can be obtained using time series comprising only 8 days worth of data. Importantly, the obtained ground model is in agreement with models obtained in earlier MT studies. Furthermore, it is shown that although in an ideal case the magnetic field data used should be obtained from the immediate vicinity of the GIC observation site, some spatial separation (200-300 km) between the sites can be tolerated. C1 Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space Res Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Geol Survey Canada, Geomagnet Lab, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Pulkkinen, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM antti.a.pulkkinen@nasa.gov NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1880-5981 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2007 VL 59 IS 9 BP 999 EP 1006 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220CG UT WOS:000250133900002 ER PT B AU Liu, J Dehlinger, J Sun, HY Lutz, R AF Liu, Jing Dehlinger, Josh Sun, Hongyu Lutz, Robyn BE Leaney, J Rozenblit, JW Peng, J TI State-based modeling to support the evolution and maintenance of safety-critical software product lines SO ECBS 2007: 14TH ANNUAL IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS ON THE ENGINEERING OF COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS: RAISING EXPECTATIONS OF COMPUTER-BASES SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshop on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (ECBS 2007) CY MAR 26-29, 2007 CL Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ SP IEEE Comp Soc, Conf Publ Serv, OECE HO Univ Arizona AB Changes to safety-critical product lines can jeopardize the safety properties that they must ensure. Thus, evolving software product lines must consider the impact that changes to requirements may have on the existing systems and their safety. The contribution of this work is a systematic, tool-supported technique to support safe evolution of product-line requirements using a model-based approach. We show how the potential feature interactions that need to be modeled are scoped and identified with the aid of product-line software fault tree analysis. Further, we show how reuse of the state-based models is effectively exploited in the evolution phase of product-line engineering. To illustrate this approach, we apply our technique to the evolution of a safety-critical cardiac pacemaker product line. C1 [Liu, Jing; Dehlinger, Josh; Sun, Hongyu; Lutz, Robyn] Iowa State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Lutz, Robyn] Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM janetlj@cs.iastate.edu; dehlinge@cs.iastate.edu; sun@cs.iastate.edu; rlutz@cs.iastate.edu FU National Science Foundation [0204139, 0205588, 0541163] FX This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants 0204139, 0205588 and 0541163. We also thank Telelogic for the use of ILogixs Rhapsody and TestConductor tools. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2772-7 PY 2007 BP 596 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGD96 UT WOS:000246221500066 ER PT J AU Sitch, S McGuire, AD Kimball, J Gedney, N Gamon, J Engstrom, R Wolf, A Zhuang, Q Clein, J McDonald, KC AF Sitch, Stephen McGuire, A. David Kimball, John Gedney, Nicola Gamon, John Engstrom, Ryan Wolf, Annett Zhuang, Qianlai Clein, Joy McDonald, Kyle C. TI Assessing the carbon balance of circumpolar Arctic tundra using remote sensing and process modeling SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE Arctic carbon cycle; biogeochemical cycles; carbon balance; carbon cycle modeling; high-latitude remote sensing; methane modeling; tundra ID NASA SCATTEROMETER NSCAT; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; MODERN METHANE EMISSIONS; GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL; SOIL THERMAL DYNAMICS; SCALE ECOSYSTEM MODEL; KUPARUK RIVER-BASIN; LAND-SURFACE SCHEME; CLIMATE-CHANGE; NORTHERN ALASKA AB This paper reviews the current status of using remote sensing and process-based modeling approaches to assess the contemporary and future circumpolar carbon balance of Arctic tundra, including the exchange of both carbon dioxide and methane with the atmosphere. Analyses based on remote sensing approaches that use a 20-year data record of satellite data indicate that tundra is greening in the Arctic, suggesting an increase in photosynthetic activity and net primary production. Modeling studies generally simulate a small net carbon sink for the distribution of Arctic tundra, a result that is within the uncertainty range of field-based estimates of net carbon exchange. Applications of process-based approaches for scenarios of future climate change generally indicate net carbon sequestration in Arctic tundra as enhanced vegetation production exceeds simulated increases in decomposition. However, methane emissions are likely to increase dramatically, in response to rising soil temperatures, over the next century. Key uncertainties in the response of Arctic ecosystems to climate change include uncertainties in future. re regimes and uncertainties relating to changes in the soil environment. These include the response of soil decomposition and respiration to warming and deepening of the soil active layer, uncertainties in precipitation and potential soil drying, and distribution of wetlands. While there are numerous uncertainties in the projections of process-based models, they generally indicate that Arctic tundra will be a small sink for carbon over the next century and that methane emissions will increase considerably, which implies that exchange of greenhouse gases between the atmosphere and Arctic tundra ecosystems is likely to contribute to climate warming. C1 Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, JCHMR, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, PIK, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, CEA, CREST, Ctr Environm Anal, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Geog, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Abisko Sci Res Stn, S-98107 Abisko, Sweden. Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Anal, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Water & Carbon Cycles Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sitch, S (reprint author), Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, JCHMR, Maclean Bldg, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England. EM stephen.sitch@metoffice.gov.uk RI Zhuang, Qianlai/A-5670-2009; Wolf, Annett/A-1207-2012; Sitch, Stephen/F-8034-2015; Gamon, John/A-2641-2014 OI Sitch, Stephen/0000-0003-1821-8561; Gamon, John/0000-0002-8269-7723 NR 109 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 81 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 17 IS 1 BP 213 EP 234 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2007)017[0213:ATCBOC]2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155OV UT WOS:000245588400018 PM 17479847 ER PT S AU Orsi, JA Harding, JA Pool, SS Brodeur, RD Haldorson, LJ Murphy, JA Moss, JH Farley, EV Sweeting, RM Morris, JFT Emmett, RL Fergusson, EA AF Orsi, Joseph A. Harding, Jeffrey A. Pool, Suzan S. Brodeur, Richard D. Haldorson, Lewis J. Murphy, James A. Moss, Jamal H. Farley, Edward V., Jr. Sweeting, Ruston M. Morris, John F. T. Emmett, Robert L. Fergusson, Emily A. BE Grimes, CB Brodeur, RD Haldorson, LJ McKinnell, SM TI Epipelagic fish assemblages associated with juvenile Pacific salmon in neritic waters of the California current and the Alaska Current SO ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE SALMON IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN: REGIONAL COMPARISONS SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ocean Ecology of Salmon in Western North America - Regional Comparisons CY SEP 12-13, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID COLUMBIA RIVER PLUME; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; CHINOOK SALMON; OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; MIGRATION PATTERNS; COHO SALMON; ABUNDANCE; WASHINGTON AB We compared epipelagic fish assemblages associated with juvenile (oceanage 0) Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. from neritic waters of the California Current and Alaska Current regions in the spring-summer and summer-fall periods of 2000-2004. Catches originated from rope trawl surveys conducted between latitudes 37 degrees N and 60 degrees N and spanned more than 1, 100 km in the coastal and inshore habitats of each region. Catch data were used from the epipelagic sampling of waters from near surface to depths of about 18 m, primarily over the continental shelf. Catch composition, frequency of occurrence, and density were evaluated between regions and habitats for day sampling. Diel (night and day) catch comparisons were also made at a few localities in each region. In day catches from both regions, a total of 1.69 million fish and squid representing 52 fish families and 118 fish species were sampled from 2,390 trawl hauls. Ninety-seven percent of the daytime catch was composed of I I fish families and squid in coastal and inshore habitats of each region: clupeids dominated catches in the California Current (72% and 76% of catch, respectively), and salmonids dominated catches in the Alaska Current (46% and 62% of catch, respectively). Juveniles comprised 81-99% of salmon sampled in both coastal and inshore habitats of each region. Frequencies of occurrence were highest for juvenile salmon in both regions, but average densities were highest for Pacific herring Clupea pallasii and Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax in the California Current region. Cluster analyses revealed distinct geographic breakpoints in coastal species assemblages off central Vancouver Island and in inshore species assemblages in southeastern Alaska. Species were found to cluster into six groups from coastal localities and four groups from inshore localities. Indicator species analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that most species of juvenile salmonids were located in northern localities. Although juvenile salmon had the most uniform distribution of any species group, their densities relative to associated species were dramatically lower in the California Current, suggesting a higher degree of interactions between juvenile salmon and other species in this region. Diel comparisons in both regions indicated substantially higher catches at night, particularly of clupeids, osmerids, and gadids. Salmonids were a relatively minor component of the night catch in both regions due to dramatic diel shifts in community structure. Additional study of diel interactions of juvenile salmon and associated species is needed to quantify habitat utilization dynamics in marine ecosystems. C1 [Orsi, Joseph A.] Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Orsi, JA (reprint author), Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM joe.orsi@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 978-1-888569-95-7 J9 AM FISH S S JI Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. PY 2007 VL 57 BP 105 EP 155 PG 51 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BGZ67 UT WOS:000251607700005 ER PT S AU Brodeur, RD Daly, EA Sturdevant, MV Miller, TW Moss, JH Thiess, ME Trudel, M Weitkamp, LA Armstrong, J Norton, EC AF Brodeur, Richard D. Daly, Elizabeth A. Sturdevant, Molly V. Miller, Todd W. Moss, Jamal H. Thiess, Mary E. Trudel, Marc Weitkamp, Laurie A. Armstrong, Janet Norton, Elizabeth C. BE Grimes, CB Brodeur, RD Haldorson, LJ McKinnell, SM TI Regional comparisons of juvenile salmon feeding in coastal marine waters off the west coast of North America SO ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE SALMON IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN: REGIONAL COMPARISONS SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ocean Ecology of Salmon in Western North America - Regional Comparisons CY SEP 12-13, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID SIZE-SELECTIVE MORTALITY; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; PINK SALMON; PACIFIC-SALMON; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; CHUM SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA AB Upon entering marine waters, juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. depend on feeding at high and sustained levels to achieve growth necessary for survival. In the last decade, several concurrent studies have been examining the food habits and feeding intensity of juvenile Pacific salmon in the shelf regions from California to the northern Gulf of Alaska. In this paper, we compared results from feeding studies for all five species of juvenile salmon (Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, chum salmon O. keta, sockeye salmon O. nerka, and pink salmon O. gorbuscha) between 2000 and 2002, years when these regions were sampled extensively. Within these years, we temporally stratified our samples to include early (May-July) and late (August-October) periods of ocean migration. Coho and Chinook salmon diets were most similar due to a high consumption of fish prey, whereas pink, chum, and sockeye salmon diets were more variable with no consistently dominant prey taxa. Salmon diets varied more spatially (by oceanographic and regional factors) than temporally (by season or year) in terms of percentage weight or volume of major prey categories. We also examined regional variations in feeding intensity based on stomach fullness (expressed as percent body weight) and percent of empty or overly full stomachs. Stomach fullness tended to be greater off Alaska than off the west coast of the United States, but the data were highly variable. Results from these comparisons provide a large-scale picture of juvenile salmon feeding in coastal waters throughout much of their range, allowing for comparison with available prey resources, growth, and survival patterns associated with the different regions. C1 [Brodeur, Richard D.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 47 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 978-1-888569-95-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2007 VL 57 BP 183 EP 203 PG 21 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BGZ67 UT WOS:000251607700007 ER PT S AU Wertheimer, AC Thrower, FP AF Wertheimer, Alex C. Thrower, Frank P. BE Grimes, CB Brodeur, RD Haldorson, LJ McKinnell, SM TI Mortality rates of chum salmon during their early marine residency SO ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE SALMON IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN: REGIONAL COMPARISONS SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ocean Ecology of Salmon in Western North America - Regional Comparisons CY SEP 12-13, 2005 CL Anchorage, AK SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID CODED-WIRE TAGS; PINK SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; SURVIVAL RATES; COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CHINOOK SALMON; SELECTIVE PREDATION; SPATIAL COVARIATION AB Interannual variability in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta mortality during early marine life is thought to have a major influence on recruitment. However, few estimates of daily mortality are available for chum salmon during this period, and average values reported in the literature are unrealistically high when used in a simple life-history model. We analyzed survival to adult of seven groups of chum salmon, marked as juveniles, and released at different times and sizes at Little Port Walter, Alaska to estimate average daily mortality during early marine residency for an early emigration group and a late emigration group. We assumed that differences in proportions of groups surviving to adult between the initial releases of unfed fry and subsequent releases of fed fry for each group were due to natural mortality during the time interval between releases. For both groups, mortality was highest during the period immediately after release, declining rapidly thereafter. Average daily mortality was 8.1% for the early release during their first 21d in the ocean and 3.9% for the late release during the first 32 d in the ocean. After May 4 (54 d and 33 d postrelease, respectively, for the early and late groups), average daily mortality was less than 0.6% for both groups. These results support the paradigm that most of the mortality of chum salmon in the ocean occurs early in their marine residency, and the results provide realistic rates for demographic modeling of the abundance of chum salmon in marine habitats. C1 [Wertheimer, Alex C.; Thrower, Frank P.] Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Wertheimer, AC (reprint author), Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 978-1-888569-95-7 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2007 VL 57 BP 233 EP 247 PG 15 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BGZ67 UT WOS:000251607700009 ER PT B AU Wilson, JD Chevalier, CT Vaden, KR Starinshak, DP Kory, CL AF Wilson, Jeffrey D. Chevalier, Christine T. Vaden, Karl R. Starinshak, David P. Kory, Carol L. GP IEEE TI Electromagnetic Field Shaping for Efficiency Enhancement in Terahertz Folded-Waveguide Traveling-Wave Tube Slow-Wave Circuit Design SO EIGHTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY MAY 15-17, 2007 CL Kitakyushu, JAPAN SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, City Kitakyushu C1 [Wilson, Jeffrey D.; Vaden, Karl R.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Chevalier, Christine T.; Kory, Carol L.] Analex Corp, Fairfax, VA USA. [Starinshak, David P.] Ohio Aerosp Inst, Dayton, OH USA. RP Wilson, JD (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Jeffrey.D.Wilson@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE, ELECTRON DEVICES SOC & RELIABILITY GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0633-3 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2007 BP 73 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGO45 UT WOS:000248945500031 ER PT B AU Niemann, DL Ribaya, BP Gunther, N Rahman, M Leung, J Nguyen, CV AF Niemann, Darrell L. Ribaya, Bryan P. Gunther, Norman Rahman, Mahmudur Leung, Joseph Nguyen, Cattien V. GP IEEE TI Effect of cathode geometry on the field emission properties of individual carbon nanotube emitters SO EIGHTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY MAY 15-17, 2007 CL Kitakyushu, JAPAN SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, City Kitakyushu C1 [Niemann, Darrell L.; Ribaya, Bryan P.; Gunther, Norman; Rahman, Mahmudur; Nguyen, Cattien V.] Santa Clara Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Niemann, Darrell L.; Ribaya, Bryan P.; Leung, Joseph; Nguyen, Cattien V.] NASA, Ames Nanotechnol Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Niemann, DL (reprint author), Santa Clara Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE, ELECTRON DEVICES SOC & RELIABILITY GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0633-3 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2007 BP 197 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGO45 UT WOS:000248945500093 ER PT B AU Roitman, A Viant, M Nilsen, C Cattelino, M Berry, D Steer, B Harvey, WL Haque, IU Im, E AF Roitman, Albert Viant, Maurice Nilsen, Chris Cattelino, Mark Berry, Dave Steer, Brian Harvey, Wayne L. Haque, Inam U. Im, Eastwood GP IEEE TI On-orbit performance of the CloudSat EIK and future space missions SO EIGHTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference CY MAY 15-17, 2007 CL Kitakyushu, JAPAN SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, City Kitakyushu C1 [Roitman, Albert; Viant, Maurice; Berry, Dave] Commun & Power Ind Canada Inc, 45 River Dr, Georgetown, ON L7G 2J4, Canada. [Cattelino, Mark; Berry, Dave] Microwave Power Product Div, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. [Harvey, Wayne L.; Haque, Inam U.; Im, Eastwood] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Roitman, A (reprint author), Commun & Power Ind Canada Inc, 45 River Dr, Georgetown, ON L7G 2J4, Canada. EM brian.steer@cmp.cpii.com RI Viant, Mark/B-6339-2009 OI Viant, Mark/0000-0001-5898-4119 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE, ELECTRON DEVICES SOC & RELIABILITY GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0633-3 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2007 BP 205 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGO45 UT WOS:000248945500097 ER PT S AU Anderson, N Hodge, G Japzon, A AF Anderson, Nikkia Hodge, Gall Japzon, Andrea BE Farace, DJ Frantzen, J TI Harnessing NASA Goddard's Grey Literature: The Power of a Repository Framework SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GREY LITERATURE, GL8 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE GL Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Grey Literature (GL8) CY DEC 04-05, 2006 CL New Orleans, LA SP EBSCO, New York Acad Med, Natl Lib Educ, Informat Int Associates, INIST, CNRS AB The NASA Goddard Library collaborated with several projects on-Center to create a framework for the development of web-accessible repositories of grey literature. Tools and methods for collaboration were developed through a series of prototypes with a variety of Goddard projects based on the Library's Digital Asset System (DAS), a repository to describe and provide access to project information including images, videos, web sites, and technical reports. Metadata is a key component of this framework. The Goddard Core Metadata Element Set, an extension of the Dublin Core, Is used to describe these resources. Additional elements include project name, project code and instrument name. A taxonomy of controlled subject terms has been developed which can also be extended and tailored for each project. This provides consistent searching across the DAS, while at the same time enhancing the search precision for each project collection when it is accessed as a separate collection in the DAS or through its own web site. To-date, the Library has used the framework with a number of different projects. A commemorative CD with key documents, web sites and oral histories by the project managers was developed for the Hitchhiker Project as it was being disbanded. Metadata from the Swift project library was transformed and made more accessible with pointers to documents in the Swift project library. The Landsat Legacy Project, a joint project with the Landsat Program Science Office, the US Geological Survey, and the NASA History Office, is creating an archive of essential technical-, policy-, and science-related documentation. To gather significant documentation from the over 35-year-multi-agency history of Landsat, the Library added components for external submission of documents for potential inclusion in the new repository and for scanning paper documents. In addition, video histories are being captured from Landsat veterans. Through these projects, the NASA Goddard Library has developed a methodology for collaborating with different kinds of projects. It involves procedures for analyzing the needs of a project and determining how the metadata, taxonomy, and interface might need to change, while remaining consistent with the DAS framework for cross-repository access. Ultimately, the Library plans to extend the effort to other projects. (At any given point in time, Goddard has more than 30 projects in various stages of completion.) As part of Goddard's knowledge management activities, the DAS provides a framework for sharing grey literature that would otherwise be scattered across independent project libraries. Benefits include the ability to more quickly find and reuse information to decrease project costs, enhance safety and promote innovation. C1 [Anderson, Nikkia; Hodge, Gall; Japzon, Andrea] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Int Associates Inc, Washington, DC USA. EM nanderson@iiaweb.com; gailhodge@aol.com; ajapzon@pop200.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU TEXTRELEASE PI AMSTERDAM PA GL PROGRAM & CONFERENCE BUREAU, JAVASTRAAT 194-HS, AMSTERDAM, 1095 CP, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-2316 BN 978-90-77484-08-1 J9 GL CONFERENCE SER PY 2007 IS 8 BP 21 EP 24 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA BIZ65 UT WOS:000263994300002 ER PT S AU Bar-Cohen, Y AF Bar-Cohen, Yoseph BE BarCohen, Y TI Electroactive polymers (EAP) as an enabling tool in biomimetics - art. no. 652403 SO Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2007 CY MAR 19-22, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE EAP; electroactive polymers; biomimetics; biologically inspired technologies; robotics AB Nature is filled with highly effective biological mechanisms that were refined thru evolution over millions of years offering an incredible model for inspiring human innovation. Humans have always made efforts to imitate nature's inventions. Advances in technology led to capabilities that allow adapting nature innovation beyond simply copying and the pool of possibilities in materials, structures, methods, processes and systems is enormous. Electroactive polymers (EAP) are increasingly being recognized as an important enabling technology for making biologically Inspired capabilities. Using them as artificial muscles they are being considered for use a wide range of fields including medical, commercial, entertainment and many others. This paper reviews the up to date role that EAP is playing in advancing biomimetics and the field outlook. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bar-Cohen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6645-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6524 BP 52403 EP 52403 AR 652403 DI 10.1117/12.716431 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Composites; Robotics; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Robotics; Optics GA BGK72 UT WOS:000248046200002 ER PT J AU Whitacre, JF West, WC Smart, MC Yazami, R Prakash, GKS Hamwi, A Ratnakumar, BV AF Whitacre, J. F. West, W. C. Smart, M. C. Yazami, R. Prakash, G. K. Surya Hamwi, A. Ratnakumar, B. V. TI Enhanced low-temperature performance of Li-CFx batteries SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM BATTERIES; ANION RECEPTOR; ELECTROLYTES; FLUORIDE AB This work describes the continued examination of the low-temperature performance of the Li-CFx electrochemical couple in a -40 degrees C or colder environment. Previously, the efficacy of subfluorinated CFx (SFCFx) cathode active materials was demonstrated; preliminary results indicated that the material was functional at rates up to C/10 at -40 degrees C. However, there were often substantial voltage fluctuations during discharge, accompanied with inconsistent capacity yields and sometimes dramatic polarization events. In the research described herein, an investigation of various electrolyte and cathode compositions was conducted in an effort to optimize performance. In particular, several different electrolyte solvent formulations were examined using a salt content of either 1 or 0.5 M LiBF4. A further modification consisted of addition of an anion receptor to the electrolyte that was intended to be a LiF-solvating agent. The most promising electrolyte was tested with several different SFCFx compositions created using either graphitic or multiwall nanotube precursor materials. Electrochemical evaluation showed that the best SFCFx-based test cells were able to deliver specific capacity values up to five times greater than control cells (containing conventional CF1.08 powder) at -40 degrees C under discharge currents as high as C/5 with composite electrodes thicker than 100 mu m. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Clermont Ferrand, F-63177 Aubiere, France. RP Whitacre, JF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Jay.F.Whitacre@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 6 U2 38 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2007 VL 10 IS 7 BP A166 EP A170 DI 10.1149/1.2735823 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 169BZ UT WOS:000246569000004 ER PT S AU Lee, PU Mercer, J Callantine, T AF Lee, Paul U. Mercer, Joey Callantine, Todd BE Harris, D TI Examining the moderating effect of workload on controller task distribution SO ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics held at the HCI International 2007 CY JUL 22-27, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE workload; task load; air traffic control; non-linear; controller strategy; situation awareness AB Efforts to characterize controller workload - a key factor in limiting en route capacity - have produced mixed results. Subjective workload ratings reveal significant variations in minimum/maximum workload across individuals and show a categorical jump in perceived workload with a linear increase in aircraft count, making it difficult to predict workload limits with increased traffic. In addition, workload seems to be actively moderated by the controller to reduce monitoring tasks during high traffic/workload situations. In this paper, we examine this strategy shift by associating bookkeeping tasks and route/altitude clearances with online workload ratings. Overall, the data suggest that the controllers shed peripheral tasks related to monitoring and bookkeeping as the traffic ramps up and their perceived workload transitions from low to high. Whenever workload reached a maximum, some bookkeeping tasks were delayed and performed in "groups" after the peak traffic subsided. C1 [Lee, Paul U.; Mercer, Joey; Callantine, Todd] San Jose State Univ Fdn, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lee, PU (reprint author), San Jose State Univ Fdn, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM plee@mail.arc.nasa.gov; jmercer@mail.arc.nasa.gov; tcallantine@mail.arc.nasa.gov FU Advanced Air Transportation Technologies (AATT) FX This study heavily leveraged previous simulation data from Distributed Air-Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) research, which was funded by Advanced Air Transportation Technologies (AATT) Project. The authors would like to thank members from the NASA Ames Airspace Operations Laboratory(AOL) in providing access to the data as well as continued support in this research. Finally,we would like give special thanks to Natalia Wehrle for her help in the data compilation/analyses. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-73330-0 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2007 VL 4562 BP 339 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BGL89 UT WOS:000248248000037 ER PT S AU Feary, M AF Feary, Michael BE Harris, D TI Automatic detection of interaction vulnerabilities in an executable specification SO Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, Proceedings SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics held at the HCI International 2007 CY JUL 22-27, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE automation design; automation surprise analysis AB This paper presents an approach to providing designers with the means to detect Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) vulnerabilities without requiring extensive HCI expertise. The goal of the approach is to provide timely, useful analysis results early in the design process, when modifications are less expensive. The twin challenges of providing timely and useful analysis results led to the development and evaluation of computational analyses, integrated into a software prototyping toolset. The toolset, referred to as the Automation Design and Evaluation Prototyping Toolset (ADEPT) was constructed to enable the rapid development of an executable specification for automation behavior and user interaction. The term executable specification refers to the concept of a testable prototype whose purpose is to support development of a more accurate and complete requirements specification. C1 NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Feary, M (reprint author), NASA Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-73330-0 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2007 VL 4562 BP 487 EP 496 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BGL89 UT WOS:000248248000053 ER PT S AU Callantine, TJ AF Callantine, Todd J. BE Harris, D TI Analyzing constraints to support computational modeling of air traffic controllers SO Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, Proceedings SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics held at the HCI International 2007 CY JUL 22-27, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE air traffic management; cognitive work analysis; computational human performance models; constraints AB Research toward enhancing computational models of air traffic controllers for use in assessing new air traffic management concepts is presented. Simulation data from professional air traffic controllers is analyzed using a computational method for characterizing the constraints in force when the controllers take action. The results show controllers apply strategies to proactively prevent losses of separation between aircraft. This approach has advantages for complexity reduction and workload management and implications for human roles in future air traffic management systems. C1 San Jose State Univ, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Callantine, TJ (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-73330-0 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2007 VL 4562 BP 658 EP 667 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BGL89 UT WOS:000248248000072 ER PT S AU Sierhuis, M AF Sierhuis, Maarten BE O'Hare, GMP Ricci, A OGrady, MJ Dirkenelli, O TI "It's not just goals all the way down" - "It's actvities all the way down" SO Engineering Societies in the Agents World VII SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Engineering Societies in the Agents World CY SEP 06-08, 2006 CL Dublin, IRELAND ID WORK AB The rational agent community uses Michael Bratman's planning theory of intention as its theoretical foundation for the development of its agent-oriented BDI languages. We present an alternative framework based on situated action and activity theory, combining both BDI and activity-based modeling, to provide a more general agent framework. We describe an activity-based, as opposed to a goal-based, BDI language and agent architecture, and provide an example that shows the flexibility of this language compared to a goal-based language. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Comp Sci Res Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sierhuis, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Comp Sci Res Inst, MS 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-75522-7 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2007 VL 4457 BP 1 EP 24 PG 24 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGU89 UT WOS:000250717500001 ER PT S AU Kramer, LJ Williams, SP Bailey, RE Glaab, LJ AF Kramer, Lynda J. Williams, Steven P. Bailey, Randall E. Glaab, Louis J. BE Verly, JG Guell, JJ TI Synthetic vision systems - operational considerations simulation experiment - art. no. 655903 SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2007 CY APR 09-10, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision system; head-up display; global positioning system; aviation safety; next generation; air transportation system; approach lighting system AB Synthetic vision is a computer-generated image of the external scene topography that is generated from aircraft attitude, high-precision navigation information, and data of the terrain, obstacles, cultural features, and other required flight information. A synthetic vision system (SVS) enhances this basic functionality with real-time integrity to ensure the validity of the databases, perform obstacle detection and independent navigation accuracy verification, and provide traffic surveillance. Over the last five years, NASA and its industry partners have developed and deployed SVS technologies for commercial, business, and general aviation aircraft which have been shown to provide significant improvements in terrain awareness and reductions in the potential for Controlled-Flight-Into-Terrain incidents accidents compared to current generation cockpit technologies. It has been hypothesized that SVS displays can greatly improve the safety and operational flexibility of flight in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) to a level comparable to clear-day Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), regardless of actual weather conditions or time of day. An experiment was conducted to evaluate SVS and SVS-related technologies as well as the influence of where the information is provided to the pilot (e.g., on a Head-Up or Head-Down Display) for consideration in defining landing minima based upon aircraft and airport equipage. The "operational considerations" evaluated under this effort included reduced visibility, decision altitudes, and airport equipage requirements, such as approach lighting systems, for SVS-equipped aircraft. Subjective results from the present study suggest that synthetic vision imagery on both head-up and head-down displays may offer benefits in situation awareness; workload; and approach and landing performance in the visibility levels, approach lighting systems, and decision altitudes tested. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kramer, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, M-S 152, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6681-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6559 BP 55903 EP 55903 AR 655903 DI 10.1117/12.717684 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGL72 UT WOS:000248223200002 ER PT S AU Arthur, JJT Prinzel, L Shelton, K Kramer, LJ Williams, SP Bailey, RE Norman, RM AF Arthur, J. J. Trey, III Prinzel, Lawrence, III Shelton, Kevin Kramer, Lynda J. Williams, Steven P. Bailey, Randall E. Norman, Robert M. BE Verly, JG Guell, JJ TI Design and testing of an unlimited field-of-regard synthetic vision head-worn display for commercial aircraft surface operations - art. no. 65590E SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2007 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2007 CY APR 09-10, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision; head-worn displays; helmet-mounted displays; surface operations AB Experiments and flight tests have shown that a Head-Up Display (HUD) and a head-down, electronic moving map (EMM) can be enhanced with Synthetic Vision for airport surface operations. While great success in ground operations was demonstrated with a HUD, the research noted that two major HUD limitations during ground operations were their monochrome form and limited, fixed field of regard. A potential solution to these limitations found with HUDs may be emerging Head Worn Displays (HWDs). HWDs are small, lightweight full color display devices that may be worn without significant encumbrance to the user. By coupling the HWD with a head tracker, unlimited field-of-regard. may be realized for commercial aviation applications. In the proposed paper, the results of two ground simulation experiments conducted at NASA Langley are summarized. The experiments evaluated the efficacy of head-worn display applications of Synthetic Vision and Enhanced Vision technology to enhance transport aircraft surface operations. The two studies tested a combined six display concepts: (1) paper charts with existing cockpit displays, (2) baseline consisting of existing cockpit displays including a Class III electronic flight bag display of the airport surface; (3) an advanced baseline that also included displayed traffic and routing information, (4) a modified version of a HUD and EMM display demonstrated in previous research; (5) an unlimited field-of-regard, full color, head-tracked HWD with a conformal 3-D synthetic vision surface view; and (6) a fully integrated HWD concept. The fully integrated HWD concept is a head-tracked, color, unlimited field-of-regard concept that provides a 3-D conformal synthetic view of the airport surface integrated with advanced taxi route clearance, taxi precision guidance, and data-link capability. The results of the experiments showed that the fully integrated HWD provided greater path performance compared to using paper charts alone. Further, when comparing the HWD with the HUD concept, there were no differences in path performance. In addition, the HWD and HUD concepts were rated via paired-comparisons the same in terms of situational awareness and workload. However, there were over twice as many taxi incursion events with the HUD than the HWD. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Arthur, JJT (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6681-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6559 BP E5590 EP E5590 AR 65590E DI 10.1117/12.719695 PG 19 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGL72 UT WOS:000248223200012 ER PT J AU Kuffner, IB Brock, JC Grober-Dunsmore, R Bonito, VE Hickey, TD Wright, CW AF Kuffner, Ilsa B. Brock, John C. Grober-Dunsmore, Rikki Bonito, Victor E. Hickey, T. Donald Wright, C. Wayne TI Relationships between reef fish communities and remotely sensed rugosity measurements in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE habitat; mapping; marine protected areas; coral reef management; remote sensing; topographic complexity ID CORAL-REEF; HABITAT COMPLEXITY; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; MULTISCALE ANALYSIS; ASSEMBLAGES; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; SIZE; ASSOCIATION; BARBADOS AB The realization that coral reef ecosystem management must occur across multiple spatial scales and habitat types has led scientists and resource managers to seek variables that are easily measured over large areas and correlate well with reef resources. Here we investigate the utility of new technology in airborne laser surveying (NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL)) in assessing topographical complexity (rugosity) to predict reef fish community structure on shallow (< 10 m deep) patch reefs. Marine portions of Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA, were surveyed remotely using the EAARL, and reef fish populations were visually surveyed on 10 patch reefs at independent, randomly selected stations (n = 10-13 per reef). Rugosity at each station was assessed in situ by divers using the traditional chain-transect method (10-m scale), and remotely using the EAARL submarine topography data at multiple spatial scales (2, 5, and 10 m). The rugosity and biological datasets were analyzed together to elucidate the predictive power of EAARL rugosity in describing the variance in reef fish community variables and to assess the correlation between chain-transect and EAARL rugosity. EAARL rugosity was not well correlated with chain-transect rugosity, or with species richness of fishes (although statistically significant, the amount of variance explained by the model was very low). Variance in reef fish community attributes was better explained in reef-by-reef variability than by physical variables. However, once the reef-by-reef variability was taken into account in a two-way analysis of variance, the importance of rugosity could be seen on individual reefs. Fish species richness and abundance were statistically higher at high rugosity stations compared to medium and low rugosity stations, as predicted by prior ecological research. The EAARL shows promise as an important mapping tool for reef resource managers as they strive to inventory and protect coral reef resources. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Protected Areas Ctr, NMFS, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Kuffner, IB (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM ikuffner@usgs.gov RI Kuffner, Ilsa/A-6416-2008; OI Kuffner, Ilsa/0000-0001-8804-7847 NR 32 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 31 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JAN PY 2007 VL 78 IS 1 BP 71 EP 82 DI 10.1007/s10641-006-9078-4 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 114YP UT WOS:000242701900006 ER PT J AU Hugler, M Huber, H Molyneaux, SJ Vetriani, C Sievert, SM AF Hugler, Michael Huber, Harald Molyneaux, Stephen J. Vetriani, Costantino Sievert, Stefan M. TI Autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle in different lineages within the phylum Aquificae: evidence for two ways of citrate cleavage SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROGENOBACTER-THERMOPHILUS TK-6; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; BACTERIUM CHLOROBIUM-LIMICOLA; RUBER GEN. NOV.; PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY; PERSEPHONELLA-MARINA; OXIDIZING BACTERIUM; REDUCING BACTERIUM; GOLD MINE AB Autotrophic carbon fixation was characterized in representative members of the three lineages of the bacterial phylum Aquificae. Enzyme activity measurements and the detection of key genes demonstrated that Aquificae use the reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for autotrophic CO2 fixation. This is the first time that strains of the Hydrogenothermaceae and 'Desulfurobacteriaceae' have been investigated for enzymes of autotrophic carbon fixation. Unexpectedly, two different mechanisms of citrate cleavage could be identified within the Aquificae. Aquificaceae use citryl-CoA synthetase and citryl-CoA lyase, whereas Hydrogenothermaceae and 'Desulfurobacteriaceae' use ATP citrate lyase. The first mechanism is likely to represent the ancestral version of the reductive TCA cycle. Sequence analyses further suggest that ATP citrate lyase formed by a gene fusion of citryl-CoA synthetase and citryl-CoA lyase and subsequently became involved in a modified version of this pathway. However, rather than having evolved within the Aquificae, our phylogenetic analyses indicate that Aquificae obtained their ATP citrate lyase through lateral gene transfer. Aquificae play an important role in biogeochemical processes in a variety of high-temperature habitats. Thus, these findings substantiate the hypothesis that autotrophic carbon fixation through the reductive TCA cycle is widespread and contributes significantly to biomass production particularly in hydrothermal habitats. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Regensburg, Lehrstuhl Mikrobiol, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biochem & Microbiol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Sievert, SM (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM ssievert@whoi.edu OI Sievert, Stefan/0000-0002-9541-2707 NR 54 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 9 IS 1 BP 81 EP 92 DI 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01118.x PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 123KN UT WOS:000243294900017 PM 17227414 ER PT S AU Harlan, SL Brazel, AJ Jenerette, GD Jones, NS Larsen, L Prashad, L Stefanov, WL AF Harlan, Sharon L. Brazel, Anthony J. Jenerette, G. Darrel Jones, Nancy S. Larsen, Larissa Prashad, Lela Stefanov, William L. BE Wilkinson, RC Freudenburg, WR TI IN THE SHADE OF AFFLUENCE: THE INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND SO EQUITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT SE Research in Social Problems and Public Policy LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ECOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SOCIAL PROCESSES; UNITED-STATES; US CITIES; LONG-TERM; MORTALITY; NEIGHBORHOODS; TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION AB The urban heat island is an unintended consequence of humans building upon rural and native landscapes. We hypothesized that variations in vegetation and land use patterns across an urbanizing regional landscape would produce a temperature distribution that was spatially heterogeneous and correlated with the social characteristics of urban neighborhoods. Using biophysical and social data scaled to conform to US census geography, we found that affluent whites were more likely to live in vegetated and less climatically stressed neighborhoods than low-income Latinos in Phoenix, Arizona. Affluent neighborhoods had cooler summer temperatures that reduced exposure to outdoor heat-related health risks, especially during a heat wave period. In addition to being warmer, poorer neighborhoods lacked critical resources in their physical and social environments to help them cope with extreme heat. Increased average temperatures due to climate change are expected to exacerbate the impacts of urban heat islands. C1 [Harlan, Sharon L.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Brazel, Anthony J.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Geog Sci, Tempe, AZ USA. [Jenerette, G. Darrel] Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. [Jones, Nancy S.] Arizona State Univ, Global Inst Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ USA. [Larsen, Larissa] Univ Michigan, Urban & Reg Planning Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Prashad, Lela] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ USA. [Stefanov, William L.] NASA, Image Sci & Anal Lab, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Harlan, SL (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 82 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 8 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BINGLEY PA HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, W YORKSHIRE BD16 1WA, ENGLAND SN 0196-1152 BN 978-0-7623-1417-1 J9 RES SOC PROBL PUBLIC PY 2007 VL 15 BP 173 EP 202 DI 10.1016/S0196-1152(07)15005-5 PG 30 WC Political Science; Sociology SC Government & Law; Sociology GA BOI78 UT WOS:000276772800006 ER PT J AU Stookey, JD Burg, M Sellmeyer, DE Greenleaf, JE Arieff, A Van Hove, L Gardner, C King, JC AF Stookey, J. D. Burg, M. Sellmeyer, D. E. Greenleaf, J. E. Arieff, A. Van Hove, L. Gardner, C. King, J. C. TI A proposed method for assessing plasma hypertonicity in vivo SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE hypertonicity; sodium; hydration; MCV; hematocrit ID MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME; RED-CELL VOLUME; AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT; OSMOTIC ERROR; HYPERGLYCEMIA; ANTICOAGULANT; ERYTHROCYTES; DEHYDRATION; HEMATOCRIT; INACCURACY AB Indices of plasma hypertonicity, elevated plasma concentrations of solutes that draw fluid out of cells by osmosis, are needed to pursue hypertonicity as a possible risk factor for obesity and chronic disease. This paper proposes a new index that may be more sensitive to mild hypertonicity in vivo at a point in time than traditional measures. The index compares mean corpuscular volume (MCV) estimates from diluted (in solution by automated cell counter) and nondiluted blood (calculated from manual hematocrit, MCV Hct/RBC*10(6)). A larger Auto vs Manual MCV (> 2 fl) in vitro indicates hypertonicity in vivo if the cell counter diluent is isotonic with the threshold for plasma vasopressin (PVP) release and PVP is detectable in plasma (> 0.5 pg/ml). To evaluate this principle of concept, hypertonicity was induced by 24-h fluid restriction after a 20 ml/kg water load in four healthy men (20-46 years). Unlike serum and urine indices, the MCV difference-&-PVP index detected hypertonicity in all participants. C1 Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. NHLBI, LKEM, Natl Inst Hlth, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Abbott Diagnost Div, Abbott Pk, IL USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Cardiovasc Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Stookey, JD (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. EM jstookey@chori.org FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR-00070]; NHLBI NIH HHS [5 T32 HL 07034] NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 61 IS 1 BP 143 EP 146 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602481 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 116VD UT WOS:000242830700022 PM 16855542 ER PT S AU Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Zebulum, R Mojarradi, M Katkoori, S Daud, T AF Stoica, Adrian Keymeulen, Didier Zebulum, Ricardo Mojarradi, Mohammad Katkoori, Srinivas Daud, Taher BE Kang, L Liu, Y Zeng, S TI Adaptive and evolvable analog electronics for space applications SO EVOLVABLE SYSTEMS: FROM BIOLOGY TO HARDWARE, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Evolvable Systems CY SEP 21-23, 2007 CL Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Univ Geosci, China Soc Astronaut DE adaptive hardware; field programmable arrays ID HARDWARE; EVOLUTION AB Development of analog electronic solutions for space avionics is expensive and lengthy. Lack of flexible analog devices, counterparts to digital Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), prevents analog designers from rapid prototyping, and forces them to expensive custom design, fabrication, and qualification of application specific integrated circuits (ASIC). The limitation come from two directions: first, commercial Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) have little variability in the components offered on-chip; and second, these are only qualified for military grade temperatures, at best. However, more variability is needed for covering many sensing and control applications. Furthermore, in order to save mass, energy and wiring, there is strong interest in developing extreme environment electronics and avoiding thermal and radiation protection altogether. This means electronics that maintain correct operation while exposed to temperature extremes e.g., on Moon (-180 degrees C to +125 degrees C). This paper describes a recent version of a FPAA design, the JPL Self-Reconfigurable Analog Array (SRAA). It overcomes both limitations, offering a variety of analog cells inside the array together with the possibility of self-correction at extreme temperatures. A companion digital ASIC designed for algorithmic control, including a genetic algorithm implementation, is currently under fabrication. C1 [Stoica, Adrian; Keymeulen, Didier; Zebulum, Ricardo; Mojarradi, Mohammad; Katkoori, Srinivas; Daud, Taher] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Adrian.Stoica@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The work described in this paper was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-74625-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4684 BP 379 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BGU21 UT WOS:000250567500036 ER PT B AU Straubmeier, C Schieder, R Sonnabend, G Wirtz, D Vetterle, V Sornig, M Eckart, A AF Straubmeier, C. Schieder, R. Sonnabend, G. Wirtz, D. Vetterle, V. Sornig, M. Eckart, A. BE Lobanov, AP Zensus, JA Cesarsky, C Diamond, PJ TI Tunable heterodyne receivers - A promising outlook for future mid-infrared interferometry SO EXPLORING THE COSMIC FRONTIER: ASTROPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Exploring the Cosmic Frontier - Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century CY MAY 18-21, 2004 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Max Planck Inst Radioastronomie, Int SKA Steering Comm, European So Observ, Max Planck Soc, European Space Agcy, EU Consortia RadioNet & Opticon ID INFRARED SPECTROMETER C1 [Straubmeier, C.; Schieder, R.; Wirtz, D.; Vetterle, V.; Sornig, M.; Eckart, A.] Univ Cologne, Inst Phys, Zulpicher Str 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. [Sonnabend, G.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Straubmeier, C (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys, Zulpicher Str 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. EM cstraubm@ph1.uni-koeln.de NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-39755-7 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2007 BP 51 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-39756-4_11 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFS92 UT WOS:000244446300011 ER PT S AU Smrekar, SE Elkins-Tanton, L Leitner, JJ Lenardic, A Mackwell, S Moresi, L Sotin, C Stofan, ER AF Smrekar, Suzanne E. Elkins-Tanton, Linda Leitner, Johannes J. Lenardic, Adrian Mackwell, Steve Moresi, Louis Sotin, Christophe Stofan, Ellen R. BE Esposito, LW Stofan, ER Cravens, TE TI Tectonic and Thermal Evolution of Venus and the Role of Volatiles: Implications for Understanding the Terrestrial Planets SO EXPLORING VENUS AS A TERRESTRIAL PLANET SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID STAGNANT LID CONVECTION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VISCOSITY; INFINITE PRANDTL NUMBER; MANTLE CONVECTION; PLATE-TECTONICS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; BETA-REGIO; RESURFACING HISTORY; CRUSTAL DICHOTOMY; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB Venus is similar to Earth in size and bulk composition. The dramatic differences between the two planets indicate that planetary size alone does not control geologic evolution. Earth's geology is dominated by plate tectonics, or active lid convection. The crater retention age of Venus demonstrates that the planet has been very geologically active in the last b.y., but there is no evidence of active plate tectonics. Instead the surface is dominated by diverse volcanism and tectonism, and highlands interpreted as mantle upwellings and downwellings. Venus' surface is much hotter and drier than Earth's, suggesting that the interior may be drier as well. The volatile content has a major effect on both the rheology of the interior and predicted melt products. The low water content of the interior may create a stronger lithosphere and preclude asthenosphere formation, leading to the development of a stagnant rather than an active lid convective regime. A stable, stagnant lid fosters development of phase changes and other density anomalies that can lead to delamination and associated opportunities for melting. Additionally, the thicker boundary layer formed in a stagnant lid regime may increase the number of expected plumes. Mars also is in a stagnant lid regime, probably due to early heat loss rather than volatile loss. Here we discuss what is known about interior volatile content and explore the implications of a dry interior for volcanism, tectonism, and interior convection as a working hypothesis to explain the profound differences in the evolution of Venus, Earth, and Mars. C1 [Smrekar, Suzanne E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Elkins-Tanton, Linda] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Leitner, Johannes J.] Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria. [Lenardic, Adrian] Rice Univ, Houston, TX USA. [Mackwell, Steve] Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Moresi, Louis] Monash Univ, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Sotin, Christophe] Univ Nantes, Nantes, France. [Stofan, Ellen R.] Proxemy Res, Rectortown, VA USA. RP Smrekar, SE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Moresi, Louis/H-1390-2011 OI Moresi, Louis/0000-0003-3685-174X NR 237 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 5 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-441-2 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2007 VL 176 BP 45 EP 71 DI 10.1029/176GM05 D2 10.1029/GM176 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BKA20 UT WOS:000267579300004 ER PT S AU Schubert, G Bougher, SW Covey, CC Del Genio, AD Grossman, AS Hollingsworth, JL Limaye, SS Young, RE AF Schubert, G. Bougher, S. W. Covey, C. C. Del Genio, A. D. Grossman, A. S. Hollingsworth, J. L. Limaye, S. S. Young, R. E. BE Esposito, LW Stofan, ER Cravens, TE TI Venus Atmosphere Dynamics: A Continuing Enigma SO EXPLORING VENUS AS A TERRESTRIAL PLANET SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ZONAL-MEAN CIRCULATION; INTERNAL GRAVITY-WAVES; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; SPECTRAL PARAMETERIZATION; EQUATORIAL SUPERROTATION; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; GLOBAL CIRCULATION; LOWER THERMOSPHERE C1 [Schubert, G.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Schubert, G.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Bougher, S. W.] Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, AOSS Dept, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Covey, C. C.; Grossman, A. S.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Del Genio, A. D.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Hollingsworth, J. L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SJSUF, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Limaye, S. S.] Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Young, R. E.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Schubert, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM schubert@ucla.edu RI Bougher, Stephen/C-1913-2013 OI Bougher, Stephen/0000-0002-4178-2729 NR 119 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-441-2 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2007 VL 176 BP 101 EP 120 DI 10.1029/176GM07 D2 10.1029/GM176 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BKA20 UT WOS:000267579300006 ER PT S AU Titov, DV Bullock, MA Crisp, D Renno, NO Taylor, FW Zasova, LV AF Titov, Dmitry V. Bullock, Mark A. Crisp, David Renno, Nilton O. Taylor, Fredric W. Zasova, Ljudmilla V. BE Esposito, LW Stofan, ER Cravens, TE TI Radiation in the Atmosphere of Venus SO EXPLORING VENUS AS A TERRESTRIAL PLANET SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; EXPLICIT HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; RUNAWAY GREENHOUSE; THERMAL STRUCTURE; DEEP ATMOSPHERE; CONVECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM; ENTROPY PRODUCTION; GALILEO ENCOUNTER; SOLAR-RADIATION AB This chapter reviews the observations of the radiative fluxes inside and outside the Venusian atmosphere, along with the available data about the planetary energy balance and the distribution of sources and sinks of radiative energy. We also briefly address the role of the heat budget on the atmospheric temperature structure, global circulation, thermodynamics, climate and evolution. We compare the main features of radiative balance on the terrestrial planets, and provide a general description of the radiative-convective equilibrium models used to study their atmospheres. We describe the physics of the greenhouse effect as it applies to the evolution of the Venusian climate, concluding with a summary of outstanding open issues. C1 [Titov, Dmitry V.] Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. [Bullock, Mark A.] SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO USA. [Crisp, David] NASA, JPL, Washington, DC USA. [Renno, Nilton O.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Taylor, Fredric W.] Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. [Zasova, Ljudmilla V.] IKI, Space Res Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Titov, DV (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Max Planck Str 2, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. EM titov@mps.mpg.de NR 87 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-441-2 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2007 VL 176 BP 121 EP 138 DI 10.1029/176GM08 D2 10.1029/GM176 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BKA20 UT WOS:000267579300007 ER PT S AU Baines, KH Atreya, SK Carlson, RW Crisp, D Grinspoon, D Russell, CT Schubert, G Zahnle, K AF Baines, Kevin H. Atreya, Sushil K. Carlson, Robert W. Crisp, David Grinspoon, David Russell, Christopher T. Schubert, Gerald Zahnle, Kevin BE Esposito, LW Stofan, ER Cravens, TE TI Experiencing Venus: Clues to the Origin, Evolution, and Chemistry of Terrestrial Planets via In-Situ Exploration of our Sister World SO EXPLORING VENUS AS A TERRESTRIAL PLANET SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID NEAR-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC TIDES; NOBLE-GASES; MASS FRACTIONATION; DEEP ATMOSPHERE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; THERMAL EVOLUTION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; PLATE-TECTONICS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE AB We review the current state of knowledge of (1) the origin and evolution of Venus and (2) the photochemical and thermochemical processes occurring in the middle and lower atmosphere there. For each, we review the promise of on-going and planned orbital observations by ESA's Venus Express and Japan's Venus Climate Orbiter missions. We review the need for future in-situ measurements for understanding Venus origin and evolution and present-day chemistry, and the implications for understanding the origin and history of the Earth and other bodies in the inner solar system, as well as for understanding terrestrial planets in other solar systems. We prioritize the goals remaining in the post Venus Express era, based on the Decadal Survey (National Research Council, 2003). Using past experience with Pioneer Venus, VEGAS, Veneras, and, most recently, Venus Express as guides, we suggest appropriate techniques and measurements to address these fundamental science issues. C1 [Baines, Kevin H.; Carlson, Robert W.; Crisp, David] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Atreya, Sushil K.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Grinspoon, David] Denver Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Space Sci, Denver, CO USA. [Russell, Christopher T.