FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT B AU Robinson, M Collins, C Leger, P Carsten, J Tompkins, V Hartman, F Yen, J AF Robinson, M. Collins, C. Leger, P. Carsten, J. Tompkins, V. Hartman, F. Yen, J. GP IEEE TI In-situ Operations and Planning for the Mars Science Laboratory Robotic Arm: The First 200 Sols SO 2013 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (SOSE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering CY JUN 02-06, 2013 CL Maui, HI SP IEEE, IEEE SMC Soc, Rochester Inst Technol, MABL, rackspace, IEEE Reliabil Soc, Int Council Syst Engn, Univ Texas San Antonio, ACE DE Manipulation; Mars surface operations; in-situ operations; space robotics; robotic arm AB The Robotic Arm (RA) has operated for more than 200 Martian solar days (or sols) since the Mars Science Laboratory rover touched down in Gale Crater on August 5, 2012. During the first seven months on Mars the robotic arm has performed multiple contact science sols including the positioning of the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and/or Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) with respect to rocks or loose regolith targets. The RA has supported sample acquisition using both the scoop and drill, sample processing with CHIMRA (Collection and Handling for In-Situ Martian Rock Analysis), and delivery of sample portions to the observation tray, and the SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars) and CHEMIN (Chemistry and Mineralogy) science instruments. This paper describes the planning and execution of robotic arm activities during surface operations, and reviews robotic arm performance results from Mars to date. C1 [Robinson, M.; Collins, C.; Leger, P.; Carsten, J.; Tompkins, V.; Hartman, F.; Yen, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Robinson, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Matthew.L.Robinson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-5597-1; 978-1-4673-5596-4 PY 2013 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BA1QM UT WOS:000332884000024 ER PT B AU Robinson, M Collins, C Leger, P Kim, W Carsten, J Tompkins, V Trebi-Ollennu, A Florow, B AF Robinson, M. Collins, C. Leger, P. Kim, W. Carsten, J. Tompkins, V. Trebi-Ollennu, A. Florow, B. GP IEEE TI Test and Validation of the Mars Science Laboratory Robotic Arm SO 2013 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (SOSE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering CY JUN 02-06, 2013 CL Maui, HI SP IEEE, IEEE SMC Soc, Rochester Inst Technol, MABL, rackspace, IEEE Reliabil Soc, Int Council Syst Engn, Univ Texas San Antonio, ACE DE Manipulation; space robotics; robotic arm AB The Mars Science Laboratory Robotic Arm (RA) is a key component for achieving the primary scientific goals of the mission. The RA supports sample acquisition by precisely positioning a scoop above loose regolith or accurately preloading a percussive drill on Martian rocks or rover-mounted organic check materials. It assists sample processing by orienting a sample processing unit called CHIMRA through a series of gravity-relative orientations and sample delivery by positioning the sample portion door above an instrument inlet or the observation tray. In addition the RA facilitates contact science by accurately positioning the dust removal tool, Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) relative to surface targets. In order to fulfill these seemingly disparate science objectives the RA must satisfy a variety of accuracy and performance requirements. This paper describes the necessary arm requirement specification and the test campaign to demonstrate these requirements were satisfied. C1 [Robinson, M.; Collins, C.; Leger, P.; Kim, W.; Carsten, J.; Tompkins, V.; Trebi-Ollennu, A.; Florow, B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Robinson, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Matthew.L.Robinson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-5597-1; 978-1-4673-5596-4 PY 2013 BP 184 EP 189 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BA1QM UT WOS:000332884000029 ER PT S AU Chapin, E Grando, MB Hamilton, GA Pak, KS Pollard, BD Shaffer, SJ Wu, C AF Chapin, Elaine Grando, Maurio B. Hamilton, Gary A. Pak, Kyung S. Pollard, Brian D. Shaffer, Scott J. Wu, Chialin GP IEEE TI Methods for Testing the Mars Science Laboratory's Landing Radar SO 2013 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE (RADAR) SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR) CY APR 29-MAY 03, 2013 CL Ottawa, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Ottawa Sect, AESS AB The Mars Science Laboratory's rover named Curiosity successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012. One component of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) system was the Terminal Descent Sensor (TDS) landing radar. In this paper we describe laboratory testing of this radar performed before launch. C1 [Chapin, Elaine; Grando, Maurio B.; Hamilton, Gary A.; Pak, Kyung S.; Pollard, Brian D.; Shaffer, Scott J.; Wu, Chialin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chapin, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4673-5794-4; 978-1-4673-5792-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2013 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BA1GF UT WOS:000332480800081 ER PT S AU Reis, J Sanford, M Jones, J Mahoney, AR Soofi, KA Hensley, S Holt, B AF Reis, James Sanford, Mark Jones, Joe Mahoney, Andrew R. Soofi, Khalid A. Hensley, Scott Holt, Ben GP IEEE TI GeoSAR P/X-band Single Pass IFSAR over Arctic Ice SO 2013 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE (RADAR) SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR) CY APR 29-MAY 03, 2013 CL Ottawa, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Ottawa Sect, AESS AB The GeoSAR single-pass P-band and X-band IFSAR system was employed 09 April 2012 to acquire ice data over the city of Barrow, Alaska, extending into the Chukchi Sea to the west and the Beaufort Sea to the northeast. The acquisition covered two back-to-back flights obtaining high quality single-pass interferometric X-band and P-band data. Some of the P-band data was collected in fully polarimetric mode. Ground control was established by two geographically separated dual-band corner reflectors. Nadir looking lidar profiler data was acquired over the majority of the project. The acquisition was timed to be temporally coincident with airborne electromagnetic (AEM) ice thickness measurements. Sea ice in the region surveyed was primarily composed of first year ice around 1.8 m thick, though multiyear ice was also observed and ice thicknesses >20m were measured over pressure ridges. P-band imagery disclosed a rich network of ridges with high brightness compared with X-band. Owing to the much greater penetration at P-band than X-band the volumetric decorrelation differs significantly between X-band and P-band that could be potentially exploited to improve ice-type classification. P-band penetration was assessed by simplistic differencing of the X-band and P-band digital elevation models (DEMs) after thresholding based on height error. Preliminary observations indicate surface penetration has been observed; however further analysis is required to determine the relationship between X-band-P-band elevation differences and ice penetration. Acquiring data from a lower altitude with improved SNR and enhanced interferometric sensitivity will benefit measurements. C1 [Reis, James; Sanford, Mark; Jones, Joe] Fugro EarthData Geospatial Serv, Frederick, MD 21774 USA. [Mahoney, Andrew R.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK USA. [Soofi, Khalid A.] Conoco Phillips, Geosci & Reservoir Engn, Houston, TX USA. [Hensley, Scott; Holt, Ben] Jet Prop Lab, Radar Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Reis, J (reprint author), Fugro EarthData Geospatial Serv, Frederick, MD 21774 USA. EM jreis@fugro.com; mahoney@gi.alaska.edu; Khalid.A.Soofi@ConocoPhillips.com; Scott.Hensley@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4673-5794-4; 978-1-4673-5792-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2013 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BA1GF UT WOS:000332480800076 ER PT S AU Spencer, M Dunbar, S Chen, C AF Spencer, Michael Dunbar, Scott Chen, Curtis GP IEEE TI The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Radar: Measurements at High Latitudes and of Surface Freeze/Thaw State SO 2013 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE (RADAR) SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR) CY APR 29-MAY 03, 2013 CL Ottawa, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Ottawa Sect, AESS ID SPRING THAW; BOREAS AB The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission is scheduled for a late 2014 launch date. The mission will use both active radar and passive radiometer instruments at L-Band in order to achieve the science objectives of measuring soil moisture and land surface freeze-thaw state. To achieve requirements for a wide swath at sufficiently high resolution for both active and passive channels, an instrument architecture that uses a large rotating reflector is employed. In this paper, focus will be placed on the radar design. The radar will employ synthetic-aperture processing to achieve a "moderate" resolution dual-pol product over a 1000 km swath. Because the radar is operating continuously, very frequent temporal coverage will be achieved at high latitudes. This data will be used to produce a surface freeze/thaw state data product. C1 [Spencer, Michael; Dunbar, Scott; Chen, Curtis] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Spencer, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-1-4673-5794-4; 978-1-4673-5792-0 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2013 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA BA1GF UT WOS:000332480800124 ER PT B AU Wu, A Tabaddor, M Wang, C Jeevarajan, J AF Wu, Alvin Tabaddor, Mahmood Wang, Carl Jeevarajan, Judith GP IEEE TI SIMULATION OF INTERNAL SHORT CIRCUITS IN LITHIUM ION CELLS SO 2013 IEEE TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION CONFERENCE AND EXPO (ITEC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC) CY JUN 16-19, 2013 CL Dearborn, MI SP IEEE, IEEE Power Elect Soc, IEEE Ind Applicat Soc, IEEE Power & Energy Soc, U S Dept Energy, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB Understanding the root causes and mitigating the safety hazards associated with internal short circuits in lithium ion cells is an active area of research and a needed update for battery safety standards. For battery safety standards, there is a need for a practical, safe and reliable test method for battery safety standards that can assess the safety performance of lithium ion cells under the conditions of an internal short circuit. In this paper, we provide details of proposed test method which relies on external, localized indentation of cell casing to induce an internal fault that might simulate some field failures. C1 [Wu, Alvin; Tabaddor, Mahmood; Wang, Carl] UL LLC, Corp Res, Northbrook, IL 60062 USA. [Wang, Carl] NASA Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Wu, A (reprint author), UL LLC, Corp Res, Northbrook, IL 60062 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-0148-7; 978-1-4799-0146-3 PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BA0OW UT WOS:000332037600066 ER PT S AU Watanabe, M Wiltsie, N Hosoi, AE Iagnemma, K AF Watanabe, Masaaki Wiltsie, Nicholas Hosoi, Annette E. Iagnemma, Karl BE Amato, N TI Characteristics of Controllable Adhesion using Magneto-Rheological Fluid and its Application to Climbing Robotics SO 2013 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS (IROS) SE IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) CY NOV 03-08, 2013 CL Tokyo, JAPAN SP IEEE, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, New Technol Fdn, Soc Instrument & Control Engineers, Kawada Robot, Reflexxes GmbH, Telecommunicat Advancement Fdn, Tateisi Sci & Technol Fdn AB In order to grasp and hold uneven or dusty objects, a robust adhesion mechanism is required. This paper evaluates controllable adhesion using magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) as a technique to stick to non-magnetic materials and rough/dusty surfaces. This technique is both simple to use and robust to uncertain surface conditions, as it involves applying MRF on a surface and activating it with a magnetic field. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate yield stresses in both normal and shear directions with respect to MRF layer thickness, magnetic flux density and surface type. Based on these results, a four-legged climbing robot is designed to demonstrate scaling vertical walls and shows effectiveness of the controllable adhesion using MRF for rough surface. C1 [Watanabe, Masaaki] IHI Corp, Robot Grp, Isogo Ku, 1 Shin Nakahara Cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2358501, Japan. [Wiltsie, Nicholas] Jet Prop Lab, Robot Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Hosoi, Annette E.] MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Hatsopoulos Microfluids Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Iagnemma, Karl] MIT, Robot Mobil Grp, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Watanabe, M (reprint author), IHI Corp, Robot Grp, Isogo Ku, 1 Shin Nakahara Cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2358501, Japan. EM masaaki_watanabe_2@ihi.co.jp; nicholas.wiltsie@jpl.nasa.gov; peko@mit.edu; masaakiw@mit.edu FU Battelle; DARPA [W911NF-11C-0201] FX This research was supported by Battelle, and by DARPA under contract number W911NF-11C-0201. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-0858 BN 978-1-4673-6358-7 J9 IEEE INT C INT ROBOT PY 2013 BP 2315 EP 2320 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BA0HU UT WOS:000331367402070 ER PT S AU Bajracharya, M Ma, J Malchano, M Perkins, A Rizzi, AA Matthies, L AF Bajracharya, Max Ma, Jeremy Malchano, Matt Perkins, Alex Rizzi, Alfred A. Matthies, Larry BE Amato, N TI High Fidelity Day/Night Stereo Mapping with Vegetation and Negative Obstacle Detection for Vision-in-the-Loop Walking SO 2013 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS (IROS) SE IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) CY NOV 03-08, 2013 CL Tokyo, JAPAN SP IEEE, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, New Technol Fdn, Soc Instrument & Control Engineers, Kawada Robot, Reflexxes GmbH, Telecommunicat Advancement Fdn, Tateisi Sci & Technol Fdn ID NAVIGATION; MOBILITY; ROBOT AB This paper describes the stereo vision near-field terrain mapping system used by the Legged Squad Support System (LS3) quadruped vehicle to automatically adjust its gait in complex natural terrain. The mapping system achieves high robustness with a combination of stereo model-based outlier rejection and spatial and temporal filtering, enabled by a unique hybrid 2D/3D data structure. Classification of sparse structures allows the vehicle to traverse through vegetation. Inference of negative obstacles allows the vehicle to avoid steep drop-offs. A custom designed near-infrared illumination system enables operation at night. The mapping system has been tested extensively with controlled experiments and 72km of field testing in a wide variety of terrains and conditions. C1 [Bajracharya, Max; Ma, Jeremy; Malchano, Matt; Perkins, Alex; Rizzi, Alfred A.; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bajracharya, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM maxb@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-0858 BN 978-1-4673-6358-7 J9 IEEE INT C INT ROBOT PY 2013 BP 3663 EP 3670 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BA0HU UT WOS:000331367403107 ER PT S AU Weiss, S Brockers, R Matthies, L AF Weiss, Stephan Brockers, Roland Matthies, Larry BE Amato, N TI 4DoF Drift Free Navigation Using Inertial Cues and Optical Flow SO 2013 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS (IROS) SE IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) CY NOV 03-08, 2013 CL Tokyo, JAPAN SP IEEE, IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Ind Elect Soc, Robot Soc Japan, New Technol Fdn, Soc Instrument & Control Engineers, Kawada Robot, Reflexxes GmbH, Telecommunicat Advancement Fdn, Tateisi Sci & Technol Fdn ID CALIBRATION; FUSION AB In this paper, we describe a novel approach in fusing optical flow with inertial cues (3D acceleration and 3D angular velocities) in order to navigate a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) drift free in 4DoF and metric velocity. Our approach only requires two consecutive images with a minimum of three feature matches. It does not require any (point) map nor any type of feature history. Thus it is an inherently failsafe approach that is immune to map and feature-track failures. With these minimal requirements we show in real experiments that the system is able to navigate drift free in all angles including yaw, in one metric position axis, and in 3D metric velocity. Furthermore, it is a power-on-and-go system able to online self-calibrate the inertial biases, the visual scale and the full 6DoF extrinsic transformation parameters between camera and IMU. C1 [Weiss, Stephan; Brockers, Roland; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Weiss, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM stephan.weiss@ieee.org; roland.brockers@jpl.nasa.gov; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-0858 BN 978-1-4673-6358-7 J9 IEEE INT C INT ROBOT PY 2013 BP 4180 EP 4186 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BA0HU UT WOS:000331367404037 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Micromechanics of Composite Materials A Generalized Multiscale Analysis Approach Introduction SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00001-X PG 18 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800002 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Micromechanics of Composite Materials A Generalized Multiscale Analysis Approach Preface SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP XVII EP + PG 32 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800001 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Fundamentals of the Mechanics of Multiphase Materials SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 87 EP 145 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00003-3 PG 59 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800004 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI The Method of Cells Micromechanics SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 147 EP 226 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00004-5 PG 80 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800005 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI The Generalized Method of Cells Micromechanics SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 227 EP 350 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00005-7 PG 124 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800006 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI The High-Fidelity Generalized Method of Cells Micromechanics SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 351 EP 445 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00006-9 PG 95 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800007 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Multiscale Modeling of Composites SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 447 EP 540 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00007-0 PG 94 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800008 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Fully Coupled Thermomicromechanical Analysis of Multiphase Composites SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 541 EP 576 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00008-2 PG 36 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800009 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Finite Strain Micromechanical Modeling of Multiphase Composites SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 577 EP 676 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00009-4 PG 100 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800010 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Micromechanical Analysis of Smart Composite Materials SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 677 EP 771 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00010-0 PG 95 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800011 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Higher-Order Theory for Functionally Graded Materials SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 773 EP 877 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00011-2 PG 105 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800012 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Wave Propagation in Multiphase and Porous Materials SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 879 EP 928 DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00012-4 PG 50 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800013 ER PT B AU Aboudi, J Arnold, S Bednarcyk, B AF Aboudi, Jacob Arnold, Steve Bednarcyk, Brett BA Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA BF Aboudi, J Arnold, SM Bednarcyk, BA TI Micromechanics Software SO MICROMECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: A GENERALIZED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS APPROACH LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Aboudi, Jacob] Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Arnold, Steve; Bednarcyk, Brett] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Aboudi, J (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI BURLINGTON PA 30 CORPORATE DRIVE, STE 400, BURLINGTON, MA 01803 USA BN 978-0-12-397759-5; 978-0-12-397035-0 PY 2013 BP 929 EP + DI 10.1016/B978-0-12-397035-0.00013-6 PG 37 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BA0NO UT WOS:000331955800014 ER PT B AU Kaufman, I Tindjong, R Luchinsky, DG McClintock, PVE Eisenberg, RS AF Kaufman, I. Tindjong, R. Luchinsky, D. G. McClintock, P. V. E. Eisenberg, R. S. GP IEEE TI Resonant Multi-Ion Conduction in a Simple Model of Calcium Channels SO 2013 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NOISE AND FLUCTUATIONS (ICNF) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations (ICNF) CY JUN 24-28, 2013 CL Montpellier, FRANCE ID SODIUM-CHANNELS; SELECTIVITY; PERMEATION AB The ionic permeation of a biological ion channel is a multi-particle, non-equilibrium, stochastic process. Brownian dynamics simulations for a simple electrostatic model of the calcium channel reveal regular structure in the conductance and selectivity as functions of the negative fixed charge Q(f) on the protein wall at the selectivity filter. This structure consists of distinct high conductance regions (conduction bands) separated by regions of near non-conductance (stop-bands). We report self-consistent electrostatic calculations of single-file, double-ion, stochastic optimal trajectories, and of the energy profiles along these trajectories, for different Q(f). We show that the energy difference Delta E along the optimal path exhibits a pronounced minimum near Q(f) = 3e corresponding to an almost barrier-less (Delta E similar to k(B)T) resonance-like form of conduction. We demonstrate explicitly that the sharply-defined conduction/selectivity peak of the L-type calcium channel is attributable to the barrier-less knock-on motion of a pair of calcium ions that can occur when their mutual electrostatic repulsion balances their electrostatic attraction to the charge at the selectivity filter. The electrostatics calculations agree well with the results of Brownian dynamics simulations. These results clarify the long-standing puzzle of how the L-type calcium channel exhibits, simultaneously, both high calcium selectivity and conduction at almost the rate of free diffusion. C1 [Kaufman, I.; Tindjong, R.; Luchinsky, D. G.; McClintock, P. V. E.] Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England. [Luchinsky, D. G.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Eisenberg, R. S.] Rush Univ, Mol Biophys, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Kaufman, I (reprint author), Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England. EM p.v.e.mcclintock@lancaster.ac.uk RI Luchinsky, Dmitry/N-4177-2014 FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK [EP/G070660/1] FX The research was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK (grant No. EP/G070660/1). NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-0671-0; 978-1-4799-0668-0 PY 2013 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BA0OQ UT WOS:000332005700053 ER PT B AU Tindjong, R Kaufman, I Luchinsky, DG McClintock, PVE Khovanov, IA Eisenberg, RS AF Tindjong, R. Kaufman, I. Luchinsky, D. G. McClintock, P. V. E. Khovanov, I. A. Eisenberg, R. S. GP IEEE TI Stochastic Dynamics of Remote Knock-On Permeation in Biological Ion Channels SO 2013 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NOISE AND FLUCTUATIONS (ICNF) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations (ICNF) CY JUN 24-28, 2013 CL Montpellier, FRANCE ID SELECTIVITY; CONDUCTION; MECHANISM; BARRIER AB Brownian dynamics simulations provide evidence for a remote knock-on mechanism facilitating the permeation of a biological ion channel by an ion that is initially trapped at the selectivity filter (SF). Unlike the case of conventional direct knock-on, the second ion that instigates permeation does not need to enter the channel. Nor does it necessarily take the place of the permeating ion at the SF, and it can even be of a different ionic species. The study is based on the simultaneous, self-consistent, solution of the coupled Poisson and Langevin equations for a simple generic model, taking account of all the charges present. The new permeation mechanism involves electrostatic amplification attributable to the permittivity mismatch between water and protein: the arrival of the instigating ion at the channel entrance reduces the exit barrier for the ion trapped at the SF, facilitating escape. C1 [Tindjong, R.; Kaufman, I.; Luchinsky, D. G.; McClintock, P. V. E.] Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England. [Luchinsky, D. G.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Khovanov, I. A.] Univ Warwick, Sch Engn, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. [Eisenberg, R. S.] Rush Med Coll, Dept Mol Biophys & Physiol, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Tindjong, R (reprint author), Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England. EM p.v.e.mcclintock@lancaster.ac.uk RI Luchinsky, Dmitry/N-4177-2014 FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK [EP/G070660/1] FX The research was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK (grant No. EP/G070660/1). NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-0671-0; 978-1-4799-0668-0 PY 2013 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BA0OQ UT WOS:000332005700020 ER PT S AU Ryoo, MS Matthies, L AF Ryoo, M. S. Matthies, Larry GP IEEE TI First-Person Activity Recognition: What Are They Doing to Me? SO 2013 IEEE CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION (CVPR) SE IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) CY JUN 23-28, 2013 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc ID CLASSIFICATION AB This paper discusses the problem of recognizing interaction-level human activities from a first-person viewpoint. The goal is to enable an observer (e.g., a robot or a wearable camera) to understand 'what activity others are performing to it' from continuous video inputs. These include friendly interactions such as 'a person hugging the observer' as well as hostile interactions like 'punching the observer' or 'throwing objects to the observer', whose videos involve a large amount of camera ego-motion caused by physical interactions. The paper investigates multi-channel kernels to integrate global and local motion information, and presents a new activity learning/recognition methodology that explicitly considers temporal structures displayed in first-person activity videos. In our experiments, we not only show classification results with segmented videos, but also confirm that our new approach is able to detect activities from continuous videos reliably. C1 [Ryoo, M. S.; Matthies, Larry] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ryoo, MS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM mryoo@jpl.nasa.gov; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1063-6919 BN 978-0-7695-4989-7 J9 PROC CVPR IEEE PY 2013 BP 2730 EP 2737 DI 10.1109/CVPR.2013.352 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BA0ER UT WOS:000331094302100 ER PT S AU Kallman, T AF Kallman, T. BE Gillaspy, JD Wiese, WL Podpaly, YA TI Data Needs for X-ray Astronomy Satellites SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS (ICAMDATA-2012) SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications (ICAMDATA) CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 2012 CL Gaithersburg, MD ID K-SHELL PHOTOIONIZATION; DIELECTRONIC RECOMBINATION; DENSITY PLASMAS; PHOTOABSORPTION; IONS; COEFFICIENTS; IONIZATION; ABSORPTION; SPECTRA; CA AB I review the current status of atomic data for X-ray astronomy satellites. This includes some of the astrophysical issues which can be addressed, current modeling and analysis techniques, computational tools, the limitations imposed by currently available atomic data, and the validity of standard assumptions. I also discuss the future: challenges associated with future missions and goals for atomic data collection. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kallman, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1170-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2013 VL 1545 BP 164 EP 175 DI 10.1063/1.4815850 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BA0HJ UT WOS:000331261500015 ER PT S AU Leckrone, DS AF Leckrone, David S. BE Gillaspy, JD Wiese, WL Podpaly, YA TI Laboratory Spectroscopy and Space Astrophysics: A Tribute to Joe Reader SO EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS (ICAMDATA-2012) SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications (ICAMDATA) CY SEP 30-OCT 04, 2012 CL Gaithersburg, MD DE High-Resolution Spectroscopy; Space Observatories; Ultraviolet Spectra; Stars; Interstellar Medium ID STARS CHI-LUPI; RESOLUTION; WAVELENGTHS; ABUNDANCE; MERCURY AB Beginning with the launch of the Copernicus Satellite in 1973, and continuing with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), and the state-of-the-art spectrographs on the Hubble Space Telescope (GHRS, FOS, STIS and COS), astrophysics experienced dramatic advancements in capabilities to study the composition and physical properties of planets, comets, stars, nebulae, the interstellar medium, galaxies, quasars and the intergalactic medium at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. It became clear almost immediately that the available atomic data needed to calibrate and quantitatively analyze these superb spectroscopic observations, obtained at great cost from space observatories, was not up to that task. Over the past 3+ decades, Joe Reader and his collaborators at NIST have provided, essentially "on demand", laboratory observations and analyses of extraordinary quality to help astrophysicists extract the maximum possible physical understanding of objects in the cosmos from their space observations. This talk is one scientist's grateful retrospective about these invaluable collaborations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA. RP Leckrone, DS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Sci Div, 10903 Rocky Mt Way, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1170-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2013 VL 1545 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1063/1.4815864 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BA0HJ UT WOS:000331261500029 ER PT S AU Eldridge, JI Chambers, MD AF Eldridge, J. I. Chambers, M. D. BE Meyer, CW TI Temperature Sensing Above 1000 degrees C Using Cr-Doped GdAlO3 Spin-Allowed Broadband Luminescence SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 8 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Temperature Symposium on Temperature - Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry CY MAR 19-23, 2012 CL Los Angeles, CA SP US Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Measurement Sci Conf, Fluke Corp, Measurements Int, Chino Corp, ICL Calibrat Lab, INSCO Instrumentat Serv, Sensing Devices, Liu Res Lab, Thermoprobe, Rocky Mt Tissue Bank, Lake Shore Cryotron, Thermoworks, Tovey Engn, Palmer Wahl Instrumentat Grp DE Luminescence; phosphor; temperature measurement; Cr-doped GdAlO3; perovskite ID THERMOGRAPHIC PHOSPHORS; RUBY; THERMOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE; DEPENDENCES; FIBER; LIFETIME; EMERALD; SENSOR AB Cr-doped GdAlO3 (Cr:GdAlO3) is shown to produce remarkably high-intensity spin-allowed broadband luminescence with sufficiently long decay times to make effective luminescence-decay-time-based temperature measurements above 1000 degrees C. This phosphor is therefore an attractive alternative to the much lower luminescence intensity rare-earth-doped thermographic phosphors that are typically utilized at these elevated temperatures. In particular, Cr: GdAlO3 will be preferred over rare-earth-doped phosphors, such as Dy:YAG, at temperatures up to 1200 degrees C for intensity-starved situations when the much lower emission intensity from rare-earth-doped phosphors is insufficient for accurate temperature measurements in the presence of significant radiation background. While transition-metal-doped phosphors such as Cr: Al2O3 (ruby) are known to exhibit high luminescence intensity at low dopant concentrations, quenching due to nonradiative decay pathways competing with the E-2 to (4)A(2) radiative transition (R line) has typically restricted their use for temperature sensing to below 600 degrees C. Thermal quenching of the broadband T-4(2) to (4)A(2) radiative transition from Cr: GdAlO3, however, is delayed until much higher temperatures (above 1000 degrees C). This spin-allowed broadband emission persists to high temperatures because the lower-lying E-2 energy level acts as a reservoir to thermally populate the higher shorter-lived T-4(2) energy level and because the activation energy for nonradiative crossover relaxation from the T-4(2) level to the (4)A(2) ground state is high. The strong crystal field associated with the tight bonding of the AlO6 octahedra in the GdAlO3 perovskite structure is responsible for this behavior. C1 [Eldridge, J. I.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Chambers, M. D.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. RP Eldridge, JI (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. FU NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate Seedling Fund FX We are grateful for the support of the NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate Seedling Fund. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1178-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2013 VL 1552 BP 873 EP 878 DI 10.1063/1.4819659 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BA0HP UT WOS:000331284900154 ER PT S AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BE Bickford, ME TI From Kilauea Iki 1959 to Eyjafjallajokull 2010: How volcanology has changed! SO WEB OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES: ADVANCES, IMPACTS, AND INTERACTIONS SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; BASE-SURGE DEPOSITS; SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES; VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; CALDERA-COLLAPSE; BASALTIC VOLCANO; CENTRAL MEXICO; ANALOG MODELS; COLLI-ALBANI; LAVA FLOWS AB The field of volcanology has greatly changed during the last half century. The profession is now much more diverse and interdisciplinary, even including collaborating researchers from the social and medical sciences. This new mode of cooperation and working has been more successful in mitigating volcanic hazards and risks. There are fewer of the strong-willed lone rangers of the past and more of those who work with teams to more effectively understand how volcanoes work to protect those living on or near active or potentially active volcanoes. Moreover, there are more university departments with volcanology in their curricula and more international symposia and workshops focusing on mitigation of risk posed by volcano-related hazards. We all have respected colleagues and volcano observatories in many countries. The importance of understanding explosive volcanic eruptions and tracking of eruption plumes involves volcanologists, atmospheric physicists, and air-traffic controllers and is of great interest to the aviation industry. We now have the links in place between great science and practical applications. C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Lunar Receiving Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Heiken, G (reprint author), 331 Windantide Pl, Washington, DC USA. EM heiken@whidbey.com NR 237 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2500-0 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2013 VL 500 BP 33 EP 63 DI 10.1130/2013.2500(02) D2 10.1130/9780813725000 PG 31 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Geology; History & Philosophy of Science GA BJS00 UT WOS:000329864400003 ER PT S AU Johnson, CM McLennan, SM McSween, HY Summons, RE AF Johnson, Clark M. McLennan, Scott M. McSween, Harry Y. Summons, Roger E. BE Bickford, ME TI Smaller, better, more: Five decades of advances in geochemistry SO WEB OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES: ADVANCES, IMPACTS, AND INTERACTIONS SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; STABLE-ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; MASS-INDEPENDENT FRACTIONATION; TETRAETHER MEMBRANE-LIPIDS; GREAT OXIDATION EVENT; BANDED IRON-FORMATION; INDIVIDUAL PRECAMBRIAN MICROFOSSILS; MULTIPLY-SUBSTITUTED ISOTOPOLOGUES; SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC-MATTER AB Many of the discoveries made in geochemistry over the last 50 years have been driven by technological advances that have allowed analysis of smaller samples, attainment of better instrumental precision and accuracy or computational capability, and automation that has provided many more data. These advances occurred during development of revolutionary concepts, such as plate tectonics, which has provided an overarching framework for interpreting many geochemical studies. Also, spacecraft exploration of other planetary bodies, including analyses of returned lunar samples and remote sensing of Mars, has added an additional dimension to geochemistry. Determinations of elemental compositions of minerals and rocks, either through in situ analysis by various techniques (e. g., electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry [SIMS], synchrotron X-ray fluorescence [XRF], laser ablation) or bulk analysis (e. g., XRF, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry [ICP-AES], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [ICP-MS]), have become essential approaches to many geochemical studies at levels of sensitivity and spatial resolution undreamed of five decades ago. Although major-element distributions in igneous rocks have been understood at a basic level for some time, advances using major-element abundances to understand sedimentary provenance and processes have been especially noteworthy during the past half-century. The great diversity of trace elements in terms of geochemical behavior (e.g., lithophile, siderophile, etc.) has made them invaluable to many studies, providing unique constraints on redox conditions, mineral-melt and mineral-fluid reactions, and planetary differentiation. Significant advances in microanalytical techniques have markedly improved experimental determinations of trace-element partitioning among phases and in characterizing elemental distributions in rocks and minerals using two-dimensional and three-dimensional mapping. Rare earth elements, in particular, have proved to be invaluable tracers of magmatic, sedimentary, aqueous, redox, and cosmochemical processes, and siderophile trace elements form a basis for modeling many aspects of planetary accretion and early evolution. An anomalous amount of iridium at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic boundary has revolutionized our view of one of Earth's most important biologic extinctions. Isotopic variations, whether produced by stable or radiogenic isotopes, provide a third dimension to the Periodic Table of Elements, and tremendous advances in instrumentation since the early 1960s have greatly broadened this field of geochemistry. Early work outlined the stable H and O isotope fingerprints of natural waters and water-rock interactions, and stable C and S isotope studies defined the biological fractionations that occur by photosynthesis and microbial sulfate reduction, respectively, topics that have since been applied to problems relating to the evolution of life and Earth's atmosphere. Recent work on stable O isotopes has documented the likelihood that liquid water existed >4 b.y. ago on Earth, which profoundly affects our view of Earth's evolution. New work on "nontraditional" stable isotopes has investigated redox cycling over Earth's history, as has study of non-mass-dependent stable isotope variations. New approaches using stable isotopes as paleothermometers include exploiting the unique energetics of bonds between rare stable isotopes. Early work on the radiogenic Rb-Sr and U-Th-Pb isotope systems documented the key distinctions between continental crust and mantle, setting the stage for later tracing of mass fluxes via plate tectonics, as well as documenting the great antiquity of continental crust formation and mantle differentiation on Earth. The Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope systems provided a temporal context for earlier studies of rare earth element variations in nature, including new constraints on crustal growth rates and mechanisms extending back earlier than 4 Ga. The siderophile Re-Os isotope system has been used to study the accretion of planetary bodies, core-mantle interaction, and the nature of the ancient lithospheric mantle. The branch of geochemistry that deals with fossilized organic molecules had its origins in elucidating the processes and pathways that led to petroleum formation. As awareness of the richness and diversity of organic compounds that can be preserved in sedimentary rocks grew, this gave way to the broader endeavor of molecular paleobiology. Despite great challenges in tying specific biomolecules to groups of organisms, or to metabolic processes, as well as issues of preservation mechanisms, molecular paleobiology remains a prime approach for studying the history of microorganisms, which have been the dominant life form for most of Earth's history and yet are rarely preserved in the fossil record. Work on molecular biomarkers has produced numerous paleoenvironmental proxies for the chemistry and redox state (euxinia, anoxic, oxic) of the ancient oceans, as well as new paleoclimate records. The biochemical diversity of relatively simple life forms, including bacteria and archaea, has provided a wealth of lipid biomarkers that inform us about the evolution of metabolisms over Earth history, including oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis, methanogenesis, and methanotrophy, and these records have been tied into stable isotope variations of many individual chemical elements (C, H, N, O, S, Fe, Mo, etc.), which provide a broad view of the biogeochemical evolution and biologically catalyzed redox cycling of Earth, and, potentially, other planetary bodies. Although many geochemists focus exclusively on terrestrial problems, research over the past five decades has been intimately linked to the chemistry of other solar system bodies and the universe beyond. We routinely rely on meteorite falls, interplanetary dust particles, and Moon rocks for a baseline for comparison to Earth, which has been extensively differentiated and repeatedly resurfaced. Sophisticated remote-sensing capabilities based on past and current spacecraft missions are enabling active study of other planetary bodies such as the Moon, Mercury, and Mars. Ideas about nucleosynthesis within stars are tested by reference to the measured isotopic compositions of tiny presolar grains extracted from chondrites. Short-lived radionuclides in meteorites provide a detailed record of the condensation, mixing, and differentiation history of the earliest solar system. Mass-independent oxygen isotope fractionation in extraterrestrial samples may identify photochemical processes in the early solar nebula. More broadly, the temperature stabilities of elements and minerals constrain the sequence of nebular condensation, which provides a first-order explanation for the bulk composition of the terrestrial planets relative to the planets of the outer solar system. Organic compounds from space inform us on the delivery of complex organic molecules to the early Earth, which likely influenced the earliest organic chemistry reactions, which in turn must have affected the origin and evolution of life. Chemical characterizations of samples of the Moon from the Apollo missions have provided the key data to recognize the Moon's formation by impact of a Mars-size object with Earth and the likelihood that both bodies solidified from magma oceans. The individual subfields in geochemistry are becoming increasingly integrated, where systems are now viewed in a more holistic fashion, such as multi-element or multi-isotopic studies of biogeochemical cycles. Such approaches seem likely to continue in the future, and they offer a comprehensive way to test multiple hypotheses and address geologic questions that continue to be important as we use geochemistry to better understand the geologic history of Earth and the solar system. C1 [Johnson, Clark M.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Johnson, Clark M.] NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Wisconsin Team, Washington, DC USA. [McLennan, Scott M.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [McSween, Harry Y.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Summons, Roger E.] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Summons, Roger E.] NASA, Astrobiol Inst, MIT Team, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, CM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geosci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM clarkj@geology.wisc.edu NR 500 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 6 U2 29 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2500-0 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2013 VL 500 BP 259 EP 302 DI 10.1130/2013.2500(08) D2 10.1130/9780813725000 PG 44 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Geology; History & Philosophy of Science GA BJS00 UT WOS:000329864400009 ER PT S AU Frank, J AF Frank, Jeremy GP IEEE TI The Challenges of Verification and Validation of Automated Planning Systems SO 2013 28TH IEEE/ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ASE) SE IEEE ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) CY NOV 11-15, 2013 CL Palo Alto, CA SP IEEE, Assoc Comp Machinery, IEEE Comp Soc, Tech Council Software Engn, Special Interest Grp Software Engn, Assoc Comp Machinery, SIGART, NASA, Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Google, Microsoft, D Risq Software Syst C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Frank, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1527-1366 BN 978-1-4799-0215-6 J9 IEEE INT CONF AUTOM PY 2013 BP 2 EP 2 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BA0EP UT WOS:000331090200002 ER PT S AU Ray, B Kim, M Person, S Rungta, N AF Ray, Baishakhi Kim, Miryung Person, Suzette Rungta, Neha GP IEEE TI Detecting and Characterizing Semantic Inconsistencies in Ported Code SO 2013 28TH IEEE/ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (ASE) SE IEEE ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) CY NOV 11-15, 2013 CL Palo Alto, CA SP IEEE, Assoc Comp Machinery, IEEE Comp Soc, Tech Council Software Engn, Special Interest Grp Software Engn, Assoc Comp Machinery, SIGART, NASA, Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies, Google, Microsoft, D Risq Software Syst ID SYSTEM; CLONES AB Adding similar features and bug fixes often requires porting program patches from reference implementations and adapting them to target implementations. Porting errors may result from faulty adaptations or inconsistent updates. This paper investigates (1) the types of porting errors found in practice, and (2) how to detect and characterize potential porting errors. Analyzing version histories, we define five categories of porting errors, including incorrect control- and data-flow, code redundancy, inconsistent identifier renamings, etc. Leveraging this categorization, we design a static control- and data-dependence analysis technique, SPA, to detect and characterize porting inconsistencies. Our evaluation on code from four open-source projects shows that SPA can detect porting inconsistencies with 65% to 73% precision and 90% recall, and identify inconsistency types with 58% to 63% precision and 92% to 100% recall. In a comparison with two existing error detection tools, SPA improves precision by 14 to 17 percentage points. C1 [Ray, Baishakhi; Kim, Miryung] Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Person, Suzette] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. [Rungta, Neha] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA USA. RP Ray, B (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM rayb@utexas.edu; miryung@ece.utexas.edu; suzette.person@nasa.gov; neha.s.rungta@nasa.gov FU National Science Foundation [CCF-1149391, CCF-1117902, SHF-0910818, CNS-1239498] FX We thank Na Meng for the discussions that inspired the design of the SPA algorithm and for her help in reusing the implementation of Sydit and LASE. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grants CCF-1149391, CCF-1117902, SHF-0910818, and CNS-1239498. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1527-1366 BN 978-1-4799-0215-6 J9 IEEE INT CONF AUTOM PY 2013 BP 367 EP 377 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BA0EP UT WOS:000331090200037 ER PT S AU Lombaerts, T Schuet, S Wheeler, K Acosta, D Kaneshige, J AF Lombaerts, Thomas Schuet, Stefan Wheeler, Kevin Acosta, Diana Kaneshige, John GP IEEE TI Robust maneuvering envelope estimation based on reachability analysis in an optimal control formulation SO 2013 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND FAULT-TOLERANT SYSTEMS (SYSTOL) SE Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems (SysTol) CY OCT 09-11, 2013 CL Nice, FRANCE SP IEEE, IEEE Control Syst Soc, IEEE Reliabil Soc, Res Ctr Automat Control Nancy, Univ Lorraine AB This paper discusses an algorithm for estimating the safe maneuvering envelope of damaged aircraft. The algorithm performs a robust reachability analysis through an optimal control formulation while making use of time scale separation and taking into account uncertainties in the aerodynamic derivatives. Starting with an optimal control formulation, the optimization problem can be rewritten as a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. This equation can be solved by level set methods. This approach has been applied on an aircraft example involving structural airframe damage. Monte Carlo validation tests have confirmed that this approach is successful in estimating the safe maneuvering envelope for damaged aircraft. C1 [Lombaerts, Thomas; Wheeler, Kevin; Acosta, Diana; Kaneshige, John] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Adapt Control & Evolvable Syst ACES Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Schuet, Stefan; Wheeler, Kevin; Acosta, Diana; Kaneshige, John] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Intell Syst Div, Moffett Ames, CA USA. RP Lombaerts, T (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Adapt Control & Evolvable Syst ACES Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM thomas.lombaerts@dlr.de FU Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (IOF) within the 7th European Community Framework Program FX This work is supported by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (IOF) within the 7th European Community Framework Program. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2162-1209 BN 978-1-4799-2855-2 J9 CONF CONTR FAULT-TOL PY 2013 BP 318 EP 323 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BA0EM UT WOS:000331082600051 ER PT J AU Srivastava, AN AF Srivastava, Ashok N. TI Announcing the Journal of Aerospace Information Systems SO JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Srivastava, AN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 1940-3151 EI 2327-3097 J9 J AEROSP INFORM SYST JI J. Aerosp. Inf. Syst. PD JAN PY 2013 VL 10 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.2514/1.I010113 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA AB2EQ UT WOS:000331606400001 ER PT J AU Fung, A Reck, T Varonen, M Lee, C Soria, M Chattopadhyay, G Kangaslahti, P Samoska, L Sarkozy, S Lai, R AF Fung, Andy Reck, Theodore Varonen, Mikko Lee, Choonsup Soria, Mary Chattopadhyay, Goutam Kangaslahti, Pekka Samoska, Lorene Sarkozy, Stephen Lai, Richard GP IEEE TI Low Noise Amplifier Modules from 220-270 GHz SO 2013 8TH EUROPEAN MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CONFERENCE (EUMIC) SE European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference - Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC) CY OCT 06-08, 2013 CL Nuremberg, GERMANY SP Electron Devices Soc, GAAS DE MMIC; amplifier; cascode; common source; indium phosphide (InP); high electron mobility transistor (HEMT); gallium arsenide (GaAs); microstrip-to-waveguide transition; WR3; H-band; noise ID SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE; BANDWIDTH; GUIDE; THZ AB We present the design and performance of low noise amplifier modules in the WR3 frequency band (220-325 GHz). E-plane split waveguide blocks are used with 25 mu m gallium arsenide membrane radial probes to couple signal into and out of 35 nm gate length indium phosphide monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers. Design, fabrication and testing of the probe transitions and amplifier modules are discussed. For a cascode amplifier module cryogenically cooled to 20 K, we measure a minimum noise temperature of 120 K at 258 GHz and noise temperatures less than 145 K between 234-268 GHz. To our knowledge, these results are the lowest LNA noise temperatures at these frequencies reported to date. C1 [Fung, Andy; Reck, Theodore; Varonen, Mikko; Lee, Choonsup; Soria, Mary; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Kangaslahti, Pekka; Samoska, Lorene] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Sarkozy, Stephen; Lai, Richard] Northrop Grumman Corp, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. RP Fung, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Andy.Fung@Jpl.Nasa.Gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Oak Ridge Associated Universities; Academy of Finland FX This work was performed in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The work of M. Varonen was supported by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through the NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP) and also supported by the Academy of Finland through the Centre of Excellence Program (SMARAD2). NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-2-87487-032-3 J9 EUR MICROW INTEGRAT PY 2013 BP 224 EP 227 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BA0AB UT WOS:000330766400057 ER PT S AU Decrossas, E Glover, MD Porter, K Cannon, T Mantooth, HA Hamilton, MC AF Decrossas, Emmanuel Glover, Michael D. Porter, Kaoru Cannon, Tom Mantooth, H. Alan Hamilton, M. C. GP IEEE TI Broad Frequency LTCC Vertical Interconnect Transition for MultiChip Modules and System On Package Applications SO 2013 EUROPEAN MICROWAVE CONFERENCE (EUMC) SE European Microwave Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd European Microwave Conference (EuMC) CY OCT 07-10, 2013 CL Nuremberg, GERMANY SP APS DE Full-tape-thickness feature; LTCC 9K7 interconnect; multi-chip-module (MCM); quasi-coaxial vertical transition; signal integrity; system on package (SOP) AB Various stripline structures and flip chip interconnect designs for high-speed digital communication systems implemented in low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrates are studied in this paper. Specifically, two different transition designs from edge launch 2.4mm connectors to stripline transmission lines embedded in LTCC are discussed. After characterizing the DuPont (TM) 9K7 green tape, different designs are proposed to improve signal integrity for high-speed digital data. The full-wave simulations and experimental data validate the presented designs over a broad frequency band from DC to 50 GHz and beyond. C1 [Decrossas, Emmanuel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Decrossas, Emmanuel; Glover, Michael D.; Porter, Kaoru; Cannon, Tom; Mantooth, H. Alan] Univ Arkansas, HiDEC, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. [Hamilton, M. C.] Auburn Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Decrossas, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM edecrossas@ieee.org; mglover@uark.edu; mantooth@uark.edu; mchamilton@auburn.edu NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2325-0305 BN 978-2-87487-031-6 J9 EUR MICROW CONF PY 2013 BP 104 EP 107 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BA0AE UT WOS:000330768700027 ER PT J AU Munoz, M AF Munoz, Michela GP IEEE TI Space systems modeling using the Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) SO 2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ENGINEERING WORKSHOPS (ISSREW) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 24th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) CY NOV 04-07, 2013 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE DE Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL); model based system engineering; software assurance; software reliability; space operations; mission assurance AB Our interest focuses on how to accurately represent the behavior of complex flight and ground systems by properly selecting the key attributes particularly when model-based techniques are increasingly used for their development. Can new tools and technologies be used in future missions starting at earlier phases to reduce risk? The objective is to demonstrate the use of the Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL, SAE AS5506/A) to analyze quality attributes of integrated flight and ground systems software architecture in the context of verification and validation activities. AADL modeling has been used to accurately represent the behavior of complex systems in space missions starting at earlier phases to reduce risk. AADL model shows execution interactions between high-level system components and it enables early quality attribute analyses. AADL adds rigor and formalism to development lifecycle and assurance activities and as a result it reduces possibility of rework later in lifecycle. Formal semantics provide confidence at gateway reviews, by providing independent, semantically accurate analyses. Provision of not just software or hardware assurance but system assurance; therefore, mission assurance. AADL modeling is applicable to real-time embedded software systems-the types of systems NASA builds. This research is directly applicable to NASA missions. AADL models offer a way to make better decisions on system architectures especially during development phase (SMAP mission-architectural decisions made during the early design impact) and as a result risk is reduced. Examples of ground and flight systems architectures applicable to NASA missions will be shown including SMAP and Juno missions. For the Critical Design Review (CDR) of the JPL SMAP mission, the AADL team updated the AADL model to reflect the nontrivial re-architecture of the SMAP flight software and avionics hardware. In the process, we completed the Information Flow model and performed Data Latency Analysis (The particular value of this analysis to SMAP was to help model the science collection and data downlink rate). We have shown that the detailed design of SMAP FSW is continually consistent with the software architecture model. The re-architecting to a different baseline is also a testament to the flexibility of the AADL modeling approach. To summarize, these are the performance analyses we have performed: Bus Bandwidth Analysis, Memory Resource Analysis, Deadlock Analysis (UPPAAL), Reachability Analysis (UPPAAL). Furthermore, analysis results show how some Juno command errors could have been avoided if the AADL model had been in place before the Juno instruments checkout activities. By modeling the Juno spacecraft and applying new tools, some errors could have been revealed in real time. Some of the analyses that were performed for the Juno mission included: end-to-end data flow and data latency that revealed where command errors can occur. Data generation and memory analysis revealed the scenario when data overflow would occur which could have prevented loss of science data. Analysis results will be presented to show the potential that AADL has in order to model flight and ground systems architecture applied to space operations. C1 CALTECH, NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Munoz, M (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Michela.Munoz.Fernandez@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-2552-0 PY 2013 BP 97 EP 98 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BJU93 UT WOS:000330639500036 ER PT J AU Morillo, R Lai, J Meshkat, L AF Morillo, Ron Lai, John Meshkat, Leila GP IEEE TI Forensic Study of the Curiosity Flight Software Anomalies SO 2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ENGINEERING WORKSHOPS (ISSREW) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 24th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) CY NOV 04-07, 2013 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE C1 [Morillo, Ron; Lai, John; Meshkat, Leila] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Morillo, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-2552-0 PY 2013 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BJU93 UT WOS:000330639500041 ER PT J AU Denney, E Pai, G AF Denney, Ewen Pai, Ganesh GP IEEE TI Evidence Arguments for Using Formal Methods in Software Certification SO 2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ENGINEERING WORKSHOPS (ISSREW) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 24th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) CY NOV 04-07, 2013 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE DE Safety cases; Safety case patterns; Formal methods; Argumentation; Software certification AB We describe a generic approach for automatically integrating the output generated from a formal method/tool into a software safety assurance case, as an evidence argument, by (a) encoding the underlying reasoning as a safety case pattern, and (b) instantiating it using the data produced from the method/tool. We believe this approach not only improves the trustworthiness of the evidence generated from a formal method/tool, by explicitly presenting the reasoning and mechanisms underlying its genesis, but also provides a way to gauge the suitability of the evidence in the context of the wider assurance case. We illustrate our work by application to a real example-an unmanned aircraft system-where we invoke a formal code analysis tool from its autopilot software safety case, automatically transform the verification output into an evidence argument, and then integrate it into the former. C1 [Denney, Ewen; Pai, Ganesh] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Denney, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGT, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ewen.denney@nasa.gov; ganesh.pai@nasa.gov RI Pai, Ganesh/G-4516-2013 OI Pai, Ganesh/0000-0002-9848-3754 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4799-2552-0 PY 2013 BP 375 EP 380 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BJU93 UT WOS:000330639500079 ER PT J AU Hase, F Drouin, BJ Roehl, CM Toon, GC Wennberg, PO Wunch, D Blumenstock, T Desmet, F Feist, DG Heikkinen, P De Maziere, M Rettinger, M Robinson, J Schneider, M Sherlock, V Sussmann, R Te, Y Warneke, T Weinzierl, C AF Hase, F. Drouin, B. J. Roehl, C. M. Toon, G. C. Wennberg, P. O. Wunch, D. Blumenstock, T. Desmet, F. Feist, D. G. Heikkinen, P. De Maziere, M. Rettinger, M. Robinson, J. Schneider, M. Sherlock, V. Sussmann, R. Te, Y. Warneke, T. Weinzierl, C. TI Calibration of sealed HCl cells used for TCCON instrumental line shape monitoring SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID COLUMN OBSERVING NETWORK; CARBON; SPECTROMETERS; FTS; CO2 AB The TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) network provides highly accurate observations of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry-air mole fractions. As an important component of TCCON quality assurance, sealed cells filled with approximately 5 mbar of HCl are used for instrumental line shape (ILS) monitoring at all TCCON sites. Here, we introduce a calibration procedure for the HCl cells which employs a refillable, pressure-monitored reference cell filled with C2H2. Using this method, we identify variations of HCl purity between the TCCON cells as a non-negligible disturbance. The new calibration procedure introduced here assigns effective pressure values to each individual cell to account for additional broadening of the HCl lines. This approach will improve the consistency of the network by significantly reducing possible station-to-station biases due to inconsistent ILS results from different HCl cells. We demonstrate that the proposed method is accurate enough to turn the ILS uncertainty into an error source of secondary importance from the viewpoint of network consistency. C1 [Hase, F.; Blumenstock, T.; Schneider, M.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK ASF, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Drouin, B. J.; Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Roehl, C. M.; Wennberg, P. O.; Wunch, D.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Desmet, F.; De Maziere, M.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron BIRA IASB, Brussels, Belgium. [Feist, D. G.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Heikkinen, P.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Sodankyla, Finland. [Warneke, T.; Weinzierl, C.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Rettinger, M.; Sussmann, R.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK IFU, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. [Robinson, J.; Sherlock, V.] NIWA, Lauder, New Zealand. [Te, Y.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LPMAA, UMR7092, Paris, France. RP Hase, F (reprint author), Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK ASF, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM frank.hase@kit.edu RI Heikkinen, Pauli/G-3478-2014; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Feist, Dietrich/B-6489-2013; Schneider, Matthias/B-1441-2013; Sussmann, Ralf/K-3999-2012 OI Feist, Dietrich/0000-0002-5890-6687; FU European integrating activity project InGOS; Belgian Federal Science Policy through the AGACC-II project; French INSU LEFE programme; NASA; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Open Access Publishing Fund of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology FX We would like to thank the head of the workshop at KIT IMK-ASF, A. Streili, for his exceeding commitment with the construction of the 40 cm cell bodies. We acknowledge support by the European integrating activity project InGOS (www.ingos-infrastructure.eu) for performing this study. BIRA thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy for support through the AGACC-II project. The LPMAA is grateful to the French INSU LEFE programme for supporting the TCCON-Paris project. Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 12 BP 3527 EP 3537 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3527-2013 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1BJ UT WOS:000330830900001 ER PT J AU Damadeo, RP Zawodny, JM Thomason, LW Iyer, N AF Damadeo, R. P. Zawodny, J. M. Thomason, L. W. Iyer, N. TI SAGE version 7.0 algorithm: application to SAGE II SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; OZONE MEASUREMENTS; ABSORPTION; GAS; INSTRUMENT; REFRACTION; INVERSION; SPECTRA AB This paper details the SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) version 7.0 algorithm and how it is applied to SAGE II. Changes made between the previous (v6.2) and current (v7.0) versions are described and their impacts on the data products explained for both coincident event comparisons and time-series analysis. Users of the data will notice a general improvement in all of the SAGE II data products, which are now in better agreement with more modern data sets (e. g., SAGE III) and more robust for use with trend studies. C1 [Damadeo, R. P.; Zawodny, J. M.; Thomason, L. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Iyer, N.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. RP Damadeo, RP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM robert.damadeo@nasa.gov OI Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 NR 46 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 12 BP 3539 EP 3561 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3539-2013 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1BJ UT WOS:000330830900002 ER PT J AU Wood, NB L'Ecuyer, TS Bliven, FL Stephens, GL AF Wood, N. B. L'Ecuyer, T. S. Bliven, F. L. Stephens, G. L. TI Characterization of video disdrometer uncertainties and impacts on estimates of snowfall rate and radar reflectivity SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE TERMINAL VELOCITIES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ICE PARTICLES; ERRORS; CLOUDS; BAND AB Estimates of snow microphysical properties obtained by analyzing collections of individual particles are often limited to short timescales and coarse time resolution. Retrievals using disdrometer observations coincident with bulk measurements such as radar reflectivity and snowfall amounts may overcome these limitations; however, retrieval techniques using such observations require uncertainty estimates not only for the bulk measurements themselves, but also for the simulated measurements modeled from the disdrometer observations. Disdrometer uncertainties arise due to sampling and analytic errors and to the discrete, potentially truncated form of the reported size distributions. Imaging disdrometers such as the Snowflake Video Imager and 2-D Video Disdrometer provide remarkably detailed representations of snow particles, but view limited projections of their three-dimensional shapes. Particle sizes determined by such instruments underestimate the true dimensions of the particles in a way that depends, in the mean, on particle shape, also contributing to uncertainties. An uncertainty model that accounts for these uncertainties is developed and used to establish their contributions to simulated radar reflectivity and snowfall rate. Viewing geometry effects are characterized by a parameter, phi, that relates disdrometer-observed particle size to the true maximum dimension of the particle. Values and uncertainties for phi are estimated using idealized ellipsoidal snow particles. The model is applied to observations from seven snow events from the Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Project (C3VP), a mid-latitude cold-season cloud and precipitation field experiment. Typical total uncertainties are 4 dB for reflectivity and 40-60% for snowfall rate, are highly correlated, and are substantial compared to expected uncertainties for radar and precipitation gauge observations. The dominant sources of errors are viewing geometry effects and the discrete, truncated form of the size distributions. While modeled Ze-S relationships are strongly affected by assumptions about snow particle mass properties, such relationships are only modestly sensitive to phi owing to partially compensating effects on both the reflectivity and snowfall rate. C1 [Wood, N. B.] Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53715 USA. [L'Ecuyer, T. S.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI USA. [Bliven, F. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Div, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. [Stephens, G. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Ctr Climate Sci, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Wood, NB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53715 USA. EM norman.wood@ssec.wisc.edu RI L'Ecuyer, Tristan/E-5607-2012 OI L'Ecuyer, Tristan/0000-0002-7584-4836 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NAS5-99327]; CloudSat subaward through the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory [1439268] FX This work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration by research grant #NAS5-99327 and by CloudSat subaward #1439268 through the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Thanks to Gwo-Jong Huang of Colorado State University for making available his 2DVD dataset from C3VP, and to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 12 BP 3635 EP 3648 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3635-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA AA1BJ UT WOS:000330830900007 ER PT J AU Richardson, IG AF Richardson, Ian G. TI Geomagnetic activity during the rising phase of solar cycle 24 SO JOURNAL OF SPACE WEATHER AND SPACE CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary coronal mass ejection (CME); Solar cycle; stream; Solar activity; interplanetary medium ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; WIND; CLOUDS; DISTURBANCES; POLARITY; GEOEFFECTIVENESS; STORMS; HOLES AB As previous studies have shown, geomagnetic activity during the solar minimum following solar cycle 23 was at low levels unprecedented during the space era, and even since the beginning of the K-p index in 1932. Here, we summarize the characteristics of geomagnetic activity during the first 4 years of cycle 24 following smoothed sunspot minimum in December, 2008, and compare these with those of similar periods during earlier cycles going back to the start of K-p (cycles 17-23). The most outstanding feature is the continuing low levels of geomagnetic activity that are well below those observed during the rising phases of the other cycles studied. Even 4 years into cycle 24, geomagnetic storm rates are still only comparable to or below the rates observed during activity minima in previous cycles. We note that the storm rate during the rising phases of cycles 17-23 was correlated with the peak sunspot number (SSN) in the cycle. Extrapolating these results to the low storm rates in cycle 24 suggests values of the peak SSN in cycle 24 that are consistent with the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center prediction of 90 +/- 10, indicating that cycle 24 is likely to be the weakest cycle since at least 1932. No severe (Dst < -200 nT) storms have been observed during the first 4 years of cycle 24 compared with 4 in the comparable interval of cycle 23, and only 10 intense (Dst < -100 nT) storms, compared with 21 in cycle 23. These storms were all associated with the passage of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) and/or their associated sheaths. The lack of strong southward magnetic fields in ICMEs and their sheaths, their lower speeds close to the average solar wind speed, a similar to 20% reduction in the number of ICMEs passing the Earth, and weaker than normal fields in corotating high-speed streams, contribute to the low levels of geomagnetic storm activity in the rise phase of cycle 24. However, the observation of an ICME with strong southward fields at the STEREO A spacecraft on July 24, 2012, which would have been highly geoeffective had it encountered the Earth, demonstrates that strong geomagnetic storms may still occur during weak solar cycles. C1 [Richardson, Ian G.] Univ Maryland, CRESST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Richardson, Ian G.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Richardson, Ian G.] NASA, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Richardson, IG (reprint author), Univ Maryland, CRESST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM ian.g.richardson@nasa.gov OI Richardson, Ian/0000-0002-3855-3634 NR 51 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 2115-7251 J9 J SPACE WEATHER SPAC JI J. Space Weather Space Clim. PY 2013 VL 3 AR A08 DI 10.1051/swsc/2013031 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 301YV UT WOS:000330569100009 ER PT J AU Peters, BT Cohen, HS Sangi-Haghpeykar, H Bloomberg, JJ AF Peters, Brian T. Cohen, Helen S. Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh Bloomberg, Jacob J. TI Effects of distance and duration on vertical dynamic visual acuity in screening healthy adults and people with vestibular disorders SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE Gaze stabilization; vestibulo-ocular reflex; epidemiologic screening; vestibular disorders; vestibular hypofunction ID UNILATERALLY VESTIBULOPATHIC HUMANS; VESTIBULOOCULAR REFLEX; CLINICAL-TEST; HYPOFUNCTION; ROTATION AB BACKGROUND: Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) testing may be a useful, indirect indicator of vestibulo-ocular reflex function. Previous evidence shows that acuity for 2 m targets differs little between patients and normals using a 75 ms display duration and that healthy subjects do not differ in acuity when standing and walking while viewing a far target but they do differ when viewing a near target. OBJECTIVE: Improve the protocol of a screening tool by testing the hypothesis that healthy control subjects and patients and with unilateral peripheral vestibular weakness differ on DVA when viewing far targets while seated. METHODS: Controls and patients were tested while they were seated in a chair that oscillated vertically at 2 Hz. They viewed a computer screen 4 m away, while stationary and while moving, with viewing times of either 75 ms or 500 ms. RESULTS: The amount of change between static and dynamic conditions did not differ significantly between patients and controls for the 75 ms condition but controls had lower difference scores than patients when using the 500 ms duration. The ROC value was low, 0.68. Compared to historical data using the 75 ms duration at a distance of 2 m, subjects in both diagnostic groups had better visual acuity at the 75 ms/4 m distance. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that using the longer duration is better for differentiating patients from healthy controls and they support previous evidence showing that near target viewing is more challenging. C1 [Peters, Brian T.] Wyle Sci Technol & Engn Grp, Houston, TX USA. [Cohen, Helen S.; Sangi-Haghpeykar, Haleh] Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. [Bloomberg, Jacob J.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Cohen, HS (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Otolaryngol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM hcohen@bcm.edu FU NIDCD NIH HHS [1R01DC009031, R01 DC009031] NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 EI 1878-6464 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2013 VL 23 IS 6 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.3233/VES-130502 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 302GC UT WOS:000330589400004 PM 24447968 ER PT S AU AlMajali, A Rice, E Viswanathan, A Tan, K Neuman, C AF AlMajali, Anas Rice, Eric Viswanathan, Arun Tan, Kymie Neuman, Clifford GP IEEE TI A Systems Approach to Analysing Cyber-Physical Threats in the Smart Grid SO 2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS (SMARTGRIDCOMM) SE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm) CY OCT 21-24, 2013 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Commun Soc DE Cyber-Physical; Smart Grid; Cyber Security AB This paper presents a systems analysis approach to characterizing the risk of a Smart Grid to a load-drop attack. A characterization of the risk is necessary for the design of detection and remediation strategies to address the consequences of such attacks. Using concepts from systems health management and system engineering, this work (a) first identifies metrics that can be used to generate constraints for security features, and (b) lays out an end-to-end integrated methodology using separate network and power simulations to assess system risk. We demonstrate our approach by performing a systems-style analysis of a load-drop attack implemented over the AMI subsystem and targeted at destabilizing the underlying power grid. C1 [AlMajali, Anas; Viswanathan, Arun; Neuman, Clifford] Univ Southern Calif, Informat Sci Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Rice, Eric; Tan, Kymie] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP AlMajali, A (reprint author), Univ Southern Calif, Informat Sci Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM almajali@usc.edu; eric.b.rice@jpl.nasa.gov; aviswana@usc.edu; kymie.tan@jpl.nasa.gov; bcn@isi.edu FU United States Department of Energy [DE-OE000012]; Los Angeles Department of Water and Power; Department of Homeland Security; Department of the Navy [N66-001-10-C-2018] FX This material is based upon work supported by the United States Department of Energy under Award Number DE-OE000012, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, and by the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of the Navy under Contract No. N66-001-10-C-2018. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, nor any of their employees make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Figures and descriptions are provided by the authors and used with permission. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2373-6836 BN 978-1-4799-1526-2 J9 INT CONF SMART GRID PY 2013 BP 456 EP 461 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BJT39 UT WOS:000330174800077 ER PT J AU Curzi, D Lattanzi, D Ciuffoli, S Burattini, S Grindeland, RE Edgerton, VR Roy, RR Tidball, JG Falcieri, E AF Curzi, D. Lattanzi, D. Ciuffoli, S. Burattini, S. Grindeland, R. E. Edgerton, V. R. Roy, R. R. Tidball, J. G. Falcieri, E. TI Growth hormone plus resistance exercise attenuate structural changes in rat myotendinous junctions resulting from chronic unloading SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Myotendinous junction; ultrastructure; exercise; growth hormone; atrophy; disuse; unloading ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE MASS; MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; HEAVY-CHAIN ISOFORMS; BODY-COMPOSITION; DISUSE ATROPHY; IGF-I; HYPERTROPHY; SPACEFLIGHT; INSULIN; REHABILITATION AB Myotendinous junctions (MTJs) are specialized sites on the muscle surface where forces generated by myofibrils are transmitted across the sarcolemma to the extracellular matrix. At the ultrastructural level, the interface between the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix is highly folded and interdigitated at these junctions. In this study, the effect of exercise and growth hormone (GH) treatments on the changes in MTJ structure that occur during muscle unloading, has been analyzed. Twenty hypophysectomized rats were assigned randomly to one of five groups: ambulatory control, hindlimb unloaded, hindlimb unloaded plus exercise (3 daily bouts of 10 climbs up a ladder with 50% body wt attached to the tail), hindlimb unloaded plus GH (2 daily injections of 1 mg/kg body wt, i.p.), and hindlimb unloaded plus exercise plus GH. MTJs of the plantaris muscle were analyzed by electron microscopy and the contact between muscle and tendon was evaluated using an IL/B ratio, where B is the base and IL is the interface length of MTJ's digit-like processes. After 10 days of unloading, the mean IL/B ratio was significantly lower in unloaded (3.92), unloaded plus exercise (4.18), and unloaded plus GH (5.25) groups than in the ambulatory control (6.39) group. On the opposite, the mean IL/B ratio in the group treated with both exercise and GH (7.3) was similar to control. These findings indicate that the interaction between exercise and GH treatments attenuates the changes in MTJ structure that result from chronic unloading and thus can be used as a countermeasure to these adaptations. C1 [Curzi, D.; Lattanzi, D.; Ciuffoli, S.; Burattini, S.; Falcieri, E.] Urbino Univ Carlo Bo, Dept Earth Life & Environm Sci, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy. [Grindeland, R. E.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Life Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Edgerton, V. R.; Roy, R. R.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Integrat Biol, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Edgerton, V. R.; Roy, R. R.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Physiol & Brain Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Edgerton, V. R.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Tidball, J. G.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Mol Cellular & Integrat Physiol Program, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Falcieri, E.] CNR, Inst Mol Genet, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. [Falcieri, E.] Rizzoli Orthopaed Inst, Bologna, Italy. RP Falcieri, E (reprint author), Urbino Univ Carlo Bo, DiSTeVA, Via Ca Suore, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy. EM elisabetta.falcieri@uniurb.it OI Falcieri, Elisabetta/0000-0002-0006-9871 FU Urbino University; Ministry of Education, University and Research (PRIN) FX the authors are indebted to Lorenzo Bedini, Oliviero Rusciadelli, Federico Bastianelli, and Aurelio Valmori for skillful technical assistance. The research was supported by Urbino University and the Ministry of Education, University and Research (PRIN 2009). NR 44 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU PAGEPRESS PUBL PI PAVIA PA MEDITGROUP, VIA G BELLI, 4, PAVIA, 27100, ITALY SN 1121-760X EI 2038-8306 J9 EUR J HISTOCHEM JI Eur. J. Histochem. PY 2013 VL 57 IS 4 BP 247 EP 254 AR e37 DI 10.4081/ejh.2013.e37 PG 8 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 296WT UT WOS:000330216800008 PM 24441190 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, MM Oman, LD Newman, PA Song, IS AF Hurwitz, M. M. Oman, L. D. Newman, P. A. Song, I. -S. TI Net influence of an internally generated quasi-biennial oscillation on modelled stratospheric climate and chemistry SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; OZONE; CIRCULATION AB A Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOSCCM) simulation with strong tropical non-orographic gravity wave drag (GWD) is compared to an otherwise identical simulation with near-zero tropical non-orographic GWD. The GEOSCCM generates a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) zonal wind signal in response to a tropical peak in GWD that resembles the zonal and climatological mean precipitation field. The modelled QBO has a frequency and amplitude that closely resembles observations. As expected, the modelled QBO improves the simulation of tropical zonal winds and enhances tropical and subtropical stratospheric variability. Also, inclusion of the QBO slows the meridional overturning circulation, resulting in a generally older stratospheric mean age of air. Slowing of the overturning circulation, changes in stratospheric temperature and enhanced subtropical mixing all affect the annual mean distributions of ozone, methane and nitrous oxide. Furthermore, the modelled QBO enhances polar stratospheric variability in winter. Because tropical zonal winds are easterly in the simulation without a QBO, there is a relative increase in tropical zonal winds in the simulation with a QBO. Extratropical differences between the simulations with and without a QBO thus reflect the westerly shift in tropical zonal winds: a relative strengthening of the polar stratospheric jet, polar stratospheric cooling and a weak reduction in Arctic lower stratospheric ozone. C1 [Hurwitz, M. M.] Morgan State Univ, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Hurwitz, M. M.; Oman, L. D.; Newman, P. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Song, I. -S.] KIAPS, Seoul, South Korea. RP Hurwitz, MM (reprint author), Morgan State Univ, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res GESTAR, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. EM margaret.m.hurwitz@nasa.gov RI Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; Oman, Luke/C-2778-2009 OI Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; Oman, Luke/0000-0002-5487-2598 FU NASA's MAP; ACMAP FX The authors thank NASA's MAP and ACMAP programmes for funding, S. M. Frith for processing the model output, and S. Strahan and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 24 BP 12187 EP 12197 DI 10.5194/acp-13-12187-2013 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292VF UT WOS:000329930000003 ER PT J AU Yates, EL Iraci, LT Roby, MC Pierce, RB Johnson, MS Reddy, PJ Tadic, JM Loewenstein, M Gore, W AF Yates, E. L. Iraci, L. T. Roby, M. C. Pierce, R. B. Johnson, M. S. Reddy, P. J. Tadic, J. M. Loewenstein, M. Gore, W. TI Airborne observations and modeling of springtime stratosphere-to-troposphere transport over California SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE OZONE CONCENTRATIONS; CROSS-TROPOPAUSE EXCHANGE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE; EUROPE; AIR; INTRUSIONS; SIMULATION AB Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) results in air masses of stratospheric origin intruding into the free troposphere. Once in the free troposphere, ozone (O-3)-rich stratospheric air can be transported and mixed with tropospheric air masses, contributing to the tropospheric O-3 budget. Evidence of STT can be identified based on the differences in the trace gas composition of the two regions. Because O-3 is present in such large quantities in the stratosphere compared to the troposphere, it is frequently used as a tracer for STT events. This work reports on airborne in situ measurements of O-3 and other trace gases during two STT events observed over California, USA. The first, on 14 May 2012, was associated with a cutoff low, and the second, on 5 June 2012, occurred during a post-trough, building ridge event. In each STT event, airborne measurements identified high O-3 within the stratospheric intrusion, which were observed as low as 3 km above sea level. During both events the stratospheric air mass was characterized by elevated O-3 mixing ratios and reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor. The reproducible observation of reduced CO2 within the stratospheric air mass supports the use of non-conventional tracers as an additional method for detecting STT. A detailed meteorological analysis of each STT event is presented, and observations are interpreted with the Realtime Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS). The implications of the two STT events are discussed in terms of the impact on the total tropospheric O-3 budget and the impact on air quality and policy-making. C1 [Yates, E. L.; Iraci, L. T.; Tadic, J. M.; Loewenstein, M.; Gore, W.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atmospher Sci Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Roby, M. C.] San Jose State Univ, Dept Meteorol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. [Pierce, R. B.] NOAA NESDIS Adv Satellite Prod Branch Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Johnson, M. S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Reddy, P. J.] Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Air Pollut Control Div, Denver, CO 80246 USA. RP Yates, EL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atmospher Sci Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM emma.l.yates@nasa.gov RI Pierce, Robert Bradley/F-5609-2010; Tadic, Jovan/P-3677-2016 OI Pierce, Robert Bradley/0000-0002-2767-1643; FU NASA Postdoctoral Program; San Jose State University Research Foundation; Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Ames Research Center Director's funds FX The authors gratefully recognize the support and partnership of H211 L. L. C., with particular thanks to K. Ambrose, R. Simone, B. Quiambao, J. Lee, J. McMahon, and R. Fisher. Funding was provided by the NASA Postdoctoral Program (J. T.), San Jose State University Research Foundation (E. Y.), and the Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (M. R.). Funding for instrumentation and aircraft integration is gratefully acknowledged from Ames Research Center Director's funds. Helpful discussions with R. S. Hipskind, P. Hamill, L. Pfister and R. Chatfield are happily acknowledged. Technical contributions from Z. Young, E. Quigley, R. Walker, and A. Trias made this project possible. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or US Government position, policy, or decision. NR 55 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 24 BP 12481 EP 12494 DI 10.5194/acp-13-12481-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 292VF UT WOS:000329930000017 ER PT J AU Wolpert, DH AF Wolpert, David H. BE Lineweaver, CH Davies, PCW Ruse, M TI Information width: a way for the second law to increase complexity SO COMPLEXITY AND THE ARROW OF TIME LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IRREVERSIBLE-PROCESSES; RECIPROCAL RELATIONS; ENERGY-FLOW; THERMODYNAMICS; ORGANIZATION; EVOLUTION; ATTRACTION; PRINCIPLE; CHEMISTRY; GROWTH C1 [Wolpert, David H.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. [Wolpert, David H.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. [Wolpert, David H.] Stanford Univ, Collect Intelligence Grp, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Wolpert, DH (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Informat Sci Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02725-1 PY 2013 BP 246 EP 275 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139225700 PG 30 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA BJL26 UT WOS:000328818100011 ER PT J AU Holmes, JH Samuel, MC Desve, G Hilbe, JM AF Holmes, John H. Samuel, Michael C. Desve, Gilles Hilbe, Joseph M. BE Mikanatha, NM Lynfield, R VanBeneden, CA DeValk, H TI Software applications, resources, and introduction to statistical analysis PART 1: Examples of software application and Web-based resources for infectious disease surveillance SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, 2ND EDITION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Holmes, John H.] Univ Penn, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Samuel, Michael C.] Calif Dept Publ Hlth, Sexually Transmitted Dis Control Branch, Richmond, CA USA. [Desve, Gilles] EpiConcept, Paris, France. [Hilbe, Joseph M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, SSA Program, Tempe, AZ USA. [Hilbe, Joseph M.] Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Holmes, JH (reprint author), Univ Penn, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-65467-5 PY 2013 BP 502 EP 507 D2 10.1002/9781118543504 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA BJK54 UT WOS:000328679500044 ER PT J AU Spak, K Agnes, G Inman, D AF Spak, Kaitlin Agnes, Gregory Inman, Daniel TI Cable Modeling and Internal Damping Developments SO APPLIED MECHANICS REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID INTERFACIAL CONTACT FORCES; HELICALLY WRAPPED CABLES; 2 SEMICONTINUOUS MODELS; LINEAR FREE-VIBRATIONS; WIRE STRAND ANALYSIS; BENDING STIFFNESS; SPIRAL STRANDS; ELASTIC CABLE; STRUCTURAL CABLES; ROPE AB This paper reviews models of helical cable behavior with an emphasis on recent models that study internal cable damping. Cable models are categorized into three major classes consisting of thin rod models, semicontinuous models, and beam models. Research on cable vibration damping resulting from internal factors is investigated and related, with conclusions supported by multiple bodies of work highlighted and inconsistencies that may require further study noted. Internal damping mechanisms due to interwire friction, variable bending stiffness, and internal and viscoelastic dissipation are explored with specific damping terms presented for the various models. Damping through inclusion of friction forces, viscoelastic shear effects, or bending stiffness as a function of cable curvature and wire properties must be included to produce a realistic cable model. C1 [Spak, Kaitlin] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. [Agnes, Gregory] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Inman, Daniel] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Spak, K (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, 310 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. EM kspak@vt.edu FU NASA; Virginia Space Grant Consortium; AFOSR [FA9550-10-1-0427] FX The first author thanks the NASA Space Technology Research Fellowship program for generous support and the Virginia Space Grant Consortium for additional funding. The third author gratefully acknowledges the support of AFOSR Grant No. FA9550-10-1-0427 monitored by Dr. David Stargel. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 86 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 25 PU ASME PI NEW YORK PA TWO PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0003-6900 J9 APPL MECH REV JI Appl. Mech. Rev. PD JAN PY 2013 VL 65 IS 1 AR 010801 DI 10.1115/1.4023489 PG 18 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 288KU UT WOS:000329611700001 ER PT S AU Johannessen, JA Chapron, B Alpers, W Collard, F Cipollini, P Liu, A Horstmann, J da Silva, JCB Portabella, M Robinson, IS Holt, B Wackerman, C Vachon, P AF Johannessen, J. A. Chapron, B. Alpers, W. Collard, F. Cipollini, P. Liu, A. Horstmann, J. da Silva, J. C. B. Portabella, M. Robinson, I. S. Holt, B. Wackerman, C. Vachon, P. BE Fletcher, K TI Satellite Oceanography from the ERS Synthetic Aperture Radar and Radar Altimeter: A Brief Review SO ERS MISSIONS: 20 YEARS OF OBSERVING OF EARTH SE ESA Special Publications LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EXTRATROPICAL PLANETARY-WAVES; INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES; WIND RETRIEVAL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SAR IMAGES; C-BAND; MESOSCALE VARIABILITY; DISPERSION-RELATION; NORTHEAST ATLANTIC; LOCAL GENERATION C1 [Johannessen, J. A.] Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, Bergen, Norway. [Chapron, B.; Collard, F.] IFREMER, Plouzane, France. [Alpers, W.] Univ Hamburg, Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine & Atmospher Sci, Hamburg, Germany. [Cipollini, P.] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England. [Liu, A.] Zhejiang Univ, Dept Ocean Sci & Engn, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Horstmann, J.] NATO Ctr Maritime Res & Experimentat CMRE, La Spezia, Italy. [da Silva, J. C. B.] Univ Porto, Dept Geosci Environm & Spatial Planning, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal. [Portabella, M.] CSIC, ICM, Barcelona, Spain. [Robinson, I. S.] Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England. [Holt, B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Wackerman, C.] Gen Dynam Adv Informat Syst, Ypsilanti, MI USA. [Vachon, P.] Def R&D Canada, Radar Applicat & Space Technol, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Johannessen, JA (reprint author), Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, Bergen, Norway. RI Cipollini, Paolo/B-5294-2012; Portabella, Marcos/A-9511-2015; OI Cipollini, Paolo/0000-0002-3682-5675; Portabella, Marcos/0000-0002-9972-9090; /0000-0002-5453-3916 NR 96 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 978-92-9221-424-1 J9 ESA SPEC PUBL PY 2013 VL 1326 BP 201 EP 224 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Remote Sensing GA BJG59 UT WOS:000328085700007 ER PT S AU Jacobson, NS Hurowitz, JA Farley, KA Asimow, PD Cartwright, JA AF Jacobson, N. S. Hurowitz, J. A. Farley, K. A. Asimow, P. D. Cartwright, J. A. BE Jackson, G Opila, E Manivanan, A Markus, T Walker, R TI Novel Applications of Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry SO HIGH TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENTS SE ECS Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Temperature Experimental Techniques and Measurements at the 224th Electrochemical-Society Meeting (ECS) CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP Electrochem Soc, Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Energy Technol Div, Electrochem Soc, Phys & Analyt Electrochemistry Div ID PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; COATINGS; CERAMICS; VAPOR AB Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS) is a valuable and versatile tool in physical chemistry, materials science, and geology. Most applications center on thermodynamic measurements. In this paper, two novel applications of KEMS are discussed. The first is the determination of K isotope ratios for application to K-Ar dating. The second is the determination of silica thermodynamic activities in silicates via a reducing agent to increase signals without changing the condensed phase composition. This also involves the measurement of vaporization coefficient via a multi-cell KEMS method. C1 [Jacobson, N. S.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Hurowitz, J. A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Farley, K. A.; Asimow, P. D.; Cartwright, J. A.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jacobson, NS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI Cartwright, Julia/A-8470-2013 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA SN 1938-5862 BN 978-1-60768-448-0; 978-1-62332-094-2 J9 ECS TRANSACTIONS PY 2013 VL 58 IS 3 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1149/05803.0003ecst PG 10 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BJQ49 UT WOS:000329694100001 ER PT J AU Jackson, WC Ratcliffe, JG AF Jackson, W. C. Ratcliffe, J. G. BE Bakis, CE TI Investigation of the Leak Response of a Carbon-Fiber Laminate Loaded in Biaxial Tension SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR COMPOSITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY SEP 09-11, 2013 CL Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, State College, PA SP Amer Soc Composites HO Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech ID GAS LEAKAGE; PERMEABILITY; COMPOSITES AB Designers of pressurized structures have been reluctant to use composite materials because of concerns over leakage. Biaxial stress states are expected to be the worst-case loading condition for allowing leakage to occur through microcracks. To investigate the leakage behavior under in-plane biaxial loading, a cruciform composite specimen was designed that would have a relatively large test section with a uniform 1: 1 biaxial loading ratio. A 7.6-cm-square test section was desired for future investigations of the leakage response as a result of impact damage. Many iterations of the cruciform specimen were evaluated using finite element analysis to reduce stress concentrations and maximize the size of the uniform biaxial strain field. The final design allowed the specimen to go to relatively high biaxial strain levels without incurring damage away from the test section. The specimen was designed and manufactured using carbon/epoxy fabric with a four-ply-thick, quasi-isotropic, central test section. Initial validation and testing were performed on a specimen without impact damage. The specimen was tested to maximum biaxial strains of approximately 4500 mu epsilon without apparent damage. A leak measurement system containing a pressurized cavity was clamped to the test section and used to measure the flow rate through the specimen. The leakage behavior of the specimen was investigated for pressure differences up to 172 kPa. C1 [Jackson, W. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Ratcliffe, J. G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Jackson, WC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-107-2 PY 2013 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJN63 UT WOS:000329309500078 ER PT J AU Jegley, D AF Jegley, D. BE Bakis, CE TI Applying a Stitched, Rod-Stiffened Concept to Heavily Loaded Structure SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR COMPOSITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY SEP 09-11, 2013 CL Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, State College, PA SP Amer Soc Composites HO Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech AB NASA and The Boeing Company have worked to develop new low-cost, lightweight composite structures for aircraft. A stitched carbon-epoxy material system was developed to reduce the weight and cost of transport aircraft wing structure, first in the NASA Advanced Composites Technology (ACT) program in the 1990's and now in the Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Project. By stitching through the thickness of a dry carbon fiber material prior to cure, the labor associated with panel fabrication and assembly can be significantly reduced and the need for mechanical fasteners is almost eliminated. Stitching provides the benefit of reducing or eliminating delaminations, including those between stiffener flanges and skin. Stitching also reduces part count, and therefore, cost of the structure. The stitched panel concept used in the ACT program in the 1990's used simple blade-stiffeners as stringers, caps and clips. Today, the Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) concept is being developed for application to advanced vehicle configurations. PRSEUS provides additional weight savings through the use of a stiffener with a thin web and a unidirectional carbon rod at the top of the web which provides structurally efficient stiffening. A comparison between the blade-stiffened structure and PRSEUS is presented focusing on highly loaded structure and demonstrating improved weight reduction. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Jegley, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 190, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-107-2 PY 2013 PG 33 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJN63 UT WOS:000329309500104 ER PT J AU Naghipour, P Pineda, EJ Arnold, S AF Naghipour, P. Pineda, E. J. Arnold, S. BE Bakis, CE TI Prediction of the Delamination Area of a Composite Panel Subjected to Lightning Strike: Effects of Temperature-Dependent Fracture Properties SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR COMPOSITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY SEP 09-11, 2013 CL Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, State College, PA SP Amer Soc Composites HO Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech ID MODELS AB Lightning strike induced delamination is a major damage mechanism affecting aircraft durability and long-term operation. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), which are dielectric materials, do not conduct the electricity when subjected to a lightning strike. Consequently, the energy from the lightning strike is transformed to a large amount of thermal energy, accompanied by a high-pressure shockwave yielding, extensive visible damage (mainly delamination) in the composite panel. Lightning experiments are costly to conduct, and they cannot address every specific aspect of the ongoing damage mechanisms in the composite panel. Therefore, development of a predictive numerical tool is essential and is the main focus point of this work. Due to the complexity of the lightning strike event, a step-by-step methodology shall be followed to arrive at an accurate estimation of the delaminated region. Accordingly, as an initial step, the lightning strike is assumed as combination of thermal (excessive temperature induced by conversion of electricity to heat) and mechanical (pressure shockwaves) loadings. As the lightning induces very high temperatures in the composite panel, panel properties (strengths, fracture toughness) must be defined as a function of the induced temperature. However, the significance of this dependency remains unknown. Therefore, as an initial step, a basic multidirectional composite panel with homogenized plies is subjected to excessive amount of heat and pressure loadings, and the effect of temperature-dependent material properties on the failure (delamination) response is thoroughly analyzed. C1 [Naghipour, P.] Ohio Aerosp Inst, 22800 Cedar Point Rd, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. [Pineda, E. J.; Arnold, S.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Naghipour, P (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, 22800 Cedar Point Rd, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 7 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-107-2 PY 2013 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJN63 UT WOS:000329309500009 ER PT J AU Pineda, EJ Waas, AM AF Pineda, E. J. Waas, A. M. BE Bakis, CE TI Numerical Predictions of Damage and Failure in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Laminates Using a Thermodynamically-Based Work Potential Theory SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR COMPOSITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY SEP 09-11, 2013 CL Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, State College, PA SP Amer Soc Composites HO Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech ID PROGRESSIVE DAMAGE; CONSTITUTIVE MODEL; COMPOSITES; CRACKING AB A thermodynamically-based work potential theory for modeling progressive damage and failure in fiber-reinforced laminates is presented. The current, multiple-internal state variable (ISV) formulation, referred to as enhanced Schapery theory (EST), utilizes separate ISVs for modeling the effects of damage and failure. Consistent characteristic lengths are introduced into the formulation to govern the evolution of the failure ISVs. Using the stationarity of the total work potential with respect to each ISV, a set of thermodyamically consistent evolution equations for the ISVs are derived. The theory is implemented into a commercial finite element code. The model is verified against experimental results from two laminated, T800/3900-2 panels containing a central notch and different fiber-orientation stacking sequences. Global load versus displacement, global load versus local strain gage data, and macroscopic failure paths obtained from the models are compared against the experimental results. C1 [Pineda, E. J.] NASA, Mech & Life Predict Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Waas, A. M.] Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Pineda, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Mech & Life Predict Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-107-2 PY 2013 PG 20 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJN63 UT WOS:000329309500015 ER PT J AU Ricks, TM Lacy, TE Bednarcyk, BA Arnold, SM AF Ricks, T. M. Lacy, T. E., Jr. Bednarcyk, B. A. Arnold, S. M. BE Bakis, CE TI The Effect of Fiber Strength Stochastics and Local Fiber Volume Fraction on Multiscale Progressive Failure of Composites SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR COMPOSITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY SEP 09-11, 2013 CL Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, State College, PA SP Amer Soc Composites HO Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech ID CARBON-FIBERS; MODELS AB Continuous fiber unidirectional polymer matrix composites (PMCs) can exhibit significant local variations in fiber volume fraction as a result of processing conditions that can lead to further local differences in material properties and failure behavior. In this work, the coupled effects of both local variations in fiber volume fraction and the empirically-based statistical distribution of fiber strengths on the predicted longitudinal modulus and local tensile strength of a unidirectional AS4 carbon fiber/Hercules 3502 epoxy composite were investigated using the special purpose NASA Micromechanics Analysis Code with Generalized Method of Cells (MAC/GMC); local effective composite properties were obtained by homogenizing the material behavior over repeating units cells (RUCs). The predicted effective longitudinal modulus was relatively insensitive to small (similar to 8%) variations in local fiber volume fraction. The composite tensile strength, however, was highly dependent on the local distribution in fiber strengths. The RUC-averaged constitutive response can be used to characterize lower length scale material behavior within a multiscale analysis framework that couples the NASA code FEAMAC and the ABAQUS finite element solver. Such an approach can be effectively used to analyze the progressive failure of PMC structures whose failure initiates at the RUC level. Consideration of the effect of local variations in constituent properties and morphologies on progressive failure of PMCs is a central aspect of the application of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) principles for composite materials. C1 [Ricks, T. M.; Lacy, T. E., Jr.] Mississippi State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, POB A, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Bednarcyk, B. A.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Dept Mat Res Engn, Mech & Life Prediction Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Arnold, S. M.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ricks, TM (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, POB A, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. FU NASA [NNX11AK99H]; University Affairs Officer; NASA Glenn Research Center FX This work was performed as part of a NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Fellowship (grant number NNX11AK99H). Trenton M. Ricks and Thomas E. Lacy, Jr. would like thank Dr. Mark Kankam, the University Affairs Officer for the NASA Glenn Research Center, for his support throughout the duration of the fellowship. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-107-2 PY 2013 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJN63 UT WOS:000329309500007 ER PT J AU Wang, JT Ross, RW Huang, GL Yuan, FG AF Wang, J. T. Ross, R. W. Huang, G. L. Yuan, F. G. BE Bakis, CE TI Simulation of Detecting Damage in Composite Stiffened Panel Using Lamb Waves SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR COMPOSITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Technical Conference of the American-Society-for-Composites CY SEP 09-11, 2013 CL Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, State College, PA SP Amer Soc Composites HO Penn State Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech ID MIGRATION TECHNIQUE; PLATE AB Lamb wave damage detection in a composite stiffened panel is simulated by performing explicit transient dynamic finite element analyses and using signal imaging techniques. This virtual test process does not need to use real structures, actuators/sensors, or laboratory equipment. Quasi-isotropic laminates are used for the stiffened panels. Two types of damage are studied. One type is a damage in the skin bay and the other type is a debond between the stiffener flange and the skin. Innovative approaches for identifying the damage location and imaging the damage were developed. The damage location is identified by finding the intersection of the damage locus and the path of the time reversal wave packet re-emitted from the sensor nodes. The damage locus is a circle that envelops the potential damage locations. Its center is at the actuator location and its radius is computed by multiplying the group velocity by the time of flight to damage. To create a damage image for estimating the size of damage, a group of nodes in the neighborhood of the damage location is identified for applying an image condition. The image condition, computed at a finite element node, is the zero-lag cross-correlation ( ZLCC) of the time-reversed incident wave signal and the time reversal wave signal from the sensor nodes. This damage imaging process is computationally efficient since only the ZLCC values of a small amount of nodes in the neighborhood of the identified damage location are computed instead of those of the full model. C1 [Wang, J. T.; Ross, R. W.] NASA, Durabil Damage Tolerance & Reliabil Branch, Langley Res Ctr, MS 188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Huang, G. L.] Univ Arkansas Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. [Yuan, F. G.] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Wang, JT (reprint author), NASA, Durabil Damage Tolerance & Reliabil Branch, Langley Res Ctr, MS 188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-107-2 PY 2013 PG 20 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BJN63 UT WOS:000329309500025 ER PT J AU Hafiychuk, V Smelyanskiy, V Timucin, D Schuet, S Wheeler, K Tyson, R Walker, J AF Hafiychuk, V. Smelyanskiy, V. Timucin, D. Schuet, S. Wheeler, K. Tyson, R. Walker, J. BE Chang, FK TI Acoustic Wave Propagation and Scattering for Fault Detection in Honeycomb Composite Panels SO STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 2013, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM) CY SEP 10-12, 2013 CL Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA SP AF Off Sci Res, Army Res Lab, Off Naval Res, Boeing, Airbus, Embraer HO Stanford Univ AB This paper reports on an effort to develop and demonstrate structural health monitoring-specifically, fault detection and localization-algorithms for composite sandwich panels. The test artifact was a small panel consisting of an aluminum honeycomb core sandwiched between two carbon-fiber face sheets, and featuring a controlled impact damage on one side. Data were collected on the damaged side of the panel using a network of piezo-electric sensors mounted on the face sheet. Two (potentially complementary) algorithms were implemented for detecting and localizing the fault from ultrasound data collected before and after damage. The algorithms use variants of the standard least-squares approach for estimating damage location, and are distinguished mainly by their reliance on qualitative versus quantitative physics models of acoustic wave propagation in the panel. Successful detection and localization of a sub-inch fault is demonstrated. C1 [Hafiychuk, V.; Smelyanskiy, V.; Timucin, D.; Schuet, S.; Wheeler, K.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hafiychuk, V (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-115-7 PY 2013 BP 411 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BJN59 UT WOS:000329292700050 ER PT J AU Martinez, ER AF Martinez, E. R. BE Chang, FK TI Development and Verification of an Aerothermal Thermal Protection System Heat Shield Instrumentation Plug for Flight on Mars Science Laboratory SO STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 2013, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM) CY SEP 10-12, 2013 CL Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA SP AF Off Sci Res, Army Res Lab, Off Naval Res, Boeing, Airbus, Embraer HO Stanford Univ AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has constructed and over-seen the installation of seven instrumented aerothermal plugs into the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) heat shield, scheduled for launch in the fall of 2011. Since the MSL heat shield is predicted to experience significant recession from simultaneous turbulent and laminar heating during Mars reentry, development of the aerothermal plugs represents a dramatic commitment in the quantification of flight risk margins resulting from state-of-the-art thermal protection design methodology. The aerothermal plugs were developed and manufactured by NASA Ames Research Center as part of the MSL Entry, Descent, & Landing Instrumentation (MEDLI) project. Each MEDLI Integrated Sensor Plug (MISP) is composed of Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA), a single isotherm following sensor called the Hollow aErothermal Ablation and Temperature sensor (HEAT), and four thermocouples. This paper will describe the basic design, specifications, and processes used to develop and qualify the plugs for flight to an acceptable level of risk for the flagship mission. Results from random vibration, thermal vacuum, and arc jet testing are also presented. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Martinez, ER (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 229-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Ed.Martinez@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-60595-115-7 PY 2013 BP 2297 EP 2305 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BJN59 UT WOS:000329292700280 ER PT S AU Content, D Aaron, K Alplanalp, L Anderson, K Capps, R Chang, Z Dooley, J Egerman, R Goullioud, R Klein, D Kruk, J Kuan, G Melton, M Ruffa, J Underhill, M Van Buren, D AF Content, D. Aaron, K. Alplanalp, L. Anderson, K. Capps, R. Chang, Z. Dooley, J. Egerman, R. Goullioud, R. Klein, D. Kruk, J. Kuan, G. Melton, M. Ruffa, J. Underhill, M. Van Buren, D. BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI Wide Field Infra-Red Survey Telescope (WFIRST) 2.4-meter Mission Study SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB The most recent study of the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) mission is based on reuse of an existing 2.4m telescope. This study was commissioned by NASA to examine the potential science return and cost effectiveness of WFIRST by using this significantly larger aperture telescope. We review the science program envisioned by the WFIRST 2012-2013 Science Definition Team (SDT), an overview of the mission concept, and the telescope design and status. Comparisons against the previous 1.3m and reduced cost 1.1m WFIRST design concepts are discussed. A significant departure from past point designs is the option for serviceability and the geostationary orbit location which enables servicing and replacement instrument insertion later during mission life. Other papers at this conference provide more in depth discussion of the wide field instrument and the optional exoplanet imaging coronagraph instrument. C1 [Content, D.; Kruk, J.; Melton, M.; Ruffa, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Content, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM David.content@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 88600E DI 10.1117/12.2027717 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100012 ER PT S AU Content, DA Armani, NV Baker, CL Jackson, CE Kahle, DM Kruk, JW Lehan, JP Melton, ME Mentzell, E Miko, JJ Palace, DJ Pasquale, BA Peabody, HL Smith, BS Smith, WF Stewart, JW Vaughnn, DA Waczynski, A Wallace, TE AF Content, David A. Armani, Nerses V. Baker, Charles L. Jackson, Clifton E. Kahle, Duncan M. Kruk, Jeffrey W. Lehan, John P. Melton, Mark E. Mentzell, Eric Miko, Joseph J. Palace, David J. Pasquale, Bert A. Peabody, Hume L. Smith, Brian S. Smith, Walter F. Stewart, Jeffrey W. Vaughnn, David A. Waczynski, Augustyn Wallace, Thomas E. BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI Wide field instrument preliminary design for the Wide Field Infra-Red Survey Telescope SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE WFIRST; Wide Field Imaging; Three Mirror Anastigmat; Telescope AB We present the Wide Field Infra-Red Survey Telescope (WFIRST) wide field instrument concept based on the reuse of a 2.4m telescope recently made available to NASA. Two instrument channels are described, a wide field channel (similar to 0.8x0.4degrees, 300Mpix, imaging and spectroscopy over 0.76-2.0um), and an integral field unit (3x3 arcsec, 1Mpix, R{2pixel} similar to 100 over 0.6-2.0um). For this mission concept, the telescope, instruments, and spacecraft are in a geosynchronous orbit and are designed for serviceability. This instrument can accomplish not only the baseline exoplanet microlensing, dark energy, and infrared surveys for WFIRST, but can perform at higher angular resolution and with deeper observations. This enables significant opportunities for more capable general observer programs. The emphasis on achieving very good imaging stability is maintained from the previous work. C1 [Content, David A.; Baker, Charles L.; Kahle, Duncan M.; Kruk, Jeffrey W.; Melton, Mark E.; Mentzell, Eric; Miko, Joseph J.; Palace, David J.; Pasquale, Bert A.; Peabody, Hume L.; Smith, Walter F.; Stewart, Jeffrey W.; Vaughnn, David A.; Waczynski, Augustyn; Wallace, Thomas E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Content, DA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM David.content@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 88600F DI 10.1117/12.2025496 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100013 ER PT S AU Greenhouse, MA AF Greenhouse, Matthew A. BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI The JWST Science Instrument Payload: Mission Context and Status SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE JWST AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the scientific successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. It is a cryogenic infrared space observatory with a 25 m(2) aperture (6 m class) telescope that will achieve diffraction limited angular resolution at a wavelength of 2 um. The science instrument payload includes three passively cooled near-infrared instruments providing broad- and narrow-band imagery, coronography, as well as multi-object and integral-field spectroscopy over the 0.6 < lambda < 5.0 um spectrum. An actively cooled mid-infrared instrument provides broad-band imagery, coronography, and integral-field spectroscopy over the 5.0 < lambda < 29 um spectrum. The JWST is being developed by NASA, in partnership with the European and Canadian Space Agencies, as a general user facility with science observations to be proposed by the international astronomical community in a manner similar to the Hubble Space Telescope. Technology development and mission design are complete. Construction, integration and verification testing is underway in all areas of the program. The JWST is on schedule for launch during 2018. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Greenhouse, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM matt.greenhouse@nasa.gov NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 886004 DI 10.1117/12.2023366 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100002 ER PT S AU Heap, SR Gong, Q Hull, T Kruk, J Purves, L Robberto, M AF Heap, Sara R. Gong, Qian Hull, Tony Kruk, Jeffrey Purves, Lloyd Robberto, Massimo BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI A Small Space Telescope To Conduct A Large Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxies SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE galaxy evolution; ultraviolet; multi-object spectroscopy; DMD; lightweight mirrors AB One of the key goals of NASA's astrophysics program is to answer the question: How did galaxies evolve into the spirals and elliptical galaxies that we see today? We describe a mission concept called Galaxy Evolution Spectroscopic Explorer (GESE) to address this question by making a large spectroscopic survey of galaxies at redshift, z similar to 1-2 (look-back times of 8-10 billion years). GESE is a 1.5-m space telescope with a 3-channel multi-object slit spectrograph that can obtain spectra of similar to 400 galaxies per exposure. Together, the 3 channels cover the spectral range, 0.2-1.6 mu m at a resolving power, R similar to 400. (This observed spectral range corresponds to 0.1-0.8 mu m in the restframe of a galaxy at a redshift, z=1 galaxy.) The mission concept takes advantage of two new technological advances: (1) light-weighted, wide field of view telescope mirrors, and (2) the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) to be used as a slit generator in a multi-channel (UV, optical, NIR), multi-object slit spectrograph. C1 [Heap, Sara R.; Gong, Qian; Kruk, Jeffrey; Purves, Lloyd] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Heap, SR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM sally.heap@NASA.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 88600D DI 10.1117/12.2023730 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100011 ER PT S AU Leisawitz, D Baryshev, A Griffin, MJ Helmich, FP Ivison, RJ Rinehart, SA Savini, G Shibai, H AF Leisawitz, D. Baryshev, A. Griffin, M. J. Helmich, F. P. Ivison, R. J. Rinehart, S. A. Savini, G. Shibai, H. BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI Advancing toward far-infrared interferometry in space through coordinated international efforts SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE far-infrared; spatio-spectral interferometry; BETTII; FITE; SPIRIT; FIRI; ESPRIT; SPECS; IR detectors; cryogenic optics ID KINETIC-INDUCTANCE DETECTORS; BOLOMETER CAMERA; RESOLUTION; SPECTROSCOPY; TELESCOPE; GISMO AB The international far-infrared astrophysics community is eager to follow up Spitzer and Herschel observations with sensitive, high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, for such measurements are needed to understand merger-driven star formation, Active Galactic Nuclei, chemical enrichment in galaxies, star and planetary system formation, and the development and prevalence of water-bearing planets. Through concerted efforts worldwide, the key enabling technologies are maturing. NASA sponsored the SPIRIT Probe and SPECS flagship-class mission concept studies during the past decade. Experiments involving interferometry testbeds are underway in the UK and the US. With new EU Seventh Framework Programme support, the European community is undertaking science definition studies and investing in enabling technology for a future space far-IR interferometry mission. The Japanese balloon-borne far-IR interferometer FITE is being prepared for its maiden flight, and NASA's BETTII balloon interferometer is under development, with contributions from the UK. This paper reviews recent technical progress, summarizes mission design tradeoffs, and offers a vision for space-based far-IR interferometry involving international collaboration. C1 [Leisawitz, D.; Rinehart, S. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leisawitz, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM David.T.Leisawitz@nasa.gov RI Ivison, R./G-4450-2011; OI Ivison, R./0000-0001-5118-1313; Savini, Giorgio/0000-0003-4449-9416 NR 56 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 88600A DI 10.1117/12.2024432 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100008 ER PT S AU Rauscher, BJ Arendt, RG Fixsen, DJ Greenhouse, MA Lander, M Lindler, D Loose, M Moseley, SH Mott, DB Wen, YT Wilson, DV Xenophontos, C AF Rauscher, Bernard J. Arendt, Richard G. Fixsen, D. J. Greenhouse, Matthew A. Lander, Matthew Lindler, Don Loose, Markus Moseley, S. H. Mott, D. Brent Wen, Yiting Wilson, Donna V. Xenophontos, Christos BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI Principal Components Analysis of a JWST NIRSpec Detector Subsystem SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE H2RG; cryogenic; SIDECAR; noise AB We present principal component analysis (PCA) of a flight-representative James Webb Space Telescope Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) Detector Subsystem. Although our results are specific to NIRSpec and its T similar to 40 K SIDECAR ASICs and 5 mu m cutoff H2RG detector arrays, the underlying technical approach is more general. We describe how we measured the system's response to small environmental perturbations by modulating a set of bias voltages and temperature. We used this information to compute the system's principal noise components. Together with information from the astronomical scene, we show how the zeroth principal component can be used to calibrate out the effects of small thermal and electrical instabilities to produce cosmetically cleaner images with significantly less correlated noise. Alternatively, if one were designing a new instrument, one could use PCA to determine a set of environmental requirements (temperature stability, electrical stability, etc.) that enabled the planned instrument to meet performance requirements. C1 [Rauscher, Bernard J.; Greenhouse, Matthew A.; Moseley, S. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rauscher, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 665, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Bernard.J.Rauscher@nasa.gov OI Arendt, Richard/0000-0001-8403-8548 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 886005 DI 10.1117/12.2025053 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100003 ER PT S AU Spann, J Reardon, PJ Pitalo, K Stahl, P Hopkins, R AF Spann, James Reardon, Patrick J. Pitalo, Ken Stahl, Phil Hopkins, Randall BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI The Geospace Dynamics Observatory; a paradigm changing Geospace mission SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE ultraviolet instruments; space missions; large telescopes; Heliophysics missions; Geospace missions; auroral imaging; mid latitude and equatorial ionospheric imaging ID ULTRAVIOLET IMAGER; SPACECRAFT AB The Geospace Dynamics Observatory (GDO) mission observes the near-Earth region in space called Geospace with unprecedented resolution, scale and sensitivity. At a distance of 60 Earth Radii (Re) in a near-polar circular orbit and a similar to 27-day period, GDO images the earth's full disk with (1) a three-channel far ultraviolet imager, (2) an extreme ultraviolet imager of the plasmasphere, and (3) a spectrometer in the near to far ultraviolet range that probes any portion of the disk and simultaneously observes the limb. The exceptional capabilities of the GDO mission include (1) unprecedented improvement in signal to noise for global-scale imaging of Earth's space environment that enable changes in the Earth's space environment to be resolved with orders of magnitude higher in temporal and spatial resolution compared to existing data and other approaches, and (2) unrivaled capability for resolving the temporal evolution, over many days, in local time or latitude with a continuous view of Earth's global-scale evolution while simultaneously capturing the changes at scales smaller than are possible with other methods. This combination of new capabilities is a proven path to major scientific advances and discoveries. The GDO mission (1) has the first full disk imagery of the density and composition variability that exist during disturbed "storm" periods and the circulation systems of the upper atmosphere, (2) is able to image the ionosphere on a global and long time scale basis, (3) is able to probe the mechanisms that control the evolution of planetary atmospheres, and (4) is able to test our understanding of how the Earth is connected to the Sun. This paper explores the optical and technical aspects of the GDO mission and the implementation strategy. Additionally, the case will be made that GDO addresses a significant portion of the priority mission science articulated in the recent Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey.(1) C1 [Spann, James; Stahl, Phil; Hopkins, Randall] NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35811 USA. RP Spann, J (reprint author), NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35811 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 886013 DI 10.1117/12.2033823 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100032 ER PT S AU Stahl, HP Postman, M Abplanalp, L Arnold, W Eng, R Sivaramakrishnan, A AF Stahl, H. Philip Postman, Marc Abplanalp, Laura Arnold, William Eng, Ron Sivaramakrishnan, Anand BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI Overview and Recent Accomplishments of the Advanced Mirror Technology Development (AMTD) for large aperture UVOIR space telescopes project SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Space Telescope Mirrors; Mirror Technology Development AB The Advance Mirror Technology Development (AMTD) project is a three year effort initiated in FY12 to mature by at least a half TRL step six critical technologies required to enable 4 to 8 meter UVOIR space telescope primary mirror assemblies for both general astrophysics and ultra-high contrast observations of exoplanets. Thus far, AMTD has achieved all of its goals and accomplished all of its milestones. We did this by assembling an outstanding team from academia, industry, and government with extensive expertise in astrophysics and exoplanet characterization, and in the design/manufacture of monolithic and segmented space telescopes; by deriving engineering specifications for advanced normal-incidence mirror systems needed to make the required science measurements; and by defining and prioritizing the most important technical problems to be solved. C1 [Stahl, H. Philip; Eng, Ron] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stahl, HP (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 88600Q DI 10.1117/12.2022362 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100023 ER PT S AU Stahl, HP Postman, M Smith, WS AF Stahl, H. Philip Postman, Marc Smith, W. Scott BE MacEwen, HA Breckinridge, JB TI Engineering Specification for large-aperture UVO space telescopes derived from Science requirements SO UV/OPTICAL/IR SPACE TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments - Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Space Telescope Mirrors; Mirror Technology Development; Systems Engineering AB The Advance Mirror Technology Development (AMTD) project is a three year effort initiated in FY12 to mature by at least a half TRL step six critical technologies required to enable 4 to 8 meter UVOIR space telescope primary mirror assemblies for both general astrophysics and ultra-high contrast observations of exoplanets. AMTD uses a science-driven systems engineering approach. We mature technologies required to enable the highest priority science AND result in a high-performance low-cost low-risk system. To provide the science community with options, we are pursuing multiple technology paths. We have assembled an outstanding team from academia, industry, and government with extensive expertise in astrophysics and exoplanet characterization, and in the design/manufacture of monolithic and segmented space telescopes. A key accomplishment is deriving engineering specifications for advanced normal-incidence monolithic and segmented mirror systems needed to enable both general astrophysics and ultra-high contrast observations of exoplanets missions as a function of potential launch vehicles and their mass and volume constraints. C1 [Stahl, H. Philip; Smith, W. Scott] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stahl, HP (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9710-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8860 AR 886006 DI 10.1117/12.2024480 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BIA02 UT WOS:000327125100004 ER PT J AU Kolli, KK Paul, AK Back, LH Effat, MA Banerjee, RK AF Kolli, Kranthi K. Paul, Anup K. Back, Lloyd H. Effat, Mohamed A. Banerjee, Rupak K. TI Optimization of balloon obstruction for simulating equivalent pressure drop in physiological stenoses SO BIORHEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Internal balloon obstruction; physiological stenosis; pressure drop ID CORONARY-ARTERY STENOSES; FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE; ANGIOPLASTY; BLOOD; VALIDATION; RESISTANCE; OCCLUSION; SEVERITY; DISEASE; HUMANS AB The study of hemodynamics in an animal model simulating coronary stenosis has been limited due to the lack of a safe, accurate and reliable technique for creating an artificial stenosis. Creating artificial stenosis using occluders in an open-chest procedure has often caused myocardial infarction (MI) or severe injury to the vessel resulting in high failure rates. To minimize these issues, closed-chest procedures with internal balloon obstruction are often used to create an artificial stenosis. However, the hemodynamics in a blood vessel with internal balloon obstruction versus a physiological stenosis has not been compared. Hence, the aim of this research is to develop a relationship to predict the balloon obstruction equivalent to that of a physiological stenosis. The pressure drop in a balloon obstruction was evaluated and compared with that in a physiological stenosis. It was observed that the flow characteristics in balloon obstructions are more viscous dominated, whereas those in physiological stenoses are momentum dominated. Balloon radius was iteratively varied using a Design of Experiments (DOE) based optimization method to obtain a pressure drop equal to that of a physiological stenosis at mean hyperemic flow rates. A linear relation was obtained to predict equivalent balloon obstruction for a physiological stenosis. Further, the details were verified with our in vivo (animal) study data. C1 [Kolli, Kranthi K.; Paul, Anup K.; Banerjee, Rupak K.] Univ Cincinnati, Mech Engn Program, Sch Dynam Syst, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. [Back, Lloyd H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Effat, Mohamed A.] Univ Cincinnati, Div Cardiovasc Dis, Dept Internal Med, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. [Kolli, Kranthi K.; Effat, Mohamed A.; Banerjee, Rupak K.] Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Banerjee, RK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Mech Engn Program, Sch Dynam Syst, 598 Rhodes Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. EM rupak.banerjee@uc.edu FU American Heart Association of Great Rivers Affiliate [0755236B]; National Scientific Development Grant [0335270N]; Department of Veteran Affairs through VA Merit Review Grant [I01CX000342-01] FX This work is supported by financial support from the American Heart Association of Great Rivers Affiliate, Grant-in-Aid 0755236B, National Scientific Development Grant 0335270N and Department of Veteran Affairs through VA Merit Review Grant (I01CX000342-01). NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-355X EI 1878-5034 J9 BIORHEOLOGY JI Biorheology PY 2013 VL 50 IS 5-6 BP 257 EP 268 DI 10.3233/BIR-130640 PG 12 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Hematology SC Biophysics; Engineering; Hematology GA 287AX UT WOS:000329511500005 PM 24398608 ER PT J AU Wind, G da Silva, AM Norris, PM Platnick, S AF Wind, G. da Silva, A. M. Norris, P. M. Platnick, S. TI Multi-sensor cloud retrieval simulator and remote sensing from model parameters - Part 1: Synthetic sensor radiance formulation SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID MODIS LAND PRODUCTS; AEROSOL PROPERTIES; WATER-VAPOR; ALGORITHM; SCATTERING; TERRA; ALBEDOS; SEVIRI; FIELDS AB In this paper we describe a general procedure for calculating synthetic sensor radiances from variable output from a global atmospheric forecast model. In order to take proper account of the discrepancies between model resolution and sensor footprint, the algorithm takes explicit account of the model subgrid variability, in particular its description of the probability density function of total water (vapor and cloud condensate.) The simulated sensor radiances are then substituted into an operational remote sensing algorithm processing chain to produce a variety of remote sensing products that would normally be produced from actual sensor output. This output can then be used for a wide variety of purposes such as model parameter verification, remote sensing algorithm validation, testing of new retrieval methods and future sensor studies. We show a specific implementation using the GEOS-5 model, the MODIS instrument and the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS) Data Collection 5.1 operational remote sensing cloud algorithm processing chain (including the cloud mask, cloud top properties and cloud optical and microphysical properties products). We focus on clouds because they are very important to model development and improvement. C1 [Wind, G.; da Silva, A. M.; Norris, P. M.; Platnick, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wind, G.] SSAI Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Norris, P. M.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. RP Wind, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gala.wind@nasa.gov RI Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014; Norris, Peter/H-2008-2012 OI Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567; Norris, Peter/0000-0001-6807-9884 NR 49 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 6 BP 2049 EP 2062 DI 10.5194/gmd-6-2049-2013 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 280SG UT WOS:000329050500012 ER PT J AU Huntzinger, DN Schwalm, C Michalak, AM Schaefer, K King, AW Wei, Y Jacobson, A Liu, S Cook, RB Post, WM Berthier, G Hayes, D Huang, M Ito, A Lei, H Lu, C Mao, J Peng, CH Peng, S Poulter, B Riccuito, D Shi, X Tian, H Wang, W Zeng, N Zhao, F Zhu, Q AF Huntzinger, D. N. Schwalm, C. Michalak, A. M. Schaefer, K. King, A. W. Wei, Y. Jacobson, A. Liu, S. Cook, R. B. Post, W. M. Berthier, G. Hayes, D. Huang, M. Ito, A. Lei, H. Lu, C. Mao, J. Peng, C. H. Peng, S. Poulter, B. Riccuito, D. Shi, X. Tian, H. Wang, W. Zeng, N. Zhao, F. Zhu, Q. TI The North American Carbon Program Multi-Scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project - Part 1: Overview and experimental design SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; CYCLE; CO2; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BALANCE AB Terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) have become an integral tool for extrapolating local observations and understanding of land-atmosphere carbon exchange to larger regions. The North American Carbon Program (NACP) Multi-scale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal model intercomparison and evaluation effort focused on improving the diagnosis and attribution of carbon exchange at regional and global scales. MsTMIP builds upon current and past synthesis activities, and has a unique framework designed to isolate, interpret, and inform understanding of how model structural differences impact estimates of carbon uptake and release. Here we provide an overview of the MsTMIP effort and describe how the MsTMIP experimental design enables the assessment and quantification of TBM structural uncertainty. Model structure refers to the types of processes considered (e.g., nutrient cycling, disturbance, lateral transport of carbon), and how these processes are represented (e.g., photosynthetic formulation, temperature sensitivity, respiration) in the models. By prescribing a common experimental protocol with standard spin-up procedures and driver data sets, we isolate any biases and variability in TBM estimates of regional and global carbon budgets resulting from differences in the models themselves (i.e., model structure) and model-specific parameter values. An initial intercomparison of model structural differences is represented using hierarchical cluster diagrams (a.k.a. dendrograms), which highlight similarities and differences in how models account for carbon cycle, vegetation, energy, and nitrogen cycle dynamics. We show that, despite the standardized protocol used to derive initial conditions, models show a high degree of variation for GPP, total living biomass, and total soil carbon, underscoring the influence of differences in model structure and parameterization on model estimates. C1 [Huntzinger, D. N.; Schwalm, C.] No Arizona Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Huntzinger, D. N.] No Arizona Univ, Dept Civil Engn Construct Management & Environm E, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. [Michalak, A. M.] Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA USA. [Schaefer, K.; Jacobson, A.] Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Schaefer, K.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [King, A. W.; Wei, Y.; Liu, S.; Cook, R. B.; Post, W. M.; Hayes, D.; Mao, J.; Riccuito, D.; Shi, X.] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. [Jacobson, A.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Berthier, G.; Peng, S.; Poulter, B.] LSCE, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Huang, M.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Ito, A.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Lei, H.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Atmospher Sci & Global Change Div, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Lei, H.] Tsinghua Univ, Dept Hydraul Engn, State Key Lab Hydrosci & Engn, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Lu, C.; Tian, H.] Auburn Univ, Int Ctr Climate & Global Change Res, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Lu, C.; Tian, H.] Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Peng, C. H.] Univ Quebec, Inst Environm Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. [Peng, C. H.; Zhu, Q.] Northwest A&F Univ, Coll Forestry, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. [Wang, W.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Zeng, N.; Zhao, F.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Huntzinger, DN (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, POB 5694, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. EM deborah.huntzinger@nau.edu RI Zeng, Ning/A-3130-2008; Tian, Hanqin/A-6484-2012; Huang, Maoyi/I-8599-2012; Lei, Huimin/H-9596-2015; Peng, Shushi/J-4779-2014; Ricciuto, Daniel/I-3659-2016; Mao, Jiafu/B-9689-2012 OI Cook, Robert/0000-0001-7393-7302; Poulter, Benjamin/0000-0002-9493-8600; Zeng, Ning/0000-0002-7489-7629; Tian, Hanqin/0000-0002-1806-4091; Huang, Maoyi/0000-0001-9154-9485; Lei, Huimin/0000-0002-1175-2334; Peng, Shushi/0000-0001-5098-726X; Ricciuto, Daniel/0000-0002-3668-3021; Mao, Jiafu/0000-0002-2050-7373 FU NASA ROSES Grant [NNX10AG01A, NNH10AN68I]; US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research; DOE [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC06-76RLO1830]; NASA; NASA Land Cover/Land Use Change Program (LCLUC); NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program; NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP); NSF Dynamics of Coupled Natural-Human System Program (CNH); Decadal and Regional Climate Prediction using Earth System Models (EaSM); DOE National Institute for Climate Change Research; USDA AFRI Program; EPA STAR Program; GhG Europe FP7 grant; National Basic Research Program of China [2013CB956602]; National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) FX Funding for this project was provided through NASA ROSES Grant # NNX10AG01A. Data management support for preparing, documenting, and distributing model driver and output data was performed by the Modeling and Synthesis Thematic Data Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (http://nacp.ornl.gov), with funding through NASA ROSES Grant # NNH10AN68I. Finalized MsTMIP data products will be archived at the ORNL DAAC (http://daac.ornl.gov). This is MsTMIP contribution #1. Acknowledgments for specific MsTMIP participating models follow.; CLM: This research is supported in part by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-BATTELLE for DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.; CLM4-VIC: This research is supported in part by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research. PNNL is operated for the US DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO1830.; DLEM: The Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) developed in the International Center for Climate and Global Change Research at Auburn University has been supported by NASA Interdisciplinary Science Program (IDS), NASA Land Cover/Land Use Change Program (LCLUC), NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program, NASA Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP); NSF Dynamics of Coupled Natural-Human System Program (CNH), Decadal and Regional Climate Prediction using Earth System Models (EaSM); DOE National Institute for Climate Change Research; USDA AFRI Program and EPA STAR Program.; ORCHIDEE-LSCE: ORCHIDEE is a global land surface model developed at the IPSL institute in France. The simulations were performed with the support of the GhG Europe FP7 grant with computing facilities provided by "LSCE" or "TGCC".; TRIPLEX-GHG: TRIPLEX-GHG developed at University of Quebec at Montreal (Canada) and Northwest A&F University (China) has been supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB956602) and the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discover Grant. NR 24 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 31 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 6 BP 2121 EP 2133 DI 10.5194/gmd-6-2121-2013 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 280SG UT WOS:000329050500016 ER PT S AU Chiragh, FL Konoplev, OA Vasilyev, AA Poulios, D Stephen, MA Krainak, MA AF Chiragh, Furqan L. Konoplev, Oleg A. Vasilyev, Aleksey A. Poulios, Demetrios Stephen, Mark A. Krainak, Michael A. BE Exarhos, GJ Gruzdev, VE Menapace, JA Ristau, D Soileau, MJ TI Examination of Multi-shot Laser Induced Damage on Uncoated Fused Silica Substrates at the Surface and in the Bulk Material Using P-Polarized 1 ns 1.5 kHz Laser Pulses at 1064 nm. SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th Annual Laser Damage Symposium on Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 22-25, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Spica Technologies Inc DE LIDT; Multi-Shot Damage; Micro-pulse; ATLAS; ICESat-II AB In this paper, we present laser damage threshold testing performed on Un-Coated Fused Silica (SiO2) substrates after multiple laser pulse irradiation. We will outline our methods of testing and observation of laser damage. Using carefully prepared 1 '' optical flats with 0.25 '' thickness, we observe competition between laser damage on the surface and in the bulk of the optic. Damage in the bulk is observed at the level of approximately 40-50 J/cm2 when irradiated with 1,000-3,000 shots per site. Damage appears initially on the back surface of the substrate (without visible damage to the front/focused surface) and propagates slowly in time through the bulk towards the front of the optic. We believe this is due to self-focusing of the laser beam in the bulk material. An understanding of surface damage threshold has important consequences for applications, such as LIDAR, laser machining, and the lifetime of optical components. This work was done within the laser mission testing for NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-II (ICESat-II) program at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. C1 [Chiragh, Furqan L.; Konoplev, Oleg A.; Vasilyev, Aleksey A.] Sigma Space Corp, 4600 Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Poulios, Demetrios] Amer Univ, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20016 USA. [Stephen, Mark A.; Krainak, Michael A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser & Elect Opt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chiragh, FL (reprint author), Sigma Space Corp, 4600 Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM furqan.l.chiragh@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9753-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8885 AR UNSP 88850P DI 10.1117/12.2030364 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BJM57 UT WOS:000329160900015 ER PT S AU Poulios, D Konoplev, O Chiragh, F Vasilyev, A Stephen, M Strickler, K AF Poulios, D. Konoplev, O. Chiragh, F. Vasilyev, A. Stephen, M. Strickler, K. BE Exarhos, GJ Gruzdev, VE Menapace, JA Ristau, D Soileau, MJ TI Performance of multilayer optical coatings under long-term 532nm laser exposure SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th Annual Laser Damage Symposium on Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials CY SEP 22-25, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP SPIE, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Spica Technologies Inc DE Photocontamination; laser-induced contamination; spaceflight lasers; optical damage ID MISSION AB The effects of long-term exposure to high intensity 532 nm radiation on various dielectric-coated optics are studied. To investigate potential photodarkening effects on optical surfaces, an accelerated life test platform was constructed where optics were exposed to 532 nm radiation from a short-pulse, high repetition rate fiber amplifier at total doses up to 1 trillion shots. The first run of trillion-shot tests were conducted on e-beam deposited and ion beam sputtering (IBS) coated high reflecting mirrors with on-surface intensities ranging from 1.0-1.4 GW/cm(2). It was found that the e-beam coated mirrors failed catastrophically at less than 150 billion shots, while the IBS coated mirror was able to complete the trillion-shot test with no measurable loss of reflectivity. Profiling the IBS mirror surface with a high-resolution white light interferometer post-irradiation revealed a similar to 10 nm high photocontamination deposit at the irradiation site that closely matched the intensity profile of the laser spot. Trillion-shot surface exposure tests were also conducted at multiple surface sites of an LBO frequency doubling crystal at similar to 1.5 GW/cm(2) at multiple surface sites. The transmitted power and on-surface beam size were monitored throughout the tests, and periodic measurements of the beam quality and waist location of the transmitted light were also made using an M-2 meter. No changes in transmitted power or M-2 were observed in any of the tests, but 3D surface profiling revealed laser-induced contamination deposits at each site tested. C1 [Poulios, D.] Amer Univ, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. [Konoplev, O.; Chiragh, F.; Vasilyev, A.] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Stephen, M.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Strickler, K.] Orbital Sci Corp, Dulles, VA 20166 USA. RP Poulios, D (reprint author), Amer Univ, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. FU NASA's FX The work shown here was supported by NASAs ICESat-2 flight program. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9753-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8885 AR UNSP 888523 DI 10.1117/12.2030458 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BJM57 UT WOS:000329160900046 ER PT J AU Curtis, TH Parkyn, DC Burgess, GH AF Curtis, Tobey H. Parkyn, Daryl C. Burgess, George H. TI Use of Human-Altered Habitats by Bull Sharks in a Florida Nursery Area SO MARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID INDIAN-RIVER LAGOON; CARCHARHINUS-LEUCAS; MOVEMENT PATTERNS; WATER-QUALITY; RECTAL GLAND; JUVENILE; ESTUARINE; FISH; PREFERENCES; BEHAVIOR AB Bull Sharks Carcharhinus leucas in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, have been documented to frequently occur in human-altered habitats, including dredged creeks and channels, boat marinas, and power plant outfalls. The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term movements of age-0 and juvenile Bull Sharks to quantify the extent to which those movements occur in altered habitats. A total of 16 short-term active acoustic tracks (2-26h) were carried out with 9 individuals, and a 10th individual was fitted with a long-term coded transmitter for passive monitoring by fixed listening stations. Movement and activity space statistics indicated high levels of area reuse over the span of tracking (hours to days). All but one shark used altered habitat at some point during tracking, such that 51% of all tracking positions occurred in some type of altered habitat. Of the sharks that used altered habitat, the mean (1 SD) percent of positions within altered habitat was 66 (+/- 40)%. Furthermore, tracks for 3 individuals indicated selection for altered habitats. The single passively monitored Bull Shark was detected in power plant outfalls almost daily over a 5-month period, providing the first indication of longer-term fidelity to thermal effluents. Use of one dredged creek was influenced by local salinity, the tracked sharks dispersing from the altered habitat when salinity declined. The affinity of young Bull Sharks to altered habitats in this system could help explain their reported accumulation of a variety of harmful contaminants, which could negatively affect their health and survival. C1 [Curtis, Tobey H.; Burgess, George H.] Univ Florida, Florida Program Shark Res, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Curtis, Tobey H.; Parkyn, Daryl C.] Univ Florida, Program Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Curtis, TH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Northeast Reg Off, 55 Great Republ Dr, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. EM tobey.curtis@noaa.gov FU NMFS Highly Migratory Species Division [NA17FL2813]; Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund [UF-03-13] FX This study would not have been possible without the assistance of the individuals who volunteered their time to assist with tagging and tracking: Tabitha Vigliotti, Travis Ford, Laura Macesic, Bryan Delius, Eric Reyier, Taylor Sullivan, Steve Larsen, David McGowan, Rachel Schwab, Shannon Rolfe, Jennifer Zimmerman, Charlene Mauro, Travis Minter, Erika Wasner, and Rena Bryan. We thank Franklin Snelson, Jr., Michelle Heupel, Ed Phlips, and Doug Adams for input and guidance over the course of this study. For various forms of logistical support during field work, we thank Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Canaveral National Seashore, and Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. Assistance with GIS was provided by Dean Szumylo. We greatly appreciate comments provided by Yannis Papastamatiou on an earlier version of this manuscript, as well as comments provided by two anonymous reviewers. This research was funded by grants from the NMFS Highly Migratory Species Division to the National Shark Research Consortium (NA17FL2813) and the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund (UF-03-13). The project was carried out under permits from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (permit 02R-718), Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (permit SUP 35 Burgess), and Canaveral National Seashore (permit CANA-2002-SCI-0007). NR 51 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1942-5120 J9 MAR COAST FISH JI Mar. Coast. Fish. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 5 IS 1 BP 28 EP 38 DI 10.1080/19425120.2012.756438 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285CD UT WOS:000329369900004 ER PT J AU Hoffmayer, ER Driggers, WB Sulikowski, JA AF Hoffmayer, Eric R. Driggers, William B., III Sulikowski, James A. TI Introduction to a Special Section: Life History Characteristics of Elasmobranch Fishes from the Western North Atlantic Ocean SO MARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID SHARK FISHERIES; MANAGEMENT C1 [Hoffmayer, Eric R.; Driggers, William B., III] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS USA. [Sulikowski, James A.] Univ New England, Dept Marine Sci, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. RP Hoffmayer, ER (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Post Off Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1942-5120 J9 MAR COAST FISH JI Mar. Coast. Fish. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 5 IS 1 BP 125 EP 126 DI 10.1080/19425120.2013.799619 PG 2 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285CD UT WOS:000329369900012 ER PT J AU Hoffmayer, ER Driggers, WB Jones, LM Hendon, JM Sulikowski, JA AF Hoffmayer, Eric R. Driggers, William B., III Jones, Lisa M. Hendon, Jill M. Sulikowski, James A. TI Variability in the Reproductive Biology of the Atlantic Sharpnose Shark in the Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; RHIZOPRIONODON-TERRAENOVAE; LIFE-HISTORY; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; WESTERN GULF; OCEAN; PARAMETERS; GROWTH; WATERS; SKATE AB The reproductive biology of the Atlantic Sharpnose Shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae in the Gulf of Mexico was investigated by examining 1,306 specimens (693 females, 613 males) collected from the Florida Keys to waters off Brownsville, Texas. The results of this study confirm the annual reproductive cycle established for this species; however, there was a significant amount of variability within the cycle. Ovulatory and postovulatory females were present from March to October, indicating that mating and ovulation were occurring over a more protracted period than previously described (e.g., May to July). The occurrence of postpartum females from April to September, the varying sizes of the embryos across several months, and the occurrence of mature spermatozoa in the testes of adults from March to November also corroborate the evidence of reproductive plasticity in this species. This observed variability in the reproductive cycle indicates that the Gulf of Mexico Atlantic Sharpnose Shark population is not completely synchronous in regards to mating, ovulation, and parturition, as a portion of the population is demonstrating reproductive asynchrony. Although the cause of this asynchrony remains unclear, it may be related to the environmental conditions of the Gulf of Mexico, which could provide water temperatures that are optimal for the reproduction of this species through much of the year (i.e., March to October), resulting in a protracted reproductive cycle. Given the results of the current study, the reproductive cycles of other carcharhinid species in this region should be examined in more detail to determine whether there is asynchrony in them as well, as this phenomenon could impact future management strategies. C1 [Hoffmayer, Eric R.; Driggers, William B., III; Jones, Lisa M.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. [Hendon, Jill M.] Univ Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ctr Fisheries Res & Dev, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. [Sulikowski, James A.] Univ New England, Ctr Marine Sci, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. RP Hoffmayer, ER (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Post Off Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. EM eric.hoffmayer@noaa.gov FU U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Wallop-Breaux Sport Fish Restoration Program; National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program; Congressional Supplemental Sampling Program FX Financial support for this project was partially provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Wallop-Breaux Sport Fish Restoration Program, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program, and Congressional Supplemental Sampling Program. We thank T. Holland, A. Fogg, K. Hannan, W. Dempster, E. Lang, G. Gray, M. Walker, J. McKinney, J. Higgs, S. Ashworth, J. Tilley, and our summer students and interns for assistance in both the field and laboratory. We also thank M. Cook, K. Hannan, and H. Lang for helping us coordinate the collection of specimens through the NMFS EASA. We also thank G. Poulakis and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved this manuscript. Finally, we thank Captain D. Stiller and his crew for providing specimens during the fall and winter to help fill in gaps in our data. Sampling protocols were approved by the University of Southern Mississippi's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (09031203). NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1942-5120 J9 MAR COAST FISH JI Mar. Coast. Fish. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 5 IS 1 BP 139 EP 151 DI 10.1080/19425120.2013.783518 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285CD UT WOS:000329369900014 ER PT J AU Jones, LM Driggers, WB Hoffmayer, ER Hannan, KM Mathers, AN AF Jones, Lisa M. Driggers, William B., III Hoffmayer, Eric R. Hannan, Kristin M. Mathers, Alyssa N. TI Reproductive Biology of the Cuban Dogfish in the Northern Gulf of Mexico SO MARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID SHARKS CENTROSCYMNUS-COELOLEPIS; SHORTNOSE SPINY DOGFISH; SQUALUS-MEGALOPS; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; LIFE-HISTORY; CENTROPHORUS-SQUAMOSUS; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; AGULHAS BANK; SOUTH-AFRICA; WATERS AB Within the northern Gulf of Mexico, the Cuban Dogfish Squalus cubensis is the most frequently encountered squalid in continental shelf and slope waters. Despite the relatively high abundance of Cuban Dogfish in the region, there is a dearth of information regarding even the most basic aspects of the species' biology. Furthermore, what has been reported is conflicting and of questionable utility. From 2005 to 2012, 139 male and 252 female Cuban Dogfish were collected opportunistically. The analyses indicated that male Cuban Dogfish reach 50% maturity at 379mm stretch total length (STL) and are capable of reproducing throughout the year. Females reach 50% maturity at 466mm STL and 50% maternity at 478mm STL. Brood size ranges from one to four, and vitellogenesis and gestation are concurrent. Although samples were not collected during all months of the year, the presence of ova in the blastodisc stage of development during the summer and fall, coupled with the relatively high variability of embryo size within fall months, suggest that Cuban Dogfish reproduce asynchronously. C1 [Jones, Lisa M.; Driggers, William B., III; Hoffmayer, Eric R.; Hannan, Kristin M.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. [Mathers, Alyssa N.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Driggers, WB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Post Off Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. EM william.driggers@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1942-5120 J9 MAR COAST FISH JI Mar. Coast. Fish. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 5 IS 1 BP 152 EP 158 DI 10.1080/19425120.2013.768572 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285CD UT WOS:000329369900015 ER PT J AU Hendon, JM Koester, DM Hoffmayer, ER Driggers, WB Cicia, AM AF Hendon, Jill M. Koester, David M. Hoffmayer, Eric R. Driggers, William B. Cicia, Angela M. TI Occurrence of an Intersexual Blacktip Shark in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, with Notes on the Standardization of Classifications for This Condition in Elasmobranchs SO MARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; HERMAPHRODITE DOGFISH; SCYLIORHINUS-CANICULA; COMMON DOGFISH; LANTERN SHARK; NEW-ZEALAND; CHONDRICHTHYES; RAJIFORMES; DASYATIDAE; STINGRAY AB An intersexual Blacktip Shark Carcharhinus limbatus with a testis, immature female reproductive tracts (embedded), and claspers was caught in the Gulf of Mexico. Histology of the single gonad revealed that all stages of spermatogenesis were occurring; however, the absence of ovaries and a male duct system suggests that neither sex would have been functional in this individual. Intersexuality has been reported in 17 families and 36 species of elasmobranchs. The degree to which the different sexes are present in a given individual is often difficult to categorize by normal hermaphroditic standards, as this is typically an anomalous presentation in elasmobranchs. Therefore, this report provides three categories for classification (basic, incomplete, and complete intersexuality) to standardize terminology and allow for more precise comparisons to be made among elasmobranch examples. Basic intersexuals have gonadal tissue of only one sex and a combination of other male and female characters with neither or only one sex being complete. Incomplete intersexuals have gonadal tissue of both sexes and a combination of other male and female characters; however, neither or only one sex is complete. Complete intersexuals have claspers as well as gonadal tissue and tracts for both sexes. The majority of the reported intersexual elasmobranchs, including the shark described here, are basic intersexuals. C1 [Hendon, Jill M.] Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ctr Fisheries Res & Dev, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. [Koester, David M.] Univ New England, Dept Biol, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. [Hoffmayer, Eric R.; Driggers, William B.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. [Cicia, Angela M.] Univ New England, Dept Marine Biol, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. RP Hendon, JM (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ctr Fisheries Res & Dev, 703 East Beach Dr, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. EM jill.hendon@usm.edu FU NOAA [NA06NMF4250011] FX We thank R. M. Simmons and B. Gregory of the Research Vessel Tom McIlwain; A. Karels and T. Holland for assistance in the collection of the Mississippi Blacktip Shark specimen; N. Brown-Peterson for histological review; J. Shaw for obtaining many of the sources; G. Poulakis, J. Mandelman, and an anonymous reviewer for their thorough evaluation of the manuscript; and J. Sulikowski for collaborative assistance. The shark discussed in this paper was collected while sampling for a NOAA-funded cooperative Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (NA06NMF4250011). All sampling protocols were approved by University of Southern Mississippi's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (09031202 and 09031203). NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1942-5120 J9 MAR COAST FISH JI Mar. Coast. Fish. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 5 IS 1 BP 174 EP 180 DI 10.1080/19425120.2013.799618 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285CD UT WOS:000329369900017 ER PT J AU Prohaska, BK Tsang, PCW Driggers, WB Hoffmayer, ER Sulikowski, JA AF Prohaska, Bianca K. Tsang, Paul C. W. Driggers, William B., III Hoffmayer, Eric R. Sulikowski, James A. TI Development of a Nonlethal and Minimally Invasive Protocol to Study Elasmobranch Reproduction SO MARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID SKATE RAJA-ERINACEA; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; STEROID-HORMONES; SPHYRNA-TIBURO; WESTERN GULF; AMBLYRAJA-RADIATA; SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; MALACORAJA-SENTA; BONNETHEAD SHARK; SEXUAL-MATURITY AB An understanding of basic reproductive biology is essential for successful species-specific management of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates, and rays). Such information is often gained through gross dissection or other lethal techniques, which are not appropriate for threatened and endangered species. Previous work on other vertebrates suggested that sex steroid hormones can be extracted from muscle tissues to identify reproductive status. Collecting for muscle biopsy is quick and minimally invasive and can be done without removing an animal from the water. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the efficacy of using muscle steroid hormones to assess the reproductive biology of elasmobranch fishes. The results suggest that concentrations of muscle progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol can be successfully quantified to study reproduction by radioimmunoassay. Additionally, there were significant correlations between the plasma and muscle estradiol concentrations in Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias and the progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol concentrations in Atlantic Sharpnose Sharks Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. The present investigation thus demonstrates that skeletal muscle is a nonlethally harvestable tissue that is well suited for studying the reproductive biology of elasmobranchs. C1 [Prohaska, Bianca K.; Sulikowski, James A.] Univ New England, Dept Marine Sci, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. [Tsang, Paul C. W.] Dept Mol Cellular & Biomed Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Driggers, William B., III; Hoffmayer, Eric R.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Prohaska, BK (reprint author), Univ New England, Dept Marine Sci, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. EM bprohaska@une.edu FU Save our Seas Foundation [P170] FX We thank captains C. Brown (FV Proud Mary) and C. Felch (FV Lady Victoria) as well as the NOAA, Pascagoula, Mississippi, bottom longline survey. We thank Amy Carlson for creating our map. Thanks to the Marine Science Center (MSC) graduate program. Research was conducted as part of the requirements for a master's degree at the University of New England. We also thank the graduate and undergraduate students of the Sulikowski laboratory at the University of New England. This project was supported by a Save our Seas Foundation grant (P170) to J.A.S. This manuscript represents MSC contribution 49. NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 20 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1942-5120 J9 MAR COAST FISH JI Mar. Coast. Fish. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 5 IS 1 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1080/19425120.2013.788590 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285CD UT WOS:000329369900018 ER PT J AU Coutre, K Gedamke, T Rudders, DB Driggers, WB Koester, DM Sulikowski, JA AF Coutre, Karson Gedamke, Todd Rudders, David B. Driggers, William B., III Koester, David M. Sulikowski, James A. TI Indication of Density-Dependent Changes in Growth and Maturity of the Barndoor Skate on Georges Bank SO MARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; WESTERN GULF; SEXUAL-MATURITY; LEUCORAJA-ERINACEA; AMBLYRAJA-RADIATA; WINTER SKATE; AGE; MAINE; SIZE; EXTINCTION AB Drastic increases or decreases in biomass often result in density-dependent changes in life history characteristics within a fish population. Acknowledging this phenomenon and in light of the recent biomass increase in Barndoor Skate Dipturus laevis, the current study re-evaluated the growth rate and sexual maturity of 244 specimens collected from 2009-2011within closed areas I and II on Georges Bank, USA. Ages were estimated using vertebral band counts from skate that ranged from 21 to 129cm TL. The von Bertalanffy growth function was applied to pooled age-at-length data. Parameter estimates from the current study of L = 155cm TL and k = 0.10 represent a significant decrease from previously reported parameters of L = 167cm TL and k = 0.14. In addition to changes in growth parameters, age at 50% maturity for both males (based on clasper length, testes mass, and percent mature spermatocytes) and females (based on data from shell gland mass, ovary mass, and follicle diameter) increased by 3years and 4years, respectively. Based on our results and the 10- to 12-year gap in the collection of samples, it is likely that Barndoor Skate within this region have exhibited pliability in life history parameters. C1 [Coutre, Karson; Sulikowski, James A.] Univ New England, Ctr Marine Sci, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. [Gedamke, Todd] MER Consultants, Stuart, FL 34997 USA. [Rudders, David B.] Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. [Driggers, William B., III] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. [Koester, David M.] Univ New England, Dept Anat, Coll Osteopath Med, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. RP Coutre, K (reprint author), Univ New England, Ctr Marine Sci, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA. EM kmcoutre@alaska.edu FU University of New England Honors Program; College of Arts and Sciences Summer Research Stipend, Marine Science Department, Marine Science Center FX We thank the captains and crews of the FV Celtic and FV Endeavor of New Bedford, Massachusetts, and William DuPaul, Jessica Bergeron, and Ryan Knotek for aid in the collection of skate. We further show appreciation to the Sulikowski research laboratory for aid in dissections and transport of specimens. This project was supported by the University of New England Honors Program and College of Arts and Sciences Summer Research Stipend, Marine Science Department, Marine Science Center. NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1942-5120 J9 MAR COAST FISH JI Mar. Coast. Fish. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 5 IS 1 BP 260 EP 269 DI 10.1080/19425120.2013.824941 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 285CD UT WOS:000329369900025 ER PT J AU Klenzing, J Burrell, AG Heelis, RA Huba, JD Pfaff, R Simoes, F AF Klenzing, J. Burrell, A. G. Heelis, R. A. Huba, J. D. Pfaff, R. Simoes, F. TI Exploring the role of ionospheric drivers during the extreme solar minimum of 2008 SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; equatorial ionosphere; ion chemistry and composition; modeling and forecasting ID EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE; MODEL; ATMOSPHERE; SATELLITE AB During the recent solar minimum, solar activity reached the lowest levels observed during the space age, resulting in a contracted atmosphere. This extremely low solar activity provides an unprecedented opportunity to understand the variability of the Earth's ambient ionosphere. The average E x B drifts measured by the Vector Electric Field Instrument (VEFI) on the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite during this period are found to have several differences from the expected climatology based on previous solar minima, including downward drifts in the early afternoon and a weak to nonexistent pre-reversal enhancement. Using SAMI2 (Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere) as a computational engine, we investigate the effects of these electrodynamical changes as well as the contraction of the thermosphere and reduced EUV ionization on the ionosphere. The sensitivity of the simulations to wind models is also discussed. These modeled ionospheres are compared to the C/NOFS average topside ion density and composition and Formosa Satellite-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate average NmF2 and hmF2. In all cases, incorporating the VEFI drift data significantly improves the model results when compared to both the C/NOFS density data and the F3/C GOX data. Changing the MSIS and EUVAC models produced changes in magnitude, but not morphology with respect to local time. The choice of wind model modulates the resulting topside density and composition, but only the use of the VEFI E x B drifts produces the observed post-sunset drop in the F peak. C1 [Klenzing, J.; Pfaff, R.; Simoes, F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Weather Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Burrell, A. G.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Heelis, R. A.] Univ Texas Dallas, William B Hanson Ctr Space Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. [Huba, J. D.] Naval Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC USA. RP Klenzing, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Weather Lab, Code 674, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jeffrey.klenzing@nasa.gov RI Klenzing, Jeff/E-2406-2011; OI Klenzing, Jeff/0000-0001-8321-6074; Burrell, Angeline/0000-0001-8875-9326 FU USAF Space Test Program FX The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) mission, conceived and developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), is sponsored and executed by the USAF Space Test Program. Thanks to J. Emmert and C. Siefring for providing the MSIS scalars. The authors would like to thank the F3/C orbital operation team at the National Space Organization (NSPO) and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) for their roles in obtaining and distributing the F3/C data. This work uses the SAMI2 ionosphere model written and developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. NR 37 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 12 BP 2147 EP 2156 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-2147-2013 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 280TL UT WOS:000329053600002 ER PT J AU Hunter, MO Keller, M Victoria, D Morton, DC AF Hunter, M. O. Keller, M. Victoria, D. Morton, D. C. TI Tree height and tropical forest biomass estimation SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; CANOPY-HEIGHT; ALLOMETRIC MODELS; AIRBORNE LIDAR; CARBON STOCKS; AMAZON FOREST; TERRA-FIRME; BRAZIL; EQUATIONS; BALANCE AB Tropical forests account for approximately half of above-ground carbon stored in global vegetation. However, uncertainties in tropical forest carbon stocks remain high because it is costly and laborious to quantify standing carbon stocks. Carbon stocks of tropical forests are determined using allometric relations between tree stem diameter and height and biomass. Previous work has shown that the inclusion of height in biomass allometries, compared to the sole use of diameter, significantly improves biomass estimation accuracy. Here, we evaluate the effect of height measurement error on biomass estimation and we evaluate the accuracy of recently published diameter-height allometries at four areas within the Brazilian Amazon. As no destructive sample of biomass was available at these sites, reference biomass values were based on allometries. We found that the precision of individual tree height measurements ranged from 3 to 20% of total height. This imprecision resulted in a 5-6% uncertainty in biomass when scaled to 1 ha transects. Individual height measurement may be replaced with existing regional and global height allometries. However, we recommend caution when applying these relations. At Tapajos National Forest in the Brazilian state of Para, using the pantropical and regional allometric relations for height resulted in site biomass 21% and 25% less than reference values. At the other three study sites, the pantropical equation resulted in errors of less that 2 %, and the regional allometry produced errors of less than 12 %. As an alternative to measuring all tree heights or to using regional and pantropical relations, we recommend measuring height for a well-distributed sample of about 100 trees per site. Following this methodology, 95% confidence intervals of transect biomass were constrained to within 4.5% on average when compared to reference values. C1 [Hunter, M. O.; Keller, M.] Univ New Hampshire, Earth Sci Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Keller, M.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, San Juan, PR 00926 USA. [Keller, M.; Victoria, D.] EMBRAPA Monitoramento Satelite, Campinas, SP, Brazil. [Morton, D. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hunter, MO (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Earth Sci Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM maria.hunter@unh.edu RI Morton, Douglas/D-5044-2012; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 FU NASA [NNG06GE11A, NNX09AI33G, NNG04G073G, NNX06AH36G]; NSF [DEB0721140]; USAid Sustainable Landscapes FX The authors would like to thank T. Feldpausch and two anonymous reviewers for their help in improving this manuscript. This research was supported by NASA grants NNG06GE11A, NNX09AI33G, NNG04G073G and NNX06AH36G, NSF grant DEB0721140 and USAid Sustainable Landscapes. NR 52 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 44 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 12 BP 8385 EP 8399 DI 10.5194/bg-10-8385-2013 PG 15 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 280TV UT WOS:000329054600037 ER PT B AU Hasan, H Smith, D Sharma, M AF Hasan, Hashima Smith, Denise Sharma, Mangala BE Barnes, J Shupla, C Manning, JG Gibbs, MG TI NASA's Astrophysics Education and Public Outreach: Selected Highlights SO COMMUNICATING SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Communicating Science - A National Conference on Science Education and Public Outreach CY AUG 04-08, 2012 CL Tucson, AZ SP Astronom Soc Pacific AB NASA's rich portfolio of Astrophysics Education and Public Outreach (EPO) programs spans formal and informal education from K-12, addresses diverse audiences, and takes the latest NASA scientific discoveries to the public through science museums, planetaria, exhibitions, and other outlets. Public outreach activities use NASA Astrophysics scientific discoveries and technology to inspire students to undertake scientific careers and enhance public understanding of science and technology. Examples of noteworthy activities in the past year include Hubble, Chandra, JWST exhibits at the Intrepid Museum, New York, community collaborations such as the Multi. wavelength Universe online course, and a variety of Citizen Science projects associated with robotic telescopes and with flight missions such as HST and Kepler. Special EPO programs have been developed to reach out to girls and underrepresented minorities. NASA's Astrophysics Science Education and Public Outreach Forum (SEPOF) has developed resources to assist the scientific community in participating in education and public outreach. C1 [Hasan, Hashima] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Hasan, H (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-830-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2013 VL 473 BP 145 EP 150 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BJH30 UT WOS:000328179100018 ER PT B AU Martin, AM AF Martin, Ann M. BE Barnes, J Shupla, C Manning, JG Gibbs, MG TI Dipping Your Toes into Evaluation in Five Easy Steps: Tips, Tricks, and Lessons Learned SO COMMUNICATING SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Communicating Science - A National Conference on Science Education and Public Outreach CY AUG 04-08, 2012 CL Tucson, AZ SP Astronom Soc Pacific AB With limited funding, staffing, and resources for STEM education projects, the push for rigorous evaluation of our efforts offers up significant challenges, but opportunities as well. Evaluative thinking can enrich and improve the entire life cycle of an education, communication, or outreach project, and can take many forms other than a final, summative evaluation report. The community of attendees at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific will share an abundance of evaluation expertise, approaches, and results, but where does one turn if evaluation is a new concept or responsibility? This session will briefly highlight five tips, tricks, and lessons learned from the perspective of a novice and from a NASA project new to evaluation. The resources and ideas shared in the session will represent the concrete advice and driving ideas that put the author on firmer evaluative footing. Themes explored will include: (1) strategies for incorporating evaluative thinking early in the development of a project and throughout its life cycle; (2) the benefit of taking the time to elucidate a program's logic model of theory of action; (3) linking program activities to outcomes that are SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely); (4) working with an external or internal evaluator; and (5) taking evaluation beyond the formal, final report. Finally, we'll close with resources to help individuals and their organizations learn more about evaluation and build their evaluation capacity. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Martin, AM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-830-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2013 VL 473 BP 183 EP 188 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BJH30 UT WOS:000328179100024 ER PT B AU Martin, AM Chambers, LH Pippin, MR Spruill, K AF Martin, Ann M. Chambers, Lin H. Pippin, Margaret R. Spruill, Kate BE Barnes, J Shupla, C Manning, JG Gibbs, MG TI NASA Innovations in Climate Education (NICE): Maximizing and Measuring Impact SO COMMUNICATING SCIENCE: A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Communicating Science - A National Conference on Science Education and Public Outreach CY AUG 04-08, 2012 CL Tucson, AZ SP Astronom Soc Pacific AB NASA Innovations in Climate Education (NICE) at Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, has funded 71 climate education initiatives over the period from 2008 to 2012. These initiatives span across the nation and contribute to the development of a climate-literate public and a climate-related STEM workforce through research experiences professional development opportunities, development of data access and modeling tools, and educational opportunities in both K-12 and higher education. A key component of NICE's program model is our commitment to fostering communication and partnerships among our awardees, and our facilitation of the development of this community through integration activities, including regular webinars and an annual principal investigator (PI) meeting. Additionally, NICE has worked in collaboration with NOAA's Environmental Literacy Grants (ELG) and NSF's Climate Change Education Partnerships (CCEP) programs to foster synergy, leverage resources, and facilitate communication. This strategic collaboration has contributed to the building of a community of practice of climate change educators. Further work is underway to coordinate a common evaluation framework across the tri-agency portfolio, and to become more responsive to calls for cross-agency interaction and common evaluation (e.g., the recommendations of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Committee on STEM Education). In this poster we will describe how the activities of the NICE project and our participation in the tri-agency collaboration contribute to our goals, and we will discuss the ongoing evaluation of this process and its outcomes. C1 [Martin, Ann M.; Chambers, Lin H.; Pippin, Margaret R.; Spruill, Kate] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Martin, AM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-830-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2013 VL 473 BP 365 EP 368 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Education & Educational Research GA BJH30 UT WOS:000328179100060 ER PT J AU Morlighem, M Rignot, E Mouginot, J Wu, X Seroussi, H Larour, E Paden, J AF Morlighem, M. Rignot, E. Mouginot, J. Wu, X. Seroussi, H. Larour, E. Paden, J. TI High-resolution bed topography mapping of Russell Glacier, Greenland, inferred from Operation Ice Bridge data SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHEET; THICKNESS; RADAR; ALGORITHM AB Detailed maps of bed elevation and ice thickness are essential for understanding and projecting the evolution of the ice sheets. Such maps are traditionally obtained using airborne radar-sounding profiler data interpolated onto regular grids using geostatistical tools such as kriging. Here we compare three mapping techniques applied to a dense radar survey of Russell Glacier, West Greenland, by NASA Operation IceBridge: (1) radar tomography (RT) processing of the radar data to map the bed elevation, (2) interpolation of radar-derived thickness by ordinary kriging (KR) and (3) reconstruction of ice thickness based on the principles of mass conservation (MC) combining radar-sounding profiler and ice motion data. RI eliminates ambiguities caused by off-nadir reflections, but is spatially limited. KR yields a standard error in bed elevation of 35 m, but large errors (>300 m a(-1)) in flux divergence when combined with ice motion data. MC yields a comparable performance in bed elevation mapping, and errors smaller than 1 m a(-1) in flux divergence. When the number of radar-sounding tracks is reduced, the performance of KR decreases more rapidly than for MC. Our study site shows that MC is capable of maintaining precision levels of 60 m at 400 m posting with flight tracks separated by 5 km. C1 [Morlighem, M.; Rignot, E.; Mouginot, J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Rignot, E.; Wu, X.; Seroussi, H.; Larour, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Paden, J.] Univ Kansas, CReSIS Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Morlighem, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM Mathieu.Morlighem@uci.edu RI Morlighem, Mathieu/O-9942-2014; Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; OI Morlighem, Mathieu/0000-0001-5219-1310; Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; Mouginot, Jeremie/0000-0001-9155-5455 FU NASA Cryospheric Sciences Program [NNX12AB86G]; US National Science Foundation [ANT-0424589]; NASA [NNX10AT68G] FX This work was performed at the Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, and at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the NASA Cryospheric Sciences Program, grant NNX12AB86G. We acknowledge the use of data and/or data products from CReSIS generated with support from US National Science Foundation grant ANT-0424589 and NASA grant NNX10AT68G. We also acknowledge the use of the DEM from GIMP available online. Helene Seroussi was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the JPL, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. The authors thank Neil Ross, Ute Herzfeld and an anonymous reviewer for helpful and insightful comments. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 18 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 218 BP 1015 EP 1023 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12J235 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 280FI UT WOS:000329013700002 ER PT J AU Seroussi, H Morlighem, M Rignot, E Khazendar, A Larour, E Mouginot, J AF Seroussi, H. Morlighem, M. Rignot, E. Khazendar, A. Larour, E. Mouginot, J. TI Dependence of century-scale projections of the Greenland ice sheet on its thermal regime SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; HEAT-FLUX; MODEL; ANTARCTICA; GLACIERS; CLIMATE; CORE; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; FLOW AB Observations show that the Greenland ice sheet has been losing mass at an increasing rate over the past few decades, which makes it a major contributor to sea-level rise. Here we use a three-dimensional higher-order ice-flow model, adaptive mesh refinement and inverse methods to accurately reproduce the present-day ice flow of the Greenland ice sheet. We investigate the effect of the ice thermal regime on (1) basal sliding inversion and (2) projections over the next 100 years. We show that steady-state temperatures based on present-day conditions allow a reasonable representation of the thermal regime and that both basal conditions and century-scale projections are weakly sensitive to small changes in the initial temperature field, compared with changes in atmospheric conditions or basal sliding. We conclude that although more englacial temperature measurements should be acquired to validate the models, and a better estimation of geothermal heat flux is needed, it is reasonable to use steady-state temperature profiles for short-term projections, as external forcings remain the main drivers of the changes occurring in Greenland. C1 [Seroussi, H.; Rignot, E.; Khazendar, A.; Larour, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Morlighem, M.; Rignot, E.; Mouginot, J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. RP Seroussi, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. EM helene.seroussi@jpl.nasa.gov RI Morlighem, Mathieu/O-9942-2014; Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI Morlighem, Mathieu/0000-0001-5219-1310; Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 FU NASA Cryospheric Sciences Program; NASA; NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Program FX This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, and University of California, Irvine, under a contract with the NASA Cryospheric Sciences Program. H.S. was supported by an appointment to the NASA postdoctoral program at the JPL, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. A.K. was supported by a grant from NASA's Cryospheric Sciences Program. We thank the scientific editor, R. Greve, as well as A. Aschwanden and an anonymous reviewer for comments which helped improve the clarity of the manuscript. NR 64 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 18 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 218 BP 1024 EP 1034 DI 10.3189/2013JoG13J054 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 280FI UT WOS:000329013700003 ER PT J AU Aartsen, MG Abbasi, R Abdou, Y Ackermann, M Adams, J Aguilar, JA Ahlers, M Altmann, D Auffenberg, J Bai, X Baker, M Barwick, SW Baum, V Bay, R Beatty, JJ Bechet, S Becker, KH Tjus, JB Bell, M Benabderrahmane, ML BenZvi, S Berdermann, J Berghaus, P Berley, D Bernardini, E Bernhard, A Bertrand, D Besson, DZ Binder, G Bindig, D Bissok, M Blaufuss, E Blumenthal, J Boersma, DJ Bohaichuk, S Bohm, C Bose, D Boser, S Botner, O Brayeur, L Bretz, HP Brown, AM Bruijn, R Brunner, J Carson, M Casey, J Casier, M Cherwinka, J Chirkin, D Christov, A Christy, B Clark, K Clevermann, F Coenders, S Cohen, S Cowen, DF Silva, AHC Danninger, M Daughhetee, J Davis, JC De Clercq, C De Ridder, S Desiati, P de With, M DeYoung, T Diaz-Velez, JC Dunkman, M Eagan, R Eberhardt, B Eisch, J Ellsworth, RW Euler, S Evenson, PA Fadiran, O Fazely, AR Fedynitch, A Feintzeig, J Feusels, T Filimonov, K Finley, C Fischer-Wasels, T Flis, S Franckowiak, A Franke, R Frantzen, K Fuchs, T Gaisser, TK Gallagher, J Gerhardt, L Gladstone, L Glusenkamp, T Goldschmidt, A Golup, G Gonzalez, JG Goodman, JA Gora, D Grant, D Gross, A Gurtner, M Ha, C Ismail, AH Hallen, P Hallgren, A Halzen, F Hanson, K Heereman, D Heinen, D Helbing, K Hellauer, R Hickford, S Hill, GC Hoffman, KD Hoffmann, R Homeier, A Hoshina, K Huelsnitz, W Hulth, PO Hultqvist, K Hussain, S Ishihara, A Jacobi, E Jacobsen, J Jagielski, K Japaridze, GS Jero, K Jlelati, O Kaminsky, B Kappes, A Karg, T Karle, A Kelley, JL Kiryluk, J Kislat, F Klas, J Klein, SR Kohne, JH Kohnen, G Kolanoski, H Kopke, L Kopper, C Kopper, S Koskinen, DJ Kowalski, M Krasberg, M Krings, K Kroll, G Kunnen, J Kurahashi, N Kuwabara, T Labare, M Landsman, H Larson, MJ Lesiak-Bzdak, M Leuermann, M Leute, J Lunemann, J Madsen, J Maruyama, R Mase, K Matis, HS McNally, F Meagher, K Merck, M Meszaros, P Meures, T Miarecki, S Midden, E Milke, N Miller, J Mohrmann, L Montaruli, T Morse, R Nahnhauer, R Naumann, U Niederhausen, H Nowicki, SC Nygren, DR Obertacke, A Odrowski, S Olivas, A Olivo, M O'Murchadha, A Paul, L Pepper, JA de los Heros, CP Pfendner, C Pieloth, D Pinat, E Pirk, N Posselt, J Price, PB Przybylski, GT Radel, L Rameez, M Rawlins, K Red, P Reimann, R Resconi, E Rhode, W Ribordy, M Richman, M Riede, B Rodrigues, JP Rott, C Ruhe, T Ruzybayev, B Ryckbosch, D Saba, SM Salameh, T Sander, HG Santander, M Sarkar, S Schatto, K Scheel, M Scheriau, F Schmidt, T Schmitz, M Schoenen, S Schoneberg, S Schonwald, A Schukraft, A Schulte, L Schulz, O Seckel, D Sestayo, Y Seunarine, S Sheremata, C Smith, MWE Soiron, M Soldin, D Spiczak, GM Spiering, C Stamatikos, M Stanev, T Stasik, A Stezelberger, T Stokstad, RG Stossl, A Strahler, EA Strom, R Sullivan, GW Taavola, H Taboada, I Tamburro, A Ter-Antonyan, S Tesic, G Tilay, S Toale, PA Toscano, S Tosi, D Usner, M van der Drift, D van Eijndhoven, N Van Overloop, A van Santen, J Vehring, M Voge, M Vraeghe, M Walck, C Waldenmaier, T Wallraff, M Wasserman, R Weaver, C Wellons, M Wendt, C Westerhoff, S Whitehorn, N Wiebe, K Wiebusch, CH Williams, DR Wissing, H Wolf, M Wood, TR Woschnagg, K Xu, C Xu, DL Xu, XW Yanez, JP Yodh, G Yoshida, S Zarzhitsky, P Ziemann, J Zierke, S Zilles, A Zoll, M AF Aartsen, M. G. Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Ackermann, M. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. A. Ahlers, M. Altmann, D. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. W. Baum, V. Bay, R. Beatty, J. J. Bechet, S. Becker, K-H. Tjus, J. Becker Bell, M. Benabderrahmane, M. L. BenZvi, S. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bernhard, A. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Z. Binder, G. Bindig, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Blumenthal, J. Boersma, D. J. Bohaichuk, S. Bohm, C. Bose, D. Boeser, S. Botner, O. Brayeur, L. Bretz, H. -P. Brown, A. M. Bruijn, R. Brunner, J. Carson, M. Casey, J. Casier, M. Cherwinka, J. Chirkin, D. Christov, A. Christy, B. Clark, K. Clevermann, F. Coenders, S. Cohen, S. Cowen, D. F. Silva, A. H. Cruz Danninger, M. Daughhetee, J. Davis, J. C. De Clercq, C. De Ridder, S. Desiati, P. de With, M. DeYoung, T. Diaz-Velez, J. C. Dunkman, M. Eagan, R. Eberhardt, B. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. W. Euler, S. Evenson, P. A. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. R. Fedynitch, A. Feintzeig, J. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Fischer-Wasels, T. Flis, S. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Frantzen, K. Fuchs, T. Gaisser, T. K. Gallagher, J. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Gluesenkamp, T. Goldschmidt, A. Golup, G. Gonzalez, J. G. Goodman, J. A. Gora, D. Grant, D. Gross, A. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Ismail, A. Haj Hallen, P. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Hanson, K. Heereman, D. Heinen, D. Helbing, K. Hellauer, R. Hickford, S. Hill, G. C. Hoffman, K. D. Hoffmann, R. Homeier, A. Hoshina, K. Huelsnitz, W. Hulth, P. O. Hultqvist, K. Hussain, S. Ishihara, A. Jacobi, E. Jacobsen, J. Jagielski, K. Japaridze, G. S. Jero, K. Jlelati, O. Kaminsky, B. Kappes, A. Karg, T. Karle, A. Kelley, J. L. Kiryluk, J. Kislat, F. Klaes, J. Klein, S. R. Koehne, J-H. Kohnen, G. Kolanoski, H. Koepke, L. Kopper, C. Kopper, S. Koskinen, D. J. Kowalski, M. Krasberg, M. Krings, K. Kroll, G. Kunnen, J. Kurahashi, N. Kuwabara, T. Labare, M. Landsman, H. Larson, M. J. Lesiak-Bzdak, M. Leuermann, M. Leute, J. Luenemann, J. Madsen, J. Maruyama, R. Mase, K. Matis, H. S. McNally, F. Meagher, K. Merck, M. Meszaros, P. Meures, T. Miarecki, S. Midden, E. Milke, N. Miller, J. Mohrmann, L. Montaruli, T. Morse, R. Nahnhauer, R. Naumann, U. Niederhausen, H. Nowicki, S. C. Nygren, D. R. Obertacke, A. Odrowski, S. Olivas, A. Olivo, M. O'Murchadha, A. Paul, L. Pepper, J. A. de los Heros, C. Perez Pfendner, C. Pieloth, D. Pinat, E. Pirk, N. Posselt, J. Price, P. B. Przybylski, G. T. Raedel, L. Rameez, M. Rawlins, K. Red, P. Reimann, R. Resconi, E. Rhode, W. Ribordy, M. Richman, M. Riede, B. Rodrigues, J. P. Rott, C. Ruhe, T. Ruzybayev, B. Ryckbosch, D. Saba, S. M. Salameh, T. Sander, H-G. Santander, M. Sarkar, S. Schatto, K. Scheel, M. Scheriau, F. Schmidt, T. Schmitz, M. Schoenen, S. Schoeneberg, S. Schoenwald, A. Schukraft, A. Schulte, L. Schulz, O. Seckel, D. Sestayo, Y. Seunarine, S. Sheremata, C. Smith, M. W. E. Soiron, M. Soldin, D. Spiczak, G. M. Spiering, C. Stamatikos, M. Stanev, T. Stasik, A. Stezelberger, T. Stokstad, R. G. Stoessl, A. Strahler, E. A. Strom, R. Sullivan, G. W. Taavola, H. Taboada, I. Tamburro, A. Ter-Antonyan, S. Tesic, G. Tilay, S. Toale, P. A. Toscano, S. Tosi, D. Usner, M. van der Drift, D. van Eijndhoven, N. Van Overloop, A. van Santen, J. Vehring, M. Voge, M. Vraeghe, M. Walck, C. Waldenmaier, T. Wallraff, M. Wasserman, R. Weaver, Ch. Wellons, M. Wendt, C. Westerhoff, S. Whitehorn, N. Wiebe, K. Wiebusch, C. H. Williams, D. R. Wissing, H. Wolf, M. Wood, T. R. Woschnagg, K. Xu, C. Xu, D. L. Xu, X. W. Yanez, J. P. Yodh, G. Yoshida, S. Zarzhitsky, P. Ziemann, J. Zierke, S. Zilles, A. Zoll, M. CA IceCube Collaboration TI South Pole glacial climate reconstruction from multi-borehole laser particulate stratigraphy SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPICA-DOME-C; ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; DEEP ICE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; EAST ANTARCTICA; VOLCANIC WINTER; SIPLE DOME; CORE; DUST; VOSTOK AB The IceCube Neutrino Observatory and its prototype, AMANDA, were built in South Pole ice, using powerful hot-water drills to cleanly bore >100 holes to depths up to 2500 m. The construction of these particle physics detectors provided a unique opportunity to examine the deep ice sheet using a variety of novel techniques. We made high-resolution particulate profiles with a laser dust logger in eight of the boreholes during detector commissioning between 2004 and 2010. The South Pole laser logs are among the most clearly resolved measurements of Antarctic dust strata during the last glacial period and can be used to reconstruct paleoclimate records in exceptional detail. Here we use manual and algorithmic matching to synthesize our South Pole measurements with ice-core and logging data from Dome C, East Antarctica. We derive impurity concentration, precision chronology, annual-layer thickness, local spatial variability, and identify several widespread volcanic ash depositions useful for dating. We also examine the interval around similar to 74 ka recently isolated with radiometric dating to bracket the Toba (Sumatra) supereruption. C1 [Bissok, M.; Blumenthal, J.; Coenders, S.; Euler, S.; Hallen, P.; Heinen, D.; Jagielski, K.; Krings, K.; Leuermann, M.; Paul, L.; Raedel, L.; Reimann, R.; Scheel, M.; Schoenen, S.; Schukraft, A.; Soiron, M.; Vehring, M.; Wallraff, M.; Wiebusch, C. H.; Zierke, S.; Zilles, A.] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst 3, Aachen, Germany. [Aartsen, M. G.; Hill, G. C.] Univ Adelaide, Sch Chem & Phys, Adelaide, SA, Australia. [Rawlins, K.] Univ Alaska Anchorage, Dept Phys & Astron, Anchorage, AK USA. [Japaridze, G. S.] Clark Atlanta Univ, CTSPS, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. [Casey, J.; Daughhetee, J.; Huelsnitz, W.; Taboada, I.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Casey, J.; Daughhetee, J.; Huelsnitz, W.; Taboada, I.] Georgia Inst Technol, Ctr Relativist Astrophys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Fazely, A. R.; Ter-Antonyan, S.; Xu, X. W.] Southern Univ, Dept Phys, Baton Rouge, LA USA. [Bay, R.; Binder, G.; Filimonov, K.; Gerhardt, L.; Ha, C.; Klein, S. R.; Miarecki, S.; Price, P. B.; Tosi, D.; van der Drift, D.; Woschnagg, K.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Binder, G.; Gerhardt, L.; Goldschmidt, A.; Ha, C.; Klein, S. R.; Matis, H. S.; Miarecki, S.; Nygren, D. R.; Przybylski, G. T.; Stezelberger, T.; Stokstad, R. G.; van der Drift, D.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Altmann, D.; de With, M.; Kappes, A.; Kolanoski, H.; Waldenmaier, T.] Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. [Tjus, J. Becker; Fedynitch, A.; Olivo, M.; Saba, S. M.; Schoeneberg, S.] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Phys & Astron, Bochum, Germany. [Boeser, S.; Franckowiak, A.; Homeier, A.; Kowalski, M.; Schulte, L.; Stasik, A.; Usner, M.; Voge, M.] Univ Bonn, Inst Phys, Bonn, Germany. [Bechet, S.; Bertrand, D.; Hanson, K.; Heereman, D.; Meures, T.; O'Murchadha, A.; Pinat, E.] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Sci Fac CP230, Brussels, Belgium. [Bose, D.; Brayeur, L.; Casier, M.; De Clercq, C.; Golup, G.; Kunnen, J.; Labare, M.; Miller, J.; Strahler, E. A.; van Eijndhoven, N.] Vrije Univ Brussel, Dienst ELEM, Brussels, Belgium. [Ishihara, A.; Mase, K.; Yoshida, S.] Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, Chiba 260, Japan. [Adams, J.; Brown, A. M.; Hickford, S.] Univ Canterbury, Dept Phys & Astron, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. [Berley, D.; Blaufuss, E.; Christy, B.; Ellsworth, R. W.; Goodman, J. A.; Hellauer, R.; Hoffman, K. D.; Huelsnitz, W.; Meagher, K.; Olivas, A.; Red, P.; Richman, M.; Schmidt, T.; Sullivan, G. W.; Wissing, H.] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Beatty, J. J.; Davis, J. C.; Pfendner, C.; Rott, C.; Stamatikos, M.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Beatty, J. J.; Davis, J. C.; Pfendner, C.; Rott, C.; Stamatikos, M.] Ohio State Univ, Ctr Cosmol & Astroparticle Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Beatty, J. J.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Clevermann, F.; Frantzen, K.; Fuchs, T.; Koehne, J-H.; Milke, N.; Pieloth, D.; Rhode, W.; Ruhe, T.; Scheriau, F.; Schmitz, M.; Ziemann, J.] TU Dortmund Univ, Dept Phys, Dortmund, Germany. [Bohaichuk, S.; Grant, D.; Nowicki, S. C.; Sheremata, C.; Wood, T. R.] Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB, Canada. [Aguilar, J. A.; Christov, A.; Montaruli, T.; Rameez, M.] Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Nucl & Corpusculaire, Geneva, Switzerland. [Abdou, Y.; Carson, M.; De Ridder, S.; Feusels, T.; Ismail, A. Haj; Jlelati, O.; Ryckbosch, D.; Van Overloop, A.; Vraeghe, M.] Univ Ghent, Dept Phys & Astron, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. [Barwick, S. W.; Yodh, G.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA USA. [Bruijn, R.; Cohen, S.; Ribordy, M.] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, High Energy Phys Lab, Lausanne, Switzerland. [Besson, D. Z.] Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Gallagher, J.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Abbasi, R.; Ahlers, M.; Auffenberg, J.; Baker, M.; BenZvi, S.; Cherwinka, J.; Chirkin, D.; Desiati, P.; Diaz-Velez, J. C.; Eisch, J.; Fadiran, O.; Feintzeig, J.; Gladstone, L.; Halzen, F.; Hoshina, K.; Jacobsen, J.; Jero, K.; Karle, A.; Kelley, J. L.; Kopper, C.; Krasberg, M.; Kurahashi, N.; Landsman, H.; Maruyama, R.; McNally, F.; Merck, M.; Morse, R.; Riede, B.; Rodrigues, J. P.; Santander, M.; Toscano, S.; van Santen, J.; Weaver, Ch.; Wellons, M.; Wendt, C.; Westerhoff, S.; Whitehorn, N.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Abbasi, R.; Ahlers, M.; Auffenberg, J.; Baker, M.; BenZvi, S.; Cherwinka, J.; Chirkin, D.; Desiati, P.; Diaz-Velez, J. C.; Eisch, J.; Fadiran, O.; Feintzeig, J.; Gladstone, L.; Halzen, F.; Hoshina, K.; Jacobsen, J.; Jero, K.; Karle, A.; Kelley, J. L.; Kopper, C.; Krasberg, M.; Kurahashi, N.; Landsman, H.; Maruyama, R.; McNally, F.; Merck, M.; Morse, R.; Riede, B.; Rodrigues, J. P.; Santander, M.; Toscano, S.; van Santen, J.; Weaver, Ch.; Wellons, M.; Wendt, C.; Westerhoff, S.; Whitehorn, N.] Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophys Ctr, Madison, WI USA. [Baum, V.; Eberhardt, B.; Koepke, L.; Kroll, G.; Luenemann, J.; Sander, H-G.; Schatto, K.; Wiebe, K.] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Mainz, Germany. [Kohnen, G.] Univ Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium. [Bernhard, A.; Gross, A.; Leute, J.; Odrowski, S.; Resconi, E.; Schulz, O.; Sestayo, Y.] Tech Univ Munich, Garching, Germany. [Bai, X.; Evenson, P. A.; Gaisser, T. K.; Gonzalez, J. G.; Hussain, S.; Kuwabara, T.; Ruzybayev, B.; Seckel, D.; Stanev, T.; Tamburro, A.; Tilay, S.; Xu, C.] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Bai, X.; Evenson, P. A.; Gaisser, T. K.; Gonzalez, J. G.; Hussain, S.; Kuwabara, T.; Ruzybayev, B.; Seckel, D.; Stanev, T.; Tamburro, A.; Tilay, S.; Xu, C.] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. [Sarkar, S.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford, England. [Madsen, J.; Seunarine, S.; Spiczak, G. M.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, River Falls, WI 54022 USA. [Bohm, C.; Danninger, M.; Finley, C.; Flis, S.; Hulth, P. O.; Hultqvist, K.; Walck, C.; Wolf, M.; Zoll, M.] Stockholm Univ, Oskar Klein Ctr, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Bohm, C.; Danninger, M.; Finley, C.; Flis, S.; Hulth, P. O.; Hultqvist, K.; Walck, C.; Wolf, M.; Zoll, M.] Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Kiryluk, J.; Lesiak-Bzdak, M.; Niederhausen, H.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Larson, M. J.; Pepper, J. A.; Toale, P. A.; Williams, D. R.; Xu, D. L.] Univ Alabama, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. [Cowen, D. F.; Meszaros, P.] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Bell, M.; Clark, K.; Cowen, D. F.; DeYoung, T.; Dunkman, M.; Eagan, R.; Koskinen, D. J.; Meszaros, P.; Salameh, T.; Smith, M. W. E.; Tesic, G.; Wasserman, R.] Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Boersma, D. J.; Botner, O.; Hallgren, A.; de los Heros, C. Perez; Strom, R.; Taavola, H.; Zarzhitsky, P.] Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Uppsala, Sweden. [Becker, K-H.; Bindig, D.; Fischer-Wasels, T.; Gurtner, M.; Helbing, K.; Hoffmann, R.; Klaes, J.; Kopper, S.; Naumann, U.; Obertacke, A.; Posselt, J.; Soldin, D.] Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, Wuppertal, Germany. [Ackermann, M.; Benabderrahmane, M. L.; Berdermann, J.; Berghaus, P.; Bernardini, E.; Bretz, H. -P.; Brunner, J.; Silva, A. H. Cruz; Franke, R.; Gluesenkamp, T.; Gora, D.; Jacobi, E.; Kaminsky, B.; Karg, T.; Kislat, F.; Midden, E.; Mohrmann, L.; Nahnhauer, R.; Pirk, N.; Schoenwald, A.; Spiering, C.; Stoessl, A.; Yanez, J. P.] DESY, Zeuthen, Germany. [Bai, X.] South Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Phys, Rapid City, SD USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. [Montaruli, T.] Dipartimento Fis, Sez INFN, Bari, Italy. [Rott, C.] Sungkyunkwan Univ, Dept Phys, Suwon, South Korea. [Stamatikos, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Aartsen, MG (reprint author), Univ Adelaide, Sch Chem & Phys, Adelaide, SA, Australia. RI Wiebusch, Christopher/G-6490-2012; Auffenberg, Jan/D-3954-2014; Tjus, Julia/G-8145-2012; Koskinen, David/G-3236-2014; Brunner, Juergen/G-3540-2015; Aguilar Sanchez, Juan Antonio/H-4467-2015; Maruyama, Reina/A-1064-2013; Beatty, James/D-9310-2011; Sarkar, Subir/G-5978-2011 OI Benabderrahmane, Mohamed Lotfi/0000-0003-4410-5886; Wiebusch, Christopher/0000-0002-6418-3008; Auffenberg, Jan/0000-0002-1185-9094; Koskinen, David/0000-0002-0514-5917; Brunner, Juergen/0000-0002-5052-7236; Carson, Michael/0000-0003-0400-7819; Aguilar Sanchez, Juan Antonio/0000-0003-2252-9514; Perez de los Heros, Carlos/0000-0002-2084-5866; Maruyama, Reina/0000-0003-2794-512X; Beatty, James/0000-0003-0481-4952; Sarkar, Subir/0000-0002-3542-858X FU US National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs; NSF Physics Division, University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; US Department of Energy, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Compute Canada; Compute West High Performance Computing; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat; Swedish. National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Research Department of Plasmas with Complex Interactions (Bochum), Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO); FWO Odysseus programme; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT); Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); University of Oxford, UK; Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Australian Research Council; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland FX We thank Nathan Bramall, Robert Rohde, Andres Morey, Tom Ham, Kurt Cuffey, Dave Ferris, Michael Solarz, the EPICA Collaboration, the WAIS Divide Project members and the US National Ice Core Laboratory. We acknowledge the support from the following agencies: US National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs, NSF Physics Division, University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; US Department of Energy, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Compute Canada and Compute West High Performance Computing; Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish. National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Research Department of Plasmas with Complex Interactions (Bochum), Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), FWO Odysseus programme, Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); University of Oxford, UK; Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Australian Research Council; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland. NR 63 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 19 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 218 BP 1117 EP 1128 DI 10.3189/2013JoG13J068 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 280FI UT WOS:000329013700011 ER PT J AU Jezek, K Wu, X Paden, J Leuschen, C AF Jezek, K. Wu, X. Paden, J. Leuschen, C. TI Radar mapping of lsunnguata Sermia, Greenland SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ICE-SHEET; SNOW; ANTARCTICA; THICKNESS; FLOW; BED AB Ice thickness estimates using advanced nadir sounding and tomographic radar processing techniques are compared and combined in a study of Isunnguata Sermia glacier, Greenland. Using an ensemble of Operation IceBridge flight lines spaced at 500 m intervals and running approximately along the flow direction, we find there is a statistically excellent comparison between subglacial terrains derived from two-dimensional tomography and gridded nadir sounding. Analysis shows that tomographic data better capture short wavelength (1-2 km) patterns in basal terrain, but interpolated nadir sounding data yield more spatially extensive and continuous coverage across the glacier, especially in deep subglacial troughs. Using derived surface and basal topography maps, we find that driving stress and measured and modeled surface velocity comparisons indicate that basal sliding is an important component of the glacier motion, but is also only weakly coupled to the detailed bed topography save for the deepest troughs. As might be expected for this land-terminating, relatively slow-moving glacier, the subglacial and proglacial topography is similar, suggesting the erosional processes acting on the modern glacier bed once helped sculpt the now exposed land. C1 [Jezek, K.] Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Wu, X.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Paden, J.; Leuschen, C.] Univ Kansas, Ctr Remote Sensing Ice Sheets, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Jezek, K (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Byrd Polar Res Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM jezek.1@osu.edu FU NASA's Operation IceBridge project; NASA's Cryosphere Program; US National Science Foundation through the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets; NASA FX This research was supported as part of NASA's Operation IceBridge project and also by NASA's Cryosphere Program. The University of Kansas also received support from the US National Science Foundation through the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets. This research was (partly) carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. Many helpful suggestions were received from two anonymous reviewers. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 218 BP 1135 EP 1146 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12j248 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 280FI UT WOS:000329013700013 ER PT J AU Gurgiolo, C Goldstein, ML Matthaeus, WH Vinas, A Fazakerley, AN AF Gurgiolo, C. Goldstein, M. L. Matthaeus, W. H. Vinas, A. Fazakerley, A. N. TI Characteristics of the Taylor microscale in the solar wind/foreshock: magnetic field and electron velocity measurements SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Interplanetary physics; Plasma waves and turbulence ID PLASMA SHEET; TURBULENCE; DISSIPATION; VORTICITY; VISCOSITY AB The Taylor microscale is one of the fundamental turbulence scales. Not easily estimated in the interplanetary medium employing single spacecraft data, it has generally been studied through two point correlations. In this paper we present an alternative, albeit mathematically equivalent, method for estimating the Taylor microscale (lambda(T)). We make two independent determinations employing multi-spacecraft data sets from the Cluster mission, one using magnetic field data and a second using electron velocity data. Our results using the magnetic field data set yields a scale length of 1538 +/- 550 km, slightly less than, but within the same range as, values found in previous magnetic-field-based studies. During time periods where both magnetic field and electron velocity data can be used, the two values can be compared. Relative comparisons show lambda(T) computed from the velocity is often significantly smaller than that from the magnetic field data. Due to a lack of events where both measurements are available, the absolute lambda(T) based on the electron fluid velocity is not able to be determined. C1 [Gurgiolo, C.] Bitterroot Basic Res, Hamilton, MT USA. [Goldstein, M. L.; Vinas, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliospher Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Matthaeus, W. H.] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Fdn, Newark, DE USA. [Fazakerley, A. N.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. RP Gurgiolo, C (reprint author), Bitterroot Basic Res, Hamilton, MT USA. EM chris@gurgiolo.com FU NASA [NNX10AQ46G]; NASA Guest Investigator Program [NNX09AG31G]; NASA Heliophysics Theory Program [NNX11AJ44G]; NSF Shine Program [AGS-1156094]; NASA Cluster Mission FX The authors would like to acknowledge the work and role the Cluster Active Archive (CAA) and thank the CIS, EFW, WHISPER, and FGM teams for providing the data used in this study. We would also like to acknowledge the PEACE team for access to the high- resolution electron data. C. Gurgiolo would like to acknowledge support from NASA grant NNX10AQ46G. W. H. Matthaeus would like to acknowledge support from the NASA Guest Investigator Program grant NNX09AG31G, the NASA Heliophysics Theory Program grant NNX11AJ44G, and the NSF Shine Program grant AGS-1156094. M. L. Goldstein and A. Vinas acknowledge support of the NASA Cluster Mission. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 11 BP 2063 EP 2075 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-2063-2013 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NZ UT WOS:000327816600014 ER PT J AU Andrioli, VF Fritts, DC Batista, PP Clemesha, BR Janches, D AF Andrioli, V. F. Fritts, D. C. Batista, P. P. Clemesha, B. R. Janches, D. TI Diurnal variation in gravity wave activity at low and middle latitudes SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; Waves and tides ID LOCAL BODY FORCES; MOMENTUM FLUXES; METEOR RADAR; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; CACHOEIRA-PAULISTA; 22.7-DEGREES-S; WINDS; VARIABILITY; MODELS; REGION AB We employ a modified composite day extension of the Hocking (2005) analysis method to study gravity wave (GW) activity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using 4 meteor radars spanning latitudes from 7 degrees S to 53.6 degrees S. Diurnal and semidiurnal modulations were observed in GW variances over all sites. Semidiurnal modulation with downward phase propagation was observed at lower latitudes mainly near the equinoxes. Diurnal modulations occur mainly near solstice and, except for the zonal component at Cariri (7 degrees S), do not exhibit downward phase propagation. At a higher latitude (SAAMER, 53.6 degrees S) these modulations are only observed in the meridional component where we can observe diurnal variation from March to May, and semidiurnal, during January, February, October (above 88 km) and November. Some of these modulations with downward phase progression correlate well with wind shear. When the wind shear is well correlated with the maximum of the variances the diurnal tide has its largest amplitudes, i.e., near equinox. Correlations exhibiting variations with tidal phases suggest significant GW-tidal interactions that have different characters depending on the tidal components and possible mean wind shears. Modulations that do not exhibit phase variations could be indicative of diurnal variations in GW sources. C1 [Andrioli, V. F.; Batista, P. P.; Clemesha, B. R.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. [Fritts, D. C.] GATS Boulder, Boulder, CO USA. [Janches, D.] NASA, GSFC, Space Weather Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Andrioli, VF (reprint author), Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil. EM vania@laser.inpe.br RI Batista, Paulo/C-2616-2009; Janches, Diego/D-4674-2012 OI Batista, Paulo/0000-0002-5448-5803; Janches, Diego/0000-0001-8615-5166 FU FAPESP [2012/08769-9]; NSF [OPP-0839084, AGS-1112830] FX The author V. F. Andrioli would like to acknowledge the FAPESP-process number 2012/08769-9, for supporting this work. Support for D. Fritts was provided by NSF Grants OPP-0839084 and AGS-1112830. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 11 BP 2123 EP 2135 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-2123-2013 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NZ UT WOS:000327816600018 ER PT J AU Arfeuille, F Luo, BP Heckendorn, P Weisenstein, D Sheng, JX Rozanov, E Schraner, M Bronnimann, S Thomason, LW Peter, T AF Arfeuille, F. Luo, B. P. Heckendorn, P. Weisenstein, D. Sheng, J. X. Rozanov, E. Schraner, M. Broennimann, S. Thomason, L. W. Peter, T. TI Modeling the stratospheric warming following the Mt. Pinatubo eruption: uncertainties in aerosol extinctions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SURFACE-AREA; VALIDATION; SATELLITE; EVOLUTION; TRANSPORT; CLIMATE; PARAMETERIZATION AB In terms of atmospheric impact, the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991) is the best characterized large eruption on record. We investigate here the model-derived stratospheric warming following the Pinatubo eruption as derived from SAGE II extinction data including recent improvements in the processing algorithm. This method, termed SAGE_ 4 lambda, makes use of the four wavelengths (385, 452, 525 and 1024 nm) of the SAGE II data when available, and uses a data- filling procedure in the opacity- induced "gap" regions. Using SAGE II we derived aerosol size distributions that properly reproduce extinction coefficients also at much longer wavelengths. This provides a good basis for calculating the absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation and the resulting stratospheric heating. However, we also show that the use of this data set in a global chemistry- climate model (CCM) still leads to stronger aerosol- induced stratospheric heating than observed, with temperatures partly even higher than the already too high values found by many models in recent general circulation model (GCM) and CCM intercomparisons. This suggests that the overestimation of the stratospheric warming after the Pinatubo eruption may not be ascribed to an insufficient observational database but instead to using outdated data sets, to deficiencies in the implementation of the forcing data, or to radiative or dynamical model artifacts. Conversely, the SAGE_4 lambda approach reduces the infrared absorption in the tropical tropopause region, result- ing in a significantly better agreement with the post- volcanic temperature record at these altitudes. C1 [Arfeuille, F.; Luo, B. P.; Heckendorn, P.; Sheng, J. X.; Rozanov, E.; Peter, T.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Arfeuille, F.; Broennimann, S.] Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, Bern, Switzerland. [Arfeuille, F.; Broennimann, S.] Univ Bern, Inst Geog, Bern, Switzerland. [Weisenstein, D.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Rozanov, E.] World Radiat Ctr, Phys Meteorol Observ, Davos, Switzerland. [Schraner, M.] Meteoswiss, Fed Off Meteorol & Climatol, Zurich, Switzerland. [Thomason, L. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Arfeuille, F (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. EM florian.arfeuille@giub.unibe.ch RI Rozanov, Eugene/A-9857-2012; OI Rozanov, Eugene/0000-0003-0479-4488; Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840; Bronnimann, Stefan/0000-0001-9502-7991 FU Cogito foundation; Department of Environmental Science of ETH Zurich FX The origin of this work dates back to the SPARC Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP). We would like to acknowledge funding from the Cogito foundation and from the Department of Environmental Science of ETH Zurich. Discussions with S. Fueglistaler in the early phase of this work are gratefully acknowledged. NR 48 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 22 BP 11221 EP 11234 DI 10.5194/acp-13-11221-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NX UT WOS:000327816400006 ER PT J AU Liu, J Tarasick, DW Fioletov, VE McLinden, C Zhao, T Gong, S Sioris, C Jin, JJ Liu, G Moeini, O AF Liu, J. Tarasick, D. W. Fioletov, V. E. McLinden, C. Zhao, T. Gong, S. Sioris, C. Jin, J. J. Liu, G. Moeini, O. TI A global ozone climatology from ozone soundings via trajectory mapping: a stratospheric perspective SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; OSIRIS INSTRUMENT; TECHNICAL NOTE; WATER-VAPOR; TRENDS; RECOVERY; VALIDATION; SUBSTANCES AB This study explores a domain-filling trajectory approach to generate a global ozone climatology from relatively sparse ozonesonde data. Global ozone soundings comprising 51 898 profiles at 116 stations over 44 yr (1965-2008) are used, from which forward and backward trajectories are calculated from meteorological reanalysis data to map ozone measurements to other locations and so fill in the spatial domain. The resulting global ozone climatology is archived monthly for five decades from the 1960s to the 2000s on a grid of 5 degrees x 5 degrees x 1 km (latitude, longitude, and altitude), from the surface to 26 km altitude. It is also archived yearly for the same period. The climatology is validated at 20 selected ozonesonde stations by comparing the actual ozone sounding profile with that derived through trajectory mapping of ozone sounding data from all stations except the one being compared. The two sets of profiles are in good agreement, both overall with correlation coefficient r = 0.991 and root mean square (RMS) of 224 ppbv and individually with r from 0.975 to 0.998 and RMS from 87 to 482 ppbv. The ozone climatology is also compared with two sets of satellite data from the Satellite Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) and the Optical Spectrography and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS). The ozone climatology compares well with SAGE and OSIRIS data in both seasonal and zonal means. The mean differences are generally quite small, with maximum differences of 20% above 15 km. The agreement is better in the Northern Hemisphere, where there are more ozonesonde stations, than in the Southern Hemisphere; it is also better in the middle and high latitudes than in the tropics where reanalysis winds are less accurate. This ozone climatology captures known features in the stratosphere as well as seasonal and decadal variations of these features. The climatology clearly shows the depletion of ozone from the 1970s to the mid 1990s and ozone increases in the 2000s in the lower stratosphere. When this climatology is used as the upper boundary condition in an Environment Canada operational chemical forecast model, the forecast is improved in the vicinity of the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. This ozone climatology is latitudinally, longitudinally, and vertically resolved and it offers more complete high latitude coverage as well as a much longer record than current satellite data. As the climatology depends on neither a priori data nor photochemical modeling, it provides independent information and insight that can supplement satellite data and model simulations of stratospheric ozone. C1 [Liu, J.; Tarasick, D. W.; Fioletov, V. E.; McLinden, C.; Gong, S.; Sioris, C.] Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, Downsview, ON M3H 5T3, Canada. [Liu, J.] Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. [Liu, J.] Univ Toronto, Program Planning, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. [Liu, J.] Nanjing Univ, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Zhao, T.] Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Jin, J. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jin, J. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Liu, G.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Moeini, O.] York Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON M3T 1P3, Canada. RP Liu, J (reprint author), Environm Canada, Sci & Technol Branch, 4905 Dufferin St, Downsview, ON M3H 5T3, Canada. EM janejj.liu@utoronto.ca RI Jin, Jianjun/G-8357-2012; OI Fioletov, Vitali/0000-0002-2731-5956; Sioris, Christopher/0000-0003-1168-8755; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692 FU Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Environment Canada FX The global ozone sounding data were obtained from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Center (http://www.woudc.org) operated by Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization. We thank many whose dedication makes such a data set possible. The SAGE and OSIRIS teams are appreciated for their data sets for validation. We acknowledge the trajectory model HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model) from the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html), driven by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. Valuable discussion with Jay Kar is appreciated. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions. The first author is grateful to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Environment Canada for a research fellowship. We are in the process of making the trajectory-based ozone data set available at the WOUDC website. Currently, the reader is encouraged to contact the authors for access to the data set. NR 74 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 22 BP 11441 EP 11464 DI 10.5194/acp-13-11441-2013 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NX UT WOS:000327816400020 ER PT J AU Khaykin, SM Engel, I Vomel, H Formanyuk, IM Kivi, R Korshunov, LI Kramer, M Lykov, AD Meier, S Naebert, T Pitts, MC Santee, ML Spelten, N Wienhold, FG Yushkov, VA Peter, T AF Khaykin, S. M. Engel, I. Voemel, H. Formanyuk, I. M. Kivi, R. Korshunov, L. I. Kraemer, M. Lykov, A. D. Meier, S. Naebert, T. Pitts, M. C. Santee, M. L. Spelten, N. Wienhold, F. G. Yushkov, V. A. Peter, T. TI Arctic stratospheric dehydration - Part 1: Unprecedented observation of vertical redistribution of water SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ICE PARTICLES; POLAR VORTEX; HETEROGENEOUS FORMATION; WINTER 2002/2003; CIRRUS CLOUDS; FROST-POINT; DENITRIFICATION; MOUNTAIN; VAPOR; NAT AB We present high-resolution measurements of water vapour, aerosols and clouds in the Arctic stratosphere in January and February 2010 carried out by in situ instrumentation on balloon sondes and high-altitude aircraft combined with satellite observations. The measurements provide unparalleled evidence of dehydration and rehydration due to gravitational settling of ice particles. An extreme cooling of the Arctic stratospheric vortex during the second half of January 2010 resulted in a rare synoptic-scale outbreak of ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) remotely detected by the lidar aboard the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) satellite. The widespread occurrence of ice clouds was followed by sedimentation and consequent sublimation of ice particles, leading to vertical redistribution of water inside the vortex. A sequence of balloon and aircraft soundings with chilled mirror and Lyman-ff hygrometers (Cryogenic Frost-point Hygrometer, CFH; Fast In Situ Stratospheric Hygrometer, FISH; Fluorescent Airborne Stratospheric Hygrometer, FLASH) and backscatter sondes (Compact Optical Backscatter Aerosol Detector, COBALD) conducted in January 2010 within the LAPBIAT (Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility) and RECONCILE (Reconciliation of Essential Process Parameters for an Enhanced Predictability of Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Loss and its Climate Interactions) campaigns captured various phases of this phenomenon: ice formation, irreversible dehydration and rehydration. Consistent observations of water vapour by these independent measurement techniques show clear signatures of irreversible dehydration of the vortex air by up to 1.6 ppmv in the 20-24 km altitude range and rehydration by up to 0.9 ppmv in a 1 km thick layer below. Comparison with space-borne Aura MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) water vapour observations allow the spatiotemporal evolution of dehydrated air masses within the Arctic vortex to be derived and upscaled. C1 [Khaykin, S. M.; Formanyuk, I. M.; Korshunov, L. I.; Lykov, A. D.; Yushkov, V. A.] Cent Aerol Observ Roshydromet, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia. [Khaykin, S. M.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, CNRS INSU, LATMOS, UMR8190, Guyancourt, France. [Engel, I.; Wienhold, F. G.; Peter, T.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Voemel, H.; Meier, S.; Naebert, T.] DWD Meteorol Observatorium Lindenberg, Lindenberg, Germany. [Kivi, R.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Arctic Res Ctr, Sodankyla, Finland. [Engel, I.; Kraemer, M.; Spelten, N.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, NASA, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Khaykin, SM (reprint author), Cent Aerol Observ Roshydromet, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia. EM sehamic@yandex.ru RI Tritscher, Ines/O-2271-2014; Kramer, Martina/A-7482-2013 OI Tritscher, Ines/0000-0001-5285-7952; FU EC [226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility (LAPBIAT); Finnish Academy [140408]; Russian Foundation [12-05-31384Mol-a, 11-05-00475-a] FX We thank the personnel of the FMI-ARC and RECONCILE coordination teams and the Myasischev Design Bureau. Through the same contract, the aircraft campaign in Kiruna and I. Engel and F. Wienhold, were partially funded by the EC as part of the FP7 project RECONCILE (226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1). The balloon campaign in Sodankyl was partly funded by the Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility (LAPBIAT). Stratospheric water vapour research in the FMI was supported by Finnish Academy under grant no. 140408. The work was partly funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grants 12-05-31384Mol-a and 11-05-00475-a. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 46 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 22 BP 11503 EP 11517 DI 10.5194/acp-13-11503-2013 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NX UT WOS:000327816400023 ER PT J AU Spada, M Jorba, O Garcia-Pando, CP Janjic, Z Baldasano, JM AF Spada, M. Jorba, O. Garcia-Pando, C. Perez Janjic, Z. Baldasano, J. M. TI Modeling and evaluation of the global sea-salt aerosol distribution: sensitivity to emission schemes and resolution effects at coastal/orographic sites SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; NMMB/BSC-DUST MODEL; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; CLIMATE; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATIONS; SATELLITE; AERONET; MASS AB One of the major sources of uncertainty in model estimates of the global sea-salt aerosol distribution is the emission parameterization. We evaluate a new sea-salt aerosol life cycle module coupled to the online multiscale chemical transport model NMMB/BSC-CTM. We compare 5 yr global simulations using five state-of-the-art sea-salt open-ocean emission schemes with monthly averaged coarse aerosol optical depth (AOD) from selected AERONET sun photometers, surface concentration measurements from the University of Miami's Ocean Aerosol Network, and measurements from two NOAA/PMEL cruises (AEROINDOEX and ACE1). Model results are highly sensitive to the introduction of sea-surface-temperature (SST)-dependent emissions and to the accounting of spume particles production. Emission ranges from 3888 Tg yr(-1) to 8114 Tg yr(-1), lifetime varies between 7.3 h and 11.3 h, and the average column mass load is between 5.0 Tg and 7.2 Tg. Coarse AOD is reproduced with an overall correlation of around 0.5 and with normalized biases ranging from +8.8% to +38.8 %. Surface concentration is simulated with normalized biases ranging from -9.5% to +28% and the overall correlation is around 0.5. Our results indicate that SST-dependent emission schemes improve the overall model performance in reproducing surface concentrations. On the other hand, they lead to an overestimation of the coarse AOD at tropical latitudes, although it may be affected by uncertainties in the comparison due to the use of all-sky model AOD, the treatment of water uptake, deposition and optical properties in the model and/or an inaccurate size distribution at emission. C1 [Spada, M.; Jorba, O.; Baldasano, J. M.] Ctr Nacl Supercomp, Barcelona Supercomp Ctr, Barcelona, Spain. [Garcia-Pando, C. Perez] NASA Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY USA. [Garcia-Pando, C. Perez] Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. [Janjic, Z.] Natl Ctr Environm Predict, College Pk, MD USA. [Baldasano, J. M.] Univ Politecn Cataluna, Barcelona, Spain. RP Spada, M (reprint author), Ctr Nacl Supercomp, Barcelona Supercomp Ctr, Barcelona, Spain. EM michele.spada@bsc.es; oriol.jorba@bsc.es OI Perez Garcia-Pando, Carlos/0000-0002-4456-0697; Jorba, Oriol/0000-0001-5872-0244 FU Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [CGL2010/19652, CSD2007-0050]; Severo Ochoa Program [SEV-2011-00067]; Spanish Government FX We would like to thank the scientists of the AERONET Program, the University of Miami Ocean Aerosol Network, the NOAA/PMEL Laboratory, and the AEROCOM Project for establishing and providing data from the stations/cruises/models used in this work. In particular, we thank J. Prospero for his personal communications and M. Schulz for providing postprocessing of the University of Miami Ocean Aerosol Network data set. We also thank F. Benincasa for technical support. BSC acknowledges the support from projects CGL2010/19652, "Supercomputacion and e-ciencia" Project (CSD2007-0050) from the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 program of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the support from the grant SEV-2011-00067 of Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government. Simulations were performed in the Marenostrum Supercomputer at BSC. The two Anonymous Reviewers are gratefully acknowledged for their detailed and helpful comments. NR 73 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 23 BP 11735 EP 11755 DI 10.5194/acp-13-11735-2013 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 274OV UT WOS:000328616800009 ER PT J AU Sasgen, I Konrad, H Ivins, ER Van den Broeke, MR Bamber, JL Martinec, Z Klemann, V AF Sasgen, I. Konrad, H. Ivins, E. R. Van den Broeke, M. R. Bamber, J. L. Martinec, Z. Klemann, V. TI Antarctic ice-mass balance 2003 to 2012: regional reanalysis of GRACE satellite gravimetry measurements with improved estimate of glacial-isostatic adjustment based on GPS uplift rates SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; GREENLAND; SHEET; PENINSULA; MODELS; EARTH; SURFACE; IMPACT; SIGNAL AB We present regional-scale mass balances for 25 drainage basins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) from satellite observations of the Gravity and Climate Experiment (GRACE) for time period January 2003 to September 2012. Satellite gravimetry estimates of the AIS mass balance are strongly influenced by mass movement in the Earth interior caused by ice advance and retreat during the last glacial cycle. Here, we develop an improved glacial-isostatic adjustment (GIA) estimate for Antarctica using newly available GPS uplift rates, allowing us to more accurately separate GIA-induced trends in the GRACE gravity fields from those caused by current imbalances of the AIS. Our revised GIA estimate is considerably lower than previous predictions, yielding an estimate of apparent mass change of 53 +/- 18 Gt yr(-1). Therefore, our AIS mass balance of -114 +/- 23 Gt yr(-1) is less negative than previous GRACE estimates. The northern Antarctic Peninsula and the Amundsen Sea sector exhibit the largest mass loss (-26 +/- 3 Gt yr(-1) and -127 +/- 7 Gt yr(-1), respectively). In contrast, East Antarctica exhibits a slightly positive mass balance (26 +/- 13 Gt yr(-1)), which is, however, mostly the consequence of compensating mass anomalies in Dronning Maud and Enderby Land (positive) and Wilkes and George V Land (negative) due to interannual accumulation variations. In total, 6% of the area constitutes about half the AIS imbalance, contributing 151 +/- 7 Gt yr(-1) (ca. 0.4 mm yr(-1)) to global mean sea-level change. Most of this imbalance is caused by ice-dynamic speed-up expected to prevail in the near future. C1 [Sasgen, I.; Konrad, H.; Klemann, V.] GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Dept Geodesy & Remote Sensing, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. [Ivins, E. R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Van den Broeke, M. R.] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Bamber, J. L.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. [Martinec, Z.] Dublin Inst Adv Studies, Sch Cosm Phys, Dublin 4, Ireland. [Klemann, V.] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Liverpool L3 5DA, Merseyside, England. RP Sasgen, I (reprint author), GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Dept Geodesy & Remote Sensing, Telegrafenberg A20, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. EM sasgen@gfz-potsdam.de RI Van den Broeke, Michiel/F-7867-2011; Bamber, Jonathan/C-7608-2011; Konrad, Hannes/A-1813-2016; Klemann, Volker/H-3660-2013 OI Van den Broeke, Michiel/0000-0003-4662-7565; Bamber, Jonathan/0000-0002-2280-2819; Konrad, Hannes/0000-0002-5058-8637; Klemann, Volker/0000-0002-8342-8947 FU Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) [SA 1734/2-2, KL 2284/1-3, SPP1257]; Utrecht University; Netherlands Polar Programme; NASA; European Commission [226375, ice2sea137]; Grant Agency of the Czech Republic [P210/10/2227] FX We thank M. King and the two anonymous referees for their comments that have helped us to improve the manuscript. I. Sasgen and H. Konrad would like to acknowledge support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through grant SA 1734/2-2 and V. Klemann through grant KL 2284/1-3 (both SPP1257); IS performed part of this work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. We would like to thank the German Space Operations Center (GSOC) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for providing continuously, and nearly 100% of, the raw telemetry data of the twin GRACE satellites. This work is a contribution to the "Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM" (Regional Climate Change), a joint research project of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HGF). M. van den Broeke acknowledges support from Utrecht University and the Netherlands Polar Programme. E. R. Ivins is supported by NASA's Earth Surface and Interior Focus Area and Cryosphere Program: work performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. J. L. Bamber was partly supported by the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme through grant number 226375. Ice2sea contribution number ice2sea137. Z. Martinec acknowledges support from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic through grant no. P210/10/2227. NR 56 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2013 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1499 EP 1512 DI 10.5194/tc-7-1499-2013 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 273OM UT WOS:000328544800013 ER PT J AU Adhikari, S Marshall, SJ AF Adhikari, S. Marshall, S. J. TI Influence of high-order mechanics on simulation of glacier response to climate change: insights from Haig Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; HISTORICAL FRONT VARIATIONS; 21ST-CENTURY EVOLUTION; HIMALAYAN GLACIERS; ALPINE GLACIERS; MASS-BALANCE; ICE-FLOW; MODEL; VATNAJOKULL; TEMPERATURE AB Evolution of glaciers in response to climate change has mostly been simulated using simplified dynamical models. Because these models do not account for the influence of high-order physics, corresponding results may exhibit some biases. For Haig Glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, we test this hypothesis by comparing simulation results obtained from 3-D numerical models that deal with different assumptions concerning physics, ranging from simple shear deformation to comprehensive Stokes flow. In glacier retreat scenarios, we find a minimal role of high-order mechanics in glacier evolution, as geometric effects at our site (the presence of an overdeepened bed) result in limited horizontal movement of ice (flow speed on the order of a few meters per year). Consequently, high-order and reduced models all predict that Haig Glacier ceases to exist by ca. 2080 under ongoing climate warming. The influence of high-order mechanics is evident, however, in glacier advance scenarios, where ice speeds are greater and ice dynamical effects become more important. Although similar studies on other glaciers are essential to generalize such findings, we advise that high-order mechanics are important and therefore should be considered while modeling the evolution of active glaciers. Reduced model predictions may be adequate for other glaciologic and topographic settings, particularly where flow speeds are low and where mass balance changes dominate over ice dynamics in determining glacier geometry. C1 [Adhikari, S.; Marshall, S. J.] Univ Calgary, Dept Geog, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. [Adhikari, S.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Adhikari, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Adhikari, S (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geog, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM surendra.adhikari@jpl.nasa.gov FU Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) FX This research forms a part of the Western Canadian Cryospheric Network (WC2N), funded by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS). We also acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR). S. Adhikari is thankful to E. Larour for hosting him at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of California Institute of Technology (Caltech) that made the completion of this write-up possible. Constructive comments from M. Pelto, reviewers J. Johnson and T. Zwinger, and the editor F. Pattyn have improved this contribution. NR 50 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2013 VL 7 IS 5 BP 1527 EP 1541 DI 10.5194/tc-7-1527-2013 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 273OM UT WOS:000328544800015 ER PT J AU Colgan, W Luthcke, S Abdalati, W Citterio, M AF Colgan, W. Luthcke, S. Abdalati, W. Citterio, M. TI Constraining GRACE-derived cryosphere-attributed signal to irregularly shaped ice-covered areas SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SHEET MASS-BALANCE; SEA-LEVEL RISE; RECONCILED ESTIMATE; GREENLAND; GLACIERS; CAPS; ANTARCTICA; ALTIMETRY; ALASKA; LAND AB We use a Monte Carlo approach to invert a spherical harmonic representation of cryosphere-attributed mass change in order to infer the most likely underlying mass changes within irregularly shaped ice-covered areas at nominal 26 km resolution. By inverting a spherical harmonic representation through the incorporation of additional fractional ice coverage information, this approach seeks to eliminate signal leakage between non-ice-covered and ice-covered areas. The spherical harmonic representation suggests a Greenland mass loss of 251 +/- 25 Gt a(-1) over the December 2003 to December 2010 period. The inversion suggests 218 +/- 20 Gt a(-1) was due to the ice sheet proper, and 34 +/- 5 Gt a(-1) (or similar to 14 %) was due to Greenland peripheral glaciers and ice caps (GrPGICs). This mass loss from GrPGICs exceeds that inferred from all ice masses on both Ellesmere and Devon islands combined. This partition therefore highlights that GRACE-derived "Greenland" mass loss cannot be taken as synonymous with "Greenland ice sheet" mass loss when making comparisons with estimates of ice sheet mass balance derived from techniques that sample only the ice sheet proper. C1 [Colgan, W.; Abdalati, W.] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Colgan, W.; Citterio, M.] Geol Survey Denmark & Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Luthcke, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Colgan, W (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM william.colgan@colorado.edu RI Colgan, William/H-1570-2014 OI Colgan, William/0000-0001-6334-1660 FU NASA [NNX10AR76G]; NSF [CNS-0821794]; PROMICE; GlacioBasis FX This work was supported by NASA award NNX10AR76G. This work utilized the JANUS supercomputer, which is supported by NSF award CNS-0821794 and the University of Colorado Boulder. The JANUS supercomputer is a joint effort of the University of Colorado Boulder, the University of Colorado Denver, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. M. Citterio receives support from PROMICE and GlacioBasis. W. Colgan thanks J. Frahm for his assistance working with JANUS. We thank L. Longuevergne for reviewing an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank the two anonymous referees and the editor J. Bamber for their interest in and critical insight on this work. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2013 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1901 EP 1914 DI 10.5194/tc-7-1901-2013 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 273OY UT WOS:000328546300018 ER PT J AU Borstad, CP Rignot, E Mouginot, J Schodlok, MP AF Borstad, C. P. Rignot, E. Mouginot, J. Schodlok, M. P. TI Creep deformation and buttressing capacity of damaged ice shelves: theory and application to Larsen C ice shelf SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID FORCE-PERTURBATION ANALYSIS; FRACTURE-MECHANICS APPROACH; PINE ISLAND GLACIER; ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; RADAR INTERFEROMETRY; BOTTOM CREVASSES; RIFT PROPAGATION; SURFACE; SHEET; RHEOLOGY AB Around the perimeter of Antarctica, much of the ice sheet discharges to the ocean through floating ice shelves. The buttressing provided by ice shelves is critical for modulating the flux of ice into the ocean, and the presently observed thinning of ice shelves is believed to be reducing their buttressing capacity and contributing to the acceleration and thinning of the grounded ice sheet. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the role that fractures play in the ability of ice shelves to sustain and transmit buttressing stresses. Here, we present a new framework for quantifying the role that fractures play in the creep deformation and buttressing capacity of ice shelves. We apply principles of continuum damage mechanics to derive a new analytical relation for the creep of an ice shelf that accounts for the softening influence of fractures on longitudinal deformation using a state damage variable. We use this new analytical relation, combined with a temperature calculation for the ice, to partition an inverse method solution for ice shelf rigidity into independent solutions for softening damage and stabilizing backstress. Using this new approach, field and remote sensing data can be utilized to monitor the structural integrity of ice shelves, their ability to buttress the flow of ice at the grounding line, and thus their indirect contribution to ice sheet mass balance and global sea level. We apply this technique to the Larsen C ice shelf using remote sensing and Operation Ice-Bridge data, finding damage in areas with known crevasses and rifts. Backstress is highest near the grounding line and upstream of ice rises, in agreement with patterns observed on other ice shelves. The ice in contact with the Bawden ice rise is weakened by fractures, and additional damage or thinning in this area could diminish the backstress transmitted upstream. We model the consequences for the ice shelf if it loses contact with this small ice rise, finding that flow speeds would increase by 25% or more over an area the size of the former Larsen B ice shelf. Such a perturbation could potentially destabilize the northern part of Larsen C along pre-existing lines of weakness, highlighting the importance of the feedback between buttressing and fracturing in an ice shelf. C1 [Borstad, C. P.; Rignot, E.; Schodlok, M. P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Rignot, E.; Mouginot, J.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. [Schodlok, M. P.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Borstad, CP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM cborstad@jpl.nasa.gov RI Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; Borstad, Christopher/0000-0001-6992-1770 FU NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; NASA; NASA MEaSUREs (Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments) program; NASA MAP (Modeling Analysis and Prediction) program FX CB was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. JM was supported by the NASA MEaSUREs (Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments) program, MS was supported by the NASA MAP (Modeling Analysis and Prediction) program. We thank O. Gagliardini, J. Bassis and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. NR 82 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 EI 1994-0424 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2013 VL 7 IS 6 BP 1931 EP 1947 DI 10.5194/tc-7-1931-2013 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 273OY UT WOS:000328546300020 ER PT J AU Perrette, M Landerer, F Riva, R Frieler, K Meinshausen, M AF Perrette, M. Landerer, F. Riva, R. Frieler, K. Meinshausen, M. TI A scaling approach to project regional sea level rise and its uncertainties SO EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GLACIAL-ISOSTATIC-ADJUSTMENT; CLIMATE-CHANGE RESEARCH; 2 DEGREES-C; ICE CAPS; OCEAN; GREENLAND; FUTURE; MODEL; IMPACT; SCENARIOS AB Climate change causes global mean sea level to rise due to thermal expansion of seawater and loss of land ice from mountain glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets. Locally, sea level can strongly deviate from the global mean rise due to changes in wind and ocean currents. In addition, gravitational adjustments redistribute seawater away from shrinking ice masses. However, the land ice contribution to sea level rise (SLR) remains very challenging to model, and comprehensive regional sea level projections, which include appropriate gravitational adjustments, are still a nascent field (Katsman et al., 2011; Slangen et al., 2011). Here, we present an alternative approach to derive regional sea level changes for a range of emission and land ice melt scenarios, combining probabilistic forecasts of a simple climate model (MAG-ICC6) with the new CMIP5 general circulation models. The contribution from ice sheets varies considerably depending on the assumptions for the ice sheet projections, and thus represents sizeable uncertainties for future sea level rise. However, several consistent and robust patterns emerge from our analysis: at low latitudes, especially in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, sea level will likely rise more than the global mean (mostly by 10-20 %). Around the northeastern Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific coasts, sea level will rise less than the global average or, in some rare cases, even fall. In the northwestern Atlantic, along the American coast, a strong dynamic sea level rise is counteracted by gravitational depression due to Greenland ice melt; whether sea level will be above-or below-average will depend on the relative contribution of these two factors. Our regional sea level projections and the diagnosed uncertainties provide an improved basis for coastal impact analysis and infrastructure planning for adaptation to climate change. C1 [Perrette, M.; Frieler, K.; Meinshausen, M.] Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res PIK, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. [Landerer, F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Riva, R.] Delft Univ Technol, Dept Geosci & Remote Sensing, Delft, Netherlands. [Riva, R.] Delft Univ Technol, TU Delft Climate Inst, Delft, Netherlands. RP Perrette, M (reprint author), Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res PIK, Telegraphenberg A26, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. EM mahe.perrette@pik-potsdam.de RI Perrette, Mahe/B-8712-2016; OI Perrette, Mahe/0000-0002-6309-4863; Frieler, Katja/0000-0003-4869-3013 FU Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Germany) [SURVIVE 11_II_093_Global_A_SIDS _and_LDC]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Federal Environment Agency for Germany (UBA) under project UFOPLAN [FKZ 370841103] FX We thank B. Hare, S. Raper, A. Levermann and S. Rahmstorf for discussion and comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and M. Mengel and J. Gregory for AOGCM diagnostics. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups (listed in Table S1 in the Supplement of this paper) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the US Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provided coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. M. P. was supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Germany) under the project SURVIVE 11_II_093_Global_A_SIDS _and_LDC. F. W. L.'s work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. K. F. and M. M. were supported by the Federal Environment Agency for Germany (UBA) under project UFOPLAN FKZ 370841103. NR 67 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 35 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 2190-4979 EI 2190-4987 J9 EARTH SYST DYNAM JI Earth Syst. Dynam. PY 2013 VL 4 IS 1 BP 11 EP 29 DI 10.5194/esd-4-11-2013 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 276PR UT WOS:000328762700002 ER PT J AU Deems, JS Painter, TH Barsugli, JJ Belnap, J Udall, B AF Deems, J. S. Painter, T. H. Barsugli, J. J. Belnap, J. Udall, B. TI Combined impacts of current and future dust deposition and regional warming on Colorado River Basin snow dynamics and hydrology SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MOUNTAIN SNOWPACK; WATER-RESOURCES; TRENDS; PRECIPITATION; TEMPERATURE; RUNOFF; VARIABILITY AB The Colorado River provides water to 40 million people in seven western states and two countries and to 5.5 million irrigated acres. The river has long been over-allocated. Climate models project runoff losses of 5-20 % from the basin by mid-21st century due to human-induced climate change. Recent work has shown that decreased snow albedo from anthropogenic dust loading to the CO mountains shortens the duration of snow cover by several weeks relative to conditions prior to western expansion of the US in the mid-1800s, and advances peak runoff at Lees Ferry, Arizona, by an average of 3 weeks. Increases in evapotranspiration from earlier exposure of soils and germination of plants have been estimated to decrease annual runoff by more than 1.0 billion cubic meters, or similar to 5% of the annual average. This prior work was based on observed dust loadings during 2005-2008; however, 2009 and 2010 saw unprecedented levels of dust loading on snowpacks in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), being on the order of 5 times the 2005-2008 loading. Building on our prior work, we developed a new snow albedo decay parameterization based on observations in 2009/10 to mimic the radiative forcing of extreme dust deposition. We convolve low, moderate, and extreme dust/snow albedos with both historic climate forcing and two future climate scenarios via a delta method perturbation of historic records. Compared to moderate dust, extreme dust absorbs 2 x to 4 x the solar radiation, and shifts peak snowmelt an additional 3 weeks earlier to a total of 6 weeks earlier than pre-disturbance. The extreme dust scenario reduces annual flow volume an additional 1% (6 % compared to pre-disturbance), a smaller difference than from low to moderate dust scenarios due to melt season shifting into a season of lower evaporative demand. The sensitivity of flow timing to dust radiative forcing of snow albedo is maintained under future climate scenarios, but the sensitivity of flow volume reductions decreases with increased climate forcing. These results have implications for water management and suggest that dust abatement efforts could be an important component of any climate adaptation strategies in the UCRB. C1 [Deems, J. S.; Barsugli, J. J.] Univ Colorado, CIRES NOAA Western Water Assessment, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Deems, J. S.] Univ Colorado, CIRES Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Painter, T. H.] CALTECH, NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Barsugli, J. J.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Div Phys Sci, Boulder, CO USA. [Belnap, J.] US Geol Survey, Moab, UT USA. [Udall, B.] Univ Colorado, Sch Law, Getches Wilkinson Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Deems, JS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES NOAA Western Water Assessment, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM deems@nsidc.org RI Barsugli, Joseph/K-3541-2015; Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016; Deems, Jeffrey/E-6484-2016 OI Barsugli, Joseph/0000-0002-3078-6396; Deems, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3265-8670 FU NOAA Climate Program Office through the Western Water Assessment RISA at CIRES, University of Colorado-Boulder; NASA [NNX10AO97G] FX Thanks to C. Landry and the Center for Snow and Avalanche Sciences for sustained snow energy balance monitoring, L. Brekke at the Bureau of Reclamation for providing regridded climate model projections, to M. Elsner and A. Hamlet for VIC model technical assistance and discussions, and to R. Reynolds for a technical review. We also thank T. Meixner and an anonymous reviewer for substantive critiques that improved the readability and clarity of the manuscript. This research was funded by the NOAA Climate Program Office through the Western Water Assessment RISA at CIRES, University of Colorado-Boulder, and by NASA under Interdisciplinary Sciences grant # NNX10AO97G. Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. NR 44 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 EI 1607-7938 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2013 VL 17 IS 11 BP 4401 EP 4413 DI 10.5194/hess-17-4401-2013 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 263IG UT WOS:000327800700008 ER PT J AU Kaab, A Lamare, M Abrams, M AF Kaab, A. Lamare, M. Abrams, M. TI River ice flux and water velocities along a 600 km-long reach of Lena River, Siberia, from satellite stereo SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ALONG-TRACK; DISCHARGE; IMAGERY; STREAMFLOW; HYDROLOGY; BREAKUP; INSAR; WAVES; OCEAN; SAR AB Knowledge of water-surface velocities in rivers is useful for understanding a range of river processes. In cold regions, river-ice break up and the related downstream transport of ice debris is often the most important hydrological event of the year, leading to flood levels that typically exceed those for the open-water period and to strong consequences for river infrastructure and ecology. Accurate and complete surface-velocity fields on rivers have rarely been produced. Here, we track river ice debris over a time period of about one minute, which is the typical time lag between the two or more images that form a stereo data set in spaceborne, along-track optical stereo mapping. Using a series of nine stereo scenes from the US/Japanese Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) onboard the NASA Terra spacecraft with 15 m image resolution, we measure the ice and water velocity field over a 620 km-long reach of the lower Lena River, Siberia, just above its entry into the Lena delta. Careful analysis and correction of higher-order image and sensor errors enables an accuracy of ice-debris velocities of up to 0.04ms(-1) from the ASTER data. Maximum ice or water speeds, respectively, reach up to 2.5ms(-1) at the time of data acquisition, 27 May 2011 (03: 30 UTC). Speeds show clear along-stream undulations with a wavelength of about 21 km that agree well with variations in channel width and with the location of sand bars along the river reach studied. The methodology and results of this study could be valuable to a number of disciplines requiring detailed information about river flow, such as hydraulics, hydrology, river ecology and natural-hazard management. C1 [Kaab, A.; Lamare, M.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Abrams, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Kaab, A (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, POB 1047, Oslo, Norway. EM kaeaeb@geo.uio.no FU European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme [320816]; ERC [320816]; ESA [4000101778/10/I-AM] FX Acquisition of the ASTER images was guided by NASA JPL, through the ASTER science team and the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) initiative. For the research leading to these results A. K b has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) /ERC grant agreement no. 320816. M. Lamare was funded through the ESA project Glaciers_ cci (4000101778/10/I-AM). His work was conducted during an internship at the University of Oslo as part of his studies at SIGMA of the University of Toulouse 2 Le Mirail/ENSAT. The work of A. K b and M. Lamare is also a pre-study for the Z-Earth mission proposal (http://www.legos.obs-mip.fr/recherches/ missions-satellites/z-earth). Work by M. Abrams was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We are grateful to Jonathan de Ferranti for the background DEM, which we obtained from http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org. Hydrological data were obtained from http://rims.unh.edu/. NR 42 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 EI 1607-7938 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2013 VL 17 IS 11 BP 4671 EP 4683 DI 10.5194/hess-17-4671-2013 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 263IG UT WOS:000327800700026 ER PT S AU Neeck, SP Kakar, RK Azarbarzin, AA Hou, AY AF Neeck, Steven P. Kakar, Ramesh K. Azarbarzin, Ardeshir A. Hou, Arthur Y. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) L-6 SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVII CY SEP 23-26, 2013 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP SPIE AB The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will advance the measurement of global precipitation, making possible high spatial resolution precipitation measurements. GPM will provide the first opportunity to calibrate measurements of global precipitation across tropical, mid-latitude, and polar regions. The GPM mission has the following scientific objectives: (1) Advance precipitation measurement capability from space through combined use of active and passive remote-sensing techniques; (2) Advance understanding of global water/energy cycle variability and fresh water availability; (3) Improve climate prediction by providing the foundation for better understanding of surface water fluxes, soil moisture storage, cloud/precipitation microphysics and latent heat release in the Earth's atmosphere; (4) Advance Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) skills through more accurate and frequent measurements of instantaneous rain rates; and (5) Improve high impact natural hazard (flood/drought, landslide, and hurricane hazard) prediction capabilities. The GPM mission centers on the deployment of a Core Observatory carrying an advanced radar / radiometer system to measure precipitation from space and serve as a reference standard to unify precipitation measurements from a constellation of research and operational satellites. GPM, jointly led with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), involves a partnership with other international space agencies including the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), and others. The GPM Core Observatory is currently being prepared for shipment to Japan for launch. Launch is scheduled for February 2014 from JAXA's Tanegashima Space Center on an H-IIA 202 launch vehicle. C1 [Neeck, Steven P.; Kakar, Ramesh K.] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Azarbarzin, Ardeshir A.; Hou, Arthur Y.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Neeck, SP (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9758-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8889 AR 88890D DI 10.1117/12.2031431 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BJJ60 UT WOS:000328504500007 ER PT S AU Neeck, SP Volz, SM AF Neeck, Steven P. Volz, Stephen M. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI NASA Earth Science Missions SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVII CY SEP 23-26, 2013 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP SPIE AB NASA's Earth Science Division (ESD) conducts pioneering work in Earth system science, the interdisciplinary view of Earth that explores the interaction among the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, land surface interior, and life itself that has enabled scientists to measure global and climate changes and to inform decisions by governments, organizations, and people in the United States and around the world. The ESD makes the data collected and results generated by its space missions accessible to other agencies and organizations to improve the products and services they provide, including air quality indices, disaster management, agricultural yield projections, and aviation safety. Through partnerships with national and international agencies, NASA enables the application of this understanding. The ESD's Flight Program provides the spacebased observing systems and supporting ground segment infrastructure for mission operations and scientific data processing and distribution that support NASA's Earth system science research and modeling activities. The Flight Program currently has 15 operating Earth observing space missions, including the recently launched Landsat-8/Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). The ESD has 16 more missions planned for launch over the next decade. These include first and second tier missions from the 2007 Earth Science Decadal Survey, Climate Continuity missions to assure availability of key data sets needed for climate science and applications, and small-sized competitively selected orbital missions and instrument missions of opportunity utilizing rideshares that are part of the Earth Venture (EV) Program. The recently selected Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) microsatellite constellation and the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument are examples. In addition, the International Space Station (ISS) is being increasingly used to host NASA Earth observing science instruments. An overview of plans and current status will be presented. C1 [Neeck, Steven P.; Volz, Stephen M.] NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Neeck, SP (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9758-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8889 AR 88890C DI 10.1117/12.2031425 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BJJ60 UT WOS:000328504500006 ER PT S AU Xiong, X Wenny, B Sun, J Angal, A Wu, A Chen, H Geng, X Choi, T Madhavan, S Link, D Barnes, W Salomonson, V AF Xiong, X. Wenny, B. Sun, J. Angal, A. Wu, A. Chen, H. Geng, X. Choi, T. Madhavan, S. Link, D. Barnes, W. Salomonson, V. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Status of MODIS On-orbit Calibration and Characterization SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVII CY SEP 23-26, 2013 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP SPIE DE Terra; Aqua; MODIS; sensor; calibration; L1B; SRCA ID PERFORMANCE; BANDS AB Since launch, Terra MODIS has successfully operated for more than 13 years and Aqua MODIS more than 11 years. High quality science data products are continuously produced from sensor calibrated radiance and reflectance, or the Level 1 (L1B) data products, and distributed to worldwide users for a broad range of studies of the earth's land, ocean, and atmospheric properties and their changes over time. MODIS observations are made in 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) and 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB). The RSB are calibrated using data collected from its on-board solar diffuser and lunar observations, and the TEB are calibrated by an on-board blackbody (BB). On-orbit changes in the sensor's spectral and spatial characteristics are monitored by an on-board spectroradiometric calibration assembly (SRCA). This paper presents an overview of both Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit operations, calibration activities, and methodologies applied from launch to present, and the current instrument status. It provides a summary of their radiometric, spectral, and spatial calibration and characterization performance. It discusses on-orbit changes in sensor characteristics and correction strategies applied to maintain the sensor calibration and level 1B (L1B) data quality, including lessons that could benefit future calibration efforts and other earth-observing sensors. C1 [Xiong, X.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wenny, B.; Sun, J.; Chen, H.; Geng, X.; Choi, T.; Link, D.] Sigma Space Co, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Angal, A.; Madhavan, S.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Barnes, W.] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Salomonson, V.] Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9758-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8889 AR 88890U DI 10.1117/12.2028953 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BJJ60 UT WOS:000328504500017 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Wang, ZP Sun, JQ Angal, A Fulbright, J Butler, J AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Wang, Zhipeng Sun, Junqiang Angal, Amit Fulbright, Jon Butler, James BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI MODIS and VIIRS Lunar Observations and Applications SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVII CY SEP 23-26, 2013 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP SPIE DE MODIS; VIIRS; radiometric calibration; spatial characterization; BBR; MTF; lunar observations ID ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION; REFLECTIVE SOLAR BANDS; SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION; TERRA; MOON; PERFORMANCE AB Terra and Aqua MODIS have successfully operated for more than 13 and 11 years since their launch in 1999 and 2002, respectively. The VIIRS instrument on-board the S-NPP launched in 2011 has also operated for nearly 2 years. Both MODIS and VIIRS make observations in the reflective solar and thermal emissive regions and their on-orbit calibration and characterization are provided by a set of on-board calibrators (OBC). In addition, lunar observations have been made on a regular basis to support sensor on-orbit calibration. This paper provides a brief overview of MODIS and VIIRS instrument on-orbit calibration and characterization activities. It describes the approaches and strategies developed to schedule and perform on-orbit lunar observations. Specific applications of MODIS and VIIRS lunar observations discussed in this paper include radiometric calibration stability monitoring and performance assessment of sensor spatial characterization. Results derived from lunar observations, such as sensor response (or gain) trending and band-to-band registration, are compared with that derived from sensor OBC. The methodologies and applications presented in this paper can also be applied to other earth observing sensors. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Butler, James] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wang, Zhipeng; Sun, Junqiang; Fulbright, Jon] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Angal, Amit] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Butler, James/D-4188-2013; OI Wang, Zhipeng/0000-0002-9108-9009 NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9758-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8889 AR 88890V DI 10.1117/12.2028954 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BJJ60 UT WOS:000328504500018 ER PT J AU Sagawa, H Sato, TO Baron, P Dupuy, E Livesey, N Urban, J von Clarmann, T de Lange, A Wetzel, G Connor, BJ Kagawa, A Murtagh, D Kasai, Y AF Sagawa, H. Sato, T. O. Baron, P. Dupuy, E. Livesey, N. Urban, J. von Clarmann, T. de lange, A. Wetzel, G. Connor, B. J. Kagawa, A. Murtagh, D. Kasai, Y. TI Comparison of SMILES ClO profiles with satellite, balloon-borne and ground-based measurements SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE; DIURNAL-VARIATION; MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER; CHLORINE CHEMISTRY; ERROR ANALYSIS; MAUNA-KEA; SUBMILLIMETER; RETRIEVAL; OZONE AB We evaluate the quality of ClO profiles derived from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) on the International Space Station (ISS). Version 2.1.5 of the level-2 product generated by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) is the subject of this study. Based on sensitivity studies, the systematic error was estimated as 5-10 pptv at the pressure range of 80-20 hPa, 35 pptv at the ClO peak altitude (similar to 4 hPa), and 5-10 pptv at pressures <= 0.5 hPa for daytime mid-latitude conditions. For nighttime measurements, a systematic error of 8 pptv was estimated for the ClO peak altitude (similar to 2 hPa). The SMILES NICT v2.1.5 ClO profiles agree with those derived from another level-2 processor developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) within the bias uncertainties, except for the nighttime measurements in the low and middle latitude regions where the SMILES NICT v2.1.5 profiles have a negative bias of similar to 30 pptv in the lower stratosphere. This bias is considered to be due to the use of a limited spectral bandwidth in the retrieval process of SMILES NICT v2.1.5, which makes it difficult to distinguish between the weak ClO signal and wing contributions of spectral features outside the bandwidth. In the middle and upper stratosphere outside the polar regions, no significant systematic bias was found for the SMILES NICT ClO profile with respect to data sets from other instruments such as the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), the Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR), the Envisat Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), and the ground-based radiometer at Mauna Kea, which demonstrates the scientific usability of the SMILES ClO data including the diurnal variations. Inside the chlorine-activated polar vortex, the SMILES NICT v2.1.5 ClO profiles show larger volume mixing ratios by 0.4 ppbv (30 %) at 50 hPa compared to those of the JAXA processed profiles. This discrepancy is also considered to be an effect of the limited spectral bandwidth in the retrieval processing. We also compared the SMILES NICT ClO profiles of chlorine-activated polar vortex conditions with those measured by the balloon-borne instruments: Terahertz and submillimeter Limb Sounder (TELIS) and the MIPAS-balloon instrument (MIPAS-B). In conclusion, the SMILES NICT v2.1.5 ClO data can be used at pressures <=similar to 30 hPa for scientific analysis. C1 [Sagawa, H.; Sato, T. O.; Baron, P.; Dupuy, E.; Kagawa, A.; Kasai, Y.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Appl Electromagnet Res Inst, Koganei, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. [Sato, T. O.; Kasai, Y.] Tokyo Inst Technol, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan. [Livesey, N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Urban, J.; Murtagh, D.] Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [von Clarmann, T.; Wetzel, G.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [de lange, A.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Connor, B. J.] BC Consulting, Alexandra 9320, New Zealand. RP Sagawa, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Appl Electromagnet Res Inst, Koganei, Tokyo 1848795, Japan. EM sagawa@nict.go.jp RI Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Wetzel, Gerald/A-7065-2013; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011; OI Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559; Baron, Philippe/0000-0001-7141-5260 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Sweden (SNSB); Canada (CSA); Finland (TEKES); France (CNES); Third Party Mission program of the European Space Agency (ESA); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [23-9766] FX SMILES is a collaborative project of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The SMILES NICT level-2 data processing was supported by J. Muller (Molflow Co., Ltd.) and by K. Muranaga and T. Haru (SEC Co., Ltd.). The author HS is grateful to C. Mitsuda (Fujitsu F. I. P. Corp.) and the SMILES level-2 team in JAXA for their valuable discussions on the SMILES internal comparison. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was performed under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by Sweden (SNSB), Canada (CSA), Finland (TEKES), France (CNES), and the Third Party Mission program of the European Space Agency (ESA). TELIS is a collaboration project of the Deutsche Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the UK, and the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON) in the Netherlands. We are grateful to the MIPAS balloon team at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), the TELIS balloon team at DLR and SRON, and the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) Esrange people for excellent balloon operations and data processing. The ground-based data used in this publication were obtained as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and are publicly available (http://www.ndacc.org). The author TOS is supported by a Grant in Aid for Research Fellowship for Young Scientists DC1 (no. 23-9766) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. NR 47 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 12 BP 3325 EP 3347 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3325-2013 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 269TC UT WOS:000328263800001 ER PT J AU Lolli, S Delaval, A Loth, C Garnier, A Flamant, PH AF Lolli, S. Delaval, A. Loth, C. Garnier, A. Flamant, P. H. TI 0.355-micrometer direct detection wind lidar under testing during a field campaign in consideration of ESA's ADM-Aeolus mission SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID INCOHERENT DOPPLER LIDAR; CO2 COHERENT LIDAR; ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS; CLOUD BACKSCATTER; MOLECULAR GASES; EDGE TECHNIQUE; 355 NM; VALIDATION; SCATTERING; PROFILES AB The atmospheric wind field information is a key issue to numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate studies. The Atmospheric Dynamic Mission-Aeolus is currently developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) to launch a wind sensing Doppler lidar in mid-2015. The high spectral resolution lidar concept is using backscattered laser signals from molecules and particles to provide accurate horizontal wind velocity measurements in the depth of atmosphere. The Aeolus lidar, so-called ALADIN, will operate in UV at 0.355 mu m. The combination of air molecules and UV laser light is intended to provide wind data evenly distributed everywhere in the lower atmosphere (below 30 km altitude). The goal of the ESA's Aeolus mission is to enhance the present meteorological observations system over sparse wind data regions, and more importantly to provide direct wind information in the tropics where no geostrophic wind can be derived from mass fields obtained from passive radiometer satellite. The 0.355 mu m lidar concept was under testing during a field campaign conducted at the Haute-Provence Observatory, France, in 1999. Several active remote sensors were deployed on the site, and it was the opportunity to address the self-consistency of wind measurements made by different lidars, a 72 MHz radar, and conventional balloon radio soundings. The paper presents the comparison of different remote sensors using two criteria: Pearson cross-correlation coefficient and root mean square error. The methodology discussed here may be useful in future ESA Aeolus validation campaigns involving different kinds of instruments. C1 [Lolli, S.; Delaval, A.; Loth, C.; Flamant, P. H.] Ecole Polytech, Lab Meteorol Dynam, UMR8539, Palaiseau, France. [Garnier, A.] UPMC, CNRS, UVSQ, Lab Atmospheres, Guyancourt, France. RP Lolli, S (reprint author), NASA, JCET, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM simone.lolli@nasa.gov NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 12 BP 3349 EP 3358 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3349-2013 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 269TC UT WOS:000328263800002 ER PT J AU Sabaka, TJ Toffner-Clausen, L Olsen, N AF Sabaka, Terence J. Toffner-Clausen, Lars Olsen, Nils TI Use of the Comprehensive Inversion method for Swarm satellite data analysis SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE Swarm; Earth's magnetic field; comprehensive modeling; core; lithosphere; ionosphere; magnetosphere; electromagnetic induction ID EARTHS MAGNETIC-FIELD; GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD; ORSTED DATA; MODEL; CONSTELLATION AB An advanced algorithm, known as the "Comprehensive Inversion" (CI), is presented for the analysis of Swarm measurements to generate a consistent set of Level-2 data products to be delivered by the Swarm "Satellite Constellation Application and Research Facility" (SCARF) to the European Space Agency (ESA). This new algorithm improves on a previously developed version in several ways, including the ability to process ground-based observatory data, estimation of rotations describing the alignment of vector magnetometer measurements with a known reference system, and the inclusion of ionospheric induction effects due to an a priori 3-dimensional conductivity model. However, the most substantial improvements entail the application of a mechanism termed "Selective Infinite Variance Weighting" (SIVW), which mitigates the effects of non-zero mean systematic noise and allows for the exploitation of gradient information from the low-altitude Swarm satellite pair to determine small-scale lithospheric fields, and an improvement in the treatment of attitude error due to noise in star-tracking systems over previously established methods. The advanced CI algorithm is validated by applying it to synthetic data from a full simulation of the Swarm mission, where it is found to significantly exceed all mandatory and most target accuracy requirements. C1 [Sabaka, Terence J.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Toffner-Clausen, Lars; Olsen, Nils] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Space Inst, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Sabaka, TJ (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM terence.j.sabaka@nasa.gov RI Olsen, Nils/H-1822-2011; OI Olsen, Nils/0000-0003-1132-6113; Toffner-Clausen, Lars/0000-0003-4314-3776 NR 35 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 16 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 EI 1880-5981 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2013 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1201 EP 1222 DI 10.5047/eps.2013.09.007 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 267IM UT WOS:000328090700003 ER PT S AU Acosta, RJ Matricciani, E Riva, C AF Acosta, Roberto J. Matricciani, Emilio Riva, Carlo GP IEEE TI Slant Path Attenuation and Microscale Site Diversity Gain Measured and Predicted in Guam with the Synthetic Storm Technique at 20.7 GHz SO 2013 7TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (EUCAP) SE Proceedings of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) CY APR 08-12, 2013 CL Gothenburg, SWEDEN DE Site diversity; rain attenuation; total tropospheric attenuation; Synthetic Storm Technique; equatorial site ID RAIN ATTENUATION; SATELLITE AB We report the first test of the Synthetic Storm Technique (SST) at the equator, in the Isle of Guam, where NASA has installed an interferometer at its Remote Ground Terminal Complex, composed of two terminals separated by 600 m in the North-South direction. The total tropospheric attenuation refers to experimental measurements at 20.7 GHz, obtained in a 38 degrees elevation-angle slant path to a geostationary satellite. Two conventional tipping-bucket rain gauges have also continuously recorded rain-rate time series, necessary for the SST simulations. The results show that both single link and site diversity link probability distributions are very well predicted by the SST. The normalized diversity gain sets at about 15 similar to 20 % of the single site attenuation less than about 15 similar to 20 dBs. C1 [Acosta, Roberto J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Acosta, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 54-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Roberto.J.Acosta@nasa.gov; Emilio.Matricciani@polimi.it; Carlo.Riva@polimi.it NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2164-3342 BN 978-88-907018-3-2; 978-1-4673-2187-7 J9 PROC EUR CONF ANTENN PY 2013 BP 61 EP 64 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BIA05 UT WOS:000327126000014 ER PT S AU Akgiray, A Weinreb, S Imbriale, WA AF Akgiray, Ahmed Weinreb, Sander Imbriale, William A. GP IEEE TI The quadruple-ridged flared horn: A flexible, multi-octave reflector feed spanning f/0.3 to f/2.5 SO 2013 7TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (EUCAP) SE Proceedings of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) CY APR 08-12, 2013 CL Gothenburg, SWEDEN DE ultrawideband antennas; horn antennas; ridge waveguides; reflector antenna feeds; reflector antennas; radio astronomy AB In this paper, we present four quadruple-ridged flared horn designs achieving 6:1 frequency bandwidth with good match and near-constant beamwidth in E- and D-planes. Nominal 10 dB beamwidths of the designs range from 32 to 115 degrees. Such design flexibility makes the quad-ridge horn a very attractive reflector antenna feed candidate, especially for next generation radio telescopes. C1 [Akgiray, Ahmed; Weinreb, Sander] CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Imbriale, William A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Akgiray, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM aakgiray@ieee.org; sweinreb@caltech.edu; imbriale@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2164-3342 BN 978-88-907018-3-2; 978-1-4673-2187-7 J9 PROC EUR CONF ANTENN PY 2013 BP 768 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BIA05 UT WOS:000327126000180 ER PT S AU Lee, C Chattopadhyay, G Jung, C Reck, T Cooper, K Peralta, A Lin, R Mehdi, I del Pino, MA Juan, NL AF Lee, Choonsup Chattopadhyay, Goutam Jung, Cecile Reck, Theodore Cooper, Ken Peralta, Alex Lin, Robert Mehdi, Imran Alonso del Pino, Maria Juan, Nuria Llombart GP IEEE TI Silicon Microlens Antenna for Multi-Pixel THz Heterodyne Detector Arrays SO 2013 7TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (EUCAP) SE Proceedings of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) CY APR 08-12, 2013 CL Gothenburg, SWEDEN DE silicon micromachining; silicon antenna; THz; detector AB Silicon micromachined RF passive components such as washers, waveguide with 90 degree bends for 325-500 GHz band, and silicon-stacked blocks for W-band (75-110 GHz) GaAs power amplifiers have been designed, microfabricated, and characterized. Based on these results, we have successfully stacked several silicon micromachined wafers in order to build a Receiver-On-a-Chip (ROC) at 560 GHz. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an all integrated silicon micromachined receiver front-end at submillimeter wavelengths. In addition, we have developed silicon microlens antenna which is compatible with the current silicon micromachined ROC. We have also developed wafer-level microlens microfabrication technique. C1 [Lee, Choonsup; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Jung, Cecile; Reck, Theodore; Cooper, Ken; Peralta, Alex; Lin, Robert; Mehdi, Imran] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Alonso del Pino, Maria] Univ Politecn Cataluna, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. [Juan, Nuria Llombart] Delft Univ Technol, Delft, Netherlands. RP Lee, C (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Choonsup.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2164-3342 BN 978-88-907018-3-2; 978-1-4673-2187-7 J9 PROC EUR CONF ANTENN PY 2013 BP 1745 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BIA05 UT WOS:000327126001148 ER PT S AU Omar, AA Qaroot, A Scardelletti, MC AF Omar, A. A. Qaroot, A. Scardelletti, M. C. GP IEEE TI UWB Coplanar-Waveguide-Fed Spiral Slot Antenna SO 2013 7TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (EUCAP) SE Proceedings of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) CY APR 08-12, 2013 CL Gothenburg, SWEDEN DE coplanar waveguide; spiral antenna; slot antenna; UWB AB This paper presents a new design of Ultrawideband vertical bar(UWB) coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed spiral shaped slotted antenna patterned on a circular conducting patch on the top face of the CPW substrate. The antenna operates in the FCC band [3.1-10.6] GHz with return loss better than 10 dB across the band. It also possesses omnidirectional pattern especially at the lower frequencies with good gain. The group delay is almost uniform across the band. C1 [Omar, A. A.; Qaroot, A.] King Faisal Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia. [Scardelletti, M. C.] Nasa Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Omar, AA (reprint author), King Faisal Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia. EM amomar@kfu.edu.sa; abd_mazen@hotmail.com; maximilian.c.scardelletti@nasa.gov OI Omar, Amjad/0000-0001-7953-3552 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2164-3342 BN 978-88-907018-3-2; 978-1-4673-2187-7 J9 PROC EUR CONF ANTENN PY 2013 BP 2901 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BIA05 UT WOS:000327126002155 ER PT J AU Levy, RC Mattoo, S Munchak, LA Remer, LA Sayer, AM Patadia, F Hsu, NC AF Levy, R. C. Mattoo, S. Munchak, L. A. Remer, L. A. Sayer, A. M. Patadia, F. Hsu, N. C. TI The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; OPTICAL DEPTH; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; AIR-QUALITY; SPECTRAL RADIANCES; AIRBORNE SIMULATOR; WATER-VAPOR; RETRIEVAL; VALIDATION; SYSTEM AB The twin Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors have been flying on Terra since 2000 and Aqua since 2002, creating an extensive data set of global Earth observations. Here, we introduce the Collection 6 (C6) algorithm to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol size parameters from MODIS-observed spectral reflectance. While not a major overhaul from the previous Collection 5 (C5) version, there are enough changes that there are significant impacts to the products and their interpretation. The C6 aerosol data set will be created from three separate retrieval algorithms that operate over different surface types. These are the two "Dark Target"(DT) algorithms for retrieving (1) over ocean (dark in visible and longer wavelengths) and (2) over vegetated/dark-soiled land (dark in the visible), plus the "Deep Blue"(DB) algorithm developed originally for retrieving (3) over desert/arid land (bright in the visible). Here, we focus on DT-ocean and DT-land (# 1 and # 2). We have updated assumptions for central wavelengths, Rayleigh optical depths and gas (H2O, O-3, CO2, etc.) absorption corrections, while relaxing the solar zenith angle limit (up to <= 84 degrees) to increase poleward coverage. For DT-land, we have updated the cloud mask to allow heavy smoke retrievals, fine-tuned the assignments for aerosol type as function of season/location, corrected bugs in the Quality Assurance (QA) logic, and added diagnostic parameters such topographic altitude. For DT-ocean, improvements include a revised cloud mask for thin-cirrus detection, inclusion of wind speed dependence on the surface reflectance, updates to logic of QA Confidence flag (QAC) assignment, and additions of important diagnostic information. At the same time, we quantified how "upstream"changes to instrument calibration, land/sea masking and cloud masking will also impact the statistics of global AOD, and affect Terra and Aqua differently. For Aqua, all changes will result in reduced global AOD (by 0.02) over ocean and increased AOD (by 0.02) over land, along with changes in spatial coverage. We compared preliminary data to surface-based sun photometer data, and show that C6 should improve upon C5. C6 will include a merged DT/DB product over semi-arid land surfaces for reduced-gap coverage and better visualization, and new information about clouds in the aerosol field. Responding to the needs of the air quality community, in addition to the standard 10 km product, C6 will include a global (DT-land and DT-ocean) aerosol product at 3 km resolution. C1 [Levy, R. C.; Mattoo, S.; Munchak, L. A.; Sayer, A. M.; Patadia, F.; Hsu, N. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mattoo, S.; Munchak, L. A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20709 USA. [Remer, L. A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Sayer, A. M.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Patadia, F.] Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. RP Levy, RC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM robert.c.levy@nasa.gov RI Sayer, Andrew/H-2314-2012; Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013 OI Sayer, Andrew/0000-0001-9149-1789; Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303 FU NASA's NNH09ZDA001N-TERRAQUA: the Science of Terra and Aqua FX We thank Bill Ridgway (SSAI/GSFC), Georgios Britzolakis (Sigma Space Corp.) and the MODAPS team for facilitating our extensive iterative testing needs. We are grateful to Zia Ahmad (SDSI/GSFC) for help with over-ocean LUTs and the AER team for helping us with LBL-RTM interpretation. We thank Robert Wolfe (GSFC), Jack Xiong (GSFC) and the MCST teams for discussions about updating land/sea flags, calibration, and all the other details that enable high quality MODIS observations. We could not do this study without the AERONET and MAN teams' continuing support of quality controlled, easy-access data. Finally, we appreciate the extensive feedback from our named (Jeff Reid and Michael Garay) as well as our anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by NASA's NNH09ZDA001N-TERRAQUA: the Science of Terra and Aqua. NR 123 TC 171 Z9 177 U1 20 U2 99 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 11 BP 2989 EP 3034 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2989-2013 PG 46 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NS UT WOS:000327815900005 ER PT J AU Perez-Ramirez, D Whiteman, DN Veselovskii, I Kolgotin, A Korenskiy, M Alados-Arboledas, L AF Perez-Ramirez, D. Whiteman, D. N. Veselovskii, I. Kolgotin, A. Korenskiy, M. Alados-Arboledas, L. TI Effects of systematic and random errors on the retrieval of particle microphysical properties from multiwavelength lidar measurements using inversion with regularization SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SPECTRAL RESOLUTION LIDAR; RAMAN-LIDAR; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; BACKSCATTER LIDAR; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL; INFORMATION-CONTENT; LINEAR-ESTIMATION; PARAMETERS; EXTINCTION AB In this work we study the effects of systematic and random errors on the inversion of multiwavelength (MW) lidar data using the well-known regularization technique to obtain vertically resolved aerosol microphysical properties. The software implementation used here was developed at the Physics Instrumentation Center (PIC) in Troitsk (Russia) in conjunction with the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Its applicability to Raman lidar systems based on backscattering measurements at three wavelengths (355, 532 and 1064 nm) and extinction measurements at two wavelengths (355 and 532 nm) has been demonstrated widely. The systematic error sensitivity is quantified by first determining the retrieved parameters for a given set of optical input data consistent with three different sets of aerosol physical parameters. Then each optical input is perturbed by varying amounts and the inversion is repeated. Using bimodal aerosol size distributions, we find a generally linear dependence of the retrieved errors in the microphysical properties on the induced systematic errors in the optical data. For the retrievals of effective radius, number/surface/volume concentrations and fine-mode radius and volume, we find that these results are not significantly affected by the range of the constraints used in inversions. But significant sensitivity was found to the allowed range of the imaginary part of the particle refractive index. Our results also indicate that there exists an additive property for the deviations induced by the biases present in the individual optical data. This property permits the results here to be used to predict deviations in retrieved parameters when multiple input optical data are biased simultaneously as well as to study the influence of random errors on the retrievals. The above results are applied to questions regarding lidar design, in particular for the spaceborne multiwavelength lidar under consideration for the upcoming ACE mission. C1 [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Whiteman, D. N.] NASA, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Dept Fis Aplicada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Perez-Ramirez, D.; Alados-Arboledas, L.] Univ Granada, Ctr Andaluz Medio Ambiente CEAMA, Granada 18006, Spain. [Veselovskii, I.; Kolgotin, A.; Korenskiy, M.] Inst Gen Phys, Phys Instrumentat Ctr, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Perez-Ramirez, D (reprint author), NASA, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM daniel.perezramirez@nasa.gov RI Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/P-5630-2014; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/Q-1129-2016 OI Alados-Arboledas, Lucas/0000-0003-3576-7167; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/0000-0002-7679-6135 FU NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology through projects [CGL2010-18782, CSD2007-00067]; Andalusian Regional Government through projects [P10-RNM-6299, P08-RNM-3568]; EU through ACTRIS project [EU INFRA-2010-1.1.16-262254]; University of Granada FX This work was supported by the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology through projects CGL2010-18782 and CSD2007-00067, the Andalusian Regional Government through projects P10-RNM-6299 and P08-RNM-3568, the EU through ACTRIS project (EU INFRA-2010-1.1.16-262254) and the Post-doctoral Program of the University of Granada. We also express our gratitude to the anonymous referees for their suggestions to improve this work. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 11 BP 3039 EP 3054 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3039-2013 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NS UT WOS:000327815900007 ER PT J AU Sugita, T Kasai, Y Terao, Y Hayashida, S Manney, GL Daffer, WH Sagawa, H Suzuki, M Shiotani, M Walker, KA Boone, CD Bernath, PF AF Sugita, T. Kasai, Y. Terao, Y. Hayashida, S. Manney, G. L. Daffer, W. H. Sagawa, H. Suzuki, M. Shiotani, M. Walker, K. A. Boone, C. D. Bernath, P. F. TI HCl and ClO profiles inside the Antarctic vortex as observed by SMILES in November 2009: comparisons with MLS and ACE-FTS instruments SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER; STRATOSPHERIC POLAR VORTEX; LARGE (CO)-C-13 DEFICIT; OZONE HOLE CHEMISTRY; MEAN AGE; CHLORINE RESERVOIRS; ARCTIC VORTEX; VALIDATION; MODEL AB We present vertical profiles of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) as observed by the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) on the International Space Station (ISS) inside the Antarctic vortex on 19-24 November 2009. The SMILES HCl value reveals 2.8-3.1 ppbv between 450K and 500K levels in potential temperature (PT). The high value of HCl is highlighted since it is suggested that HCl is a main component of the total inorganic chlorine (Cl-y), defined as Cly similar or equal to HCl + ClO + chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), inside the Antarctic vortex in spring, owing to low ozone values. To confirm the quality of two SMILES level 2 (L2) data products provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Japan's National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), vis-a-vis the partitioning of Cly, comparisons are made using other satellite data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). HCl values from the SMILES NICT L2 product agree to within 10% (0.3 ppbv) with the MLS HCl data between 450 and 575K levels in PT and with the ACE-FTS HCl data between 425 and 575 K. The SMILES JAXA L2 product is 10 to 20% (0.2-0.5 ppbv) lower than that from MLS between 400 and 700K and from ACE-FTS between 500 and 700 K. For ClO in daytime, the difference between SMILES (JAXA and NICT) and MLS is less than +/- 0.05 ppbv (100 %) between 500K and 650K with the ClO values less than 0.2 ppbv. ClONO2 values as measured by ACE-FTS also reveal 0.2 ppbv at 475-500K level, resulting in the HCl/Cly ratios of 0.91-0.95. The HCl/Cly ratios derived from each retrieval agree to within -5 to 8% with regard to their averages. The high HCl values and HCl/Cly ratios observed by the three instruments in the lower stratospheric Antarctic vortex are consistent with previous observations in late Austral spring. C1 [Sugita, T.; Terao, Y.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Kasai, Y.; Sagawa, H.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol NICT, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan. [Hayashida, S.] Nara Womens Univ, Fac Sci, Nara 630, Japan. [Manney, G. L.] NW Res Associates Inc, Socorro, NM USA. [Manney, G. L.] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Daffer, W. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Suzuki, M.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. [Shiotani, M.] Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Uji, Kyoto, Japan. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Walker, K. A.; Boone, C. D.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Chem, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norfolk, VA USA. [Bernath, P. F.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. RP Sugita, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. EM tsugita@nies.go.jp RI Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Terao, Yukio/A-2099-2008; OI Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Terao, Yukio/0000-0003-2345-7073; Sugita, Takafumi/0000-0002-0508-7040 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE); Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada FX The JEM/SMILES mission is a joint project of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). We thank the JEM/SMILES mission team and the related members before the mission. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT-1, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. The joint IMK/IAA generated MIPAS/Envisat data were obtained from the IMK -Atmospheric Trace Gases and Remote Sensing (ASF) data server (http://www. imk-asf. kit. edu/english/308. php). Instructions on using the MIPAS data from Thomas von Clarmann are acknowledged. Helpful comments from Rolf Muller are also acknowledged. This work was partly done by using resources of the Announcement. NR 82 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 11 BP 3099 EP 3113 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3099-2013 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NS UT WOS:000327815900011 ER PT J AU Torres, O Ahn, C Chen, Z AF Torres, O. Ahn, C. Chen, Z. TI Improvements to the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm using A-train CALIOP and AIRS observations SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS BURNING SMOKE; BACKSCATTERED ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CARBON-MONOXIDE; SAVANNA FIRES; TRACE GASES; INDEX; CO; AIRS/AMSU/HSB AB The height of desert dust and carbonaceous aerosols layers and, to a lesser extent, the difficulty in determining the predominant size mode of these absorbing aerosol types, are sources of uncertainty in the retrieval of aerosol properties from near-UV satellite observations. The availability of independent, near-simultaneous measurements of aerosol layer height, and aerosol-type related parameters derived from observations by other A-train sensors, makes possible the use of this information as input to the OMI (ozone monitoring instrument) near-UV aerosol retrieval algorithm (OMAERUV). A monthly climatology of aerosol layer height derived from observations by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) sensor, and real-time AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) carbon monoxide (CO) observations are used in an upgraded version of the OMAERUV algorithm. AIRS CO measurements are used as an adequate tracer of carbonaceous aerosols, which allows the identification of smoke layers in regions and seasons when the dust-smoke differentiation is difficult in the near-UV. The use of CO measurements also enables the identification of high levels of boundary layer pollution undetectable by near-UV observations alone. In this paper we discuss the combined use of OMI, CALIOP and AIRS observations for the characterization of aerosol properties, and show an improvement in OMI aerosol retrieval capabilities. C1 [Torres, O.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ahn, C.; Chen, Z.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Torres, O (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM omar.o.torres@nasa.gov RI Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013 NR 49 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 11 BP 3257 EP 3270 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3257-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NS UT WOS:000327815900021 ER PT J AU Lopes, FJS Landulfo, E Vaughan, MA AF Lopes, F. J. S. Landulfo, E. Vaughan, M. A. TI Evaluating CALIPSO's 532 nm lidar ratio selection algorithm using AERONET sun photometers in Brazil SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GROUND-BASED LIDAR; AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; TO-BACKSCATTER RATIO; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; AIRBORNE LIDAR; SAO-PAULO; A-TRAIN; EXTINCTION; CLOUD AB Since the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite first began probing the Earth's atmosphere on 13 June 2006, several research groups dedicated to investigating the atmosphere's optical properties have conducted measurement campaigns to validate the CALIPSO data products. Recently, in order to address the lack of CALIPSO validation studies in the Southern Hemisphere, and especially the South American continent, the Lasers Environmental Applications Research Group at Brazil's Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN) initiated efforts to assess CALIPSO's aerosol lidar ratio estimates using the AERONET sun photometers installed at five different locations in Brazil. In this study we develop a validation methodology to evaluate the accuracy of the modeled values of the lidar ratios used by the CALIPSO extinction algorithms. We recognize that the quality of any comparisons between satellite and ground-based measurements depends on the degree to which the instruments are collocated, and that even selecting the best spatial and temporal matches does not provide an unequivocal guarantee that both instruments are measuring the same air mass. The validation methodology presented in this study therefore applies backward and forward air mass trajectories in order to obtain the best possible match between the air masses sampled by the satellite and the ground-based instruments, and thus reduces the uncertainties associated with aerosol air mass variations. Quantitative comparisons of lidar ratios determined from the combination of AERONET optical depth measurements and CALIOP integrated attenuated backscatter measurements show good agreement with the model values assigned by the CALIOP algorithm. These comparisons yield a mean percentage difference of -1.5% +/- 24 %. This result confirms the accuracy in the lidar ratio estimates provided by the CALIOP algorithms over Brazil to within an uncertainty range of no more than 30 %. C1 [Lopes, F. J. S.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci IAG, Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Lopes, F. J. S.; Landulfo, E.] Nucl & Energy Res Inst IPEN CNEN, Ctr Lasers & Applicat, Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Vaughan, M. A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Lopes, FJS (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geophys & Atmospher Sci IAG, Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM fabiolopes@usp.br RI Landulfo, Eduardo/B-7979-2012 OI Landulfo, Eduardo/0000-0002-9691-5306 FU Fundacao para o Amparo da Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo-FAPESP [2013/02357-3, 2011/14365-5, 2011/07475-9, 2008/58104-8]; Conselho Nacional de Energia Nuclear CNEN/Brazil FX The first author wishes to acknowledge the financial support of Fundacao para o Amparo da Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo-FAPESP under project numbers 2013/02357-3, 2011/14365-5, 2011/07475-9 and 2008/58104-8. The authors wish to acknowledge the entire CALIPSO team for their substantial contributions and for the data obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center. They also gratefully acknowledge the team of the AERONET sun photometer network and the PI of each site (Brent Holben, Enio Pereira and Paulo Artaxo), the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory for providing the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and the READY website used in this publication, and also the support of Conselho Nacional de Energia Nuclear CNEN/Brazil. NR 66 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 11 BP 3281 EP 3299 DI 10.5194/amt-6-3281-2013 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 263NS UT WOS:000327815900023 ER PT J AU Bala, G Devaraju, N Chaturvedi, RK Caldeira, K Nemani, R AF Bala, G. Devaraju, N. Chaturvedi, R. K. Caldeira, K. Nemani, R. TI Nitrogen deposition: how important is it for global terrestrial carbon uptake? SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FUTURE CLIMATE-CHANGE; CYCLE FEEDBACK; COUPLED CLIMATE; ELEVATED CO2; MODEL; LAND; FORESTS; DYNAMICS; SINKS; FERTILIZATION AB Global carbon budget studies indicate that the terrestrial ecosystems have remained a large sink for carbon despite widespread deforestation activities. CO2 fertilization, N deposition and re-growth of mid-latitude forests are believed to be key drivers for land carbon uptake. In this study, we assess the importance of N deposition by performing idealized near-equilibrium simulations using the Community Land Model 4.0 (CLM4). In our equilibrium simulations, only 12-17% of the deposited nitrogen is assimilated into the ecosystem and the corresponding carbon uptake can be inferred from a C : N ratio of 20 : 1. We calculate the sensitivity of the terrestrial biosphere for CO2 fertilization, climate warming and N deposition as changes in total ecosystem carbon for unit changes in global mean atmospheric CO2 concentration, global mean temperature and Tera grams of nitrogen deposition per year, respectively. Based on these sensitivities, it is estimated that about 242 PgC could have been taken up by land due to the CO2 fertilization effect and an additional 175 PgC taken up as a result of the increased N deposition since the pre-industrial period. Because of climate warming, the terrestrial ecosystem could have lost about 152 PgC during the same period. Therefore, since pre-industrial times terrestrial carbon losses due to warming may have been more or less compensated by effects of increased N deposition, whereas the effect of CO2 fertilization is approximately indicative of the current increase in terrestrial carbon stock. Our simulations also suggest that the sensitivity of carbon storage to increased N deposition decreases beyond current levels, indicating that climate warming effects on carbon storage may overwhelm N deposition effects in the future. C1 [Bala, G.; Devaraju, N.] Indian Inst Sci, Divecha Ctr Climate Change, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. [Bala, G.; Devaraju, N.] Indian Inst Sci, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. [Chaturvedi, R. K.] Indian Inst Sci, Ctr Sustainable Technol, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. [Caldeira, K.] Carnegie Inst, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Nemani, R.] NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bala, G (reprint author), Indian Inst Sci, Divecha Ctr Climate Change, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. EM gbala@caos.iisc.ernet.in RI Narayanappa, Devaraju/L-9081-2014; Caldeira, Ken/E-7914-2011; OI Devaraju, Narayanappa/0000-0001-8471-3961 FU Department of Science and Technology [DST0948]; Divecha Center for Climate Change; Ministry of Environment and Forests through National Environmental Sciences Fellowship FX We thank the funding from the Department of Science and Technology under the grant DST0948. D. Narayanappa is supported by the Divecha Center for Climate Change. R. K. Chaturvedi is supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests through National Environmental Sciences Fellowship. NR 61 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 9 U2 41 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 11 BP 7147 EP 7160 DI 10.5194/bg-10-7147-2013 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 263NG UT WOS:000327814700025 ER PT J AU Abdel-Fattah, TM Williams, PA Wincheski, RA Shams, QA AF Abdel-Fattah, Tarek M. Williams, Phillip A. Wincheski, Russell A. Shams, Qamar A. TI Catalyst Design Using Nanoporous Iron for the Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes SO JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-SIEVES AB Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been synthesized via a novel chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach utilizing nanoporous, iron-supported catalysts. Stable aqueous dispersions of the CVD-grown nanotubes using an anionic surfactant were also obtained. The properties of the as-produced SWNTs were characterized through atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy and compared with purified SWNTs produced via the high-pressure CO (HiPCO) method as a reference, and the nanotubes were observed with greater lengths than those of similarly processed HiPCO SWNTs. C1 [Abdel-Fattah, Tarek M.] Christopher Newport Univ, Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Appl Res Ctr, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Abdel-Fattah, Tarek M.] Christopher Newport Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Chem, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. [Williams, Phillip A.; Wincheski, Russell A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Shams, Qamar A.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeronaut Syst Engn Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Abdel-Fattah, TM (reprint author), Christopher Newport Univ, Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Appl Res Ctr, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. EM fattah@cnu.edu NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1687-4110 EI 1687-4129 J9 J NANOMATER JI J. Nanomater. PY 2013 AR 421503 DI 10.1155/2013/421503 PG 7 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science GA 265OP UT WOS:000327961800001 ER PT J AU Deshpande, N Tourtillott, BM Peters, BT Bloomberg, JJ AF Deshpande, Nandini Tourtillott, Brandon M. Peters, Brian T. Bloomberg, Jacob J. TI Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) during locomotion for targets at near and far distances: Effects of aging, walking speed and head-trunk coupling SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE Dynamic visual acuity; aging; vestibulo-occular reflex; locomotion ID EYE-MOVEMENTS; VESTIBULOOCULAR REFLEX; CERVICOOCULAR REFLEX; VIEWING DISTANCE; RESPONSES; HUMANS; AGE; ACCELERATION; TRANSLATION; SPACEFLIGHT AB This study examined effects of aging, head-trunk coupling (HTcoupling) and walking speed on dynamic visual acuity (DVA) at near and far viewing distances. Ten healthy participants were recruited in 3 groups; young: 20-33 years, Older1: 65-74 years, Older2: 75-85 years. The binocular DVA was measured while walking on a treadmill at 0.75 and 1.5 m/s speeds. The optotype display was placed at 0.5 m for NearDVA and at 3.0 m for FarDVA. On randomly selected trials, HTcoupling was achieved by using a collar. A mix-factor ANOVA (age-group x HTcoupling x speed) was performed separately for the Near and FarDVA. NearDVA declined with HTcoupling (p = 0.021). Additionally, NearDVA worsened at the faster speed (p < 0.001). At 1.5 m/s speed the differences between Young and Older2 groups were significant (p = 0.012) and those between Older1 and Older2 were marginal (p = 0.085). FarDVA declined at the faster speed (p < 0.001) with no effect of HTcoupling or age-group. NearDVA is more sensitive to normal aging process. These age-related deficits become more apparent at higher walking speeds. Effect of HTcoupling on NearDVA suggests a possible additive effect of insufficient dampening of the vertical movement of the overall head-trunk complex and inability of the linear vestibulo-ocular reflex to compensate for the consequent high discrepancy. C1 [Deshpande, Nandini] Queens Univ, Sch Rehabil Therapy, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. [Tourtillott, Brandon M.] Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, F Edward Hebert Sch Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. [Peters, Brian T.] Sci Technol & Engn Grp, Human Performance & Engn Div, Houston, TX USA. [Bloomberg, Jacob J.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Neurosci Labs, Houston, TX USA. RP Deshpande, N (reprint author), Queens Univ, Louise D Acton Bldg,31 George St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM nandinijd@yahoo.com FU School of Allied Health Research Grant, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas FX This work was supported by the School of Allied Health Research Grant, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas to Dr. Nandini Deshpande, NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 EI 1878-6464 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2013 VL 23 IS 4-5 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.3233/VES-130500 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 262VX UT WOS:000327767100002 PM 24284599 ER PT S AU Stahl, HP AF Stahl, H. Philip BE Bentley, JL Pfaff, M TI NASA funding opportunities for optical fabrication and testing technology development SO OPTIFAB 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optifab CY OCT 14-17, 2013 CL Rochester, NY SP SPIE, Amer Precis Opt Manufacturers Assoc DE Technology Development AB NASA requires technologies to fabricate and test optical components to accomplish its highest priority science missions. The NRC ASTRO2010 Decadal Survey states that an advanced large-aperture UVOIR telescope is required to enable the next generation of compelling astrophysics and exo-planet science; and, that present technology is not mature enough to affordably build and launch any potential UVOIR mission concept. The NRC 2012 NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities Report states that the highest priority technology in which NASA should invest to 'Expand our understanding of Earth and the universe' is next generation X-ray and UVOIR telescopes. Each of the Astrophysics division Program Office Annual Technology Reports (PATR) identifies specific technology needs. NASA has a variety of programs to fund enabling technology development: SBIR (Small Business Innovative Research); the ROSES APRA and SAT programs (Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science; Astrophysics Research and Analysis program; Strategic Astrophysics Technology program); and several Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) programs. C1 NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Stahl, HP (reprint author), NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9747-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8884 AR UNSP 888403 DI 10.1117/12.2036204 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BID13 UT WOS:000327590200001 ER PT S AU Tedjojuwono, KK Clark, N Humphreys, WM AF Tedjojuwono, Ken K. Clark, Natalie Humphreys, William M., Jr. BE Bentley, JL Pfaff, M TI Optical Characterization of Window Materials for Aerospace Applications SO OPTIFAB 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optifab CY OCT 14-17, 2013 CL Rochester, NY SP SPIE, Amer Precis Opt Manufacturers Assoc DE Optical windows; optical material; optical measurement; aerospace window AB An optical metrology laboratory has been developed to characterize the optical properties of optical window materials to be used for aerospace applications. Several optical measurement systems have been selected and developed to measure spectral transmittance, haze, clarity, birefringence, striae, wavefront quality, and wedge. In addition to silica based glasses, several optical lightweight polymer materials and transparent ceramics have been investigated in the laboratory. The measurement systems and selected empirical results for non-silica materials are described. These measurements will be used to form the basis of acceptance criteria for selection of window materials for future aerospace vehicle and habitat designs. C1 [Tedjojuwono, Ken K.; Clark, Natalie; Humphreys, William M., Jr.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Tedjojuwono, KK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 18 Langley Blvd, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM ken.k.tedjojuwono@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9747-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8884 AR UNSP 88841I DI 10.1117/12.2029469 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BID13 UT WOS:000327590200046 ER PT S AU Das, S Sarkar, S Ray, A Srivastava, A Simon, DL AF Das, Santanu Sarkar, Soumalya Ray, Asok Srivastava, Ashok Simon, Donald L. GP IEEE TI Anomaly Detection in Flight Recorder Data: A Dynamic Data-driven Approach SO 2013 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE (ACC) SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference (ACC) CY JUN 17-19, 2013 CL Washington, DC SP Boeing, Eaton, Halliburton, Honeywell, MathWorks, Mitsubishi Elect Res Lab, Natl Instruments, United Technologies Res Ctr, Xerox, dSpace, Journal Franklin Inst, GE Global Res, Quanser, SIAM, Springer, Taylor & Francis Grp CRC Press, Wiley DE Anomaly detection; Symbolic Dynamics; Flight recorder data; Data-driven analysis AB This paper presents a method of feature extraction in the context of aviation data analysis. The underlying algorithm utilizes a feature extraction algorithm called symbolic dynamic filtering (SDF) that was recently published. In SDF, time-series data are partitioned for generating symbol sequences that, in turn, construct probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA) to serve as features for pattern classification. The SDF-based algorithm of feature extraction, which enjoys both flexibility of implementation and computational efficiency, is directly applicable to detection, classification, and prediction of anomalies and faults. The results of analysis with real-world flight recorder data show that the SDF-based features can be derive data desired level of abstraction from the information embedded in the time-series data. The performance of the proposed SDF-based feature extraction is compared with that of standard temporal feature extraction for anomaly detection. Our study on flight recorder data shows that SDF-based features can enabled is covering unique anomalous flights and improve the performance of the detection algorithm. We also theoretically show that under certain conditions it may be possible to achive a better or comparable time complexity with SDF based features. C1 [Das, Santanu] NASA, UARC, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Das, S (reprint author), NASA, UARC, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM santanu.das-1@nasa.gov; svs5464@psu.edu; axr2@psu.edu; ashok.srivastava@nasa.gov; donald.l.simon@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 978-1-4799-0178-4 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2013 BP 2668 EP 2673 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BIB32 UT WOS:000327210202137 ER PT J AU Kyrola, E Laine, M Sofieva, V Tamminen, J Paivarinta, SM Tukiainen, S Zawodny, J Thomason, L AF Kyrola, E. Laine, M. Sofieva, V. Tamminen, J. Paivarinta, S. -M. Tukiainen, S. Zawodny, J. Thomason, L. TI Combined SAGE II-GOMOS ozone profile data set for 1984-2011 and trend analysis of the vertical distribution of ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BALLOON SONDE MEASUREMENTS; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; OCCULTATION; VALIDATION; RECOVERY; RETRIEVAL; SATELLITE; INVERSION; STATIONS; AEROSOL AB We have studied data from two satellite occultation instruments in order to generate a high vertical resolution homogeneous ozone time series of 26 yr. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II solar occultation instrument and the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument measured ozone profiles in the stratosphere and mesosphere from 1984-2005 and 2002-2012, respectively. Global coverage, good vertical resolution, and the self-calibrating measurement method make data from these instruments valuable for the detection of changes in vertical distribution of ozone over time. As both instruments share a common measurement period from 2002-2005, it is possible to inter-calibrate the data sets. We investigate how well these measurements agree with each other and combine all the data to produce a new stratospheric ozone profile data set. Above 55 km, SAGE II measurements show much less ozone than the GOMOS nighttime measurements as a consequence of the well-known diurnal variation of ozone in the mesosphere. Between 35-55 km, SAGE II sunrise and sunset measurements differ from GOMOS' measurements to different extents. Sunrise measurements show 2% less ozone than GOMOS, whereas sunset measurements show 4% more ozone than GOMOS. Differences can be explained qualitatively by the diurnal variation of ozone in the stratosphere recently observed by SMILES and modeled by chemical transport models. Between 25-35 km, SAGE II sunrise and sunset measurements and GOMOS measurements agree within 1%. The observed ozone bias between collocated measurements of SAGE II sunrise/sunset and GOMOS night measurements is used to align the two data sets. The combined data set covers the time period 1984-2011, latitudes 60A degrees S-60A degrees N, and the altitude range of 20-60 km. Profile data are given on a 1 km vertical grid, and with a resolution of 1 month in time and 10A degrees in latitude. The combined ozone data set is analyzed by fitting a time series model to the data. We assume a linear trend with an inflection point (so-called 'hockey stick' form). The best estimate for the point of inflection was found to be the year 1997 for ozone between altitudes 35 and 45 km. At all latitudes and altitudes from 35 to 50 km we find a clear change in ozone trend before and after the inflection time. From 38 to 45 km, a negative trend of 4% per decade (statistically significant at 95% level) at the equator has changed to a small positive trend of 0-2% per decade. At mid-latitudes, the negative trend of 4-8% per decade has changed to to a small positive trend of 0-2% per decade. At mid-latitudes near 20 km, the ozone loss has still increased whereas in the tropics a recovery is ongoing. C1 [Kyrola, E.; Laine, M.; Sofieva, V.; Tamminen, J.; Paivarinta, S. -M.; Tukiainen, S.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat Unit, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. [Zawodny, J.; Thomason, L.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kyrola, E (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Earth Observat Unit, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM erkki.kyrola@fmi.fi RI Paivarinta, Sanna-Mari/D-1084-2014; Tamminen, Johanna/D-7959-2014; Kyrola, Erkki/E-1835-2014; Sofieva, Viktoria/E-1958-2014; Laine, Marko/E-9574-2012; OI Paivarinta, Sanna-Mari/0000-0001-9390-7282; Tamminen, Johanna/0000-0003-3095-0069; Sofieva, Viktoria/0000-0002-9192-2208; Laine, Marko/0000-0002-5914-6747; Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 FU Academy of Finland [134325, 132808] FX We want to thank the reviewers for their useful comments and corrections, which improved the manuscript. We want to thank R. Damadeo and N. Latva-Pukkila for their help in the preparation of the manuscript. We want to thank T. Sakazaki and the SMILES team for sharing their work before publication. We are grateful for the financial support from Academy of Finland (project numbers 134325 and 132808). NR 39 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 21 BP 10645 EP 10658 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10645-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253PP UT WOS:000327101900006 ER PT J AU Engel, I Luo, BP Pitts, MC Poole, LR Hoyle, CR Grooss, JU Dornbrack, A Peter, T AF Engel, I. Luo, B. P. Pitts, M. C. Poole, L. R. Hoyle, C. R. Grooss, J. -U. Doernbrack, A. Peter, T. TI Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds - Part 2: Nucleation of ice on synoptic scales SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE TEMPERATURE-FLUCTUATIONS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; SUPERCOOLED WATER; VAPOR-PRESSURES; CIRRUS CLOUDS; MINERAL DUST; NITRIC-ACID; PARTICLES; OZONE; MICROPHYSICS AB This paper provides compelling evidence for the importance of heterogeneous nucleation, likely on solid particles of meteoritic origin, and of small-scale temperature fluctuations, for the formation of ice particles in the Arctic stratosphere. During January 2010, ice PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds) were shown by CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) to have occurred on a synoptic scale (similar to 1000 km dimension). CALIPSO observations also showed widespread PSCs containing NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) particles in December 2009, prior to the occurrence of synoptic-scale regions of ice PSCs during mid-January 2010. We demonstrate by means of detailed microphysical modeling along air parcel trajectories that the formation of these PSCs is not readily reconciled with expectations from the conventional understanding of PSC nucleation mechanisms. The measurements are at odds with the previous laboratory-based understanding of PSC formation, which deemed direct heterogeneous nucleation of NAT and ice on preexisting solid particles unlikely. While a companion paper (Part 1) addresses the heterogeneous nucleation of NAT during December 2009, before the existence of ice PSCs, this paper shows that also the large-scale occurrence of stratospheric ice in January 2010 cannot be explained merely by homogeneous ice nucleation but requires the heterogeneous nucleation of ice, e.g. on meteoritic dust or preexisting NAT particles. The required efficiency of the ice nuclei is surprisingly high, namely comparable to that of known tropospheric ice nuclei such as mineral dust particles. To gain model agreement with the ice number densities inferred from observations, the presence of small-scale temperature fluctuations, with wavelengths unresolved by the numerical weather prediction models, is required. With the derived rate parameterization for heterogeneous ice nucleation we are able to explain and reproduce CALIPSO observations throughout the entire Arctic winter 2009/2010. C1 [Engel, I.; Luo, B. P.; Hoyle, C. R.; Peter, T.