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Schubert, Gerald] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Zahnle, Kevin] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Baines, KH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-601,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kbaines@aloha.jpl.nasa.gov NR 92 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-441-2 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2007 VL 176 BP 171 EP 189 DI 10.1029/176GM11 D2 10.1029/GM176 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BKA20 UT WOS:000267579300010 ER PT S AU Cutts, JA Balint, TS Chassefiere, E Kolawa, EA AF Cutts, James A. Balint, Tibor S. Chassefiere, Eric Kolawa, Elizabeth A. BE Esposito, LW Stofan, ER Cravens, TE TI Technology Perspectives in the Future Exploration of Venus SO EXPLORING VENUS AS A TERRESTRIAL PLANET SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB Science goals to understand the origin, history and environment of Venus have been driving international space exploration missions for over 40 years. Today, Venus is still identified as a high priority science target in NASA's Solar System Exploration Roadmap, and clearly fits scientific objectives of ESA's Cosmic Vision Program in addition to the ongoing Venus Express mission, while JAXA is planning to launch its own Venus Climate Orbiter. Technology readiness has often been the pivotal factor in mission prioritization. Missions in all classes-small, medium or large-could be designed as orbiters with remote sensing capabilities, however, the desire for scientific advancements beyond our current knowledge point to in-situ exploration of Venus at the surface and lower atmosphere, involving probes, landers, and aerial platforms. High altitude balloons could circumnavigate Venus repeatedly; deep probes could operate for extended periods utilizing thermal protection technologies, pressure vessel designs and advancements in high temperature electronics. In situ missions lasting for over an Earth day could employ a specially designed dynamic Stirling Radioisotope Generator (SRG) power system, that could provide both electric power and active thermal control to the spacecraft. An air mobility platform, possibly employing metallic bellows, could allow for all axis control, long traversing and surface access at multiple desired locations, thus providing an advantage over static lander or rover based architectures. Sample return missions are also featured in all planetary roadmaps. The Venus exploration plans over the,next three decades are anticipated to greatly contribute to our understanding of this planet, which subsequently would advance our overall knowledge about Solar System history and habitability. C1 [Cutts, James A.; Balint, Tibor S.; Kolawa, Elizabeth A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Chassefiere, Eric] Univ P&M Curie, Serv Aeron, Pole Syst Solaire IPSL, Paris, France. RP Cutts, JA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-441-2 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2007 VL 176 BP 207 EP 225 DI 10.1029/176GM13 D2 10.1029/GM176 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BKA20 UT WOS:000267579300012 ER PT S AU Forth, SC Newman, JC Forman, RG AF Forth, S. C. Newman, J. C., Jr. Forman, R. G. BE Link, RE Nikbin, KM TI Anomalous fatigue crack growth data generated using the ASTM standards SO FATIGUE & FRACTURE MECHANICS, 35TH VOLUME SE American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture CY NOV 18-20, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Int DE fatigue crack growth; ASTM E 647; crack growth; crack closure ID CLOSURE AB The ASTM standard for fatigue crack growth, E 647, was co-developed by industry and government in the late 1970s to define a standard procedure for generating material crack growth behavior under a variety of loading conditions. The standard specifies tolerances on laboratory procedures, specimen configurations to generate material characterization information of a high integrity. Recent research developing fatigue crack growth rate data has uncovered significant issues with the standard test method and specimen configurations. The data generated has been largely dependent on specimen configuration, i.e., M(T) and C(T) specimens produce very different crack growth rate curves; C(T) specimens of different sizes do not generate the same material response; and finally, the development of steady-state, as defined using constant AK testing, does not agree with the data generated with the standard ASTM test method. Therefore, in this paper the authors present data that does not lend confidence in the integrity of the standard C(T) specimen tested using the ASTM standard method and investigate causes for the observed anomalous crack growth rate behavior. C1 [Forth, S. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Forth, SC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 188E,2 W Reid St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 978-0-8031-3406-5 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2007 VL 35 BP 244 EP 255 DI 10.1520/STP45540S PG 12 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BHF65 UT WOS:000252737900020 ER PT J AU Finke, N Vandieken, V Jorgensen, BB AF Finke, Niko Vandieken, Verona Jorgensen, Bo Barker TI Acetate, lactate, propionate, and isobutyrate as electron donors for iron and sulfate reduction in Arctic marine sediments, Svalbard SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE volatile fatty acids; potential selenate reduction; inhibition; acetate turnover ID VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; ENHANCED SUBSTRATE REQUIREMENT; FRESH-WATER SEDIMENTS; REDUCING BACTERIA; SELENATE REDUCTION; CARBON OXIDATION; PORE-WATER; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS AB The contribution of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as e(-)-donors for anaerobic terminal oxidation of organic carbon through iron and sulfate reduction was studied in Arctic fjord sediment. Dissolved inorganic carbon, Fe2+, VFA concentrations, and sulfate reduction were monitored in slurries from the oxidized (0-2 cm) and the reduced (5-9 cm) zone. In the 0-2 cm layer, 2/3 of the mineralization could be attributed to sulfate reduction and 1/3 to iron reduction. In the 5-9 cm layer, sulfate reduction was the sole mineralization process. Acetate and lactate turnover rates were measured by radiotracer. Inhibition of sulfate reduction with selenate resulted in the accumulation of acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate. The acetate turnover rates determined by radiotracer and accumulation after inhibition were similar. VFA turnover accounted for 21% and 52% of the mineralization through sulfate reduction in the 0-2 and 5-9 cm layer, respectively. Acetate and lactate turnover in the inhibited 0-2 cm slurry was attributed to iron reduction and accounted for 10% and 2% of the iron reduction. Therefore, 88% and 79% of the iron and sulfate reduction in the 0-2 cm layer, respectively, must be fueled by alternative e(-)-donors. The accumulation of VFA in the selenate-inhibited 0-2 cm slurry did not enhance iron reduction, indicating that iron reducers were not limited by VFA availability. C1 Max Planck Marine Microbiol, Dept Biogeochem, Bremen, Germany. RP Finke, N (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM nfinke@web.de RI Jorgensen, Bo/C-2214-2013 OI Jorgensen, Bo/0000-0001-9398-8027 NR 79 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 59 IS 1 BP 10 EP 22 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00214.x PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 116EG UT WOS:000242784700003 PM 17069623 ER PT J AU Macleod, TC Ho, FD AF Macleod, Todd C. Ho, Fat Duen TI Modeling ferroelectric field effect transistor characteristics from micro to nano SO FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE ferroelectric transistors; modeling; nano-scale; velocity saturation; direct tunnelling AB All present ferroelectric transistors have been made on the micrometer scale. Existing models of these devices do not take into account effects of nanoscale ferroelectric transistors. Understanding the characteristics of these nanoscale devices is important in developing a strategy for building and using future devices. This paper takes an existing microscale ferroelectric field effect transistor (FFET) model and adds effects that become important at a nanoscale level, including electron velocity saturation and direct tunneling. The new model analyzed FFETs ranging in length from 40,000 nanometers to 4 nanometers and ferroelectric thickness from 200 nanometers to 1 nanometer. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Macleod, TC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM todd.macleod@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0015-0193 J9 FERROELECTRICS JI Ferroelectrics PY 2007 VL 350 BP 65 EP + DI 10.1080/00150190701369917 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 180FB UT WOS:000247346600008 ER PT S AU Allison, SG Prosser, WH Hare, DA Moore, TC Kenner, WS AF Allison, Sidney G. Prosser, William H. Hare, David A. Moore, Thomas C. Kenner, W. Scott BE Udd, E TI Optical fiber distributed sensing structural health monitoring (SHM) strain measurements taken during cryotank Y-joint test article load cycling at liquid helium temperatures - art. no. 677003 SO FIBER OPTIC SENSORS AND APPLICATIONS V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Fiber Optic Sensors and Applications V CY SEP 10-12, 2007 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE fiber optic sensing; optical frequency domain reflectometry; Bragg gratings; cryogenic fuel tank; liquid Helium ID MODULATION AB This paper outlines cryogenic Y-joint testing at Langley Research Center (LaRC) to validate the performance of optical fiber Bragg grating strain sensors for measuring strain at liquid helium temperature (-240 degrees C). This testing also verified survivability of fiber sensors after experiencing 10 thermal cool-down, warm-up cycles and 400 limit load cycles. Graphite composite skins bonded to a honeycomb substrate in a sandwich configuration comprised the Y-joint specimens. To enable SHM of composite cryotanks for consideration to future spacecraft, a light-weight, durable monitoring technology is needed. The fiber optic distributed Bragg grating strain sensing system developed at LaRC is a viable substitute for conventional strain gauges which are not practical for SHM. This distributed sensing technology uses an Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometer (OFDR). This measurement approach has the advantage that it can measure hundreds of Bragg grating sensors per fiber and the sensors are all written at one frequency, greatly simplifying fiber manufacturing. Fiber optic strain measurements compared well to conventional strain gauge measurements obtained during these tests. These results demonstrated a high potential for a successful implementation of a SHM system incorporating LaRC's fiber optic sensing system on the composite cryotank and other future cryogenic applications. C1 [Allison, Sidney G.; Prosser, William H.; Hare, David A.; Moore, Thomas C.; Kenner, W. Scott] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Allison, SG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6930-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6770 BP 77003 EP 77003 DI 10.1117/12.731605 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BHJ70 UT WOS:000253613900002 ER PT B AU Halem, M Patwardhan, A Dornbush, S Seablom, M Yesha, Y AF Halem, Milton Patwardhan, Anand Dornbush, Sandor Seablom, Michael Yesha, Yelena TI Sensor web design studies for realtime dynamic congestion pricing SO FIFTH ANNUAL IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PERVASIVE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS WORKSHOPS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications CY MAR 19-23, 2007 CL White Plains, NY SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, Univ Texas Arlington AB Traffic Congestion is a multi-billion dollar national problem and is worsening every year with population growth and increase in freight traffic. We present a model for realistic simulation studies to mitigate congestion in urban areas using dynamic congestion pricing on express toll lanes. Specifically, we identify and address the design issues needed to develop a real time event driven sensor web observation system for traffic monitoring that provides dynamic congestion pricing. To assess the feasibility of this sensor web system, we are in the process of conducting simulation studies based on real data for various system configurations to validate the mitigating impact of dynamic congestion pricing on intermodal freight flow to and from the ports in urban areas. In this paper, we focus on freight flow into the Baltimore corridor from its ports. C1 [Halem, Milton; Patwardhan, Anand; Dornbush, Sandor; Yesha, Yelena] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Seablom, Michael] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Halem, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM halem@cs.umbc.edu; anand2@cs.umbc.edu; sandor1@cs.umbc.edu; Michael.S.Seablom@nasa.gov; yeyesha@cs.umbc.edu NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2788-8 PY 2007 BP 413 EP + DI 10.1109/PERCOMW.2007.106 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGD15 UT WOS:000246105700072 ER PT S AU Mierla, M Schwenn, R Teriaca, L Stenborg, G Podlipnik, B AF Mierla, M. Schwenn, R. Teriaca, L. Stenborg, G. Podlipnik, B. BE Dumitrache, C Popescu, NA Suran, MD Mioc, V TI Study of a solar streamer on March 1998 using LASCO-C1 spectral data SO FIFTY YEARS OF ROMANIAN ASTROPHYSICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Fifty Years of Romanian Astrophysics CY SEP 27-30, 2006 CL Bucharest, ROMANIA SP Romanian Minist Educ & Res DE sun; corona; spectral lines; dynamics of corona ID CORONAGRAPH AB The slow solar wind is supposed to originate from coronal regions associated with streamers. It is not clear yet how the closed magnetic field structures of streamers are opening up in order to release the plasma. An analysis of this subject, particularly of a streamer on March 1998, is done using LASCO-C1 spectral data. LASCO-C1 is an internally occulted coronagraph on the SOHO spacecraft. It has a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer which allows taking spectral scans of selected coronal emission lines. From measured line profiles we deduced physical quantities like temperature and flow velocities along the line of sight. This way, we obtained information on the flow pattern in the low corona. C1 [Mierla, M.] Romanian Acad, Astron Inst, Bucharest, Romania. [Schwenn, R.; Teriaca, L.; Podlipnik, B.] Max Planck Inst, Solar Syst Res, K Lindau, Germany. [Stenborg, G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mierla, M (reprint author), Romanian Acad, Astron Inst, Bucharest, Romania. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0400-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 895 BP 75 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGC75 UT WOS:000246061300013 ER PT J AU Hshieh, FY Williams, JH AF Hshieh, Fu-Yu Williams, James H. TI Pneumatic impact ignition of selected polymers in high-pressure oxygen environments SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE ignition of polymers; high-pressure oxygen environments; pneumatic impact ID GLASSY-POLYMERS; ANTIOXIDANTS; SENSITIVITY; SOLUBILITY; MOBILITY AB One likely cause of polymer ignition in high-pressure oxygen systems is adiabatic-compression heating of polymers, caused by pneumatic impact. This study investigates ignition by pneumatic impact of selected polymers in high-pressure oxygen environments. Six polymers commonly used in high-pressure oxygen systems were tested in a pneumatic-impact test system at 8.3-37.9 MPa oxygen pressures. The six polymers tested were Teflon(R)double dagger (polytetrafluoroethylene), Neoflon(R) (polychlorotrifluoroethylene), PEEK (polyetheretherketone), Zytel(R)double dagger 42 (Nylon 6/6), Buna N (nitrile rubber), and Viton(R)double dagger A (copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene). This study shows that the ignition of polymers due to pneumatic impact could be initiated by a local heterogeneous reaction between the hot oxygen and the oxidation sites of the polymer, and proposes an ignition mechanism. Ignition susceptibility of a material to the pneumatic impact can be expressed by its ignition probability. The ignition probabilities of the six polymers at the various oxygen pressures are presented. There is no good correlation between the ignition probability and the autoignition temperature. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr White Sands Test Facil, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hshieh, FY (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr White Sands Test Facil, Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. EM fhshieh@wstf.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JAN-FEB PY 2007 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1002/fam.922 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 140BG UT WOS:000244476600001 ER PT S AU Ritz, S AF Ritz, S. CA GLAST Mission Team BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Overview of the GLAST mission and opportunities SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr AB The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope, GLAST, is a mission to measure the cosmic gamma-ray flux in the energy range 20 MeV to > 300 GeV, with supporting measurements for gamma-ray bursts from 8 keV to 30 MeV. With its launch in late 2007, GLAST will open a new and important window on a wide variety of high-energy phenomena, including black holes and active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts, the origin of cosmic rays and studies of supernova remnants, and searches for hypothetical new phenomena. Along with the major science questions for GLAST, this talk will include the mission status, operations plans, and the opportunities for Guest Investigators. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ritz, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 3 EP 7 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700001 ER PT S AU Meegan, C Bhat, N Connaughton, V Briggs, M Diehl, R Fishman, G Greiner, J Kippen, RM von Kienlin, A Kouveliotou, C Lichti, G Paciesas, W Preece, R Steinle, H Wilson-Hodge, C AF Meegan, Charles Bhat, Narayana Connaughton, Valerie Briggs, Michael Diehl, Roland Fishman, Gerald Greiner, Jochen Kippen, R. Marc von Kienlin, Andreas Kouveliotou, Chryssa Lichti, Giselher Paciesas, William Preece, Robert Steinle, Helmut Wilson-Hodge, Colleen BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI The GLAST Burst Monitor SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-ray bursts; instrumentation ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; HIGH-ENERGY AB The GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) comprises an array of NaI and BGO scintillation detectors designed to enhance the scientific return from GLAST in the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). By observing in the 10 keV to 30 MeV energy range, GBM extends the spectral coverage of GRBs more than 3 decades below the LAT energy threshold. GBM computes burst locations on-board, allowing repointing of the GLAST Observatory to place strong bursts within the LAT field-of-view to observe delayed high-energy emission. C1 [Meegan, Charles; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Wilson-Hodge, Colleen] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Kippen, R. Marc] Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Bhat, Narayana; Connaughton, Valerie; Briggs, Michael; Paciesas, William; Preece, Robert] Univ Alabama, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Diehl, Roland; Greiner, Jochen; von Kienlin, Andreas; Lichti, Giselher; Steinle, Helmut] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Meegan, C (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. OI Preece, Robert/0000-0003-1626-7335 FU our home institutions and our contractors.; BMBF via the DLR [50 QV 0301] FX The GBM science team appreciates the excellent engineering support provided by our home institutions and our contractors. Crismatec manufactured the crystal assemblies. Jena-Optronic GmbH produced the detector electronics and integrated and tested the detector assemblies. EADS Astrium designed, built and tested the Power Box. Southwest Research Institute designed, built, and tested the DPU. The German part of the GBM project was supported by the BMBF via the DLR under the contract number 50 QV 0301. NR 4 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 13 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700003 ER PT S AU Harding, AK AF Harding, Alice K. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Pulsar physics and GLAST SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma rays; gamma-ray sources; pulsars ID HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION; MILLISECOND PULSARS; POLAR CAPS; OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; PAIR FORMATION; CRAB PULSAR; GAMMA-RAYS; SLOT GAPS; RADIATION; ACCELERATION AB Rotation-powered pulsars are excellent laboratories for study of particle acceleration as well as fundamental physics of strong gravity, strong magnetic fields, high densities and relativity. I will review some outstanding questions in pulsar physics and the prospects for finding answers with GLAST LAT observations. LAT observations should significantly increase the number of detected radio-loud and radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars, including millisecond pulsars, giving much better statistics for elucidating population characteristics, will measure the high-energy spectrum and the shape of spectral cutoffs and determine pulse profiles for a variety of pulsars of different age. Further, measurement of phase-resolved spectra and energy dependent pulse profiles of the brighter pulsars should allow detailed tests of magnetospheric particle acceleration and radiation mechanisms, by comparing data with theoretical models that have been developed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harding, AK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 49 EP 53 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700011 ER PT S AU Thompson, DJ AF Thompson, David J. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI GLAST large area telescope muiltiwavelength opportunities SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma rays; multiwavelength; active galactic nuclei; unidentified sources AB High-energy gamma-ray sources are inherently nonthermal, multiwavelength objects. With the launch of the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) scheduled for later this year, the GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration invites cooperative efforts from observers at all wavelengths. Among the many topics where multiwavelength studies will maximize the scientific understanding, two stand out for particular emphasis: (1) Active Galactic Nuclei. The study of AGN gamma-ray jets through time variability and spectral modeling can help link the accretion processes close to the black hole with the large-scale interaction of the AGN with its environment; (2) Unidentified Gamma-my Sources. New gamma-ray sources need first to be identified with known objects seen at other wavelengths using position, spectrum, or time variability, and then multiwavelength studies can be used to explore the astrophysical implications of high-energy radiation from these sources. Observers interested in any type of coordinated observations should contact the LAT Multiwavelength Coordinating Group. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thompson, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Thompson, David/D-2939-2012 OI Thompson, David/0000-0001-5217-9135 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 86 EP 88 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700020 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N Cannizzo, JK AF Gehrels, Neil Cannizzo, John K. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Combining Swift and GLAST to explore GRBs SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-ray bursts; supernovae; instrumentation ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; HIGH-ENERGY; REDSHIFT; AFTERGLOW; EMISSION; SPECTRUM; BATSE AB A golden age of GRB astronomy will be upon us when GLAST launches in late 2007 and Swift continues its mission. The Swift NASA MIDEX launched in November 2004 and is detecting similar to 100 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) each year. For almost every burst there is a prompt (within similar to 90 s) spacecraft repointing to give X-ray and UV/optical observations of the afterglow. Swift has already collected an impressive database, including prompt emission to higher sensitivities than BATSE, uniform monitoring of afterglows, and rapid follow-up by other observatories notified through the GCN. With the launch of GLAST, there will be the opportunity to combine the powers of Swift and GLAST to make tremendous progress in the study of GRBs. GRBs detected by either mission will trigger observation by the other to give multiwavelength data on prompt and afterglow emission from optical through GeV gamma rays. This paper summarizes scientific results from Swift and CGRO/EGRET and discusses the ways that Swift and GLAST can work together on GRB observations. C1 [Gehrels, Neil; Cannizzo, John K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Cannizzo, John K.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gehrels@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 95 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700022 ER PT S AU Story, SA Gonthier, PL Harding, AK AF Story, Sarah A. Gonthier, Peter L. Harding, Alice K. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Population synthesis of radio and gamma-ray millisecond pulsars from the galactic SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE radiation mechanisms : non-thermal; magnetic fields; stars : neutron; pulsars : general; gamma rays : theory AB We present results of a population synthesis of millisecond pulsars from the Galactic disk. Excluding globular clusters, we model the spatial distribution of millisecond pulsars by assuming their birth in the Galactic disk with a random kick velocity and evolve them to the present within the Galactic potential. We assume that ordinary and millisecond pulsars are standard candles described with a common radio emission model that invokes a new relationship between radio core and cone emission suggested by recent studies. In modeling the radio emission beams, we explore the relativistic effects of time delay, aberration and sweepback of the open field lines. While these effects are essential in understanding pulse profiles, the phase-averaged flux is adequately described without a relativistic model. We use a polar cap acceleration model for the gamma-ray emission. We present the preliminary results of our recent study and the implications for observing millisecond pulsars with GLAST and AGILE. C1 [Story, Sarah A.; Gonthier, Peter L.] Hope Coll Dept Phys, Dept Phys, 27 Graves Pl, Holland, MI 49423 USA. [Harding, Alice K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Story, SA (reprint author), Hope Coll Dept Phys, Dept Phys, 27 Graves Pl, Holland, MI 49423 USA. RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 FU National Science Foundation [AST-0307365]; Michigan Space Grant Consortium; NASA Astrophysics Theory Program FX We are very grateful to Isabelle Grenier and Jean-Marc Casandjian for providing a GLAST-LAT 1 year point source threshold map. We express our gratitude for the generous support of the National Science Foundation (REU and AST-0307365), the Michigan Space Grant Consortium and the NASA Astrophysics Theory Program NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 226 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700053 ER PT S AU Stecker, FW AF Stecker, F. W. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Digging for the truth: Photon archeology with GLAST SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-rays; absorption; star formation; background radiation ID EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT; GAMMA-RAY ABSORPTION; STAR-FORMATION RATE; LUMINOSITY DENSITY; SPITZER VIEW; DEEP-FIELD; RADIATION; EVOLUTION; GALAXIES; UNIVERSE AB Stecker, Malkan and Scully, have shown how ongoing deep surveys of galaxy luminosity functions, spectral energy distributions and backwards evolution models of star formation rates can be used to calculate the past history of intergalactic photon densities for energies from 0.03 eV to the Lyman limit at 13.6 eV and for redshifts out to 6 (called here the intergalactic background light or IBL). From these calculations of the IBL at various redshifts, they predict the present and past optical depth of the universe to high energy gamma-rays owing to interactions with photons of the IBL and the 2.7 K CMB. We discuss here how this proceedure can be reversed by looking for sharp cutoffs in the spectra of extragalactic gamma-ray sources such as blazars at high redshifts in the multi-GeV energy range with GLAST (Gamma-Ray Large Are Space Telescope). By determining the cutoff energies of sources with known redshifts, we can refine our determination of the IBL photon densities in the past, i.e., the archeo-IBL, and therefore get a better measure of the past history of the total star formation rate. Conversely, observations of sharp high energy cutoffs in the gamma-ray spectra of sources at unknown redshifts can be used instead of spectral lines to give a measure of their redshifts. C1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stecker, FW (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Stecker, Floyd/D-3169-2012 NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 237 EP 239 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700056 ER PT S AU Kashlinsky, A Band, D AF Kashlinsky, A. Band, D. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Exploring first stars era with GLAST SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE cosmology; background radiation, cosmic; gamma-rays, bursts; gamma-rays, astronomical observations ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; HIGH-ENERGY; FLUCTUATIONS; DURATION; EMISSION; SPECTRUM AB Cosmic infrared background (CIB) includes emissions from objects inaccessible to current telescopic studies, such as the putative Population III, the first stars. Recently, strong direct evidence for significant CIB levels produced by the first stars came from CIB fluctuations discovered in deep Spitzer images. Such CIB levels should have left a unique absorption feature in the spectra of high-z GRBs and blazars as suggested in [4]. This is observable with GLAST sources at z > 2 and measuring this absorption will give important information on energetics and constituents of the first stars era. C1 [Kashlinsky, A.; Band, D.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observat Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kashlinsky, A.] SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Band, D.] UMBC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Band, D.] CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kashlinsky, A (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observat Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU National Science Foundations [AST-0406587] FX AK acknowledges support from the National Science Foundations grant AST-0406587. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 243 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700058 ER PT S AU Kadler, M Sato, G Tueller, J Sambruna, RM Markwardt, CB Giommi, P Gehrels, N AF Kadler, M. Sato, G. Tueller, J. Sambruna, R. M. Markwardt, C. B. Giommi, P. Gehrels, N. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI X-raying the MOJAVE sample of compact extragalactic radio jets SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE galaxies : active; galaxies : jets; galaxies : individual (NRAO 140, PKSB 1222+216; PKSB 1510-089, 3C 345, PKSB2126-158) ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI AB The MOJAVE sample is the first large radio-selected, VLBI-monitored AGN sample for which complete X-ray spectral information has been gathered. We report on the status of swift survey observations which complement the available archival X-ray data at 0.3-10keV and in the UV with its XRT and UVOT instruments. Many of these 133 radio-brightest AGN in the northern sky are now being observed for the first time at these energies. These and complementary other multiwavelength observations provide a large statistical sample of radio-selected AGN whose spectral energy distributions are neasured from radio to gamma-ray wavelengths, available at the beginning of GLAST operations in 2008. unobserved MOJAVE sources. In addition, the number of MOJAVE sources detected by the BAT instrument in the hard X-ray band is growing: we report the detection of five new blazars with BAT. C1 [Kadler, M.; Sato, G.; Tueller, J.; Sambruna, R. M.; Markwardt, C. B.; Gehrels, N.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kadler, M.] NASA Postdoctoral Res Associate, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Giommi, P.] ESRIN, ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. RP Kadler, M (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Tueller, Jack/D-5334-2012; OI giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 252 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700061 ER PT S AU Scargle, JD Norris, JP AF Scargle, Jeffrey D. Norris, Jay P. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Source and transient detection using data segmentation SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE optimal segmentation; Bayesian blocks; source detection; transient detection AB GLAST photon data can be viewed as a set of points in a four dimensional space: position on the sky (2D), time (1D), and energy (1D). Many data analysis problems can be solved by studying the structure of photon density as a function of position in this space. We describe a procedure for detecting and characterizing point and transient sources using an algorithm that estimates the density profile in terms of the best-fitting piecewise constant model in space and time. C1 [Scargle, Jeffrey D.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Norris, Jay P.] Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Scargle, JD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 310 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700077 ER PT S AU Foschini, L Ghisellini, G Tavecchio, F Treves, A Maraschi, L Ghozzi, M Raiteri, CM Villata, M Pian, E Taghaferri, G Tosti, G Sambruna, RM Malaguti, G Di Cocco, G Giommi, R AF Foschini, L. Ghisellini, G. Tavecchio, F. Treves, A. Maraschi, L. Ghozzi, M. Raiteri, C. M. Villata, M. Pian, E. Taghaferri, G. Tosti, G. Sambruna, R. M. Malaguti, G. Di Cocco, G. Giommi, R. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Swift follow-up of the gigantic TeV outburst of PKS 2155-304 in 2006 SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE BL Lacertae objects : general; BL Lacertae objects : individual (PKS 2155-304) ID PKS 2155-304 AB At the end of July 2006, the blazar PKS 2155 - 304 (z = 0. 116) underwent a strong outburst observed at TeV energies by HESS (up to 17 Crab flux level at E > 200 GeV). The Swift satellite followed the evolution of the source for about one month. The data analysis - reported in another paper - has shown that, despite the violent activity at TeV energies, the synchrotron energy distribution increased in normalization, but only with a small shift in frequency. In the present work, we fit the broad-band spectrum with a log-parabolic model, to search for indications of intrinsic curvature, which in turn is usually interpreted as a signature of energy-dependent acceleration mechanisms of electrons. C1 [Foschini, L.; Malaguti, G.; Di Cocco, G.] INAF IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. [Tavecchio, F.; Maraschi, L.; Taghaferri, G.] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, I-20121 Milan, Italy. [Treves, A.] Univ Insubria, Dept Sci, I-22100 Como, Italy. [Ghozzi, M.] George Mason Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Raiteri, C. M.; Villata, M.] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy. [Pian, E.] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Trieste, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. [Tosti, G.] Univ Perugia, Osservatorio Astron, I-06126 Perugia, Italy. [Sambruna, R. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Giommi, R.] ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. RP Foschini, L (reprint author), INAF IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. RI Foschini, Luigi/H-3833-2012; OI Foschini, Luigi/0000-0001-8678-0324; Pian, Elena/0000-0001-8646-4858; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Villata, Massimo/0000-0003-1743-6946; Raiteri, Claudia Maria/0000-0003-1784-2784; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 329 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700082 ER PT S AU Georganopoulos, M Perlman, ES Kazanas, D McEnery, J AF Georganopoulos, Markos Perlman, Eric S. Kazanas, Demosthenes McEnery, Julie BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Breaking the enigma of the X-ray quasar jets with GLAST SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE radiation mechanisms : non-thermal; blazars; variability; X-rays; Gamma-rays ID SPECTRA; EMISSION; LIGHT AB The two interpretations suggested for the Chandra-detected X-ray emission of the large scale jets of powerful quasars are external Compton (EC) scattering off the cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons (EC/CMB) and synchrotron emission from a population of electrons separate from those producing the radio - IR emission. Here we present a way to discriminate between the two models based on a fundamental difference they have: the production of synchrotron X-rays requires multi - TeV electrons, while the EC/CMB model requires a cutoff in the electron energy distribution (EED) below TeV energies. This has significant implications for the gamma-ray emission predicted by these two models, that can be tested through GeV and TeV observations of the nearby bright quasar 3C 273. C1 [Georganopoulos, Markos] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Georganopoulos, Markos; Kazanas, Demosthenes; McEnery, Julie] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Perlman, Eric S.] Florida Inst Technol, Dept Phys & Space Sci, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. RP Georganopoulos, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RI McEnery, Julie/D-6612-2012 FU Chandra theory grant; NASA long-term space astrophysics grant FX The authors acknowledge support from a Chandra theory grant and a NASA long-term space astrophysics grant. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 331 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700083 ER PT S AU Mzuno, Y Nishikawa, KI Hardee, P Fishman, GJ AF Mzuno, Y. Nishikawa, K. -I. Hardee, P. Fishman, G. J. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Relativistic MHD simulations of relativistic jets with RAUSHIN SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE relativistic jets; magnetohydrodynamics; MHD instabilities ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI AB We have performed numerical simulations of weakly and strongly magnetized relativistic jets embedded in a weakly and strongly magnetized stationary or mildly relativistic (0.5c) sheath using the RAISHIN code. In the numerical simulations a jet with Lorentz factor gamma = 2.5 is precessed to break the initial equilibrium configuration. Results of the numerical simulations are compared to theoretical predictions from a normal mode analysis of the linearized RMHD equations describing a uniform axially magnetized cylindrical relativistic jet embedded in a uniform axially magnetized moving sheath. The prediction of increased stability of a weakly-magnetized system with mildly relativistic sheath flow to Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and the stabilization of a strongly-magnetized system with mildly relativistic sheath flow is confirmed by the numerical simulations. C1 [Mzuno, Y.; Nishikawa, K. -I.; Hardee, P.; Fishman, G. J.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Mzuno, Y (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 351 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700093 ER PT S AU Nandikotkur, G Jahoda, KM Hartman, RC Mukherjee, R Sreekumar, P Bottcher, M Sambruna, RM Swank, JH AF Nandikotkur, Giridhar Jahoda, Keith. M. Hartman, R. C. Mukherjee, R. Sreekumar, P. Bottcher, M. Sambruna, R. M. Swank, J. H. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Does the blazar gamma-ray spectrum harden with increasing flux What we learned from EGRET SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE galaxies : active-methods : data analysis; statistical-radiation mechanisms : non-thermal AB The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) discovered gamma-ray emission from more than 67 blazars during its nine-year lifetime. We conducted an exhaustive search of the EGRET archives and selected all the blazars that have been observed multiple times and were bright enough to enable a spectral analysis using standard power-law models. The sample consists of 18 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), 6 low frequency- peaked BL Lacs (LBLs) and 2 high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (BBL). We do not detect any clear pattern in the variation of spectral index with flux. Some of the blazars do not show any statistical evidence for variability. The spectrum hardens with increasing flux in a few cases. There is also evidence for a flux-hardness anticorrelation at low fluxes in five blazars. The well observed blazars (3C 279, 3C 273, PKS 0528+134, PKS 1622-297, PKS 0208-512) do not show any overall trend in the spectral dependence on flux but the sample shows a mixture of hard and soft states. Our analysis uses the EGRET skymaps that were regenerated to include changes in performance during the mission. C1 [Nandikotkur, Giridhar] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Nandikotkur, Giridhar; Jahoda, Keith. M.; Hartman, R. C.; Sambruna, R. M.; Swank, J. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Univ Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mukherjee, R.] Columbia Univ & Barnard Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. [Sambruna, R. M.] ISRO Satellite Ctr, Space Astronom & Instrumentat Div, Bangalore 560017, Karnataka, India. RP Nandikotkur, G (reprint author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 353 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700094 ER PT S AU Reyes, LC AF Reyes, Luis C. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Detecting the EBL attenuation of blazars with GLAST SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-rays; absorption; background radiation; active galaxies ID EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT AB The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board GLAST (Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope) due for launch in late 2007 will study the gamma-ray sky in the energy range 20 MeV to > 300 GeV GLAST-LAT's improved sensitivity with respect to previous missions will increase the number of known blazars from about 100 to thousands, with redshifts up to z similar to 3-5. Since gamma rays with energy above 10 GeV interact via pair-production with photons from the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL), the systematic attenuation of GTLAST-detected blazars as a function of redshift would constitute and effective and unique probe to the optical-UV EBL density and its evolution over cosmic history. Based on the GLAST-LAT instrument performance, simulations of expected blazar populations attenuated by EBL have been performed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Reyes, LC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 359 EP 360 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700097 ER PT S AU Cillis, AN Reimer, O Torres, DF AF Cillis, Analia N. Reimer, Olaf Torres, Diego F. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Population studies of gamma ray sources using stacking analysis at low Galactic latitudes SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-rays; observations; pulsars; methods : data analysis ID EGRET UPPER LIMITS; SEARCHES; GALAXIES; EMISSION AB We studied the problem of the treatment of uncertainties in the diffuse gamma radiation apparent in stacking analysis of EGRET data at low Galactic latitudes for several classes of sources like PSRs. For those classes of sources we co-added maps of counts, exposure and diffuse background, and residuals, in varying numbers for different sub-categories. Finally we tested for gamma-ray excess emission in those maps and attempt to quantify the systematic biases in such approach. Such kinds of analysis will support and provide confidence in the classification processes of sources and source populations in the GLAST era. C1 [Cillis, Analia N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Reimer, Olaf] Stanford Univ, HEPL & KIPAC, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Torres, Diego F.] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Inst Ciencies Espai, IEEC CSIC, Barcelona 08193, Spain. RP Cillis, AN (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Reimer, Olaf/A-3117-2013 OI Reimer, Olaf/0000-0001-6953-1385 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 387 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700111 ER PT S AU Razzano, M Harding, AK AF Razzano, Massimiliano Harding, Alice K. CA GLAST LAT Collaboration BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI GLAST LAT and pulsars: what do we learn from simulations? SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-rays; gamma-ray telescopes; pulsars ID EMISSION AB Gamma-ray pulsars are among the best targets for the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard the GLAST mission. The higher sensitivity, time and energy resolution of the LAT will provide data of fundamental importance to understand the physics of these fascinating objects. Powerful tools for studying the LAT capabilities for pulsar science are the simulation programs developed within the GLAST Collaboration. Thanks to these simulations it is possible to produce a detailed distribution of gamma-ray photons in energy and phase that can be folded through the LAT Instrument Response Functions (IRFs). Here we present some of the main interesting results from the simulations developed to study the discovery potential of the LAT. In particular we will focus on the capability of the LAT to discover new radio-loud gamma-ray pulsars, on the discrimination between Polar Cap and Outer Gap models, and on the LAT pulsar sensitivity. C1 [Razzano, Massimiliano] Univ Pisa, Largo B Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. [Razzano, Massimiliano] Inst Nazl Fis Nucl, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. [Harding, Alice K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Razzano, M (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Largo B Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. EM massimiliano.razzano@pi.infn.it; harding@twinkie.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 413 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700124 ER PT S AU Shrader, CR Sturner, S AF Shrader, C. R. Sturner, S. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI A search for short-lived transient phenomenon in LS I+61 303 SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE X-ray binaries; LS I+61303; neutron stars; gamma rays ID SPECTRUM; LS-5039 AB Motivated by reports of transient behavior on the circumstellar disk of the gamma-ray bright, X-ray binary system LSI +61 303 we have undertaken a search for possible ionizing events. We have utilized the hard-X-ray monitoring database provided by the INTEGRAL Galactic Plane survey program. C1 [Shrader, C. R.; Sturner, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Shrader, C. R.; Sturner, S.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. RP Shrader, CR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 415 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700125 ER PT S AU Shrader, CR AF Shrader, C. R. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Gamma-ray emission from X-ray binaries SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE X-ray binaries; gamma rays; neutron stars; jets ID LS-5039 AB We summarize the current observational picture regarding high-energy emission from Galactic X-ray binaries, reviewing the results of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory mission. We speculate on the prospects for the GLAST era. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shrader, CR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 417 EP 418 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700126 ER PT S AU Sturner, SJ Shrader, CR AF Sturner, S. J. Shrader, C. R. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI INTEGRALobservations of the pulsar PSR J1846-0258 SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE pulsars; PSR J1846-0258; neutron stars; gamma rays ID SUPERNOVA REMNANT G29.7-0.3 AB We present the results of a study of the high-energy properties of PSR J1846-0258 using INTEGRAL data. PSR J1846-0258 has a period of 325 ms and is embedded within a PWN that is associated with the SNR KES 75. This pulsar is unusual for two reasons. First, like Geminga, no radio pulsations have yet been detected from this pulsar. It has thus far been detected exclusively in the X-ray and gamma-ray bands. Second, it has a large inferred magnetic field, similar to 5 x 10(13) G. The 20-200 keV spectra derived from 2.35 Msec of INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI observations are consistent with an extension of the previous spectral results at energies below 10 keV from Chandra. The possibility of detecting PSR J1846-0258 with GLAST is discussed as well as the implications a GLAST detection would have on pulsar theory, specifically photon splitting in the magnetospheres of high-field pulsars. C1 [Sturner, S. J.; Shrader, C. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sturner, SJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 421 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700128 ER PT S AU Gonthier, PL Story, SA Clow, BD Harding, AK Grenier, IA AF Gonthier, Peter L. Story, Sarah A. Clow, Brian D. Harding, Alice K. Grenier, Isabelle A. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Population statistics of normal, radio and gamma-ray pulsars from the galactic disk SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE radiation mechanisms : non-thermal; magnetic fields; stars : neutron; pulsars : general; gamma rays : theory ID OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; YOUNG PULSARS; SLOT GAPS; RADIATION; POLARIZATION; EMISSION; ACCELERATION; ALTITUDE AB We present results of a pulsar population synthesis of normal pulsars in the Galactic plane. Over the past several years, a program has been developed to simulate pulsar birth, evolution, and emission using Monte Carlo techniques. We model the spatial distribution of pulsars by assuming they are born with a random kick velocity and then evolved within the Galactic potential. We assume that pulsars are standard candles and invoke a new relationship between core and cone emission suggested by recent studies, which we also apply to millisecond pulsars. From our studies of radio pulsars that have clearly identifiable core and cone components, in which we fit the polarization sweep as well as the pulse profiles to constrain the viewing geometry, we develop a model describing the ratio of radio core-to-cone peak fluxes. In this model, short period pulsars are more cone-dominated than in our previous studies. We use both a low and high altitude slot gap model for describing the gamma-ray emission. We also include gamma-ray emission from an outer-gap model to compare the statistics of radio-loud and radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars on the same footing as pulsars from our slot gap, polar cap model. We present results of our recent study and the implications for observing these pulsars with GLAST and AGILE. C1 [Gonthier, Peter L.; Story, Sarah A.; Clow, Brian D.] Hope Coll, Dept Phys, 27 Graves Pl, Holland, MI 49423 USA. [Harding, Alice K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Grenier, Isabelle A.] CEA Saclay, AIM, Service Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Gonthier, PL (reprint author), Hope Coll, Dept Phys, 27 Graves Pl, Holland, MI 49423 USA. RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 FU National Science Foundation (REU) [AST-0307365]; Michigan Space Grant Consortium; NASA Astrophysics Theory Program FX We are very grateful to Isabelle Grenier and Jean-Marc Casandjian for providing a GLAST-LAT 1 year point source threshold map. We express our gratitude for the generous support of the National Science Foundation (REU and AST-0307365), the Michigan Space Grant Consortium and the NASA Astrophysics Theory Program. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 431 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700133 ER PT S AU Band, DL AF Band, David L. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI The synergy between the LAT and GBM in GLAST'S study of gamma-ray bursts SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-ray bursts ID HIGH-ENERGY; SENSITIVITY AB Using semi-analytic calculations I characterize the gamma-ray bursts to which GLAST's LAT and GBM detectors will be sensitive. The thresholds of both instruments are at approximately the same vf(v) (EN)-N-2(E) values, i.e., the thresholds can be connected by an E-2 spectrum. Therefore simultaneous detections by both instruments will be biased towards spectral components flatter than E-2. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, UMBC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Band, DL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, UMBC, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 446 EP 447 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700140 ER PT S AU Briggs, MS Connaughton, V Paciesas, W Preece, R Meegan, CA Fishman, G Kouveliotou, C Wilson-Hodge, C Diehl, R Greiner, J von Kienlin, A Lichti, G Steinle, H Kippen, RM AF Briggs, M. S. Connaughton, V. Paciesas, W. Preece, R. Meegan, C. A. Fishman, G. Kouveliotou, C. Wilson-Hodge, C. Diehl, R. Greiner, J. von Kienlin, A. Lichti, G. Steinle, H. Kippen, R. M. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI GLAST burst monitor on-board triggering, locations and event classification SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE GLAST; GBM; gamma-ray bursts; flight software AB We report on how the the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) Flight Software will detect gamma-ray rate increases, a process known as "triggering", and on how the Flight Software will locate and classify the causes of the triggers. C1 [Preece, R.] Univ Alabama, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Wilson-Hodge, C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Steinle, H.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Kippen, R. M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Briggs, MS (reprint author), Univ Alabama, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. OI Preece, Robert/0000-0003-1626-7335 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 450 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700142 ER PT S AU Kazanas, D Mastichiadis, A Georganopoulos, M AF Kazanas, Demosthenes Mastichiadis, Apostolos Georganopoulos, Markos BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI The 'supercritical pile' GRB model: Light curves and GRB, XRF unification SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE Gamma Ray Bursts ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AB We propose that the transition from the prompt to the GRB afterglow stage takes place when the Lorentz factor of the Relativistic BlastWave (RBW) drops below the threshold value Gamma(c) similar or equal to (2/b)(1/5), necessary for the production of e(+)e(-) -pairs with the thermal (relativistic) protons of the RBW, where b is the (normalized) magnetic field of the RBW. We further propose that the afterglow is powered by the energy of protons in a power-law non-thermal tail, which do fulfill the required kinematic threshold because of their higher Lorentz factor. We show that in this case the value of the peak energy in the vF(v) spectra E-p lies below the canonical value of m(e)c(2) predicted in the original version of the model and decreases with time like t-(3/4). Bursts with initial Lorentz factor Gamma < Gamma(c) will have E-p << m(e)c(2) and much smaller luminosities, resembling the properties of XRF, thereby suggesting a unified picture of the two phenomena. C1 [Kazanas, Demosthenes] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mastichiadis, Apostolos] Univ Athens, Dept Astron, GR-15784 Athens, Greece. [Georganopoulos, Markos] UMBC, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Kazanas, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 458 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700146 ER PT S AU Longo, F McEnery, J Omodei, N Bastieri, D Piron, F AF Longo, F. McEnery, J. Omodei, N. Bastieri, D. Piron, F. CA GLAST LAT Collaboration BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Gamma-Ray Burst observations with GLAST and TeV observatories SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-ray bursts; gamma-ray telescopes ID HIGH-ENERGY; EMISSION AB The Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), scheduled to be launched in 2007, will provide the capability to observe Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) from 10 keV to more than 300 GeV The spectral and temporal properties of GRBs above a few GeV are still almost unknown, extending these detections to higher energies with GLAST will have a large impact on our knowledge of the particle acceleration and emission processes occuring within these sources. In this work we review the requirements and the opportunities for good coordination of GLAST with ground-based telescopes operating above a few tens of GeV, and examine the potential of such simultaneous observations in terms of expected rates of alerts. C1 [Longo, F.] Univ Trieste, Via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. [McEnery, J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Omodei, N.] INFN, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. [Bastieri, D.] Univ Padua, INFN, Padua, Italy. [Piron, F.] Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, IN2P3 LPTA, Montpellier, France. RP Longo, F (reprint author), Univ Trieste, Via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. RI McEnery, Julie/D-6612-2012; OI Bastieri, Denis/0000-0002-6954-8862; Omodei, Nicola/0000-0002-5448-7577 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 464 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700149 ER PT S AU Moiseev, A Ormes, JF Funk, S AF Moiseev, Alexander Ormes, J. F. Funk, Stefan CA LAT Collaboration BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI LAT perspectives in detection of high energy cosmic ray electrons SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE high energy cosmic ray electrons; gamma-ray telescope ID POSITRONS AB The GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT) science objectives and capabilities in the detection of high energy electrons in the energy range from 20 GeV to similar to 1 TeV are presented. LAT simulations are used to establish the event 14 selections. It is found that maintaining the efficiency of electron detection at the level of 30% the residual hadron contamination does not exceed 2-3% of the electron flux. LAT should collect similar to ten million of electrons with the energy above 20 GeV for each year of observation. Precise spectral reconstruction with high statistics presents us with a unique opportunity to investigate several important problems such as studying galactic models of IC radiation, revealing the signatures of nearby sources such as high energy cutoff in the electron spectrum, testing the propagation model, and searching for KKDM particles decay through their contribution to the electron spectrum. C1 [Moiseev, Alexander] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, USRA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ormes, J. F.] Univ Denver, Denver, CO USA. [Funk, Stefan] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA USA. RP Moiseev, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, USRA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI Funk, Stefan/0000-0002-2012-0080 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 500 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700167 ER PT S AU Edmonds, Y Baltz, E Bloom, E Cohen-Tanugi, J Godfrey, G Wai, L Wang, P Scargle, J Conrad, J AF Edmonds, Y. Baltz, E. Bloom, E. Cohen-Tanugi, J. Godfrey, G. Wai, L. Wang, P. Scargle, J. Conrad, J. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Estimate for GLAST LAT Milky Way Dark Matter WIMP line sensitivity SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE GLAST; Dark Matter; gamma rays; WIMP AB The LAT Dark Matter and New Physics Working group has been developing approaches for the indirect astrophysical detection of annihilation of dark matter. Our work has assumed that a significant component of dark matter is a new type of Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (VIM). The annihilation of two WIMPs usually results in the production of many high energy gamma rays (> 1 GeV) that can be well measured. in the GLAST LAT if present. There is also the possibility to observe gamma lines from annihilation into gamma gamma and or gamma Z final states. In popular SUSY theories these line decays occur at the 10(-4) to 10(-2) branching fraction level. Estimates of LAT sensitivity (at 5 sigma above background) and upper limits (upper limit at the 95% confidence level) to these WIMP lines will be presented. These sensitivities are given in photons/cm(2)/sec/sr and so do not depend on the VIM models. However, they do depend on the diffuse background model. The latter is derived from GALPROP[l] based on EGRET and other data in the EGRET energy range. We use extrapolations, provided by the GALPROP team to the higher energy range of 150 GeV explored in the preliminary line sensitivity study presented here. Comparison with theory depends upon the WIMP model (e.g., line energy and I or 2 lines), the DM halo model, and other astrophysics backgrounds. Thus estimates of the ability of the LAT to actually observe WIMP lines can vary over orders of magnitude depending upon which models are chosen. C1 [Edmonds, Y.; Baltz, E.; Bloom, E.; Cohen-Tanugi, J.; Godfrey, G.; Wai, L.; Wang, P.] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Edmonds, Y.; Baltz, E.; Bloom, E.; Cohen-Tanugi, J.; Godfrey, G.; Wai, L.; Wang, P.] Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA USA. [Scargle, J.] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Conrad, J.] AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Royal Inst Technol KTH, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Edmonds, Y (reprint author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 514 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700174 ER PT S AU Band, DL AF Band, David L. CA GLAST SSC BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI The GLAST guest investigator program SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-ray missions AB We provide an overview of the GLAST Guest Investigator (GI) program, which will support basic research relevant to the GLAST mission in yearly cycles beginning approximately two months after launch. Current details about the GLAST GI program will always be posted on the GLAST Science Support Center (GSSC) website: http://glast.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Band, DL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 520 EP 521 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700177 ER PT S AU Bhat, PN Briggs, M Connaughton, V Diehl, R Fishman, G Greiner, J Kippen, RM von Kienlin, A Kouveliotou, C Lichti, G Meegan, C Paciesas, W Persyn, S Preece, R Steinle, H Wilson-Hodge, C AF Bhat, P. Narayana Briggs, Michael Connaughton, Valerie Diehl, Roland Fishman, Gerald Greiner, Jochen Kippen, R. Marc von Kienlin, Andreas Kouveliotou, Chryssa Lichti, Giselher Meegan, Charles Paciesas, William Persyn, Steven Preece, Robert Steinle, Helmut Wilson-Hodge, Colleen BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI GLAST burst monitor signal processing system SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE glast burst monitor; gamma-my bursts; instrumentation ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; HIGH-ENERGY AB The onboard Data Processing Unit (DPU), designed and built by Southwest Research Institute, performs the high-speed data acquisition for GBM. The analog signals from each of the 14 detectors are digitized by high-speed multi-channel analog data acquisition architecture. The streaming digital values resulting from a periodic (period of 104.2 ns) sampling of the analog signal by the individual ADCs are fed to a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Real-time Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms within the FPGA implement functions like filtering, thresholding, time delay and pulse height measurement. The spectral data with a 12-bit resolution are formatted according to the commandable look-up-table (LUT) and then sent to the High-speed Science-Data Bus (HSSDB, speed=1.5 MB/s) to be telemetered to ground. The DSP offers a novel feature of a commandable & constant event deadtime. The ADC non-linearities have been calibrated so that the spectral data can be corrected during analysis. The best temporal resolution is 2 mu s for the pre-burst & post-trigger time-tagged events (TTE) data. The time resolution of the binned data types is commandable from 64 msec to 1.024 s for the CTIME data (8 channel spectral resolution) and 1.024 to 32.768 s for the CSPEC data (128 channel spectral resolution). The pulse pile-up effects have been studied by Monte Carlo simulations. For a typical GRB, the possible shift in the E-peak value at high-count rates (similar to 100 kHz) is similar to 1% while the change in the single power-law index could be up to 5%. C1 [Fishman, Gerald; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Meegan, Charles; Wilson-Hodge, Colleen] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Bhat, P. Narayana; Briggs, Michael; Connaughton, Valerie; Paciesas, William; Preece, Robert] Univ Alabama, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Diehl, Roland; Greiner, Jochen; von Kienlin, Andreas; Lichti, Giselher; Steinle, Helmut] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Kippen, R. Marc] Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Persyn, Steven] Southwest Res Inst, Dept Space Syst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. RP Bhat, PN (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, VP62, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. OI Preece, Robert/0000-0003-1626-7335 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 524 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700179 ER PT S AU Case, GL Wilson-Hodge, CA Cherry, ML Kippen, RM Ling, JC Radocinski, RG Wheaton, WA AF Case, G. L. Wilson-Hodge, C. A. Cherry, M. L. Kippen, R. M. Ling, J. C. Radocinski, R. G. Wheaton, W. A. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Monitoring the low-energy gamma-ray sky using earth occultation with GLAST GBM SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE GLAST burst monitor; gamma-ray observations; earth occultation ID CATALOG; BURST AB Long term all-sky monitoring of the 20 keV - 2 MeV gamma-ray sky using the Earth occultation technique was demonstrated by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. The principles and techniques used for the development of an end-to-end earth occultation data analysis system for BATSE can be extended to the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM), resulting in multiband light curves and time-resolved spectra in the energy range 8 keV to above I MeV for known gamma-ray sources and transient outbursts, as well as the discovery of new sources of gamma-ray emission. In this paper we describe the application of the technique to the GBM. We also present the expected sensitivity for the GBM, C1 [Case, G. L.; Cherry, M. L.] Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Case, G. L.] Southern Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA. [Wilson-Hodge, C. A.] George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Kippen, R. M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Ling, J. C.; Radocinski, R. G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wheaton, W. A.] CALTECH, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Case, GL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 538 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700186 ER PT S AU Corbet, R Dubois, R AF Corbet, Robin Dubois, Richard BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI The use of weighting in periodicity searches in all-sky monitor data: Applications to the GLAST LAT SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-rays : observations; X-rays : binaries; methods : data analysis AB The light curves produced by all-sky monitors, such as the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer All-Sky Monitor and the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), generally have non-uniform error bars. In searching for periodic modulation in this type of data using power spectra it can be important to use appropriate weighting of data points to achieve the best sensitivity. It was recently demonstrated that for Swift BAT data a simple weighting scheme can actually sometimes reduce the sensitivity of the power spectrum depending on source brightness. Instead, a modified weighting scheme, based on the Cochran semi-weighted mean, gives improved results independent of source brightness. We investigate the benefits of weighting power spectra in period searches using simulated GLAST LAT observations of gamma-ray binaries. C1 [Corbet, Robin] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST USRA, Code 662,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Dubois, Richard] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Corbet, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST USRA, Code 662,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 548 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700191 ER PT S AU Hoover, AS Klimenko, A Kippen, RM Wallace, MS Pendleton, GN Meegan, CA Fishman, GJ Wilson-Hodge, CA Kouveliotou, C Lichti, GG von Kienlin, A Steinle, H Diehl, R Greiner, J Preece, RD Connaughton, V Briggs, MS Paciesas, WS Bhat, PN AF Hoover, A. S. Klimenko, A. Kippen, R. M. Wallace, M. S. Pendleton, G. N. Meegan, C. A. Fishman, G. J. Wilson-Hodge, C. A. Kouveliotou, C. Lichti, G. G. von Kienlin, A. Steinle, H. Diehl, R. Greiner, J. Preece, R. D. Connaughton, V Briggs, M. S. Paciesas, W. S. Bhat, P. N. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Validation of the GLAST burst monitor instrument response simulation software SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE GLAST; burst monitor; simulation; validation AB The GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) comprises 12 NaI and 2 BGO detectors dispersed about the GLAST spacecraft. The GBM instrument simulation software must generate an accurate response function database for all detectors in their flight configuration to optimize the mission science return. Before science analysis codes use the response database, we must confirm that our simulation codes and models can reproduce laboratory observations. To validate the simulation effort, Monte Carlo results are compared to calibrated laboratory measurements collected with a variety of radiation sources. C1 [Hoover, A. S.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. [Pendleton, G. N.] Dynet Inc, Huntsville, AL USA. [Meegan, C. A.; Fishman, G. J.; Wilson-Hodge, C. A.; Kouveliotou, C.] NASA, Natl Space Sci Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. [Lichti, G. G.; von Kienlin, A.; Steinle, H.; Diehl, R.; Greiner, J.] Max Planck Inst Extraterrestrische Phys, Garching, Germany. [Preece, R. D.; Connaughton, V; Briggs, M. S.; Paciesas, W. S.; Bhat, P. N.] Univ Alabama, Natl Space Sci Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Hoover, AS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. OI Preece, Robert/0000-0003-1626-7335 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 552 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700193 ER PT S AU Kuehn, F Bonnell, J Hughes, R Norris, J Ritz, S Russell, J Smith, P Winer, B AF Kuehn, Frederick Bonnell, Jerry Hughes, Richard Norris, Jay Ritz, Steven Russell, James Smith, Patrick Winer, Brian BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI LAT onboard science: Gamma-ray burst identification SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma-ray bursts; GLAST AB The main goal of the Large Area Telescope (LAT) onboard science program is to provide quick identification and localization of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) onboard the LAT for follow-up observations by other observatories. The GRB identification and localization algorithm will provide celestial coordinates with an error region that will be distributed via the Gamma ray burst Coordinate Network (GCN). We present results that show our sensitivity to bursts as characterized using Monte Carlo simulations of the GLAST observatory. We describe and characterize the method of onboard track determination and the GRB identification and localization algorithm. Onboard track determination is considerably different than in the on-ground case, resulting in a substantially altered point spread function. The algorithm contains tunable parameters which may be adjusted after launch when real bursts characteristics at very high energies have been identified. C1 [Kuehn, Frederick; Hughes, Richard; Smith, Patrick; Winer, Brian] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Bonnell, Jerry; Ritz, Steven] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Norris, Jay] Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Ritz, Steven] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Russell, James] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Kuehn, F (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 556 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700195 ER PT S AU Ormes, JF Atwood, W Burnett, T Grove, E Longo, F McEnery, J Mizuno, T Ritz, S AF Ormes, J. F. Atwood, W. Burnett, T. Grove, E. Longo, F. McEnery, J. Mizuno, T. Ritz, S. CA GLAST mission team BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI The GLAST background model SO FIRST GLAST SYMPOSIUM SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE cosmic ray; gamma ray ID STATION; FLIGHT AB In order to estimate the ability of the GLAST/LAT to reject unwanted background of charged particles, optimize the on-board processing, size the required telemetry and optimize the GLAST orbit, we developed a detailed model of the background particles that would affect the LAT. In addition to the well-known components of the cosmic radiation, we included splash and reentrant components of protons, electrons (e+ and e-) from 10 MeV and beyond as well as the albedo gamma rays produced by cosmic ray interactions with the atmosphere. We made estimates of the irreducible background components produced by positrons and hadrons interacting in the multilayered micrometeorite shield and spacecraft surrounding the LAT and note that because the orbital debris has increased, the shielding required and hence the background are larger than were present in EGRET. Improvements to the model are currently being made to include the east-west effect. C1 [Ormes, J. F.] Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Atwood, W.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Burnett, T.] Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA. [Grove, E.] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Longo, F.] Inst Nazionale Fis Nucleare, Frascati, Italy. [McEnery, J.; Ritz, S.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan. RP Ormes, JF (reprint author), Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RI McEnery, Julie/D-6612-2012 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 560 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700197 ER PT S AU Stephens, TE AF Stephens, Thomas E. CA GLAST Sci Support Ctr BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Serving data to the GLAST users community SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE GLAST; gamma-ray; user support AB The scientific community will access the public GLAST data through the website of the GLAST Science Support Center (GSSC). For most data products the GSSC website will link to the NASA High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center's (HEASARC) Browse interface, which will actually serve the data. For example, data from the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) from a given burst will be packaged together and accessible through Browse. However, the photon and event data produced by the Large Area Telescope (LAT), GLAST's primary instrument, will be distributed through a custom GSSC interface. These data will be collected over the LAT's large field-of-view, usually while the LAT is scanning the sky, and thus photons from a particular direction cannot be attributed to a single "observation" in the traditional sense. Users will request all photons detected from a region on the sky over a specified time and energy range. Through its website the GSSC will also provide long and short term science timelines, spacecraft position and attitude histories, exposure maps and other scientific data products. The different data products provided by the GSSC will be described. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stephens, TE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 660, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI Stephens, Thomas/0000-0003-3065-6871 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 574 EP 575 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700204 ER PT S AU von Kienlin, A Fishman, GJ Briggs, MS Godfrey, GL Steinle, H AF von Kienlin, Andreas Fishman, Gerald J. Briggs, Michael S. Godfrey, Gary L. Steinle, Helmut BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI High-energy calibration of a BGO detector of the GLAST Burst Monitor SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE instruments : GLAST, GBM; calibration AB The understanding of the instrumental response of the GLAST Burst Monitor BGO detectors at energies above the energy range which is accessible by common laboratory radiation sources (< 4.43 MeV), is important, especially for the later cross-calibration with the LAT response in the overlap region between similar to 20 MeV to 30 MeV. In November 2006 the high-energy calibration of the GBM-BGO spare detector was performed at the small Van-de-Graaff accelerator at SLAC. High-energy gamma-rays from excited Be-8* (14.6 MeV and 17.5 MeV) and O-16* (6.1 MeV) were generated through (p, gamma)-reactions by irradiating a LiF-target. For the calibration at lower energies radioactive sources were used. The results, including spectra, the energy/channel-relation and the dependence of energy resolution are presented. C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP von Kienlin, A (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr, D-85748 Garching, Germany. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 576 EP 577 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700205 ER PT S AU von Kienlin, A Bissaldi, E Lichti, GG Steinle, H Krumrey, M Gerlach, M Fishman, GJ Meegan, C Bhat, N Briggs, MS Diehl, R Connaughton, V Greiner, J Kippen, RM Kouveliotou, C Paciesas, W Preece, R Wilson-Hodge, C AF von Kienlin, Andreas Bissaldi, Elisabetta Lichti, Giselher G. Steinle, Helmut Krumrey, Michael Gerlach, Martin Fishman, Gerald J. Meegan, Charles Bhat, Narayana Briggs, Michael S. Diehl, Roland Connaughton, Valerie Greiner, Jochen Kippen, R. Marc Kouveliotou, Chryssa Paciesas, William Preece, Robert Wilson-Hodge, Colleen BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Calibration of the GLAST Burst Monitor detectors SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE instruments : GLAST, GBM; calibration AB The GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) will augment the capabilities of GLAST for the detection of cosmic gamma-ray bursts by extending the energy range (20 MeV to > 300 GeV) of the Large Area Telescope (LAT) towards lower energies by 2 BGO-detectors (150 keV to 30 MeV) and 12 Nal(TI) detectors (10 keV to 1 MeV). The physical detector response of the GBM instrument for GRBs is determined with the help of Monte Carlo simulations, which are supported and verified by on-ground calibration measurements, performed extensively with the individual detectors at the WE in 2005. All flight and spare detectors were irradiated with calibrated radioactive sources in the laboratory (from 14 keV to 4.43 MeV). The energy/channel-relations, the dependences of energy resolution and effective areas on the energy and the angular responses were measured. Due to the low number of emission lines of radioactive sources below 100 keV, calibration measurements in the energy range from 10 keV to 60 keV were performed with the X-ray radiometry working group of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) at the BESSY synchrotron radiation facility, Berlin. C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterrest Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP von Kienlin, A (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Extraterrest Phys, Giessenbachstr, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RI Krumrey, Michael/G-6295-2011; Bissaldi, Elisabetta/K-7911-2016; OI Bissaldi, Elisabetta/0000-0001-9935-8106; Preece, Robert/0000-0003-1626-7335 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 578 EP 579 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700206 ER PT S AU Wallace, MS Kippen, RM Hoover, AS Pendleton, GW Meegan, CA Fishman, GJ Wilson-Hodge, CA Kouveliotou, C Lichti, GGT von Kienlin, A Steinle, W Diehl, RT Greiner, P Preece, RW Connaughton, V Briggs, MV Paciesas, WS Bhat, PN AF Wallace, M. S. Kippen, R. M. Hoover, A. S. Pendleton, G. W. Meegan, C. A. Fishman, G. J. Wilson-Hodge, C. A. Kouveliotou, C. Lichti, G. G. T. von Kienlin, A. Steinle, W. Diehl, R. T. Greiner, P. Preece, R. W. Connaughton, V. Briggs, M. V. Paciesas, W. S. Bhat, P. N. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Full spacecraft source modelling and validation for the GLAST Burst Monitor SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE GLAST; burst monitor; simulations; validation AB The GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) consists of 12 NaI detectors and 2 BGO detectors mounted on two sides of the spacecraft. This provides detection capability for energies between 10 keV and 30 MeV, and sensitivity to all directions in the sky. Extensive measurements using radioactive sources have been performed on the isolated detectors. Simulations of these measurements using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations toolset have also been preformed. For gammaray burst the spacecraft itself will have a significant impact on the detector response, therefore the final stage of validations involves measuring the detector response to radioactive sources after the spacecraft is fully assembled, and validating the results using simulation. Details of these simulations win be given in this paper. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Dynet Inc, Huntsville, AL USA. NASA, Natl Space Sci Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Max Planck Inst Extraterrest Phys, Garching, Germany. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Natl Space Sci Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Wallace, MS (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 580 EP 581 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700207 ER PT S AU Conrad, J Scargle, J Ylinen, T AF Conrad, Jan Scargle, Jeffrey Ylinen, Tomi BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Statistical analysis of detection of, and upper limits on, dark matter lines SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE dark matter; coverage; power; profile likelihood; Feldman-Cousins; Bayesian AB In this note we present calculations of coverage and power for three different methods which could be used to calculate upper limits and/or claim discovery in a GLAST-LAT search fora dark matter line. The methods considered are Profile Likelihood, Bayesian factors and likelihood ratio confidence intervals and the calculations are done considering a simple benchmark model of two uncorrelated Poissonian measurements. Profile likelihood has the best coverage properties, the standard X-2 test the worst. For the power, the situation is vice-versa. In choosing a method one has to consider the false detection rate (1 - coverage) and counterweigh it to the possible achievable power. C1 AlbaNova Univ Ctr, KTH, Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Conrad, J (reprint author), AlbaNova Univ Ctr, KTH, Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 586 EP 587 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700210 ER PT S AU Thompson, DJ Charles, E Hartman, RC Moiseev, AA Ormes, JF AF Thompson, D. J. Charles, E. Hartman, R. C. Moiseev, A. A. Ormes, J. F. CA GLAST LAT Collaboration BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Performance of the anti-coincidence detector on the GLAST Large Area Telescope SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gamma rays; telescopes; anticoincidence AB The Anti-Coincidence Detector (ACD), the outermost detector layer in the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT), is designed to detect and veto incident cosmic ray charged particles, which outnumber cosmic gamma rays by 3-4 orders of magnitude. The challenge in ACD design is that it must have high (0.9997) detection efficiency for singly-charged relativistic particles, but must also have a low probability for self-veto of high-energy gammas by backsplash radiation from 14 interactions in the LAT calorimeter. Simulations and tests demonstrate that the ACD meets its design requirements. The performance of the ACD has remained stable through stand-alone environmental testing, shipment across the U.S., installation onto the LAT, shipment back across the U.S., LAT environmental N testing, and shipment to Arizona. As part of the fully-assembled GLAST observatory, the ACD is being readied for final testing before launch. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Thompson, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Thompson, David/D-2939-2012 OI Thompson, David/0000-0001-5217-9135 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 588 EP 589 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700211 ER PT S AU Kippen, RM Hoover, AS Wallace, MS Pendleton, GN Meegan, CA Fishman, GJ Wilson-Hodge, CA Kouveliotou, C Lichti, GG von Kienlin, A Steinle, H Diehl, R Greiner, J Preece, RD Connaughton, V Briggs, MS Paciesas, WS Bhat, PN AF Kippen, R. M. Hoover, A. S. Wallace, M. S. Pendleton, G. N. Meegan, C. A. Fishman, G. J. Wilson-Hodge, C. A. Kouveliotou, C. Lichti, G. G. von Kienlin, A. Steinle, H. Diehl, R. Greiner, J. Preece, R. D. Connaughton, V. Briggs, M. S. Paciesas, W. S. Bhat, P. N. BE Ritz, S Michelson, P Meegan, C TI Instrument response modelling and simulation for the GLAST Burst Monitor SO First GLAST Symposium SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st GLAST Symposium CY FEB 05-08, 2007 CL Stanford, CA SP US DOE, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst, Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, NASA, GLAST Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE GLAST; simulation; gamma-ray bursts AB The GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) is designed to provide wide field of view observations of gamma-ray bursts and other fast transient sources in the energy range 10 keV to 30 MeV. The GBM is composed of several unshielded and uncollimated scintillation detectors (twelve NaI and two BGO) that are widely dispersed about the GLAST spacecraft. As a result, reconstructing source locations, energy spectra, and temporal properties from GBM data requires detailed knowledge of the detectors' response to both direct radiation as well as that scattered from the spacecraft and Earth's atmosphere. This full GBM instrument response will be captured in the form of a response function database that is derived from computer modeling and simulation. The simulation system is based on the GEANT4 Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation toolset, and is being extensively validated against calibrated experimental GBM data. We discuss the architecture of the GBM simulation and modeling system and describe how its products will be used for analysis of observed GBM data. Companion papers describe the status of validating the system. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NSSTC, NASA, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Alabama, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. RP Kippen, RM (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0431-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 921 BP 590 EP 591 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGN18 UT WOS:000248569700212 ER PT J AU Wilson, SG Stewart, BS Polovina, JJ Meekan, MG Stevens, JD Galuardi, B AF Wilson, S. G. Stewart, B. S. Polovina, J. J. Meekan, M. G. Stevens, J. D. Galuardi, B. TI Accuracy and precision of archival tag data: a multiple-tagging study conducted on a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in the Indian Ocean SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE accuracy; depth; error; pop-up satellite archival tag; precision; Rhincodon typus; temperature; whale shark ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TUNA THUNNUS-THYNNUS; ELEPHANT SEALS; GEOLOCATION; MOVEMENTS; BEHAVIOR; PERFORMANCE; MIGRATIONS; AUSTRALIA; ALGORITHM AB Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) are now widely used to document the geographic and vertical movements of large pelagic fishes. These instruments record measurements of ambient light, depth and temperature at regular intervals and the light data are used to compute daily estimates of latitude and longitude. Several methods have been developed to improve those estimates, including the application of Kalman filter models and matching sea surface temperatures (SST) from tags with remotely sensed SSTs. Despite their widespread use, few studies have evaluated the accuracy of raw estimates of location from PSATs or quantified the improvements that may result from refinement techniques. To assess the accuracy of raw and refined estimates of locations from PSATs, we attached two PSATs and one Argos satellite-linked transmitter (SAT tag) to one whale shark (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The root mean square error (RMSE) in raw estimates of location provided by the PSATs was 5.16 degrees latitude and 2.00 degrees longitude. Estimates were more accurate after processing the data with a Kalman filter (RMSE = 2.97 degrees latitude and 0.78 degrees longitude) and most accurate after processing with a Kalman filter model that integrates SST measurements (RMSE = 1.84 degrees latitude and 0.78 degrees longitude). We also assessed the precision of the PSAT-derived locations, and depth and temperature measurements by comparing the data from the two PSATs. Our findings support the use of archival tag data to reconstruct the large-scale movements of marine animals and demonstrate the significant improvements that may result from two refinement techniques. C1 Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Australian Inst Marine Sci, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia. CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Zool, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Wilson, SG (reprint author), Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, 2595 INgraham St, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. EM swilson@hswri.org NR 38 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 24 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1054-6006 EI 1365-2419 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2007 VL 16 IS 6 BP 547 EP 554 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00450.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 222LH UT WOS:000250297900006 ER PT J AU Domokos, R Seki, MP Polovina, JJ Hawn, DR AF Domokos, Reka Seki, Michael P. Polovina, Jeffrey J. Hawn, Donald R. TI Oceanographic investigation of the American Samoa albacore (Thunnus alalunga) habitat and longline fishing grounds SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE albacore tuna; American Samoa EEZ; longline fishery; mesoscale eddy; micronekton distribution; mid-ocean eddies; sonic scattering layer (SSL); South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC) ID MICRONEKTON DISTRIBUTION; PACIFIC ALBACORE; FRENCH-POLYNESIA; CYCLONIC EDDIES; NORTH PACIFIC; OCEAN; EDDY; DISTRIBUTIONS; ENHANCEMENT; SCATTERING AB The American Samoa fishing ground is a dynamic region with strong mesoscale eddy activity and temporal variability on scales of < 1 week. Seasonal and interannual variability in eddy activity, induced by baroclinic instability that is fueled by horizontal shear between the eastward-flowing South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC) and the westward-flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC), seems to play an important role in the performance of the longline fishery for albacore. Mesoscale eddy variability in the American Samoa Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) peaks from March to April, when the kinetic energy of the SECC is at its strongest. Longline albacore catch tends to be highest at the eddy edges, while albacore catch per effort (CPUE) shows intra-annual variability with high CPUE that lags the periods of peak eddy activity by about 2 months. When CPUE is highest, the values are distributed toward the northern half of the EEZ, the region affected most by the SECC. Further indication of the possible importance of the SECC for longline performance is the significant drop in eddy variability in 2004 when compared with that observed in 2003 - resulting from a weak SECC - which was accompanied by a substantial drop in albacore CPUE rates and a lack of northward intensification of CPUE. From an ecosystem perspective, evidence to support higher micronekton biomass in the upper 200 m at eddy boundaries is inconclusive. Albacore's vertical distribution seems to be governed by the presence of prey. Albacore spend most of their time between 150 and 250 m, away from the deep daytime and shallow nighttime sonic scattering layers, at depths coinciding with those of small local maxima in micronekton biomass whose backscattering properties are consistent with those of albacore's preferred prey. Settling depths of longline sets during periods of decreased eddy activity correspond to those most occupied by albacore, possibly contributing to the lower CPUE by reducing catchability through rendering bait less attractive to albacore in the presence of prey. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Domokos, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM reka.domokos@noaa.gov OI Domokos, Reka/0000-0003-3297-4793 NR 50 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2007 VL 16 IS 6 BP 555 EP 572 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00451.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 222LH UT WOS:000250297900007 ER PT J AU Farley, EV Murphy, JM Adkison, MD Eisner, LB Helle, JH Moss, JH Nielsen, J AF Farley, Edward V., Jr. Murphy, James M. Adkison, Milo D. Eisner, Lisa B. Helle, John H. Moss, Jamal H. Nielsen, Jennifer TI Early marine growth in relation to marine-stage survival rates for Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SIZE-SELECTIVE MORTALITY; COHO SALMON; PINK SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; BACK-CALCULATION; OCEAN GROWTH; BRISTOL BAY; SCALE; RIVER; GORBUSCHA AB We tested the hypothesis that larger juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, have higher marine-stage survival rates than smaller juvenile salmon. We used scales from returning adults (33 years of data) and trawl samples of juveniles (n=3572) collected along the eastern Bering Sea shelf during August through September 2000-02. The size of juvenile sockeye salmon mirrored indices of their marine-stage survival rate (e.g., smaller fish had lower indices of marine-stage survival rate). However, there was no relationship between the size of sockeye salmon after their first year at sea, as estimated from archived scales, and brood-year survival size was relatively uniform over the time series, possibly indicating size-selective mortality on smaller individuals during their marine residence. Variation in size, relative abundance, and marine-stage survival rate of juvenile sockeye salmon is likely related to ocean conditions affecting their early marine migratory pathways along the eastern Bering Sea shelf. C1 NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Farley, EV (reprint author), NOAA, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Ed.Farley@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 10 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 105 IS 1 BP 121 EP 130 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 143NK UT WOS:000244728900011 ER PT J AU Kumar, A Acrivos, A Khusid, B Jacqmin, D AF Kumar, Anil Acrivos, Andreas Khusid, Boris Jacqmin, David TI Electric field-driven formation of particle concentration fronts in suspensions SO FLUID DYNAMICS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dielectrophoresis; front formation; electrohydro-dynamics of suspensions ID POSITIVE DIELECTROPHORESIS; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; INDUCED AGGREGATION; MICROFLUIDICS; SEPARATION; DNA AB A distinct front, separating regions enriched with and depleted of particles, was recently observed in suspensions subjected to high-gradient ac electric fields and a set of theoretical model equations for the particle concentration, containing no fitting parameters, were developed [Kumar et al., 2004. Combined negative dielectrophoresis and phase separation in nondilute suspensions subject to a high-gradient ac electric field. Phys. Rev. E 69, 021402-1-10; Bennett et al., 2003. Combined field-induced dielectrophoresis and phase separation for manipulating particles in microfluidics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4866-4868]. Although the numerical solutions of these equations were found to be quantitatively consistent with the experimental observations, they did not provide sufficient information for elucidating the mechanism of the front formation due to the complexity of the equations. Here, we examine these equations analytically for the special case in which they admit a similarity solution and establish the existence of shock solutions to these equations. The shocks are shown to arise because of the rapid local growth of the suspension viscosity due to the field-driven particle accumulation in certain areas of the domain. (c) 2006 The Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics and Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CUNY City Coll, Levich Inst, New York, NY 10031 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Acrivos, A (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, Levich Inst, 140th St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM acrivos@sci.ccny.cuny.edu OI Khusid, Boris/0000-0002-8604-1051 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-5983 J9 FLUID DYN RES JI Fluid Dyn. Res. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 39 IS 1-3 BP 169 EP 192 DI 10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2006.07.005 PG 24 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 155RE UT WOS:000245594800009 ER PT S AU Seshadri, S Cole, DM Hancock, B Ringold, P Peay, C Wrigley, C Bonati, A Brown, MG Schubnell, M Rahmer, G Guzman, D Figer, D Tarle, G Smith, RM Bebek, C AF Seshadri, S. Cole, D. M. Hancock, B. Ringold, P. Peay, C. Wrigley, C. Bonati, A. Brown, M. G. Schubnell, M. Rahmer, G. Guzman, D. Figer, D. Tarle, G. Smith, R. M. Bebek, C. BE Grycewicz, TJ Marshall, CJ Warren, PG TI Comparing the low-temperature performance of megapixel NIR InGaAs and HgCdTe imager arrays - art. no. 669006 SO Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes III CY AUG 27-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA DE near-infrared; InGaAs; HgCdTe; low-temperature; detector; imager; focal plane array; science AB We compare a more complete characterization of the low temperature performance of a nominal 1.7um cut-off wavelength 1kx1k InGaAs (lattice-matched to an InP substrate) photodiode array against similar, 2kx2k HgCdTe imagers to assess the suitability of InGaAs FPA technology for scientific imaging applications. The data we present indicate that the low temperature performance of existing InGaAs detector technology is well behaved and comparable to those obtained for state-of-the-art HgCdTe imagers for many space astronomical applications. We also discuss key differences observed between imagers in the two material systems. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Seshadri, S (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6838-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6690 BP 69006 EP 69006 AR 669006 DI 10.1117/12.734739 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BGX10 UT WOS:000251052300004 ER PT S AU Mott, DB Waczynski, A Wen, Y Xia-Serafino, W Rauscher, BJ Hill, RJ Delo, G Folz, R Kan, E Chiao, MP Fox, O Cabelli, C Garnett, J Loose, M Wong-Anglin, S Zandian, M Alexander, D Brambora, CK Derro, R Ellis, T Garrison, MB Howe, B Johnson, TE Jurado, M Manthripragada, SS Marsh, JM Marshall, C Martineau, RJ Nieznanski, J Novo-Gradac, K Roher, WD Smith, MT Wilson, D Wallis, P AF Mott, D. Brent Waczynski, Augustyn Wen, Yiting Xia-Serafino, Wei Rauscher, Bernard J. Hill, Robert J. Delo, Greg Folz, Roger Kan, Emily Chiao, Meng P. Fox, Ori Cabelli, Craig Garnett, James Loose, Markus Wong-Anglin, Selmer Zandian, Majid Alexander, David Brambora, Clifford K. Derro, Rebecca Ellis, Timothy Garrison, Matthew B. Howe, Bryan Johnson, Thomas E. Jurado, Miriam Manthripragada, Sridhar S. Marsh, James M. Marshall, Cheryl Martineau, Robert J. Nieznanski, John Novo-Gradac, Kevin Roher, Wayne D. Smith, Miles T. Wilson, Donna Wallis, Peter BE Grycewicz, TJ Marshall, CJ Warren, PG TI Characterization of the detector subsystem for the near infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James webb space telescope - art. no. 66900L SO Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes III CY AUG 27-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA DE James Webb Space Telescope; JWST; NIRSpec; detector subsystem; detectors; HAWAII-2RG; SIDECAR; ASIC AB We present early results from the performance test development for the Detector Subsystem of the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). NIRSpec will be the primary near-infrared spectrograph on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The Detector Subsystem consists of a Focal Plane Assembly containing two Teledyne HAWAII-2RG arrays, two Teledyne SIDECAR cryogenic application specific integrated circuits, and a warm Focal Plane Electronics box. The Detector Characterization Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center will perform the Detector Subsystem characterization tests. In this paper, we summarize the initial test results obtained with engineering grade components. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mott, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6838-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6690 BP L6900 EP L6900 AR 66900L DI 10.1117/12.734579 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BGX10 UT WOS:000251052300018 ER PT S AU Rauscher, BJ Alexander, D Brambora, CK Derro, R Engler, C Fox, O Garrison, MB Henegar, G Hill, RJ Johnson, T Lindler, DJ Manthripragada, SS Marshalla, C Mott, B Parr, TM Roher, WD Shakoorzadeh, KB Smith, M Waczynski, A Wen, Y Wilson, D Xia-Serafino, W Cabelli, C Cheng, E Garnett, J Loose, M Zandian, M Zino, J Ellis, T Howe, B Jurado, M Lee, G Nieznanski, J Wallis, P York, J Regan, MW Bagnasco, G Boker, T De Marchi, G Ferruit, P Jakobsen, P Strada, P AF Rauscher, Bernard J. Alexander, David Brambora, Clifford K. Derro, Rebecca Engler, Chuck Fox, Ori Garrison, Matthew B. Henegar, Greg Hill, Robert J. Johnson, Thomas Lindler, Don J. Manthripragada, Sridhar S. Marshalla, Cheryl Mott, Brent Parr, Thomas M. Roher, Wayne D. Shakoorzadeh, Kamdin B. Smith, Miles Waczynski, Augustyn Wen, Yiting Wilson, Donna Xia-Serafino, Wei Cabelli, Craig Cheng, Edward Garnett, James Loose, Markus Zandian, Majid Zino, Joseph Ellis, Timothy Howe, Bryan Jurado, Miriam Lee, Ginn Nieznanski, John Wallis, Peter York, James Regan, Michael W. Bagnasco, Georgio Boeker, Torsten De Marchi, Guido Ferruit, Pierre Jakobsen, Peter Strada, Paolo BE Grycewicz, TJ Marshall, CJ Warren, PG TI Detector arrays for the James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Spectrograph - art. no. 66900M SO Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes III CY AUG 27-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA DE JWST; NIRSpec; detectors; HgCdTe; HAWAII-211G; H2RG; SIDECAR; ASIC AB The James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) incorporates two 5 mu m cutoff (lambda(co) = 5 mu m) 2048 x 2048 pixel Teledyne HgCdTe HAWAII-2RG sensor chip assemblies. These detector arrays, and the two Teledyne SIDECAR application specific integrated circuits that control them, are operated in space at T similar to 37 K. In this article, we provide a brief introduction to NIRSpec, its detector subsystem (DS), detector readout in the space radiation environment, and present a snapshot of the developmental status of the NIRSpec DS as integration and testing of the engineering test unit begins. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rauscher, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6838-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6690 BP M6900 EP M6900 AR 66900M DI 10.1117/12.731759 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BGX10 UT WOS:000251052300019 ER PT S AU Dotson, JL McKelvey, M McMurray, R Goebel, J Mainzer, A AF Dotson, Jessie L. McKelvey, Mark McMurray, Robert, Jr. Goebel, John Mainzer, Amanda BE Grycewicz, TJ Marshall, CJ Warren, PG TI Cryogenic testing of a 1024x1024 Si : As array for WISE SO FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR SPACE TELESCOPES III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Focal Plane Arrays for Space Telescopes III CY AUG 27-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA DE WISE mission; Si : As detectors; ionizing radiation; infrared astronomy AB The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is a NASA MidEx mission which will survey the entire sky at 3.3, 4.7, 12 and 23 microns. As with most all-sky surveys, WISE results will address many fundamental topics, but the passbands and sensitivity are particularly well suited to study the distribution and evolutionary history of brown dwarfs and ultra-luminous IR galaxies. The two long wavelength bands will use 1024x1024 Si:As BIB detectors manufactured by DRS Sensors & Targeting Systems. NASA ARC has optimized the operating parameters as well as conducted detailed cryogenic performance and radiation testing of a prototype array. Dark current, noise performance, and radiation test results will be reported. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Dotson, JL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jessie.dotson@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6838-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6690 AR 66900F DI 10.1117/12.731812 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Optics GA BGX10 UT WOS:000251052300013 ER PT J AU Chang, F Li, GC Haws, M Niu, TH AF Chang, Frank Li, Guangchao Haws, Maria Niu, Tianhua TI Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada margaritifera from French Polynesia and evaluation for using as a food supplement SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Pinctada margaritifera; ICP-AES; trace metal; human consumption ID CALCIUM; NACRE; OYSTER; GROWTH; BIOACCUMULATION; INTERVENTION; ORGANISMS; METALS; PEARL; PHASE AB Element concentrations in shell of Pinctada inargaritifera (black-lip pearl oyster) from Manihi, French Polynesia, were measured with Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The respective average concentrations were: calcium (Ca) 396.4 mg/g, sodium (Na) 5.536 mg/g, magnesium (Mg) 2.136 mg/g, strontium (Sr) 890.6 ppm, iron (Fe) 67.89 ppm, aluminum (All 45.74 ppm, phosphorus (P) 27.19 ppm, boron (B) 12.17 ppm, manganese (Mn) 2.308 ppm, copper (Cu) 1.050 ppm, zinc (Zn) 0.7180 ppm; and nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V) were below detection limits with ICP-AES. The above concentrations were normalized and compared to the safety standards for human consumption determined by regulatory agencies of United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), and the United States (US). Element concentrations detected in this study were all lower than the safety standards promulgated by regulatory agencies. These findings suggest that shells of P. margaritifera from Manihi, French Polynesia, do not raise any significant health concerns for human consumption. The shell of P. margaritifera thus potentially represents an important natural source for calcium-fortified foods, calcium supplement, and even for potential osteogenesis applications. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Changene Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Hawaii, Pacific Aquaculture & Coastal Resources Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med,Div Prevent Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Chang, F (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Changene Lab, MS 566,Moffett Field, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM ftchang@changene.com NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PY 2007 VL 104 IS 3 BP 1171 EP 1176 DI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.032 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 179FS UT WOS:000247275700036 ER PT J AU Jalbout, AF Shipar, MDAH Trzaskowski, B Adamowicz, L AF Jalbout, Abraham F. Shipar, M. D. Abul Haider Trzaskowski, B. Adamowicz, Ludwik TI Formation of glyoxal in hydroxyacetaldehyde and glycine nonenzymatic browning Maillard reaction: A computational study SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydroxyacetaldehyde; glycine; glyoxal; nonenzymatic browning Maillard reaction; density functional theory computation ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THERMOCHEMISTRY; DICARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; ALPHA-OXOALDEHYDES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; EXACT-EXCHANGE; CROSS-LINKING; EARLY-STAGE; MECHANISM; METHYLGLYOXAL; PRODUCTS AB Density functional theory (DFT) computations at the standard state on the proposed mechanisms have revealed that glyoxal (Gox) is one of the most possible intermediates in the hydroxyacetaldehyde (Hald) and glycine nonenzymatic browning Maillard reaction under different pH conditions. By following the total mass balance, the gaseous state reaction has been found as more feasible for the formation of Gox than that of the aqueous solution. Hald + deprotonated glycine reaction under basic condition and Hald + unprotonated glycine reaction under neutral condition have been supposed to be more favorable for the production of Gox than Hald + protonated glycine reaction under acidic condition and Hald + glycine zwitterion reaction at the isoelectric point of glycine. Oxidation of Hald to Gox has been found as more plausible in the gaseous state than the aqueous solution. Oxygen has been found as necessary for the production of Gox from Hald. At the standard state, DFT calculations on the proposed mechanisms have evaluated that unprotonated and deprotonated glycine and glycine zwitterion are feasible for liberating NH3, whereas protonated glycine has been found as unfeasible. DFT computations at the standard state on the proposed mechanisms have also revealed that the gaseous state Hald + NH3 reaction is more feasible for the formation of Fald than that of the aqueous solution. Water, which is a by-product, has found as necessary for the initiation of both of Hald + glycine and Hald + NH3 reactions. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Chiba Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Informat & Image Sci, Inage Ku, Chiba 2638522, Japan. RP Jalbout, AF (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Chem, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM ajalbout@u.arizona.edu; Shipar7@yahoo.com RI Trzaskowski, Bartosz/B-1881-2008 OI Trzaskowski, Bartosz/0000-0003-2385-1476 NR 61 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PY 2007 VL 103 IS 2 BP 359 EP 368 DI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.061 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 155RY UT WOS:000245596900015 ER PT J AU Jalbout, AF Shipar, MAH AF Jalbout, Abraham F. Shipar, Md. Abul Haider TI Formation of pyrazines in hydroxyacetaldehyde and glycine nonenzymatic browning Maillard reaction: A computational study SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydroxyacetaldehyde; glycine; pyrazines; nonenzymatic browning Maillard reaction; density functional theory computation ID DICARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; ALPHA-OXOALDEHYDES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CROSS-LINKING; GLYOXAL; METHYLGLYOXAL; PRODUCTS; PROTEINS; MUTAGENICITY; MECHANISM AB By considering the formation of pyrazines (C4N2H6 and C4N2H4) as one of the possible final Maillard flavour compounds, Density Functional Theory computations at the standard state have been performed on the proposed mechanisms of glyoxal and glycine in the advanced stage of hydroxyacetaldehyde and glycine nonenzymatic browning reaction under different pH conditions. The results reveal that the basic condition is the most favourable for the production of pyrazines (Pzs), and the aqueous solution is more favourable than that of the gaseous state. The reactions at the isoelectric point of glycine and under neutral conditions are the second and third most favourable for the production of Pzs, respectively. The reaction under acidic conditions is the least feasible for the production of Pzs. Amino acetaldehyde is the most likely precursor of the pyrazine ring in the reaction. Presence of air or oxygen is necessary for the production of 2,3,5,6-tetrahydropyrazine (C4N2H4) from 3,6-dihydropyrazine (C4N2H6). Water is necessary with glyoxal and glycine species for the formation of Pzs and water is produced as a by-product during the formation of Pzs. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ Arizona, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Chiba Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Informat & Image Sci, Inage Ku, Chiba 2638522, Japan. RP Jalbout, AF (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Quim, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. EM ajalbout@u.arizona.edu; shipar7@yahoo.com NR 47 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PY 2007 VL 103 IS 4 BP 1208 EP 1216 DI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.025 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 161OH UT WOS:000246024400018 ER PT B AU Dwyer, MB Hatcliff, J Robby Pasareanu, CS Visser, W AF Dwyer, Matthew B. Hatcliff, John Robby Pasareanu, Corina S. Visser, Willem BE Briand, LC Wolf, AL TI Formal software analysis - Emerging trends in software model checking SO FOSE 2007: FUTURE OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Future of Software Engineering CY MAY 23-25, 2007 CL Minneapolis, MN SP IEEE Comp Soc Tech Council Software Engn, ACM SIGSOFT AB The study of methodologies and techniques to produce correct software has been active for four decades. During this period, researchers have developed and investigated a wide variety of approaches, but techniques based on mathematical modeling of program behavior have been a particular focus since they offer the promise of both finding errors and assuring important program properties. The past fifteen years have seen a marked and accelerating shift towards algorithmic formal reasoning about program behavior - we refer to these as formal software analysis. In this paper we define formal software analyses as having several important properties that distinguish them from other forms of software analysis. We describe three foundational formal software analyses, but focus on the adaptation of model checking to reason about software. We review emerging trends in software model checking and identify future directions that promise to significantly improve its cost-effectiveness. C1 [Dwyer, Matthew B.] Univ Nebraska, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. [Hatcliff, John; Robby] Kansas State Univ, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. [Pasareanu, Corina S.; Visser, Willem] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Dwyer, MB (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM dwyer@cse.unl.edu; hatcliff@cis.ksu.edu; robby@cis.ksu.edu; pcorina@email.arc.nasa.gov; wvisser@email.arc.nasa.gov FU National Science Foundation [0429149, 0444167, 0541263] FX This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation through awards 0429149, 0444167, and 0541263. NR 75 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2829-8 PY 2007 BP 120 EP + DI 10.1109/FOSE.2007.6 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGH82 UT WOS:000247062700009 ER PT B AU Dai, YS Hinchey, M Hu, QP AF Dai, Yuan-Shun Hinchey, Michael Hu, Qingpei BE Sterritt, R Hinchey, MG Bapty, T TI Consequence oriented self-healing and hybrid diagnosis integrating decision diagram, fuzzy logic and neural network SO FOURTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENGINEERING OF AUTONOMIC & AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE International Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems CY MAR 06-08, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc Task Force Autonomous & Autonom Syst, Univ Ulster Comp Sci Res Inst, Univ Ulster Ctr Software Proc Technologies, NASA Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Loyola Syst & Software Engn Lab, Vandebilt Univ Inst Software Integrated Syst DE self-healing; autonomic computing; decision diagram; fuzzy logic; neural network ID FAILURES AB Computing systems become increasingly large and complex. Their dependability and autonomy are of great concern today, where self-healing is a challenging topic. This paper presented an innovative model and technology to realize the self-healing function under the real-time requirement. This approach, different from the existing technologies, is based on a new concept defined as consequence-oriented diagnosis and healing. Derived from the new concept, a prototype model for proactive self-healing actions is presented Then, this paper proposes a hybrid tool that combines MDD, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network, which is efficient, accurate and intelligent. Some examples to help illustrate the concepts are shown across the paper. C1 [Dai, Yuan-Shun] Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Sch Sci, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. [Hinchey, Michael] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hu, Qingpei] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Ind & Syst Engn, Singapore, Singapore. RP Dai, YS (reprint author), Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Sch Sci, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. EM ydai@cs.iupui.edu; mike.hinchey@usa.net; qingpei.hu@gmail.com NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2809-0 PY 2007 BP 127 EP + DI 10.1109/EASE.2007.8 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGD54 UT WOS:000246173800015 ER PT B AU Rouff, C Rash, J Truszkowski, W AF Rouff, Christopher Rash, James Truszkowski, Walter BE Sterritt, R Hinchey, MG Bapty, T TI Overcoming robotic failures through autonomicity SO FOURTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENGINEERING OF AUTONOMIC & AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE International Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems CY MAR 06-08, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc Task Force Autonomous & Autonom Syst, Univ Ulster Comp Sci Res Inst, Univ Ulster Ctr Software Proc Technologies, NASA Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Loyola Syst & Software Engn Lab, Vandebilt Univ Inst Software Integrated Syst AB NASA is pursing ever increasing autonomous systems to perform new science and exploration. These missions will be out of contact with mission control for extended periods of time in very harsh and unforgiving environments. To successfully perform these missions autonomously, they will have to have autonomic properties. There have been recent studies of failures of robotic systems that examine how robots are failing in the field. By studying the types of failures that are occurring in robots autonomic properties can be developed for not only robots but for NASA autonomous missions to make them more robust. This paper examines the failures that were identified in a study of robot failures and maps them on to some autonomic properties that would address these failures. By classifying the failures and then mapping them to autonomic properties, classes of autonomic properties can be developed that can then be specialized for each particular mission. C1 [Rouff, Christopher] SAIC, Modeling & Anal Div, 1710 SAIC Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. [Rash, James; Truszkowski, Walter] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Adv Architectures & Automat Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Rouff, C (reprint author), SAIC, Modeling & Anal Div, 1710 SAIC Dr, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. EM rouffc@saic.com; James.L.Rash@nasa.gov; Walter.F.Truszkowski@nasa.gov FU NASA Office of Systems and Mission Assurance (OSMA) through its Software Assurance Research Program (SARP) project; Formal Approaches to Swarm Technologies (FAST); NASA Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL); Goddard Space Flight Center [581] FX Part of this work has been supported by the NASA Office of Systems and Mission Assurance (OSMA) through its Software Assurance Research Program (SARP) project, Formal Approaches to Swarm Technologies (FAST), and by NASA Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL), Goddard Space Flight Center (Code 581). NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2809-0 PY 2007 BP 154 EP + DI 10.1109/EASE.2007.21 PG 4 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGD54 UT WOS:000246173800018 ER PT B AU Atkinson, DJ AF Atkinson, David J. BE Sterritt, R Hinchey, MG Bapty, T TI Constellation program return to the moon: Software systems challenges autonomy and autonomicity a solution? SO Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic & Autonomous Systems, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE International Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems CY MAR 06-08, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc Task Force Autonomous & Autonom Syst, Univ Ulster Comp Sci Res Inst, Univ Ulster Ctr Software Proc Technologies, NASA Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Loyola Syst & Software Engn Lab, Vandebilt Univ Inst Software Integrated Syst AB This letter, based on a keynote talk at EASe-2006 introduced NASA's Constellation Program, which is developing new space systems for renewed human exploration of the moon, and eventually, Mars. A selection of challenges for software systems were introduced that arise from the special circumstances Of Constellation Systems. These challenges illustrate a variety of the types of problems that must be addressed related to software quality, automation, autonomicity and autonomy. For example, Constellation program-level systems engineering and integration activities are tasked with ensuring interoperability, reuse, compatibility, and evolutionary upgrade of all systems. To further compound the challenges, Constellation missions represent a mixing of the human space-flight processes with those of NASA's robotic exploration missions. These factors and others give rise to many unique and/or significantly more complex engineering than has been previously faced in the development of space systems. In this context, software reliability and safety become critical qualities for what will arguably be the most complex software systems artifact ever created. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, JPL Explorat Syst Engn, Pasadena, CA 91108 USA. RP Atkinson, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, JPL Explorat Syst Engn, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91108 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2809-0 PY 2007 BP 172 EP 175 DI 10.1109/EASE.2007.9 PG 4 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGD54 UT WOS:000246173800020 ER PT B AU Hinchey, MG Sterritt, R AF Hinchey, Michael G. Sterritt, Roy BE Sterritt, R Hinchey, MG Bapty, T TI 99% (biological) inspiration ... SO FOURTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENGINEERING OF AUTONOMIC & AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE International Workshop on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems CY MAR 06-08, 2007 CL Baltimore, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc Task Force Autonomous & Autonom Syst, Univ Ulster Comp Sci Res Inst, Univ Ulster Ctr Software Proc Technologies, NASA Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Loyola Syst & Software Engn Lab, Vandebilt Univ Inst Software Integrated Syst AB Greater understanding of biology in modern times has enabled significant breakthroughs in improving healthcare, quality of life, and eliminating many diseases and congenital illnesses. Simultaneously there is a move towards emulating nature and copying many of the wonders uncovered in biology, resulting in "biologically inspired" systems. Significant results have been reported in a wide range of areas, with systems inspired by nature enabling exploration, communication, and advances that were never dreamed possible just a few years ago. We warn,that as in many other fields of endeavor, we should be inspired by nature and biology, not engage in mimicry. We describe some results of biological inspiration that augur promise in terms of improving the safety and security of systems, and in developing self-managing systems, that we hope will ultimately lead to self-governing systems. C1 [Hinchey, Michael G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sterritt, Roy] Univ Ulster, Sch Comp & Math, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland. RP Hinchey, MG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Michael.G.Hinchey@nasa.gov; r.sterritt@ulster.ac.uk FU NASA Office of Systems and Mission Assurance (OSMA) through its Software Assurance Research Program (SARP) project; Formal Approaches to Swarm Technologies (FAST); NASA Software Engineering Laboratory; Goddard Space Flight Center [581]; Computer Science Research Institute (CSRI); Centre for Software Process Technologies (CSPT); Invest NI through the Centres of Excellence Programme, under the EU Peace II initiative FX Part of this work has been supported by the NASA Office of Systems and Mission Assurance (OSMA) through its Software Assurance Research Program (SARP) project, Formal Approaches to Swarm Technologies (FAST), and by NASA Software Engineering Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center (Code 581). This research is partly supported at University of Ulster by the Computer Science Research Institute (CSRI) and the Centre for Software Process Technologies (CSPT) which is funded by Invest NI through the Centres of Excellence Programme, under the EU Peace II initiative. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2809-0 PY 2007 BP 187 EP + DI 10.1109/EASE.2007.1 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGD54 UT WOS:000246173800022 ER PT S AU Chen, YJ Charles, J Hemmati, H Biswas, A AF Chen, Yijiang Charles, Jeffrey Hemmati, Harnid Biswas, Abhijit BE Mecherle, S Korotkova, O TI Infrared Earth tracking for deep-space optical communications: Feasibility study based on laboratory emulator - art. no. 64570A SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XIX and Atmospheric Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XIX and Atmospheric Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves CY JAN 24-25, 2007 CL San Jose, CA DE free space communications; earth tracking; acquisition and pointing AB We report on laboratory emulator experiments performed to assess the feasibility of infrared (IR) Earth image tracking for optical communications. A quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) is evaluated and characterized for this purpose. For proof of concept, an emulator is designed and implemented in the laboraiory to generate IR Earth images over the range of 0.1 to 40 AU at the Focal Plane Array of the QWIP camera to evaluate feasibility of using IR Earth images as opticomm pointing reference. IR Earth images measured from the testbed emulator are compared with the corresponding images derived from Earth thermal modeling and the two are found to be in good agreement. IR Earth image non-uniformity is also emulated in the laboratory testbed, demonstrating that for characteristic deep space optical apertures, the image is dominated by the Earth thermal non-uniformity at short distance (< 2 AU) but is overwhelmed by diffraction blurring beyond 4 AU. Furthermore, preliminary laboratory testbed investigation on centroiding accuracy of IR Earth center detection shows improved angular centroiding accuracy with increasing image size and IR signal level. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chen, YJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6573-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6457 BP A4570 EP A4570 AR 64570A DI 10.1117/12.711541 PG 17 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics GA BGA83 UT WOS:000245830500008 ER PT S AU Fernandez, MM Cheung, KM AF Fernandez, M. Munoz Cheung, K. M. BE Majumdar, AK Davis, CC TI Approximating the Bit-Error-Rate of a coherent optical focal plane array receiver for PPM signals - art. no. 67090X SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATIONS VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communications VII CY AUG 28-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE focal plane array; coherent optical communications; Saddle-Point approximation; Nakagami-m distribution AB This paper investigates the approximation of the Bit Error Rate of a coherent optical focal plane array receiver for PPM signals in the presence of atmospheric turbulence. Analysis of the expressions needed to obtain the Bit Error Rate (BER) for the real system under study in the laboratory is shown, specifically an approach using the Saddle-Point approximation of the Marcum-Q function [1,2,3] and a procedure is further discussed to approximate the Marcum-Q function using the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the Nakagami-m distribution. It is shown that by approximation of the Marcum-Q function by means of the cdf of the Nakagami-m distribution, the numerical value of the probability of error can be readily computed. C1 [Fernandez, M. Munoz; Cheung, K. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fernandez, MM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6857-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6709 BP X7090 EP X7090 PG 12 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BHC52 UT WOS:000252182100026 ER PT B AU Heap, SR Lindler, DJ AF Heap, S. R. Lindler, D. J. BE Vallenari, A Tantalo, R Portinari, L Moretti, A TI Hubble's next generation spectral library (NGSL) SO FROM STARS TO GALAXIES: BUILDING THE PIECES TO BUILD UP THE UNIVERSE SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference From Stars to Galaxies - Building the Pieces to Build up the Universe held in honor of Cesare Chiosis 65th Birthday CY OCT 16-20, 2006 CL Ist Veneto Sci, Lettere Arti, Venice, ITALY HO Ist Veneto Sci, Lettere Arti AB We give a progress report on our work to reduce and calibrate spectra obtained for Hubble's Next Generation Spectral Library (NGSL). We will shortly be incorporating these spectra in Bruzual & Charlot's (2003) stellar population synthesis code. C1 [Heap, S. R.; Lindler, D. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heap, SR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI heap, sara/E-2237-2012 NR 4 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-309-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 374 BP 409 EP 410 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHF39 UT WOS:000252692000082 ER PT B AU Madore, BF Boissier, S de Paz, AG Nelson, E Petrillo, K AF Madore, B. F. Boissier, S. de Paz, A. Gil Nelson, E. Petrillo, K. BE Vallenari, A Tantalo, R Portinari, L Moretti, A TI Spontaneous and stimulated star formation in galaxies: Ultraviolet limits on star formation thresholds and optical constraints on Lambda-CDM cosmological Simulations of galaxy formation SO FROM STARS TO GALAXIES: BUILDING THE PIECES TO BUILD UP THE UNIVERSE SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference From Stars to Galaxies - Building the Pieces to Build up the Universe held in honor of Cesare Chiosis 65th Birthday CY OCT 16-20, 2006 CL Ist Veneto Sci, Lettere Arti, Venice, ITALY HO Ist Veneto Sci, Lettere Arti ID DISK AB We present recent results from several on-going studies: The first addresses the question of gas-density thresholds for star formation, as probed by the outer disks of normal nearby galaxies. The second concerns the observational evidence for the existence of gravitating non-luminous (GNL) galaxies, as predicted by most recent simulations of galaxy formation in Lambda-CDM cosmologies. We find that (1) If star formation is traced by far-ultraviolet light, then there is no evidence for a threshold to star formation at any gas density so far probed, and (2) there is no evidence for GNL galaxies gravitationally interacting with known optical systems based on the observations (a) that there are no ring galaxies without plausible optically visible intruders, (b) all peculiar galaxies in the Arp Atlas that are bodily distorted have nearby plausibly interacting companions, and (c) there are no convincingly distorted/peculiar galaxies within Karachentsev's sample of more than 1,000 apparently/optically isolated galaxies. C1 [Madore, B. F.; Nelson, E.; Petrillo, K.] Carnegie Observ, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. [Madore, B. F.] CALTECH, NASA, IPAC NED, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Boissier, S.] Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France. [de Paz, A. Gil] Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Astrofis, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. [Nelson, E.; Petrillo, K.] Pomona Coll, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. RP Madore, BF (reprint author), Carnegie Observ, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. FU GALEX Mission; NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer; Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington FX We sincerely thank all of our colleagues on the GALEX Mission for their support in enabling the science being conducted by NASAs Galaxy Evolution Explorer. Major portions of this research would not have been possible without the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Significant support for this research was also provided by the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-309-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 374 BP 455 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHF39 UT WOS:000252692000089 ER PT B AU Stacey, GJ Hailey-Dunsheath, S Nikola, T Oberst, TE Parshley, SC Benford, DJ Staguhn, JG Moseley, SH Tucker, C AF Stacey, Gordon J. Hailey-Dunsheath, Steven Nikola, Thomas Oberst, Thomas E. Parshley, Stephen C. Benford, Dominic J. Staguhn, Johannes G. Moseley, S. Harvey Tucker, Carole BE Baker, AJ Glenn, J Harris, AI Mangum, JG Yun, MS TI ZEUS: the redshift (z) and early universe spectrometer SO FROM Z-MACHINES TO ALMA: (SUB) MILLIMETER SPECTROSCOPY OF GALAXIES SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on From Z-Machines to ALMA - (SUB) Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies CY JAN 12-14, 2006 CL Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr, Charlottesville, VA HO Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr ID ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES; PHOTODISSOCIATION REGIONS; STAR-FORMATION; EMISSION; LINE; COBE AB The redshift (z) and early Universe spectrometer (ZEUS) is an echelle grating spectrometer optimized to study star formation in the universe from about 1-2 billion years after the Big Bang to the present epoch by observing spectral lines in the submillimeter bands. ZEUS has a resolving power R similar to 1000 optimized for extragalactic point source sensitivity. At present, ZEUS employs a 1 x 32 pixel thermister-sensed bolometer array configured to deliver simultaneous 16-element spectra in the 350 and 450 mu m windows for a point source. When completed, ZEUS will have a 12 x 64 pixel TES-sensed bolometer array, delivering an instantaneous 64-element (6.4% bandwidth) spectrum at 12 spatial positions on the sky. ZEUS can be used on most large-aperture submillimeter telescopes, including the JCMT, CSO, SMT, and APEX. We obtained our first light on the CSO in early April 2006. Our primary science goals are to (1) trace star formation in the early universe by observing redshifted far-IR fine structure lines from distant (z similar to 0.7-6) galaxies, (2) measure the redshifts of optically obscured submillimeter galaxies by detecting their bright 158 mu m [CII] line emission, and (3) study star formation in starbursts and ULIRGs by observing their [CI] and mid-J CO rotational line emission. C1 [Stacey, Gordon J.; Hailey-Dunsheath, Steven; Nikola, Thomas; Oberst, Thomas E.; Parshley, Stephen C.] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [Benford, Dominic J.; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Moseley, S. Harvey] NASA, GSFC, Observ Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20706 USA. [Tucker, Carole] Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, Wales. RP Stacey, GJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Moseley, Harvey/D-5069-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; FU NSF [AST-0096881, AST-0353855]; NASA [NGT5-50470] FX This work was supported by NSF grants AST-0096881 and AST-0353855, and NASA Grant NGT5-50470. We thank P.A.R. Ade and the group at Cardiff University for their excellent submillimeter filters. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-311-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 375 BP 52 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGU76 UT WOS:000250716200007 ER PT B AU Riechers, DA Walter, F Carilli, CL Knudsen, KK Lo, KY Benford, DJ Staguhn, JG Hunter, TR Bertoldi, F Henkel, C Menten, KM Weiss, A Yun, MS Scoville, NZ AF Riechers, D. A. Walter, F. Carilli, C. L. Knudsen, K. K. Lo, K. Y. Benford, D. J. Staguhn, J. G. Hunter, T. R. Bertoldi, F. Henkel, C. Menten, K. M. Weiss, A. Yun, M. S. Scoville, N. Z. BE Baker, AJ Glenn, J Harris, AI Mangum, JG Yun, MS TI CO(1-0) emission from quasar host galaxies beyond redshift 4 SO FROM Z-MACHINES TO ALMA: (SUB) MILLIMETER SPECTROSCOPY OF GALAXIES SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on From Z-Machines to ALMA - (SUB) Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies CY JAN 12-14, 2006 CL Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr, Charlottesville, VA HO Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr ID MOLECULAR GAS; RADIO GALAXY; CO; Z=6.42; LINES; DUST AB Molecular gas has now been detected in 15 z > 2 QSOs through observations of high-J CO transitions using millimeter interferometers. Observations of the GO ground-state transition CO(1-0), however, have the potential to trace the molecular gas at lower excitations, which may give a better estimate of the total molecular gas content of high-z QSOs. Here we present the first z > 4 CO(1-0) observations obtained with the NRAO Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and the MPIfR Effelsberg telescope. Utilizing the K band receivers of these two 100m radio telescopes, we detect the CO(1-0) transition in the high-redshift QSOs BR1202-0725 (z = 4.7)7 PSSJ2322+1944 (z = 4.1) and APM08279+5255 (z = 3.9). From LVG models based on our observations out to z = 4.7, we derive that the GO emission from all observed transitions can be described by a single gas component, and that all molecular gas appears to be concentrated in a compact nuclear region. The spectral capabilities of the GBT (1 x 200 MHz in high-resolution mode, 2 x 800 MHz in high-bandwidth mode) allow us to cover velocity ranges of up to 22, 000 km s-1, or Delta z/z = 0.09 at z = 4, which will be imperative for future high-z studies in galaxies with known strong dust continuum but poorly constrained redshift. This is a first step towards observations with future z-machines. C1 [Riechers, D. A.; Walter, F.; Knudsen, K. K.] Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. [Carilli, C. L.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Lo, K. Y.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Benford, D. J.; Staguhn, J. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Observ Cosmol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hunter, T. R.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 01238 USA. [Bertoldi, F.] Argelander Inst Astron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. [Henkel, C.; Menten, K. M.; Weiss, A.] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. [Yun, M. S.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Scoville, N. Z.] CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Riechers, DA (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [1177]; Max-Planck-Forschungspreis FX D. A. R. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Programme 1177. C. C. would like to acknowledge support from the Max-Planck-Forschungspreis NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-311-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 375 BP 148 EP + PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGU76 UT WOS:000250716200017 ER PT B AU Bradford, CM AF Bradford, C. M. CA BLISS-SPICA Study Team BE Baker, AJ Glenn, J Harris, AI Mangum, JG Yun, MS TI BLISS for SPICA: Far-IR spectroscopy at the background limit SO FROM Z-MACHINES TO ALMA: (SUB) MILLIMETER SPECTROSCOPY OF GALAXIES SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on From Z-Machines to ALMA - (SUB) Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies CY JAN 12-14, 2006 CL Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr, Charlottesville, VA HO Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr ID WARM MOLECULAR GAS; EXPERIMENT SEARCH; M82; EMISSION; SPECTRUM; MODEL AB We present the scientific motivation, point designs, and plans for a background-limited infrared-subinillimeter spectrograph (BLISS) for the Japanese SPICA mission. SPICA will be a 3.5 meter telescope cooled to below 5 K and offers the potential for far-IR, observations limited only by the zodiacal dust emission and other diffuse foregrounds. BLISS on SPICA will provide moderate-resolution (R similar to 1000) spectroscopy from 40-600 microns at this background limit, achieving sensitivities below 10(-20) Wm(-2) in modest integrations. This huge advance will enable the first routine survey spectroscopy of the redshift 0.5 to 5 galaxies that produce the cosmic far-IR background. The far-IR fine-structure and molecular transitions are immune to dust extinction, and will unambiguously reveal these galaxies' redshifts, stellar and AGN contents, gas properties, and metallicities- in aggregate, the history of the population. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bradford, CM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-311-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 375 BP 199 EP 207 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGU76 UT WOS:000250716200023 ER PT B AU Benford, DJ Staguhn, JG Moseley, SH Allen, CA Chervenak, JA Irwin, KD Dicker, SR Devlin, MJ Nikola, T Oberst, TE Stacey, GJ AF Benford, Dominic J. Staguhn, Johannes G. Moseley, S. Harvey Allen, Christine A. Chervenak, James A. Irwin, Kent D. Dicker, Simon R. Devlin, Mark J. Nikola, Thomas Oberst, Thomas E. Stacey, Gordon J. BE Baker, AJ Glenn, J Harris, AI Mangum, JG Yun, MS TI Superconducting bolometers for submillimeter spectroscopy from ground-based, airborne, and space platforms SO From Z-Machines to Alma: (SUB) Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on From Z-Machines to ALMA - (SUB) Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies CY JAN 12-14, 2006 CL Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr, Charlottesville, VA HO Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr ID SPECTROMETER; TELESCOPE; PROJECT; ARRAYS AB The far-infrared and submillimeter regimes harbor significant numbers of strong lines useful as diagnostics of processes in the interstellar medium, regions of intense star formation, and AGN activity. Covering a decade or more in wavelength, many of them are emitted or redsbifted to wavelengths where they are obscured by atmospheric absorption, and so airborne and spacebased instruments must be used. Capable, sensitive detector arrays are needed for this; we have been developing such arrays based on multiplexed superconducting bolometers. At the present level of maturity, we have fielded a submillimeter spectrometer containing around ten detectors of the requisite sensitivity. In the coming months, new instruments will demonstrate up to of order 100 bolometers (e.g., 8 x 16). We are working to implement over a thousand pixels in a single detector package. One application for such large arrays is the 100 mu m - 655 mu m spectrometer SAFIRE on SOFIA. Future directions will be for space-based observatories such as SAFIR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Moseley, Harvey/D-5069-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-311-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 375 BP 217 EP 220 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGU76 UT WOS:000250716200025 ER PT B AU Staguhn, J Benford, D Allen, C Moseley, SH Ames, T Brunswig, W Chuss, D Maher, S Marx, C Miller, T Navarro, S Sharp, E Wollack, E AF Staguhn, Johannes Benford, Dominic Allen, Christine Moseley, S. Harvey Ames, Troy Brunswig, Walter Chuss, David Maher, Stephen Marx, Catherine Miller, Timothy Navarro, Santiago Sharp, Elmer Wollack, Edward BE Baker, AJ Glenn, J Harris, AI Mangum, JG Yun, MS TI A 2 mm bolometer camera for the IRAM 30 m telescope SO FROM Z-MACHINES TO ALMA: (SUB) MILLIMETER SPECTROSCOPY OF GALAXIES SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on From Z-Machines to ALMA - (SUB) Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies CY JAN 12-14, 2006 CL Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr, Charlottesville, VA HO Natl Radio Astron Observ, N Amer ALMA Sci Ctr AB We are building a bolometer camera (the Goddard-IRAM Superconducting Millimeter Observer, GISMO) for operation in the 2 mm atmospheric window to be used at the IRAM 30 m telescope. The instrument uses a 16 x 8 planar array of multiplexed TES bolometers that incorporates our newly designed Backshort Under Grid (BUG) architecture. Due to the size and sensitivity of the detector array (the NEP of the detectors is 3 x 10(-17) W Hz(-1/2)), this instrument will be unique in that it will be capable of providing significantly greater imaging sensitivity and mapping speed at this wavelength than has previously been possible. The major scientific driver for this instrument is to provide the IRAM 30 m telescope with the capability to rapidly observe Galactic and extragalactic dust emission, in particular from bigh-z ULIRGs and quasars, even in the summer season. The 2 mm spectral range provides a unique window to observe the earliest active dusty galaxies in the universe and is well suited to better constrain the star formation rates in these objects. The instrument will fill in the SEDs of high-redshift galaxies on the Rayleigh-Jeans part of the dust emission spectrum, even at the highest redshifts. The observational efficiency of a 2 mm camera with respect to bolometer cameras operating at shorter wavelength increases for objects at redshifts beyond z similar to 1 and is most efficient at the highest redshifts, at the time when the first stars were re-ionizing the universe. C1 [Staguhn, Johannes; Benford, Dominic; Allen, Christine; Moseley, S. Harvey; Ames, Troy; Chuss, David; Maher, Stephen; Marx, Catherine; Miller, Timothy; Sharp, Elmer; Wollack, Edward] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Staguhn, Johannes; Maher, Stephen] SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Brunswig, Walter; Navarro, Santiago] IRAM, E-18012 Granada, Spain. [Miller, Timothy] QSS, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Sharp, Elmer] GST, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Staguhn, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Observ Cosmol Lab, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Moseley, Harvey/D-5069-2012; Chuss, David/D-8281-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-311-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2007 VL 375 BP 287 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGU76 UT WOS:000250716200042 ER PT J AU Abedin, MN Bhat, I Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Refaat, TF Sandford, SP Singh, UN AF Abedin, M. N. Bhat, I. Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Refaat, T. F. Sandford, S. P. Singh, U. N. BE Luryi, S Xu, J Zaslavsky, A TI The Future of Single- to Multi-Band Detector Technologies SO FUTURE TRENDS IN MICROELECTRONICS: UP THE NANO CREEK LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID FOCAL-PLANE ARRAYS; WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS; III-V MATERIALS; HGCDTE PHOTODIODES; MBE TECHNOLOGY; MULTICOLOR; PHOTOCONDUCTORS; 3RD-GENERATION; DEVICES; CAMERA C1 [Abedin, M. N.; Sandford, S. P.; Singh, U. N.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Bhat, I.] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, NY 12180 USA. [Gunapala, S. D.; Bandara, S. V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Refaat, T. F.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Abedin, MN (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-16826-4 PY 2007 BP 335 EP 346 D2 10.1002/9780470168264 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BCJ34 UT WOS:000310280700031 ER PT J AU Forth, KE Metter, EJ Paloski, WH AF Forth, Katharine E. Metter, E. Jeffrey Paloski, William H. TI Age associated differences in postural equilibrium control: A comparison between EQscore and minimum time to contact (TTCmin) SO GAIT & POSTURE LA English DT Article DE aging; stability boundary; dynamic posturography ID SENSORY ORGANIZATION TEST; DYNAMIC POSTUROGRAPHY; BALANCE; COORDINATION; ADULTS; MODEL AB Increased postural instability and the subsequent elevation in fall incidence with increasing age are important contributors for hip fractures and developing frailty. When testing for such instability, most studies characterize balance in terms of center-of-mass (COM) deviation from a finite point, the "equilibrium point", located at the center of a subject's stance. For example, the clinically accepted equilibrium score (EQscore) represents instability as the maximum peak-to-peak sway about the "equilibrium point". An alternative theory views balance as being controlled within a "stability margin" in which all corrective actions are based on the time to contact (TTC) of the body's COM with that margin. This study examines the differences offered by evaluating balance control using the EQscore and TTC approach across several age groups and sessions. Consenting subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were recruited (N = 155) from each age decade (20s-80s) who were generally healthy and free from neurological diagnoses. Results showed TTC tests detected significant variations in eyes open versus eyes closed testing that were unpredictable by EQscore. Further, TTC produced differences in age-related stability threats not seen using EQscore. The TTC data also provided a discriminating difference between subjects who fell in the difficult tests and those who maintained posture. Overall, these data suggest EQscore might not sufficiently account for dynamic control components the body may be using to maintain balance. TTC may offer a more accurate estimate of postural stability (functional ability) than EQscore based on its inclusion of a velocity component to detect dynamic changes. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Neurosci Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Harbor Hosp, NIA Clin Res Branch, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX USA. Baylor Coll Med, Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Paloski, WH (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Neurosci Lab, Mail Code SK, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM william.h.paloski@nasa.gov NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0966-6362 J9 GAIT POSTURE JI Gait Posture PD JAN PY 2007 VL 25 IS 1 BP 56 EP 62 DI 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.12.008 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Orthopedics; Sport Sciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Orthopedics; Sport Sciences GA 127RS UT WOS:000243604600008 PM 16464595 ER PT S AU Komin, N Band, D Omodel, N AF Komin, Nukri Band, David Omodel, Nicola CA GLAST LAT GRB Sci working Group BE Axelsson, M Ryde, F TI GRB analysis results from GLAST Data Challenge 2 SO GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: PROSPECTS FOR GLAST SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Stockholm Symposium on Gamma-Ray Bursts CY SEP 01, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Noble Inst Phys, Stockholm Univ, Swedish Res Council, Wenner-Gren Fdn DE GLAST; DC 2; gamma-ray bursts AB The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) will observe the gamma-ray sky in the MeV and GeV energy range. It will detect a number of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) every year, depending on their emission at high energies, which is still unknown. GLAST will be the first instrument observing GRBs at energies above 20 GeV A systematic study prior to launch, which is foreseen for 15 November 2007, was the GLAST Data Challenge 2 (DC 2). For GLAST DC 2 two month of data taking were simulated. Based on these simulations the GRB Working Group performed systematic studies of the performance of GLAST in observing GRBs. These studies included the spectral analysis of the prompt emission, a position fit of the GRB, and the search for prompt and afterglow emissions in the LAT data. C1 [Komin, Nukri] CNRS, LPTA IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France. [Band, David] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Omodel, Nicola] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. RP Komin, N (reprint author), CNRS, LPTA IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France. RI Komin, Nukri/J-6781-2015; OI Komin, Nukri/0000-0003-3280-0582; Omodei, Nicola/0000-0002-5448-7577 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0413-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 906 BP 18 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGG36 UT WOS:000246655200003 ER PT S AU Norris, JP Scargle, JD AF Norris, Jay P. Scargle, Jeffrey D. BE Axelsson, M Ryde, F TI Quantum-gravity based photon dispersion in gamma-ray bursts: The detection problem SO GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: PROSPECTS FOR GLAST SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Stockholm Symposium on Gamma-Ray Bursts CY SEP 01, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Noble Inst Phys, Stockholm Univ, Swedish Res Council, Wenner-Gren Fdn DE quantum gravity; gamma-ray bursts; temporal analysis; Lorentz invariance ID LAG AB Gamma-ray bursts at cosmological distances offer a time-varying signal that can be used to search for energy-dependent photon dispersion effects. We show that short bursts with narrow pulse structures at high energies will offer the least ambiguous tests for energy-dependent dispersion effects. We discuss quantitative methods to search for such effects in time-tagged photon data. Utilizing observed gamma-ray burst profiles extrapolated to GeV energies, as may expected to be observed by GLAST, we also demonstrate the extent to which these methods can be used as an empirical exploration of quantum gravity formalisms. C1 [Norris, Jay P.] Univ Denver, Dent Res Inst, Denver, CO 80208 USA. [Scargle, Jeffrey D.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Norris, JP (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dent Res Inst, Denver, CO 80208 USA. FU CONACYT [40745F]; DGAPA-UNAMIN [104503- 3]; Mexico's National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) [51132-F] FX L.F.U is partially supported by projects CONACYT-40745F and DGAPA-UNAMIN104503- 3. H.A.M.T. has been partially supported by Mexicos National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT), under grant CONACyT 51132-F NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0413-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 906 BP 99 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGG36 UT WOS:000246655200011 ER PT S AU Lichti, GG Bhat, N Briggs, M Connaughton, V Diehl, R Fishman, G Greiner, J Kippen, RM Kouveliotou, C Meegan, C Paciesas, W Preece, R Steinle, H von Kienlln, A AF Lichti, Giselher G. Bhat, N. Briggs, M. Connaughton, V. Diehl, R. Fishman, G. Greiner, J. Kippen, R. M. Kouveliotou, C. Meegan, C. Paciesas, W. Preece, R. Steinle, H. von Kienlin, A. BE Axelsson, M Ryde, F TI Current status of the GBM project SO GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: PROSPECTS FOR GLAST SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Stockholm Symposium on Gamma-Ray Bursts CY SEP 01, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Noble Inst Phys, Stockholm Univ, Swedish Res Council, Wenner-Gren Fdn DE instruments : GLAST; GBM; gamma-ray astronomy : bursts ID GLAST BURST MONITOR; GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AB One of the scientific goals of the Large-Area Telescope (LAT) on GLAST is the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the energy range from similar to 20 MeV to similar to 300 GeV. In order to extend the energy measurement towards lower energies a secondary instrument, the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM), will measure GRBs from similar to 10 keV to similar to 30 MeV and will therefore allow the investigation of the relation between the keV and the MeV-GeV emission from GRBs over more than six energy decades. These unprecedented measurements will furthermore permit the exploration of the unknown aspects of the high-energy burst emission. The status of the GBM project approximately one year before launch is reported here. C1 [Lichti, Giselher G.; Diehl, R.; Greiner, J.; Steinle, H.; von Kienlin, A.] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstrasse, D-37075 Garching, Germany. [Bhat, N.; Briggs, M.; Connaughton, V.; Paciesas, W.; Preece, R.] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Fishman, G.; Kouveliotou, C.; Meegan, C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Kippen, R. M.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Lichti, GG (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstrasse, D-37075 Garching, Germany. OI Preece, Robert/0000-0003-1626-7335 FU BMBF via the DLR [50 QV 0301] FX The GBM project has been supported by the BMBF via the DLR under the contract number 50 QV 0301. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0413-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 906 BP 119 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGG36 UT WOS:000246655200013 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N Cannizzo, JK AF Gehrels, Neil Cannizzo, John K. BE Axelsson, M Ryde, F TI Opportunities for GRIB discovery combining Swift and GLAST SO GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: PROSPECTS FOR GLAST SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Stockholm Symposium on Gamma-Ray Bursts CY SEP 01, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Noble Inst Phys, Stockholm Univ, Swedish Res Council, Wenner-Gren Fdn DE gamma-ray bursts; supernovae; instrumentation ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; HOST GALAXY; AFTERGLOW; REDSHIFT; TELESCOPE; GRB-050709; SUPERNOVAE; EMISSION; GRB-060614 AB Swift is a NASA MIDEX mission with primary objective to study GRBs and use them to study the Universe. The mission was launched on 20 November 2004 and is detecting similar to 100 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) each year. For almost every burst there is a prompt (within similar to 90 s) spacecraft repointing to give X-ray and UV/optical observations of the afterglow. Swift has already collected an impressive database including prompt emission to higher sensitivities than BATSE, uniform monitoring of afterglows, and rapid follow-up by other observatories notified through the GCN. With the launch of GLAST in 2007, there will be an opportunity to combine the powers of Swift and GLAST to make tremendous progress in the study of GRBs. This paper summarizes scientific results from Swift and discusses the ways that Swift and GLAST can work together on GRB observations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gehrels@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0413-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2007 VL 906 BP 127 EP 136 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGG36 UT WOS:000246655200014 ER PT B AU Agogino, A Tumer, K AF Agogino, Adrian Tumer, Kagan GP ACM TI Evolving Distributed Agents for Managing Air Traffic SO GECCO 2007: GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION CONFERENCE, VOL 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference CY JUL 07-11, 2007 CL London, ENGLAND SP ACM DE Air Traffic Control; Multiagent Systems; Evolution ID CONFLICT-RESOLUTION AB Air traffic management offers ail intriguing real world challenge to designing large scale distributed systems using evolutionary computation. The ability to evolve effective air traffic How strategies depends not only oil evolving good local strategies, but also oil ensuring that those local strategies result in good global Solutions. While traditional, direct evolutionary strategies can be highly effective in certain combinatorial domains, they are not well-suited to complex air traffic flow problems because of the large interdependencies among the local subsystems. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary agent-based solution to the air traffic flow problem. In this approach, we evolve agents both to learn them right local flow strategies to alleviate congestion in their immediate surroundings, and to prevent, the creation of congestion "downstream" from their local areas. The agent-based approach leads to better and more fault-tolerant solutions. To validate this approach, we use FACET, an air traffic simulator developed at NASA and used extensively by the FAA and industry. On a scenario composed of three hundred air-craft and two points of congestion, our results show that an agent based evolutionary computation method, where each agent; uses die system evaluation function, achieves 40% improvement over a direct evolutionary algorithm. In addition by creating agent-specific "difference evaluation functions" we achieve an additional 30% improvement over agents using the system evaluation. C1 [Agogino, Adrian] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, UCSC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Agogino, A (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, UCSC, Mailstop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM adrian@email.arc.nasa.gov; kagan.tumer@oregonstate.edu NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-59593-697-4 PY 2007 BP 1888 EP 1895 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BKI74 UT WOS:000268226900354 ER PT J AU Huang, JL Gogarten, JP AF Huang, Jinling Gogarten, Johann Peter TI Did an ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis facilitate the establishment of primary plastids? SO GENOME BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HORIZONTAL GENE-TRANSFER; NUCLEOTIDE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY; GENOME SEQUENCE; RED ALGAE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES; ATP/ADP TRANSLOCASES; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; ORIGIN AB Background: Ancient endosymbioses are responsible for the origins of mitochondria and plastids, and they contribute to the divergence of several major eukaryotic groups. Although chlamydiae, a group of obligate intracellular bacteria, are not found in plants, an unexpected number of chlamydial genes are most similar to plant homologs, which, interestingly, often contain a plastid-targeting signal. This observation has prompted several hypotheses, including gene transfer between chlamydiae and plant-related groups and an ancestral relationship between chlamydiae and cyanobacteria. Results: We conducted phylogenomic analyses of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae to identify genes specifically related to chlamydial homologs. We show that at least 21 genes were transferred between chlamydiae and primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, with the donor most similar to the environmental Protochlamydia. Such an unusually high number of transferred genes suggests an ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis with the ancestral primary photosynthetic eukaryote. We hypothesize that three organisms were involved in establishing the primary photosynthetic lineage: the eukaryotic host cell, the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that provided photosynthetic capability, and a chlamydial endosymbiont or parasite that facilitated the establishment of the cyanobacterial endosymbiont. Conclusion: Our findings provide a glimpse into the complex interactions that were necessary to establish the primary endosymbiotic relationship between plastid and host cytoplasms, and thereby explain the rarity with which long-term successful endosymbiotic relationships between heterotrophs and photoautotrophs were established. Our data also provide strong and independent support for a common origin of all primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and of the plastids they harbor. C1 E Carolina Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. Marine Biol Lab, NASA Astrobiol Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Huang, JL (reprint author), E Carolina Univ, Dept Biol, Howell Sci Complex, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. EM huangj@ecu.edu OI Gogarten, Johann Peter/0000-0001-6459-6518 NR 78 TC 116 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 16 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1474-760X J9 GENOME BIOL JI Genome Biol. PY 2007 VL 8 IS 6 AR R99 DI 10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-r99 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 196NB UT WOS:000248488200008 PM 17547748 ER PT S AU Taymaz, T Wright, TJ Yolsal, S Tan, O Fielding, E Seyitoglu, G AF Taymaz, T. Wright, T. J. Yolsal, S. Tan, O. Fielding, E. Seyitoglu, G. BE Taymaz, T Yilmaz, Y Dilek, Y TI Source characteristics of the 6 June 2000 Orta-Cankiri (central Turkey) earthquake: a synthesis of seismological, geological and geodetic (InSAR) observations, and internal deformation of the Anatolian plate SO GEODYNAMICS OF THE AEGEAN AND ANATOLIA SE Geological Society Special Publication LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SEISMIC-REFLECTION DATA; WEST-CENTRAL ANATOLIA; FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS; MAIN MARMARA FAULT; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; SOURCE PARAMETERS; ACTIVE TECTONICS; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; SATELLITE RADAR; AEGEAN SEA AB This paper is concerned with the seismotectonics of the North Anatolian Fault in the vicinity of the Orta-Cankiri region, and consists of a study of a moderate-sized (Mw = 6. 0) earthquake that occurred on 6 June 2000. The instrumental epicentre of this earthquake is far from the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), and rapid focal mechanism solutions of USGS-NEIC and Harvard-CMT also demonstrate that this earthquake is not directly related to the right-lateral movement of the North Anatolian Fault. This earthquake is the only instrumentally recorded event of magnitude (Mw) > 5.5 since 1900 between Ankara and Cankiri, and therefore provides valuable data to improve Our understanding of the neotectonic framework of NW central Anatolia. Field observations carried out in the vicinity of Orta town and neighbouring villages immediately after the earthquake indicated no apparent Surface rupture, but the reported damage was most intense in the villages to the SW of Orta. We used teleseismic long-period P- and SH-body waveforms and first-motion polarities of P-waves, broadband P-waves, and InSAR data to determine the source parameters of the 6 June 2000 (Orta-Cankiri, t(o) = 02:41:53.2, Mw = 6.0) earthquake. We compared the shapes and amplitudes of long-period P- and SH-waveforms recorded by GDSN stations in the distance range 30-90 degrees, for which signal amplitudes were large enough, with synthetic waveforms. The best-fitting fault-plane solution of the Orta-Cankiri earthquake shows normal faulting with a left-lateral component with no apparent surface rupture in the vicinity of the epicentre. The source parameters and uncertainties of this earthquake were: Nodal Plane 1: strike 2 degrees +/- 5 degrees, dip 46 degrees +/- 5 degrees, rake -29 degrees +/- 5 degrees; Nodal Plane 2: strike 113 degrees, dip 70 degrees, rake -132 degrees; principal axes: P = 338 degrees (48 degrees), T = 232 degrees (14 degrees) B = 131 degrees (39 degrees); focal depth 8 +/- 2 kill (though this does not include uncertainty related to velocity structure), and seismic moment M(o) = (140-185) x 10(16) N m. Furthermore, analysis of a coseismic interferogram also allows the source mechanism and location of the earthquake to be determined. The InSAR data suggest that the north-south fault plane (Nodal Plane I above) was the one that ruptured during the earthquake. The InSAR mechanism is in good agreement with the minimum misfit solution of P- and SH-waveforms. Although the magnitude of slip was poorly constrained, trade-off with the depth range of faulting accurred such that solutions with a large depth range had small values of slip and vice versa. The misfit was small and the geodetic moment constant for fault slips greater than c. 1 m. The 6 June 2000 Orta-Cankiri earthquake occurred close to a restraining bend in the east-west-striking rightlateral strike-slip fault that Moved ill the much larger earthquake of 13 August 1951 (Ms = 6.7). The faulting in this anomalous earthquake could be related to the local geometry of the main strike-slip system, and may not be a reliable guide to the regional strain field in NW central Turkey. We tentatively suggest that one possible explanation for the occurrence of the 6 June 2000 Orta-Cankiri earthquake could be localized clockwise rotations as a result of shear of the lower crust and lithosphere. C1 [Taymaz, T.; Yolsal, S.] Istanbul Tech Univ, Dept Geophys, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey. [Wright, T. J.] Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England. [Tan, O.] TUBITAK Marmara Res Ctr, TR-41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. [Fielding, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Seyitoglu, G.] Ankara Univ, Dept Geol Engn, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. RP Taymaz, T (reprint author), Istanbul Tech Univ, Dept Geophys, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey. EM taymaz@itu.edu.tr; taymaz@itu.edu.tr RI Tan, Onur/A-9467-2012; Wright, Tim/A-5892-2011; Fielding, Eric/A-1288-2007 OI Tan, Onur/0000-0002-5395-8349; Wright, Tim/0000-0001-8338-5935; Fielding, Eric/0000-0002-6648-8067 NR 107 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC PUBLISHING HOUSE PI BATH PA UNIT 7, BRASSMILL ENTERPRISE CTR, BRASSMILL LANE, BATH BA1 3JN, AVON, ENGLAND SN 0305-8719 BN 978-1-86239-239-7 J9 GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL JI Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. PY 2007 VL 291 BP 259 EP 290 DI 10.1144/SP291.12 PG 32 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology GA BJV19 UT WOS:000267235500012 ER PT J AU Doubre, C Peltzer, G AF Doubre, Cecile Peltzer, Gilles TI Fluid-controlled faulting process in the Asal Rift, Djibouti, from 8 yr of radar interferometry observations SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Afar; Asal Rift; faulting process; radar interferometry ID SURFACE DEFORMATION; AFAR DEPRESSION; PLATE BOUNDARY; PROPAGATION; EARTHQUAKES; SEISMICITY; MECHANICS; STRESS AB The deformation in the Asal Rift (Djibouti) is characterized by magmatic inflation, diking, distributed extension, fissure opening, and normal faulting. An 8 yr time line of surface displacement maps covering the rift, constructed using radar interferometry data acquired by the Canadian satellite Radarsat between 1997 and 2005, reveals the aseismic behavior of faults and its relation with bursts of microseismicity. The observed ground movements show the asymmetric subsidence of the inner floor of the rift with respect to the bordering shoulders accommodated by slip on three of the main active faults. Fault slip occurs both as steady creep and during sudden slip events accompanied by an increase in the seismicity rate around the slipping fault and the Fieale volcanic center. Slip distribution along fault strike shows triangular sections, a pattern not explained by simple elastic dislocation theory. These observations suggest that the Asal Rift faults are in a critical failure state and respond instantly to small pressure changes in fluid-filled fractures connected to the faults, reducing the effective normal stress on their locked section at depth. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Doubre, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NR 24 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMERICA, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JAN PY 2007 VL 35 IS 1 BP 69 EP 72 DI 10.1130/G23022A.1 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA 126AE UT WOS:000243483800018 ER PT J AU Cabrol, NA McKay, CP Grin, EA Kiss, KT Acs, E Toth, B Grigorszky, I Szabo, K Fike, DA Hock, AN Demergasso, C Escudero, L Galleguillos, P Chong, G Grigsby, BH Roman, JZ Tambley, C AF Cabrol, Nathalie A. McKay, Chris P. Grin, Edmond A. Kiss, Keve T. Acs, Era Toth, Balint Grigorszky, Istran Szabo, K. Fike, David A. Hock, Andrew N. Demergasso, Cecilia Escudero, Lorena Galleguillos, P. Chong, Guillermo Grigsby, Brian H. Zambrana Roman, Jebner Tambley, Cristian BE Chapman, MG TI Signatures of habitats and life in Earth's high-altitude lakes: clues to Noachian aqueous environments on Mars SO GEOLOGY OF MARS: EVIDENCE FROM EARTH-BASED ANALOGS SE Cambridge Planetary Science Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IMPACT CRATER LAKES; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ALTIPLANO; BOLIVIA; EVOLUTION; COMMUNITY; MOUNTAIN; DYNAMICS; HOLOCENE C1 [Cabrol, Nathalie A.; McKay, Chris P.; Grin, Edmond A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Chong, Guillermo] Univ Catolica Norte, Dept Geol, Antofagasta, Chile. [Demergasso, Cecilia; Escudero, Lorena; Galleguillos, P.] Univ Catolica Norte, Lab Microbiol Tecn, Dept Quim, Antofagasta, Chile. [Grigorszky, Istran] Debrecen Univ, Dept Bot, Debrecen, Hungary. [Grigsby, Brian H.] Schreder Planetarium ARISE, Redding, CA 96001 USA. [Hock, Andrew N.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Kiss, Keve T.; Toth, Balint] Hungarian Acad Sci, Hungarian Danube Res Stn, Inst Ecol & Bot, God, Hungary. [Tambley, Cristian] Univ Catolica Norte, Dept Astrophys, Antofagasta, Chile. [Szabo, K.; Fike, David A.] Eotvos L Univ, Dept Microbiol, Budapest, Hungary. [Zambrana Roman, Jebner] Serv Nacl Geol & Min SERGEOMIN, La Paz, Bolivia. RP Cabrol, NA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 50 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-83292-2 J9 CAMB PLANET PY 2007 IS 5 BP 349 EP 370 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511536014.015 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511536014 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BXW26 UT WOS:000297320800015 ER PT J AU Snook, K Glass, B Briggs, G Jasper, J AF Snook, Kelly Glass, Brian Briggs, Geoffrey Jasper, Jennifer BE Chapman, MG TI Integrated analog mission design for planetary exploration with humans and robots SO GEOLOGY OF MARS: EVIDENCE FROM EARTH-BASED ANALOGS SE Cambridge Planetary Science Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Snook, Kelly] NASA Johnson Space Ctr KX, Houston, TX USA. [Glass, Brian; Briggs, Geoffrey; Jasper, Jennifer] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Snook, K (reprint author), NASA Johnson Space Ctr KX, Houston, TX USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-83292-2 J9 CAMB PLANET PY 2007 IS 5 BP 424 EP 455 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511536014.018 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511536014 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BXW26 UT WOS:000297320800018 ER PT J AU Ichii, K Hashimoto, H White, MA Potters, C Hutyra, LR Huete, AR Myneni, RB Nemanis, RR AF Ichii, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Hirofumi White, Michael A. Potters, Christopher Hutyra, Lucy R. Huete, Alfredo R. Myneni, Ranga B. Nemanis, Ramakrishna R. TI Constraining rooting depths in tropical rainforests using satellite data and ecosystem modeling for accurate simulation of gross primary production seasonality SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Amazon; Biome-BGC; carbon cycle; gross primary production; MODIS; remote sensing; rooting depth; seasonal cycle; terrestrial biosphere model; tropical forest; vegetation index ID INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; VEGETATION INDEXES; BIOSPHERE MODEL; CARBON-CYCLE; DEEP ROOTS; CLIMATE; WATER; FLUXES; MODIS; RESOLUTION AB Accurate parameterization of rooting depth is difficult but important for capturing the spatio-temporal dynamics of carbon, water and energy cycles in tropical forests. In this study, we adopted a new approach to constrain rooting depth in terrestrial ecosystem models over the Amazon using satellite data [moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] and Biome-BGC terrestrial ecosystem model. We simulated seasonal variations in gross primary production (GPP) using different rooting depths (1, 3, 5, and 10 m) at point and spatial scales to investigate how rooting depth affects modeled seasonal GPP variations and to determine which rooting depth simulates GPP consistent with satellite-based observations. First, we confirmed that rooting depth strongly controls modeled GPP seasonal variations and that only deep rooting systems can successfully track flux-based GPP seasonality at the Tapajos km67 flux site. Second, spatial analysis showed that the model can reproduce the seasonal variations in satellite-based EVI seasonality, however, with required rooting depths strongly dependent on precipitation and the dry season length. For example, a shallow rooting depth (1-3 m) is sufficient in regions with a short dry season (e.g. 0-2 months), and deeper roots are required in regions with a longer dry season (e.g. 3-5 and 5-10 m for the regions with 3-4 and 5-6 months dry season, respectively). Our analysis suggests that setting of proper rooting depths is important to simulating GPP seasonality in tropical forests, and the use of satellite data can help to constrain the spatial variability of rooting depth. C1 San Jose State Univ, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, NASA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Watershed Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Ichii, K (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, NASA, Mail Stop 242-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM kichiijp@yahoo.co.jp RI Mitchard, Edward/C-6346-2009; Ichii, Kazuhito/D-2392-2010; Myneni, Ranga/F-5129-2012; Huete, Alfredo/C-1294-2008; OI Ichii, Kazuhito/0000-0002-8696-8084; Huete, Alfredo/0000-0003-2809-2376; White, Michael/0000-0002-0238-8913 NR 49 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1354-1013 EI 1365-2486 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 13 IS 1 BP 67 EP 77 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01277.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 124WX UT WOS:000243403900006 ER PT S AU Abu-Surra, S Ryan, WE Divsalar, D AF Abu-Surra, Shadi Ryan, William E. Divsalar, Dariush GP IEEE TI Ensemble enumerators for protograph-based generalized LDPC codes SO GLOBECOM 2007: 2007 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-11 SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 07) CY NOV 26-30, 2007 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE ID PARITY-CHECK CODES; DISTANCE DISTRIBUTIONS AB Protograph-based LDPC codes have the advantages of a simple design (or search) procedure and highly structured encoders and decoders. These advantages have also been exploited in the design of protograph-based generalized LDPC (G-LDPC) codes. Recently, a technique for computing ensemble weight enumerators and stopping set enumerators for protograph-based LDPC codes has been published. In the current paper, we extend those results to protograph-based G-LDPC codes. That is, we first derive ensemble weight and stopping set enumerators for finite-length G-LDPC codes based on protographs, and then we consider the asymptotic case. In the weight enumerator case, the asymptotic results allow us to determine whether or not the typical minimum distance in the ensemble grows linearly with codeword length. In the stopping set enumerator case, the asymptotic results allows us to determine whether or not the typical smallest stopping set size grows linearly with codeword length. C1 [Abu-Surra, Shadi; Ryan, William E.] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Divsalar, Dariush] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Abu-Surra, S (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM shadia@ece.arizona.edu; ryan@ece.arizona.edu; Dariush.Divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA Goddard Space Flight Center [NNX06AC17G] FX This research was supported in part by grant NNX06AC17G from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. This research in part was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-1042-2 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2007 BP 1492 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BHY77 UT WOS:000257505701091 ER PT S AU Tkacenko, A AF Tkacenko, Andre GP IEEE TI Spectral properties and interpolation error analysis for variable sample rate conversion systems SO GLOBECOM 2007: 2007 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-11 SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 07) CY NOV 26-30, 2007 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE ID DIGITAL MODEMS AB The problem of variable sample rate conversion (SRC) has received much attention on account of its applications in software defined radios (SDRs) that must support a wide variety of data rates. In this paper, we investigate the spectral properties of variable SRC and locus on the interpolation error obtained using my two interpolation kernels. We show that SRC is a generalization of decimation for both rational and irrational conversion ratios. In addition, a frequency domain expression for the mean-squared interpolation error is derived and simplified. Simulations presented show the degradation effects of using practical piecewise polynomial based interpolants as opposed to the underlying bandlimited sine function for several input signals. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Signal Proc Res Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tkacenko, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Signal Proc Res Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Andre.Tkacenko@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-1042-2 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2007 BP 3123 EP 3127 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BHY77 UT WOS:000257505703012 ER PT B AU Misner, CW van Meter, JR Fiske, DR AF Misner, Charles W. van Meter, James R. Fiske, David R. BE Nester, JM Chen, CM Hsu, JP TI Numerical relativity beyond I+ SO Gravitation and Astrophysics: On the Occasion of the 90th Year of General Relativity LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Gravitation and Astrophysics CY NOV 23-26, 2005 CL Natl Cent Univ, Taipei, TAIWAN HO Natl Cent Univ AB This is a study of the behavior of wave equations in conformally compactified spacetimes suited to the use of computational boundaries beyond Scri+. There light cones may be adjusted for computational convenience and/or Scri+ may be converted to a spacelike hypersurface just outside a de Sitter horizon. Our preliminary numerical implementation excises the physically unnecessary universe somewhat beyond this outer horizon. As an entry level example we study a formulation of the Maxwell equations and causal relations for an outer boundary in that example. We find that an initial central pulse propagates to and through Scri+ in an (hyperboloidal) coordinate time comparable to the pulse width, and that the the numerical evolution remains stable for several times that long. This is a proposal for outer boundary conditions and wave extraction in numerical relativity for which further tests and development would be needed prior to an implementation in full GR. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Albert Einstein Inst, Max Planck Inst Gravitationphys, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Gravitat Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Decis Analyt Corp, Intelligent Syst Div, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. RP Misner, CW (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI van meter, james/E-7893-2011 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-981-256-950-9 PY 2007 BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.1142/9789812772923_0004 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGA11 UT WOS:000245740400004 ER PT S AU Garcia-Llama, E Senent, JS AF Garcia-Llama, Eduardo Senent, Juan S. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Spacecraft maneuver and stabilization with one control torque SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB This paper presents a method, primarily conceived as an emergency backup system, that addresses the problem of a manned space capsule that needs to execute a safe atmospheric entry from an arbitrary initial attitude and angular rate in the absence of nominal control capability. The proposed concept permits the arrest of a tumbling motion, orientation to the heat shield forward position, stabilization and the attainment of a ballistic roll rate of a rigid symmetric spacecraft with the use of control in one axis only. To show the feasibility of such concept, the technique of single input single output feedback linearization using the Lie derivative method is employed. The problem is solved for different number of jets and for different configurations of the inertia matrix. In the simplified inertia configuration (I-xx. > I-yy = I-zz, I-ij = 0) the closed loop stability is analyzed through the zero dynamics of the internal dynamics. In the cases where the inertia matrix has cross products of inertia different than zero, the internal dynamics becomes intractable. In these cases, only an assessment on closed loop stability coming from the analysis of different simulation cases is provided. The results show that for the proposed concept and control method to be feasible a specific geometric layout of the actuators is required for each inertia configuration and number of jets employed in the system. C1 [Garcia-Llama, Eduardo] NASA, JSC, Houston, TX USA. RP Garcia-Llama, E (reprint author), NASA, JSC, Houston, TX USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 33 EP 52 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700003 ER PT S AU Leitner, J AF Leitner, Jesse BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Spacecraft formation flying - An overview of missions and technology challenges SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc ID IMAGER AB Over the next two decades a revolution is likely to occur in how remote sensing of Earth, other planets or bodies, and a range of phenomena in the universe is performed from space. In particular, current launch vehicle fairing volume and mass constraints, will continue to restrict the size of monolithic telescope apertures which can be launched to little or no greater size than that of the Hubble Space Telescope, the largest aperture currently flying in space. Systems under formulation today, such as the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to increase aperture size and, hence, imaging resolution, by deploying segmented optics. However, this approach is limited as well, by our ability to control such segments to optical tolerances over long distances with highly uncertain structural dynamics connecting them. Consequently, for orders of magnitude improved resolution as required for imaging black holes, imaging planets, or performing asteroseismology, the only viable approach will be to fly a collection of spacecraft in formation to synthesize a virtual segmented telescope or interferometer with very large baselines. This paper provides some basic definitions in the area of formation flying, describes some of the strategic science missions planned in the National Aeronautics and. Space Administration, and identifies some of the critical technologies needed to enable some of the most challenging space missions ever conceived which have realistic hopes of flying. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leitner, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 591, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 125 EP 134 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700008 ER PT S AU Concha, MA AF Concha, Marco A. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Implementation of a collision probability prediction technique for constellation maneuver planning SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB On March 22, 2006, the Space Technology 5 (ST5) constellation spacecraft were successfully delivered to orbit by a Pegasus XL launch vehicle. An unexpected relative motion experienced by the constellation after orbit insertion brought about a problem. Soon after launch the observed relative position of the inert rocket body was between the leading and the middle spacecraft within the constellation. The successful planning and execution of an orbit maneuver that would create a fly-by of the rocket body was required to establish the formation. This maneuver would create a close approach that needed to conform to pre-defined collision probability requirements. On April 21, 2006, the ST5 "155" spacecraft performed a large orbit maneuver and successfully passed the inert Pegasus 3rd Stage Rocket Body on April 30, 2006 15:20 UTC at a distance of 2.55 km with a Probability of Collision of less than 1.0E-06. This paper will outline the technique that was implemented to establish the safe planning and execution of the fly-by maneuver. The method makes use of Gaussian distribution models of state covariance to determine underlying probabilities of collision that arise under low velocity encounters. Specific numerical examples used for this analysis are discussed in detail. The mechanics of this technique are explained to foster deeper understanding of the concepts presented and to improve existing processes for use in future constellation maneuver planning. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Concha, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 155 EP 167 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700010 ER PT S AU Marshall, WS AF Marshall, William S. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Small spacecraft in support of the lunar exploration program SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB This paper analyses the ability of small, low cost spacecraft to deliver scientifically and technically useful payloads to lunar orbit and the lunar surface, in particular precursor mapping, infrastructure and in-situ resource utilization functions, that are necessary prior to human return as part of the US Vision for Space Exploration. It is based upon a technical study of the NASA-Ames Research Center's Small Spacecraft. Following an overview of the generalized capabilities of small spacecraft in comparison to the objectives of the robotic lunar exploration program, the paper documents the mission planning (including trajectory, launch stack and timeline), and overall spacecraft design (including mass budget, structure, propulsion, thermal, electrical power, descent guidance, navigation and control, and telecommunications) for a lunar lander mission. The study shows that spacecraft subject to the constraints laid out, in particular within a budget of < $100 Million and which can be launched on one of the next generation affordable launch vehicles such as Falcon-1 or Minotaur-V, can deliver payloads of 5-50 kg to the lunar surface or 10-200kg payload to lunar orbit The payloads carried would be capable of covering most of the functions of lunar missions that are needed prior to human arrival, as identified in NASA's Lunar Robotic Architecture Study, with the exception of the bulk ISRU tasks of the 'Lander Rover' (In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)) mission. The key advantages of smaller spacecraft are reduced costs and schedules. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Small Spacecraft Off, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Marshall, WS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Small Spacecraft Off, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 327 EP 346 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700020 ER PT S AU Sostaric, RR AF Sostaric, Ronald R. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Powered descent trajectory guidance and some considerations for human lunar landing SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology development (ALHAT) will enable a highly accurate landing on the lunar surface, in an area free from surface hazards. A preliminary trajectory guidance algorithm capable of supporting these tasks has been developed and demonstrated in simulations. A reference trajectory meeting certain constraints during the descent has been designed using this algorithm. The constraints on the trajectory shape are discussed. in detail. Early results suggest that the guidance is capable of supporting ALHAT objectives. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Sostaric, RR (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 349 EP 366 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700021 ER PT S AU Beckman, M AF Beckman, Mark BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Mission design for the lunar reconnaissance orbiter SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) will be the first mission under NASA's Vision for Space Exploration. LRO will fly in a low 50 km mean altitude lunar polar orbit. LRO will utilize a direct minimum energy lunar transfer and have a launch window of three days every two weeks. The launch window is defined by lunar orbit beta angle at times of extreme lighting conditions. This paper will define the LRO launch window and the science and engineering constraints that drive it. After lunar orbit insertion, LRO will be placed into a commissioning orbit for up to 60 days. This commissioning orbit will be a low altitude quasi-frozen orbit that minimizes stationkeeping costs during commissioning phase. LRO will use a repeating stationkeeping cycle with a pair of maneuvers every lunar sidereal period. The stationkeeping algorithm will bound LRO altitude, maintain ground station contact during maneuvers, and equally distribute periselene between northern and southern hemispheres. Orbit determination for LRO will be at the 50 m level with updated lunar gravity models.. This paper will address the quasi-frozen orbit design, stationkeeping algorithms and low lunar orbit determination. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Beckman, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 595, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 421 EP 436 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700025 ER PT S AU Phillips, M Hanson, J Schmitt, T Dukeman, G Hays, J Hill, A Garcia, J AF Phillips, Mark Hanson, John Schmitt, Terri Dukeman, Greg Hays, Jim Hill, Ashley Garcia, Jessica BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Preliminary performance analyses of the Constellation Program ARES I Crew Launch Vehicle SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB By the time NASA's Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) report had been released to the public in December 2005, engineers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center had already initiated the first of a series of detailed design analysis cycles (DACs) for the Constellation Program Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV) now known as ARES I. As a major component of the Constellation Architecture, the ARES I's initial role will be to deliver crew and cargo aboard the newly conceived Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), or Orion, to a staging orbit for eventual rendezvous with the International Space Station (ISS). However, the long-term goal and design focus of. the ARES I will be to provide launch services for a crewed Orion in support of lunar exploration missions Key to the success of the ARES I design effort and an integral part of each DAC is a detailed performance analysis tailored to assess nominal and dispersed performance of the vehicle and to determine performance sensitivities. Results of these analyses provide valuable information to the program for the current design as well as feedback to engineers on how to adjust the current design in order to maintain program performance goals. This paper presents a subset of the ARES I performance analyses performed during the ARES I DAC-1 cycle. Deterministic studies include development of the ARES I DAC-1 reference trajectories, identification of vehicle stage impact footprints, an assessment of launch window impacts to payload performance, and the computation of select ARES I payload sensitivities. The dispersion write-up includes a description of the motivation for the dispersion work, the discipline customers for the results, the parameters varied, design variations versus flight day uncertainties, ground-rules, comparisons by month, choices of missions and vehicle models to run, and the latest results. C1 [Phillips, Mark; Hanson, John; Schmitt, Terri; Dukeman, Greg; Hays, Jim] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Phillips, M (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 437 EP 461 PG 25 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700026 ER PT S AU Tamblyn, S Hinkel, H Saley, D AF Tamblyn, Scott Hinkel, Heather Saley, Dave BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Crew exploration vehicle (CEV) reference guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) architecture SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) will be the first human spacecraft built by NASA in almost 3 decades and will be the first vehicle to perform both Low Earth Orbit (LEO) missions and lunar missions since Apollo. The awesome challenge of designing a Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) system for this vehicle that satisfies all of its various mission requirements is countered by the opportunity to take advantage of the improvements in algorithms, software, sensors, and other related GN&C technology over this period. This paper describes the CEV GN&C reference architecture developed to support the overall NASA reference configuration and validate the driving requirements of the Constellation (Cx) Architecture Requirements Document (CARD, Reference 1) and the CEV System Requirements Document (SRD, Reference 2). The Orion GN&C team designed the reference architecture based on the functional allocation of GN&C roles and responsibilities of CEV with respect. to the other Cx vehicles, such as the Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV), Earth Departure Stage (EDS), and Lunar Surface Area Module (LSAM), across all flight phases. The specific challenges and responsibilities of the CEV GN&C system from launch pad to touchdown will be introduced along with an overview of the navigation sensor suite, its redundancy management, and flight software (FSW) architecture. Sensors will be discussed in terms of range of operation, data utility within the navigation system, and rationale for selection. The software architecture is illustrated via block diagrams, commensurate with the design aspects. C1 [Tamblyn, Scott; Hinkel, Heather; Saley, Dave] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Tamblyn, S (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 587 EP 605 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700034 ER PT S AU Brazzel, JP D'Souza, C Clark, FD Spehar, PT Hanak, C Crain, T AF Brazzel, Jack P., Jr. D'Souza, Chris Clark, Fred D. Spehar, Peter T. Hanak, Chad Crain, Tim BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI NASA CEV rendezvous proximity operations and docking GN&C analysis SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The Orion spacecraft orbit GN&C system will be required to perform both ISS servicing missions and Lunar sortie and outpost crew transportation. While certain aspects of these two missions are complementary, the two missions are also distinct in many ways. Common between the missions is a low Earth orbit (LEO) rendezvous, one with the ISS and the other with the LSAM/EDS stack prior to trans-lunar insertion. The lunar missions will additionally require Orion to perform contingency RPOD with the LSAM. The NASA-led team developed a reference configuration orbit GN&C system capable of executing all of these activities with the same navigation sensor suite and control effectors while fully meeting the requirements being developed for System Requirements. Review in advance of prime contractor selection. This paper will present an overview of the analyses performed to support system trade studies, demonstrate the feasibility of the NASA reference configuration, and validate the Orion system requirements specifically for rendezvous, proximity operations, and docking (RPOD). These analyses include linear covariance techniques, 3-DOF Monte Carlo simulations, 6-DOF Monte Carlo simulations, and analytical evaluations of GN&C systems performed by the NASA-led Orion team to characterize the sensitivities of Orion's various missions and assess the unique challenges of each. This paper will describe the trade studies that were performed in order to characterize the RPOD system performance for both the ISS and the lunar missions including development of an RPOD operations concept, RPOD trajectories, contingency scenarios, docking mechanism and associated contact conditions, post-contact thrust issues, relative navigation sensors, and relative navigation sensor target infrastructure. The paper will also discuss concepts for both manually-piloted and automatically executed scenarios, as well as the remotely-piloted contingency scenario in LLO. C1 [Brazzel, Jack P., Jr.; D'Souza, Chris; Spehar, Peter T.; Hanak, Chad; Crain, Tim] NASA, JSC, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Brazzel, JP (reprint author), NASA, JSC, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 607 EP 629 PG 23 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700035 ER PT S AU Abadie, MJ Berndt, JS Burke, LM Falck, RD Gowan, JW Madsen, JM AF Abadie, Marc J. Berndt, Jon S. Burke, Laura M. Falck, Robert D. Gowan, John W., Jr. Madsen, Jennifer M. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Crew Exploration Vehicle ascent abort coverage analysis SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB An important element in the design of NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) is the consideration given to crew safety during various ascent phase failure scenarios. To help ensure crew safety during this critical and dynamic flight phase, the CEV requirements specify that an abort capability must be continuously available from lift-off through orbit insertion. To address this requirement, various CEV ascent abort modes are analyzed using 3-DOF (Degree Of Freedom) and 6-DOF simulations. The analysis involves an evaluation of the feasibility and survivability of each abort mode and an assessment of the abort mode coverage using the current baseline vehicle design. Factors such as abort system performance, crew load limits, thermal environments, crew recovery, and vehicle element disposal are investigated to determine if the current vehicle requirements are appropriate and achievable. Sensitivity studies and design trades are also completed so that more informed decisions can be made regarding the vehicle design. An overview of the CEV ascent abort modes is presented along with the driving requirements for abort scenarios. The results of the analysis completed as part of the requirements validation process are then discussed. Finally, the conclusions of the study are presented, and future analysis tasks are recommended. C1 [Abadie, Marc J.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Abadie, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Mailstop DM3,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 631 EP 643 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700036 ER PT S AU Proud, RW Hardy, JD Pape, MW Rosburg, MA AF Proud, Ryan W. Hardy, Joshua D. Pape, Mark W. Rosburg, Michael A. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Onboard automated GN&C decision-making concepts for NASA'S CEV SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc C1 [Proud, Ryan W.; Hardy, Joshua D.; Pape, Mark W.; Rosburg, Michael A.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Proud, RW (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 645 EP 661 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700037 ER PT S AU Tigges, MA Crull, T Rea, J Johnson, W AF Tigges, Michael A. Crull, Timothy Rea, Jeremy Johnson, Wyatt BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Numerical Skip-Entry guidance SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB This paper assesses a preliminary guidance and targeting strategy for accomplishing Skip-Entry (SE) flight during a lunar return-capsule entry flight. One of the primary benefits of flying a SE trajectory is to provide the crew with continuous Continental United States (CONUS) landing site access throughout the lunar month. Without a SE capability, the capsule must land either in water or at one of several distributed land sites in the Southern Hemisphere for a significant portion of a lunar month using a landing and recovery scenario similar to that employed during the Apollo program. With a SE trajectory, the capsule can land either in water at a site in proximity to CONUS or at one of several distributed landing sites within CONUS, thereby simplifying the operational requirements for crew retrieval and vehicle recovery, and possibly enabling a high degree of vehicle reusability. Note that a SE capability does not require that the vehicle land on land. A SE capability enables a longer-range flight than a direct-entry flight, which permits the vehicle to land at a much greater distance from the Entry Interface (EI) point. This does not exclude using this approach to push the landing point to a water location in proximity of CONUS and utilizing water or airborne recovery forces. C1 [Tigges, Michael A.; Crull, Timothy; Rea, Jeremy; Johnson, Wyatt] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Tigges, MA (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 683 EP 702 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700039 ER PT S AU Munday, S Strahan, A Loe, G AF Munday, S. Strahan, A. Loe, G. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Orion entry, descent and landing control issues SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The primary issues and challenges for atmospheric entry flight control of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)-aka Orion-Crew Module (CM) are discussed. Descriptions of the capsule subsonic aerodynamic instability, reaction control system (RCS) thruster sizing, ballistic emergency entry simulations, and linear frequency domain analyses are presented. The subsonic aerodynamic damping derivatives are compared to past entry capsules. Most of the time domain results are based upon 6-DOF deterministic and Monte Carlo simulation analyses of lunar return skip entry trajectories in both nominal and failure scenarios. As the Apollo lunar missions dramatically and successfully demonstrated, these control challenges are surmountable, and the CEV Entry, Descent & Landing GN&C team looks forward to safely returning astronauts from the ISS and the Moon in the next two decades. C1 [Munday, S.; Strahan, A.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Munday, S (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 703 EP 717 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700040 ER PT S AU O'Donnell, JR Concha, M Tsai, DC Placanica, SJ Morrissey, JR Russo, AM AF O'Donnell, James R., Jr. Concha, Marco Tsai, Dean C. Placanica, Samuel J. Morrissey, James R. Russo, Angela M. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Space technology 5 launch and operations SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The three spacecraft that made up the Space Technology 5 (ST5) mission were successfully launched and deployed from their Pegasus launch vehicle on March 22, 2006. Final contact with the spacecraft occurred on June 30, 2006, with all Level 1 requirements met. By the end of the mission, all ST5 technologies had been validated, all on-board attitude control system (ACS) modes had been successfully demonstrated, and the desired constellation configurations had been achieved to demonstrate the ability of small spacecraft to take quality science measurements: However, during those 100 days (ST5 was planned to be a 90-day mission), there were a number of anomalies that made achieving the mission goals very challenging. This paper will discuss: the chronology of the ST5 launch and early operations, work performed to diagnose and work-around a sun sensor anomaly, spacecraft tests devised to demonstrate correct operation of all onboard ACS modes, the maneuver plan performed to achieve the desired constellation, investigations performed by members of the ST5 GN&C and Science teams of an anomalous spin down condition, and the end-of-life orbit and passivating operations performed on the three spacecraft. C1 [O'Donnell, James R., Jr.; Concha, Marco; Tsai, Dean C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP O'Donnell, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 735 EP 753 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700042 ER PT S AU Hughes, MP Thurman, SW Kruizinga, GL AF Hughes, Michael P. Thurman, Sam W. Kruizinga, Gerhard L. BE Hallowell, HE Culp, RD TI Pre-launch alignment method for sounding rocket missions SO GUIDANCE AND CONTROL 2007 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 03-07, 2007 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc AB The performance of strapdown inertial navigation systems depends on many parameters, one of the most important being the pre-launch initial attitude alignment error. In a typical sounding rocket application, the initial attitude is calculated based on the latitude and longitude of the launch site and the azimuth and elevation of the launch rail. Another classical method to calculate the initial attitude is the use of analytical gyrocompassing via the onboard inertial sensor outputs. Gyrocompassing only performs well in the case where gyro and accelerometer biases are very small. This calculated attitude is loaded into the rocket's onboard computer system and serves as an initial value for state propagation during flight. This paper presents a novel recursive least squares estimation algorithm that improves gyrocompassing by simultaneously estimating initial attitude alignment error, gyro biases and accelerometer biases while the rocket and launch rail are slewed through a prescribed trajectory in azimuth and elevation. Simulation results show it is possible to estimate the alignment of the system to within 1-2 mrad versus a-priori uncertainties of approximately 9 mrad. Flight test results from a recent test flight with a Terrier/Improved Orion rocket system show a remarkable improvement in inertial navigation accuracy after applying the estimated parameters. C1 [Hughes, Michael P.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hughes, MP (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-542-8 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2007 VL 128 BP 831 EP 849 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA65 UT WOS:000251947700048 ER PT B AU Bougeret, JL Pick, M AF Bougeret, Jean-Louis Pick, Monique BE Kamide, Y Chian, ACL TI Solar Radio Emissions SO HANDBOOK OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; STOCHASTIC-GROWTH THEORY; CLUMPY LANGMUIR-WAVES; INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM; BURST CHARACTERISTICS; MODEL INTERPRETATION; 1 AU; ACCELERATION; FLARES; SIGNATURES C1 [Bougeret, Jean-Louis] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LESIA, Observ Paris,UMR 8109, F-92195 Meudon, France. [Bougeret, Jean-Louis] Univ Paris 07, F-92195 Meudon, France. [Bougeret, Jean-Louis] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Bougeret, Jean-Louis] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Pick, Monique] Observ Paris, Lab Radioastron, Nancay Radioastron Stn, Paris, France. [Pick, Monique] Nancy Radio Heliograph, Nancy, France. RP Bougeret, JL (reprint author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LESIA, Observ Paris,UMR 8109, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France. EM jean-louis.bougeret@obspm.fr; monique.pick@obspm.fr NR 61 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-46314-6 PY 2007 BP 133 EP 151 DI 10.1007/11367758_6 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-46315-3 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BKR55 UT WOS:000269004800006 ER PT B AU Lanzerotti, LJ AF Lanzerotti, Louis J. BE Kamide, Y Chian, ACL TI Space Weather SO HANDBOOK OF THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID GEOMAGNETICALLY-INDUCED CURRENTS; SOLAR PARTICLE EVENT; COSMIC-RADIATION; UPPER-ATMOSPHERE; POWER-SYSTEMS; AUGUST 1972; DISTURBANCES; WIRELESS; STORMS; TRANSMISSION C1 [Lanzerotti, Louis J.] New Jersey Inst Technol, Ctr Solar Terr Res, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Lanzerotti, Louis J.] AT&T & Lucent Technol Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ USA. [Lanzerotti, Louis J.] New Jersey Inst Technol, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. [Lanzerotti, Louis J.] NASA, Radiat Belts Storm Probes Mission, Washington, DC USA. RP Lanzerotti, LJ (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Ctr Solar Terr Res, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. EM ljl@ADM.NJIT.EDU NR 125 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-46314-6 PY 2007 BP 423 EP 443 DI 10.1007/11367758_17 D2 10.1007/978-3-540-46315-3 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BKR55 UT WOS:000269004800017 ER PT S AU McClanahan, TP Loew, MH Trombka, JI Evans, LG AF McClanahan, Timothy P. Loew, Murray H. Trombka, Jacob I. Evans, Larry G. BE James, RB Burger, A Franks, LA TI Deconvolution of gamma-spectra variably affected by space radiation using an evolutionary algorithm - art. no. 67060I SO HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY DETECTOR PHYSICS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX CY AUG 27-29, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE gamma-ray; space; radiation; damage; genetic; evolutionary; mars; deconvolution; spectroscopy ID RAY SPECTROMETER AB An evolutionary algorithm (ES) for automated deconvolution of gamma-ray spectra is described that fits peak shape morphologies typical of spectra acquired from variably radiation damaged gamma-ray detectors. Space radiation effects significantly impair semi-conductor gamma-ray detector efficiency and induce variable degrees of nuclide peak broadening, distortion in spectra. Mars Odyssey Gamma-ray spectrometer data are used to demonstrate applicability of described algorithms for three degrees of radiation damage. ES methods accurately identify and quantify the discrete set of nuclide peaks in an arbitrary spectrum using a nuclide library. A novel method of constraining peak low energy tails, broadened by detector radiation damage, reduces the peak shape model from six parameters to four yielding a significant minimization of model complexity. Benefits of this approach include the simple implementation of highly specific parameter constraints that appropriately define feasible solution spaces. Methods describe peak low energy tailing descriptors as a continuum of low energy peak tailing curves representing increasing degrees of radiation damage. Curves are addressable by a single real valued parameter. Results illustrate the use of methods to simply describe relative radiation dosimetry using this parameter. Analysis of degraded spectra indicates method sensitivity to low and high levels of space radiation damage prior to and post MO-GRS detector annealings. C1 [McClanahan, Timothy P.; Trombka, Jacob I.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci & Explorat Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McClanahan, TP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci & Explorat Div, Bldg 2 Rm 166, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6854-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6706 BP I7060 EP I7060 DI 10.1117/12.738357 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHC11 UT WOS:000252147100012 ER PT S AU Bailey, RE Arthur, JJ Prinzel, L Kramer, LJ AF Bailey, Randall E. Arthur, J. J. (Trey), III Prinzel, Lance, III Kramer, Lynda J. BE Brown, RW Reese, CE Marasco, PL Harding, TH TI Evaluation of head-worn display concepts for commercial aircraft taxi operations - art. no. 65570Y SO Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XII: Design and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Head- and Helmet - Mounted Displays XII - Design and Applications CY APR 10-11, 2007 CL Orlando, FL DE head-worn display; head-up display; surface operations; latency; simulator sickness AB Previous research has demonstrated that a Head-Up Display (HUD) can be used to enable more capacity and safer aircraft surface operations. This previous research also noted that the HUD exhibited two major limitations which hindered the full potential of the display concept: 1) the monochrome HUD format; and, 2) a limited, fixed field of regard. Full-color Head Worn Displays (HWDs) with very small sizes and weights are emerging to the extent that this technology may be practical for commercial and business aircraft operations. By coupling the HWD with a head tracker, full-color, out-the-window display concepts with an unlimited field-of-regard may be realized to improve efficiency and safety in surface operations. A ground simulation experiment was conducted at NASA Langley to evaluate the efficacy of head-worn display applications which may directly address the limitations of the HUD while retaining all of its advantages in surface operations. The simulation experiment used airline crews to evaluate various displays (HUD, HWD) and display concepts in an operationally realistic environment by using a Chicago, O'Hare airport database. The results pertaining to the implications of HWDs for commercial business and transport aviation applications are presented herein. Overall HWD system latency was measured and found to be acceptable, but not necessarily optimal. A few occurrences of simulator sickness were noted while wearing the HWD, but overall there appears to be commercial pilot acceptability and usability to the concept. Many issues were identified which need to be addressed in future research including continued reduction in user encumbrance due to the H)VD, and improvement in image alignment, accuracy, and boresighting. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Bailey, RE (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6679-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6557 BP Y5570 EP Y5570 AR 65570Y DI 10.1117/12.717221 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGL51 UT WOS:000248198700027 ER PT B AU Takei, Y Ohashi, T Henry, JP Mitsuda, K Fujimoto, R Tamura, T Yamasaki, NY Hayashida, K Tawa, N Matsushita, K Bautz, W Hughes, JP Madejski, GM Kelley, RL Arnaud, KA AF Takei, Y. Ohashi, T. Henry, J. P. Mitsuda, K. Fujimoto, R. Tamura, T. Yamasaki, N. Y. Hayashida, K. Tawa, N. Matsushita, K. Bautz, W. Hughes, J. P. Madejski, G. M. Kelley, R. L. Arnaud, K. A. BE Bohringer, H Pratt, GW Finoguenov, A Schuecker, P TI Suzaku observations of A2218 SO HEATING VERSUS COOLING IN GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MPA/ESO/MPE/USM Joint Astronomy Conference CY AUG 06-11, 2006 CL Garching, GERMANY SP MPA, ESO, MPE, USM ID INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; RAY; DISCOVERY; CLUSTERS; BARYONS C1 [Takei, Y.; Mitsuda, K.; Fujimoto, R.; Tamura, T.; Yamasaki, N. Y.] ISAS JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. [Ohashi, T.] Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Tokyo, Japan. [Henry, J. P.] Univ Hawai, Honolulu, HI USA. [Hayashida, K.; Tawa, N.] Osaka Univ, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan. [Matsushita, K.] Tokyo Univ Sci, Tokyo, Japan. [Bautz, W.; Kelley, R. L.] MIT, Cambridge, MD USA. [Hughes, J. P.] Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA. [Madejski, G. M.] Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA USA. [Kelley, R. L.; Arnaud, K. A.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Takei, Y (reprint author), ISAS JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. EM takei@astro.isas.jaxa.jp RI Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-73483-3 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2007 BP 395 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-73484-0_72 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BHA24 UT WOS:000251794500072 ER PT S AU Dennis, BR Hudson, HS Krucker, S AF Dennis, Brian R. Hudson, Hugh S. Krucker, Saem BE Klein, KL MacKinnon, AL TI Review of selected RHESSI solar results SO HIGH ENERGY SOLAR CORONA: WAVES, ERUPTIONS, PARTICLES SE Lecture Notes in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT CESRA 2004 Workshop on the High Energy Solar Corona CY JUN 07-11, 2004 CL Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Isle Skye, SCOTLAND HO Sabhal Mor Ostaig ID HARD X-RAY; 2002 JULY 23; ELECTRON FLUX SPECTRA; MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOSPHERIC ALBEDO; FLARE; MICROFLARES; ENERGY; PLASMA AB We review selected science results from RHESSI solar observations made since launch on 5 February 2002. A brief summary of the instrumentation is given followed by a sampling of the major science results obtained from the soft X-ray, hard X-ray, and gamma-ray energy domains. The thermal continuum measurements and detection of Fe-line features are discussed as they relate to parameters of the thermal flare plasma for several events, including microflares. Observations of X-ray looptop, and rising above-the-loop sources are discussed as they relate to standard models of eruptive events and the existence of a current sheet between the two. Hard X-ray spectra and images of footpoints and coronal sources are presented, showing how they can be used to separate thermal and nonthermal sources and determine the magnetic reconnection rate. Gamma-ray line images and spectra are presented as they relate to determining the location, spectra, and angular distribution of the accelerated ions and the temperature of the chromospheric target material. Finally, we discuss the overall energy budget for two of the larger events seen with RHESSI. C1 [Dennis, Brian R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Phys Branch, Code 612-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hudson, Hugh S.; Krucker, Saem] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dennis, BR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Solar Phys Branch, Code 612-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brian.R.Dennis@nasa.gov; hhudson@ssl.berkeley.edu; krucker@ssl.berkeley.edu RI Dennis, Brian/C-9511-2012 FU NASA [NAS5-98033] FX HSH and SK are supported in part by NASA contract NAS5-98033. NR 80 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8450 BN 978-3-540-71569-6 J9 LECT NOTES PHYS PY 2007 VL 725 BP 33 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-71570-2_3 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGP98 UT WOS:000249651500003 ER PT S AU Gopalswamy, N AF Gopalswamy, N. BE Klein, KL MacKinnon, AL TI Energetic particles related with coronal and interplanetary shocks SO HIGH ENERGY SOLAR CORONA: WAVES, ERUPTIONS, PARTICLES SE Lecture Notes in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT CESRA 2004 Workshop on the High Energy Solar Corona CY JUN 07-11, 2004 CL Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Isle Skye, SCOTLAND HO Sabhal Mor Ostaig ID MASS EJECTION INTERACTION; II BURSTS; PROTON EVENTS; SOLAR CORONA; RADIO-BURSTS; WIND SPACECRAFT; NEAR-SUN; R PERIOD; ACCELERATION; ORIGIN AB Acceleration of electrons and ions at the Sun is discussed in the framework of CME-driven shocks. Based on the properties of coronal mass ejections associated with type II bursts at various wavelengths, the possibility of a unified approach to the type II phenomena is suggested. Two aspects of primary importance to shock accelerations are: (1) Energy of the driving CME and (2) the conditions in the medium that supports shock propagation. The high degree of overlap between CMEs associated with large solar energetic particle events and type II bursts occurring at all wavelengths underscores the importance of CME energy in driving shocks far into the interplanetary medium. Presence of preceding CMEs can alter the conditions in the ambient medium, which is shown to influence the intensity of large solar energetic particle events. Both statistical evidence and case studies are presented that underscore the importance of the ambient medium. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gopalswamy, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gopals@ssedmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 63 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8450 BN 978-3-540-71569-6 J9 LECT NOTES PHYS PY 2007 VL 725 BP 139 EP 160 DI 10.1007/978-3-540-71570-2_7 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGP98 UT WOS:000249651500007 ER PT S AU Battiste, V Johnson, WW Johnson, NH Granada, S Dao, AQ AF Battiste, Vernol Johnson, Walter W. Johnson, Nancy H. Granada, Stacie Dao, Arik-Quang BE Jacko, JA TI Flight crew perspective on the display of 4D information for en route and arrival merging and spacing SO HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International 2007) CY JUL 22-27, 2007 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA DE Primary Flight Display (PFD); NAV Display (ND); 2D Display; 3D display; Cockpit Situation Display (CSD); Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) AB This paper introduces and describes a 3D Cockpit Situation Display (CSD) that includes the display of ownship and traffic, flight path intent, terrain and terrain alerting relative to current and proposed flight paths, conflict alerting and 3D weather. The primary function of the 3D CSD is to support the task of flight path management, although it is also designed to promote visual momentum and task awareness across displays. In this paper, we will discuss the approach to the design of the 3D CSD as well as describe the features of the display and their importance to traffic, terrain and general situation awareness. We will also list some of the pilot identified benefits of the 3D display. Finally, we will report on flight crew ratings of the usefulness and usability of the 3D display to support en route and arrival decision making. C1 [Battiste, Vernol; Johnson, Nancy H.; Granada, Stacie; Dao, Arik-Quang] San Jose State Univ Fdn, San Jose, CA 95112 USA. [Johnson, Walter W.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Battiste, V (reprint author), San Jose State Univ Fdn, San Jose, CA 95112 USA. FU NASA FX We would like to acknowledge NASAs AATT and NGATS - Separation Assurance, and Super Density Operations programs. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-73106-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2007 VL 4551 BP 541 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Social Issues; Sociology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Social Issues; Sociology GA BGK67 UT WOS:000248044500061 ER PT J AU Menon, S Del Genio, AD AF Menon, Surabi Del Genio, Anthony D. BE Schlesinger, ME Kheshgi, HS Smith, J DeLaChesnaye, FC Reilly, JM Wilson, T Kolstad, C TI Evaluating the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols on clouds and climate SO HUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID BLACK CARBON; ART.; POLLUTION; CHINA; SMOKE; HAZE; SIMULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; PARAMETERIZATION; PREDICTION C1 [Menon, Surabi] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Del Genio, Anthony D.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Menon, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, MS90KR109,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-86603-3 PY 2007 BP 34 EP 48 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511619472.005 D2 10.1017/CBO9780511619472 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXS61 UT WOS:000296905500005 ER PT S AU Platt, R AF Platt, Robert GP IEEE TI Learning Grasp Strategies Composed of Contact Relative Motions SO HUMANOIDS: 2007 7TH IEEE-RAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMANOID ROBOTS SE IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots CY SEP 29-DEC 01, 2007 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP IEEE, RAS AB Of central importance to grasp synthesis algorithms are the assumptions made about the object to be grasped and the sensory information that is available. Many approaches avoid the issue of sensing entirely by assuming that complete information is available. In contrast, this paper focuses on the case where force feedback is the only source of new information and limited prior information is available. Although, in general, visual information is also available, the emphasis on force feedback allows this paper to focus on the partially observable nature of the grasp synthesis problem. In order to investigate this question, this paper introduces a parameterizable space of atomic units of control known as contact relative motions (CRMs). CRMs simultaneously displace contacts on the object surface and gather force feedback information relevant to the object shape and the relative manipulator-object pose. This allows the grasp synthesis problem to be re-cast as an optimal control problem where the goal is to find a strategy for executing CRMs that leads to a grasp in the shortest number of steps. Since local force feedback information usually does not completely determine system state, the control problem is partially observable. This paper expresses the partially observable problem as a k-order Markov Decision Process (MDP) and solves it using Reinforcement Learning. Although this approach can be expected to extend to the grasping of spatial objects, this paper focuses on the case of grasping planar objects in order to explore the ideas. The approach is tested in planar simulation and is demonstrated to work in practice using Robonaut, the NASA-JSC space humanoid. C1 NASA, Dextrous Robot Lab, Johnson Space Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Platt, R (reprint author), NASA, Dextrous Robot Lab, Johnson Space Ctr, Washington, DC USA. EM robert.platt-1@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2164-0572 BN 978-1-4244-1861-9 J9 IEEE-RAS INT C HUMAN PY 2007 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1109/ICHR.2007.4813848 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA BKN38 UT WOS:000268672500008 ER PT J AU Magri, C Nolan, MC Ostro, SJ Giorgini, JD AF Magri, Christopher Nolan, Michael C. Ostro, Steven J. Giorgini, Jon D. TI A radar survey of main-belt asteroids: Arecibo observations of 55 objects during 1999-2003 SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE asteroids; radar observations ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY; PHOTOMETRIC DATA; CCD PHOTOMETRY; PHASE-II; SHAPE; 253-MATHILDE; SPIN; POLE; KLEOPATRA AB We report Arecibo observations of 55 main-belt asteroids (MBAs) during 1999-2003. Most of our targets had not been detected previously with radar, so these observations more than double the number of radar-detected MBAs. Our bandwidth estimates constrain our targets' pole directions in a manner that is geometrically distinct from optically derived constraints. We present detailed statistical analyses of the disk-integrated properties (radar albedo and circular polarization ratio) of the 84 MBAs observed with radar through March 2003; all of these observations are summarized in the online supplementary information. Certain conclusions reached in previous studies are strengthened: M asteroids have higher mean radar albedos and a wider range of albedos than do other MBAs, suggesting that both metal-rich and metal-poor M-class objects exist; and C- and S-class MBAs have indistinguishable radar albedo distributions, suggesting that most S-class objects are chondritic. Also in accord with earlier results, there is evidence that primitive asteroids from outside the C taxon (F, G, P, and D) are not as radar-bright as C and S objects, but a convincing statistical test must await larger sample sizes. In contrast with earlier work, we find S-class MBAs to have higher circular polarization ratios than other MBAs, indicating greater near-surface structural complexity at decimeter scales, due to different mineralogy (material strength or loss tangent), a different impactor population, or both. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Farmington, ME 04938 USA. Arecibo Observ, Arecibo, PR 00612 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Magri, C (reprint author), Univ Maine, 173 High St,Preble Hall, Farmington, ME 04938 USA. EM magri@maine.edu RI Nolan, Michael/H-4980-2012 OI Nolan, Michael/0000-0001-8316-0680 NR 57 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2007 VL 186 IS 1 BP 126 EP 151 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.018 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 125XA UT WOS:000243475600009 ER PT J AU Magri, C Ostro, SJ Scheeres, DJ Nolan, MC Giorgini, JD Benner, LAM Margot, JL AF Magri, Christopher Ostro, Steven J. Scheeres, Daniel J. Nolan, Michael C. Giorgini, Jon D. Benner, Lance A. M. Margot, Jean-Luc TI Radar observations and a physical model of Asteroid 1580 Betulia SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE asteroids; radar observations ID LIGHTCURVE INVERSION; OPTIMIZATION METHODS; SHAPE; EROS; PHOTOMETRY; MATHILDE; DYNAMICS; GRAVITY AB We report Arecibo (2380-MHz, 13-cm) observations of Asteroid 1580 Betulia in May-June 2002. We combine these continuous-wave Doppler spectra and delay-Doppler images with optical lighteurves from the 1976 and 1989 apparitions in order to estimate Betulia's shape and spin vector. We confirm the spin vector solution of Kaasalainen et a]. [Kaasalainen, M., and 21 colleagues, 2004. Icarus 167, 178-196], with sidereal period P = 6.13836 It and ecliptic pole direction (lambda,beta) = (136 degrees, +22 degrees), and obtain a model that resembles the Kaasalainen et al. convex-definite shape reconstruction but is dominated by a prominent concavity in the southern hemisphere. We find that Betulia has a maximum breadth of 6.59 +/- 0.66 km and an effective diameter of 5.39 +/- 0.54 km. These dimensions are in accord with reanalyzed polarimetric and radar data from the 1970s. Our effective diameter is 15% larger than the best radiometric estimate of Harris et al. [Harris, A.W., Mueller, M., Delbo, M., Bus, S.J., 2005. Icarus 179, 95-108], but this difference is much smaller than the size differences between past models. Considering orbits of test particles around Betulia, we find that this asteroid's unusual shape results in six equilibrium points close to its equatorial plane rather than the usual four points; two of these six points represent stable synchronous orbits while four are unstable. Betulia's close planetary encounters can be predicted for over four thousand years into the future. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Farmington, ME 04938 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Arecibo Observ, Arecibo, PR 00612 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Magri, C (reprint author), Univ Maine, 173 High St,Preble Hall, Farmington, ME 04938 USA. EM magri@maine.edu RI Margot, Jean-Luc/A-6154-2012; Nolan, Michael/H-4980-2012 OI Margot, Jean-Luc/0000-0001-9798-1797; Nolan, Michael/0000-0001-8316-0680 NR 41 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2007 VL 186 IS 1 BP 152 EP 177 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.004 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 125XA UT WOS:000243475600010 ER PT J AU Simon-Miller, AA Poston, BW Orton, GS Fisher, B AF Simon-Miller, Amy A. Poston, Bradley W. Orton, Glenn S. Fisher, Brendan TI Wind variations in Jupiter's equatorial atmosphere: A QQO counterpart? SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Jupiter; atmosphere; atmospheres; dynamics; infrared observations ID GREAT RED SPOT; SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; TIME-DEPENDENCE; ZONAL WINDS; SPACED DATA; STRATOSPHERE; TEMPERATURES; OSCILLATION; ULTRAVIOLET AB Jupiter's equatorial atmosphere, much like the Earth's, is known to show quasi-periodic variations in temperature, particularly in the stratosphere, but variations in other jovian atmospheric tracers have not been studied for any correlations to these oscillations. Data taken at NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) from 1979 to 2000 were used to obtain temperatures at two levels in the atmosphere, corresponding to the upper troposphere (250 mbar) and to the stratosphere (20 mbar). We find that the data show periodic signals at latitudes corresponding to the troposphere zonal wind jets, with periods ranging from 4.4 (stratosphere, 95% confidence at 4 degrees S planetographic latitude) to 7.7 years (troposphere, 97% confidence at 6 degrees N). We also discuss evidence that at some latitudes the troposphere temperature variations are out of phase from the stratosphere variations, even where no periodicity is evident. Hubble Space Telescope images were used, in conjunction with Voyager and Cassini data, to track small changes in the troposphere zonal winds from 20 degrees N to 20 degrees S latitude over the 1994-2000 time period. Oscillations with a period of 4.5 years are found near 7 degrees-8 degrees S, with 80-85% significance. Further, the strongest evidence for a QQO-induced tropospheric wind change tied to stratospheric temperature change occurs near these latitudes, though tropospheric temperatures show little periodicity here. Comparison of thermal winds and measured zonal winds for three dates indicate that cloud features at other latitudes are likely tracked at pressures that can vary by up to a few hundred millibar, but the cloud altitude change required is too large to explain the wind changes measured at 7 degrees S. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Simon-Miller, AA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 693-0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM amy.simon@nasa.gov RI Simon, Amy/C-8020-2012 OI Simon, Amy/0000-0003-4641-6186 NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2007 VL 186 IS 1 BP 192 EP 203 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.009 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 125XA UT WOS:000243475600012 ER PT J AU Hurford, TA Sarid, AR Greenberg, R AF Hurford, T. A. Sarid, A. R. Greenberg, R. TI Cycloidal cracks on Europa: Improved modeling and non-synchronous rotation implications SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Europa; tectonics ID GALILEAN SATELLITES; TIDAL STRESSES; POLAR WANDER; SEQUENCE; PATTERNS; FEATURES; AZIMUTHS; FRACTURE; JUPITER; REGION AB Cycloidal crack patterns on Europa are influenced by tides induced by orbital eccentricity, which in turn is driven by the Laplace orbital resonance. Their shapes potentially record the location of their formation (relative to the direction of Jupiter), as well as the parameters of crack formation. Hoppa et al. [Hoppa, G., Tufts, B.R., Greenberg, R., Geissler, P., 1999a. Icarus 141, 287-298] modeled several cycloid chains using a fixed set of material parameters, but some details did not fit. We now allow material parameters to vary for each arc of an observed cycloid. In general, with minimal variation of model parameters between the arcs, fits are greatly improved. Furthermore, accounting for tidal stress accumulated during non-synchronous rotation, in addition to diurnal stress, allows even better fits. Even with the added freedom in the model our fits allow us to better constrain the location where each cycloid may have formed. Our results support Hoppa et al.'s finding that only a few cracks form ridges per cycle of non-synchronous rotation in the region examined, probably because cracking relieves built up stress until further substantial rotation occurs. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Hurford, TA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM hurfordt@core2.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Hurford, Terry/F-2625-2012 NR 32 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 EI 1090-2643 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2007 VL 186 IS 1 BP 218 EP 233 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.026 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 125XA UT WOS:000243475600014 ER PT J AU Barnes, JW Brown, RH Soderblom, L Buratti, BJ Sotin, C Rodriguez, S Le Mouelic, S Baines, KH Clark, R Nicholson, P AF Barnes, Jason W. Brown, Robert H. Soderblom, Laurence Buratti, Bonnie J. Sotin, Christophe Rodriguez, Sebastien Le Mouelic, Stephane Baines, Kevin H. Clark, Roger Nicholson, Phil TI Global-scale surface spectral variations on Titan seen from Cassini/VIMS SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Titan ID ADAPTIVE OPTICS; MU-M; MIDLATITUDE CLOUDS; IMAGES; TELESCOPE; ROTATION; ALBEDO; WINDS AB We present global-scale maps of Titan from the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) instrument on Cassini. We map at 64 near-infrared wavelengths simultaneously, covering the atmospheric windows at 0.94, 1.08, 1.28, 1.6, 2.0, 2.8, and 5 mu m with a typical resolution of 50 km/pixel or a typical total integration time of I s. Our maps have five to ten times the resolution of ground-based maps, better spectral resolution across most windows, coverage in multiple atmospheric windows, and represent the first spatially resolved maps of Titan at 5 mu m. The VIMS maps provide context and surface spectral information in support of other Cassini instruments. We note a strong latitudinal dependence in the spectral character of Titan's surface, and partition the surface into 9 spectral units that we describe in terms of spectral and spatial characteristics. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Fac Sci, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44072 Nantes 3, France. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Barnes, JW (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Lunar & Planetary Lab, 1629 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jbarnes@lpl.arizona.edu; rhb@lpl.arizona.edu RI Barnes, Jason/B-1284-2009; Rodriguez, Sebastien/H-5902-2016 OI Barnes, Jason/0000-0002-7755-3530; Rodriguez, Sebastien/0000-0003-1219-0641 NR 37 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2007 VL 186 IS 1 BP 242 EP 258 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.021 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 125XA UT WOS:000243475600016 ER PT J AU Filacchione, G Capaccioni, F McCord, TB Coradini, A Cerroni, P Bellucci, G Tosi, F D'Aversa, E Formisano, V Brown, RH Baines, KH Bibring, JP Buratti, BJ Clark, RN Combes, M Cruikshank, DP Drossart, P Jaumann, R Langevin, Y Matson, DL Mennella, V Nelson, RM Nicholson, PD Sicardy, B Sotin, C Hansen, G Hibbitts, K Showalter, M Newman, S AF Filacchione, G. Capaccioni, F. McCord, T. B. Coradini, A. Cerroni, P. Bellucci, G. Tosi, F. D'Aversa, E. Formisano, V. Brown, R. H. Baines, K. H. Bibring, J. P. Buratti, B. J. Clark, R. N. Combes, M. Cruikshank, D. P. Drossart, P. Jaumann, R. Langevin, Y. Matson, D. L. Mennella, V. Nelson, R. M. Nicholson, P. D. Sicardy, B. Sotin, C. Hansen, G. Hibbitts, K. Showalter, M. Newman, S. TI Saturn's icy satellites investigated by Cassini-VIMS - I. Full-disk properties: 350-5100 nm reflectance spectra and phase curves SO ICARUS LA English DT Article DE Saturn; satellites; spectroscopy; infrared observations; image processing ID INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER; CARBON-DIOXIDE ICE; OUTER SOLAR-SYSTEM; WATER-ICE; H2O ICE; MU-M; IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM; GALILEAN SATELLITES; MOON PHOEBE AB Saturn's icy satellites are among the main scientific objectives of the Cassini-VIMS (Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer) experiment. This paper contains a first systematic and comparative analysis of the full-disk spectral properties of Dione, Enceladus, Epimetheus, Hyperion, Iapetus. Mimas. Phoebe. Rhea and Tethys as observed by VIMS from July 2004 to June 2005. The disk integrated properties (350-5100 nm reflectance spectra and phase curves at 550-2232 nm) and images of satellites are reported and discussed in detail together with the observed geometry. In general, the spectra in the visible spectral range are almost featureless and can be classified according to the spectral slopes: from the bluish Enceladus and Phoebe to the redder Iapetus, Hyperion and Epimetheus. In the 1000-1300 nm range the spectra of Enceladus, Tethys, Mimas and Rhea are characterized by a negative slope, consistent with a surface largely dominated by water ice, while the spectra of Iapetus, Hyperion and Phoebe show a considerable reddening pointing out the relevant role played by darkening materials present on the surface. In between these two classes are Dione and Epimetheus, which have a flat spectrum in this range. The main absorption bands identified in the infrared are the 1520, 2020, 3000 nm H2O/OH bands (for all satellites), although Iapetus dark terrains show mostly a deep 3000 nm band while the 1520 and 2020 nm bands are very faint. In this spectral range, the Iapetus spectrum is characterized by a strong reddening. The CO2 band at 4260 nm and the Fresnel ice peak around 3 100 nm are evident only on Hyperion, Phoebe and Iapetus. The phase curves at 550 and at 2232 nm are reported for all the available observations in the 0 degrees-144 degrees range; Rhea shows an opposition surge at visible wavelengths in the 0.5 degrees-1.17 degrees interval. The improvement on the retrieval of the full-disk reflectance spectra can be appreciated by a direct comparison with ground-based telescopic data available from literature. Finally, data processing strategies and recent upgrades introduced in the VIMS-V calibration pipeline (flat-field and destriping-despiking algorithm) are discussed in appendices. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, IASF, INAF, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Space Sci Inst, Bear Fight Ctr, Winthrop, WA 98862 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. IFSI, INAF, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Observ Paris, Dept Rech Spatial, F-92195 Meudon, France. DLR, German Aerosp Ctr, Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Fac Sci, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44072 Nantes 3, France. Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Filacchione, G (reprint author), Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, IASF, INAF, Via Fosso Cavaliere,100, I-00133 Rome, Italy. EM gianrico.filacchione@rm.iasf.cnr.it RI Hibbitts, Charles/B-7787-2016; OI Hibbitts, Charles/0000-0001-9089-4391; Cerroni, Priscilla/0000-0003-0239-2741; Bellucci, Giancarlo/0000-0003-0867-8679; Capaccioni, Fabrizio/0000-0003-1631-4314; Filacchione, Gianrico/0000-0001-9567-0055; D'Aversa, Emiliano/0000-0002-5842-5867; Tosi, Federico/0000-0003-4002-2434 NR 52 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2007 VL 186 IS 1 BP 259 EP 290 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.001 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 125XA UT WOS:000243475600017 ER PT B AU Chen, LY AF Chen, Liang-Yu BE Bi, KY Li, M TI Temperature dependent dielectric properties of polycrystalline aluminum oxide substrates with various impurities SO ICEPT: 2007 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Electronics Packaging Technology CY AUG 14-17, 2007 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE CMPT, IEEE CMPT, Beijing Chapter, China Elect Packaging Soc, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, IMAPS, Beijing Faith Counseling Co Ltd, Hong Kong Appl Sci & Tech Res Inst, Singapore Inst Microelect, Shanghai Municipal Sic & Technol Commiss, Shanghai Foreign Expert Bur, China Acad Elect & Informat Technol, Hebei Semicond Res Inst, Wuxi Microelect Sci Res Ctr, CETE, No 45 Res Inst, CAS, Shanghai Inst Microsyst & Info Technol, Shanghai Inst Elect, Shanghai Integrated Circuit Ind Assoc, CAS, Inst Met Res, Tsinghua Univ, Fudan Univ, Harbin Inst Technol, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Xidian Univ, Guilin Univ Elect Sci & Technol, Nantong Univ AB Polycrystalline aluminum oxide (Al2O3) substrates have been widely used as high reliability substrate materials for electronics packaging because of their superior stability and excellent electrical properties in the temperature range for conventional electronics. In recent years, polycrystalline Al2O3 substrates have been proposed for applications in packaging of high temperature electronic devices, such as silicon carbide (SiC) devices that have been demonstrated operable at temperatures up to 600oC. High temperature electronics are required for inner-solar space missions, such as Venus missions, as well as in situ monitoring and control of next generation of aeronautic engines. Therefore, dielectric properties of various alumina substrates, including dielectric constants and effective bulk conductivities, at elevated temperatures are of interest for both material selection and packaging design. However, most of the commercially available aluminum oxide substrate materials have not been electrically characterized at elevated temperatures. This paper presents electrical and dielectric properties of 92%, 96%, 98%, and 99.6% polycrystalline, aluminum oxide substrate materials between room temperature and 550oC. Parallel-plate capacitors with aluminum oxide dielectric were used for measurement of the dielectric properties of these materials. The capacitance and parallel conductance of these materials were directly measured by an impedance meter at 120 Hz, 1KHz, 10KHz, 100 KHz, and 1MHz, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were calculated from the capacitance and conductance measurements. The temperature and frequency dependent quality factor (dissipation factor) of these materials will also be discussed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chen, LY (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1391-1 PY 2007 BP 421 EP 421 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BHI32 UT WOS:000253414100095 ER PT B AU Sharma, A Teverovsky, A AF Sharma, Ashok Teverovsky, Alexander BE Bi, KY Li, M TI Effect of vacuum environments on performance and reliability of electronic components and packages for space applications SO ICEPT: 2007 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Electronics Packaging Technology CY AUG 14-17, 2007 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE CMPT, IEEE CMPT, Beijing Chapter, China Elect Packaging Soc, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, IMAPS, Beijing Faith Counseling Co Ltd, Hong Kong Appl Sci & Tech Res Inst, Singapore Inst Microelect, Shanghai Municipal Sci & Technol Commiss, Shanghai Foreign Expert Bur, China Acad Elect & Informat Technol, Hebei Semicond Res Inst, Wuxi Microelect Sci Res Ctr, CETE, No 45 Res Inst, CAS, Shanghai Inst Microsyst & Info Technol, Shanghai Inst Elect, Shanghai Integrated Circuit Ind Assoc, CAS, Inst Met Res, Tsinghua Univ, Fudan Univ, Harbin Inst Technol, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Xidian Univ, Guilin Univ Elect Sci & Technol, Nantong Univ AB For electronic components and packages, vacuum conditions are often considered as benign and reliability qualification testing for parts intended for space applications are mostly focused on radiation, electrical, thermomechanical, and high temperature life testing. Environmental testing is typically performed in thermal-vacuum chambers only on a system level. However, in some cases, vacuum conditions might affect performance and reliability of certain part types and packages. This work summarizes experience obtained at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center during parts testing, failure analysis and evaluation studies, where vacuum conditions resulted in substantial effect on performance degradation and failures of certain parts and packages for space applications. This test data is very important for space applications vacuum environments because of issues and concerns that require special evaluation of components and packaging issues to assure long term reliable operation. C1 [Sharma, Ashok] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code562, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Teverovsky, Alexander] MEI Inc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sharma, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code562, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ashok.k.sharma@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1391-1 PY 2007 BP 688 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BHI32 UT WOS:000253414100155 ER PT S AU Groce, A Holzmann, G Joshi, R AF Groce, Alex Holzmann, Gerard Joshi, Rajeev GP IEEE Comp Soc TI Randomized differential testing as a prelude to formal verification SO ICSE 2007: 29TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS SE International Conference on Software Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2007) CY MAY 20-26, 2007 CL Minneapolis, MN SP IEEE Comp Soc, TCSE, ACM SIGSOFT AB Most flight software testing at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory relies on the use of hand-produced test scenarios and is executed on systems as similar as possible to actual mission hardware. We report on a flight software development effort incorporating large-scale (biased) randomized testing on commodity desktop hardware. The results show that use Of a reference implementation, hardware simulation with fault injection, a testable design, and test minimization enabled a high degree of automation in fault detection and correction. Our experience will be of particular interest to developers working in domains where on-time delivery of software is critical (a strong argument for randomized automated testing) but not at the expense of correctness and reliability (a strong argument for model checking, theorem proving, and other heavyweight techniques). The effort spent in randomized testing can prepare the way for generating more complete confidence using heavyweight techniques. C1 [Groce, Alex; Holzmann, Gerard; Joshi, Rajeev] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Groce, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 0270-5257 BN 978-0-7695-2828-1 J9 PROC INT CONF SOFTW PY 2007 BP 621 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGH85 UT WOS:000247063000061 ER PT B AU Matsko, AB Savchenkov, AA Strekalov, D Itchenko, VS Yu, N Maleki, L AF Matsko, A. B. Savchenkov, A. A. Strekalov, D. Itchenko, V. S. Yu, N. Maleki, L. BE Marciniak, M TI Fabrication, characterization and applications of crystalline whispering gallery mode resonators SO ICTON 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON 2007) CY JUL 01-05, 2007 CL Rome, ITALY SP IEEE, IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc, IEEE, LEOS Poland Chapter, COST, Instytut Lacznosci, iscom, IT, Univ Studi, Roma Tor Vergata, Univ Studi, ROMA TRE, Inst Supenore Antinicendi, e-Photon ONe ID SPECTROSCOPY; LINBO3 AB We review recent progress in fabrication, characterization, and applications of ultra-high-Q crystalline whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators. We report on the experimental observations of power-dependent, non-exponential decay of light stored in WGMs caused by stimulated Raman scattering in the resonator host material. We show that a proper thermal annealing leads to a significant increase of the quality factors of the resonators. Finally, we demonstrate optical continuous wave parametric oscillations in lithium niobate WGM resonators. C1 [Matsko, A. B.; Savchenkov, A. A.; Strekalov, D.; Itchenko, V. S.; Yu, N.; Maleki, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Andrey.Matsko@fpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; DARPA FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet PropulsionLaboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and with support from DARPA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA PY 2007 BP 50 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BGU06 UT WOS:000250511300012 ER PT J AU Ponchak, GE Jordan, JL Chevalier, CT AF Ponchak, George E. Jordan, Jennifer L. Chevalier, Christine T. TI Characteristics of double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) conformed in the longitudinal direction around a cylinder SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE conformal antenna; double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA); slot-line antenna AB The characteristics of a double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) as a function of the radius that the DETSA is conformed to in the longitudinal direction is presented. It is shown through measurements and simulations that the radiation pattern of the conformed antenna rotates in the direction through which the antenna is curved, and that diffraction affects the radiation pattern if the radius of curvature is too small or the frequency too high. The gain of the antenna degrades by only 1 dB if the radius of curvature is large and more than 2 dB for smaller radii. The main effect due to curving the antenna is an increased cross polarization in the E-plane. C1 [Ponchak, George E.; Jordan, Jennifer L.; Chevalier, Christine T.] Glenn Res Ctr, NASA, Analex Corp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ponchak, GE (reprint author), Glenn Res Ctr, NASA, Analex Corp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM george.ponchak@ieee.org; Jennifer.Jordan@grc.nasa.gov; Christine.Chevalier@grc.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1225 J9 IEEE ANTENN WIREL PR JI IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. PY 2007 VL 6 BP 60 EP 63 DI 10.1109/LAWP.2007.890764 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 254XT UT WOS:000252622000017 ER PT B AU Deal, WR Mei, XB Radisic, V Yoshida, W Liu, PH Uyeda, J Barsky, M Gaier, T Fung, A Lai, R AF Deal, W. R. Mei, X. B. Radisic, V. Yoshida, W. Liu, P. H. Uyeda, J. Barsky, M. Gaier, T. Fung, A. Lai, R. GP IEEE TI Demonstration of a S-MMIC LNA with 16-dB gain at 340-GHz SO IEEE COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SYMPOSIUM - 2007 IEEE CSIC SYMPOSIUM, TECHNOLOGY DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium CY OCT 14-17, 2007 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Solid State Circuits Soc DE MMIC; S-MMIC; low noise amplifier; terahertz; indium phosphide; HEMT; coplanar waveguide; G-Band; Y-Band ID AMPLIFIER; TECHNOLOGY; 35-NM AB In this paper, an amplifier with a significant amount of gain is demonstrated at sub-millimeter wave frequencies (f > 300-GHz) for the first time. The three stage amplifier uses advanced InP HEMT transistors to realize 16-dB gain at 340-GHz and >20 dB gain at 280-GHz. The amplifier demonstrates > 100 GHz of bandwidth with gain > 10 dB. This paper demonstrates that full WR-3 waveguide band (220-325 GHz) InP HEMT amplifiers are currently possible and that current device capabilities enable operation well into the sub-millimeter wave regime. C1 [Deal, W. R.; Mei, X. B.; Radisic, V.; Yoshida, W.; Liu, P. H.; Uyeda, J.; Barsky, M.; Lai, R.] Northrop Grumman Corp, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. [Gaier, T.; Fung, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Deal, WR (reprint author), Northrop Grumman Corp, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. FU DARPA SWIFT Program; Army Research Laboratory under the ARL [W911QX-06-C-0050] FX This work was supported by the DARPA SWIFT Program and Army Research Laboratory under the ARL Contract no. W911QX-06-C-0050 and the authors would like to thank Dr. Mark Rosker (DARPA) and Dr. Alfred Hung (ARL). The authors would like to thank members of the Northrop Grumman laboratories from MMIC layout support with Brian Bayuk, Jeff Coakley and Stella Makishi, MBE material growth lead by Patrick Chin and Mike Lange, MMIC wafer fabrication with Young-Min Kim, Dave Farkas, Jane Lee, Danny Li, Linh Dang, Jennifer Wang, Keang Kho, Pat Oliver, John Kane and Tim Naeole. The authors would also like to thank Aaron Oki, Reynold Kagiwada, Owen Fordham and Dwight Streit for their support. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1022-4 PY 2007 BP 75 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BHM57 UT WOS:000254286400017 ER PT J AU Ito, S Kobayashi, S Oguchi, T AF Ito, Shigeo Kobayashi, Satoru Oguchi, Tomohiro TI Multiple-scattering formulation of pulsed beam waves in hydrometeors and its application to millimeter-wave weather radar SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE millimeter-wave radar; radar meteorological factors; rain; scattering ID RAIN AB This letter deals with the backscattering of millimeter pulsed beam waves from hydrometeors. A new approach is presented for a solution of time-dependent three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation for the Stokes vectors to study the multiple-scattering effects of beam waves on radar echoes. General solutions for beam waves are derived in an integral form without any approximation. They are given in numerically tractable forms representing the scattering process in the space and time domain. Time-dependent second-order solutions for radar echoes of pulsed beam waves are straightforwardly obtained to predict multiple-scattering effects depending on the variation of an incident beam size. It is shown that the inhomogeneity of the radial direction of beam waves causes the mode coupling of waves between the azimuth directions in the scattering matrix, and that the mode coupling depends on the ratio of the incident beam size to the total mean free path length of the medium. C1 Toyo Univ, Fac Engn, Kawagoe, Saitama 3508585, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Kanto Gakuin Univ, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368501, Japan. RP Ito, S (reprint author), Toyo Univ, Fac Engn, Kawagoe, Saitama 3508585, Japan. EM ito@eng.toyo.ac.jp; satoru@radar-sci.jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 4 IS 1 BP 13 EP 17 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.882145 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 131SO UT WOS:000243890400003 ER PT J AU Grant, MS Acton, ST Katzberg, SJ AF Grant, Michael S. Acton, Scott T. Katzberg, Stephen J. TI Terrain moisture classification using GPS surface-reflected signals SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE global positioning system (GPS); pattern classification; pattern recognition; radar scattering; soil measurements AB In this letter, a novel method of land-surface classification using surface-reflected global positioning system (GPS) signals in combination with digital imagery is presented. Two GPS-derived classification features are merged with visible image data to create terrain moisture classes, defined here as visibly identifiable terrain or landcover classes containing a surface/soil moisture component. As compared to using surface imagery alone, classification accuracy is significantly improved for a number of visible classes when adding GPS-based signal features. Since the strength of the reflected GPS signal is proportional to the amount of moisture in the surface, the use of these GPS features provides information about the surface that is not obtainable using visible wavelengths alone. Application areas include hydrology, precision agriculture, and wetlands mapping. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Software Syst Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Grant, MS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Software Syst Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM m.s.grant@larc.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 4 IS 1 BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.883526 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 131SO UT WOS:000243890400009 ER PT J AU Torres, F Tanner, AB Brown, ST Lambrigsten, BH AF Torres, F. Tanner, A. B. Brown, S. T. Lambrigsten, B. H. TI Robust array configuration for a microwave interferometric radiometer: Application to the GeoSTAR project SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE interferometry; radiometry; redundancy remote sensing AB The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Array Radiometer represents a promising new approach to microwave atmospheric sounding from geostationary orbit based on passive interferometry. One of the major concerns about the feasibility of this new concept is related to the ability of the sensor to cope with the failure of one or several of its single receivers/antennas. This letter shows that the inclusion of a small percentage of additional antennas significantly reduces the degradation of radiometric resolution caused by such receiver failure. Impact of antenna failure is analyzed, taking into account two test images with very different spatial harmonic content. A tradeoff analysis of several array topologies is performed so as to minimize the number of additional antennas while keeping worst case radiometric error within a reasonable level. C1 Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Barcelona 08030, Spain. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Torres, F (reprint author), Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Signal Theory & Commun, Barcelona 08030, Spain. EM xtorres@tse.upe.edu RI Torres, Francesc/D-7587-2013 OI Torres, Francesc/0000-0003-1160-6350 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 4 IS 1 BP 97 EP 101 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.886427 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 131SO UT WOS:000243890400021 ER PT J AU Hua, XM Pan, JF Ouzounov, D Lyapustin, A Wang, YJ Tewari, K Leptoukh, G Vollmer, B AF Hua, Xin-Min Pan, Jianfu Ouzounov, Dimitar Lyapustin, Alexei Wang, Yujie Tewari, Krishna Leptoukh, Gregory Vollmer, Bruce TI A spatial presdeening technique for earth observation data SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE aerosols; algorithms; data processing; image processing; meteorology; prescreening; remote sensing; satellite applications; spatial subsetting; spherical geometry; terrestrial atmosphere AB We introduce a precise, efficient, and flexible spatial prescreening technique developed to support Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data subsetting in response to the requests of Aerosol Robotic Network researchers. The technique is capable of handling all MODIS data granules uniformly regardless of their locations on the Earth, with no special treatment required for dateline and pole crossing regions. It is easily adaptable to other problems where spatial prescreening is desired. C1 L3 Commun, GSI, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Hua, XM (reprint author), L3 Commun, GSI, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA. EM xhua@pop600.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Lyapustin, Alexei/H-9924-2014 OI Lyapustin, Alexei/0000-0003-1105-5739 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 4 IS 1 BP 152 EP 156 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.886421 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 131SO UT WOS:000243890400032 ER PT J AU Durden, SL Siqueira, PR Tanelli, S AF Durden, S. L. Siqueira, P. R. Tanelli, S. TI On the use of multiantenna radars for spaceborne Doppler precipitation measurements SO IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Doppler radar; precipitation; radar interferometry; spaceborne radar; velocity measurement AB We propose the use of multiantenna radars for precipitation measurement from moving platforms. The primary motivation is measurement of vertical motion from spaceborne radars. Preliminary analysis of the concept and application to a specific example indicate that such a system would be feasible. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Microwave Remote Sensing Lab, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Durden, SL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sdurden@jpl.nasa.gov RI Siqueira, Paul/D-9760-2016 OI Siqueira, Paul/0000-0001-5781-8282 NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1545-598X J9 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S JI IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 4 IS 1 BP 181 EP 183 DI 10.1109/LGRS.2006.887136 PG 3 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 131SO UT WOS:000243890400038 ER PT J AU Omar, AA Scardelletti, MC Hejazi, ZM Dib, N AF Omar, Amjad A. Scardelletti, Maximilian C. Hejazi, Zuhair M. Dib, Nihad TI Design and measurement of self-matched dual-frequency coplanar waveguide-fed-slot antennas SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE coplanar waveguide (CPW); multiple band antennas; slot antennas AB Two new designs of dual frequency coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed double folded slot antennas are presented. An important advantage of these antennas is that they are self-matched to the feeding CPW without the need for external matching circuit. This reduces the antenna size and simplifies its design. To verify the designs, the return loss and radiation patterns are measured and compared to those obtained using available commercial software with good agreement. C1 Yarmouk Univ, Hijjawi Fac Engn, Dept Commun Engn, Irbid, Jordan. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Microwave Metrol Facil, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Irbid, Jordan. RP Omar, AA (reprint author), Yarmouk Univ, Hijjawi Fac Engn, Dept Commun Engn, Irbid, Jordan. EM aomar@yu.edu.jo; Maximilian.C.Scardelletti@nasa.gov; zhejazi@ieee.org; nihad@just.edu.jo RI Dib, Nihad/M-4918-2015; OI Omar, Amjad/0000-0001-7953-3552; Dib, Nihad/0000-0002-2263-5512 NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 55 IS 1 BP 223 EP 226 DI 10.1109/TAP.2006.888475 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 126WX UT WOS:000243547300030 ER PT J AU Digham, FF Alouini, MS Simon, MK AF Digham, Fadel F. Alouini, Mohamed-Slim Simon, Marvin K. TI On the energy detection of unknown signals over fading channels SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2003) CY MAY 11-15, 2003 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP IEEE DE diversity schemes; energy detection; fading channels; low-power applications; square-law detector; unknown signal detection AB This letter addresses the problem of energy detection of an unknown signal over a multipath channel. It starts with the no-diversity case, and presents some alternative closed-form expressions for the probability of detection to those recently reported in the literature. Detection capability is boosted by implementing both square-law combining and square-law selection diversity schemes. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Digham, FF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM ldigham@ece.umn.edu; alouini@qatar.tamu.edu; marvin.k.simon@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 733 Z9 801 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0090-6778 J9 IEEE T COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Commun. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 55 IS 1 BP 21 EP 24 DI 10.1109/TCOMM.2006.887483 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 132OU UT WOS:000243952900004 ER PT J AU Jones, CR Tian, T Villasenor, J Wesel, RD AF Jones, Christopher R. Tian, Tao Villasenor, John Wesel, Richard D. TI The universal operation of LDPC codes over scalar fading channel SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 02) CY NOV 17-21, 2002 CL TAIPEI, TAIWAN SP IEEE, ICC GLOBECOM DE low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes; orthogonal frequency-division modulation (OFDM); partial-band jamming (PBJ); robust channel coding; universal codes ID PARITY-CHECK CODES; CORRECTING CODES; TRELLIS CODES AB Root and Varaiya proved the existence of a code that can communicate reliably over any linear Gaussian channel for which the channel mutual. information level exceeds the transmitted rate. This paper provides several examples of scalar (single-input single-output) fading channels and shows that on these channels the performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes lies in close proximity to the performance limits identified by Root and Varaiya. Specifically, we consider periodic fading channels and partial-band jamming (PBJ) channels. A special case of periodic fading is the variation of signal-to-noise ratio across orthogonal frequency division modulation subchannels. The robustness of LDPC codes to periodic fading and PBJ across parameterizations of these different channels is demonstrated through the consistency of the required mutual information to provide a specified bit error rate. For the periodic fading case, the Gaussian approximation to density evolution has been adapted such that asymptotic threshold measures can be compared to simulated code performance in various periodic fading scenarios. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Qualcomm Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Jones, CR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM crjones@jpl.nasa.gov; ttian@qualcomm.com; villa@ee.ucla.edu; wesel@ee.ucla.edu NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0090-6778 J9 IEEE T COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Commun. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 55 IS 1 BP 122 EP 132 DI 10.1109/TCOMM.2006.885081 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 132OU UT WOS:000243952900019 ER PT J AU Wang, JR Racette, PE Piepmeier, JRE Monosmith, B Manning, W AF Wang, James R. Racette, Paul E. Piepmeier, Jeffrey R. E. Monosmith, B. Manning, Will TI Airborne CoSMIR observations between 50 and 183 GHz over snow-covered Sierra Mountains SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE millimeter-wave radiometry; remote sensing; snow; water vapor ID WAVE RADIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS; WATER-VAPOR; RETRIEVALS; SSM/T-2 AB An airborne Conical Scanning Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSMIR) was developed recently for calibration/validation of the new-generation DMSP F-series microwave radiometer, the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager/ Sounder. The CoSMIR is a total-power radiometer that measures radiation at nine channels over the frequency range of 50-183 GHz. The instrument employs a two-axis gimbaled mechanism to generate the conical scan with periodic calibration. Its scan geometry is software programmable and can be designed to serve the scientific requirements of an experiment. A series of CoSMIR flights was conducted over the coastal regions of California in March and December of 2004, in which the instrument was programmed to acquire both conical and across-track scan data sets simultaneously. Two of these flights on March 25 and December 2 contained segments over the snow-covered Sierra Mountain Range and were selected to demonstrate the novel features of this new instrument. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USA, Operat Test Command, Ft Hood, TX 76544 USA. RP Wang, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2007 VL 45 IS 1 BP 55 EP 61 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2006.885410 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 121QU UT WOS:000243172900005 ER PT J AU Boykin, TB Luisier, M Schenk, A Kharche, N Klimeck, G AF Boykin, Timothy B. Luisier, Mathieu Schenk, Andreas Kharche, Neerav Klimeck, Gerhard TI The electronic structure and transmission characteristics of disordered AlGaAs nanowires SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nanotechnology; quantum effect semiconductor devices; quantum wires ID QUANTUM WIRES; MODULATED NANOWIRES; DOTS; SEMICONDUCTORS; SIMULATION; STATES AB Perfect nanowires may be studied from both the bandstructure and transmission perspectives, and relating features in one set of curves to those in another often yields much insight into their behavior. For random-alloy nanowires, however, only transmission characteristics and virtual-crystal approximation (VCA) bands have been available. This is a serious shortcoming since the VCA cannot properly capture disorder at the primitive cell level: those bulk properties which it can satisfactorily reproduce arise from spatially extended states and measurements which average out primitive cell-level fluctuations. Here we address this deficiency by projecting approximate bands out of supercell states for Al0.15Ga0.85 As random alloy nanowires. The resulting bands correspond to the transmission characteristics very closely, unlike the VCA bands, which cannot explain important transmission features. Using both bandstructure and transmission results, we are better able to explain the operation of these nanowires. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. ETH, Integrated Syst Lab, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Boykin, TB (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM boykin@ece.uah.edu RI Kharche, Neerav/F-4331-2015; Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Kharche, Neerav/0000-0003-1014-6022; Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-125X J9 IEEE T NANOTECHNOL JI IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. PD JAN PY 2007 VL 6 IS 1 BP 43 EP 47 DI 10.1109/TNANO.2006.886776 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 132BS UT WOS:000243917700008 ER PT S AU Tanner, AB Lambrigsten, BH Gaier, TC AF Tanner, A. B. Lambrigsten, B. H. Gaier, T. C. GP IEEE TI A dual-gain antenna option for GeoSTAR SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE radionteler; interferometer AB GeoSTAR is a radiometer concept to provide high resolution microwave images of the earth from geostationary earth orbit (GEO) in bands from 50 to 183 GHz. The system consists of a Y-array of correlation interferometers, and uses aperture synthesis to achieve high resolution hemispheric coverage of the earth. A ground-based 50 GHz demonstration instrument has been built and tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory which has now validated the calibration approach and error analysis. These analysis show that the antenna gain of the original design is marginal, since only about 42 percent of the received energy originates in the earth disk as viewed from GEO. This degrades signal-to-noise (delta-T), and poses a problem for the 183 GHz bands where receiver noise and resolution requirements are greatest. This paper presents a new approach to the array geometry which solves this problem by arranging the majority of elemental antennas along two rows within each of the three array arms. The new geometry provides a factor of SQRT(3) times more distance between adjacent elements, and therefore enough physical space to raise the gain of the antenna elements by a factor of 3. The visibility sample grid and number of elements are unchanged. Only the shortest baselines retain the original design. C1 [Tanner, A. B.; Lambrigsten, B. H.; Gaier, T. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tanner, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 227 EP 230 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422771 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300057 ER PT S AU Ruf, C Amarin, R Bailey, MC Lim, B Hood, R James, M Johnson, J Jones, L Rohwedder, V Stephens, K AF Ruf, Christopher Amarin, Ruba Bailey, M. C. Lim, Boon Hood, Robbie James, Mark Johnson, James Jones, Linwood Rohwedder, Vanessa Stephens, Karen GP IEEE TI The Hurricane Imaging Radiometer - An octave bandwidth synthetic thinned array radiometer SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE microwave radiometry; synthetic aperture radiometry; ocean remote sensing ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY AB The Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRad) is a new airborne sensor that is currently under development. It Is intended to produce wide-swath images of ocean surface wind speed and near surface rain rate in hurricanes conditions. HIRad will extend the scientific capabilities and technologies associated with two previous successful airborne microwave radiometers: the real aperture Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) and the synthetic aperture Lightweight Rainfall Radiometer (LRR). Both SFMR and HIRad are required to operate over the full C-Band octave in order to estimate precipitation levels experienced in hurricanes without saturation and to penetrate through the precipitation and estimate surface winds. Operation over an octave bandwidth was easily accomplished by the nadir-pointing horn antenna used by SFMR. However, it represents a major technological challenge for the HIRad design because it is a Fourier synthesis imager. Details of how HIRad meets that challenge are described here. C1 [Ruf, Christopher; Lim, Boon] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Amarin, Ruba; Johnson, James; Jones, Linwood] Univ Cent Florida, ECE Dept, Cent Florida Remote Sensing Lab, Orlando, FL USA. [Bailey, M. C.] RTI Int, Hampton, VA USA. [Hood, Robbie; James, Mark; Rohwedder, Vanessa; Stephens, Karen] NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Ruf, C (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 FU NASA/MSFC/NSSTC [NNM05AA22A] FX Sponsored by NASA/MSFC/NSSTC NNM05AA22A NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 231 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422772 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300058 ER PT S AU Le Vine, DM Abraham, S Jacob, SD Dinnat, E de Matthaeis, P AF Le Vine, D. M. Abraham, S. Jacob, S. D. Dinnat, E. de Matthaeis, P. GP IEEE TI The influence of antenna pattern on Faraday rotation in remote sensing at l-band SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE microwave radiometery; remote sensing; antennas AB The influence of the antenna pattern on measured Faraday rotation is examined in the context of passive remote sensing at L-band. It is shown that while I = Tv + Th is independent of Faraday rotation to first order, I has rotation dependence when realistic antenna patterns are included in the analysis. Also, it is shown that the angle retrieved from the 3(rd) Stokes parameter can be biased relative to Faraday rotation at boresight. C1 [Le Vine, D. M.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Abraham, S.] RSIS, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jacob, S. D.; Dinnat, E.; de Matthaeis, P.] Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Le Vine, DM (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Dinnat, Emmanuel/D-7064-2012 OI Dinnat, Emmanuel/0000-0001-9003-1182 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 239 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422774 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300060 ER PT S AU Khalsa, SJS Nativi, S Ahern, T Shibasaki, R Thomas, D AF Khalsa, Siri Jodha Singh Nativi, Stefano Ahern, Tim Shibasaki, Ryosuke Thomas, David GP IEEE TI The GEOSS Interoperability Process Pilot Project SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE GEOSS; interoperability; standards AB We describe approaches that the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is employing to achieve interoperability among its component systems and give an overview of the GEOSS Interoperability Process Pilot Project (IP3). The IP3 is contributing to the development of the GEOSS architecture by exercising core GEOSS components and processes. C1 [Khalsa, Siri Jodha Singh] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Nativi, Stefano] Inst Method Environ Anal, Italian Natl Res Council, I-50100 Florence, Italy. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Khalsa, SJS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM sjsk@nsidc.org; nativi@imaa.cnr.it; tim@iris.washington.edu; shiba@csis.u-tokyo.ac.ip; DThomas@wmo.int RI Nativi, Stefano/E-7180-2016; OI Nativi, Stefano/0000-0003-3185-8539; Khalsa, Siri Jodha/0000-0001-9217-5550 FU GEO Architecture; Data Committee FX The authors would like to thank members of the GEO Architecture and Data Committee for their guidance and support. The authors would also like to thank E. OTuama and H. Saarenmaahe of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, and P. Mazzetti and L. Bigagli of the Italian National Research Council for their contributions to this paper. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 293 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422788 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300074 ER PT S AU Mandl, D Sohlberg, R Justice, C Ungar, S Ames, T Frye, S Chien, S Cappelaere, P Tran, D AF Mandl, Daniel Sohlberg, Rob Justice, Chris Ungar, Stephen Ames, Troy Frye, Stuart Chien, Steve Cappelaere, Pat Tran, Danny GP IEEE TI Experiments with user centric GEOSS architectures SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE sensor webs; interoperability; on-deniand science; OGC; GEOSS; web 2.0 AB This paper describes the work being performed under a NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information System Technology (AIST) grant to develop a modular sensor web architecture which enables discovery and generic tasking capability for sensors, both space-based and in-situ. This effort seeks to demonstrate methods to facilitate interoperability and ease of use of a diverse set of sensors by hiding the details required to obtain sensor data, process the science data and deliver the science products. In particular, Web 2.0 and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standard services are used. Thus, these capabilities serve to facilitate a user-centric approach to Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). This work builds on previous sensor web efforts conducted at NASA/GSFC using the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) and other satellites. C1 [Mandl, Daniel; Ungar, Stephen; Ames, Troy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 584, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sohlberg, Rob; Justice, Chris] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Frye, Stuart] Noblis, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Cappelaere, Pat] Vightel, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Ungar, Stephen; Ames, Troy] NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Mandl, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 584, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM daniel.j.mandl@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 297 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422789 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300075 ER PT S AU Bryant, N Bunch, W Fretz, R Logan, T Zobrist, A AF Bryant, Nevin Bunch, Walter Fretz, Richard Logan, Thomas Zobrist, Albert GP IEEE TI Automated concepts for geo-coregistration of multisensor images in the GEOSS era SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB The utility of a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) in part rests on the ability to precisely and automatically co-register imagery from the variety of earth observation satellite imaging sensors included in the System. Sub-Pixel precision is required to support time-series analysis unconfused by the occurrence of miss-registration, while automatic co-registration procedures are required to assure efficient data handling. The ability to effectively support and co-register a wide variety of sensors from across the international community is important for two reasons: (1) the cloudcover obscuration problem can be most effectively addressed by using the full range of revisit opportunities presented by the international community of satellites, and (2) precise, sub-pixel co-registration enables cross-sensor calibration and compensation/correction of data used in a selected area during a given time-frame and season. C1 [Bryant, Nevin; Bunch, Walter; Fretz, Richard; Logan, Thomas; Zobrist, Albert] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Bryant, N (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 301 EP 305 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422790 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300076 ER PT S AU Ungar, S Campbell, P Rast, M AF Ungar, Stephen Campbell, Petya Rast, Michael GP IEEE TI Data quality guidelines for GEOSS consideration - The CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE calibration; validation; GEOSS; CEOS; WGCV AB The harmonization of operational data products and the creation of higher level information products such as global maps and time series (from different sensor sources) are required to satisfy the operational service requirements of the societal benefit areas as outlined in the GEOSS implementation plan. The CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) concentrates on defining standards and procedures aimed at allowing for the inter-comparison and ultimate utilization of data from all Earth observing platforms, both current and future. WGCV strives to establish common approaches to validation, calibration and data exchange formats to ensure effective cooperative use of all CEOS member space assets in addressing important global scale problems. This paper reviews the WGCV data assurance strategy, detailed system element requirements to guarantee data quality, and current WGCV activities for the generation and validation of products. C1 [Ungar, Stephen; Campbell, Petya] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Rast, Michael] NOAA, NESDIS, GEO Secretariat, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Ungar, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 306 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422791 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300077 ER PT S AU Tian, JL Johnson, DG Reisse, RA Gazarik, MJ AF Tian, Jialin Johnson, David G. Reisse, Robert A. Gazarik, Michael J. GP IEEE TI GIFTS SM EDU data processing and algorithms SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) Sensor Module (SM) Engineering Demonstration Unit (EDU) is a high resolution spectral imager designed to measure infrared (IR) radiances using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The GIFTS instrument employs three Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs), which gather measurements across the long-wave IR (LWIR), short/mid-wave IR (SMWIR), and visible spectral bands. The raw interferogram measurements are radiometrically and spectrally calibrated to produce radiance spectra, which are further processed to obtain atmospheric profiles via retrieval algorithms. This paper describes the processing algorithms involved in the calibration stage. The calibration procedures can be subdivided into three stages. In the pre-calibration stage, a phase correction algorithm is applied to the decimated and filtered complex interferogram. The resulting imaginary part of the spectrum contains only the noise component of the uncorrected spectrum. Additional random noise reduction can be accomplished by applying a spectral smoothing routine to the phase-corrected blackbody reference spectra. In the radiometric calibration stage, we first compute the spectral responsivity based on the previous results, from which, the calibrated ambient blackbody (ABB), hot blackbody (HBB), and scene spectra can be obtained. During the post-processing stage, we estimate the noise equivalent spectral. radiance (NESR) from the calibrated ABB and HBB spectra. We then implement a correction scheme that compensates for the effect of fore-optics offsets. Finally, for off-axis pixels, the FPA off-axis effects correction is performed. To estimate the performance of the entire FPA, we developed an efficient method of generating pixel performance assessments. In addition, a random pixel selection scheme is designed based on the pixel performance evaluation. C1 [Tian, Jialin] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SSAI, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Johnson, David G.; Reisse, Robert A.; Gazarik, Michael J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Tian, JL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SSAI, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Jialin.Tian-1@nasa.gov RI Johnson, David/F-2376-2015 OI Johnson, David/0000-0003-4399-5653 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 409 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422817 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300103 ER PT S AU Plaza, A Le Moigne, J Netanyahu, NS AF Plaza, Antonio Le Moigne, Jacqueline Netanyahu, Nathan S. GP IEEE TI Morphological feature extraction for automatic registration of multispectral images SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB The task of image registration can be divided into two major components, i.e., the extraction of control points or features from images, and the search among the extracted features for the matching pairs that represent the same feature in the images to be matched. Manual extraction of control features can be subjective and extremely time consuming, and often results in few usable points. On the other hand, automated feature extraction allows using invariant target features such as edges, corners, and line intersections as relevant landmarks for registration purposes. In this paper, we present an extension of a recently developed morphological approach for automatic extraction of landmark chips and corresponding windows in a fully unsupervised manner for the registration of multispectral images. Once a set of chip-window pairs is obtained, a (hierarchical) robust feature matching procedure, based on a multiresolution overcomplete wavelet decomposition scheme, is used for registration purposes. The proposed method is validated on a pair of remotely sensed scenes acquired by the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) multispectral instrument and the Hyperion hyperspectral instrument aboard NASA's Earth Observing-1 satellite. C1 [Plaza, Antonio] Univ Extremadura, Dept Comp Sci, E-10071 Caceres, Spain. [Le Moigne, Jacqueline] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Adv Architectures & Automat Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Netanyahu, Nathan S.] Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Comp Sci, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. [Netanyahu, Nathan S.] Univ Maryland, Ctr Automat Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Plaza, A (reprint author), Univ Extremadura, Dept Comp Sci, E-10071 Caceres, Spain. RI Plaza, Antonio/C-4455-2008 OI Plaza, Antonio/0000-0002-9613-1659 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 421 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422820 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657300106 ER PT S AU Brown, S Desai, S Keihm, S Lu, WW Ruf, C AF Brown, Shannon Desai, Shailen Keihm, Stephen Lu, Wenwen Ruf, Christopher GP IEEE TI Ocean water vapor and cloud burden trends derived from the Topex Microwave Radiometer SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE water vapor trend; cloud liquid water trend; TMR; microwave radiometer ID TEMPERATURE; TMR; ALGORITHM AB An end-of-mission recalibration effort was recently completed for Topex Microwave Radiometer to generate climate data records of precipitable water vapor and cloud liquid water for 1992-2005. The TMR climate data is analysed for trends. The global trend in precipitable water vapor is found to be 0.9 +/- 0.06 mm/decade. Regional precipitable water vapor trends are found to be highly correlated with regional sea surface temperature trends. The cloud liquid water trends are observed to be generally negative outside the tropics and positive in the tropics. C1 [Brown, Shannon; Desai, Shailen; Keihm, Stephen; Lu, Wenwen] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ruf, Christopher] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Brown, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Shannon.T.Brown@jpl.nasa.gov RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 886 EP 889 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422939 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301004 ER PT S AU Wolfe, RE Gao, F Morisette, JT Ederer, GA Pedelty, JA AF Wolfe, Robert E. Gao, Feng Morisette, Jeffrey T. Ederer, Gregory A. Pedelty, Jeffrey A. GP IEEE TI Improving access to MODIS biophysical science products for NACP investigators SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE carbon research; moderate resolution; MODIS; NACP; NASA AB MOSIS 4 NACP is a NASA-funded project supporting the North American Carbon Program (NACP). The purpose of this Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth-Sun System Science (ACCESS) project is to provide researchers with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) biophysical data products that are custom tailored for use in NACP model studies. Standard MODIS biophysical products provide used to improve our understanding on the climate and ecosystem changes. However, direct uses of the MODIS biophysical parameters are constrained by retrieval quality and cloud contamination. Another challenge that NACP users face is acquiring MODIS data in formats and at spatial-temporal resolutions consistent with other data sets they use. We have been working closely with key NACP users to tailor the MODIS products to fit their needs. First, we provide new temporally smoothed and spatially continuous MODIS biophysical data sets. Second, we are distributing MODIS data at suitable spatial-temporal resolutions and in formats consistent with other data integration into model studies. C1 [Wolfe, Robert E.; Gao, Feng; Morisette, Jeffrey T.; Ederer, Gregory A.; Pedelty, Jeffrey A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Ederer, GA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM robert.e.wolfe@nasa.gov RI Gao, Feng/F-3944-2010; Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1012 EP 1015 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422972 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301037 ER PT S AU Pedelty, J Devadiga, S Masuoka, E Brown, M Pinzon, J Tucker, C Roy, D Ju, JC Vermote, E Prince, S Nagol, J Justice, C Schaaf, C Liu, JC Privette, J Pinheiro, A AF Pedelty, Jeffrey Devadiga, Sadashiva Masuoka, Edward Brown, Molly Pinzon, Jorge Tucker, Compton Roy, David Ju, Junchang Vermote, Eric Prince, Stephen Nagol, Jyotheshwar Justice, Christopher Schaaf, Crystal Liu, Jicheng Privette, Jeffrey Pinheiro, Ana GP IEEE TI Generating a Long-term Land Data Record from the AVHRR and MODIS instruments SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE component; remote sensing; AVHRR; MODIS; climate studies ID CALIBRATION AB The goal of NASA's Land Long Term Data Record (LTDR) project is to produce a consistent long term data set from the AVHRR and MODIS instruments for land climate studies. The project will create daily surface reflectance and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) products at a resolution of 0.05 degrees, which is identical to the Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) used for MODIS products from EOS Terra and Aqua. Higher order products such as burned area, land surface temperature, albedo, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) correction, leaf area index (LAI), and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (fPAR), will be created. The LTDR project will reprocess Global Area Coverage (GAC) data from AVHRR sensors onboard NOAA satellites by applying the preprocessing improvements identified in the AVHRR Pathfinder II project and atmospheric and BRDF corrections used in MODIS processing. The preprocessing improvements include radiometric in-flight vicarious calibration for the visible and near infrared channels and inverse navigation to relate an Earth location to each sensor instantaneous field of view (IFOV). Atmospheric corrections for Rayleigh scattering, ozone, and water vapor are undertaken, with aerosol correction being implemented. The LTDR also produces a surface reflectance product for channel 3 (3.75 mu m). Quality assessment (QA) is an integral part of the LTDR production system, which is monitoring temporal trends in the AVHRR products using time-series approaches developed for MODIS land product quality assessment. The land surface reflectance products have been evaluated at AERONET sites. The AVHRR data record from LTDR is also being compared to products from the PAL (Pathfinder AVHRR Land) and GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) systems to assess the relative merits of this reprocessing vis-h-vis these existing data products. The LTDR products and associated information can be found at http://itdr.nascom.nasa.gov/ltdr/ ltdr.html. C1 [Pedelty, Jeffrey; Devadiga, Sadashiva; Masuoka, Edward; Brown, Molly; Pinzon, Jorge; Tucker, Compton] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Roy, David; Ju, Junchang] S Dakota State Univ, Geog Informat Sci Ctr Excellen, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. [Vermote, Eric; Prince, Stephen; Nagol, Jyotheshwar; Justice, Christopher] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Privette, Jeffrey; Pinheiro, Ana] NOAA Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. [Schaaf, Crystal; Liu, Jicheng] Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Pedelty, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Vermote, Eric/K-3733-2012; Liu, Jicheng/B-4575-2009; Nagol, Jyoteshwar/P-2026-2015; Brown, Molly/E-2724-2010 OI Nagol, Jyoteshwar/0000-0003-0497-7874; Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314 NR 19 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 24 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1021 EP 1024 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422974 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301039 ER PT S AU Geller, GN Fosnight, EA Chaudhuri, S AF Geller, Gary N. Fosnight, Eugene A. Chaudhuri, Sujoy GP IEEE TI TerraLook: Providing easy, no-cost access to satellite images for busy people and the technologically disinclined SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE data access; conservation; open source; Landsat; ASTER AB Access to satellite images has been largely limited to communities with specialized tools and expertise, even though images could also benefit other communities. This situation has resulted in underutilization of the data. TerraLook, which consists of collections of georeferenced JPEG images and an open source toolkit to use them, makes satellite images available to those lacking experience with remote sensing. Users can find, roam, and zoom images, create and display vector overlays, adjust and annotate images so they can be used as a communication vehicle, compare images taken at different times, and perform other activities useful for natural resource management, sustainable development, education, and other activities. C1 [Geller, Gary N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Ecol Forecasting Program, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Fosnight, Eugene A.] EROS USGS, SAIC, Land Remote Sensing program, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Chaudhuri, Sujoy] Ecoll, Conservat Int CABS, Pune, Maharashtra, India. RP Geller, GN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Ecol Forecasting Program, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Geller, Gary/0000-0002-4490-6002 FU United States Geological Survey; The Nature Conservancy; IUCN-The World Conservation Union; United States Department of State; World Bank Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network Project; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; USGS Land Remote Sensing program; SAIC works under USGS [03CRCN0001] FX This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and was sponsored by the United States Geological Survey, The Nature Conservancy, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, the United States Department of State, the World Bank Inter- American Biodiversity Information Network Project, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. At USGS, this project was made possible with the collaboration and support of the USGS Land Remote Sensing program; SAIC works under USGS contract 03CRCN0001. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1026 EP 1028 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422975 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301040 ER PT S AU Lawrence, R Fralick, D Harrah, S Lin, B Hu, YX AF Lawrence, Roland Fralick, Dion Harrah, Steve Lin, Bing Hu, Yongxiang GP IEEE TI Differential absorption microwave radar measurements for remote sensing of atmospheric pressure SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE microwave differential absorption; remote sensing of barometric pressure AB The accuracy of numerical weather model predictions of the intensity and track of tropical storms may be improved by large spatial coverage and frequent sampling of sea surface barometry. The feasibility of a microwave radar operating at moderate to strong O-2 absorption bands in the frequency range of 50 similar to 56 GHz to remotely measure surface barometric pressure may provide such capability. At these radar wavelengths, the reflection of radar echoes from water surfaces is strongly attenuated by atmospheric column O-2. Because of the uniform mixture of O-2 gases within the atmosphere, the total atmospheric column O-2 is proportional to atmospheric path lengths and the total atmospheric column air, and thus, to surface barometric pressures. Recent research has developed a technique based on the use of a dual-frequency, O-2-band radar to overcome many of the difficulties associated with techniques requiring larger frequency separation. The ratio of reflected radar signals at multiple wavelengths are used to minimize the effect of microwave absorption by liquid water, water vapor in the atmosphere and the influences of sea surface reflection over the frequency of operation. Langley Research Center (LaRC) has developed a radar based on this measurement technique to estimate barometric pressure. This paper will present an overview of the differential absorption measurement concept and will discuss a radar instrument to verify the differential O-2 absorption measurement approach. Results of instrument functional testing and initial measurements will be presented. C1 [Lawrence, Roland] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. [Fralick, Dion; Harrah, Steve; Lin, Bing; Hu, Yongxiang] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Lawrence, R (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1045 EP 1048 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422980 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301045 ER PT S AU Leptoukh, G Kempler, S Smith, P Savtchenko, A Kummerer, R Gopalan, A Farley, J Chen, A AF Leptoukh, G. Kempler, S. Smith, P. Savtchenko, A. Kummerer, R. Gopalan, A. Farley, J. Chen, A. GP IEEE TI A-train Data Depot: Integrating and exploring data along the A-train tracks SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE remote sensing; data tools; A-train; ATDD; value-added services; CloudSat; CALIPSO; MODIS; MISR; terra; Aqua; Giovanni AB The immense potential for new science findings as a result of inter-instrument data analysis has led to the development of a new data portal at GSFC: the A-train Data Depot. The power and utility of this new service to the general public is amplified immensely when the archived data are used in conjunction with online data analysis services like Giovanni. This presentation details some of the challenges of data usage from multiple distinct missions and how the tool sets we have developed can help to overcome these challenges, considerably cut down on analysis overhead and promote science exploration in an otherwise very challenging arena. C1 [Leptoukh, G.; Kempler, S.; Smith, P.; Savtchenko, A.; Kummerer, R.; Gopalan, A.; Farley, J.; Chen, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leptoukh, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Gregory.Leptoukh@nasa.gov FU NASA ROSES [NRA NNH05ZDA001N-ACCESS]; GES DISC FX This work is sponsored under NASA ROSES NRA NNH05ZDA001N-ACCESS. We would like to acknowledge the science and engineering staff at the GES DISC for their dedicated engineering support. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1118 EP 1121 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422998 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301063 ER PT S AU Minnis, P Wielicki, B Trepte, CA Sun-Mack, S Chen, Y Gibson, S Kato, S Stephens, G AF Minnis, Patrick Wielicki, Bruce Trepte, Charles A. Sun-Mack, Sunny Chen, Yan Gibson, Sharon Kato, Seiji Stephens, Graerne GP IEEE TI Characterizing the radiation fields in the atmosphere using a cloud-aerosol-radiation product from integrated CERES, MODIS, CALIPSO and CloudSat data SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE clouds; radiation; CALIPSO; CloudSat AB CloudSat and CALIPSO cloud and aerosol information is convolved with CERES and MODIS cloud and radiation data to produce a merged 3-dimensional cloud and radiation dataset. C1 [Minnis, Patrick; Wielicki, Bruce; Trepte, Charles A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Kato, Seiji] Natl Inst AeroSp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Sun-Mack, Sunny; Chen, Yan; Gibson, Sharon] SSAI, Hampton, VA USA. [Stephens, Graerne] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Minnis, P (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM p.minnis@nasa.gov FU NASA Science Program FX Sponsored by NASA Science Program NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1122 EP 1125 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422999 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301064 ER PT S AU Yueh, S Cline, D Elder, K AF Yueh, Simon Cline, Donald Elder, Kelly GP IEEE TI Airborne Ku-band radar remote sensing of terrestrial snow cover SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE microwave remote sensing; snow water; radar ID PASSIVE MICROWAVE RESPONSE; 35 GHZ; BACKSCATTERING; PARAMETERS AB Preliminary analyses of the POLSCAT data acquired from the CLPX-II in winter 2006-2007 are described in this paper. The data showed the response of the Ku-band radar echoes to snowpack changes for various types of background vegetation. We observed about 0.4 dB increase in backscatter for every 1 cm SWE accumulation for sage brush and agricultural fields. The data also showed the impact of surface hoar growth and freeze/thaw cycles, which created large snow grain sizes and ice lenses, respectively, and consequently increased the radar signals by a few dBs. C1 [Yueh, Simon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Cline, Donald] NOAA, Natl Operat Hydrolog Remote Sensing Ctr, Chanhassen, MA USA. [Elder, Kelly] Rocky Mountain Res Stat Forest Service, USDA Fort Collins, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP Yueh, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Simon.Yueh@jpl.nasa.gov; Donald.Cline@noaa.gov; kelder@fs.fed.us NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1211 EP 1214 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423023 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301088 ER PT S AU Franks, S Masek, J AF Franks, Shannon Masek, Jeffrey GP IEEE TI How many bits? Radiometric resolution as a factor in obtaining forestry information with remotely sensed measurements SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE radiometric resolution; quantization; bits; foresty measurements AB Since 1982, Landsat has acquired multispectral data using 8-bit data. With many new and highly advanced systems and sensors being developed, we wish to evaluate the benefits of higher radiometric precision for forestry applications. Two industrial forestry sites in central Virginia are chosen to carry out this analysis because of the large variability in standing biomass associated with recovery from past harvest. IKONOS imagery and Earth Observing System's Advanced Land Imager (ALI) imagery are used in the study. These sensors acquire data using 11 and 12 bits, respectively. By subsampling to Landsat spatial resolution, and truncating the dynamic range and radiometric resolution, we can create Landsat-like image products at a variety of radiometric resolutions. Results show that although a difference can be seen when comparing datasets of higher and lower radiometric resolution, those differences appear to be small when trying to discriminate the boundaries of disturbed stands. C1 [Franks, Shannon] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Masek, Jeffrey] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Franks, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM sfranks@pop900.gsfe.nasa.gov RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1291 EP 1294 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423042 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301107 ER PT S AU Dinnat, EP de Matthaeis, P Le Vine, DM AF Dinnat, Emmanuel P. de Matthaeis, Paolo Le Vine, David M. GP IEEE TI Sun glint and Sea Surface Salinity remote sensing SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE component; sea surface salinity; sun glint; L-band; Aquarius AB The Aquarius/SAC-D mission will employ three L-band (1.41 GHz) radiometers dedicated to remote sensing of Sea Surface Salinity. The mission will be in a dawn/dusk sun-synchronous orbit with the beam oriented toward the night time side of the orbit in order to limit interference from the Sun. The effect of surface roughness on solar radiation reflected from the surface will be examined. It will be shown that including the small scale roughness (waves) can have a major impact. Also, it will be shown that when the small scale waves are included it is possible to have significant radiation reflected into the main beam during seasonal extremes when a portion of the main beam is on the illuminated side of day-night terminator. C1 [Dinnat, Emmanuel P.; de Matthaeis, Paolo] Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore Campus, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Le Vine, David M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrument Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dinnat, EP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore Campus, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RI Dinnat, Emmanuel/D-7064-2012 OI Dinnat, Emmanuel/0000-0001-9003-1182 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1334 EP 1337 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423052 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301117 ER PT S AU Maiden, ME Lindsay, F Schwaller, MR AF Maiden, M. E. Lindsay, F. Schwaller, M. R. GP IEEE TI Vision for Earth Science measurement-based data systems SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE Earth science; data systems; climate data records AB Measurement-based data systems will play a key role in the future of Earth Science as NASA transitions toward the generation of multi-mission Climate Data Records. Measurement-based data systems are typically led by science investigators and science teams, and science questions drive their architecture, operations, and evolution over time. The general characteristics of measurement-based systems are described below, along with examples taken from scientific disciplines and near-term spaceflight missions. C1 [Maiden, M. E.; Lindsay, F.] NASA, NASA Headquarters Sci Miss Directorate, Earth Sci Data Syst Program, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Schwaller, M. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Precipitat Miss Project, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Maiden, ME (reprint author), NASA, NASA Headquarters Sci Miss Directorate, Earth Sci Data Syst Program, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM martha.e.maiden@nasa.gov; mathew.r.schwaller@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1358 EP 1361 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423058 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301123 ER PT S AU Schwaller, MR Schweiss, RJ AF Schwaller, Mathew R. Schweiss, Robert J. GP IEEE TI NASA's NPOESS Prepaperatory Project Science Data Segment: A framework for Measurement-Based Earth Sciences Data Systems SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE NPP; NPOESS; Earth science; data systems; SDS AB The NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) Science Data Segment (SDS) provides a framework for the future of NASA's distributed Earth science data systems. The NPP SDS performs research and data product assessment while using a fully distributed architecture. The components of this architecture are organized around key environmental data disciplines: land, ocean, ozone, atmospheric sounding, and atmospheric composition. The SDS thus establishes a set of concepts and a working prototypes. This paper describes the framework used by the NPP Project as it enabled Measurement-Based Earth Science Data Systems for the assessment of NPP products. C1 [Schwaller, Mathew R.; Schweiss, Robert J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NPP Project, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Schwaller, MR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NPP Project, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM mathew.r.schwaller@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1378 EP 1381 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423063 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301128 ER PT S AU Tilmes, C Fleig, AJ Linda, M AF Tilmes, Curt Fleig, Albert J. Linda, Mike GP IEEE TI y Atmospheric Composition Processing System (ACPS): Evolution from instrument-based to measurement-based processing SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB NASA's ACCESS Program is sponsoring an evolution of a mission-based ozone data processing system into a measurement-based Atmospheric Composition Processing System (ACPS). Services currently available only to mission science team members will be extended to members of the Atmospheric Composition Community. Data and information technologies developed for the BUV, TOMS, OMI, and OMPS science teams will be made available to a wider base of science users. Community scientists will have access to current processing algorithms and resources. They will be able to run modified forms of existing algorithms or develop and run new algorithms on the ACPS. Development costs will be minimized by utilizing elements of existing and proven systems. Implementation costs for external scientists will also be minimized by utilizing Linux-based commodity processors, open standards, and open source software. This presentation introduces the architecture of the ACPS and describes how external scientists will be able to interact with it. C1 [Tilmes, Curt] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GSFC Code 614-5, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tilmes, C (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GSFC Code 614-5, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Curt.Tilmes@nasa.gov; Albert.J.Fleig@gsfc.nasa.gov; Mike.Linda@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Tilmes, Curt/D-5637-2012; OI Tilmes, Curt/0000-0002-6512-0287 FU NASA's Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth-Sun System Science (ACCESS) Program part of Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) [NNH05ZDA001N] FX The authors thank the many individuals comprising NASAs OMPS, OMI, and MODIS teams for making development of the ACPS, OMIDAPS, and MODAPS successful. Migration to community-wide processing is supported by NASAs Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth-Sun System Science (ACCESS) Program, part of Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES), NNH05ZDA001N. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1382 EP 1386 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423064 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301129 ER PT S AU O'Neill, P Joseph, A Nelson, R Lang, R Kurum, M Cosh, M Jackson, T Spicknall, M AF O'Neill, Peggy Joseph, Alicia Nelson, Ross Lang, Roger Kurum, Mehmet Cosh, Michael Jackson, Thomas Spicknall, Mark GP IEEE TI y ComRAD active/passive microwave measurement of tree canopies SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE soil moisture; retrieval algorithms; microwave radiometry; active/passive microwave; trees; tau-omega model ID SOIL-MOISTURE; FORESTS; EMISSION AB The NASA/GSFC and George Washington University network analyzer-based multifrequency truck-mounted radar system has recently been upgraded with the addition of a dual-polarized 1.4 GHz total power radiometer. The system, now called ComRAD for Combined Radar/Radiometer, can function as a ground-based instrument simulator for L band space missions such as Hydros, Aquarius, and SMOS. In late summer 2006 ComRAD was deployed to the field to begin a series of coordinated active/passive L band measurements over small stands of deciduous and coniferous trees in order to improve our understanding of the microwave properties of trees and their effect on soil moisture retrieval algorithms. This paper describes the preliminary measurements obtained at the start of a three-year planned field measurement effort. C1 [O'Neill, Peggy; Joseph, Alicia; Nelson, Ross] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Cosh, Michael; Jackson, Thomas] USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Lang, Roger; Kurum, Mehmet] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Spicknall, Mark] Univ Maryland, CMREC Coll Agr & Nat Res, Marlborough, MA 20774 USA. RP O'Neill, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Peggy.E.ONeill@nasa.gov; Lang@gwu.edu; tjackson@hydrolab.arsusda.gov; spicknal@umd.edu RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; Cosh, MIchael/A-8858-2015 OI Cosh, MIchael/0000-0003-4776-1918 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1420 EP 1423 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423073 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301138 ER PT S AU Stankov, BB Cline, D Tedesco, M AF Stankov, B. Boba Cline, Donald Tedesco, Marco GP IEEE TI Empirical SWE retrieval using airborne microwave and in situ snow measurements SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE cryosphere; remote sensing ID WATER EQUIVALENT AB We examine the response of microwave brightness temperatures to snow water equivalent over a wide range of snowpack conditions observed during the Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) in 2002 and 2003. Spatially intensive measurements of snow were collected over the CLPX study areas within the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) was operated to obtain coincident high-resolution (150-500 m) multiband microwave imagery of the snowpack. Together, a robust data set of over 2300 collocated in situ and remotely sensed observations were obtained for this analysis. For each point we modeled brightness temperatures using observed snow properties and the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) snow emission model. Using observed and modeled data, we developed multiple regression algorithms to retrieve snow water equivalent (SWE). The algorithms use brightness temperature differences between 10.7, 18.7, and 21.5 GHz with 37 GHz and 89 GHz. Results show that the CLPX microwave data are consistent with a) historically established data and, b) after removal of cases with macro vegetation or possible wet snow, with theoretically derived curves for microwave dependence on SWE. C1 [Stankov, B. Boba] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Cline, Donald] NOAA NOHRSC, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. [Tedesco, Marco] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stankov, BB (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM B.Boba.Stankov@noaa.gov; Donald.Cline@noaa.gov; mtedesco@umbc.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1444 EP 1447 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423079 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301144 ER PT S AU Ungar, S Mandl, D Frye, S Ong, L Young, J AF Ungar, S. Mandl, D. Frye, S. Ong, L. Young, J. GP IEEE TI EO-1 mission: Transition from technology demonstration to science path finder SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE Landsat; hyperspectral; LDCM; sensor-web; EO-1 AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in coordination with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), has extended the highly successful Earth Observing I (EO-1) mission through Fiscal Year 2007 (September 30, 2007). This decision is,based in part on lower cost, highly autonomous satellite operations developed by NASA, continued scientific interest in EO-1 image data, and the need for back-up imaging capability in the event Landsat 5 or Landsat 7 fails before the launch of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), currently anticipated for 2012. At present, there are no known obstacles to EO-1 supplying useful data through that time frame. Funding for an additional two years of operation of E-1 is being considered being under NASA's Senior Review Process. C1 [Ungar, S.; Mandl, D.; Frye, S.; Ong, L.; Young, J.] GSFC, NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Ungar, S (reprint author), GSFC, NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1529 EP 1531 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423100 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301165 ER PT S AU Ryu, D Jackson, TJ Bindlish, R Le Vine, DM Haken, M AF Ryu, Dongryeol Jackson, Thomas J. Bindlish, Rajat Le Vine, David M. Haken, Michael GP IEEE TI Two-dimensional synthetic aperture radiometry over land surface during Soil Moisture Experiment in 2003 (SMEX03) SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY; RETRIEVAL AB Microwave radiometry at low frequencies (L-band, similar to 1.4 GHz) has been known as an optimal solution for remote-sensing of soil moisture. However, the antenna size required to achieve an appropriate resolution from space has limited the development of spaceborne L-band radiometers. This problem can be addressed by interferometric technology called aperture synthesis. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission will apply this technique to monitor global-scale surface parameters in the near future. The first airborne experiment using an aircraft prototype of this approach, the Two-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radiometer (2D-STAR), was performed in the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2003 (SMEX03). The L-band brightness temperature data acquired in Alabama by the 2D-STAR was compared with ground-based measurements of soil moisture and with C-band data collected by the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR). Our results demonstrate a good response of the 2D-STAR brightness temperature to changes in surface wetness, both in agricultural and forest lands. The behavior of the horizontally polarized brightness temperature data with increasing view-angle over the forest area was noticeably different than over bare soil. The results from the comparison of 2D-STAR and PSR indicate a better response of the 2D-STAR to the surface wetness under both wet and dry conditions. Our results have important implications for the performance of the future SMOS mission. C1 [Ryu, Dongryeol; Jackson, Thomas J.; Bindlish, Rajat] ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. [Le Vine, David M.; Haken, Michael] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrument Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Ryu, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. EM Tom.Jackson@ARS.USDA.GOV; David.M.LeVine@NASA.GOV RI Ryu, Dongryeol/C-5903-2008 OI Ryu, Dongryeol/0000-0002-5335-6209 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 1842 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423181 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302024 ER PT S AU Xiong, X Butler, J Barnes, W Guenther, B AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Butler, Jim Barnes, William Guenther, Bruce GP IEEE TI Sensor on-orbit calibration and characterization using spacecraft maneuvers SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE spacecraft; maneuver; MODIS; sensor; calibration; characterization ID SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION; MOON; PERFORMANCE AB Sensor observations made during carefully scheduled spacecraft (S/C) maneuvers, such as pitch, yaw, and roll maneuvers, can be used to support its on-board calibrators (OBC) or to perform independent sensor calibration and characterization. Using MODIS as an example, this paper illustrates applications of various S/C maneuvers, including lunar observations via S/C roll maneuvers to track MODIS reflective solar bands (RSB) radiometric stability, solar observations via S/C yaw maneuvers to map its on-board solar diffuser (SD) bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) and to derive the SD screen vignetting function, and deep space observations via S/C pitch maneuvers to characterize its thermal emissive bands (TEB) response versus scan angle (RVS). Experiences and lessons learned from these applications will provide valuable information and reference for future sensor as well as spacecraft design. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Butler, Jim] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Code 614 4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Barnes, William; Guenther, Bruce] Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Code 614 4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012; Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2256 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423289 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302132 ER PT S AU Cao, CY Wu, AS Xiong, XX Wu, XQ AF Cao, Changyong Wu, Aisheng Xiong, Xiaoxiong Wu, Xiangqian GP IEEE TI Intercalibrating MetOP/AVHRR and AQUA/MODIS with improved SNO accuracy SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE AVHRR/MetOP; NOAA-16; MODIS/AQuA; calibration; accuracy; Simultaneous Nadir Overpass ID AQUA MODIS; CHANNELS; TERRA AB Although the Simultaneous Nadir Overpass (SNO) method has been used in several previous studies, the uncertainty of this method has not been well quantified for the solar reflective bands. In this study, the accuracy of the SNO method is evaluated first based on a four year time series of SNO data between AVHRR/NOAA16 and MODIS/AQUA. It was found that the nominal accuracy for the 0.63 um band is better than 0.9%, which can unambiguously identify the large offset (similar to 9%) between AVHRR/NOAA16 and MODIS/AQUA. This discrepancy is thought to be caused by the calibration traceability and standard used for AVHRR. For the 0.84um band, the uncertainty varies with a variety of factors, including atmosphere, water vapor, and landcover types. Therefore, although a 10-20% difference is found between AVHRR/NOAA16 and MODIS/AQUA, the uncertainty in this analysis is estimated to be greater than +/-5%. Based on these baseline uncertainty assessments, a preliminary analysis of the calibration differences between AVHRR/MetOP and MODIS/AQUA is also performed, and small biases are found when the AVHRR prelaunch calibration coefficients are used. The use of global Full Resolution Area Coverage (FRAC) AVHRR data reduced the uncertainty in the analysis but a longer time series is needed in order to evaluate the ability of the SNO method for quantifying the relative degradation rate, since this rate appears to be relatively small for the 0.63 um channel for newer instruments than that the previous AVHRR series. It is expected that the accuracy of the SNO method can be further improved with the FRAC data which can contribute to the generation of fundamental climate data records. C1 [Cao, Changyong; Wu, Xiangqian] NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. [Xiong, Xiaoxiong] NASA, Sci Exploration Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wu, Aisheng] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Cao, CY (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012; Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Wu, Xiangqian/F-5634-2010 OI Wu, Xiangqian/0000-0002-7804-5650 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2260 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423290 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302133 ER PT S AU Ranson, KJ Nelson, R Kimes, D Kharuk, V Sun, G Montesano, P AF Ranson, K. Jon Nelson, Ross Kimes, Daniel Kharuk, Vyatcheslav Sun, Guoqing Montesano, Paul GP IEEE TI Using MODIS and GLAS data to develop timber volume estimates in Central Siberia SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE timber volume; Siberia; MODIS; ICESat/GLAS; boreal forest; forest structure; forest inventory; lidar; multispectral ID BIOMASS; FORESTS AB Mapping of boreal forest's type, structure parameters and biomass are critical for understanding the boreal forest's significance in the carbon cycle, its response to and impact on global climate change. The biggest deficiency of the existing ground based forest inventories is the uncertainty in the inventory data, particularly in remote areas of Siberia where sampling Is sparse, lacking, and often decades old Remote sensing methods can overcome these problems. In this study, we used the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiameter (MODIS) and unique waveform data of the geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS) and produced a map of timber volume for a 10 degrees x12 degrees area in Central Siberia. Using these methods, the mean timber volume for the forested area in the total study area was 203 m3/ ha. The new remote sensing methods used in this study provide a truly independent estimate of forest structure, which is not dependent on traditional ground forest inventory methods. C1 [Ranson, K. Jon; Nelson, Ross; Kimes, Daniel] NASA, GSFC, Code 614 4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sun, Guoqing] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Kharuk, Vyatcheslav] Sukachev Inst Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. [Montesano, Paul] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Ranson, KJ (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Code 614 4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jon.ranson@nasa.gov RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270 FU NASA's Science Mission Directorate FX This work was supported by NASAs Science Mission Directorate. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2306 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423302 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302145 ER PT S AU Peng, JZ Ruf, CS Brown, S Piepmeier, J AF Peng, Jinzheng Ruf, Christopher S. Brown, Shannon Piepmeier, Jeffrey GP IEEE TI Characterization of the aquarius and juno radiometers using a programmable digital noise source SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE microwave radiometry; calibration; polarimetric radiometry; noise source AB A new and improved L-Band version of a programmable digital noise source has been developed to aid in the characterization of microwave radiometers. The system consists of a commercial Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG), "RF Head" frequency upconversion modulators with integral calibration reference sources, and a local oscillator. It is being used to evaluate the performance of two upcoming spaceborne microwave radiometers - the Aquarius polarimetric radiometer (a low earth orbiting ocean salinity mission) and the Juno microwave radiometer (a Jupiter orbiter for atmospheric sounding). For each of these radiometer evaluations, the programmable noise source can generate signals that: a) simulate the expected observations and test the radiometer's response; and b) exercise the radiometer's response to variations in the observations in such a way that its overall behavior can be more fully characterized. C1 [Peng, Jinzheng; Ruf, Christopher S.] Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, 2455 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Brown, Shannon] NASA Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Piepmeier, Jeffrey] NASA Goddard Space Flight ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Peng, JZ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, 2455 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM cruf@umich.edu RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2416 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423329 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302172 ER PT S AU Tanner, AB Brown, ST Gaier, TC Lambrigsten, BH Lim, BH Ruf, CS Torres, F AF Tanner, A. B. Brown, S. T. Gaier, T. C. Lambrigsten, B. H. Lim, B. H. Ruf, C. S. Torres, F. GP IEEE TI Field tests of the GeoSTAR demonstrator instrument SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE radiometer; interferometer AB Ground based tests of the GeoSTAR (geostationary synthetic thinned array radiometer) demonstrator instrument are reported which simulate the view of the earth from geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO). The test used a 4-meter target disk mounted on a tower above the instrument to simulate the brightness of the earth with a contrasting cold background. Continuous observations at 50.3 GHz for over 100 hours, along with simultaneous atmospheric measurements from independent radiometers, yielded an excellent data set with which to test all aspects of the GeoSTAR calibration. This paper presents a preliminary look at these data, and presents an algorithm to remove the aliased background from the synthesized image. C1 [Tanner, A. B.; Brown, S. T.; Gaier, T. C.; Lambrigsten, B. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Lim, B. H.; Ruf, C. S.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA. [Torres, F.] Polytechn Univ Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. RP Tanner, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012; Torres, Francesc/D-7587-2013 OI Torres, Francesc/0000-0003-1160-6350 NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2427 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423332 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302175 ER PT S AU Cox, EL AF Cox, E. Lucien, Jr. GP IEEE TI Extending NASA research results to benefit operational systems SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE C1 NASA Headquarters, Div Earth Sci, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC USA. RP Cox, EL (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Div Earth Sci, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC USA. EM Elbert.L.Cox@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2459 EP 2461 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423340 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302183 ER PT S AU Geller, GN Turner, W AF Geller, Gary N. Turner, Woody GP IEEE TI The Model Web: A concept for ecological forecasting SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE model; interoperability; ecological forecasting AB Ecological forecasting capabilities are constrained by the interoperability of ecological and related models, among other things. This limits the types of questions that can be practically addressed, as well as the range of users that can ask them. We are exploring the concept of an Ecological Model Web, an open-ended system of interoperable computer models and databases, with machine and end-user Internet access via web services. The 5-10 year vision includes a distributed network of interoperating models; that grows organically within a framework of broad goals and standards; with models and datasets maintained, operated, and served independently; and that provides interactive web access to researchers, managers, and the public. Increasing the level of interoperability of these models will increase their collective power and the breadth of questions they can answer. C1 [Geller, Gary N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA Ecol Forecasting Program, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Turner, Woody] NASA, NASA Ecol Forecasting Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Geller, GN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA Ecol Forecasting Program, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Geller, Gary/0000-0002-4490-6002 NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2469 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423343 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302186 ER PT S AU Whitcomb, J Moghaddam, M McDonald, K Podest, E Kellndorfer, J AF Whitcomb, Jane Moghaddam, Mahta McDonald, Kyle Podest, Erika Kellndorfer, Josef GP IEEE TI Wetlands map of Alaska using L-band radar satellite imagery SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE wetlands; synthetic aperture radar; classification AB We have used two seasons of L-band SAR imagery to produce a thematic map of wetlands throughout Alaska. The classification was developed using the Random Forests statistical decision tree algorithm. Input data included mosaics of summer and winter JERS-1 SAR imagery with associated image collection dates, summer and winter SAR backscatter texture, elevation, slope, proximity to water, and geographic latitude. The accuracy of the resulting thematic map was quantified using extensive ground reference data. The overall aggregate accuracy calculated based on all classified pixels was 89.5%, with individual per-tile aggregate accuracies ranging from 80% to 97%. As the first high-resolution large-scale synoptic wetlands map of Alaska, this product provides the basis for improved characterization of land-atmosphere CH4 and CO2 fluxes and climate change impacts associated with thawing soils and changes in extent and drying of wetland ecosystems. C1 [Whitcomb, Jane; Moghaddam, Mahta] Univ Michigan, Dept EECS, Radiat Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [McDonald, Kyle; Podest, Erika] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Kellndorfer, Josef] Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA USA. RP Whitcomb, J (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept EECS, Radiat Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jbwhit@umich.edu NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2487 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423348 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302191 ER PT S AU Sun, GQ Ranson, KJ Liu, DW Koetz, B AF Sun, Guoqing Ranson, K. Jon Liu, Dawei Koetz, Benjamin GP IEEE TI Simulation studies of forest structure using 3D lidar and radar models SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE backscatter models; vegetation canopy ID COHERENT SCATTERING MODEL; CANOPIES AB The use of lidar and radar instruments to measure forest structure attributes such as height and biomass are being considered for future Earth Observation satellite missions. Large footprint lidar makes a direct measurement of the heights of scatterers in the illuminated footprint and can yield information about the vertical profile of the canopy. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is known to sense the canopy volume, especially at longer wavelengths and is useful for estimating biomass. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) has been shown to yield some forest canopy height information. There is much interest in exploiting these technologies separately and together to get important information for carbon cycle and ecosystem science. More detailed information of the electromagnetic radiation interactions within forest canopies is needed and backscattering models can be of much utility here. A three-dimensional (3D) coherent radar backscattering model and a 3D lidar backscatter models were used to investigate the use of large footprint lidar, SAR and InSAR for characterizing realistic forest scenes. The tree height indices derived from lidar waveform and heights of InSAR phase centers were compared. Results will address the possible synergies between lidar and radar data in terms of forest structural information. C1 [Sun, Guoqing] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog & ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Ranson, K. Jon] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biopsher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Liu, Dawei] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Remote Sensing Applicat, State Key Lab Remote Sensing, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. [Koetz, Benjamin] Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, Switzerland. RP Sun, G (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog & ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM guoqing.sun@gmail.com; ion.ranson@nasa.gov; david_liu863@163.com; bkoetz@geo.unizh.ch RI Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012 OI Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270 FU NASA's Science Mission Directorate; Chinese National Science Foundation [NSFC 40571112] FX This work was support in part by NASAs Science Mission Directorate and the Chinese National Science Foundation (NSFC 40571112). NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2562 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423367 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657302210 ER PT S AU Paillou, P Lopez, S Lasne, Y Rosenqvist, A Farr, T AF Paillou, Ph. Lopez, S. Lasne, Y. Rosenqvist, A. Farr, T. GP IEEE TI Mapping subsurface geology in arid Africa using L-band SAR SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE L-(BAND) SA R; subsurface; geology; PALSAR; Sahara ID SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR; LOW-FREQUENCY RADAR; GILF KEBIR REGION; EASTERN SAHARA; IMPACT CRATER; BIR-SAFSAF; EGYPT; FIELD; PENETRATION; ATTENUATION AB Using L-band SAR data from JERS-1 and ALOS, we produce regional mosaics of Sahara in order to map subsurface geology. A first mosaic of eastern Sahara using more than 1600 JERS-1 scenes allowed the discovery of unknown palco-rivers, faults, and impact craters. On-going work concerns a new L-band high-quality mosaic of the entire Sahara, based on ALOS/PALSAR data. C1 [Paillou, Ph.; Lopez, S.; Lasne, Y.] Univ Bordeaux, OASU, F-33270 Floriac, France. [Rosenqvist, A.] Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy. [Farr, T.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Paillou, P (reprint author), Univ Bordeaux, OASU, F-33270 Floriac, France. EM philippe.paillou@obs.u-bordeaux1.fr OI Farr, Thomas/0000-0001-5406-2096 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2685 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423396 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303007 ER PT S AU Zuzek, JE AF Zuzek, John E. GP IEEE TI Spectrum allocation issues affecting remote sensing for the 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE remote sensing; frequency allocations; interference; Earth exploration-satellite service; active sensors; passive sensors AB The 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference will consider a number of possible changes to the international Radio Regulations that have a direct bearing on remote sensing interests throughout the world. Compatibility studies were completed to determine the interference environment for passive sensors in the 1400-1427 MHz, 10.6-10.68 GHz, 23.6-24 GlIz, 31.3-31.5 GHz, 36-37 GHz, 50.2-50.4 GHz, and 52.6-54.25 GHz passive bands for WRC-07 Agenda Items 1.2, 1.17 and 1.20. Studies were also completed in support of an extension to the active sensing allocation around 9.5-9.8 GHz in support of Agenda Item 1.3. The results of these studies and the outlook for the remote sensing issues at WRC-07 are discussed. C1 NASA, Spectrum Management Off, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zuzek, JE (reprint author), NASA, Spectrum Management Off, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM john.e.zuzek@nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2702 EP 2705 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423400 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303011 ER PT S AU Irons, JR Murphy-Morris, J AF Irons, James R. Murphy-Morris, Jeanine GP IEEE TI An Operational Land Imager for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE Landsat Data Continuity Mission; Operational Land Imager AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) released a request for proposals (RFP) on January 09, 2007 for an Operational Land Imager (OLI). The RFP specified the OLI as the principal sensor for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), the successor mission to Landsat 7. The RFP provides requirements for OLI performance, special calibration tests, and mission assurance without specifying a particular technical design. The performance specifications derive from the heritage and societal benefits of data from the previous Landsat satellites, the high standards set by the performance of the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus, direction from the Executive Office of the President, cognizance of current technology, and an eye to the future of land remote sensing beyond the LDCM. The specification includes nine spectral bands (four visible, one near infrared, three shortwave infrared, and one panchromatic band), spatial resolution of 30 in with the exception of a 15 in panchromatic resolution, stringent radiometric performance and absolute calibration, and accurate image geolocation with precise hand-to-hand and multitemporal image-to-image registration. Proposals were due on February 23, 2007 with selection and contract award anticipated by June 2007. The RFP requires delivery of a well-characterized instrument for spacecraft integration within 39 months of contract award. This schedule leads to a target LDCM launch date of July, 2011. C1 [Irons, James R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Murphy-Morris, Jeanine] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Data Continuity Mission Project Office, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Irons, JR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Irons, James/D-8535-2012 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2808 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423426 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303037 ER PT S AU Kenyi, L Dubayah, R Hofton, M Blair, JB Schardt, M AF Kenyi, L. Dubayah, R. Hofton, M. Blair, J. B. Schardt, M. GP IEEE TI Comparison of SRTM-NED data to LIDAR derived canopy metrics SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE SRTM; NED; LIDAR; LVIS; vegetation; canopy; metrics ID VEGETATION; FORESTRY AB Forest canopy height derived from the SRTM-NED were compared to three LIDAR vegetation metrics for the Sierra Nevada forest. Generally the SRTM-NED was found to under estimate the vegetation canopy height. The SRTM SAR signal was found to penetrate, on average, into 44% of the canopies. The residual errors as a function of LVIS canopy height and cover were found to generally increase with height and cover. Likewise, the RMSE was found to initially increase with canopy height and cover but saturates at 50m height and 60% cover. C1 [Kenyi, L.; Dubayah, R.; Hofton, M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Blair, J. B.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Terre Phys, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Schardt, M.] Forschungsgesellschaft GmbH, Inst Digital Image Proc, Joanneum Res, Graz, Austria. RP Kenyi, L (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM lkenyi@umd.edu RI Khachadourian, Diana/C-8513-2012; Blair, James/D-3881-2013 FU EU Marie Curie Outgoing Research Fellowship under EU [MOIF-CT-514750] FX The LVIS data used are Copyright of NASA Goddard pace Flight Center and the SRTM data are Copyright of USGS. The work of Lado Kenyi is supported by the EU Marie Curie Outgoing Research Fellowship under EU Contract No. MOIF-CT-514750. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2825 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423431 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303042 ER PT S AU Georgiev, GT Gatebe, CK Butler, JJ King, MD AF Georgiev, Georgi T. Gatebe, Charles K. Butler, James J. King, Michael D. GP IEEE TI BRDF calibration of natural samples in support of remote sensing SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE BRDF; optical instrumentation and measurements; metrology; remote sensing AB In this study laboratory BRDF measurements of leaf samples are presented in an effort to understand the role of spatial and spectral variability of the natural biome. The samples measured in the laboratory included fresh and dry leaves from a poplar tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and an acacia tree (Acacia greggii). Three different size samples were created: whole leaves, samples between 4 and 4.75 mm, and samples between 1.7 and 2 mm. The BRDF was measured at incident angles of 0 degrees and 67 degrees and at wavelengths of 340 nm, 470 nm and 870 nm. It is shown how the BRDF depends on the incident and scatter angles. The shapes of the BRDF curves strongly depend on the nature of the sample (i.e. crushed versus whole leaf). These laboratory results were compared with airborne measurements of BRDF from NASA's Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) instrument. C1 [Georgiev, Georgi T.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Gatebe, Charles K.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Butler, James J.; King, Michael D.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sun Explorat Divi, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Georgiev, GT (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM ggeorgi@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gatebe, Charles/G-7094-2011; Butler, James/D-4188-2013 OI Gatebe, Charles/0000-0001-9261-2239; NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 2877 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423444 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303055 ER PT S AU Masuoka, E Wolfe, R Sinno, S Ye, DG Teague, M AF Masuoka, Edward Wolfe, Robert Sinno, Scott Ye, Gang Teague, Michal GP IEEE TI A disk-based system for producing and distributing science products from MODIS SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE component; MODIS; remote sensing; data processing; data archiving; data distribution AB Since beginning operations in 1999, the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS) has evolved to take advantage of trends in information technology, such as the falling cost of computing cycles and disk storage and the availability of high quality open-source software (Linux, Apache and Perl), to achieve substantial gains in processing and distribution capacity and throughput while driving down the cost of system operations. C1 [Masuoka, Edward; Wolfe, Robert] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Sinno, Scott; Ye, Gang] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Science Applications International Corporation, seabrook, MD USA. [Teague, Michal] Sci Sys Appl Incorp, seabrook, MD USA. RP Masuoka, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Edward.J.Masuoka@NASA.gov RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3043 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423486 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303097 ER PT S AU Leptoukh, G Zubko, V Gopalan, A AF Leptoukh, Gregory Zubko, V. Gopalan, A. GP IEEE TI Spatial aspects of multi-sensor data fusion: Aerosol Optical Thickness SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE remote sensing; data tools; data fusion; value-added services; aerosol optical thickness; MODIS; MISR; Terra; Aqua; Giovanni AB The Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) investigated the applicability and limitations of combining multi-sensor data through data fusion, to increase the usefulness of the multitude of NASA remote sensing data sets, and as part of a larger effort to integrate this capability in the GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization and Analysis Infrastructure (Giovanni). This initial study focused on merging daily mean Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT), as measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, to increase spatial coverage and produce complete fields to facilitate comparison with models and station data. The fusion algorithm used the maximum likelihood technique to merge the pixel values where available. The algorithm was applied to two regional AOT subsets (with mostly regular and irregular gaps, respectively) and a set of AOT fields that differed only in the size and location of artificially created gaps. The Cumulative Semivariogram (CSV) was found to be sensitive to the spatial distribution of gap areas and, thus, useful for assessing the sensitivity of the fused data to spatial gaps. C1 [Leptoukh, Gregory] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zubko, V.; Gopalan, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, RSIS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leptoukh, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Gregory.Leptoukh@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3119 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423505 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303116 ER PT S AU Brown, S Lambrigtsen, B Tanner, A Oswald, J Dawson, D Denning, R AF Brown, Shannon Lambrigtsen, Bjorn Tanner, Alan Oswald, John Dawson, Douglas Denning, Richard GP IEEE TI Observations of tropical cyclones with a 60, 118 and 183 GHz microwave sounder SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE microwave sounding; tropical cyclones; warm core; eye wall; CAMEX; TCSP; NAMMA AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) is a 25 channel microwave sounder with channels near the 60 GHz and 118 GHz oxygen lines and near the 183 GHz water vapor line. It participated in three hurricane field campaigns, CAMEX-4, TCSP and NAMMA. The absolute calibration of the HAMSR brightness temperatures is shown to be better than 1.5 K. A non-linear iterative optimal estimation based retrieval algorithm is developed to retrieve atmospheric temperature and absolute humidity profiles. Comparisons of the retrieved profiles with coincident dropsonde profiles during NAMMA show excellent agreement at all altitudes, with the exception of a 30% residual dry bias in the absolute humidity profile above 4 km. The warm core structure of Hurricane Erin in 2001 and Hurricane Emily in 2005 is retrieved. The 60/118 GHz channels which have matched clear air weighting functions are used to assess convective intensity in the eye wall through the relative scatter darkening between the two channels. C1 [Brown, Shannon; Lambrigtsen, Bjorn; Tanner, Alan; Oswald, John; Dawson, Douglas; Denning, Richard] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Brown, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Shannon.T.Brown@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3317 EP 3320 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423554 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303165 ER PT S AU Jedlovec, G Haines, S AF Jedlovec, Gary Haines, Stephanie GP IEEE TI Spatial and temporal varying thresholds for cloud detection in satellite imagery SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE cloud detection; thresholds; GOES; MODIS; SEVERI ID MODIS AB A new cloud detection technique has been developed and applied to both geostationary and polar orbiting satellite imagery having channels in the thermal infrared and short wave infrared spectral regions. The bispectral composite threshold (BCT) technique uses only the 11 m and 3.9 m channels, and composite imagery generated from these channels, in a four-step cloud detection procedure to produce a binary cloud mask at single pixel resolution. A unique aspect of this algorithm is the use of 20-day composites of the 11 m and the 11-3.9 m channel difference imagery to represent spatially and temporally varying clear-sky thresholds for the bispectral cloud tests. The BCT cloud detection algorithm has been applied to GOES and MODIS data over the continental United States over the last three years with good success. The resulting products have been validated against "truth" datasets (generated by the manual determination of the sky conditions from available satellite imagery) for various seasons from the 2003-2005 periods. The day and night algorithm has been shown to determine the correct sky conditions 80-90% of the time (on average) over land and ocean areas. Only a small variation in algorithm performance occurs between day-night, land-ocean, and between seasons. The algorithm performs least well during the winter season with only 80% of the sky conditions determined correctly. The algorithm was found to under-determine clouds at night and during times of low sun angle (in geostationary satellite data) and tends to over-determine the presence of clouds during the day, particularly in the summertime. Since the spectral tests use only the short-and long-wave channels common to most multispectral scanners, the application of the BCT technique to a variety of satellite sensors including SEVERI should be straightforward and produce similar performance results. C1 [Jedlovec, Gary; Haines, Stephanie] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Jedlovec, G (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Off, VP61,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM gary.jedlovec@nasa.gov NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3329 EP 3332 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423557 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303168 ER PT S AU Enjolras, V Rodriguez, E AF Enjolras, Vivien Rodriguez, Ernesto GP IEEE TI An assessment of the Ka band interferometric radar altimeter for monitoring rivers and lakes with the WatER mission SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE radar; altimetry; interferometry; hydrology AB The Water Elevation Recovery (WatER) satellite mission was recently proposed and supported by a large international scientific community. It is dedicated to the determination of land surface water extent, elevation and slope, and also ocean mesoscale and submesoscale phenomena, using a Ka band Radar Interferometer (KaRIN) as its primary instrument. This instrument is able to provide the appropriate space-time sampling required to observe full signatures of the parameters characterizing these phenomena. However, determining these parameters to the accuracy desired for hydrologic applications is challenging. C1 [Enjolras, Vivien] Thales Alenia Space, Business Unit Observat Syst & Radars, Toulouse, France. [Rodriguez, Ernesto] NASA, Canoga Pk, CA USA. RP Enjolras, V (reprint author), Thales Alenia Space, Business Unit Observat Syst & Radars, Toulouse, France. EM vivien.enjolras@thalesaleniaspace.com; ernesto.rodriguez@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3525 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423606 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657303217 ER PT S AU Schwaller, MR Morris, KR Petersen, WA AF Schwaller, M. R. Morris, K. R. Petersen, W. A. GP IEEE TI Prototype of NASA's global precipitation measurement mission Ground Validation System SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE ID RADAR OBSERVATIONS AB NASA is developing a Ground Validation System (GVS) as one of its contributions to the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM). The GPM GVS provides an independent means for evaluation, diagnosis, and ultimately improvement of GPM spaceborne measurements and precipitation products. NASA's GPM GVS consists of three elements: field campaigns/physical validation, direct network validation, and modeling and simulation. The GVS prototype of direct network validation compares Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite-borne radar data to similar measurements from the U.S. national network of operational weather radars. A prototype field campaign has also been conducted; modeling and simulation prototypes are under consideration. C1 [Schwaller, M. R.; Morris, K. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Petersen, W. A.] Univ Alabama, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Schwaller, MR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM mathew.r.schwaller@nasa.gov; walt.petersen@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3547 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423611 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305003 ER PT S AU Lasne, Y Paillou, P Ruffie, G Serradilla, C Demontoux, F Freeman, A Farr, T McDonald, K Chapman, B Malezieux, JM AF Lasne, Y. Paillou, Ph. Ruffie, G. Serradilla, C. Demontoux, F. Freeman, A. Farr, T. McDonald, K. Chapman, B. Malezieux, J. -M. GP IEEE TI Effect of salinity on the dielectric properties of geological materials: Implication for soil moisture detection by means of remote sensing SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE Earth; evaporites; dielectric mixing model; IEM; Mars; polorimetry; radar backscattering; salinity; SAR; soil moisture ID WET SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES; POLARIMETRIC L-BAND; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; PHASE SIGNATURE; IEM MODEL; SAR; BEHAVIOR; WATER; DEPENDENCE AB This paper deals with the exploitation of dielectric properties of saline deposits for the detection and mapping of moisture in and regions on both Earth and Mars. We then present a simulation and experimental study in order to assess the effect of salinity on the permittivity of geological materials and therefore on the radar backscattering coefficient in the [1-7GHz] frequency range. Dielectric mixing models were first calibrated by means of experimental measurements before being used as input parameters of analytical scattering models (IEM, SPM). Simulation results will finally be compared to field measurements (Pyla dune, Death Valley, Mojave Desert) and will be used for the interpretation of SAR data (AIRSAR, PALSAR). C1 [Lasne, Y.; Paillou, Ph.; Ruffie, G.; Serradilla, C.; Demontoux, F.] ENSCPB, IMS Lab, F-33607 Pessac, France. [Freeman, A.; Farr, T.; McDonald, K.; Chapman, B.] NASA Pasadena, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Malezieux, J. -M.] EGID Inst, F-33607 Pessac, France. RP Lasne, Y (reprint author), ENSCPB, IMS Lab, F-33607 Pessac, France. EM yannick.lasne@ims-bordeaux.fr NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3689 EP + DI 10.1109/TGRS.2008.916220 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305036 ER PT S AU Middleton, EM Corp, LA Campbell, PKE AF Middleton, E. M. Corp, L. A. Campbell, P. K. E. GP IEEE TI Canopy level solar induced fluorescence for vegetation in controlled experiments SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; REFLECTANCE AB Solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) was retrieved from high resolution canopy reflectance spectra acquired with an Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec spectroradiometer one meter above tree sapling canopies. Three deciduous tree species were examined during four measurement periods, spanning the two growing seasons in 2005 and 2006: tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). The Fraunhofer Line Depth (FLD) principal was applied to above-canopy spectra for SIF retrievals at the two atmospheric oxygen (02) absorption features that occur in the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChIF) region (660-780 nm). The broader and deeper telluric feature centered at 760 nm, O-2 alpha, enables retrievals of SIF760 on the shoulder of the far-red ChIF peak. O-2 beta, although a narrower feature, is well positioned for SIF retrieval at 688 nm (SIF688) near the red ChIF peak. Canopy-level SIF688 for tree saplings varied between 1.1 and 2.9 (+/- 0.3) mW m(-2) nm(-1) sr(1), while SIF760 varied between 0.5 and 1.3 (+/- 0.15) MW m(-2) nm(-1) sr(-1). Typical values for the SIF red/far-red ratio (SIF688/SIF760) ranged between 1.45 and 6.9, with the highest values observed in autumn. Contemporary canopy and leaf level measurements (e.g., fluorescence, F; reflectance; photosynthesis) were obtained. Leaf-level ChIF obtained from laboratory measurements of actively induced and solar-corrected fluorescence (SCF) emissions at the ChIF peaks (SCF685, SCF740) was determined for leaves of these tree species and three other species (corn, Zea mays L; green pepper, Capsicum annuum L; and soybean, Glycine max L.). For the trees, leaf-level estimates were determined at the SIT wavelengths (SCF688, SCF760) and compared with canopy field retrievals (SIF688, SIF760). The red ChIF values from leaf and canopy (SCF688 vs. SIF688) were similar, but SCF760 was similar to 4 times higher than SIF760; consequently, considerably (similar to 5X) higher red/far-red ratios (SIF688/760) resulted for tree canopies as compared to individual tree leaves. The 2006 tree leaf and canopy SIF measurements were also compared with leaf-level SIT estimates derived using FluorMOD, a radiative transfer model that simulates F properties of foliage, utilizing our supporting leaf and environmental measurements as model inputs. The preliminary FluorMOD red and far-red SIF estimates were higher than our field measurements and higher than the laboratory estimates (except for far-red F). SIF of tree foliage was also compared with similar estimates made over corn crops under N treatments. These results will assist in determining the expected SIF intensity of vegetation's near-surface signal associated with O-2 alpha and O-2 beta. C1 [Middleton, E. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Corp, L. A.] SSAI, Sci Sys & Applicat Incorp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Campbell, P. K. E.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Middleton, EM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Elizabeth.M.Middleton@nasa.gov RI Campbell, Petya/G-4931-2013; Campbell, Petya/L-7486-2013 OI Campbell, Petya/0000-0002-0505-4951; Campbell, Petya/0000-0002-0505-4951 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3760 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305053 ER PT S AU Kim, WK Chen, YC Crawford, MM Tilton, JC Ghosh, J AF Kim, Wonkook Chen, Yangchi Crawford, Melba M. Tilton, James C. Ghosh, Joydeep GP IEEE TI Multiresolution manifold learning for classification of hyperspectral data SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE ID NONLINEAR DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION AB Nonlinear manifold learning algorithms assume that the original high dimensional data actually lie on a low dimensional manifold defined by local geometric distances between samples. Most of the traditional methods have focused only on the spectral distances in calculating the local dissimilarity of samples, whereas in the case of image data, the spatial distribution and localized contextual information of image samples could provide useful information. As a framework for integrating spatial and spectral information associated with image samples, a hierarchical spatial-spectral segmentation method is investigated for constructing the manifold structure. The new approach, which develops the manifold for the purpose of classification, incorporates an updating scheme whereby the spatial information and class labels are transferred through the segmentation hierarchy. It is applied to hyperspectral data collected by the Hyperion sensor on the EO-1 satellite over the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Classification accuracies and generalization capability arc compared to those achieved by the best basis binary hierarchical classifier, the hierarchical support vector machine classifier, and the shortest path k-nearest neighbor classifier. C1 [Kim, Wonkook; Crawford, Melba M.] Purdue Univ, Applicat Remote Sensing Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. [Chen, Yangchi] Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Space Res, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Tilton, James C.] NASA, Informat Sci & Technol Res, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Ghosh, Joydeep] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Kim, WK (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Applicat Remote Sensing Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM wkkim@purdue.edu; yanji@csr.utexas.edu; mcrawford@purdue.edu; James.C.Tilton@nasa.gov; ghosh@ece.utexas.edu FU NSF [IIS-0312471]; Purdue University FX This research was supported by NSF (Grant IIS-0312471) and by Purdue University. We thank Amy Neuenschwander of the UT Center for Space Research for help in pre-processing the Hyperion data and interpreting the overall classification results NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3785 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305059 ER PT S AU Zhou, DK Larar, AM Liu, X Reisse, RA Smith, WL Revercomb, HE Bingham, GE Zollinger, LJ Tansock, JJ Huppi, RJ AF Zhou, D. K. Larar, A. M. Liu, Xu Reisse, R. A. Smith, W. L. Revercomb, H. E. Bingham, G. E. Zollinger, L. J. Tansock, J. J. Huppi, Ronald J. GP IEEE TI Geosynchronous imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (GIFTS):Imaging and tracking capability SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE image; remote sensing; satellite; Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS); Michelson interferometer AB The geosynchronous-imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (GIFTS) engineering demonstration unit (EDU) is an imaging infrared spectrometer designed for atmospheric soundings. It measures the infrared spectrum in two spectral bands (14.6 to 8.8 mu m, 6.0 to 4.4 mu m) using two 128x128 detector arrays with a spectral resolution of 0.57 cm(-1) with a scan duration of similar to 11 seconds. From a geosynchronous orbit, the instrument will have the capability of taking successive measurements of such data to scan desired regions of the globe, from which atmospheric status, cloud parameters, wind field profiles, and other derived products can be retrieved. The GIFTS EDU provides a flexible and accurate testbed for the new challenges of the emerging hyperspectral era. The EDU ground-based measurement experiment, held in Logan, Utah during September 2006, demonstrated its extensive capabilities and potential for geosynchronous and other applications (e.g., Earth observing environmental measurements). This paper addresses the experiment objectives and overall performance of the sensor system with a focus on the GIFTS EDU imaging capability and proof of the GIFTS measurement concept. C1 [Zhou, D. K.; Larar, A. M.; Liu, Xu; Reisse, R. A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Smith, W. L.; Revercomb, H. E.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Bingham, G. E.; Zollinger, L. J.; Tansock, J. J.] Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Ronald J Huppi Consultant, Winchester, MA 01890 USA. RP Zhou, DK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. FU NASA Headquarters; NASA Langley Research Center FX The GIFTS EDU, built and calibrated by the Space Dynamics Laboratory of Utah State University, was a NASA New Millennium Program (NMP) sponsored instrument designed to validate the new technologies. NMP was managed by NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the GIFTS project was managed by NASA Langley Research Center. The groundbased experiment was supported by the NASA Headquarters and NASA Langley Research Center. The authors acknowledge support from NASA Headquarters Earth Science Division Deputy Director Dr. Bryant Cramer. The authors express their sincere thanks to the GIFTS team members from various organizations. The personnel who contributed to this project are too numerous to mention by name, nonetheless their personal contributions are greatly appreciated. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3855 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305077 ER PT S AU Georgieva, EM Heaps, WS Wilson, EL AF Georgieva, Elena M. Heaps, William S. Wilson, Emily L. GP IEEE TI Differential radiometers using Fabry-Perotinterferometric technique for remote sensing determination of various atmospheric trace gases SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE instrumentation; measurement; metrology; remote sensing; atmospheric composition; optical instruments; absorption; interferometry; Fabry-Perot ID MISSION; CO2 AB A new type of remote sensing instrument based upon the Fabry-Perot interferometric technique has been developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Fabry-Perot interferometry (FPI) is a well known, powerful spectroscopic technique. One of its many applications is to be used to measure greenhouse gases as well as harmful species in the atmosphere. With this technique, absorption of particular species is measured and related to its concentration. A solid Fabry-Perot etalon is used as a frequency filter to restrict the measurement to particular absorption bands of the gas of interest. By adjusting the thickness of the etalon, the separation (in frequency) of the transmitted fringes can be made equal to the almost constant separation of the gas absorption lines. By adjusting the temperature of the etalon, which changes the index of refraction of its material, the transmission fringes can be brought into nearly exact correspondence with absorption lines of the particular species. With this alignment between absorption lines and fringes, changes in the amount of a species in the atmosphere strongly affect the amount of light transmitted by the etalon and can be related to gas concentration. C1 [Georgieva, Elena M.] UMBC, Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Heaps, William S.; Wilson, Emily L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Georgieva, EM (reprint author), UMBC, Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM egeorgie@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3862 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305079 ER PT S AU Jackson, GS Johnson, B Tokay, A Petersen, W AF Jackson, Gail Skofronick Johnson, Ben Tokay, Ali Petersen, Walter GP IEEE TI Observational data set in support of failing snow retrieval algorithm development SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE falling snow; data; precipitation; remote sensing AB The Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Program (C3VP) was a field campaign held during the winter of 2006-2007. The C3VP provided an opportunity for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission team to participate in cold-season northern latitude data collection activities in advance of GPM's launch. The GPM team collaborated by providing instrumentation and scientists in order to advance the development of failing snow detection and snow rate retrieval algorithms. This paper will describe the field campaign, present some observations, and provide early analysis from the resulting measurements. C1 [Jackson, Gail Skofronick] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Johnson, Ben; Tokay, Ali] UMBC, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Petersen, Walter] Univ Alabama, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ESSC NSSTC, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Jackson, GS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM Gail.S.Jackson@nasa.gov; jbenjam@neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov; tokay@radar.gsfc.nasa.gov; Walter.Petersen@nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 3903 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305089 ER PT S AU Esfandiari, M Ramapriyan, H Behnke, J Sofinowski, E AF Esfandiari, M. Ramapriyan, H. Behnke, J. Sofinowski, E. GP IEEE TI Earth Observing System (EOS) Data and Information System (EOSDIS) - Evolution update and future SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB NASA develops and utilizes a variety of large and small scale data systems to meet its Earth science objectives. Generally, the data systems are considered "Core Capabilities" providing the basic infrastructure needed to capture data front space-borne instruments as well as process, archive and distribute science data products to the user community. The Earth Observing System (EOS) Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is an example of NASA's Core Capabilities. Another class of capabilities, which may be called "Community Capabilities", is generally selected through peer review to support NASA's Earth science programs. Both Core and Community Capabilities are necessary not only to serve the basic needs of the broad and diverse community of over 200,000 users of NASA's Earth science data but also to improve and enhance the science insight for a variety of research and science applications. As information technology changes at a quick pace and new capabilities become readily available, users' expectations increase as well. Data systems' organizations need to be dynamic and adapt to these changes. While both Core and Community Capabilities must be adaptive, the pace at which adaptation occurs generally differs between the two. Core Capabilities typically have stricter operations and performance requirements serving a large community. These systems tend to be slower in changing whereas the Community Capabilities can be early adopters of new technologies since any impacts affect a much smaller community. Evolution of EOSDIS, based on a NASA-established vision for circa 2015 has been in implementation since early 2006. The vision emphasizes increased end-to-end data system efficiency and operability; increased data usability; improved support for end users; and decreased operations costs. Due to concurrent operations, the transition of operations to newer systems is being carried out incrementally. This paper provides a summary of the implementation, transition to operations and the lessons learned. C1 [Esfandiari, M.; Ramapriyan, H.; Behnke, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Sofinowski, E.] SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Esfandiari, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. FU NASA's Science Mission Directorate; NASA [NNG05CA99C]; SGT, Inc. [NNG05CA99C] FX This work was performed by the first three authors as part of their duties as U.s. Government employees. It was supported by the NASA's Science Mission Directorate. The fourth author worked as a contractor supporting this effort under contract NNG05CA99C between NASA and SGT, Inc. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of NASA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4005 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305119 ER PT S AU Ferebee, MT Cordner, DE Ritchey, NA Hunt, LA Piatko, P Haberer, SJ Wang, FY AF Ferebee, Michelle T. Cordner, David E. Ritchey, Nancy A. Hunt, Linda A. Piatko, Peter Haberer, Susan J. Wang, Fenny Y. GP IEEE TI Finding and accessing data at the NASA Atmospheric Science Data Center SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE earth science data; tropospheric chemistry; clouds; atmospheric data; radiation budget; aerosols; data formatting; web interfaces; data access AB A large effort to replace two large-scale science data management systems with a single, advanced, scalable system is currently underway at the NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center. The new system is designed with a distributed, multi-tier, service based, message-oriented architecture enabling new methods for searching, accessing and customizing data. ASDC is also tailoring access to information and data meet the needs of their diversified atmospheric sciences user community. Details of current data access tools and capabilities, and planned improvements are discussed. C1 [Ferebee, Michelle T.; Cordner, David E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Atmospher Sci Data Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Ritchey, Nancy A.; Hunt, Linda A.; Piatko, Peter; Haberer, Susan J.; Wang, Fenny Y.] NASA, Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Ferebee, MT (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Atmospher Sci Data Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM m.t.ferebee@larc.nasa.gov FU ASDC activities by the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Head quarters FX The authors are grate ful for the support provided to the ASDC activities by the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Head quarters NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4009 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305120 ER PT S AU Burnett, M Weinstein, B Mitchell, A AF Burnett, Michael Weinstein, Beth Mitchell, Andrew GP IEEE TI ECHO - Enabling interoperability with NASA Earth science data and services SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE ECHO; Earth Observation data; SOA; Earth science; web services; registry; metadata; UDDI; WSDL; SOAP AB The NASA-developed Earth Observing System (EOS) Clearinghouse (ECHO) is a spatial and temporal metadata registry that enables the science community to more easily use and exchange NASA's data and services. Currently, ECHO contains metadata for over 2,149 data collections comprising 56 million individual data granules and 14 million browse images. ECHO stores metadata from a variety of science disciplines and domains, including Climate Variability and Change, Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems, Earth Surface and Interior, Atmospheric Composition, Weather, and Water and Energy Cycle. ECHO also has a services registry for community-developed search services and data services. NASA's Earth science data has already proven itself to be extremely useful in understanding the planet Earth as an integrated system. For example, NASA's EOS data are helping scientists gain a better understanding of the processes that affect the composition of the ozone and the effects of the composition on climate change. NASA's EOS data is also helping scientists move forward in their efforts to predict natural occurrences, such as wildfires. The data used in these studies are archived in distributed locations around the country and archived using different metadata models for each of the different science discipline communities. To help science communities that need data from multiple organizations and multiple disciplines, ECHO provides a uniform view of NASA's data. It allows users to more efficiently search and access data and services and increases the potential for interoperability with new tools and services. The value of these resources increases as the potential to exchange and interoperate increases. C1 [Burnett, Michael] Vangent Blueprint Solut, 8618 Westwood Ctr, Vienna, VA 22182 USA. [Weinstein, Beth; Mitchell, Andrew] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burnett, M (reprint author), Vangent Blueprint Solut, 8618 Westwood Ctr, Vienna, VA 22182 USA. EM mburnett@blueprinttech.com; Beth.E.Weinstein@nasa.gov; Andrew.E.Mitchell@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4012 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305121 ER PT B AU Vondeak, T AF vonDeak, Thomas GP IEEE TI Sensor application to international disaster management SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE ITU-R; ITU-D; WRC; remote sensing; societal benefits; disaster AB This provides an overview of activities within the ITU and SFCG to raise the awareness of the regulatory community, particularly within developing countries, regarding the value of remote sensing operations to individual administrations. C1 NASA, Spectrum Management Off HQ, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Vondeak, T (reprint author), NASA, Spectrum Management Off HQ, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4087 EP 4090 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305140 ER PT B AU Huneycutt, B AF Huneycutt, Bryan GP IEEE TI Active remote sensing applications to disaster management with implications to spectrum management SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE active remote sensing; disaster management; spectrum management AB Space borne active sensors have been used for years to study the Earth's surface and atmosphere. The intent of this paper is to present the unique types of active remote sensors and their characteristics that apply to disaster management. and to present a status of current frequency spectrum use and needs of spaceborne active sensors, along with any issues or concerns. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Huneycutt, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 300-227, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4091 EP 4094 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305141 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Salomonson, V Wenny, B Xie, X Che, N Wu, A Barnes, W AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Salomonson, Vince Wenny, B. Xie, X. Che, N. Wu, A. Barnes, William GP IEEE TI Summary of Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization results SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE MODIS; Terra; Aqua; sensor; calibration; OBC ID PERFORMANCE AB Since launch the NASA EOS Terra MODIS has been in operation for more than seven years and the Aqua MODIS for nearly five years. Each MODIS has 20 reflective solar bands and 16 thermal emissive bands. It makes observations at three nadir spatial resolutions: 0.25km, 0.5km, and 1km and is calibrated on-orbit by a set of on-board calibrators (OBC) that include a solar diffuser, a solar diffuser stability monitor, a blackbody, and a spectro-radiometric calibration assembly. This paper provides an overview of Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization activities and results. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Salomonson, Vince] Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol & Geog, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. [Wenny, B.; Xie, X.; Che, N.; Wu, A.] SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Barnes, William] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, JCET, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 FU MODIS FX The authors would like to thank members of MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST), NASAs Terra and Aqua spacecraft Flight Operation Team (FOT), and Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing MODIS Support Team for their continuous support. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4128 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305150 ER PT B AU Savtchenko, A Kummerer, R Smith, P Kempler, S Leptoukh, G AF Savtchenko, Andrey Kummerer, Robert Smith, Peter Kempler, Steve Leptoukh, Greg GP IEEE TI A-Train Data Depot - Bringing atmospheric measurements together SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE A-Train; collocation; MODIS; AIRS; OMI; MLS; CloudSat; CALIPSO; PARASOL; Giovanni visualization ID CLOUDSAT MISSION AB This paper describes the geometrical characteristics of the platforms and instruments of the A-train constellation. We also provide a brief description of the A-Train data subsets that have been collocated to exploit the synergistic potential of the various instruments. Finally we present some sample image products from our web-based Giovanni tool which allows users to display, compare and download the various collocated data subsets. C1 [Savtchenko, Andrey; Kummerer, Robert; Smith, Peter; Kempler, Steve; Leptoukh, Greg] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Savtchenko, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 610-2, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4268 EP 4271 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657305186 ER PT S AU Ullman, RE Enloe, Y AF Ullman, Richard E. Enloe, Yonsook GP IEEE TI NASA's Earth Science Data Systems standards process experiences SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE component; best practices; standards; community AB NASA has impaneled several internal working groups to provide recommendations to NASA management on ways to evolve and improve Earth Science Data Systems. One of these working groups is the Standards Process Group (SPG). The SPG is drawn from NASA-funded Earth Science Data Systems stakeholders, and it directs a process of community review and evaluation of proposed NASA standards. The working group's goal is to promote interoperability and interuse of NASA Earth Science data through broader use of standards that have proven implementation and operational benefit to NASA Earth science by facilitating the NASA management endorsement of proposed standards. The SPG now has two years of experience with this approach to identification of standards. We will discuss real examples of the different types of candidate standards that have been proposed to NASA's Standards Process Group such as OPeNDAP's Data Access Protocol, the Hierarchical Data Format, and Open Geospatial Consortium's Web Map Server. Each of the three types of proposals requires a different sort of criteria for understanding the broad concepts of "proven implementation" and "operational benefit" in the context of NASA Earth Science data systems. We will discuss how our Standards Process has evolved with our experiences with the three candidate standards. C1 [Ullman, Richard E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Enloe, Yonsook] SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Ullman, RE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM richard.e.ullman@nasa.gov; yonsook@mindspring.com NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4639 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304056 ER PT S AU Duda, KA Ramsey, M Wessels, R Dehn, J AF Duda, Kenneth A. Ramsey, Michael Wessels, Rick Dehn, Jonathan GP IEEE TI Monitoring volcanic threats using ASTER satellite data SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE volcano; ASTER; satellite; thermal; monitor AB This document summarizes ongoing activities associated with a research project funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) focusing on volcanic change detection through the use of satellite imagery. This work includes systems development as well as improvements in data analysis methods. Participating organizations include the NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS), the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Science Team, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) at the USGS Alaska Science Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology (JPL/CalTech), the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks. C1 [Duda, Kenneth A.] NASA, SAIC, US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci,Land Proc Dist, Sioux Falls, SD USA. [Wessels, Rick] US Geolog Survey, Alaska Volcano Obser, Anchorage, AK 99907 USA. [Ramsey, Michael] Univ Pittsburgh, ASTER Sci Team, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. [Dehn, Jonathan] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Duda, KA (reprint author), NASA, SAIC, US Geol Survey, Ctr Earth Resources Observat & Sci,Land Proc Dist, Sioux Falls, SD USA. EM duda@usgs.gov FU NASA [NNG04GO69G]; USGS [03CRCN000] FX Work performed under NASA grant NNG04GO69G and USGS contract 03CRCN000. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4669 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304064 ER PT S AU Isaacman, AT Wolfe, RE AF Isaacman, Alice T. Wolfe, Robert E. GP IEEE TI NASA's NPP land earth science data records evaluation facility SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE NPOESS; NPP; NASA; earth science; land; data processing ID MODIS AB The Land Project Evaluation and Test Element is building an extremely flexible data processing facility to assist the NPP VIIRS Land Science Data Team in the scientific evaluation and possible modification of land data products of the Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument. C1 [Isaacman, Alice T.] Sci Applicat Int Corp, NPP VIIRS Land PEATE, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Wolfe, Robert E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Isaacman, AT (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, NPP VIIRS Land PEATE, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4765 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304089 ER PT B AU Rincon, R Hildebrand, P Hilliard, L AF Rincon, Rafael Hildebrand, Peter Hilliard, Larry GP IEEE TI RadSTAR L-band Imaging Scatterometer - Performance assessment SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE scatterometer; radar; cross-section; beamforming AB The L-band Imaging Scatterometer (LIS), developed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center as part of the RadSTAR initiative, is an airborne imaging radar that combines phased array technology and digital beam forming techniques for the measurement of important scientific parameters. The instrument operates at 1.26 GHz, horizontal polarization, and employs a real-time processor capable of synthesizing multiple beams over a scan range of +/-50 degrees. LIS was flight tested in May 2006 and in January 2007 on board of the NASA P3 aircraft over the Delmarva Peninsula, VA. In this paper we describe the RadSTAR system and present some preliminary analysis of the radar data collected during the test flights. C1 [Rincon, Rafael; Hildebrand, Peter; Hilliard, Larry] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rincon, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4916 EP 4919 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304128 ER PT B AU Fischman, MA McWatters, DA Berkun, AC Cheetham, CM Chu, AJ Duong, VA Freedman, AP Hausmann, RW Jourdan, MN Kang, EC Kobzeff, PA Paller, M AF Fischman, Mark A. McWatters, Dalia A. Berkun, Andrew C. Cheetham, Craig M. Chu, Anhua J. Duong, Vu A. Freedman, Adam P. Hausmann, Robert W. Jourdan, Michael N. Kang, Edward C. Kobzeff, Peter A. Paller, Mimi GP IEEE TI Advanced control and processing capabilities in the aquarius scatterometer flight electronics SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE radar timing; loopback calibration; fiber-optic delay; radio-frequency interference (RFI) mitigation; digital square-law detection; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); radiation tolerance AB The Aquarius mission requirement for 0.1 dB scatterometer measurement stability has driven the radar's control and processing hardware design. Two new aspects of the flight electronics that contribute toward the overall stability will be discussed in this paper: 1) a high-rate radar timing mode for verifying performance on the ground, and 2) an onboard processor for flagging echoes corrupted by radio-frequency interference (RFI). C1 [Fischman, Mark A.; McWatters, Dalia A.; Berkun, Andrew C.; Cheetham, Craig M.; Chu, Anhua J.; Duong, Vu A.; Freedman, Adam P.; Hausmann, Robert W.; Jourdan, Michael N.; Kang, Edward C.; Kobzeff, Peter A.; Paller, Mimi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Fischman, MA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4920 EP 4923 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304129 ER PT S AU Omar, A Vaughan, M Liu, Z Hu, Y Reagan, J Winker, D AF Omar, A. Vaughan, M. Liu, Z. Hu, Y. Reagan, J. Winker, D. GP IEEE TI Extinction-to-backscatter ratios of lofted aerosol layers observed during the first three months of CALIPSO measurements SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB Case studies from the first three months of the Cloud and Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Spaceborne Observations (CALIPSO) measurements of lofted aerosol layers are analyzed using transmittance [Young, 1995] and two-wavelength algorithms [Vaughan et al., 2004] to determine the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratios at 532 and 1064 nm. The transmittance method requires clear air below the layer so that the transmittance through the layer can be determined. Suitable scenes are selected from the browse images and clear air below features is identified by low 532 nm backscatter signal and confirmed by low depolarization and color ratios. The transmittance and two-wavelength techniques are applied to a number of lofted layers and the extinction-to-backscatter ratios are compared with values obtained from the CALIPSO aerosol models [Omar et al., 2004]. The results obtained from these studies are used to adjust the aerosol models and develop observations based extinction-to-backscatter ratio look-up tables and phase functions. Values obtained by these techniques are compared to S-a determinations using other independent methods with a goal of developing probability distribution functions of aerosol type-specific extinction to backscatter ratios. C1 [Omar, A.; Hu, Y.; Winker, D.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, 21 Langley Blvd,MS 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Vaughan, M.] NASA LaRC, SSAI, Hampton, VA USA. [Liu, Z.] NASA, Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA USA. [Reagan, J.] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Omar, A (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, 21 Langley Blvd,MS 401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM ali.h.omar@nasa.gov RI Liu, Zhaoyan/B-1783-2010; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 OI Liu, Zhaoyan/0000-0003-4996-5738; NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4965 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304140 ER PT S AU Reagan, JA McPherson, CJ Hostetler, CA Hair, JW Ferrare, RA AF Reagan, John A. McPherson, Christopher J. Hostetler, Chris A. Hair, Johnathan W. Ferrare, Richard A. GP IEEE TI Initial CRAM aerosol retrievals from CALIPSO and supporting airborne HSRL measurements SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB The successful launch of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and Cloud-Satellite (CloudSAT) satellites on April 28, 2006, placing two new active remote sensing systems (lidar and radar) in space, heralded a new era in spaceborne earth observations. Not only will they provide new information unique to active sensing satellites, but by positioning them in orbit with the A-Train constellation of satellites, joining the passive sensing satellites AURA, PARASOL and AQUA, this will enable myriad synergistic active-passive sensing opportunities. CALIPSO and CloudSAT have both successfully completed their payload checkouts and initial validations; some six months of data have already been collected and data are now beginning to be distributed to the scientific community (e.g., CALIPSO Level 1 and 2a data released on Dec. 8, 2006). Thus there are sufficient data, with more arriving daily, to fuel years of scientific studies addressing questions critical to more fully understanding the earth-atmosphere system and assessing weather-climate change issues. The Constrained Ratio Aerosol Model-fit (CRAM) technique for aerosol retrieval is examined in the context of CALIPSO data, and temporally/spatially coincident High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) data is studied with respect to its potential to provide external context to the retrievals and to verify aerosol models upon which the CRAM technique relies. C1 [Reagan, John A.; McPherson, Christopher J.] Univ Arizona, Dept ECE, 1230 E Speedway Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Hostetler, Chris A.; Hair, Johnathan W.; Ferrare, Richard A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Reagan, JA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept ECE, 1230 E Speedway Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM reagan@ece.arizona.edu NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4979 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304143 ER PT S AU Ramapriyan, H Davis, P Hunolt, G AF Ramapriyan, H. Davis, P. Hunolt, G. GP IEEE TI Role and utility of metrics in data systems SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB Numerous systems have been developed and have been operating in recent years for processing, archiving and distributing data from remote sensing satellites and in situ observations and increasing the utility of data by providing data products and/or information services to users. Among such data systems, this paper considers those that NASA develops and/or utilizes in order to fulfill one of its strategic objectives: "Study Earth from space to advance scientific understanding and meet societal needs." Such data systems are of various sizes and meet a variety of requirements. Some data systems constitute NASA's Core Capabilities, and provide the basic infrastructure for robust and reliable data capture, processing, archiving and distributing a set of data products to a large and diverse user community. The Earth Observing Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is one example of such a system. Another class of data systems, constituting Community Capabilities, provides specialized and innovative services to data users and/or research products offering new scientific insight. Such systems are generally supported by NASA through peer reviewed competition. This paper focuses on the community capabilities including projects under the Research, Education and Applications Solutions Network (REASoN). Well-established goals and metrics measuring progress relative to those goals are essential to assess effectiveness of any systems, programs or organizations. Detailed metrics are needed by system managers to observe performance and plan improvements. Metrics of interest to program managers tend to be oriented towards the utility of the systems in meeting strategic goals, and sizes of communities served. The metrics must be tailored to the types of community capabilities. For example, systems providing data and those providing services need to be assessed using different metrics. Metrics aggregated across systems are of interest in measuring program effectiveness supporting NASA'a science, applied science, and education objectives. C1 [Ramapriyan, H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Davis, P.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hunolt, G.] SGT Inc, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Ramapriyan, H (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 4997 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304147 ER PT S AU Im, E Tanelli, S Durden, SL Pak, K AF Im, Eastwood Tanelli, Simone Durden, Stephen L. Pak, Kyung GP IEEE TI Cloud Profiling Radar Performance Eastwood Im SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE clouds; radar; CloudSat; A-train ID OCEAN; MODEL AB The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), the primary science instrument of the CloudSat Mission, is a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. This instrument has been acquiring global time series of vertical cloud structure at 500-m vertical resolution and 1.4-km horizontal resolution since June 2, 2006. In this paper an overview of the radar,performance during the first year in flight is provided. C1 [Im, Eastwood; Tanelli, Simone; Durden, Stephen L.; Pak, Kyung] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Eastwood.lm@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 5061 EP 5064 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422997 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657301062 ER PT S AU Wilmhoff, B Lalezari, F Zavorotny, V Walsh, E AF Wilmhoff, B. Lalezari, F. Zavorotny, V. Walsh, E. GP IEEE TI GPS ocean altimetry from aircraft using the P(Y) code signal SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE ID WIND-SPEED; SURFACE; SYSTEM; SCATTERING; RETRIEVAL AB A bistatic Global Positioning System (GPS) altimeter has been tested onboard a NOAA WP-3D research aircraft. The first altimetric data were obtained with this equipment above the sea surface to study the accuracy of such measurements using the P(Y)-encrypted GPS signal. The flight was conducted in the northeast Gulf of Mexico in September 2006 at about 1500 m altitude over a 150-by-150 km area under quiescent sea-state conditions. The ocean waves were a low, short swell of about 20 cm significant wave height (SWH) and 20 m dominant wavelength, providing minimal effect of sea surface roughness. The data obtained over approximately a three-hour period consist of direct and reflected waveforms and the time delays between them. Smoothing of the raw waveforms was used to better identify the leading edge and the maximum of the reflected signal. Comparison of GPS-derived altitudes and altitudes obtained by the aircraft altimeter showed that the former followed most of the aircraft's altitude variations. The rms of the difference in height between the smoothed aircraft altimeter data and the GPS height determination based on a 0.4-s - averaged sea-surface - reflected waveform was on the order of I m. Additional averaging over 1 min reduced the rms to about 20 cm. C1 [Wilmhoff, B.; Lalezari, F.] FIRST RF Corp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Zavorotny, V.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Walsh, E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wilmhoff, B (reprint author), FIRST RF Corp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 5093 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304171 ER PT S AU Lowe, S Chaubell, J Hajj, G AF Lowe, Stephen Chaubell, Julian Hajj, George GP IEEE TI A GNSS-reflections simulator and its application to widelane observations SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE GNSS reflections; GNSS remote sensing; widelane signals ID GPS SIGNALS; OCEAN AB This paper discusses an effort to create a fast, yet accurate GNSS-R simulator capable of spacecraft-altitude studies. A number of new techniques will be presented which were developed to significantly increase the simulation speed. The end goal of this work is to assess measurement fundamentals such as ocean altimetry accuracy as a function of altitude and antenna size. The first application of this new simulator was to evaluate the GPS L2-L5 widelane signal for altimetric applications. It has been suggested that this widelane signal could result in an accurate, coherent phase-delay height observable. Simulation results, along with a simple physical model, indicate this widelane combination does not produce a coherent phase observable under typical conditions. The incoherence appears to he due to the surface area corresponding to the signal's autocorrelation function being much larger than the widelane Fresnel zone. C1 [Lowe, Stephen; Chaubell, Julian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Hajj, George] JP Morgan & Co, New York, NY USA. RP Lowe, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Steve.lowe@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 5101 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304173 ER PT B AU Meehan, TK Esterhuizen, S Franklin, GW Lowe, S Munson, TN Robison, D Spitzmesser, DJ Tien, JY Young, LE AF Meehan, T. K. Esterhuizen, S. Franklin, G. W. Lowe, S. Munson, T. N. Robison, D. Spitzmesser, D. J. Tien, J. Y. Young, L. E. GP IEEE TI TOGA, a prototype for an optimal orbiting GNSS-R instrument SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE GNSS-R; TOGA; Global positioning system; BlackJack GPS; Galileo; bi-static radar ID OCEAN AB Remotely sensing the Earth's surface using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals as bi-static radar sources is one of the most challenging applications for radiometric instrument design. As part of NASA's Instrument Incubator Program, our group at JPL is building a prototype instrument, TOGA (Time-shifted, Orthometric, GNSS Array), to address a variety of GNSS science needs. Observing GNSS reflections is major focus of the design/development effort. The TOGA design features an electronically steered antenna (ESA) array which forms simultaneous high-gain beams in multiple directions. Multiple FPGAs provide flexible digital signal processing logic to process both GPS and Galileo reflections. A Linux operating system based science processor serves as experiment scheduler and data post-processor. This paper outlines the TOGA design approach as it applies specifically to observing science quality GNSS-R signals from low Earth orbit. C1 [Meehan, T. K.; Esterhuizen, S.; Franklin, G. W.; Lowe, S.; Munson, T. N.; Robison, D.; Spitzmesser, D. J.; Tien, J. Y.; Young, L. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Meehan, TK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 5109 EP 5112 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304175 ER PT S AU Lambrigtsen, B Tanner, A Gaier, T Kangaslahti, P Brown, S AF Lambrigtsen, Bjorn Tanner, Alan Gaier, Todd Kangaslahti, Pekka Brown, Shannon GP IEEE TI Developing a GeoSTAR science mission SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE AB The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer (GeoSTAR) is a new instrument design that has been under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the form of a proof-of-concept prototype. It is intended to fill a serious gap in our Earth remote sensing capabilities - namely the lack of a microwave atmospheric sounder in geostationary orbit. Such sensors have long been part of low-earth-orbiting (LEO) operational weather satellites and research satellites and have had a major impact ranging from numerical weather prediction to climate research. A similar capability in GEO is highly desired because of the advantageous observing point GEO offers, with continuous views of the entire visible Earth disc - crucial for the observation of hurricanes and other rapidly evolving atmospheric phenomena. GEO also enables full resolution of the diurnal cycle, which is particularly important in the study of atmospheric processes and climate variability where clouds and convection play a role, since those phenomena are known to have strong diurnal variability and are difficult to sample properly with sun synchronous LEO satellites. The GeoSTAR prototype produced the first interferometric radiometric images obtained at sounding frequencies in early 2005, and subsequent tests have demonstrated that the system exhibits excellent stability, accuracy and sensitivity and performs even better than predicted. This can be characterized as a breakthrough development. The technology required to implement GeoSTAR is at a level of maturity that a space mission can be contemplated. Such a mission is recommended by the U.S. National Research Council in its recent Decadal Survey of Earth missions and is being considered by both NASA and NOAA for the coming decade. Recent studies indicate that it is indeed feasible to implement a GeoSTAR mission in the 2014-16 time frame. We discuss possible mission scenarios as well as the science benefits that would ensue. The benefits are particularly significant in the area of tropical cyclones and severe storms, where there currently is a dearth of observations. With a geostationary microwave sounder it Is possible to obtain the 3-dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor and liquid water continuously and regardless of cloud cover, and atmospheric stability indices such as lifted index (LI) and convective available potential energy (CAPE) can be derived nearly everywhere. That will make it possible, for example, to detect severe-storm precursor conditions even if the area is under cloud cover. Recent progress in radiative transfer models now also makes it possible to obtain those parameters in the presence of moderate precipitation, and rain rates and snow rates can be derived as well. Aircraft based field campaign observations have also shown that a microwave sounder can be used to derive measures of convective intensity and precipitation in deep-convective systems from scattering due to ice particles formed by such systems. This can be used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones and can be used to detect sudden intensification and weakening in near-real time. C1 [Lambrigtsen, Bjorn; Tanner, Alan; Gaier, Todd; Kangaslahti, Pekka; Brown, Shannon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lambrigtsen, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 5232 EP 5236 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304205 ER PT S AU Lang, RH Utku, C Janiczek, J Tarkocin, Y Le Vine, DM AF Lang, R. H. Utku, C. Janiczek, J. Tarkocin, Y. Le Vine, D. M. GP IEEE TI Accurate L-band measurements of the dielectric constant of seawater SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE seawater; salinity; dielectric constant; microwave AB A new temperature controlled microwave cavity system to measure the complex dielectric constant of seawater at 1.413 GHz is discussed. The system is being developed to measure seawater for temperatures from 0 degrees C to 30 degrees C and salinities from 10 to 40 psu. The paper discusses the construction of the measurement system and initial stability tests. C1 [Lang, R. H.; Utku, C.; Janiczek, J.; Tarkocin, Y.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Le Vine, D. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lang, RH (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. EM lang@gwu.edu NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 5255 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304211 ER PT S AU Masek, JG Wolfe, R Hall, F Goward, S Huang, CQ AF Masek, Jeffrey G. Wolfe, Robert Hall, Forrest Goward, Samuel Huang, Chengquan GP IEEE TI Assessing North American forest disturbance from the Landsat archive SO IGARSS: 2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-12: SENSING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR PLANET SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 23-27, 2007 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE disturbance; Landsat; forests; atmospheric correction; change detection; biomass ID CARBON; ATMOSPHERE AB Forest disturbances are thought to play a major role in controlling land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon. Under the auspices of the North American Carbon Program, the LEDAPS (Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System) and NACP-FIA projects have been analyzing the Landsat satellite record to assess rates of forest disturbance across North America. In the LEDAPS project, wall-to-wall Landsat imagery for the period 1975-2000 has been converted to surface reflectance and analyzed for decadal losses (disturbance) or gains (regrowth) in biomass using a spectral "disturbance index". The NACP-FIA project relies on a geographic sample of dense Landsat image time series, allowing both disturbance rates and recovery trends to be characterized. Preliminary results for the 1990's indicate high rates of harvest within the southeastern US, Eastern Canada, and the Pacific Northwest, with spatially averaged (similar to 50x50 km) turnover periods as low as 25-40 years. Lower rates of disturbance are found in the Rockies and Northeastern US. C1 [Masek, Jeffrey G.; Wolfe, Robert; Hall, Forrest] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Goward, Samuel; Huang, Chengquan] Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Masek, JG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Jeffrey.G.Masek@nasa.gov RI Masek, Jeffrey/D-7673-2012; Wolfe, Robert/E-1485-2012 OI Wolfe, Robert/0000-0002-0915-1855 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-1-4244-1211-2 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2007 BP 5294 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BHV03 UT WOS:000256657304221 ER PT S AU Tian, JL Gazarik, MJ Reisse, RA Johnson, DG AF Tian, Jialin Gazarik, Michael J. Reisse, Robert A. Johnson, David G. BE Bruzzone, L TI GIFTS SM EDU level 1B algorithms - art. no. 674811 SO IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR REMOTE SENSING XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XIII CY SEP 18-20, 2007 CL Florence, ITALY SP SPIE Europe, European Opt Soc, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Soc Italiana Ott & Foton DE remote sensing; Fourier transform spectrometry; geosynchronous imaging Fourier transform spectrometer; (GIFTS); interferogram processing; radiometric calibration; level 1B algorithms AB The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) Sensor Module (SM) Engineering Demonstration Unit (EDU) is a high resolution spectral imager designed to measure infrared (IR) radiances using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The GIFTS instrument employs three focal plane arrays (FPAs), which gather measurements across the long-wave IR (LWIR), short/mid-wave IR (SMWIR), and visible spectral bands. The raw interferogram measurements are radiometrically and spectrally calibrated to produce radiance spectra, which are further processed to obtain atmospheric profiles via retrieval algorithms. This paper describes the GIFTS SM EDU Level 1B algorithms involved in the calibration. The GIFTS Level 1B calibration procedures can be subdivided into four blocks. In the first block, the measured raw interferograms are first corrected for the detector nonlinearity distortion, followed by the complex filtering and decimation procedure. In the second block, a phase correction algorithm is applied to the filtered and decimated complex interferograms. The resulting imaginary part of the spectrum contains only the noise component of the uncorrected spectrum. Additional random noise reduction can be accomplished by applying a spectral smoothing routine to the phase-corrected spectrum. The phase correction and spectral smoothing operations are performed on a set of interferogram. scans for both ambient and hot blackbody references. To continue with the calibration, we compute the spectral responsivity based on the previous results, from which, the calibrated ambient blackbody (ABB), hot blackbody (HBB), and scene spectra can be obtained. We now can estimate the noise equivalent spectral radiance (NESR) from the calibrated ABB and HBB spectra. The correction schemes that compensate for the fore-optics offsets and off-axis effects are also implemented. In the third block, we developed an efficient method of generating pixel performance assessments. In addition, a random pixel selection scheme is designed based on the pixel performance evaluation. Finally, in the fourth block, the single pixel algorithms are applied to the entire FPA. C1 [Tian, Jialin] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SSAI, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Tian, JL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SSAI, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Johnson, David/F-2376-2015 OI Johnson, David/0000-0003-4399-5653 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6906-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6748 BP 74811 EP 74811 DI 10.1117/12.737326 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BHJ09 UT WOS:000253478400032 ER PT S AU Yanushkevich, S Shmerko, V Stoica, A Wang, P Srihari, S AF Yanushkevich, S. Shmerko, V. Stoica, A. Wang, P. Srihari, S. BE Yanushkevich, SN Wang, PSP Gavrilova, ML Srihari, SN TI Introduction to Synthesis in Biometrics SO IMAGE PATTERN RECOGNITION: SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS IN BIOMETRICS SE Series in Machine Perception and Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter ID FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; RECOGNITION; IRIS; IDENTIFICATION; EXTRACTION; IMAGES; MODELS; FACE AB The primary application focus of biometric technology is the verification and identification of humans using their possessed biological (anatomical, physiological and behavioral) properties. Recent advances in biometric processing of individual biometric modalities (sources of identification data such as facial features, iris patterns, voice, gait, ear topology, etc.) encompass all aspects of system integration, privacy and security, reliability and countermeasures to attack, as well as accompanying problems such as testing and evaluation, operating standards, and ethical issues. C1 [Yanushkevich, S.; Shmerko, V.] Univ Calgary, Biometr Technol Lab Modeling & Simulat, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Stoica, A.] CALTECH, Humanoid Robot Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Stoica, A.] CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Biologically Inspired Technol & Syst Grp,Autonoma, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Wang, P.] Northeastern Univ, Image Proc Grp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Srihari, S.] SUNY Buffalo, Ctr Excellence Document Anal & Recognit, Amherst, NY USA. [Yanushkevich, S.; Shmerko, V.] Univ Calgary, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Srihari, S.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Comp Sci, Amherst, NY USA. RP Yanushkevich, S (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Biometr Technol Lab Modeling & Simulat, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM syanshk@ucalgary.ca; vshmerko@ucalgary.ca; adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; pwang@ccs.neu.edu; srihari@cedar.buffalo.edu NR 61 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE SN 1793-0839 BN 978-981-256-908-0 J9 SER MACH PERCEPT ART PY 2007 VL 67 BP 5 EP 29 D2 10.1142/9789812770677 PG 25 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BKU92 UT WOS:000269303000001 ER PT S AU Yanushkevich, SN Stoica, A Shmerko, VP AF Yanushkevich, S. N. Stoica, A. Shmerko, V. P. BE Yanushkevich, SN Wang, PSP Gavrilova, ML Srihari, SN TI Fundamentals of Biometric-Based Training System Design SO IMAGE PATTERN RECOGNITION: SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS IN BIOMETRICS SE Series in Machine Perception and Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID INFORMATION; FACES AB This chapter describes the fundamental concepts of biometric-based training system design and training methodology for users of biometric-based access control systems. Such systems utilizes the information provided by various measurements of an individual's biometrics. The goal of training is to develop the user's decision making skills based on two types of information about the individual: biometric information collected during pre-screening or surveillance, and information collected during the authorization check itself. The training system directly benefits users of security systems covering a broad spectrum of social activities, including airport and seaport surveillance and control, immigration service, border control, important public events, hospitals, banking, etc. C1 [Yanushkevich, S. N.] Univ Calgary, Biometr Technol Lab Modeling & Simulat, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Stoica, A.] CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Biologically Inspired Technol & Syst Grp,Autonomo, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Humanoid Robot Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. ECSIS, Iasi, Romania. [Yanushkevich, S. N.; Shmerko, V. P.] Univ Calgary, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. RP Yanushkevich, SN (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Biometr Technol Lab Modeling & Simulat, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM syanshk@ucalgary.ca; adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; ushmerko@ucalgary.ca NR 54 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE SN 1793-0839 BN 978-981-256-908-0 J9 SER MACH PERCEPT ART PY 2007 VL 67 BP 365 EP 406 D2 10.1142/9789812770677 PG 42 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BKU92 UT WOS:000269303000015 ER PT S AU Allen, CA Benford, DJ Miller, TM Moseley, SH Staguhn, JG Wollack, EJ AF Allen, Christine A. Benford, Dominic J. Miller, Timothy M. Moseley, S. Harvey Staguhn, Johannes G. Wollack, Edward J. BE StrojnikScholl, M TI Technology developments toward large format long wavelength bolometer arrays - art. no. 667806 SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV CY AUG 27-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE far-infrared astronomy; kilopixel array; bolometer array; superconducting transition edge sensor; TES; Backshort Under Grid; SQUID ID SCUBA-2 AB We are developing a kilopixel, filled bolometer array for infrared astronomy. The array consists of three individual components, to be merged into a single, working unit; 1) a transition edge sensor (TES) bolometer array, operating in the milliKelvin regime, 2) quarter-wave resonance backshorts, and 3) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexer readout. The detector array is a filled, square-grid of suspended, silicon membrane bolometers with superconducting thermistors. The spacing of the backshort beneath the detector grid can be set from similar to 30-300 microns by adjusting two process parameters during fabrication. We have produced prototype, monolithic arrays having I mm and 2 mm pitch detectors. The key technologies required for kilopixel arrays of detectors to be hybridized to SQUID multiplexer readout circuits have been demonstrated. Mechanical models of large-format detector grids have been indium bump-bonded to dummy multiplexer readouts to study electrical continuity. A monolithic array of 1 mm pitch detectors has been mated to a backshort grid optimized for a 350 micron resonant wavelength. Through-wafer microvias, for electroplated, low-resistance electrical connection of detector elements, have been prototyped using deep reactive ion etching. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop large-format (thousands of pixels) bolometer array architecture with background-limited sensitivity, suitable for a wide range of long wavelengths and a wide range of astronomical applications such as imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry and applicable for ground-based, suborbital, and space-based instruments. C1 [Allen, Christine A.; Benford, Dominic J.; Miller, Timothy M.; Moseley, S. Harvey; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Wollack, Edward J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Allen, CA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6826-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6678 BP 67806 EP 67806 DI 10.1117/12.734809 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHI84 UT WOS:000253451100004 ER PT S AU Priestley, KJ Smith, GL Thomas, S Matthews, G AF Priestley, Kory J. Smith, G. Louis Thomas, Susan Matthews, Grant BE StrojnikScholl, M TI Validation protocol for climate quality CERES measurements - art. no. 667811 SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV CY AUG 27-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CERES; Terra; Aqua; Earth radiation budget; radiometry; validation ID EARTH RADIATION BUDGET; ENERGY SYSTEM CERES; THERMISTOR BOLOMETERS; CLOUDS; INSTRUMENT; SENSORS; MISSION AB The CERES Flight Model-1 and -2 instruments flew aboard the Terra into orbit in December 1999 and the FM-3 and -4 instruments flew on the Aqua spacecraft in May 2002. To date these instruments have provided seven years of measurements on Terra and five years on Aqua. The accuracy requirement for CERES is 0.5% for longwave radiances and 1.0% for shortwave. Achieving this objective is possible by using experience from the ERBE instrument to evolve the CERES design and the methods for analyzing the data. In order to achieve and maintain this accuracy, an internal calibration system and an attenuated view of the Sun are used. Subsequently, to validate that this accuracy has been achieved, a number of techniques have been developed which cover a range of temporal and spatial scales. This ensemble of methods provides a protocol which assures that the CERES measurements are of climate quality. In addition to retrieving fluxes at the top of the atmosphere, the CERES program uses data from other instruments aboard the spacecraft to compute the radiation balance at the surface and at levels through the atmosphere. Finally, the CERES data products are upgraded as higher-level data products show the need for revisions. The calibration stability is better than 0.2% and traceability from ground to in-flight calibration is 0.25%. C1 [Priestley, Kory J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Priestley, KJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6826-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6678 BP 67811 EP 67811 DI 10.1117/12.735312 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHI84 UT WOS:000253451100039 ER PT S AU Erickson, EF Haas, MR Colgan, SJW Dotson, JL Simpson, JP Young, ET AF Erickson, Edwin F. Haas, Michael R. Colgan, Sean J. W. Dotson, Jessie L. Simpson, Janet P. Young, Erick T. BE StrojnikScholl, M TI AIRIES: an airborne infrared echelle spectrometer for SOFIA - art. no. 66780J SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV CY AUG 27-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE SOFIA; far-infrared; airborne; astronomy; echelle; spectrometer AB The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy(1-3) (SOFIA) will enable unique astronomical observations from visible to millimeter wavelengths. AIRES(4), a long-slit spectrograph with a mid-infrared slit viewing camera, would enable spectral imaging of gas-phase spectral features between 17 and 210 mu m with resolving powers from similar to 60,000 to 5000. The Cryogenic Grating Spectrometer(5) (CGS: AIRES' predecessor) which was flown on NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)(6,7) for 13 years, demonstrated the importance of this wavelength range. A 1997 proposal to develop AIRES was selected as the highest-ranked of 19 U.S. competitors for first-generation SOFIA science instruments. Funding was terminated in 2001 due to budget problems associated with an original under estimate and the advent of full cost accounting in NASA. Here we summarize AIRES' expected performance, its science potential, its status, and lessons learned. Highlighted are three successfully accomplished major technical developments: the world's largest monolithic cryogenic grating, cryogenic multiplexing amplifiers for far-infrared germanium photoconductor detectors, and an optical/mechanical design in a package suitable for installation on SOFIA. We show that AIRES would fill a unique role among other spectroscopic capabilities foreseen for space-borne missions. AIRES' capabilities remain a high but unfilled priority for SOFIA, and for the science community in general.(8). C1 [Erickson, Edwin F.; Haas, Michael R.; Colgan, Sean J. W.; Dotson, Jessie L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Erickson, EF (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Colgan, Sean/M-4742-2014 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6826-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6678 BP J6780 EP J6780 DI 10.1117/12.746159 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHI84 UT WOS:000253451100013 ER PT S AU Becklin, EE Tielens, AGGM Gehrz, RD Callis, HHS AF Becklin, E. E. Tielens, A. G. G. M. Gehrz, R. D. Callis, H. H. S. BE StrojnikScholl, M TI Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) - art. no. 6678OA SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV CY AUG 27-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE submillimeter; infrared; airborne astronomy AB The joint U.S. and German SOFIA project to develop and operate a 2.5-meter infrared airborne telescope in a Boeing 747-SP is now in its final stages of development. Flying in the stratosphere, SOFIA allows observations throughout the infrared and submillimeter region with an average transmission of >= 80%. The SOFIA instrument complement includes broadband imagers, moderate resolution spectrographs capable of resolving broad features due to dust and large molecules, and high resolution spectrometers suitable for kinematic studies of molecular and atomic gas lines at km/s resolution. These instruments will enable SOFIA to make unique contributions to a broad array of science topics. First science flights will begin in 2009, and the observatory is expected to operate for more than 20 years. The sensitivity, characteristics, science instrument complement, and examples of first light science are discussed. C1 [Becklin, E. E.; Callis, H. H. S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Becklin, EE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6826-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6678 BP OA678 EP OA678 DI 10.1117/12.735903 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHI84 UT WOS:000253451100008 ER PT S AU Silverberg, RF Arendt, R Franz, DE Kletetschka, G Kutyrev, A Li, MJ Moseley, SH Rapchun, DA Snodgrass, S Sohl, DW Sparr, L AF Silverberg, Robert F. Arendt, Richard Franz, David E. Kletetschka, Gunther Kutyrev, Alexander Li, Mary J. Moseley, S. Harvey Rapchun, David A. Snodgrass, Stephen Sohl, David W. Sparr, Leroy CA Microshutter Team BE StrojnikScholl, M TI A microshutter-based field selector for JWST's multi-object near infrared spectrograph - art. no. 66780Q SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV CY AUG 27-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE field selector; JWST; spectrograph; near infrared ID TELESCOPE; NIRSPEC AB One of the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) primary science goals is to characterize the epoch of galaxy formation in the universe and observe the first galaxies and clusters of galaxies. This goal requires multi-band imaging and spectroscopic data in the near infrared portion of the spectrum for large numbers of very faint galaxies. Because such objects are sparse on the sky at the JWST resolution, a multi-object spectrograph is necessary to efficiently carry out the required observations. We have developed a fully programmable array of microshutters that will be used as the field selector for the multi-object Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on JWST. This device allows apertures to be opened at the locations of selected galaxies in the field of view while blocking other unwanted light from the sky background and bright sources. In practice, greater than 100 objects within the field of view can be observed simultaneously. This field selection capability greatly improves the sensitivity and efficiency of NIRSpec. In this paper, we describe the microshutter arrays, their development, characteristics, fabrication, testing, and progress toward delivery of a flight-qualified field selection subsystem to the NIRSpec instrument team. C1 [Silverberg, Robert F.; Franz, David E.; Li, Mary J.; Moseley, S. Harvey; Sohl, David W.; Sparr, Leroy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Silverberg, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Kletetschka, Gunther/C-9996-2011; OI Kletetschka, Gunther/0000-0002-0645-9037; Arendt, Richard/0000-0001-8403-8548 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6826-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6678 BP Q6780 EP Q6780 DI 10.1117/12.736118 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHI84 UT WOS:000253451100018 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Ting, DZ Liu, JK Hill, CJ Mumolo, JM Kurth, E Woolaway, J Levan, PD Tidrow, MZ AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Ting, D. Z. Liu, J. K. Hill, C. J. Mumolo, J. M. Kurth, E. Woolaway, J. LeVan, P. D. Tidrow, M. Z. BE StrojnikScholl, M TI Quantum well and quantum dot based detector arrays for infrared imaging applications - art. no. 66780R SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING AND INSTRUMENTATION XV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV CY AUG 27-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared detectors; maga-pixel; QWIP; dualband; two-color; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays ID PHOTODETECTORS; TEMPERATURE; RESPONSIVITY; DETECTIVITY; CAMERA AB A mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) 1024x1024 pixel quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been demonstrated with excellent imagery. MWIR FPA has given noise equivalent differential temperature (NE Delta T) of 19 mK at 95K operating temperature and LWIR FPA has given NEAT of 13 mK at 70K operating temperature. In addition, epitaxially grown self-assembled InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) are exploited for the development of large-format FPAs. The QD devices were fabricated into the first LWIR 640x512 pixel QDIP FPA, which has produced excellent infrared imagery with NEAT of 40 mK at 60K operating temperature. C1 [Gunapala, S. D.; Bandara, S. V.; Ting, D. Z.; Liu, J. K.; Hill, C. J.; Mumolo, J. M.; Kurth, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6826-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6678 BP R6780 EP R6780 DI 10.1117/12.729492 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHI84 UT WOS:000253451100019 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Mumolo, JM Hill, CJ Ting, DZ Kurth, E Woolaway, J Levan, PD Tidrow, MZ AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Liu, J. K. Mumolo, J. M. Hill, C. J. Ting, D. Z. Kurth, E. Woolaway, J. Levan, P. D. Tidrow, M. Z. BE Longshore, RE Sood, AK Dereniak, EL Hartke, JP TI Towards 16 megapixel focal plane arrays - art. no. 66600E SO INFRARED SYSTEMS AND PHOTOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Systems and Photoelectronic Technology II CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared detectors; maga-pixel; QWIP; dualband; two-color; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays AB Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) 1024x1024 pixel InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs based quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal planes have been demonstrated with excellent imaging performance. The MWIR QWIP detector array has demonstrated a noise equivalent differential temperature (NEAT) of 17 mK at a 95K operating temperature with f/2.5 optics at 300K background and the LWIR detector array has demonstrated a NEAT of 13 mK at a 70K operating temperature with the same optical and background conditions as the MWIR detector array after the subtraction of system noise. Both MWIR and LWIR focal planes have shown background limited performance (BLIP) at 90K and 70K operating temperatures respectively, with similar optical and background conditions. It is well known that III-V compound semiconductor materials such as GaAs, InP, etc. are easy to grow and process into devices. In addition, III-V compound semiconductors are available in large diameter wafers, up to 8-inches. Thus, III-V compound semiconductor based infrared focal plane technologies such as QWIP, InSb, and strain layer superlattices (SLS) are potential candidates for the development of large format focal planes such as 4096x4096 pixels and larger. In this paper, we will discuss the possibility of extending the infrared detector array size up to 16 megapixels. C1 [Gunapala, S. D.; Bandara, S. V.; Liu, J. K.; Mumolo, J. M.; Hill, C. J.; Ting, D. Z.; Kurth, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6808-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6660 BP E6600 EP E6600 DI 10.1117/12.740029 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGZ40 UT WOS:000251494100009 ER PT S AU Ting, DZY Chang, YC Bandara, SV Gunapala, SD AF Ting, David Z. -Y. Chang, Yia-Chung Bandara, Sumith V. Gunapala, Sarath D. BE Longshore, RE Sood, AK Dereniak, EL Hartke, JP TI Far infrared and terahertz quantum well intra-subband photodetector (QWISP) - art. no. 66600F SO INFRARED SYSTEMS AND PHOTOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Systems and Photoelectronic Technology II CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE far infrared; terahertz; quantum well; intra-subband; photodetector ID COUPLED-WAVE ANALYSIS; INTERSUBBAND TRANSITIONS; IMPLEMENTATION; PHOTOEMISSION; ABSORPTION; GRATINGS; DETECTOR; MODEL AB We describe a new device concept for far infrared (FIR) / terahertz (THz) radiation detection based on the use of dopant-assisted intra-subband absorption mechanism in quantum wells. We compare the Quantum Well Intra-Subband Photodetector (QWISP) to the FIR/THz quantum-well infrared photodetector (QWIP) and heterojunction internal photoemission (HIP) devices to clarify the device concept. We demonstrate QWISP's effectiveness through theoretical simulations by comparing it with the FIR/THz QWIP with comparable dark current levels and peak spectral positions. In particular, our modeling results show that in a device designed for similar to 110 mu m peak response, the QWISP peak absorption coefficient and responsivity, respectively, are approximately 100 and 10 times strong than those for the FIR/THz QWIP. The QWISP is a compact device with normal incidence response, does not require very low barriers, and is compatible with existing GaAs focal-plane array technology. C1 [Ting, David Z. -Y.; Bandara, Sumith V.; Gunapala, Sarath D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ting, DZY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6808-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6660 BP F6600 EP F6600 DI 10.1117/12.735138 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGZ40 UT WOS:000251494100010 ER PT S AU Johnson, WR Gunapala, S Mumolo, J Johnson, D AF Johnson, William R. Gunapala, Sarath Mumolo, Jason Johnson, Dean BE Longshore, RE Sood, AK Dereniak, EL Hartke, JP TI LWIR QWIP focal plane array mounting with cryogenic optical system - art. no. 66600G SO INFRARED SYSTEMS AND PHOTOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Systems and Photoelectronic Technology II CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE QWIP; cryocoolers; opto-mechanics AB We present progress on developing a mechanical and thermal isolation package for maintaining multi-stage temperature control for various parts of a dewar package. Our long-wave QWIP focal plane is maintained at 40K while our optics package, which is at close proximity (similar to 2mm) to the FPA, is maintained at 80K. Radiative baffling is controlled at acceptable levels using high conductance heat sinks, while conductance loads are minimized using proper insulating materials (polyimide synthetics) in combination with materials to preserve high structural stiffness (titanium, invar). Furthermore, the optics package is held at low cryogenic temperatures only similar to 6mm from the ZnSe dewar window. An effort is made to keep the complete electro-optical system at these low temperatures independently using only a single 10W low EM-noise closed cycle cryocooler. Proper geometry is defined which takes into account thermal symmetries and mechanical structural stability, while maintaining the necessary external 300K heat sinks. Both conductance and radiative loading on the opto-mechanical structure are examined using finite element analysis and proper heat sinking is established to thermally isolate the optics within the dewar jacket while maintaining proper structural stability. A custom LCC is designed which maximizes the thermal expansion budget between the FPA and optics package, while necessary structural mounting of the electronics boards are coupled with the dewar coldfinger. C1 [Johnson, William R.; Gunapala, Sarath; Mumolo, Jason; Johnson, Dean] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Johnson, WR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6808-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6660 BP G6600 EP G6600 DI 10.1117/12.740034 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGZ40 UT WOS:000251494100011 ER PT S AU Hill, CJ Li, JV Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD Rhiger, DR Kvaas, RE Harris, SF AF Hill, Cory J. Li, Jian V. Mumolo, Jason. M. Gunapala, Sarath. D. Rhiger, David R. Kvaas, Robert E. Harris, Sean F. BE Longshore, RE Sood, AK Dereniak, EL Hartke, JP TI MBE grown type-II superlattice photodiodes for MWIR and LWIR imaging applications - art. no. 66600H SO INFRARED SYSTEMS AND PHOTOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Systems and Photoelectronic Technology II CY AUG 26-28, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID INFRARED DETECTORS AB We report on the status of GaSb/InAs type-II superlattice diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and designed for infrared absorption in the 2-5 mu m and 8-12 mu m bands. Recent LWIR devices have produced detectivities as high as 8x10(10) Jones with a differential resistance-area product greater than 6 Ohmcm(2) at 80K with a long wavelength cutoff of approximately 12 mu m. The measured quantum efficiency of these front-side illuminated devices is close to 30% in the 10-11 mu m range. MWIR devices have produced detectivities as high as 8x10(13) Jones with a differential resistance-area product greater than 3x10(7) Ohmcm(2) at 80K with a long wavelength cutoff of approximately 3.7 mu m. The measured quantum efficiency of these front-side illuminated MWIR devices is close to 40% in the 2-3 mu m range at low temperature and increases to over 60% near room temperature. Initial results on SiO2 and epitaxial-regrowth based passivation techniques are also presented, as well as images from the first lot of LWIR arrays. C1 [Hill, Cory J.; Li, Jian V.; Mumolo, Jason. M.; Gunapala, Sarath. D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hill, CJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Li, Jian/B-1627-2016 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6808-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6660 BP H6600 EP H6600 DI 10.1117/12.739955 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGZ40 UT WOS:000251494100012 ER PT S AU Hill, CJ Li, JV Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD Rhiger, DR Kvaas, RE Harris, SF AF Hill, Cory J. Li, Jian V. Mumolo, Jason. M. Gunapala, Sarath. D. Rhiger, David R. Kvaas, Robert E. Harris, Sean F. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI MBE grown type-II superiattice photodiodes for MWIR and LWIR imaging applications - art. no. 654205 SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII CY APR 09-13, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE ID INFRARED DETECTORS; SUPERLATTICES AB We report on the status of GaSb/InAs type-II superlattice diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and designed for infrared absorption in the 2-5 mu m and 8-12 mu m bands. Recent LWIR devices have produced detectivities as high as 8x10(10) Jones with a differential resistance-area product greater than 6 Ohmcm(2) at 80K with a long wavelength cutoff of approximately 12 mu m. The measured quantum efficiency of these front-side illuminated devices is close to 30% in the 10-11 mu m range. MWIR devices have produced detectivities as high as 8 x 10(13) Jones with a differential resistance-area product greater than 3 x 10(7) Ohmcm(2) at 80K with a long wavelength cutoff of approximately 3.7 mu m. The measured quantum efficiency of these front-side illuminated MWIR devices is close to 40% in the 2-3 mu m range at low temperature and increases to over 60% near room temperature. Initial results on SiO2 and epitaxial-regrowth based passivation techniques are also presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hill, CJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Li, Jian/B-1627-2016 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6664-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6542 BP 54205 EP 54205 AR 654205 DI 10.1117/12.721330 PN 1-2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGR07 UT WOS:000249892700004 ER PT S AU Jhabvala, M Choi, KK Monroy, C La, A Adams, J Devitt, J Forrai, D Endres, D AF Jhabvala, M. Choi, K. K. Monroy, C. La, A. Adams, J. Devitt, J. Forrai, D. Endres, D. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI Development of a 1 megapixel long IR QWIP focal plane array - art. no. 65420T SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII CY APR 09-13, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE ID WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS AB In the rapid development of GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) we have fabricated a 1,024 x 1,024 (1 K x I K), 8-12 mu m infrared focal plane array (FPA). This focal plane array is a hybrid using an L3 Cincinnati Electronics silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC) bump bonded to the 1 megapixel GaAs QWIP. This effort was a collaboration of engineers at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and L3 Cincinnati Electronics (L3). We have integrated this focal plane into an SE-IR based imaging camera system and performed tests over the 55K-77K temperature range. As in previous developments the ease of fabrication of the GaAs array continues to be a valuable asset. The overall focal plane development costs are currently dominated by the costs associated with the silicon readout/hybridization. The GaAs array fabrication is based on a high yield, well-established GaAs processing capability. The broadband long wavelength response of this array combined with markedly improved quantum efficiency is of particular value in science applications where spectroscopy is required. One of the features of GaAs QWIP technology is the ability to precisely design and fabricate arrays responsive to a particular IR spectral region but the spectral response is typically only a few tenths of a micrometer wide limiting the spectral information content. By broadening the spectral response of this device the applications for imaging and spectroscopy are substantially increased. In this paper we will present the latest results of our corrugated 1K x 1K, 8-12 mu m infrared focal plane array development including fabrication methodology, test data and experiments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jhabvala, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6664-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6542 BP T5420 EP T5420 AR 65420T DI 10.1117/12.717224 PN 1-2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGR07 UT WOS:000249892700028 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Mumolo, JM Hill, CJ Kurth, E Woolaway, J LeVan, PD Tidrow, MZ AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Liu, J. K. Mumolo, J. M. Hill, C. J. Kurth, E. Woolaway, J. LeVan, P. D. Tidrow, M. Z. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI Towards dualband megapixel QWIP focal plane arrays - art. no. 65420W SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXIII CY APR 09-13, 2007 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE infrared detectors; maga-pixel; QWIP; dualband; two-color; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays AB Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) 1024x1024 pixel InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs based quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal planes have been demonstrated with excellent imaging performance. The MWIR QWIP detector array has demonstrated a noise equivalent differential temperature (NE Delta T) of 17 mK at a 95K operating temperature with f/2.5 optics at 300K background and the LWIR detector array has demonstrated a NEAT of 13 mK at a 70K operating temperature with the same optical and background conditions as the MWIR detector array after the subtraction of system noise. Both MWIR and LWIR focal planes have shown background limited performance (BLIP) at 90K and 70K operating temperatures respectively, with similar optical and background conditions. It is well known that Ill-V compound semiconductor materials such as GaAs, InP, etc. are easy to grow and process into devices. In addition, III-V compound semiconductors are available in large diameter wafers, up to 8-inches. Thus, Ill-V compound semiconductor based infrared focal plane technologies such as QWIP, InSb, and strain layer superlattices (SLS) are potential candidates for the development of large format focal planes such as 4096x4096 pixels and larger. In this paper, we will discuss the possibility of extending the infrared detector array size up to 16 megapixels. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6664-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2007 VL 6542 BP W5420 EP W5420 AR 65420W DI 10.1117/12.719938 PN 1-2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGR07 UT WOS:000249892700031 ER PT S AU Singh, M Halbig, MC AF Singh, M. Halbig, Michael C. BE Komeya, K Matsuo, Y Goto, T TI Bonding and integration of silicon carbide based materials for multifunctional applications SO INNOVATION IN CERAMICS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Advanced Ceramics CY DEC 11-15, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP Japan Soc Promot Sci, Adv Inst Mat Sci, Ishikawa Fdn Carbon Sci & Technol, Res Fdn Mat Sci, Yokohama Natl Univ DE silicon carbide; bonding; integration; microstructure; interfacial characterization; diffusion bonding ID THERMAL-EXPANSION ANISOTROPY; CERAMICS; SILICIDES; JOINTS; TI5SI3 AB Robust bonding and integration technologies are critically needed for the successful implementation of silicon carbide based components and systems in a wide variety of aerospace and ground based applications. These technologies include bonding of silicon carbide to silicon carbide as well as silicon carbide to metallic systems. A diffusion bonding based approach has been utilized for joining of silicon carbide (SiC) to silicon carbide sub-elements for a micro-electro-mechanical systems lean direct injector (MEMS LDI) application. The objective is to join SiC sub-elements to from a leak-free injector that has complex internal passages for the flow and mixing of fuel and air. A previous bonding approach relied upon silica glass-based interlayers that were non-uniform and not leak free. In the newly developed joining approach, titanium foils and physically vapor deposited titanium coatings were used to form diffusion bonds between SiC materials using hot pressing. Microscopy results show the formation of well adhered diffusion bonds. Initial tests show that the bond strength is much higher than required for the component system. Benefits of the joining technology are fabrication of leak free joints with high temperature and mechanical capability. C1 [Singh, M.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Halbig, Michael C.] US Army VTD, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Singh, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM msingh@grc.nasa.gov; michael.c.halbig@grc.nasa.gov FU NASA Glenn Research Center under Intelligent Propulsion Systems Foundation Technology FX This effort was supported by the NASA Glenn Research Center under the Intelligent Propulsion Systems Foundation Technology task. The authors would like to thank Tarah Shpargel for metallographic specimen preparation, James Smith for conducting microprobe analysis, and Dr. Robert Okojie for applying PVD Ti coatings on substrates. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2007 VL 352 BP 201 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Chemical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA BGV47 UT WOS:000250782200041 ER PT S AU Cabrol, NA Grin, EA Hock, AN AF Cabrol, Nathalie A. Grin, Edmond A. Hock, Andrew N. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY Davies, PCW TI Mitigation of environmental extremes as a possible indicator of extended habitat sustainability for lakes on early Mars SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X CY AUG 28-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE High-Lakes Project; Mars; Mars analog; habitability; habitat sustainability; life potential on Mars; environmental extremes; high-altitude lakes ID MERIDIANI-PLANUM; RADIATION; UV; EVOLUTION; CLIMATE; ALTIPLANO; LIFE; ICE; FLUCTUATIONS; TEMPERATURE AB The impact of individual extremes on life, such as UV radiation (UVR), temperatures, and salinity is well documented. However, their combined effect in nature is not well-understood while it is a fundamental issue controlling the evolution of habitat sustainability within individual bodies of water. Environmental variables combine in the Bolivian Altiplano to produce some of the highest, least explored and most poorly understood lakes on Earth. Their physical environment of thin atmosphere, high ultraviolet radiation, high daily temperature amplitude, ice, sulfur-rich volcanism, and hydrothermal springs, combined with the changing climate in the Andes and the rapid loss of aqueous habitat provide parallels to ancient Martian lakes at the Noachian/Hesperian transition 3.7-3.5 Ga ago. Documenting this analogy is one of the focuses of the High-Lakes Project (HLP). The geophysical data we collected on three of them located up to 5,916 m elevation suggests that a combination of extreme factors does not necessarily translate into a harsher environment for life. Large and diverse ecosystems adapt to UVR reaching 200%-216% that of sea level in bodies of water sometimes no deeper than 50 cm, massive seasonal freeze-over, and unpredictable daily evolution of UVR and temperature. The HLP project has undertaken the first complete geophysical and biological characterization of these lakes and documents how habitability is sustained and prolonged in declining lakes despite a highly dynamical environment. The same process may have helped life transition through climate crises over time on both Earth and Mars. C1 [Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Carl Sagan Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cabrol, NA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Carl Sagan Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ncabrol@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 77 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6842-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6694 AR 669410 DI 10.1117/12.731506 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BGZ35 UT WOS:000251489700029 ER PT S AU Chen, B Stoker, C Cabrol, N Mckay, CP AF Chen, Bin Stoker, Carol Cabrol, Nathalie Mckay, Christopher P. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY Davies, PCW TI Remote sensing capacity of Raman spectroscopy in identification of mineral and organic constituents SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X CY AUG 28-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Raman spectroscopy; planetary samples; laser excitations; optic fibers ID PLANETARY SURFACES; MARS AB We present design, integration and test results for a field Raman spectrometer science payload, integrated into the Mars Analog Research and Technology (MARTE) drilling platform. During the drilling operation, the subsurface Raman spectroscopy inspection system has obtained signatures of organic and mineral compositions. We also performed ground truth studies using both this field unit and a laboratory micro Raman spectrometer equipped with multiple laser excitation wavelengths on series of field samples including Mojave rocks, Laguna Verde salty sediment and Rio Tinto topsoil. We have evaluated laser excitation conditions and optical probe designs for further improvement. We have demonstrated promising potential for Raman spectroscopy as a non-destructive in situ, high throughput, subsurface detection technique, as well as a desirable active remote sensing tool for future planetary and space missions. C1 [Chen, Bin; Stoker, Carol; Cabrol, Nathalie; Mckay, Christopher P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Chen, B (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6842-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6694 AR 66941D DI 10.1117/12.745959 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BGZ35 UT WOS:000251489700042 ER PT S AU Gordon, R Hoover, RB Tuszynski, JA De Luis, J Camp, PJ Tiffany, MA Nagy, SS Fayek, M Lopez, PJ Lerner, BE AF Gordon, Richard Hoover, Richard B. Tuszynski, Jack A. De Luis, Javier Camp, Philip J. Tiffany, Mary Ann Nagy, Stephen S. Fayek, Mostafa Lopez, Pascal Jean Lerner, Beatriz E. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY Davies, PCW TI Diatoms in space: Testing prospects for reliable diatom nanotechnology in microgravity SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X CY AUG 28-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE active microfluidics; astrobiology; compustat; diatoms; feedback clinostat; microgravity; microtubules; nanotechnology ID BIOTECHNOLOGICALLY RELEVANT PRODUCTS; PHAEODACTYLUM-TRICORNUTUM; THALASSIOSIRA-PSEUDONANA; VALVE MORPHOGENESIS; MICROTUBULE CENTER; MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; CRAWLING CELLS; CENTRIC DIATOM; FLOW-CYTOMETRY AB The worldwide effort to grow nanotechnology, rather than use lithography, focuses on diatoms, single cell eukaryotic algae with ornate silica shells, which can be replaced by oxides and ceramics, or reduced to elemental silicon, to create complex nanostructures with compositions of industrial and electronics importance. Diatoms produce an enormous variety of structures, some of which are microtubule dependent and perhaps sensitive to microgravity. The NASA Single Loop for Cell Culture (SLCC) for culturing and observing microorganisms permits inexpensive, low labor in-space experiments. We propose to send up to the International Space Station diatom cultures of the three diatom species whose genomes are currently being sequenced, plus the giant diatoms of Antarctica (up to 6 mm length for a single cell) and the unique colonial diatom, Bacillaria paradoxa. Bacillaria cells move against each other in partial synchrony, like a sliding deck of cards, by a microfluidics mechanism. Will normal diatoms have aberrant patterns, shapes or motility compared to ground controls? The generation time is typically one day, so that many generations may be examined from one flight. Rapid, directed evolution may be possible running the SLCC as a compustat. The shell shapes and patterns are preserved in hard silica, so that the progress of normal and aberrant morphogenesis may be followed by drying samples on a moving filter paper "diatom tape recorder". With a biodiversity of 100,000 distinct species, diatom nanotechnology may offer a compact and portable nanotechnology toolkit for space exploration anywhere. C1 [Gordon, Richard; Lerner, Beatriz E.] Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada. [Hoover, Richard B.] NASA, Astrobiol Grp, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Tuszynski, Jack A.] Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. [De Luis, Javier] Payload Sys Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. [Camp, Philip J.] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. [Tiffany, Mary Ann] San Diego State Univ, Ctr Inland Waters, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. [Nagy, Stephen S.] Montana Diatoms, Helena, MT 59804 USA. [Fayek, Mostafa] Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. [Lopez, Pascal Jean] Ecole Normale Super, F-75230 Paris 5, France. RP Gordon, R (reprint author), Univ Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada. EM gordonr@cc.umanitoba.ca RI Lopez, Pascal Jean/A-7427-2011; Gordon, Richard/A-4994-2012; MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/IRD, UMR BOREA/B-2312-2012; Camp, Philip/J-7757-2013 OI Gordon, Richard/0000-0003-4970-9953; NR 149 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6842-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6694 AR 66940V DI 10.1117/12.737051 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BGZ35 UT WOS:000251489700024 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB AF Hoover, Richard B. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY Davies, PCW TI Ratios of biogenic elements for distinguishing recent from fossil microorganisms SO INSTRUMENTS, METHODS, AND MISSIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X CY AUG 28-30, 2007 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE microfossils; carbonaceous meteorites; Orgueil; Murchison; Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy; biomarkers; biogenic elements; elemental ratios; cyanobacteria; extremophiles ID AMINO-ACID ENANTIOMERS; MURCHISON METEORITE; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES; ORGUEIL METEORITE; HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; NITROGEN; PORPHYRINS C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM Richard.Hoover@NASA.GOV; Richard.Hoover@NASA.GOV NR 69 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6842-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2007 VL 6694 AR 66940D DI 10.1117/12.742285 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BGZ35 UT WOS:000251489700011 ER EF