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Poole, L. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Hoyle, C. R.] Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Atmospher Chem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. [Engel, I.; Grooss, J. -U.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Doernbrack, A.] DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82230 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. RP Engel, I (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM ines.engel@alumni.ethz.ch RI GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; Hoyle, Christopher/B-7786-2008; Tritscher, Ines/O-2271-2014 OI GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; Hoyle, Christopher/0000-0002-1369-9143; Tritscher, Ines/0000-0001-5285-7952 FU European Commission [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [200021 120175/1, 200021 140663]; NASA [NNL11AA10D]; European Commission FX This work was supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under the grant number RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1 as well as by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) (grant numbers 200021 120175/1 and 200021 140663). Support for L. R. Poole is provided under NASA contract NNL11AA10D. Support for B. P. Luo by the project RECONCILE funded by the European Commission is gratefully acknowledged. Aura MLS gas species data were obtained through the Aura MLS website (http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/index-eos-mls.php). NR 67 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 21 BP 10769 EP 10785 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10769-2013 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253PP UT WOS:000327101900015 ER PT J AU Aumann, HH Ruzmaikin, A AF Aumann, H. H. Ruzmaikin, A. TI Frequency of deep convective clouds in the tropical zone from 10 years of AIRS data SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; TROPOPAUSE; PRECIPITATION; TEMPERATURE; METEOSAT; CLIMATE; RADAR AB Deep convective clouds (DCCs) have been widely studied because of their association with heavy precipitation and severe weather events. Changes in the properties of DCCs are likely in a changing climate. Ten years of data collected by Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) allow us to identify decadal trends in frequency of occurrence of DCCs over land and ocean. In the past, DCCs have been identified in the thermal infrared by three methods: (1) thresholds based on the absolute value of an atmospheric window channel brightness temperature; (2) thresholds based on the difference between the brightness temperature in an atmospheric window channel and the brightness temperature centered on a strong water vapor absorption line; and (3) a threshold using the difference between the window channel brightness temperature and the tropopause temperature based on climatology. Simultaneous observations of these infrared identified DCCs with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-Humidity Sounder for Brazil (AMSU-HSB) using 183 GHz water channels provide a statistical correlation with microwave deep convection and overshooting convection. In the past 10 years, the frequency of occurrence of DCCs has decreased for the tropical ocean, while it has increased for tropical land. The area of the tropical zone associated with DCCs is typically much less than 1%. We find that the least frequent, more extreme DCCs show the largest trend in frequency of occurrence, increasing over land and decreasing over ocean. The trends for land and ocean closely balance, such that the DCC frequency changed at an insignificant rate for the entire tropical zone. This pattern of essentially zero trend for the tropical zone, but opposite land/ocean trends, is consistent with measurements of global precipitation. The changes in frequency of occurrence of the DCCs are correlated with the Nino34 index, which defines the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the east-central Pacific. This is also consistent with patterns seen in global precipitation. This suggests that the observed changes in the frequency are part of a decadal variability characterized by shifts in the main tropical circulation patterns, which does not fully balance in the 10-year AIRS data record. The regional correlations and anti-correlations of the DCC frequency anomaly with the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) provide a new perspective for the regional analysis of past events, since the SST anomaly in the Nino34 region is available in the form of the extended MEI from 1871. C1 [Aumann, H. H.; Ruzmaikin, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Aumann, HH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM aumann@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We are grateful for the long-term support of Ramesh Kakar, Aqua Program Scientist at NASA HQ. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 21 BP 10795 EP 10806 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10795-2013 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253PP UT WOS:000327101900017 ER PT J AU Lei, H Liang, XZ Wuebbles, DJ Tao, Z AF Lei, H. Liang, X. -Z. Wuebbles, D. J. Tao, Z. TI Model analyses of atmospheric mercury: present air quality and effects of transpacific transport on the United States SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GASEOUS ELEMENTAL MERCURY; MEASUREMENT NETWORK CAMNET; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTIES; VOLCANIC EMISSIONS; GLOBAL SIMULATION; WET DEPOSITION; ATOMIC MERCURY; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SYSTEM MODEL AB Atmospheric mercury is a toxic air and water pollutant that is of significant concern because of its effects on human health and ecosystems. A mechanistic representation of the atmospheric mercury cycle is developed for the state-of-the-art global climate-chemistry model, CAM-Chem (Community Atmospheric Model with Chemistry). The model simulates the emission, transport, transformation and deposition of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in three forms: elemental mercury (Hg(0)), reactive mercury (Hg(II)), and particulate mercury (PHg). Emissions of mercury include those from human, land, ocean, biomass burning and volcano related sources. Land emissions are calculated based on surface solar radiation flux and skin temperature. A simplified air-sea mercury exchange scheme is used to calculate emissions from the oceans. The chemistry mechanism includes the oxidation of Hg(0) in gaseous phase by ozone with temperature dependence, OH, H2O2 and chlorine. Aqueous chemistry includes both oxidation and reduction of Hg(0). Transport and deposition of mercury species are calculated through adapting the original formulations in CAM-Chem. The CAM-Chem model with mercury is driven by present meteorology to simulate the present mercury air quality during the 1999-2001 period. The resulting surface concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) are then compared with the observations from worldwide sites. Simulated wet depositions of mercury over the continental United States are compared to the observations from 26 Mercury Deposition Network stations to test the wet deposition simulations. The evaluations of gaseous concentrations and wet deposition confirm a strong capability for the CAM-Chem mercury mechanism to simulate the atmospheric mercury cycle. The general reproduction of global TGM concentrations and the overestimation on South Africa indicate that model simulations of TGM are seriously affected by emissions. The comparison to wet deposition indicates that wet deposition patterns of mercury are more affected by the spatial variability of precipitation. The sensitivity experiments show that 22% of total mercury deposition and 25% of TGM concentrations in the United States result from domestic anthropogenic sources, but only 9% of total mercury deposition and 7% of TGM concentrations are contributed by transpacific transport. However, the contributions of domestic and transpacific sources on the western United States levels of mercury are of comparable magnitude. C1 [Lei, H.; Wuebbles, D. J.] Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Liang, X. -Z.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Liang, X. -Z.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Tao, Z.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wuebbles, DJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM hang.lei@noaa.gov; wuebbles@illinois.edu FU US Environmental Protection Agency [EPA RD-83337301] FX This research was supported in part by the US Environmental Protection Agency's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Program under award number EPA RD-83337301. The authors acknowledge DOE/NERSC and NCSA/UIUC for the supercomputing support. We also thank Christopher Holmes for providing mercury emissions and bromine concentration data from the GEOS-Chem model and for valuable discussions on mercury simulations. Great appreciations to reviewers and the editor of this article. Their works significantly improve the quality of this article. NR 144 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 21 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 21 BP 10807 EP 10825 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10807-2013 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253PP UT WOS:000327101900018 ER PT J AU Chudnovsky, A Tang, C Lyapustin, A Wang, Y Schwartz, J Koutrakis, P AF Chudnovsky, A. Tang, C. Lyapustin, A. Wang, Y. Schwartz, J. Koutrakis, P. TI A critical assessment of high-resolution aerosol optical depth retrievals for fine particulate matter predictions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AIR-QUALITY; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; PM2.5 EXPOSURES; MODIS; LAND; ALGORITHM; POLLUTION; PRODUCTS AB Recently, a new Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm was developed for the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which provides aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 1 km resolution. The relationship between MAIAC AOD and PM2.5 as measured by 84 EPA ground monitoring stations in the entire New England and the Harvard super site during 2002-2008 was investigated and also compared to the AOD-PM2.5 relationship using conventional MODIS 10 km AOD retrieval from Aqua platform (MYD04) for the same days and locations. The correlations for MYD04 and for MAIAC are r = 0.62 and 0.65, respectively, suggesting that AOD is a reasonable proxy for PM2.5 ground concentrations. The slightly higher correlation coefficient (r) for MAIAC can be related to its finer resolution resulting in better correspondence between AOD and EPA monitoring sites. Regardless of resolution, AOD-PM2.5 relationship varies daily, and under certain conditions it can be negative (due to several factors such as an EPA site location (proximity to road) and the lack of information about the aerosol vertical profile). By investigating MAIAC AOD data, we found a substantial increase, by 50-70% in the number of collocated AOD-PM2.5 pairs, as compared to MYD04, suggesting that MAIAC AOD data are more capable in capturing spatial patterns of PM2.5. Importantly, the performance of MAIAC AOD retrievals is slightly degraded but remains reliable under partly cloudy conditions when MYD04 data are not available, and it can be used to increase significantly the number of days for PM2.5 spatial pattern prediction based on satellite observations. C1 [Chudnovsky, A.; Tang, C.; Schwartz, J.; Koutrakis, P.] Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. [Chudnovsky, A.] Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geog & Human Environm, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [Lyapustin, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wang, Y.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Chudnovsky, A (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM achudnov@hsph.harvard.edu RI Lyapustin, Alexei/H-9924-2014 OI Lyapustin, Alexei/0000-0003-1105-5739 FU USEPA [RD 83479801]; NASA FX This work was made possible by USEPA grant RD 83479801. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of USEPA. Further, USEPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. The support for A. Lyapustin and Y. Wang is provided by the NASA Terra and Aqua Science Program. The authors greatly appreciate important comments of M. Wolfson and of the two anonymous reviewers. NR 52 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 21 BP 10907 EP 10917 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10907-2013 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253PP UT WOS:000327101900024 ER PT J AU Tang, W Cohan, DS Lamsal, LN Xiao, X Zhou, W AF Tang, W. Cohan, D. S. Lamsal, L. N. Xiao, X. Zhou, W. TI Inverse modeling of Texas NOx emissions using space-based and ground-based NO2 observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; NITROGEN-OXIDES EMISSIONS; TROPOSPHERIC NO2; UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; COLUMN DENSITIES; OMI; UNCERTAINTIES; OBJECTIVES AB Inverse modeling of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions using satellite-based NO2 observations has become more prevalent in recent years, but has rarely been applied to regulatory modeling at regional scales. In this study, OMI satellite observations of NO2 column densities are used to conduct inverse modeling of NOx emission inventories for two Texas State Implementation Plan (SIP) modeling episodes. Addition of lightning, aircraft, and soil NOx emissions to the regulatory inventory narrowed but did not close the gap between modeled and satellite-observed NO2 over rural regions. Satellite-based top-down emission inventories are created with the regional Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx) using two techniques: the direct scaling method and discrete Kalman filter (DKF) with decoupled direct method (DDM) sensitivity analysis. The simulations with satellite-inverted inventories are compared to the modeling results using the a priori inventory as well as an inventory created by a ground-level NO2-based DKF inversion. The DKF inversions yield conflicting results: the satellite-based inversion scales up the a priori NOx emissions in most regions by factors of 1.02 to 1.84, leading to 3-55% increase in modeled NO2 column densities and 1-7 ppb increase in ground 8 h ozone concentrations, while the ground-based inversion indicates the a priori NOx emissions should be scaled by factors of 0.34 to 0.57 in each region. However, none of the inversions improve the model performance in simulating aircraft-observed NO2 or ground-level ozone (O-3) concentrations. C1 [Tang, W.; Cohan, D. S.; Xiao, X.; Zhou, W.] Rice Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA. [Lamsal, L. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Lamsal, L. N.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol & Res, Columbia, MD USA. RP Tang, W (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 6100 Main St MS 519, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM wei.tang@rice.edu RI Cohan, Daniel/E-6595-2010; zhou, wei/E-9807-2011 OI Cohan, Daniel/0000-0003-0415-7980; FU US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) [NNX10AO05G]; NASA Air Quality Applied Science Team FX Funding for this research was provided by US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) grant NNX10AO05G and by the NASA Air Quality Applied Science Team. The authors thank Jim McKay and Doug Boyer at TCEQ for providing emission inputs, Gary Wilson and Greg Yarwood at ENVIRON for CAMx support, and Tom Ryerson and Winston Luke at NOAA for the P-3 aircraft NO2 and the Moody Tower NO2 measurement data. NR 55 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 25 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 21 BP 11005 EP 11018 DI 10.5194/acp-13-11005-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253PP UT WOS:000327101900030 ER PT J AU Kawamura, K Severinghaus, JP Albert, MR Courville, ZR Fahnestock, MA Scambos, T Shields, E Shuman, CA AF Kawamura, K. Severinghaus, J. P. Albert, M. R. Courville, Z. R. Fahnestock, M. A. Scambos, T. Shields, E. Shuman, C. A. TI Kinetic fractionation of gases by deep air convection in polar firn SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ABRUPT CLIMATE-CHANGE; THERMAL-DIFFUSION CONSTANTS; EAST ANTARCTIC PLATEAU; ICE CORE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TEMPERATURE; GREENLAND; TRANSPORT; MODEL; SNOW AB A previously unrecognized type of gas fractionation occurs in firn air columns subjected to intense convection. It is a form of kinetic fractionation that depends on the fact that different gases have different molecular diffusivities. Convective mixing continually disturbs diffusive equilibrium, and gases diffuse back toward diffusive equilibrium under the influence of gravity and thermal gradients. In near-surface firn where convection and diffusion compete as gas transport mechanisms, slow-diffusing gases such as krypton (Kr) and xenon (Xe) are more heavily impacted by convection than fast diffusing gases such as nitrogen (N-2) and argon (Ar), and the signals are preserved in deep firn and ice. We show a simple theory that predicts this kinetic effect, and the theory is confirmed by observations using a newly-developed Kr and Xe stable isotope system in air samples from the Megadunes field site on the East Antarctic plateau. Numerical simulations confirm the effect's magnitude at this site. A main purpose of this work is to support the development of a proxy indicator of past convection in firn, for use in ice-core gas records. To this aim, we also show with the simulations that the magnitude of the kinetic effect is fairly insensitive to the exact profile of convective strength, if the overall thickness of the convective zone is kept constant. These results suggest that it may be feasible to test for the existence of an extremely deep (similar to 30-40 m) convective zone, which has been hypothesized for glacial maxima, by future ice-core measurements. C1 [Kawamura, K.] Natl Inst Polar Res, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. [Kawamura, K.] Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Biogeosci, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan. [Severinghaus, J. P.; Shields, E.] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. [Albert, M. R.; Courville, Z. R.] Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Albert, M. R.; Courville, Z. R.] US Army, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Cryospher & Terr Sci Div, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. [Fahnestock, M. A.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Scambos, T.] Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. [Shuman, C. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kawamura, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Polar Res, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. EM kawamura@nipr.ac.jp RI Fahnestock, Mark/N-2678-2013; OI Kawamura, Kenji/0000-0003-1163-700X FU NSF-OPP [02-30452]; Gary Comer Abrupt Climate Change Fellowship; JSPS KAKENHI [21671001]; NIPR publication subsidy FX Michael Bender made the nitrogen isotope measurements. Helpful discussions with Ralph Keeling, Bruce Cornuelle, and Bill Young improved the manuscript. We thank the Megadunes Field Team and NY Air National Guard for field support, and the Light Ground Traverse 2003-2004 for preparing the skiway that enabled LC-130 landings at the Megadunes site. Louise Albershardt of Ice Drilling and Design Operations group (IDDO) did the drilling. K. Kawamura acknowledges Fuyuki Saito of JAM-STEC and Jun'ichi Okuno of NIPR for assisting LaTeX editing. Support for this work came from NSF-OPP 02-30452 (J. P. Severinghaus), Gary Comer Abrupt Climate Change Fellowship (for supporting K. Kawamura as a postdoc at SIO) and JSPS KAKENHI 21671001 (K. Kawamura). The production of the paper was supported by an NIPR publication subsidy. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 21 BP 11141 EP 11155 DI 10.5194/acp-13-11141-2013 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 253PP UT WOS:000327101900037 ER PT B AU Vivian, U Medling, A Sanders, D Max, C AF Vivian, U. Medling, Anne Sanders, David Max, Claire BE Sun, WH Xu, KC Scoville, NZ Sanders, DB TI Keck IFU Observations of Mrk 273 SO GALAXY MERGERS IN AN EVOLVING UNIVERSE SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Galaxy Mergers in an Evolving Universe CY OCT 23-28, 2011 CL Hualien, TAIWAN SP Natl Sci Council Taiwan, Natl Sci Fdn US, Natl Taiwan Univ, Leung Ctr Cosmol & Particle Astrophys ID ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; SPECTROGRAPH AB The late-stage merger Mrk 273 has been known to host a powerful AGN from its X-ray and mid-infrared spectroscopic signature. However, the exact location of the AGN and the nature of its nucleus remain uncertain due to the lack of available high-resolution data until now. We present infrared integral-field spectra of the nuclear region of Mrk 273 taken with OSIRIS on the Keck II Telescope with laser guide star adaptive optics. We have analyzed the molecular and ionized gas emission lines and derived their kinematics in two spatially-resolved components. These results shed light on the AGN-starburst nature and the physical conditions of the nuclear gas, lending support to the potential scenario of dual AGN in this system. C1 [Vivian, U.; Sanders, David] Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Medling, Anne; Max, Claire] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Vivian, U.] NASA, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Vivian, U (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-838-1 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2013 VL 477 BP 69 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BIB57 UT WOS:000327278600011 ER PT B AU Tsai, CW Eisenhardt, P Wu, JW Bridge, C Assef, R Benford, D Blain, A Cutri, R Griffith, RL Jarrett, T Lonsdale, C Petty, S Sayers, J Stanford, A Stern, D Wright, EL Yan, L AF Tsai, Chao-Wei Eisenhardt, Peter Wu, Jingwen Bridge, Carrie Assef, Roberto Benford, Dominic Blain, Andrew Cutri, Roc Griffith, Roger L. Jarrett, Thomas Lonsdale, Carol Petty, Sara Sayers, Jack Stanford, Adam Stern, Daniel Wright, Edward L. Yan, Lin BE Sun, WH Xu, KC Scoville, NZ Sanders, DB TI WISE Discovery of Hyper Luminous Galaxies at z=2-4 and Their Implications for Galaxy and AGN Evolution SO GALAXY MERGERS IN AN EVOLVING UNIVERSE SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Galaxy Mergers in an Evolving Universe CY OCT 23-28, 2011 CL Hualien, TAIWAN SP Natl Sci Council Taiwan, Natl Sci Fdn US, Natl Taiwan Univ, Leung Ctr Cosmol & Particle Astrophys AB On behalf of the WISE Science team, we present the discovery of a class of distant dust-enshrouded galaxies with extremely high luminosity. These galaxies are selected to have extreme red colors in the mid-IR using NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). They are faint in the optical and near-IR, predominantly at z=2-4, and with IR luminosity > 10(13)L(circle dot), making them Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies (HyLIRGs). SEDs incorporating the WISE, Spitzer, and Herschel PACS and SPIRE photometry indicate hot dust dominates the bolometric luminosity, presumably powered by AGN. Preliminary multi-wavelength follow-up suggests that they are different from normal populations in the local M-sigma relation. Their low source density implies that these objects are either intrinsically rare, or a short-lived phase in a more numerous population. If the latter is the case, these hot, dust-enshrouded galaxies may be an early stage in the interplay between AGN and galaxies. C1 [Tsai, Chao-Wei; Cutri, Roc; Griffith, Roger L.; Jarrett, Thomas; Yan, Lin] CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Eisenhardt, Peter; Wu, Jingwen; Assef, Roberto; Stern, Daniel] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Bridge, Carrie] CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Benford, Dominic] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, \, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Blain, Andrew] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Lonsdale, Carol] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA. [Petty, Sara; Wright, Edward L.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Stanford, Adam] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Tsai, CW (reprint author), CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-58381-838-1 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2013 VL 477 BP 247 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BIB57 UT WOS:000327278600044 ER PT J AU Force, DA AF Force, Dale A. GP ION TI Individual Global Navigation Satellite Systems in the Space Service Volume SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2013 INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation CY JAN 27-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP Inst Nav AB Besides providing position, velocity, and timing to terrestrial users, GPS is currently used to provide for precision orbit determination, precise time synchronization, real-time spacecraft navigation, and three-axis control of Earth orbiting satellites. With additional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) coming into service (GLONASS, Beidou, and Galileo), it will be possible to provide these services by using other constellations. The paper, "GPS in the Space Service Volume", presented at the ION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting in 2006 [1], defined the Space Service Volume, and analyzed the performance of GPS out to seventy thousand kilometers. This paper will report a similar analysis of the performance of each of the additional GNSS and compare them with GPS only. The Space Service Volume, defined as the volume between three thousand kilometers altitude and geosynchronous altitude, as compared with the Terrestrial Service Volume between the surface and three thousand kilometers. In the Terrestrial Service Volume, GNSS performance will be similar to performance on the Earth's surface. The GPS system has established signal requirements for the Space Service Volume. A separate paper presented at the conference covers the use of multiple GNSS in the Space Service Volume. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Force, DA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2013 BP 604 EP 607 PG 4 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BHZ13 UT WOS:000327063800058 ER PT J AU Force, DA Miller, JJ AF Force, Dale A. Miller, James J. GP ION TI 8 Combined Global Navigation Satellite Systems in the Space Service Volume SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2013 INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation CY JAN 27-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP Inst Nav AB Besides providing position, navigation, and timing (PNT) services to traditional terrestrial and airborne users, GPS is also being increasingly used as a tool to enable precision orbit determination, precise time synchronization, real-time spacecraft navigation, and three-axis attitude control of Earth orbiting satellites. With additional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations being replenished and coming into service (GLONASS, Beidou, and Galileo), it will become possible to benefit from greater signal availability and robustness by using evolving multi-constellation receivers. The paper, "GPS in the Space Service Volume", presented at the ION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting in 2006 [1], defined the Space Service Volume, and analyzed the performance of GPS out to seventy thousand kilometers. This paper will report a similar analysis of the signal coverage of GPS in the space domain; however, the analyses will also consider signal coverage from each of the additional GNSS constellations noted earlier to specifically demonstrate the expected benefits to be derived from using GPS in conjunction with other foreign systems. The Space Service Volume is formally defined as the volume of space between three thousand kilometers altitude and geosynchronous altitude circa 36,000 km, as compared with the Terrestrial Service Volume between 3,000 kilometers and the surface of the Earth. In the Terrestrial Service Volume, GNSS performance is the same as on or near the Earth's surface due to satellite vehicle availability and geometry similarities. The core GPS system has thereby established signal requirements for the Space Service Volume as part of technical Capability Development Documentation (CDD) that specifies system performance. Besides the technical discussion, we also present diplomatic efforts to extend the GPS Space Service Volume concept to other PNT service providers in an effort to assure that all space users will benefit from the enhanced interoperability of GNSS services in the space domain. A separate paper presented at the conference covers the individual GNSS performance parameters for respective Space Service Volumes. C1 [Force, Dale A.] Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 20546 USA. [Miller, James J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Force, DA (reprint author), Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 20546 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2013 BP 803 EP 807 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BHZ13 UT WOS:000327063800079 ER PT J AU Sparks, L AF Sparks, Lawrence GP ION TI Eliminating Obliquity Error From the Estimation of Ionospheric Delay In a Satellite-Based Augmentation System SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ION 2013 PACIFIC PNT MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ION Pacific PNT Meeting CY APR 23-25, 2013 CL Honolulu, HI SP Inst Nav AB Current satellite-based augmentation systems estimate ionospheric delay using algorithms that assume the electron density of the ionosphere is non-negligible only in a thin shell located near the peak of the actual profile. In its initial operating capability, for example, the Wide Area Augmentation System incorporated the thin shell model into an estimation algorithm that calculates vertical delay using a planar fit. Under disturbed conditions or at low latitude where ionospheric structure is complex, however, the thin shell approximation can serve as a significant source of estimation error. A recent upgrade of the system replaced the planar fit algorithm with an algorithm based upon kriging. The upgrade owes its success, in part, to the ability of kriging to mitigate the error due to this approximation. Previously, alternative delay estimation algorithms have been proposed that eliminate the need for invoking the thin shell model altogether. Prior analyses have compared the accuracy achieved by these methods to the accuracy achieved by the planar fit algorithm. This paper extends these analyses to include a comparison with the accuracy achieved by kriging. It concludes by examining how a satellite-based augmentation system might be implemented without recourse to the thin shell approximation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Sparks, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2013 BP 307 EP 318 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BHZ15 UT WOS:000327064500028 ER PT J AU Pi, XQ Mannucci, AJ Valant-Spaight, B Bar-Sever, Y Romans, LJ Skone, S Sparks, L Hall, GM AF Pi, Xiaoqing Mannucci, Anthony J. Valant-Spaight, Bonnie Bar-Sever, Yoaz Romans, Larry J. Skone, Susan Sparks, Lawrence Hall, G. Martin GP ION TI Observations of Global and Regional Ionospheric Irregularities and Scintillation Using GNSS Tracking Networks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ION 2013 PACIFIC PNT MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ION Pacific PNT Meeting CY APR 23-25, 2013 CL Honolulu, HI SP Inst Nav AB The rate of TEC index (ROTI) [1] is a measurement that characterizes ionospheric irregularities. It can be obtained from standard GNSS dual-frequency phase data collected using a geodetic type of GNSS receiver. By processing GPS data from ground-based networks of International GNSS Service and Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS), ROTI maps have been produced to observe global and regional scintillation activities. A major mid-latitude scintillation event in the contiguous United States is reported here that was captured in ROTI maps produced using CORS GPS data collected during a space weather storm. The analyses conducted in this work and previously by another group indicate that ROTI is a good occurrence indicator of both amplitude and phase scintillations of GPS L-band signals, even though the magnitudes of ROTI, S-4, and sigma(phi) can be different. For example, our analysis indicates that prominent ROTI and the L1 phase scintillation (sigma(phi)) are well correlated temporally in the polar region while L1 amplitude scintillation rarely occurs. The differences are partially attributed to physics processes in different latitude regions, such as high-speed plasma convection in the polar region that can suppress the amplitude scintillation. An analysis of the impact of ionospheric scintillation on precise positioning, which requires use of dual-frequency phase data, is also conducted. The results indicate that significant (more than an order of magnitude) positioning errors can occur under phase scintillation conditions. C1 [Pi, Xiaoqing; Mannucci, Anthony J.; Bar-Sever, Yoaz; Romans, Larry J.; Sparks, Lawrence] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Valant-Spaight, Bonnie; Hall, G. Martin] Propagat Res Assoc Inc, Marietta, GA USA. [Skone, Susan] Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. RP Pi, XQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU NASA; FAA; NOAA FX The research conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, is under a contract with NASA. This work is partially supported by NASAs Heliosphysics Data Enhancement Environments program, FAAs WAAS program, and NOAAs Small Business Innovative Research program. The authors would like to thank William I. Bertiger at JPL for his help in the positioning error analysis. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2013 BP 752 EP 761 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BHZ15 UT WOS:000327064500082 ER PT J AU Stankovic, M Stankovic, B AF Stankovic, Mirjana Stankovic, Bratislav TI Biotech Research-Tool Patents in Macedonia: Current Legal and Economic Parameters SO REVIEW OF CENTRAL AND EAST EUROPEAN LAW LA English DT Article DE biotechnology experimental-use exemption; comparative patent law; intellectual property; Macedonia; research exemption; research tools ID INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-RIGHTS; SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH; SCIENCE; NORMS; ANTICOMMONS; INNOVATION AB One of the vigorously debated topics related to the protection of biotechnology inventions has been the issue of patents on biotechnology research tools, which usually are used in very early stages of biotechnology research. Proponents of patenting argue that the patent system acts as an incentive for biotech/pharma companies to invest in research and development which is aimed at developing biotech research tools. Opponents of patenting maintain that such patents might impede future research by creating "patent-thickets" and preventing researchers from performing experiments which rely on the patented tools without authorization and royalty payments. The Republic of Macedonia is a small, developing country that lacks specifically crafted legislation or even an articulated public policy promoting the growth of the biotechnology sector. Macedonian patent law contains rather broad exemption to patent rights, termed in "free use for personal and non commercial purposes" and "free use for research and development" of a patented invention. These provisions use obfuscating language and might generate confusion and divergent judicial practices. Also problematic are the law's provisions which pertain to biotechnology patents and, especially, exemptions to biotechnology patents; these appear to misinterpret the mirroring provisions of the European Union Biotechnology Directive. This article argues in favor of amending the Macedonian industrial property law with a list of both specific exemptions and safeguards, which should provide clarity in future judicial practice pertaining to experimental-use exemptions of biotech research-tool patents in this country. C1 [Stankovic, Mirjana] IIT, Chicago Kent Coll Law, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. [Stankovic, Mirjana] Duke Univ, Sch Law, Durham, NC 27706 USA. [Stankovic, Bratislav] Loyola Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL USA. [Stankovic, Bratislav] NASA, Washington, DC USA. RP Stankovic, M (reprint author), Duke Univ, Sanford Sch Publ Policy, Durham, NC 27706 USA. NR 70 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBL PI LEIDEN PA PO BOX 9000, LEIDEN, 2300 PA, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9880 J9 REV CENT E EUR LAW JI Rev. Cent. East Eur. Law PY 2013 VL 38 IS 2 BP 113 EP 139 DI 10.1163/092598812X13274154887385 PG 27 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 251ST UT WOS:000326951700001 ER PT J AU Prive, NC Errico, RM AF Prive, Nikki C. Errico, Ronald M. TI The role of model and initial condition error in numerical weather forecasting investigated with an observing system simulation experiment SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE data assimilation; OSSE; numerical weather prediction; model error; initial condition error ID ASSIMILATION OFFICE; SKILL; PREDICTION; VALIDATION AB A series of experiments that explore the roles of model and initial condition error in numerical weather prediction are performed using an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) framework developed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (NASA/GMAO). The use of an OSSE allows the analysis and forecast errors to be explicitly calculated, and different hypothetical observing networks can be tested with ease. In these experiments, both a full global OSSE framework and an 'identical twin' OSSE setup are used to compare the behaviour of the data assimilation system (DAS) and evolution of forecast skill with and without model error. The initial condition error is manipulated by varying the distribution and quality of the observing network and the magnitude of observation errors. The results show that model error has a strong impact on both the quality of the analysis field and the evolution of forecast skill, including both systematic and unsystematic model error components. With a realistic observing network, the analysis state retains a significant quantity of error due to systematic model error. If errors of the analysis state are minimised, model error acts to rapidly degrade forecast skill during the first 24-48 hours of forward integration. In the presence of model error, the impact of observation errors on forecast skill is small, but in the absence of model error, observation errors cause a substantial degradation of the skill of medium-range forecasts. C1 [Prive, Nikki C.; Errico, Ronald M.] Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Prive, Nikki C.; Errico, Ronald M.] NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Prive, NC (reprint author), Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. EM Nikki.Prive@nasa.gov OI Prive, Nikki/0000-0001-8309-8741 FU GMAO core funding FX The OSSE was conducted with the assistance of Ricardo Todling, Meta Sienkiewicz, King-Sheng Tai and Joseph Stassi at the GMAO. Erik Andersson provided the ECMWF NR through arrangements made by Michiko Masutani. Support for this project was encouraged by Michele Rienecker and provided by GMAO core funding. The authors also thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6495 EI 1600-0870 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PY 2013 VL 65 AR 21740 DI 10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.21740 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 258ZY UT WOS:000327498400001 ER PT J AU Lacis, AA Hansen, JE Russell, GL Oinas, V Jonas, J AF Lacis, Andrew A. Hansen, James E. Russell, Gary L. Oinas, Valdar Jonas, Jeffrey TI The role of long-lived greenhouse gases as principal LW control knob that governs the global surface temperature for past and future climate change SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; greenhouse effect; radiative forcing; climate change; global warming ID WATER-VAPOR; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; MOUNT-PINATUBO; ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; ABSORPTION; FEEDBACK; ERUPTION; SYSTEM AB The climate system of the Earth is endowed with a moderately strong greenhouse effect that is characterised by non-condensing greenhouse gases (GHGs) that provide the core radiative forcing. Of these, the most important is atmospheric CO2. There is a strong feedback contribution to the greenhouse effect by water vapour and clouds that is unique in the solar system, exceeding the core radiative forcing due to the non-condensing GHGs by a factor of three. The significance of the non-condensing GHGs is that once they have been injected into the atmosphere, they remain there virtually indefinitely because they do not condense and precipitate from the atmosphere, their chemical removal time ranging from decades to millennia. Water vapour and clouds have only a short lifespan, with their distribution determined by the locally prevailing meteorological conditions, subject to Clausius-Clapeyron constraint. Although solar irradiance is the ultimate energy source that powers the terrestrial greenhouse effect, there has been no discernable long-term trend in solar irradiance since precise monitoring began in the late 1970s. This leaves atmospheric CO2 as the effective control knob driving the current global warming trend. Over geological time scales, volcanoes are the principal source of atmospheric CO2, and the weathering of rocks is the principal sink, with the biosphere participating as both a source and a sink. The problem at hand is that human industrial activity is causing atmospheric CO2, to increase by 2 ppm yr(-1), whereas the interglacial rate has been 0.005 ppm yr(-1). This is a geologically unprecedented rate to turn the CO2 climate control knob. This is causing the global warming that threatens the global environment. C1 [Lacis, Andrew A.; Hansen, James E.; Russell, Gary L.; Oinas, Valdar; Jonas, Jeffrey] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Lacis, AA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM Andrew.A.Lacis@nasa.gov FU Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP) Program; Goddard Space Flight Center's Science Innovation Fund (SIF) Program FX The authors are grateful to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the invitation to take part in the Symposium on natural and man-made climate change honouring Bert Bolin. They also express their thanks to NASA Earth Science Research Division, managed by J. Kaye and D. Considine, for support. They acknowledge funding support from the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP) Program, and thank J. Garvin for the support for two of us (AL and GR) as part of the Goddard Space Flight Center's Science Innovation Fund (SIF) Program. The authors also thank reviewers L. Bengtsson and R. Pierrehumbert for their valuable comments that have greatly improved the clarity of this presentation. NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 32 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PY 2013 VL 65 AR 19734 DI 10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19734 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 262OC UT WOS:000327744100001 ER PT S AU Bhasin, K Barnes, P Reinert, J Golden, B AF Bhasin, Kul Barnes, Patrick Reinert, Jessica Golden, Bert GP IEEE TI Applying Model Based Systems Engineering to NASA's Space Communications Networks SO 2013 7TH ANNUAL IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (SYSCON 2013) SE Annual IEEE Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon) CY APR 15-18, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE DE NASA; Model Based Systems Engineering; Space Communications; Ground Network Integration AB System engineering practices for complex systems and networks now require that requirement, architecture, and concept of operations product development teams, simultaneously harmonize their activities to provide timely, useful and cost-effective products. When dealing with complex systems of systems, traditional systems engineering methodology quickly falls short of achieving project objectives. This approach is encumbered by the use of a number of disparate hardware and software tools, spreadsheets and documents to grasp the concept of the network design and operation. In case of NASA's space communication networks, since the networks are geographically distributed, and so are its subject matter experts, the team is challenged to create a common language and tools to produce its products. Using Model Based Systems Engineering methods and tools allows for a unified representation of the system in a model that enables a highly related level of detail. To date, Program System Engineering (PSE) team has been able to model each network from their top-level operational activities and system functions down to the atomic level through relational modeling decomposition. These models allow for a better understanding of the relationships between NASA's stakeholders, internal organizations, and impacts to all related entities due to integration and sustainment of existing systems. Understanding the existing systems is essential to accurate and detailed study of integration options being considered. In this paper, we identify the challenges the PSE team faced in its quest to unify complex legacy space communications networks and their operational processes. We describe the initial approaches undertaken and the evolution toward model based system engineering applied to produce Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) PSE products. We will demonstrate the practice of Model Based System Engineering applied to integrating space communication networks and the summary of its results and impact. We will highlight the insights gained by applying the Model Based System Engineering and provide recommendations for its applications and improvements. C1 [Bhasin, Kul; Barnes, Patrick; Reinert, Jessica; Golden, Bert] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Bhasin, K (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1944-7620 BN 978-1-4673-3108-1; 978-1-4673-3107-4 J9 ANN IEEE SYST CONF PY 2013 BP 325 EP 330 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHV65 UT WOS:000326754400052 ER PT B AU Arumugam, DD Sibley, M Griffin, JD Stancil, DD Ricketts, DS AF Arumugam, Darmindra D. Sibley, Michael Griffin, Joshua D. Stancil, Daniel D. Ricketts, David S. GP IEEE TI An Active Position Sensing Tag for Sports Visualization in American Football SO 2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RFID (RFID) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID) CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE AB Remote experience and visualization in sporting events can be significantly improved by providing accurate tracking information of the players and objects in the event. Sporting events such as American football or rugby have proved difficult for camera-and radio-based tracking due to blockage of the line-of-sight, or proximity of the ball to groups of players. Magnetoquasistatic fields have been shown to enable accurate position and orientation sensing in these environments [1]-[3]. In this work, we introduce a magnetoquasistatic tag developed for tracking an American football during game-play. We describe its integration into an American football and demonstrate its use in game-play during a collegiate American football practice. C1 [Arumugam, Darmindra D.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Griffin, Joshua D.] Disney Res, Pittsburgh, PA USA. [Stancil, Daniel D.; Ricketts, David S.] North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Arumugam, DD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Darmindra.D.Arumugam@jpl.nasa.gov; mike.sibley@gmail.com; joshdgriffin@disneyresearch.com; ddstancil@ncsu.edu; david.ricketts@ncsu.edu OI , Daniel/0000-0001-7741-1893 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-5750-0; 978-1-4673-5748-7 PY 2013 BP 96 EP 103 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BHV42 UT WOS:000326738900014 ER PT S AU Aumann, HH Manning, EM Behrangi, A AF Aumann, Hartmut H. Manning, Evan M. Behrangi, Ali BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Detection of Extremes with AIRS and CrIS SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Climate change; extremes; sampling bias; hyperspectral infrared; deep convection AB Climate change is expected to be detected first as changes in extreme values rather than in mean values. The availability of data of from two instruments in the same orbit, AIRS data for the past eleven years and AIRS and CrIS data from the past year, provides an opportunity to evaluate this using examples of climate relevance: Desertification, seen as changes in hot extremes, severe storm, seen as a change in extremely cold clouds and the warming of the polar zone. We use AIRS to establish trends for the 1%tile, the mean and 99%tile brightness temperatures measured with the 900 cm(-1) channel from AIRS for the past 11 years. This channel is in the clearest part of the 11 micron atmospheric window. Substantial trends are seen for land and ocean, which in the case of the 1%tile (cold) extremes are related to the current shift of deep convection from ocean to land. Changes are also seen in the 99%tile for day tropical land, but their interpretation is at present unclear. We also see dramatic changes for the mean and 99%tile of the North Polar area. The trends are an order of magnitude larger than the instrument trend of about 3 mK/year. We use the statistical distribution from the past year derived from AIRS to evaluate the accuracy of continuing the trends established with AIRS with CrIS data. We minimize the concern about differences in the spectral response functions by limiting the analysis to the channel at 900 cm(-1). While the two instruments agree within 100 mK for the global day/night land/ocean mean values, there are significant differences when evaluating the 1% and 99%tiles. We see a consistent warm bias in the CrIS data relative to AIRS for the 1%tile (extremely cold, cloudy) data in the tropical zone, particularly for tropical land, but the bias is not day/night land/ocean consistent. At this point the difference appears to be due to differences in the radiometric response of AIRS and CrIS to differences in the day/night land/ocean cloud types. Unless the effect can be mitigated by a future reprocessing the CrIS data, it will significantly complicate the concatenation of the AIRS and CrIS data records for the continuation of trends in extreme values. C1 [Aumann, Hartmut H.; Manning, Evan M.; Behrangi, Ali] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91019 USA. RP Aumann, HH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Div, Pasadena, CA 91019 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660X DI 10.1117/12.2024397 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700027 ER PT S AU Barsi, JA Markham, BL AF Barsi, Julia A. Markham, Brian L. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Early Radiometric Performance Assessment of the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Landsat-8; LDCM; Operational Land Imager; OLI; radiometry; characterization AB Landsat-8, the latest in the Landsat series of satellites, was launched on February 11, 2013 and carries on board the Operational Land Imager (OLI) as one of its payloads. The satellite's mission is to continue the long history of moderate resolution imaging of the Landsat program. The OLI follows the highly successful Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 in continuing to populate a global archive of Earth images that dates back to 1972. The design of the Landsat-8 instruments is a significant departure from earlier Landsats. The OLI is a pushbroom instrument; all previous recent Landsat instruments were electromechanical (whiskbroom) instruments. OLI also has two new spectral bands and refined bandpasses; the thermal imaging capability on Landsat-8 is in a separate instrument. The pushbroom design provides significantly better signal to noise performance than historically available, but at the expense of circa 70,000 detectors versus the 100 or so on previous instruments. The large focal plane and large number of detectors makes detector to detector relative calibration more challenging, increasing the propensity for banding and striping in imagery. On-board radiometric calibration devices include a shutter to measure the dark levels, a full aperture solar panel for calibration against the sun, and multiple sets of lamps for short-term stability monitoring. Early results from the on-board calibration devices indicate that the OLI is outperforming the Landsat-7 instrument in signal-to-noise ratio by an order of magnitude, consistent with pre-launch measurements. Over the first five months, the instrument is stable to within 0.7%, as measured by the lamps and solar diffuser. A relative calibration (detector-to-detector) and a linearization parameter update have been performed that reduce visible striping; with this update, the residual striping has been reduced by half in all OLI bands. C1 [Barsi, Julia A.] NASA, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Barsi, JA (reprint author), NASA, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, GSFC, Code 618, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM julia.barsi@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 14 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88661C DI 10.1117/12.2024452 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700039 ER PT S AU Behrangi, A Aumann, HH AF Behrangi, Ali Aumann, Hartmut H. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Inter-calibration and concatenation of climate quality infrared cloudy radiances from multiple instruments SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Climate; cloudy radiance; AIRS; TRMM; VIRS; diurnal cycle; hyperspectral AB A change in climate is not likely captured from any single instrument, since no single instrument can span decades of time. Therefore, to detect signals of global climate change, observations from many instruments on different platforms have to be concatenated. This requires careful and detailed consideration of instrumental differences such as footprint size, diurnal cycle of observations, and relative biases in the spectral brightness temperatures. Furthermore, a common basic assumption is that the data quality is independent of the observed scene and therefore can be determined using clear scene data. However, as will be demonstrated, this is not necessarily a valid assumption as the globe is mostly cloudy. In this study we highlight challenges in inter-calibration and concatenation of infrared radiances from multiple instruments by focusing on the analysis of deep convective or anvil clouds. TRMM/VIRS is potentially useful instrument to make correction for observational differences in the local time and footprint sizes, and thus could be applied retroactively to vintage instruments such as AIRS, IASI, IRIS, AVHRR, and HIRS. As the first step, in this study, we investigate and discuss to what extent AIRS and VIRS agree in capturing deep cloudy radiances at the same local time. The analysis also includes comparisons with one year observations from CrIS. It was found that the instruments show calibration differences of about 1K under deep cloudy scenes that can vary as a function of land type and local time of observation. The sensitivity of footprint size, view angle, and spectral band-pass differenceartmut h. Aumanns cannot fully explain the observed differences. The observed discrepancies can be considered as a measure of the magnitude of issues which will arise in the comparison of legacy data with current data. C1 [Behrangi, Ali; Aumann, Hartmut H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Behrangi, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 233-304, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660I DI 10.1117/12.2024512 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700015 ER PT S AU Dabney, PW Levy, R Ong, L Waluschka, E Grochocki, F AF Dabney, Philip W. Levy, Raviv Ong, Lawrence Waluschka, Eugene Grochocki, Frank BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Ghosting and Stray-Light Performance Assessment of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission's (LDCM) Operational Land Imager (OLI) SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Lunar Limb Scan; LDCM OLI; Ghosting; Stray-Light; Spatial Testing; Point Spread Function; Relative Edge Response; Radiometric Error AB The newly launched Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the LDCM satellite has stringent prescription on the levels of ghosting and diffuse stray-light in the reflective bands in order to preserve the mission radiometric requirements. The LDCM project science team and instrument teams wrote the requirements such that they were image based, inclusive of all effects that appear to be ghosts or stray-light, and consequently more directly testable. The OLI Instrument Developer, Ball Aerospace Technology Corporation (BATC), working closely with experts from aerospace, academia, and the NASA/USGS LDCM project were able to identify and mitigate the various contributors to ghosting and stray-light, resulting in outstanding imagery for the wide field-of-view push-broom imaging sensor. We will describe the ghosting and stray-light requirements and some of the contributing effects such as the leaky pixels that were seen on the EO-1/ALI. We will also highlight some of the technical challenges encountered and the solutions resulting in the substantial reduction of ghosting and stray-light which were verified by ground test. We will compare these ground measurements and analytic predictions with Lunar scan data to, potentially, resolve the question of whether the source of some of the performance outliers was the instrument or the test equipment. C1 [Dabney, Philip W.; Levy, Raviv; Ong, Lawrence; Waluschka, Eugene] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Dabney, PW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88661E DI 10.1117/12.2026602 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700041 ER PT S AU Elliott, DA Weiler, M Manning, EM Pagano, TS Broberg, SE Aumann, HH AF Elliott, Denis. A. Weiler, Margie Manning, Evan M. Pagano, Thomas S. Broberg, Steven E. Aumann, Hartmut H. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Calibration status of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder after eleven years in operation SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE radiometric calibration; hyperspectral sounder; grating spectrometer; EOS Aqua AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a grating array infrared hyperspectral sounder with 2378 channels from 3.75 to 15.4 microns with spectral resolution 1200 to 1400 depending on the channel. AIRS was designed as an aid to weather prediction and for atmospheric process studies. It produces profiles of atmospheric temperature and water vapor. Because of its spectral coverage and spectral resolution it is sensitive to a number of trace atmospheric constituents including CO2, CO, SO2, O-3, and CH4. The AIRS sensitivity, stability, and long life have led to its use in climate process studies and climate model validation, both of which place far more stringent requirements on calibration than weather forecasting does. This paper describes results from several special calibration sequences, originally developed for prelaunch testing, that have been used to monitor the AIRS calibration accuracy and instrument health on-orbit, including the scan mirror, space view response, and channel health. It also describes reanalyses of pre-launch calibration data used to determine calibration parameters. Finally, it shows comparisons of AIRS radiometry with two other hyperspectral infrared sounders presently in space-IASI and CrIS. C1 [Elliott, Denis. A.; Manning, Evan M.; Pagano, Thomas S.; Broberg, Steven E.; Aumann, Hartmut H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Elliott, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660T DI 10.1117/12.2024585 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700023 ER PT S AU Guillory, AR Denkins, TC Allen, BD AF Guillory, Anthony R. Denkins, Todd C. Allen, B. Danette BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Management approach for NASA's Earth Venture-1 (EV-1) airborne science investigations SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Project management; Reviews; Earth Science; Systems Engineering; Remote sensing; Earth Venture AB The Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program Office (PO) is responsible for programmatic management of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Science Mission Directorate's (SMD) Earth Venture (EV) missions. EV is composed of both orbital and suborbital Earth science missions. The first of the Earth Venture missions is EV-1, which are Principal Investigator-led, temporally-sustained, suborbital (airborne) science investigations cost-capped at $30M each over five years. Traditional orbital procedures, processes and standards used to manage previous ESSP missions, while effective, are disproportionally comprehensive for suborbital missions. Conversely, existing airborne practices are primarily intended for smaller, temporally shorter investigations, and traditionally managed directly by a program scientist as opposed to a program office such as ESSP. In 2010, ESSP crafted a management approach for the successful implementation of the EV-1 missions within the constructs of current governance models. NASA Research and Technology Program and Project Management Requirements form the foundation of the approach for EV-1. Additionally, requirements from other existing NASA Procedural Requirements (NPRs), systems engineering guidance and management handbooks were adapted to manage programmatic, technical, schedule, cost elements and risk. As the EV-1 missions are nearly at the end of their successful execution and project lifecycle and the submission deadline of the next mission proposals near, the ESSP PO is taking the lessons learned and updated the programmatic management approach for all future Earth Venture Suborbital (EVS) missions for an even more flexible and streamlined management approach. C1 [Guillory, Anthony R.; Denkins, Todd C.; Allen, B. Danette] NASA, Earth Syst Sci Pathfinder ESSP Program Off, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Guillory, AR (reprint author), NASA, Earth Syst Sci Pathfinder ESSP Program Off, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM anthony.r.guillory@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660B DI 10.1117/12.2024181 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700009 ER PT S AU Hope, DL Dutta, S AF Hope, Diane L. Dutta, Sanghamitra BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Management approach for Earth venture instruments SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Earth Venture Instrument; TEMPO; Earth Venture Instrument-1; EVI; EVI-1; management AB The Earth Venture Instrument (EVI) element of the Earth Venture Program calls for developing instruments for participation on a NASA-arranged spaceflight mission of opportunity to conduct innovative, integrated, hypothesis or scientific question-driven approaches to pressing Earth system science issues. This paper discusses the EVI element and the management approach being used to manage both an instrument development activity as well as the host accommodations activity. In particular the focus will be on the approach being used for the first EVI (EVI-1) selected instrument, Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), which will be hosted on a commercial GEO satellite and some of the challenges encountered to date and corresponding mitigations that are associated with the management structure for the TEMPO Mission and the architecture of EVI. C1 [Hope, Diane L.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hope, DL (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 9 Langley Blvd, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660A DI 10.1117/12.2024015 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700008 ER PT S AU Manning, EM Aumann, HH Broberg, SE AF Manning, Evan M. Aumann, Hartmut H. Broberg, Steven E. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Space view issues for hyperspectral sounders SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE AIRS; climate quality; spaceview; calibration; trends AB The expectation for climate quality measurements from hyperspectral sounders is absolute calibration accuracy at the 100 mK level and stability at the < 40 mK/decade level. The Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS)(1), Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) hyperspectral sounders currently in orbit have been shown to agree well over most of their brightness temperature range. Some larger discrepancies are seen, however, at the coldest scene temperatures, such as those seen in Antarctic winter and deep convective clouds. A key limiting factor for the calibrated scene radiance accuracy for cold scenes is how well the effective radiance of the cold space view pertains to the scene views. The spaceview signal is composed of external sources and instrument thermal emission at about 270 K from the scan mirror, external baffles, etc. Any difference in any of these contributions between spaceviews and scene views will impact the absolute calibration accuracy, and the impact can be critical for cold scenes. Any change over time in these will show up as an apparent trend in calibrated radiances. We use AIRS data to investigate the validity of the spaceview assumption in view of the 100 mK accuracy and 40 mK/decade trend expectations. We show that the space views used for the cold calibration point for AIRS v5 Level-1B products meet these standards except under special circumstances and that AIRS v6 Level-1B products will meet them under all circumstances. This analysis also shows the value of having multiple distinct space views to give operational redundancy and analytic data, and that reaching climate quality requires continuing monitoring of aging instruments and adjustment of calibration. C1 [Manning, Evan M.; Aumann, Hartmut H.; Broberg, Steven E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Manning, EM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Evan.M.Manning@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660V DI 10.1117/12.2024552 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700025 ER PT S AU Markham, BL Storey, JC Irons, JR AF Markham, Brian L. Storey, James C. Irons, James R. BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Landsat Data Continuity Mission - Now Landsat-8: Six Months on Orbit SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Landsat; geometry; radiometry; thermal; reflective AB The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) with two pushbroom Earth-imaging sensors, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS), was launched on February 11, 2013. Its on-orbit check out period or commissioning phase lasted about 90 days. During this phase the spacecraft and its instruments were activated, operationally tested and their performance verified. In addition, during this period, the spacecraft was temporarily placed in an intermediary orbit where it drifted relative to the Landsat-7 spacecraft, providing near simultaneous imaging for about 3 days, allowing data comparison and cross calibration. After this tandem-imaging period, LDCM was raised to its final altitude and placed in the position formerly occupied by Landsat-5, i.e., 8 days out of phase with Landsat-7, with about a 10:10 AM equatorial crossing time. At the end of commissioning, the satellite was transferred to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), officially renamed Landsat-8 and declared operational. Data were made available to the public beginning May 31, 2013. The performance of the satellite and two instruments has generally been excellent as evidenced in the quality of the distributed data products. C1 [Markham, Brian L.; Irons, James R.] NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Markham, BL (reprint author), NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM brian.l.markham@nasa.gov NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88661B DI 10.1117/12.2025290 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700038 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Aumann, HH Weiler, M AF Pagano, Thomas S. Aumann, Hartmut H. Weiler, Margie BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Lessons learned from the AIRS pre-flight radiometric calibration SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Atmospheric; Infrared; Sounder; Radiometric; Calibration; Uncertainty AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument flies on the NASA Aqua satellite and measures the upwelling hyperspectral earth radiance in the spectral range of 3.7-15.4 mu m with a nominal ground resolution at nadir of 13.5 km. The AIRS spectra are achieved using a temperature controlled grating spectrometer and HgCdTe infrared linear arrays providing 2378 channels with a nominal spectral resolution of approximately 1200. The AIRS pre-flight tests that impact the radiometric calibration include a full system radiometric response (linearity), polarization response, and response vs scan angle (RVS). We re-derive the AIRS instrument radiometric calibration coefficients from the pre-flight polarization measurements, the response vs scan (RVS) angle tests as well as the linearity tests, and a recent lunar roll test that allowed the AIRS to view the moon. The data and method for deriving the coefficients is discussed in detail and the resulting values compared amongst the different tests. Finally, we examine the residual errors in the reconstruction of the external calibrator blackbody radiances and the efficacy of a new radiometric uncertainty model. Results show the radiometric calibration of AIRS to be excellent and the radiometric uncertainty model does a reasonable job of characterizing the errors. C1 [Pagano, Thomas S.; Aumann, Hartmut H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Thomas.S.Pagano@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660U DI 10.1117/12.2023810 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700024 ER PT S AU Peri, F Volz, S AF Peri, Frank Volz, Stephen BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Innovative Approaches to Remote Sensing in NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE ESSP; Earth Venture; program management AB NASA's Earth Venture class (EV) of mission are competitively selected, Principal Investigator (PI) led, relatively low cost and narrowly focused in scientific scope. Investigations address a full spectrum of earth science objectives, including studies of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, polar ice regions, and solid Earth. EV has three program elements: EV-Suborbital (EVS) are suborbital/airborne investigations; EV-Mission (EVM) element comprises small complete spaceborne missions; and EV-Instrument (EVI) element develops spaceborne instruments for flight as missions-of-opportunity (MoO). To ensure the success of EV, the management approach of each element is tailored according to the specific needs of the element. C1 [Peri, Frank] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Peri, F (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 9 Langley Blvd, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 886609 DI 10.1117/12.2021394 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700007 ER PT S AU Susskind, J Kouvaris, L Iredell, L AF Susskind, Joel Kouvaris, Louis Iredell, Lena BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Results from CrIS/ATMS Obtained Using the AIRS Science Team Retrieval Methodology SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE AIRS; CrIS; high spectral resolution IR sounders; retrieval methodology; IR sounding in cloudy conditions; Quality Control ID PARAMETERS AB AIRS was launched on EOS Aqua in May 2002, together with AMSU-A and HSB (which subsequently failed early in the mission), to form a next generation polar orbiting infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system. AIRS/AMSU had two primary objectives. The first objective was to provide real-time data products available for use by the operational Numerical Weather Prediction Centers in a data assimilation mode to improve the skill of their subsequent forecasts. The second objective was to provide accurate unbiased sounding products with good spatial coverage that are used to generate stable multi-year climate data sets to study the earth's interannual variability, climate processes, and possibly long-term trends. AIRS/AMSU data for all time periods are now being processed using the state of the art AIRS Science Team Version-6 retrieval methodology. The Suomi-NPP mission was launched in October 2011 as part of a sequence of Low Earth Orbiting satellite missions under the "Joint Polar Satellite System" (JPSS). NPP carries CrIS and ATMS, which are advanced infra-red and microwave atmospheric sounders that were designed as follow-ons to the AIRS and AMSU instruments. The main objective of this work is to assess whether CrIS/ATMS will be an adequate replacement for AIRS/AMSU from the perspective of the generation of accurate and consistent long term climate data records, or if improved instruments should be developed for future flight. It is critical for CrIS/ATMS to be processed using an algorithm similar to, or at least comparable to, AIRS Version-6 before such an assessment can be made. We have been conducting research to optimize products derived from CrIS/ATMS observations using a scientific approach analogous to the AIRS Version-6 retrieval algorithm. Our latest research uses Version-5.70 of the CrIS/ATMS retrieval algorithm, which is otherwise analogous to AIRS Version-6, but does not yet contain the benefit of use of a Neural-Net first guess start-up system which significantly improved results of AIRS Version-6. Version-5.70 CrIS/ATMS temperature profile and surface skin temperature retrievals are of very good quality, and are better than AIRS Version-5 retrievals, but are still significantly poorer than those of AIRS Version-6. CrIS/ATMS retrievals should improve when a Neural-Net start-up system is ready for use. We also examined CrIS/ATMS retrievals generated by NOAA using their NUCAPS retrieval algorithm, which is based on earlier versions of the AIRS Science Team retrieval algorithms. We show that the NUCAPS algorithm as currently configured is not well suited for climate monitoring purposes. C1 [Susskind, Joel] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660W DI 10.1117/12.2023375 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700026 ER PT S AU Wells, JE Scherrer, J Law, R Bonniksen, C AF Wells, James E. Scherrer, John Law, Richard Bonniksen, Chris BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Class D Management Implementation Approach of the First Orbital Mission of the Earth Venture Series SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Earth Venture; CYGNSS; Class D management; NASA; Earth System Science Pathfinder; ESSP AB A key element of the National Research Council's Earth Science and Applications Decadal Survey called for the creation of the Venture Class line of low-cost research and application missions within NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). One key component of the architecture chosen by NASA within the Earth Venture line is a series of self-contained stand-alone spaceflight science missions called "EV-Mission". The first mission chosen for this competitively selected, cost and schedule capped, Principal Investigator-led opportunity is the CYclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). As specified in the defining Announcement of Opportunity, the Principal Investigator is held responsible for successfully achieving the science objectives of the selected mission and the management approach that he/she chooses to obtain those results has a significant amount of freedom as long as it meets the intent of key NASA guidance like NPR 7120.5 and 7123. CYGNSS is classified under NPR 7120.5E guidance as a Category 3 (low priority, low cost) mission and carries a Class D risk classification (low priority, high risk) per NPR 8705.4. As defined in the NPR guidance, Class D risk classification allows for a relatively broad range of implementation strategies. The management approach that will be utilized on CYGNSS is a streamlined implementation that starts with a higher risk tolerance posture at NASA and that philosophy flows all the way down to the individual part level. C1 [Wells, James E.; Law, Richard] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wells, JE (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88660C DI 10.1117/12.2024298 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700010 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Butler, J Lei, N Sun, JQ Fulbright, J Wang, ZP McIntire, J Angal, A AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Butler, James Lei, Ning Sun, Junqiang Fulbright, Jon Wang, Zhipeng McIntire, Jeff Angal, Amit BE Butler, JJ Xiong, X Gu, X TI Improvements of VIIRS and MODIS Solar Diffuser and Lunar Calibration SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems XVIII CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE MODIS; VIIRS; radiometer; calibration; solar diffuser; solar diffuser stability monitor ID ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION; BANDS AB Both VIIRS and MODIS instruments use solar diffuser (SD) and lunar observations to calibrate their reflective solar bands (RSB). A solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) is used to track the SD on-orbit degradation. On-orbit observations have shown similar wavelength-dependent SD degradation (larger at shorter VIS wavelengths) and SDSM detector response degradation (larger at longer NIR wavelengths) for both VIIRS and MODIS instruments. In general, the MODIS scan mirror has experienced more degradation in the VIS spectral region whereas the VIIRS rotating telescope assembly (RTA) mirrors have seen more degradation in the NIR and SWIR spectral region. Because of this wavelength dependent mirror degradation, the sensor's relative spectral response (RSR) needs to be modulated. Due to differences between the solar and lunar spectral irradiance, the modulated RSR could have different effects on the SD and lunar calibration. In this paper, we identify various factors that should be considered for the improvements of VIIRS and MODIS solar and lunar calibration and examine their potential impact. Specifically, we will characterize and assess the calibration impact due to SD and SDSM attenuation screen transmission (uncertainty), SD BRF uncertainty and on-orbit degradation, SDSM detector response degradation, and modulated RSR resulting from the sensor's optics degradation. Also illustrated and discussed in this paper are the calibration strategies implemented in the VIIRS and MODIS SD and lunar calibrations and efforts that could be made for future improvements. C1 [Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Butler, James] NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Sci & Explorat Directorate, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Butler, James/D-4188-2013; OI Wang, Zhipeng/0000-0002-9108-9009 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9716-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8866 AR 88661M DI 10.1117/12.2024792 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU75 UT WOS:000326700700047 ER PT J AU Flynn, GJ Wirick, S Keller, LP AF Flynn, George J. Wirick, Sue Keller, Lindsay P. TI Organic grain coatings in primitive interplanetary dust particles: Implications for grain sticking in the Solar Nebula SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Cosmic Dust meeting CY AUG 06-10, 2012 CL Kobe, JAPAN DE Interplanetary dust particles; grain sticking; grain aggregation; organic matter ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; 81P/WILD 2; SYSTEM; ASTEROIDS; GROWTH; COMETS; METEOROIDS; PHYSICS; ORIGIN; BODIES AB The chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP IDPs), fragments of asteroids and comets collected by NASA high-altitude research aircraft from the Earth's stratosphere, are recognized as the least altered samples of the original dust of the Solar Nebula available for laboratory examination. We performed high-resolution, similar to 25 nm/pixel, x-ray imaging and spectroscopy on ultramicrotome sections of CP IDPs, which are aggregates of >10(4) grains, and identified and characterized similar to 100 nm thick coatings of organic matter on the surfaces of the individual grains. We estimated the minimum tensile strength of this organic glue to be similar to 150 to 325 N/m(2), comparable to the strength of the weakest cometary meteors, based on the observation that the individual grains of similar to 5 mu m diameter aggregate CP IDPs are not ejected from the particle by electrostatic repulsion due to charging of these IDPs to 10 to 15 volts at 1 A.U. in space. Since organic coatings can increase the sticking coefficient over that of bare mineral grains, these organic grain coatings are likely to have been a significant aid in grain sticking in the Solar Nebula, allowing the first dust particles to aggregate over a much wider range of collision speeds than for bare mineral grains. C1 [Flynn, George J.] SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. [Wirick, Sue] Univ Chicago, CARS, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Keller, Lindsay P.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Flynn, GJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Plattsburgh, Dept Phys, 101 Broad St, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA. EM george.flynn@plattsburgh.edu FU NASA Cosmo-chemistry grant [NNX10AJ17G]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-98CH10886]; NASA SRLIDAP grant [NAG512884] FX This work was supported by NASA Cosmo-chemistry grant NNX10AJ17G (to G.J.F.). Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. Improvements to the Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscope, funded by NASA SRLIDAP grant NAG512884 (to G.J.F.), made possible the high-resolution XANES required to characterize the thin organic rims on these grains. NR 43 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1880-5981 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2013 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1159 EP 1166 DI 10.5047/eps.2013.05.007 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 253WI UT WOS:000327119700014 ER PT S AU Price, E Mielikainen, J Huang, BM Huang, HLA Lee, T AF Price, Erik Mielikainen, Jarno Huang, Bormin Huang, Hung-Lung Allen Lee, Tsengdar BE Huang, B Plaza, AJ Wu, Z TI GPU acceleration experience with RRTMG long wave radiation model SO HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING IN REMOTE SENSING III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High-Performance Computing in Remote Sensing III CY SEP 25-26, 2013 CL Dresden, GERMANY SP SPIE DE radiative transfer; parallel computing; GPU; CUDA ID ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING INTERFEROMETER; CLIMATE MODELS; ENERGY BUDGET AB An Atmospheric radiative transfer model calculates radiative transfer of electromagnetic radiation through a planetary atmosphere. Both shortwave radiance and longwave radiance parameterizations in an atmospheric model calculate radiation fluxes and heating rates in the earth-atmospheric system. One radiative transfer model is the rapid radiative transfer model (RRTM), which calculates of longwave and shortwave atmospheric radiative fluxes and heating rates. Longwave broadband radiative transfer code for general circulation model (GCM) applications, RRTMG, is based on the single-column reference code, RRTM. The RRTMG is a validated, correlated k-distribution band model for the calculation of longwave and shortwave atmospheric radiative fluxes and heating rates. The focus of this paper is on the RRTMG long wave (RRTMG_LW) model. In order to improve computational efficiency, RRTMG_LW incorporates several modifications compared to RRTM. In RRTM_LW there are 16 g points in each of the spectral bands for a total of 256 g points. In RRTMG_LW, the number of g points in each spectral band varies from 2 to 16 depending on the absorption in each band. RRTMG_LW employs a computationally efficient correlated-k method for radiative transfer calculations. It contains 16 spectral bands with various number of quadrature points (g points) in each of the bands. In total, there are 140 g points. The radiative effects of all significant atmospheric gases are included in RRTMG_LW. Active gas absorbers include H2O, O-3, CO2, CH4, N2O, O-2 and four types of halocarbons: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-22, and CCL4. RRTMG_LW also treats the absorption and scattering from liquid and ice clouds and aerosols. For cloudy-sky radiative transfer, a maximum-random cloud overlapping scheme is used. Small scale cloud variability, such as cloud fraction and the vertical overlap of clouds can be represented using a statistical technique in RRTMG_LW. Due to its accuracy, RRTMG_LW has been implemented operationally in many weather forecast and climate models. RRTMG_LW is in operational use in ECMWF weather forecast system, the NCEP global forecast system, the ECHAM5 climate model, Community Earth System Model (CESM) and the weather and forecasting (WRF) model. RRTMG_LW has also been evaluated for use in GFDL climate model. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of using graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate the RRTMG_LW as used by the WRF. GPUs can provide a substantial improvement in RRTMG speed by supporting the parallel computation of large numbers of independent radiative calculations. Furthermore, using commodity GPUs for accelerating RRTMG_LW allows getting a much higher computational performance at lower price point than traditional CPUs. Furthermore, power and cooling costs are significantly reduced by using GPUs. A GPU-compatible version of RRTMG was implemented and thorough testing was performed to ensure that the original level of accuracy is retained. Our results show that GPUs can provide significant speedup over conventional CPUs. In particular, Nvidia's GTX 680 GPU card can provide a speedup of 69x for the compared to its single-threaded Fortran counterpart running on Intel Xeon E5-2603 CPU. C1 [Price, Erik; Mielikainen, Jarno; Huang, Bormin; Huang, Hung-Lung Allen] Univ Wisconsin Madison, Space Sci & Engn Ctr, Madison, WI USA. [Lee, Tsengdar] NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Price, E (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin Madison, Space Sci & Engn Ctr, Madison, WI USA. EM bormin.huang@ssec.wisc.edu NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9764-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8895 AR 88950H DI 10.1117/12.2031450 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BIA37 UT WOS:000327138600009 ER PT S AU Aumann, HH Manning, EM Strow, LL AF Aumann, H. H. Manning, E. M. Strow, L. L. BE Mouroulis, P Pagano, TS TI Lessons from 18 years of hyperspectral infrared sounder data SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XVIII CY AUG 26-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Climate change; sampling bias; hyperspectral infrared; deep convection; Quality Control AB By the end of 2013 NASA and EUMETSAT will have accumulated more than 11 years of AIRS, 6 years of IASI and one year of CrIS data. All three instruments were nominally specified to support the NWC for short term weather forecasting with a five year lifetime, but continue to exceed the accuracy requirement needed for weather forecasting alone. This allows use of their data for a much broader range of applications, including the calibration of broad-band instruments in space and climate research. We illustrate calibration aspects with examples from AIRS, IASI and CrIS using spatially uniform clear conditions, simultaneous nadir overpasses and random nadir samples. The differences between AIRS, IASI and CrIS for the purpose of weather forecasting are small and we expect that the excellent forecast impact demonstrated by the combination of AIRS and IASI will be continued by the combination of CrIS and IASI. Clear data are useful for calibration, but contain no climate signal. The analysis of random nadir samples from AIRS and CrIS identifies larger biases for observation of extreme conditions, represented by 1% and 99%tile data than for non-extreme observations. This is relevant for climate analysis. Resolution of these differences require further work, since they can complicate the continuation of trends established by AIRS with CrIS data, at least for extrema. The unequaled stability of the AIRS data allows us to evaluate trends using random nadir sampled data. We see an increasing frequency in severe storms over land, a decreasing frequency over ocean. The 11 years of AIRS data are too short to tell if these trends are significant from a climate change viewpoint, or if they are parts of multi-decadal oscillations. C1 [Aumann, H. H.; Manning, E. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Aumann, HH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9720-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8870 AR 887006 DI 10.1117/12.2024477 PG 12 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BHU80 UT WOS:000326705200004 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Aumann, HH Gerber, AJ Kuai, L Gontijo, I DeLeon, B Susskind, J Iredell, L Bajpai, S AF Pagano, Thomas S. Aumann, Hartmut H. Gerber, Andrew J. Kuai, Le Gontijo, I. DeLeon, Berta Susskind, Joel Iredell, Lena Bajpai, Shyam BE Mouroulis, P Pagano, TS TI Requirements for a Moderate-resolution Infrared Imaging Sounder (MIRIS) SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XVIII CY AUG 26-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Infrared; Sounding; Imaging; NASA; MIRIS AB The high cost of imaging and sounding from space warrants exploration of new methods for obtaining the required information, including changing the spectral band sets, employing new technologies and merging instruments. In some cases we must consider relaxation of the current capability. In others, we expect higher performance. In general our goal is to meet the VIIRS and CrIS requirements while providing the enhanced next generation capabilities: 1) Hyperspectral Imaging in the Vis/NIR bands, 2) High Spatial Resolution Sounding in the Infrared bands. The former will improve the accuracy of ocean color products, aerosols and water vapor, surface vegetation and geology. The latter will enable the high-impact achieved by the current suite of hyperspectral infrared sounders to be achieved by the next generation high resolution forecast models. We examine the spectral, spatial and radiometric requirements for a next generation system and technologies that can be applied from the available inventory within government and industry. A two-band grating spectrometer instrument called the Moderate-resolution Infrared Imaging Sounder (MIRIS) is conceived that, when used with the planned NASA PACE Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) will meet the vast majority of CrIS and VIIRS requirements in the all bands and provide the next generation capabilities desired. MIRIS resource requirements are modest and the Technology Readiness Level is high leading to the expectation that the cost and risk of MIRIS will be reasonable. C1 [Pagano, Thomas S.; Aumann, Hartmut H.; Gerber, Andrew J.; Kuai, Le; Gontijo, I.; DeLeon, Berta] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Thomas.S.Pagano@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9720-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8870 AR 887007 DI 10.1117/12.2023813 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BHU80 UT WOS:000326705200005 ER PT S AU Thome, K McCorkel, J McAndrew, B AF Thome, Kurtis McCorkel, Joel McAndrew, Brendan BE Mouroulis, P Pagano, TS TI ERROR BUDGET FOR A CALIBRATION DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM FOR THE REFLECTED SOLAR INSTRUMENT FOR THE CLIMATE ABSOLUTE RADIANCE AND REFRACTIVITY OBSERVATORY SO IMAGING SPECTROMETRY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Imaging Spectrometry XVIII CY AUG 26-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE CLARREO; preflight calibration; radiometric calibration; SI-traceable AB A goal of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission is to observe high-accuracy, long-term climate change trends over decadal time scales. The key to such a goal is to improving the accuracy of SI traceable absolute calibration across infrared and reflected solar wavelengths allowing climate change to be separated from the limit of natural variability. The advances required to reach on-orbit absolute accuracy to allow climate change observations to survive data gaps exist at NIST in the laboratory, but still need demonstration that the advances can move successfully from to NASA and/or instrument vendor capabilities for spaceborne instruments. The current work describes the radiometric calibration error budget for the Solar, Lunar for Absolute Reflectance Imaging Spectroradiometer (SOLARIS) which is the calibration demonstration system (CDS) for the reflected solar portion of CLARREO. The goal of the CDS is to allow the testing and evaluation of calibration approaches, alternate design and/or implementation approaches and components for the CLARREO mission. SOLARIS also provides a test-bed for detector technologies, non-linearity determination and uncertainties, and application of future technology developments and suggested spacecraft instrument design modifications. The resulting SI-traceable error budget for reflectance retrieval using solar irradiance as a reference and methods for laboratory-based, absolute calibration suitable for climate-quality data collections is given. Key components in the error budget are geometry differences between the solar and earth views, knowledge of attenuator behavior when viewing the sun, and sensor behavior such as detector linearity and noise behavior. Methods for demonstrating this error budget are also presented. C1 [Thome, Kurtis; McCorkel, Joel; McAndrew, Brendan] NASA, GSFC, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Thome, K (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM kurtis.thome@nasa.gov RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012; McCorkel, Joel/D-4454-2012; Richards, Amber/K-8203-2015 OI McCorkel, Joel/0000-0003-2853-2036; NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9720-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8870 AR 887008 DI 10.1117/12.2024562 PG 8 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Spectroscopy GA BHU80 UT WOS:000326705200006 ER PT S AU Gubarev, M Ramsey, B O'Dell, SL Elsner, R Kilaru, K McCracken, J Pavlinsky, M Tkachenko, A Lapshov, I Atkins, C Zavlin, V AF Gubarev, M. Ramsey, B. O'Dell, S. L. Elsner, R. Kilaru, K. McCracken, J. Pavlinsky, M. Tkachenko, A. Lapshov, I. Atkins, C. Zavlin, V. BE ODell, SL Pareschi, G TI Development of Mirror Modules for the ART-XC Instrument aboard the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma Mission SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VI as part of the SPIE Optics + Photonics International Symposium on Optical Engineering + Applications CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID OPTICS AB The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is developing x-ray mirror modules for the ART-XC instrument on board the Spectrum-Roentgen Gamma Mission. Four of those modules are being fabricated under a Reimbursable Agreement between NASA and the Russian Space Research Institute (IKI.) An additional three flight modules and one spare for the ART-XC Instrument are produced under a Cooperative Agreement between NASA and IKI. The instrument will consist of seven co-aligned x-ray mirror modules with seven corresponding CdTe focal plane detectors. Each module consists of 28 nested thin Ni/Co shells giving an effective area of 65 cm(2) at 8 keV, response out to 30 keV, and an angular resolution of 45 arcsec or better HPD. Delivery of the first four modules is scheduled for November 2013, while the remaining three modules will be delivered to IKI in January 2014. We present a status of the ART x-ray module development at MSFC. C1 [Gubarev, M.; Ramsey, B.; O'Dell, S. L.; Elsner, R.; Kilaru, K.; McCracken, J.; Atkins, C.; Zavlin, V.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gubarev, M (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Mikhail.V.Gubarev@nasa.gov OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9711-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8861 AR 88610K DI 10.1117/12.2027141 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHT77 UT WOS:000326645100020 ER PT S AU Roche, JM Kolodziejczak, JJ O'Dell, SL Elsner, RF Weisskopf, MC Ramsey, B Gubarev, MV AF Roche, Jacqueline M. Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. O'Dell, Stephen L. Elsner, Ronald F. Weisskopf, Martin C. Ramsey, Brian Gubarev, Mikhail V. BE ODell, SL Pareschi, G TI Opto-mechanical analyses for performance optimization of lightweight grazing-incidence mirrors SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VI as part of the SPIE Optics + Photonics International Symposium on Optical Engineering + Applications CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray telescopes; opto-mechanical analysis techniques ID RAY AB New technology in grazing-incidence mirror fabrication and assembly is necessary to achieve sub-arcsecond optics for large-area x-ray telescopes. In order to define specifications, an understanding of performance sensitivity to design parameters is crucial. MSFC is undertaking a systematic study to specify a mounting approach, mirror substrate, and testing method. Lightweight mirrors are typically flimsy and are, therefore, susceptible to significant distortion due to mounting and gravitational forces. Material properties of the mirror substrate along with its dimensions significantly affect the distortions caused by mounting and gravity. A parametric study of these properties and their relationship to mounting and testing schemes will indicate specifications for the design of the next generation of lightweight grazing-incidence mirrors. Here we report initial results of this study. C1 [Roche, Jacqueline M.; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.; O'Dell, Stephen L.; Elsner, Ronald F.; Weisskopf, Martin C.; Ramsey, Brian; Gubarev, Mikhail V.] NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Off, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Roche, JM (reprint author), NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Off, MSFC ZP12, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9711-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8861 AR 88611G DI 10.1117/12.2026884 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHT77 UT WOS:000326645100050 ER PT S AU Saha, TT Biskach, M Zhang, WW AF Saha, Timo T. Biskach, Michael Zhang, William W. BE ODell, SL Pareschi, G TI Hartmann Testing of X-Ray Telescopes SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VI as part of the SPIE Optics + Photonics International Symposium on Optical Engineering + Applications CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray optics; x-ray mirrors; mirror alignment; wavefront sensing ID SURFACE AB Hartmann testing of x-ray telescopes is a simple test method to retrieve and analyze alignment errors and low-order circumferential errors of x-ray telescopes and their components. A narrow slit is scanned along the circumference of the telescope in front of the mirror and the centroids of the images are calculated. From the centroid data, alignment errors, radius variation errors, and cone-angle variation errors can be calculated. Mean cone-angle, mean radial height (average radius), and the focal length of the telescope can also be estimated if the centroid data is measured at multiple focal plane locations. This test is the only viable way of verifying the alignment of tightly nested x-ray telescopes. In this paper we present the basic equations that are used in the analysis process. These equations can be applied to full-circumference or segmented x-ray telescopes. We use the Optical Surface Analysis Code (OSAC) to model a segmented x-ray telescope and show that the derived equations and accompanying analysis retrieves the alignment errors and low order circumferential errors accurately. C1 [Saha, Timo T.; Zhang, William W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Saha, TT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9711-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8861 AR 88611H DI 10.1117/12.2023031 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHT77 UT WOS:000326645100051 ER PT S AU Zhang, WW Biskach, MP Blake, PN Bly, VT Carter, JM Chan, KW Gaskin, JA Hong, M Hohl, BR Jones, WD Kolodziejczak, JJ Kolos, LD Mazzarella, JR McClelland, RS McKeon, KP Miller, TM O'Dell, SL Riveros, RE Saha, TT Schofield, MJ Sharpe, MV Smith, HC AF Zhang, W. W. Biskach, M. P. Blake, P. N. Bly, V. T. Carter, J. M. Chan, K. W. Gaskin, J. A. Hong, M. Hohl, B. R. Jones, W. D. Kolodziejczak, J. J. Kolos, L. D. Mazzarella, J. R. McClelland, R. S. McKeon, K. P. Miller, T. M. O'Dell, S. L. Riveros, R. E. Saha, T. T. Schofield, M. J. Sharpe, M. V. Smith, H. C. BE ODell, SL Pareschi, G TI High Resolution and High Throughput X-ray Optics for Future Astronomical Missions SO OPTICS FOR EUV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VI as part of the SPIE Optics + Photonics International Symposium on Optical Engineering + Applications CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray optics; lightweight optics; glass slumping; silicon mirror; mirror alignment; mirror bonding ID GENERATION-X AB X-ray optics is an essential component of every conceivable future x-ray observatory. Its astronomical utility is measured with two quantities: angular resolution and photon collecting area. The angular resolution determines the quality of its images and the photon collecting area determines the faintest sources it is capable of detecting and studying. Since it must be space-borne, the resources necessary to realize an x-ray mirror assembly, such as mass and volume, are at a premium. In this paper we report on a technology development program designed to advance four metrics that measure the capability of an x-ray mirror technology: (1) angular resolution, (2) mass per unit photon collecting area, (3) volume per unit photon collecting area, and (4) production cost per unit photon collecting area. We have adopted two approaches. The first approach uses the thermal slumping of thin glass sheets. It has advantages in mass, volume, and cost. The objective for this approach is improving its angular resolution. As of August 2013, we have been able to consistently build and test with x-ray beams modules that contain three co-aligned Wolter-I parabolic-hyperbolic mirror pairs, achieving a point spread function (PSF) of 11 arc-second half-power diameter (HPD), to be compared with the 17 arc-seconds we reported last year. If gravity distortion during x-ray tests is removed, these images would have a resolution of 9 arc-seconds, meeting requirements for a 10 arc-second flight mirror assembly. These modules have been subjected to a series of vibration, acoustic, and thermal vacuum tests. The second approach is polishing and light-weighting single crystal silicon, a material that is commercially available, inexpensive, and without internal stress. This approach has advantages in angular resolution, mass, and volume, and objective is reducing fabrication cost to make it financially feasible to fabricate the similar to 10(3) m(2) mirror area that would be required for a future major x-ray observatory. The overall objective of this technology program is to enable missions in the upcoming years with a 10 arc-second angular resolution, and missions with similar to 1 arc-second angular resolution in the 2020s. C1 [Zhang, W. W.; Blake, P. N.; Bly, V. T.; Kolos, L. D.; Miller, T. M.; Saha, T. T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Zhang, WW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9711-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8861 AR 88610N DI 10.1117/12.2024250 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHT77 UT WOS:000326645100023 ER PT S AU Christe, SD Shih, A Rodriguez, M Cramer, A Gregory, K Edgerton, M Gaskin, J Wilson-Hodge, C Apple, J Chavis, KS Jackson, A Smith, L Dietz, K O'Connor, B Sobey, A Koehler, H Ramsey, B AF Christe, Steven D. Shih, Albert Rodriguez, Marcello Cramer, Alex Gregory, Kyle Edgerton, Melissa Gaskin, Jessica Wilson-Hodge, Colleem Apple, Jeff Chavis, Katherine Stevenson Jackson, Amanda Smith, Leigh Dietz, Kurt O'Connor, Brain Sobey, Alexander Koehler, Heather Ramsey, Brian BE Fineschi, S Fennelly, J TI The High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun Mission: A Hard X-Ray Balloon-Borne Telescope SO SOLAR PHYSICS AND SPACE WEATHER INSTRUMENTATION V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation V CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE heliophysics; scientific balloon; x-rays; aspect system; solar physics; solar flares; grazing-incidence optics; electroform-nickel replication; solar flares ID SOLAR-FLARE; QUIET SUN; RHESSI; ALBEDO AB Set to fly in the Fall of 2013 from Ft. Sumner, NM, the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) mission is a collaborative effort between the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the Goddard Space Flight Center to upgrade an existing payload, the High Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) balloon-borne telescope, to make unique scientific measurements of the Sun and astrophysical targets during the same flight. The HEROES science payload consists of 8 mirror modules, housing a total of 109 grazing-incidence optics. These modules are mounted on a carbon-fiber and Aluminum optical bench 6 m from a matching array of high pressure xenon gas scintillation proportional counters, which serve as the focal-plane detectors. The HEROES gondola utilizes a differential GPS system (backed by a magnetometer) for coarse pointing in the azimuth and a shaft angle encoder plus inclinometer provides the coarse elevation. The HEROES payload will incorporate a new solar aspect system to supplement the existing star camera, for fine pointing during both the day and night. The over all payload will be discussed as well as the new solar aspect system. This mission is funded by the NASA HOPE (Hands On Project Experience) Training Opportunity awarded by the NASA Academy of Program/Project and Engineering Leadership, in partnership with NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Office of the Chief Engineer and Office of the Chief Technologist. C1 [Christe, Steven D.; Shih, Albert; Rodriguez, Marcello; Cramer, Alex; Gregory, Kyle; Edgerton, Melissa] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Christe, SD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM steven.d.christe@nasa.gov OI Christe, Steven/0000-0001-6127-795X NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9712-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8862 AR UNSP 886206 DI 10.1117/12.2024323 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHT17 UT WOS:000326605000003 ER PT S AU Balasubramanian, K Wilson, D White, V Muller, R Dickie, M Yee, K Ruiz, R Shaklan, S Cady, E Kern, B Belikov, R Guyon, O Kasdin, NJ AF Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham Wilson, Daniel White, Victor Muller, Richard Dickie, Matthew Yee, Karl Ruiz, Ronald Shaklan, Stuart Cady, Eric Kern, Brian Belikov, Ruslan Guyon, Olivier Kasdin, N. Jeremy BE Shaklan, S TI High contrast internal and external coronagraph masks produced by various techniques SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Exoplanet; coronagraph; mask; occulter; PIAA; Shaped pupil ID PLANE MASKS; APODIZATION; PERFORMANCE; PRINCIPLE; IMAGE AB High contrast internal and external coronagraphic imaging requires a variety of masks depending on different architectures to suppress star light. Various fabrication technologies are required to address a wide range of needs including gradient amplitude transmission, tunable phase profiles, ultra-low reflectivity, precise small scale features, and low-chromaticity. We present the approaches employed at JPL to produce pupil plane and image plane coronagraph masks, and lab-scale external occulter type masks by various techniques including electron beam, ion beam, deep reactive ion etching, and black silicon technologies with illustrative examples of each. Further development is in progress to produce circular masks of various kinds for obscured aperture telescopes. C1 [Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham; Wilson, Daniel; White, Victor; Muller, Richard; Dickie, Matthew; Yee, Karl; Ruiz, Ronald; Shaklan, Stuart; Cady, Eric; Kern, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Belikov, Ruslan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Guyon, Olivier] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. [Kasdin, N. Jeremy] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Balasubramanian, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kbala@jpl.nasa.gov NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88641R DI 10.1117/12.2024615 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300057 ER PT S AU Belikov, R Bendek, E Greene, TP Guyon, O Lozi, J Lynch, DH Newman, KE Pluzhnik, E Schneider, G Tenerelli, D Thomas, SJ Witteborn, FC AF Belikov, Ruslan Bendek, Eduardo Greene, Thomas P. Guyon, Olivier Lozi, Julien Lynch, Dana H. Newman, Kevin E. Pluzhnik, Eugene Schneider, Glenn Tenerelli, Domenick Thomas, Sandrine J. Witteborn, Fred C. BE Shaklan, S TI EXCEDE Technology Development II: Demonstration of High Contrast at 1.2 lambda/D and Preliminary Broadband Results SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE exoplanets; coronagraph; debris disk; EXCEDE; high contrast; IWA; explorer; direct imaging AB Coronagraph technology is advancing and promises to enable space telescopes capable of directly detecting low surface brightness circumstellar debris disks as well as giant planets as close as in the habitable zones of their host stars. One mission capable of doing this is called EXCEDE (EXoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer), which in 2011 was selected by NASA's Explorer program for technology development (Category III). EXCEDE is a 0.7m space telescope concept designed to achieve raw contrasts of 10(-6) at an inner working angle of 1.2 VD and 10(-7) at 2 VD and beyond. In addition to doing fundamental science on debris disks, EXCEDE will also serve as a technological and scientific precursor for an exo-Earth imaging mission. EXCEDE uses a Starlight Suppression System (SSS) based on the Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph to provide high throughput and high contrast close to the diffraction limit, enabling aggressive performance. We report on our continuing progress of developing the SSS for EXCEDE, including (a) high contrast performance demonstrations at 1.2 lambda/D, which includes a lab demonstration of 2x10(-7) median contrast between 1.2 and 2.0 lambda/D simultaneously with 6.5x10(-8) median contrast between 2 and 4 lambda/D in monochromatic light at 655nm, meeting a major milestone in our technology development program; (b) the installation of a new Low Order Wavefront Sensor (LOWFS) which enabled achieving deep contrasts at aggressive inner working angles; (c) implementation of more efficient model-based wavefront control algorithms; and (d) a preliminary broadband contrast result of 6x10(-6) contrast at 1.2 VD in a 10% band. C1 [Belikov, Ruslan; Bendek, Eduardo; Greene, Thomas P.; Lynch, Dana H.; Newman, Kevin E.; Pluzhnik, Eugene; Thomas, Sandrine J.; Witteborn, Fred C.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Guyon, Olivier; Lozi, Julien; Schneider, Glenn] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Tenerelli, Domenick] Lockheed Martin Sp Syst, Palo Alto, CA USA. RP Belikov, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Ruslan.belikov@nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Ames Research Center FX This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Ames Research Center, as well as the NASA Explorer program and the Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions (TDEM) program through solicitation NNH09ZDA001N-TDEM at NASA's Science Mission Directorate. It was carried out at the NASA Ames Research Center. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640W DI 10.1117/12.2024569 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300029 ER PT S AU Bendek, EA Guyon, O Belikov, R Ammons, SM Milster, T Kim, YS Johnson, L AF Bendek, Eduardo A. Guyon, Olivier Belikov, Ruslan Ammons, S. Mark Milster, Thomas Kim, Young-Sik Johnson, Lee BE Shaklan, S TI Exoplanet detection and characterization using combined coronagraphy and sub-uas astrometry from space SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Distortion,diffractive pupil; high-precision astrometry; exoplanet detection ID DIFFRACTIVE PUPIL TELESCOPE; PHOTOMETRY AB Combining high-contrast imaging and astrometry in a single space mission would enable efficient detection and characterization of single- and multiple- planetary systems around nearby stars, allowing determination of planetary mass, composition, atmosphere, and system architecture. These science goals can be achieved using a 2m wide-field (>0.1deg(2)) class telescope equipped with two instruments: a high-performance coronagraph to perform direct imaging, and a wide field camera to achieve sub-microarcsecond astrometric accuracy. However, these measurements are only possible if there are no relative distortion changes between astrometric observations. At sub-microarcsecond accuracy regime, even space optics suffers from dynamic distortions in the optical system and dominates the error budget. We propose to utilize a diffractive pupil, in which an array of dots on the primary mirror generates polychromatic diffraction spikes in the focal plane to calibrate the dynamic distortions of the optical system. According to simulations, this technique would allow to obtain 0.2microarcsecond single-visit precision astrometric accuracy. In this paper we present the laboratory results that demonstrate the diffractive pupil concept on wide-field images. We also discuss simulations and experiments performed at the NASA Ames ACE test bed, demonstrating that the diffractive pupil does not affect the coronagraph performance down to 2x10-7 Finally, we assess the compatibility of a diffractive pupil telescope with a general astrophysics mission, showing that the spikes do not impact wide-field observations. C1 [Bendek, Eduardo A.; Belikov, Ruslan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Guyon, Olivier] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Ammons, S. Mark] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Milster, Thomas; Kim, Young-Sik; Johnson, Lee] Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Bendek, EA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. FU NASA [09-APRA09-0140]; U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX This project is funded by NASA grant 09-APRA09-0140 program and it has been performed under the auspices of the following institutions: The Institute of International Education IIE with their Fulbright PhD Science and Technology program, the NASA Postdoctoral Program, and the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Also, we acknowledge the advice of the following people in different aspects of the project: Michael Shao, Stuart Shaklan, Robert Woodruff, Jim Burge, Roger Angel, Marie Levine, and Josh Eisner. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 886405 DI 10.1117/12.2024316 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300003 ER PT S AU Cady, E Baranec, C Beichman, C Brenner, D Burruss, R Crepp, J Dekany, R Hale, D Hillenbrand, L Hinkley, S Ligon, ER Lockhart, T Oppenheimer, BR Parry, I Pueyo, L Rice, E Roberts, LC Roberts, J Shao, M Sivaramakrishnan, A Soummer, R Tang, H Truong, T Vasisht, G Vescelus, F Wallace, JK Zhai, CX Zimmerman, N AF Cady, Eric Baranec, Christoph Beichman, Charles Brenner, Douglas Burruss, Rick Crepp, Justin Dekany, Richard Hale, David Hillenbrand, Lynne Hinkley, Sasha Ligon, E. Robert Lockhart, Thomas Oppenheimer, Ben R. Parry, Ian Pueyo, Laurent Rice, Emily Roberts, Lewis C., Jr. Roberts, Jennifer Shao, Michael Sivaramakrishnan, Anand Soummer, Remi Tang, Hong Tuan Truong Vasisht, Gautam Vescelus, Fred Wallace, J. Kent Zhai, Chengxing Zimmerman, Neil BE Shaklan, S TI Electric Field Conjugation with the Project 1640 coronagraph SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB The Project 1640 instrument on the 200-inch Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory is a coronagraphic instrument with an integral field spectrograph at the back end, designed to find young, self-luminous planets around nearby stars. To reach the necessary contrast for this, the PALM-3000 adaptive optics system corrects for fast atmospheric speckles, while CAL, a phase-shifting interferometer in a Mach-Zehnder configuration, measures the quasistatic components of the complex electric field in the pupil plane following the coronagraphic stop. Two additional sensors measure and control low-order modes. These field measurements may then be combined with a system model and data taken separately using a white-light source internal to the AO system to correct for both phase and amplitude aberrations. Here, we discuss and demonstrate the procedure to maintain a half-plane dark hole in the image plane while the spectrograph is taking data, including initial on-sky performance. C1 [Cady, Eric; Beichman, Charles; Burruss, Rick; Ligon, E. Robert; Lockhart, Thomas; Roberts, Lewis C., Jr.; Roberts, Jennifer; Shao, Michael; Tang, Hong; Tuan Truong; Vasisht, Gautam; Vescelus, Fred; Wallace, J. Kent; Zhai, Chengxing] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Baranec, Christoph; Beichman, Charles; Dekany, Richard; Hale, David; Hillenbrand, Lynne; Hinkley, Sasha] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Beichman, Charles] NASA Exoplanet Sci Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Brenner, Douglas; Oppenheimer, Ben R.; Rice, Emily] Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA. [Crepp, Justin] Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Parry, Ian] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge, England. [Pueyo, Laurent; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Rice, Emily] CUNY Coll Staten Isl, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA. [Zimmerman, Neil] Max Planck Inst Astron, Heidelberg, Germany. RP Cady, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM eric.j.cady@jpl.nasa.gov OI Zimmerman, Neil/0000-0001-5484-1516 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640K DI 10.1117/12.2024635 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300017 ER PT S AU Cahoy, KL Marinan, AD Novak, B Kerr, C Nguyen, T Webber, M Falkenburg, G Barg, A Berry, K Carlton, A Belikov, R Bendek, EA AF Cahoy, Kerri L. Marinan, Anne D. Novak, Benjamin Kerr, Caitlin Nguyen, Tam Webber, Matthew Falkenburg, Grant Barg, Andrew Berry, Kristin Carlton, Ashley Belikov, Ruslan Bendek, Eduardo A. BE Shaklan, S TI MEMS Deformable Mirror Cube Sat Testbed SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; wavefront control; deformable mirror; high contrast; high dynamic range; CubeSat ID PLANET; CORONAGRAPH; SYSTEM; PHASE; STAR; ATMOSPHERES; PRINCIPLE; EARTHS AB To meet the high contrast requirement of 1 x 10(-10) to image an Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star, space telescopes equipped with coronagraphs require wavefront control systems. Deformable mirrors (DMs) are a key element of a wavefront control system, as they correct for imperfections, thermal distortions, and diffraction that would otherwise corrupt the wavefront and ruin the contrast. The goal of the CubeSat Deformable Mirror technology demonstration mission is to test the ability of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) deformable mirror to perform wavefront control on-orbit on a nanosatellite platform. In this paper, we consider two approaches for a MEMS deformable mirror technology demonstration payload that will fit within the mass, power, and volume constraints of a CubeSat: 1) a Michelson interferometer and 2) a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We clarify the constraints on the payload based on the resources required for supporting CubeSat subsystems drawn from subsystems that we have developed for a different CubeSat flight project. We discuss results from payload lab prototypes and their utility in defining mission requirements. C1 [Cahoy, Kerri L.; Marinan, Anne D.; Novak, Benjamin; Kerr, Caitlin; Nguyen, Tam; Falkenburg, Grant; Barg, Andrew; Berry, Kristin; Carlton, Ashley] MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, 77 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Cahoy, Kerri L.; Webber, Matthew] MIT, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Belikov, Ruslan; Bendek, Eduardo A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Naval Air Stat, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cahoy, KL (reprint author), MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, 77 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. OI , /0000-0002-7463-6007 FU NASA Office of the Chief Technologist NASA Space Technology Research Fellowships (OCT-NSTRF); Jeptha and Emily Wade Fund; MIT Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) FX The authors would like to acknowledge support from the NASA Office of the Chief Technologist NASA Space Technology Research Fellowships (OCT-NSTRF), the Jeptha and Emily Wade Fund, and the MIT Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). The authors also appreciate insightful discussions with Michael Feinberg, Dr. Steven Cornelissen, and Dr. Paul Bierden at Boston Micromachines, Inc., Dr. Wes Traub and Dr. John Trauger at NASA JPL, Prof. N. Jeremy Kasdin and Tyler Groff at Princeton University, Dr. Ruslan Belikov at NASA Ames Research Center, Prof. David Miller, Christopher Pong, and Matt Smith at MIT, Dr. Don Gavel and Andrew Norton at UCSC. NR 64 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640U DI 10.1117/12.2024684 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300027 ER PT S AU Kern, B Guyon, O Kuhnert, A Niessner, A Martinache, F Balasubramanian, K AF Kern, Brian Guyon, Olivier Kuhnert, Andreas Niessner, Albert Martinache, Frantz Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham BE Shaklan, S TI Laboratory demonstration of Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph with better than 10(-9) contrast SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE coronagraph; wavefront control AB We present coronagraphic images from the Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph on NASA's High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at the Jet Propulsion Lab, showing contrasts of 5x 10(-10) averaged from 2-4 lambda/D, in monochromatic light at 808 nm. In parallel with the coronagraph and its deformable mirror and coronagraphic wavefront control, we also demonstrate a low-order wavefront control system, giving 100x rms suppression of introduced tip/tilt disturbances down to residual levels of 10(-3) lambda/D. Current limitations, as well as broadband (10% fractional bandpass) preliminary results are discussed. C1 [Kern, Brian; Kuhnert, Andreas; Niessner, Albert; Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Guyon, Olivier; Martinache, Frantz] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Kern, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Brian.D.Kern@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640R DI 10.1117/12.2022929 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300024 ER PT S AU Krist, JE Belikov, R Pueyo, L Mawet, DP Moody, D Trauger, JT Shaklan, SB AF Krist, John E. Belikov, Ruslan Pueyo, Laurent Mawet, Dimitri P. Moody, Dwight Trauger, John T. Shaklan, Stuart B. BE Shaklan, S TI Assessing the performance limits of internal coronagraphs through end-to-end modeling SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraph AB As part of the NASA ROSES Technology Demonstrations for Exoplanet Missions (TDEM) program, we conducted a numerical modeling study of three internal coronagraphs (PIAA, vector vortex, hybrid bandlimited) to understand their behaviors in realistically-aberrated systems with wavefront control (deformable mirrors). This investigation consisted of two milestones: (1) develop wavefront propagation codes appropriate for each coronagraph that are accurate to 1% or better (compared to a reference algorithm) but are also time and memory efficient, and (2) use these codes to determine the wavefront control limits of each architecture. We discuss here how the milestones were met and identify some of the behaviors particular to each coronagraph. The codes developed in this study are being made available for community use. We discuss here results for the HBLC and VVC systems, with PIAA having been discussed in a previous proceeding. C1 [Krist, John E.; Moody, Dwight; Trauger, John T.; Shaklan, Stuart B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Belikov, Ruslan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Pueyo, Laurent] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Mawet, Dimitri P.] European So Observ, Santiago 7630355, Chile. RP Krist, JE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Inst. of Tech; NASA Ames Research Center as part of NASA [ROSES 09-TDEM09-0017] FX This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Inst. of Tech. and NASA Ames Research Center as part of NASA ROSES 09-TDEM09-0017. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640P DI 10.1117/12.2024954 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300022 ER PT S AU Lawson, PR Belikov, R Cash, W Clampin, M Glassman, T Guyon, O Kasdin, NJ Kern, BD Lyon, R Mawet, D Moody, D Samuele, R Serabyn, E Sirbu, D Trauger, J AF Lawson, P. R. Belikov, R. Cash, W. Clampin, M. Glassman, T. Guyon, O. Kasdin, N. J. Kern, B. D. Lyon, R. Mawet, D. Moody, D. Samuele, R. Serabyn, E. Sirbu, D. Trauger, J. BE Shaklan, S TI Survey of experimental results in high-contrast imaging for future exoplanet missions SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Exoplanets; coronagraphs; occulters; starshades; starlight suppression AB We present and compare experimental results in high contrast imaging representing the state of the art in coronagraph and starshade technology. These experiments have been undertaken with the goal of demonstrating the capability of detecting Earth-like planets around nearby Sun-like stars. The contrast of an Earth seen in reflected light around a Sun-like star would be about 1.2 x 10(-10). Several of the current candidate technologies now yield raw contrasts of 1.0 x 10(-9) or better, and so should enable the detection of Earths, assuming a gain in sensitivity in post-processing of a factor of 10. We present results of coronagraph and starshade experiments conducted at visible and infrared wavelengths. Cross-sections of dark fields are directly compared as a function of field angle and bandwidth. The strength and differences of the techniques are compared. C1 [Lawson, P. R.; Kern, B. D.; Moody, D.; Serabyn, E.; Trauger, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lawson, PR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Peter.R.Lawson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88641F DI 10.1117/12.2021302 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300046 ER PT S AU Lozi, J Belikov, R Schneider, G Guyon, O Pluzhnik, E Thomas, SJ Martinache, F AF Lozi, Julien Belikov, Ruslan Schneider, Glenn Guyon, Olivier Pluzhnik, Eugene Thomas, Sandrine J. Martinache, Frantz BE Shaklan, S TI Experimental study of a low-order wavefront sensor for the high-contrast coronagraphic imager EXCEDE SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Low-order wavefront sensor; PIAA; coronagraph; control; linear quadratic Gaussian controller; high-contrast imaging; EXCEDE ID SYSTEMS AB The mission EXCEDE (EXoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer), selected by NASA for technology development, is designed to study the formation, evolution and architectures of exoplanetary systems and characterize circumstellar environments into stellar habitable zones. It is composed of a 0.7 m telescope equipped with a Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization Coronagraph (PIAA-C) and a 2000-element MEMS deformable mirror, capable of raw contrasts of 10(-6) at 1.2 lambda/D and 10(-7) above 2 lambda/D. One of the key challenges to achieve those contrasts is to remove low-order aberrations, using a Low-Order WaveFront Sensor (LOWFS). An experiment simulating the starlight suppression system is currently developed at NASA Ames Research Center, and includes a LOWFS controlling tip/tilt modes in real time at 500 Hz. The LOWFS allowed us to reduce the tip/tilt disturbances to 10(-3) lambda/D rms, enhancing the previous contrast by a decade, to 8 x 10(-7) between 1.2 and 2 lambda/D. A Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is currently implemented to improve even more that result by reducing residual vibrations. This testbed shows that a good knowledge of the low-order disturbances is a key asset for high contrast imaging, whether for real-time control or for post processing. C1 [Lozi, Julien; Schneider, Glenn; Guyon, Olivier] Univ Arizona, 1401 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, UARC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Martinache, Frantz] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Lozi, J (reprint author), Univ Arizona, 1401 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM jlozi@email.arizona.edu NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640O DI 10.1117/12.2022693 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300021 ER PT S AU Martin, SR Shaklan, S Crawford, S Lee, SC Khayatian, B Hoppe, D Cady, E Lisman, PD AF Martin, Stefan R. Shaklan, Stuart Crawford, Samuel Lee, Siu-Chun Khayatian, Behrouz Hoppe, Daniel Cady, Eric Lisman, P. Douglas BE Shaklan, S TI Starshade Optical Edge Modeling, Requirements and Laboratory Tests SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Exoplanets; Starshade; External occulter ID DIFFRACTION AB In conjunction with a space telescope of modest size, a starshade can be used as an external occulter to block light from a target star, enabling the detection of exoplanets in close orbits. Typically, the starshade will be placed some 50,000 km from the telescope and the system oriented so that the sun is on the opposite side of the shade to the telescope, but somewhat away from the line of sight. A small amount of sunlight can scatter from the edges of the shade directly into the telescope. Since the photon rate from an earthlike exoplanet might be only a few photons per minute, it is desirable that the scattered sunlight is also near this level. We have built an analytical model of the performance of starshade edges for both specular and Lambertian surfaces and derived requirements for properties such as reflectivity and radius of curvature. A computer model was also developed to show the appearance of the sunlight from the starshade and assess the contrast with the exoplanet. A commercial electromagnetism code was also used to investigate aspects of the results. We also constructed a scatterometer with which various test edges were measured and derived the likely performance if used in a starshade. We discuss these models and give the principal results. C1 [Martin, Stefan R.; Shaklan, Stuart; Crawford, Samuel; Khayatian, Behrouz; Hoppe, Daniel; Cady, Eric; Lisman, P. Douglas] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Martin, SR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM stefan.r.martin@jpl.nasa.gov; sclee@appliedscienceslab.com NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88641A DI 10.1117/12.2024188 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300042 ER PT S AU Mawet, D Absil, O Milli, J Delacroix, C Girard, JH O'Neal, J Baudoz, P Boccaletti, A Bourget, P Forsberg, P Gonte, F Habraken, S Karlsson, M Kasper, M Lagrange, AM Lizon, JL Muzic, K Pena, E Olivier, R Slusarenko, N Tacconi-Garman, LE Surdej, J AF Mawet, Dimitri Absil, Olivier Milli, Julien Delacroix, Christian Girard, Julien H. O'Neal, Jared Baudoz, Pierre Boccaletti, Anthony Bourget, Pierre Forsberg, Pontus Gonte, Frederic Habraken, Serge Karlsson, Mikael Kasper, Markus Lagrange, Anne-Marie Lizon, Jean-Louis Muzic, Koraljka Pena, Eduardo Olivier, Richard Slusarenko, Nicolas Tacconi-Garman, Lowell E. Surdej, Jean BE Shaklan, S TI Small-angle, high-contrast exoplanet imaging with the L-band AGPM vector vortex coronagraph now offered at the VLT SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE High contrast imaging; vortex coronagraphy; small inner working angle; adaptive optics; infrared; very large telescope ID PHASE MASK CORONAGRAPH; DEEP PLANET SURVEY; EVOLUTIONARY MODELS; LARGE TELESCOPE; GIANT PLANETS; STARS; 1ST; METALLICITY; DIAMOND; SYSTEM AB In November 2012, we installed an L-band annular groove phase mask (AGPM) vector vortex coronagraph (VVC) inside NACO, the adaptive optics camera of ESO's Very Large Telescope. The mask, made out of diamond subwavelength gratings has been commissioned, science qualified, and is now offered to the community. Here we report ground-breaking on-sky performance levels in terms of contrast, inner working angle, and discovery space. This new practical demonstration of the VVC, coming a few years after Palomar's and recent record-breaking lab experiments in the visible (E. Serabyn et al. 2013, these proceedings), shows once again that this new-generation coronagraph has reached a high level of maturity. C1 [Mawet, Dimitri; Milli, Julien; Girard, Julien H.; O'Neal, Jared; Bourget, Pierre; Gonte, Frederic; Habraken, Serge; Lizon, Jean-Louis; Muzic, Koraljka; Pena, Eduardo; Slusarenko, Nicolas] European So Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura 19001, Casilla, Chile. [Mawet, Dimitri] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Absil, Olivier; Delacroix, Christian; Boccaletti, Anthony; Surdej, Jean] Univ Liege, Dept Astrophys Geophys Oceanog, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. [Milli, Julien; Lagrange, Anne-Marie] Univ Grenoble 1, IPAG, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Baudoz, Pierre] Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France. [Forsberg, Pontus; Karlsson, Mikael] Uppsala Univ, Dept Engn Sci, Angstrom Lab, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. [Kasper, Markus; Tacconi-Garman, Lowell E.] European So Observ Headquaters, D-85748 Garching, Germany. [Olivier, Richard] GDTech, LIEGE Sci Pk, B-4031 Liege, Belgium. RP Mawet, D (reprint author), European So Observ, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura 19001, Casilla, Chile. EM dmawet@eso.org RI Karlsson, Magnus/J-5723-2014; OI Karlsson, Magnus/0000-0002-2438-2491; Delacroix, Christian/0000-0003-0150-4430 FU Communaute francaise de Belgique - Actions de recherche concertees - Academie universitaire Wallonie-Europe FX This work was carried out at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) site of Vitacura (Santiago, Chile). OA and JS acknowledge support from the Communaute francaise de Belgique - Actions de recherche concertees - Academie universitaire Wallonie-Europe. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640I DI 10.1117/12.2025501 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300015 ER PT S AU McElwain, MW Perrin, MD Gong, Q Wilkins, AN Stapelfeldt, KR Woodgate, BE Brandt, TD Heap, SR Hilton, GM Kruk, JW Moody, D Trauger, J AF McElwain, Michael W. Perrin, Marshall D. Gong, Qian Wilkins, Ashlee N. Stapelfeldt, Karl R. Woodgate, Bruce E. Brandt, Timothy D. Heap, Sara R. Hilton, George M. Kruk, Jeffrey W. Moody, Dwight Trauger, John BE Shaklan, S TI PISCES: An integral field spectrograph to advance high contrast imaging technologies SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE integral field spectroscopy; high contrast imaging; exoplanets; exoplanet spectroscopy ID EXTRASOLAR PLANET; SPECTROSCOPY; EXOPLANET; CORONAGRAPH; DISCOVERY; COMPANION; JUPITER; III. AB We present a novel optical integral field spectrograph (IFS) called the Prototype Imaging Spectrograph for Coronagraphic Exoplanet Studies (PISCES), which will be a facility class instrument within the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program's High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Integral field spectroscopy is ideal for imaging faint exoplanets: it enables spectral characterization of exoplanet atmospheres and can improve contrast by providing chromatic measurements of the target star's point-spread function (PSF). PISCES at the HCIT will be the first IFS to demonstrate imaging spectroscopy in the 10(-9) contrast regime required for characterizing exoplanets imaged in scattered light. It is directly relevant as a prototype for IFS science instruments that could fly with the AFTA Coronagraph, the Exoplanet Probe missions currently under study, and/or the ATLAST mission concept. We present the instrument requirements, a baseline design for PISCES, a simulation of its performance, a solution to mitigate spectral crosstalk, experimental verification of our simulator, and the final vacuum compatible opto-mechanical design. PISCES will be assembled and tested at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and subsequently delivered and integrated into the HCIT facility. Testing at HCIT will verify the performance of PISCES and its ability to meet the requirements of a space mission, will enable investigations into broadband wavefront control using the IFS as an image plane sensor, and will allow tests of contrast enhancement via multi-wavelength differential imaging post-processing. Together with wavefront control and starlight suppression, PISCES is thus a key element for maturing the overall integrated system for a future coronagraphic space mission. PISCES is scheduled to receive first light in the HCIT in 2015. C1 [McElwain, Michael W.; Gong, Qian; Wilkins, Ashlee N.; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Woodgate, Bruce E.; Heap, Sara R.; Hilton, George M.; Kruk, Jeffrey W.] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Perrin, Marshall D.] Space Telescope Sci inst, Baltimore, MD USA. [Wilkins, Ashlee N.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA. [Hilton, George M.] Univ Space Res Associat, Columbia, MD USA. [Wilkins, Ashlee N.; Brandt, Timothy D.] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Moody, Dwight; Trauger, John] Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP McElwain, MW (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM michael.w.mcelwain@nasa.gov NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88641O DI 10.1117/12.2024385 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300054 ER PT S AU Plavchan, PP Anglada-Escude, G White, R Gao, P Davison, C Mills, S Beichman, C Brinkworth, C Johnson, J Bottom, M Ciardi, D Wallace, K Mennesson, B von Braun, K Vasisht, G Prato, L Kane, S Tanner, A Walp, B Crawford, S Lin, S AF Plavchan, Peter P. Anglada-Escude, G. White, R. Gao, P. Davison, C. Mills, S. Beichman, C. Brinkworth, C. Johnson, J. Bottom, M. Ciardi, D. Wallace, K. Mennesson, B. von Braun, K. Vasisht, G. Prato, L. Kane, S. Tanner, A. Walp, B. Crawford, S. Lin, S. BE Shaklan, S TI Precision near-infrared radial velocity instrumentation I: absorption gas cells SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE exoplanets; instrumentation; near-infrared spectroscopy; radial velocity surveys ID SEARCH; PLANETS; STARS AB We have built and commissioned gas absorption cells for precision spectroscopic radial velocity measurements in the near-infrared in the H and K bands. We describe the construction and installation of three such cells filled with 13CH4, 12CH3D, and 14NH3 for the CSHELL spectrograph at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). We have obtained their high-resolution laboratory Fourier Transform spectra, which can have other practical uses. We summarize the practical details involved in the construction of the three cells, and the thermal and mechanical control. In all cases, the construction of the cells is very affordable. We are carrying out a pilot survey with the 13CH4 methane gas cell on the CSHELL spectrograph at the IRTF to detect exoplanets around low mass and young stars. We discuss the current status of our survey, with the aim of photon-noise limited radial velocity precision. For adequately bright targets, we are able to probe a noise floor of 7 m/s with the gas cell with CSHELL at cassegrain focus. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using a gas cell on the next generation of near-infrared spectrographs such as iSHELL on IRTF, iGRINS, and an upgraded NIRSPEC at Keck. C1 [Plavchan, Peter P.; Beichman, C.; Brinkworth, C.; Ciardi, D.] CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, 770 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Anglada-Escude, G.] Univ Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. [White, R.] Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. [Gao, P.; Ciardi, D.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Davison, C.; Mills, S.] Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. [Bottom, M.] Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Wallace, K.; Mennesson, B.; Crawford, S.; Lin, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [von Braun, K.] Max Planck Inst Astron, Heidelberg, Germany. [Prato, L.] Lowell Observ, 1400 W Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. [Kane, S.] San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA. [Tanner, A.] Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Walp, B.] SOFIA, Bulgarian, Bulgaria. RP Plavchan, PP (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Exoplanet Sci Inst, 770 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM plavchan@ipac.caltech.edu OI Anglada Escude, Guillem/0000-0002-3645-5977; Ciardi, David/0000-0002-5741-3047 FU JPL Center for Exoplanet Science; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute; JPL Research and Technology Development [FY13. G]; NASA Astrobiology Institute [NNA09DA81A] FX Peter Plavchan would like acknowledge Wes Traub and Stephen Unwin for seed funding provided by the JPL Center for Exoplanet Science and NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, as well as JPL Research and Technology Development grant in FY13. G. Anglada-Escude would like to acknowledge the Carnegie Postdoctoral Fellowship Program and the support provided by the NASA Astrobiology Institute grant NNA09DA81A. Part of the research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and California Institute of Technology was performed under contracts with National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The stellar synthetic spectra were graciously provided by Peter Hauschildt (U. of Hamburg) and the PHOENIX group. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88641J DI 10.1117/12.2023690 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300049 ER PT S AU Riggs, AJE Groff, TD Carlotti, A Kasdin, NJ Cady, EJ Kern, BD Kuhnert, A AF Riggs, A. J. Eldorado Groff, Tyler D. Carlotti, Alexis Kasdin, N. Jeremy Cady, Eric J. Kern, Brian D. Kuhnert, Andreas BE Shaklan, S TI Demonstration of Symmetric Dark Holes Using Two Deformable Mirrors at the High-Contrast Imaging Testbed SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Adaptive Optics; Shaped Pupil; Coronagraphy; Deformable Mirrors; Wavefront Estimation; Kalman Filter; Wavefront Control; Exoplanets; Two-DM; High Contrast AB The High Contrast Imaging Laboratory (HCIL) at Princeton has developed several important algorithms and technologies for space-based coronagraphy missions to detect earth-like exoplanets. Before June 2013 the HCIL was the only facility with two deformable mirrors (DMs) in series for focal plane wavefront control, which allows for quasi-static speckle correction on both sides of the image plane. From June through August 2013, the High-Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at JPL had a second DM installed. In this paper we report on the results of our Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions project to achieve high contrast in two symmetric dark holes using a shaped pupil (SP) coronagraph at the HCIT. Our previous experiment with a similar SP at the HCIT in 2007 yielded single-sided dark holes. That experiment utilized an iterative, batch-process wavefront estimator and Electric Field Conjugation for wavefront control. Our current tests use the faster Kalman filter estimator and the stroke minimization control algorithm. We use the same ripple-style SPs as in the previous HCIT experiment because that mask manufacturing technique proved successful. Our tests of symmetric dark holes in monochromatic light at the HCIT demonstrate Princeton's steady improvements in wavefront control and estimation techniques for a space-based coronagraphy mission. C1 [Riggs, A. J. Eldorado; Groff, Tyler D.; Carlotti, Alexis; Kasdin, N. Jeremy] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Cady, Eric J.; Kern, Brian D.; Kuhnert, Andreas] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Riggs, AJE (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM ariggs@princeton.edu OI Riggs, A J Eldorado/0000-0002-0863-6228 FU NASA [NNX09AB96G] FX This work was funded by NASA Grant # NNX09AB96G. This work was performed in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640T DI 10.1117/12.2024278 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300026 ER PT S AU Roberts, LC Bryden, G Traub, W Unwin, S Trauger, J Krist, J Aldrich, J Brugarolas, P Stapelfeldu, K Wyatt, M Stuchlik, D Lanzi, J AF Roberts, Lewis C., Jr. Bryden, Geoffrey Traub, Wesley Unwin, Stephen Trauger, John Krist, John Aldrich, Jack Brugarolas, Paul Stapelfeldu, Karl Wyatt, Mark Stuchlik, David Lanzi, James BE Shaklan, S TI The Debris Disk Explorer: a balloon-borne coronagraph for observing debris disks SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraph; High Altitude Balloon; High Contrast Imaging ID HR 8799; PLANET; IMAGE; STARS AB The Debris Disk Explorer (DDX) is a proposed balloon-borne investigation of debris disks around nearby stars. Debris disks are analogs of the Asteroid Belt (mainly rocky) and Kuiper Belt (mainly icy) in our Solar System. DDX will measure the size, shape, brightness, and color of tens of disks. These measurements will enable us to place the Solar System in context. By imaging debris disks around nearby stars, DDX will reveal the presence of perturbing planets via their influence on disk structure, and explore the physics and history of debris disks by characterizing the size and composition of disk dust. The DDX instrument is a 0.75-m diameter off-axis telescope and a coronagraph carried by a stratospheric balloon. DDX will take high-resolution, multi-wavelength images of the debris disks around tens of nearby stars. Two flights are planned; an overnight test flight within the United States followed by a month-long science flight launched from New Zealand. The long flight will fully explore the set of known debris disks accessible only to DDX. It will achieve a raw contrast of 10(-7), with a processed contrast of 10(-8). A technology benefit of DDX is that operation in the near-space environment will raise the Technology Readiness Level of internal coronagraphs, deformable mirrors, and wavefront sensing and control, all potentially needed for a future space-based telescope for high-contrast exoplanet imaging. C1 [Roberts, Lewis C., Jr.; Bryden, Geoffrey; Traub, Wesley; Unwin, Stephen; Trauger, John; Krist, John; Aldrich, Jack; Brugarolas, Paul] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Stapelfeldu, Karl] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wyatt, Mark] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Stuchlik, David; Lanzi, James] NASA, Wallops Flight Fac, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Roberts, LC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lewis.c.roberts@jpl.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640A DI 10.1117/12.2025282 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300007 ER PT S AU Serabyn, E Trauger, J Moody, D Mawet, D Liewer, K Krist, J Kern, B AF Serabyn, E. Trauger, J. Moody, D. Mawet, D. Liewer, K. Krist, J. Kern, B. BE Shaklan, S TI High-contrast imaging results with the vortex coronagraph SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE vortex optics; coronagraphy AB The vortex coronagraph has already enabled high-contrast observations very close to bright stars on large ground-based telescopes, and it also has great potential for use on coronagraphic space missions aimed at exoplanet detection and characterization. As such, demonstrations of vortex coronagraph performance have recently been carried out in JPL's High Contrast Imaging Testbed. Some of our recent results are presented here, including the suppression of a monochromatic, single-polarization point-source to below the 10(-9) level over a dark hole covering both the 2-7 lambda/D and 3-8 lambda/D regions, as well as the suppression of a 10% band of white-light to approximately the 10(-8) level over a 3-8 VD dark hole. C1 [Serabyn, E.; Trauger, J.; Moody, D.; Liewer, K.; Krist, J.; Kern, B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Mawet, D.] European Southern Observ, Casilla 19001, Chile. RP Serabyn, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM gene.serabyn@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640Y DI 10.1117/12.2024660 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300031 ER PT S AU Shaklan, S Levine, M Foote, M Rodgers, M Underhill, M Marchen, L Klein, D AF Shaklan, Stuart Levine, Marie Foote, Marc Rodgers, Michael Underhill, Mike Marchen, Luis Klein, Dan BE Shaklan, S TI The AFTA coronagraph instrument SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraphy; external occulters; starshades; error budget; high contrast imaging AB The Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets (AFTA) study in 2012-2013 included a high-contrast stellar coronagraph to complement the wide-field infrared survey (WFIRST) instrument. The idea of flying a coronagraph on this telescope was met with some skepticism because the AFTA pupil has a large central obscuration with six secondary mirror struts that impact the coronagraph sensitivity. However, several promising coronagraph concepts have emerged, and a corresponding initial instrument design has been completed. Requirements on the design include observations centered 0.6 deg off-axis, on-orbit robotic serviceability, operation in a geosynchronous orbit, and room-temperature operation (driven by the coronagraph's deformable mirrors). We describe the instrument performance requirements, the optical design, an observational scenario, and integration times for typical detection and characterization observations. C1 [Shaklan, Stuart; Levine, Marie; Foote, Marc; Underhill, Mike; Marchen, Luis; Klein, Dan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shaklan, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Stuart.b.shaklan@jpl.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 886415 DI 10.1117/12.2024560 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300038 ER PT S AU Sidick, E Kern, B Kuhnert, A Shaklan, S AF Sidick, Erkin Kern, Brian Kuhnert, Andreas Shaklan, Stuart BE Shaklan, S TI Comparison of Simulated Contrast Performance of Different Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) Coronagraph Configurations SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraphy; adaptive optics; space telescopes; exoplanets AB We compare the broadband contrast performances of several Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph configurations through modeling and simulations. The basic optical design of the PIAA coronagraph is the same as NASA's High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) setup at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Using a deformable mirror and a broadband wavefront sensing and control algorithm, we create a "dark hole" in the broadband point-spread function (PSF) with an inner working angle (TWA) of 2(f lambda/D)(sky). We evaluate two systems in parallel. One is a perfect system having a design PIAA output amplitude and not having any wavefront error at its exit-pupil. The other is a realistic system having a design PIAA output amplitude and the measured residual wavefront error. We also investigate the effect of Lyot stops of various sizes when a postapodizer is and is not present. For the configurations simulated here with the first-generation PIAA mirrors, the best 7.5% broadband contrast value was similar to 1.5x 10(-8). C1 [Sidick, Erkin; Kern, Brian; Kuhnert, Andreas; Shaklan, Stuart] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sidick, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Erkin.Sidick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88641Y DI 10.1117/12.2035237 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300062 ER PT S AU Sidick, E Shaklan, S Krist, J Cady, EJ Kern, B Balasubramanian, K AF Sidick, Erkin Shaklan, Stuart Krist, John Cady, Eric J. Kern, Brian Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham BE Shaklan, S TI HCIT Contrast Performance Sensitivity Studies: Simulation versus Experiment SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coronagraphy; adaptive optics; space telescopes; exoplanets ID CORONAGRAPH AB Using NASA's High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, we have experimentally investigated the sensitivity of dark hole contrast in a Lyot coronagraph for the following factors: 1) Lateral and longitudinal translation of an occulting mask; 2) An opaque spot on the occulting mask; 3) Sizes of the controlled dark hole area. Also, we compared the measured results with simulations obtained using both MACOS (Modeling and Analysis for Controlled Optical Systems) and PROPER optical analysis programs with full three-dimensional near-field diffraction analysis to model HCIT's optical train and coronagraph. C1 [Sidick, Erkin; Shaklan, Stuart; Krist, John; Cady, Eric J.; Kern, Brian; Balasubramanian, Kunjithapatham] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sidick, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Erkin.Sidick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640Q DI 10.1117/12.2024516 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300023 ER PT S AU Thomas, S Pluzhnik, E Lozi, J Belikov, R Witteborn, F Greene, T Schneider, G Guyon, O AF Thomas, Sandrine Pluzhnik, Eugene Lozi, Julien Belikov, Ruslan Witteborn, Fred Greene, Thomas Schneider, Glenn Guyon, Olivier BE Shaklan, S TI Improving image contrast for the direct detection of exo-planets at small inner working angles SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Exoplanets direct imaging; wavefront control; coronagraphy; image sharpening; MEMS; PIAA mirrors ID CORONAGRAPH AB The detection of extrasolar planets, using both space- and ground-based telescopes, is one of the most exciting fields in astronomy today, with the ultimate goal of the direct direction of earth-like planets in the habitable zone. It is with this vision that the explorer mission EXCEDE selected by NASA for technology development, is designed. EXCEDE (Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environment and Disk Explorer) is composed of a 0.7 m telescope equipped with a Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization Coronagraph (PIAA-C) and a 2000-element MEMS deformable mirror, capable of raw contrasts of 10(-6) at 1.2 lambda/D and 10(-7) above 2 lambda/D. Obtaining these contrasts requires precise wavefront control algorithms used in conjuncture with deformable mirrors. Unlike other optical systems, where the goal is to obtain the best wavefront, we aim at canceling the diffracted light coming from the parent star in a specific region to increase signal-to-noise of the planet. To do so, we use wavefront control techniques, such as Electric Field Conjugation (EFC) and speckle nulling, already developed and soon to be operational on 8-m class telescopes. One caveat is that the demonstration was done at moderate separations (r> 3 lambda/D),In this paper, we present tricks and techniques to perform high-contrast imaging at 1.2 lambda/d using the NASA Ames Coronagraph Experiment testbed. C1 [Thomas, Sandrine; Pluzhnik, Eugene; Witteborn, Fred] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, UARC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Thomas, S (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, UARC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM sandrine.j.thomas@nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640X DI 10.1117/12.2024233 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300030 ER PT S AU Trauger, J Moody, D Gordon, B AF Trauger, John Moody, Dwight Gordon, Brian BE Shaklan, S TI Complex apodized Lyot coronagraph for exoplanet imaging with partially obscured telescope apertures SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE exoplanet; coronagraph; active optics AB We update the design, performance, and future prospects for the complex apodized Lyot coronagraph. We extend previous design work for off axis telescope with unobscured circular pupils, now to designs for high-contrast exoplanet imaging and spectroscopy with complicated pupil obscurations such as the WFIRST/AF TA telescope. Together with a pair of deformable mirrors for active wavefront control, the complex apodized Lyot coronagraph creates high contrast dark fields of view extending to within angular separations of 3 lambda/D from the central star, over spectral bandwidths of 10% or more, and with throughput efficiencies greater than 35%. C1 [Trauger, John; Moody, Dwight; Gordon, Brian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Trauger, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 886412 DI 10.1117/12.2024795 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300035 ER PT S AU Zhai, C Vasisht, G Shao, M Lockhart, T Cady, E Oppenheimer, B Burruss, R Roberts, J Beichman, C Brenner, D Crepp, J Dekany, R Hillenbrand, L Hinkley, S Parry, I Pueyo, L Rice, E Roberts, LC Sivaramakrishnan, A Soummer, R Tang, H Vescelus, F Wallace, K Zimmerman, N AF Zhai, C. Vasisht, G. Shao, M. Lockhart, T. Cady, E. Oppenheimer, B. Burruss, R. Roberts, J. Beichman, C. Brenner, D. Crepp, J. Dekany, R. Hillenbrand, L. Hinkley, S. Parry, I. Pueyo, L. Rice, E. Roberts, L. C., Jr. Sivaramakrishnan, A. Soummer, R. Tang, H. Vescelus, F. Wallace, K. Zimmerman, N. BE Shaklan, S TI Estimate low and high order wavefront using P1640 Calibrator measurements SO TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE wavefront; estimation; low order; coronagraph; calibrator AB P1640 high contrast imaging system on the Palomar 200 inch Telescope consists of an apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph, the PALM-3000 adaptive optics (P3K-AO), and P1640 Calibrator (CAL). Science images are recorded by an integral field spectrograph covering J-H bands for detecting and characterizing stellar companions. With aberrations from atmosphere corrected by the P3K-AO, instrument performance is limited mainly by the quasi-static speckles due to noncommon path wavefront aberrations for the light to propagate to the P3K-AO wavefront sensor and to the coronagraph mask. The non-common path wavefront aberrations are sensed by CAL, which measures the post-coronagraph E-field using interferometry, and can be effectively corrected by offsetting the P3K-AO deformable mirror target position accordingly. Previously, we have demonstrated using CAL measurements to correct high order wavefront aberrations, which is directly connected to the static speckles in the image plane. Low order wavefront, on the other hand, usually of larger amplitudes, causes light to leak through the coronagraph making the whole image plane brighter. Knowledge error in low order wavefront aberrations can also affect the estimation of the high order wavefront. Even though, CAL is designed to sense efficiently high order wavefront aberrations, the low order wavefront front can be inferred with less sensitivity. Here, we describe our method for estimating both low and high order wavefront aberrations using CAL measurements by propagating the post-coronagraph E-field to a pupil before the coronagraph. We present the results from applying this method to both simulated and experiment data. C1 [Zhai, C.; Vasisht, G.; Shao, M.; Lockhart, T.; Cady, E.; Burruss, R.; Roberts, J.; Roberts, L. C., Jr.; Tang, H.; Vescelus, F.; Wallace, K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Oppenheimer, B.; Brenner, D.; Rice, E.] Dept Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA. [Beichman, C.; Dekany, R.; Hillenbrand, L.; Hinkley, S.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Crepp, J.] Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Parry, I.] Univ Cambridge, Astron Inst, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. [Pueyo, L.; Soummer, R.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Sivaramakrishnan, A.] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Zimmerman, N.] Max Planck Inst Astron, Dept Phys, Heidelberg, Germany. RP Zhai, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI Zimmerman, Neil/0000-0001-5484-1516 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was prepared at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9714-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8864 AR 88640L DI 10.1117/12.2024754 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHV43 UT WOS:000326739300018 ER PT S AU Ramos, GV Yuan, JS AF Ramos, Gabriel Vazquez Yuan, Jiann-Shiun GP IEEE TI FEM Simulation to Characterize Wireless Electric Power Transfer Elements SO 2013 PROCEEDINGS OF IEEE SOUTHEASTCON SE IEEE SoutheastCon-Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE SoutheastCon CY APR 04-07, 2013 CL IEEE Jacksonville Sect, Jacksonville, FL SP IEEE, UNF Student Branch HO IEEE Jacksonville Sect DE magnetic coupling; magnetic resonance; power transfer; wireless power; radiated emissions; electromagnetic compatibility; finite element method AB Wireless power transfer systems are expected to be a new mean for power distribution in the non-distant future for household electronics and handheld devices. However, even with the progress achieved to date, it is difficult to find literature that address the Federal Communications Commission, the Comite Europeen or Military Standards compliance for electromagnetic emissions. This paper provides further insight for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance and coupling characterization considerations by performing Finite Element Method simulations. It was demonstrated by model simulation that Finite Element Method (FEM) provides adequate design insight for possible EMC compliance concerns before proceeding to the prototype phase. In addition, it was also demonstrated that FEM simulation provides adequate coupling characterization to determine the range of the wireless power transfer element as well as its optimal frequency of operation based on the separation distance between the transmitter element and the receiver element. C1 [Ramos, Gabriel Vazquez] NASA, Launch Serv Program Mail Code VA H3, John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Yuan, Jiann-Shiun] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect Engn & Comp, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Ramos, GV (reprint author), NASA, Launch Serv Program Mail Code VA H3, John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Gabriel.VazquezRamos-1@nasa.gov; yuanj@mail.ucf.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1558-058X BN 978-1-4799-0053-4; 978-1-4799-0052-7 J9 IEEE SOUTHEASTCON PY 2013 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BHQ07 UT WOS:000326283200126 ER PT S AU Gubarev, MV Merthe, DJ Kilaru, K Kester, T Ramsey, B McKinney, WR Takacs, PZ Dahir, A Yashchuk, VV AF Gubarev, Mikhail V. Merthe, Daniel J. Kilaru, Kiranmayee Kester, Thomas Ramsey, Brian McKinney, Wayne R. Takacs, Peter Z. Dahir, A. Yashchuk, Valeriy V. BE Khounsary, A Goto, S Morawe, C TI Status of multi-beam long trace-profiler development SO ADVANCES IN X-RAY/EUV OPTICS AND COMPONENTS VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in X-Ray/EUV Optics and Components VIII CY AUG 26-28, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Long trace profiler; optical metrology; x-ray optics metrology; multi-beam profiler; surface profile measurement; Grazing incidence X-ray optics; X-ray mandrel metrology ID MIRRORS AB The multi-beam long trace profiler (MB-LTP) is under development at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. The traditional LTPs scans the surface under the test by a single laser beam directly measuring the surface figure slope errors. While capable of exceptional surface slope accuracy, the LTP single beam scanning has slow measuring speed. Metrology efficiency can be increased by replacing the single laser beam with multiple beams that can scan a section of the test surface at a single instance. The increase in speed with such a system would be almost proportional to the number of laser beams. The progress for a multi-beam long trace profiler development is presented. C1 [Gubarev, Mikhail V.; Kilaru, Kiranmayee; Kester, Thomas; Ramsey, Brian] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Gubarev, MV (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Mikhail.V.Gubarev@nasa.gov RI McKinney, Wayne/F-2027-2014 OI McKinney, Wayne/0000-0003-2586-3139 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9698-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8848 AR 88480L DI 10.1117/12.2027146 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHV60 UT WOS:000326748800018 ER PT J AU Melin, F Holben, BN Courcoux, Y AF Melin, F. Holben, B. N. Courcoux, Y. TI Validation of aerosol products derived from ocean colour in East African coastal waters SO AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AERONET; atmospheric correction; MODIS; SeaWiFS ID OPTICAL DEPTH; SOUTH-AFRICA; MOZAMBIQUE; BIOMASS; SEAWIFS; MODIS; AERONET; NETWORK; MODELS; DUST AB The aerosol products derived from the ocean colour missions SeaWiFS and MODIS (Aqua and Terra) were assessed with AERONET field measurements collected at sites in Mozambique (Inhaca) and Kenya (Malindi). The median of absolute relative differences between satellite and AERONET aerosol optical thickness tau(a) a at 443 nm varied between 12% and 22% for the different missions and sites. These differences tended to be higher at Malindi and for longer wavelengths. This analysis was supplemented by data collected offshore in the framework of the Maritime Aerosol Network. Results showed a general consistency between satellite missions and with global validation statistics. This suggests that the uncertainties associated with the atmospheric correction scheme and consequently with the distributions of ocean colour reflectance in the study area may be compared with those found in other regions. This result lends some confidence to the use of ocean colour data in the coastal waters of south-eastern Africa. C1 [Melin, F.] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, Italy. [Holben, B. N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Courcoux, Y.] Univ Reunion, CNRS, UMS 3365, Observ Phys Atmosphere Reunion, St Denis 97715, Reunion. RP Melin, F (reprint author), Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, TP272,Via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy. EM frederic.melin@jrc.ec.europa.eu NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL INQUIRY SERVICES CENTRE PTY LTD PI GRAHAMSTOWN PA 19 WORCESTER STREET, PO BOX 377, GRAHAMSTOWN 6140, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1814-232X EI 1814-2338 J9 AFR J MAR SCI JI Afr. J. Mar. Sci. PY 2013 VL 35 IS 3 BP 351 EP 356 DI 10.2989/1814232X.2013.830577 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 247WO UT WOS:000326654100006 ER PT J AU Bhartia, PK McPeters, RD Flynn, LE Taylor, S Kramarova, NA Frith, S Fisher, B DeLand, M AF Bhartia, P. K. McPeters, R. D. Flynn, L. E. Taylor, S. Kramarova, N. A. Frith, S. Fisher, B. DeLand, M. TI Solar Backscatter UV (SBUV) total ozone and profile algorithm SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID POLAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS; MOUNT-PINATUBO AEROSOLS; ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENTS; UPPER-STRATOSPHERE; RAMAN-SCATTERING; CROSS-SECTIONS; COLUMN OZONE; RETRIEVAL; RADIANCE; TEMPERATURE AB We describe the algorithm that has been applied to develop a 42 yr record of total ozone and ozone profiles from eight Solar Backscatter UV (SBUV) instruments launched on NASA and NOAA satellites since April 1970. The Version 8 (V8) algorithm was released more than a decade ago and has been in use since then at NOAA to produce their operational ozone products. The current algorithm (V8.6) is basically the same as V8, except for updates to instrument calibration, incorporation of new ozone absorption cross-sections, and new ozone and cloud height climatologies. Since the V8 algorithm has been optimized for deriving monthly zonal mean (MZM) anomalies for ozone assessment and model comparisons, our emphasis in this paper is primarily on characterizing the sources of errors that are relevant for such studies. When data are analyzed this way the effect of some errors, such as vertical smoothing of short-term variability, and noise due to clouds and aerosols diminish in importance, while the importance of others, such as errors due to vertical smoothing of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and other periodic and aperiodic variations, become more important. With V8.6 zonal mean data we now provide smoothing kernels that can be used to compare anomalies in SBUV profile and partial ozone columns with models. In this paper we show how to use these kernels to compare SBUV data with Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) ozone profiles. These kernels are particularly useful for comparisons in the lower stratosphere where SBUV profiles have poor vertical resolution but partial column ozone values have high accuracy. We also provide our best estimate of the smoothing errors associated with SBUV MZM profiles. Since smoothing errors are the largest source of uncertainty in these profiles, they can be treated as error bars in deriving interannual variability and trends using SBUV data and for comparing with other measurements. In the V8 and V8.6 algorithms we derive total column ozone by integrating the SBUV profiles, rather than from a separate set of wavelengths, as was done in previous algorithm versions. This allows us to extend the total ozone retrieval to 88 degrees solar zenith angle (SZA). Since the quality of total column data is affected by reduced sensitivity to ozone in the lower atmosphere by cloud and Rayleigh attenuation, which gets worse with increasing SZA, we provide our best estimate of these errors, as well as the kernels that can be used to test the sensitivity of the derived columns to longterm changes in ozone in the lower atmosphere. C1 [Bhartia, P. K.; McPeters, R. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Flynn, L. E.] NOAA, NESDIS, College Pk, MD USA. [Kramarova, N. A.; Frith, S.; Fisher, B.; DeLand, M.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Bhartia, PK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM pawan.bhartia@nasa.gov RI Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009; Kramarova, Natalya/D-2270-2014; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614; Kramarova, Natalya/0000-0002-6083-8548; McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 NR 59 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2533 EP 2548 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2533-2013 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246OB UT WOS:000326547100001 ER PT J AU Bucsela, EJ Krotkov, NA Celarier, EA Lamsal, LN Swartz, WH Bhartia, PK Boersma, KF Veefkind, JP Gleason, JF Pickering, KE AF Bucsela, E. J. Krotkov, N. A. Celarier, E. A. Lamsal, L. N. Swartz, W. H. Bhartia, P. K. Boersma, K. F. Veefkind, J. P. Gleason, J. F. Pickering, K. E. TI A new stratospheric and tropospheric NO2 retrieval algorithm for nadir-viewing satellite instruments: applications to OMI SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID OZONE MONITORING INSTRUMENT; NITROGEN-OXIDE EMISSIONS; COLUMN RETRIEVAL; IN-SITU; ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; GOME MEASUREMENTS; TRANSPORT MODEL; GMI CHEMISTRY; SCIAMACHY; DIOXIDE AB We describe a new algorithm for the retrieval of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical columns from nadir-viewing satellite instruments. This algorithm (SP2) is the basis for the Version 2.1 OMI This algorithm (SP2) is the basis for the Version 2.1 Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 Standard Product and features a novel method for separating the stratospheric and tropospheric columns. NO2 Standard Product and features a novel method for separating the stratospheric and tropospheric columns. The approach estimates the stratospheric NO2 directly from satellite data without using stratospheric chemical transport models or assuming any global zonal wave pattern. Tropospheric NO2 columns are retrieved using air mass factors derived from high-resolution radiative transfer calculations and a monthly climatology of NO2 profile shapes. We also present details of how uncertainties in the retrieved columns are estimated. The sensitivity of the retrieval to assumptions made in the stratosphere-troposphere separation is discussed and shown to be small, in an absolute sense, for most regions. We compare daily and monthly mean global OMI NO2 retrievals using the SP2 algorithm with those of the original Version 1 Standard Product (SP1) and the Dutch DOMINO product. The SP2 retrievals yield significantly smaller summertime tropospheric columns than SP1, particularly in polluted regions, and are more consistent with validation studies. SP2 retrievals are also relatively free of modeling artifacts and negative tropospheric NO2 values. In a reanalysis of an INTEX-B validation study, we show that SP2 largely eliminates an similar to 20% discrepancy that existed between OMI and independent in situ springtime NO2 SP1 measurements. C1 [Bucsela, E. J.] SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Krotkov, N. A.; Celarier, E. A.; Lamsal, L. N.; Swartz, W. H.; Bhartia, P. K.; Gleason, J. F.; Pickering, K. E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Celarier, E. A.; Lamsal, L. N.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Swartz, W. H.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Boersma, K. F.; Veefkind, J. P.] Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. [Boersma, K. F.] Eindhoven Univ Technol, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. RP Bucsela, EJ (reprint author), SRI Int, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. EM bucsela@ix.netcom.com RI Boersma, Klaas/H-4559-2012; Pickering, Kenneth/E-6274-2012; Krotkov, Nickolay/E-1541-2012; Swartz, William/A-1965-2010; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Boersma, Klaas/0000-0002-4591-7635; Krotkov, Nickolay/0000-0001-6170-6750; Swartz, William/0000-0002-9172-7189; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 FU NASA Earth Science Division FX We acknowledge the NASA Earth Science Division for funding of the OMI Standard NO2 product development and analysis. The Dutch-Finnish-built OMI instrument is part of the NASA EOS Aura satellite payload. The OMI instrument is managed by KNMI and the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs (NIVR). The authors also wish to thank the editor and referees for their helpful comments in preparing this paper. NR 72 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 3 U2 35 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2607 EP 2626 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2607-2013 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246OB UT WOS:000326547100006 ER PT J AU Veselovskii, I Whiteman, DN Korenskiy, M Kolgotin, A Dubovik, O Perez-Ramirez, D Suvorina, A AF Veselovskii, I. Whiteman, D. N. Korenskiy, M. Kolgotin, A. Dubovik, O. Perez-Ramirez, D. Suvorina, A. TI Retrieval of spatio-temporal distributions of particle parameters from multiwavelength lidar measurements using the linear estimation technique and comparison with AERONET SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SPECTRAL-RESOLUTION LIDAR; EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; BACKSCATTER LIDAR; INVERSION; REGULARIZATION AB The results of the application of the linear estimation technique to multiwavelength Raman lidar measurements performed during the summer of 2011 in Greenbelt, MD, USA, are presented. We demonstrate that multiwavelength lidars are capable not only of providing vertical profiles of particle properties but also of revealing the spatio-temporal evolution of aerosol features. The nighttime 3 beta + 1 alpha lidar measurements on 21 and 22 July were inverted to spatio-temporal distributions of particle microphysical parameters, such as volume, number density, effective radius and the complex refractive index. The particle volume and number density show strong variation during the night, while the effective radius remains approximately constant. The real part of the refractive index demonstrates a slight decreasing tendency in a region of enhanced extinction coefficient. The linear estimation retrievals are stable and provide time series of particle parameters as a function of height at 4 min resolution. AERONET observations are compared with multiwavelength lidar retrievals showing good agreement. C1 [Veselovskii, I.; Korenskiy, M.; Kolgotin, A.; Suvorina, A.] Inst Gen Phys, Phys Instrumentat Ctr, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. [Whiteman, D. N.; Perez-Ramirez, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Dubovik, O.] Univ Lille 1, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Perez-Ramirez, D.] Univ Granada, Dept Appl Phys, E-18071 Granada, Spain. RP Veselovskii, I (reprint author), Inst Gen Phys, Phys Instrumentat Ctr, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. EM igorv@pic.troitsk.ru RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/Q-1129-2016 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel/0000-0002-7679-6135 NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2671 EP 2682 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2671-2013 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246OB UT WOS:000326547100010 ER PT J AU Joiner, J Guanter, L Lindstrot, R Voigt, M Vasilkov, AP Middleton, EM Huemmrich, KF Yoshida, Y Frankenberg, C AF Joiner, J. Guanter, L. Lindstrot, R. Voigt, M. Vasilkov, A. P. Middleton, E. M. Huemmrich, K. F. Yoshida, Y. Frankenberg, C. TI Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate-spectral-resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: methodology, simulations, and application to GOME-2 SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID PHOTOCHEMICAL REFLECTANCE INDEX; SUN-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY; CANOPY FLUORESCENCE; STRESS DETECTION; ABSORPTION-BAND; RETRIEVAL; SPACE; LEAF; FIELD AB Globally mapped terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence retrievals are of high interest because they can provide information on the functional status of vegetation including light-use efficiency and global primary productivity that can be used for global carbon cycle modeling and agricultural applications. Previous satellite retrievals of fluorescence have relied solely upon the filling-in of solar Fraunhofer lines that are not significantly affected by atmospheric absorption. Although these measurements provide near-global coverage on a monthly basis, they suffer from relatively low precision and sparse spatial sampling. Here, we describe a new methodology to retrieve global far-red fluorescence information; we use hyperspectral data with a simplified radiative transfer model to disentangle the spectral signatures of three basic components: atmospheric absorption, surface reflectance, and fluorescence radiance. An empirically based principal component analysis approach is employed, primarily using cloudy data over ocean, to model and solve for the atmospheric absorption. Through detailed simulations, we demonstrate the feasibility of the approach and show that moderate-spectral-resolution measurements with a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio can be used to retrieve far-red fluorescence information with good precision and accuracy. The method is then applied to data from the Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument 2 (GOME-2). The GOME-2 fluorescence retrievals display similar spatial structure as compared with those from a simpler technique applied to the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). GOME-2 enables global mapping of far-red fluorescence with higher precision over smaller spatial and temporal scales than is possible with GOSAT. Near-global coverage is provided within a few days. We are able to show clearly for the first time physically plausible variations in fluorescence over the course of a single month at a spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees. We also show some significant differences between fluorescence and coincident normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) retrievals. C1 [Joiner, J.; Middleton, E. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Guanter, L.; Lindstrot, R.; Voigt, M.] Free Univ Berlin, Berlin, Germany. [Vasilkov, A. P.; Yoshida, Y.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Huemmrich, K. F.] Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Environm Technol UMBC JCET, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. [Frankenberg, C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Joiner, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joanna.joiner@nasa.gov RI Joiner, Joanna/D-6264-2012; Guanter, Luis/I-1588-2015; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013; OI Guanter, Luis/0000-0002-8389-5764; Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857; Lindstrot, Rasmus/0000-0001-9352-3684 FU NASA Carbon Cycle Science program [NNH10DA001N]; Emmy Noether Programme (GlobFluo project) of the German Research Foundation; W. M. Keck Foundation FX Funding for this work was provided by the NASA Carbon Cycle Science program (NNH10DA001N) managed by Diane E. Wickland and Richard Eckman and by the Emmy Noether Programme (GlobFluo project) of the German Research Foundation. The authors are indebted to Phil Durbin and his team for assistance with the satellite data sets, particularly the GOME-2 data. We gratefully acknowledge the European Meteorological Satellite (EUMetSat) program, the GOSAT project, and the MODIS data processing team for making available the GOME-2, GOSAT, and MODIS data, respectively, used here. We also thank William Cook, Yen-Ben Cheng, Qingyuan Zhang, Jianping Mao, Rose Munro, Rudiger Lang, Petya Campbell, Lawrence Corp, Wouter Verhoef, and Arlindo da Silva for helpful discussions, and Piet Stammes and an anonymous reviewer for comments that helped to improve the manuscript. This work was enabled by collaborations forged at the fluorescence workshop held at the California Institute of Technology Keck Institute for Space Studies, funded by the W. M. Keck Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge the organizers of this workshop including Joseph Berry, Paul Wennberg, and Michele Judd. NR 57 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 11 U2 67 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2803 EP 2823 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2803-2013 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246OB UT WOS:000326547100018 ER PT J AU Mandrake, L Frankenberg, C O'Dell, CW Osterman, G Wennberg, P Wunch, D AF Mandrake, L. Frankenberg, C. O'Dell, C. W. Osterman, G. Wennberg, P. Wunch, D. TI Semi-autonomous sounding selection for OCO-2 SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID CO2 RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; MISSION AB Many modern instruments generate more data than may be fully processed in a timely manner. For some atmospheric sounders, much of the raw data cannot be processed into meaningful observations due to suboptimal viewing conditions, such as the presence of clouds. Conventional solutions are quick, empirical-threshold filters hand-created by domain experts to weed out unlikely or unreasonable observations, coupled with randomized down sampling when the data volume is still too high. In this paper, we describe a method for the construction of a subsampling and ordering solution that maximizes the likelihood that a requested data subset will be usefully processed. The method can be used for any metadata-rich source and implicitly discerns informative vs. non-informative data features while still permitting user feedback into the final features selected for filter implementation. We demonstrate the method by creating a selector for the spectra of the Japanese GOSAT satellite designed to measure column averaged mixing ratios of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2). This is done within the Atmospheric CO2 Measurements from Space (ACOS) NASA project with the intention of eventual use during the early Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission. OCO-2 will have a 1.5 orders of magnitude larger data volume than ACOS, requiring intelligent pre-filtration. C1 [Mandrake, L.; Frankenberg, C.; Osterman, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [O'Dell, C. W.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Wennberg, P.; Wunch, D.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Mandrake, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM lukas.mandrake@jpl.nasa.gov RI Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Frankenberg, Christian/A-2944-2013 OI Frankenberg, Christian/0000-0002-0546-5857 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 10 BP 2851 EP 2864 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2851-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246OB UT WOS:000326547100021 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ Henry, RM AF Leviton, Douglas B. Frey, Bradley J. Henry, Ross M. BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Temperature-dependent refractive index measurements of S-FPL51, S-FTM16, and S-TIM28 to cryogenic temperatures SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments as a part of SPIE Optics + Photonics Symposium CY AUG 29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE S-FPL51; S-FTM16; S-TIM28; CHARMS; cryogenic refractive index; infrared; dispersion; thermo-optic coefficient; MOSFIRE; NIRMOS ID ULTRAVIOLET OPTICAL-MATERIALS; ABSOLUTE PRISM REFRACTOMETER; HIGH-ACCURACY; DESIGN AB Using NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Cryogenic High Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS), we measured absolute refractive indices for three infrared glasses from Ohara for lens designs for instruments at two of the world's largest, ground-based, astronomical observatories - the present W. M. Keck Observatory and the future Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). MOSFIRE (Keck), a near-infrared multi-object spectrograph and wide-field camera, has demonstrated diffraction limited performance at 120 K in part owing to our absolute refractive index measurements of Ohara S-FPL51 and S-FTM16 covering wavelengths and temperatures from 0.5 to 2.6 mu m and 30 to 300 K, respectively. Measured index uncertainties range from 0.7-3.5E-5 and 0.7-2.9E-5 for S-FPL51 and S-FTM16, respectively, depending on wavelength and temperature, and for the latter on which test prism. NIRMOS (GMT), a near infrared multiple object imager/spectrograph, uses S-TIM28 in its imaging lens design. We measured S-TIM28' s indices for wavelengths and temperatures from 0.40 to 2.8 mu m and 25 to 300 K, respectively with uncertainties ranging from 1.6-3.0E-5. Absolute indices and their wavelength and temperature derivatives for these infrared glasses are reported along with coefficients for temperature-dependent Sellmeier fits of the measured index data to enable accurate computation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures. We compare our measurements to those in the literature. C1 [Leviton, Douglas B.; Frey, Bradley J.; Henry, Ross M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM doug.leviton@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9713-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8863 AR UNSP 886308 DI 10.1117/12.2024821 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHV13 UT WOS:000326724600008 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ AF Leviton, Douglas B. Frey, Bradley J. BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Temperature-dependent refractive index of Cleartran (R) ZnS to cryogenic temperatures SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments as a part of SPIE Optics + Photonics Symposium CY AUG 29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Cleartran (R); zinc sulfide; cryogenic refractive index; infrared; dispersion; thermo-optic coefficient; CHARMS; IRAC; JWST; GPI ID ULTRAVIOLET OPTICAL-MATERIALS; ABSOLUTE PRISM REFRACTOMETER; HIGH-ACCURACY; WAVELENGTH AB Cleartran (R) ZnS is a water clear form of CVD ZnS and a popular material for infrared optical designs. In order to enable the highest quality lens designs with this material at cryogenic temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive indices of two prisms as a function of both wavelength and temperature using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). While conventional CVD ZnS has received considerable study at cryogenic temperatures, to our knowledge, cryogenic indices of Cleartran have not been measured by other investigators. For our measurements of Cleartran, we report absolute refractive index, spectral dispersion (dn/d lambda), and spectral thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 20 to 300 K at wavelengths from 0.50 to 5.6 mu m. We provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our data to allow accurate computation of index at any applicable wavelength and temperature. We compare our measured indices with those of the material's manufacturer, Rohm & Haas, at room temperature where we find good agreement to within our measurement uncertainty, and we compare our refractive indices and their aforementioned derivatives to cryogenic temperatures with those for conventional ZnS from the literature. C1 [Leviton, Douglas B.; Frey, Bradley J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM doug.leviton@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9713-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8863 AR UNSP 886307 DI 10.1117/12.2024817 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHV13 UT WOS:000326724600007 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Anderjaska, T Badger, J Capon, T Davis, C Dicks, B Eichhorn, W Garza, M Guishard, C Haghani, S Hakun, C Haney, P Happs, D Hovmand, L Kadari, M Kirk, J Nyquist, R Robinson, FD Sullivan, J Wilson, E AF Leviton, Douglas B. Anderjaska, Thomas Badger, James Capon, Tom Davis, Clinton Dicks, Brent Eichhorn, William Garza, Mario Guishard, Corina Haghani, Shadan Hakun, Claef Haney, Paul Happs, David Hovmand, Lars Kadari, Madhu Kirk, Jeffrey Nyquist, Richard Robinson, F. David Sullivan, Joseph Wilson, Erin BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Cryogenic optical position encoders for mechanisms in the JWST optical telescope element simulator (OSIM) SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments as a part of SPIE Optics + Photonics Symposium CY AUG 29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE cryogenic; absolute optical encoder; pattern recognition encoder; centroid; JWST; OSIM; beam image analyzer ID ULTRA-HIGH-RESOLUTION; THERMAL-EXPANSION AB The JWST Optical Telescope Element Simulator (OSIM) is a configurable, cryogenic, optical stimulus for high fidelity ground characterization and calibration of JWST's flight instruments. OSIM and its associated Beam Image Analyzer (BIA) contain several ultra-precise, cryogenic mechanisms that enable OSIM to project point sources into the instruments according to the same optical prescription as the flight telescope will image stars - correct in focal surface position and chief ray angle. OSIM's and BIA's fifteen axes of mechanisms navigate according to redundant, cryogenic, absolute, optical encoders - 32 in all operating at or below 100 K. OSIM's encoder subsystem, the engineering challenges met in its development, and the encoders' sub-micron and sub-arcsecond performance are discussed. C1 [Leviton, Douglas B.; Capon, Tom; Eichhorn, William; Guishard, Corina; Hakun, Claef; Haney, Paul] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM doug.leviton@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9713-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8863 AR UNSP 886306 DI 10.1117/12.2024807 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHV13 UT WOS:000326724600006 ER PT S AU Quijada, MA Leviton, DB Content, DA AF Quijada, Manuel A. Leviton, Douglas B. Content, David A. BE Heaney, JB Kvamme, ET TI Cryogenic refractive index and coefficient of thermal expansion for the S-TIH1 glass SO CRYOGENIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments as a part of SPIE Optics + Photonics Symposium CY AUG 29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Refractive index; OHARA S-TIH1; cryogenic; refractometer; thermo-optic coefficient; CHARMS AB The S-TIH1 glass from Ohara Inc. is an infrared optical material that exhibits high room-temperature refractive index as well as wide variation in dispersion as a function of wavelength. Because of these properties, this material could be a suitable candidate for use in a refractive system based on a prism design. In order to broaden applications for S-TIH1 and to enable a high-fidelity system design that operates at cryogenic temperatures, this paper reports on a temperature-dependent refractive index study performed for this glass. These measurements were performed using the Cryogenic High Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) facility at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). We report the absolute refractive index, spectral dispersion, and spectral thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 120 to 300 K for wavelengths from 0.445 to 2.536 mu m. We compare our index of refraction measurements to the material manufacturer's data at room temperature. We also provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our measured data to allow accurate computations of index as a function of wavelength and temperature. These studies are complemented with measurements of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) to further validate the use of this type of glass in cryogenic optical systems. C1 [Quijada, Manuel A.; Leviton, Douglas B.; Content, David A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Quijada, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Opt Branch, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM manuel.a.quijada@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9713-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8863 AR UNSP 886309 DI 10.1117/12.2025510 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BHV13 UT WOS:000326724600009 ER PT J AU Mueller, B Hirschi, M Jimenez, C Ciais, P Dirmeyer, PA Dolman, AJ Fisher, JB Jung, M Ludwig, F Maignan, F Miralles, DG McCabe, MF Reichstein, M Sheffield, J Wang, K Wood, EF Zhang, Y Seneviratne, SI AF Mueller, B. Hirschi, M. Jimenez, C. Ciais, P. Dirmeyer, P. A. Dolman, A. J. Fisher, J. B. Jung, M. Ludwig, F. Maignan, F. Miralles, D. G. McCabe, M. F. Reichstein, M. Sheffield, J. Wang, K. Wood, E. F. Zhang, Y. Seneviratne, S. I. TI Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: LandFlux-EVAL multi-data set synthesis SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID REANALYSIS DATA; SOIL-MOISTURE; GLOBAL-SCALE; SURFACE; CLIMATE; TRENDS; MODEL; 20TH-CENTURY; VARIABILITY; EVAPORATION AB Land evapotranspiration (ET) estimates are available from several global data sets. Here, monthly global land ET synthesis products, merged from these individual data sets over the time periods 1989-1995 (7 yr) and 1989-2005 (17 yr), are presented. The merged synthesis products over the shorter period are based on a total of 40 distinct data sets while those over the longer period are based on a total of 14 data sets. In the individual data sets, ET is derived from satellite and/ or in situ observations (diagnostic data sets) or calculated via land-surface models (LSMs) driven with observations-based forcing or output from atmospheric reanalyses. Statistics for four merged synthesis products are provided, one including all data sets and three including only data sets from one category each (diagnostic, LSMs, and reanalyses). The multi-annual variations of ET in the merged synthesis products display realistic responses. They are also consistent with previous findings of a global increase in ET between 1989 and 1997 (0.13mmyr(-2) in our merged product) followed by a significant decrease in this trend (-0.18mmyr(-2)), although these trends are relatively small compared to the uncertainty of absolute ET values. The global mean ET from the merged synthesis products (based on all data sets) is 493mmyr-1 (1.35mmd-1) for both the 1989-1995 and 1989-2005 products, which is relatively low compared to previously published estimates. We estimate global runoff (precipitation minus ET) to 263mmyr(-1) (34 406 km3 yr-1) for a total land area of 130 922 000 km(2). Precipitation, being an important driving factor and input to most simulated ET data sets, presents uncertainties between single data sets as large as those in the ET estimates. In order to reduce uncertainties in current ET products, improving the accuracy of the input variables, especially precipitation, as well as the parameterizations of ET, are crucial. C1 [Mueller, B.; Hirschi, M.; Seneviratne, S. I.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Jimenez, C.] Observ Paris, LERMA, F-75014 Paris, France. [Ciais, P.; Maignan, F.] CEA, CNRS, LSCE, UMR, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Dirmeyer, P. A.] George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Dolman, A. J.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Fisher, J. B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Jung, M.; Reichstein, M.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. [Ludwig, F.] Wageningen Univ, NL-6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands. [Miralles, D. G.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1TH, Avon, England. [McCabe, M. F.] King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Water Desalinat & Reuse Ctr, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. [Sheffield, J.; Wood, E. F.] Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Wang, K.] Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Global Change & Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Y.] CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia. RP Mueller, B (reprint author), ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. EM brigitte.mueller@env.ethz.ch; sonia.seneviratne@env.ethz.ch RI Ludwig, Fulco/N-7732-2013; McCabe, Matthew/G-5194-2011; Wang, Kaicun/F-7813-2012; Zhang, Yongqiang/C-5708-2008; Maignan, Fabienne/F-5419-2013; Mueller, Brigitte/E-2594-2011; Miralles, Diego/K-8857-2013; Seneviratne, Sonia/G-8761-2011; Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016 OI Fisher, Joshua/0000-0003-4734-9085; Dolman, A.J./0000-0003-0099-0457; McCabe, Matthew/0000-0002-1279-5272; Wang, Kaicun/0000-0002-7414-5400; Zhang, Yongqiang/0000-0002-3562-2323; Mueller, Brigitte/0000-0003-1876-4722; Miralles, Diego/0000-0001-6186-5751; Seneviratne, Sonia/0000-0001-9528-2917; Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; EU FX The LandFlux-EVAL project was coordinated under the Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) LandFlux initiative. We also acknowledge the support of the Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study, iLEAPS, in the development of the synthesis products. CRU data were obtained from the University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit CRU), British Atmospheric Data Centre, 2008, available from http://badc. nerc. ac. uk/data/cru. The GPCP combined precipitation data were developed and computed by the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center's Laboratory for Atmospheres as a contribution to the GEWEX Global Precipitation Climatology Project. GPCC precipitation data are available from the GPCC Homepage: http://gpcc. dwd. de. CPC merged analysis of precipitation data were provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at http://www. esrl. noaa. gov/psd/. We acknowledge the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office and the GES DISC for the dissemination of MERRA and MERRA-LAND, and the ECMWF for the dissemination of ERA-Interim data. The CFSR data are from the Research Data Archive which is maintained by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The original data are available from the RDA (http://dss. ucar. edu) in data set number ds093.0. We would further like to acknowledge the Japanese 25 yr ReAnalysis and JMA Climate Data Assimilation System (JCDAS) for the dissemination of JRA-25 data. JBF contributed to this work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In addition, several authors were partially funded by EU-PF7 projects. We would like to thank Zhichang Guo from COLA for providing the GSWP sensitivity simulations. NR 55 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 5 U2 32 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 EI 1607-7938 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2013 VL 17 IS 10 BP 3707 EP 3720 DI 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 247FZ UT WOS:000326603200003 ER PT S AU Aveline, DC Baumgartel, LM Ahn, B Lin, G Yu, N AF Aveline, D. C. Baumgartel, L. M. Ahn, B. Lin, G. Yu, N. BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Aschke, L Washio, K TI Focused ion beam engineered disc resonators SO LASER RESONATORS, MICRORESONATORS, AND BEAM CONTROL XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XV CY FEB 03-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Whispering gallery mode; WGM; resonator; Focused ion beam; FIB; grating; diffractive coupling ID WHISPERING-GALLERY MODES; MICRODISK RESONATORS; WAVE-GUIDES; CAVITY; LASER; FABRICATION; MICRORESONATOR; MICROSPHERES; RING AB We report the demonstration of whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators augmented by focused ion beam (FIB) microfabrication. We demonstrate that we can precisely mill features directly into the perimeter of crystalline disc optical resonators. By cutting a narrow opening completely through the disc, we can create full access to the internal modes. Applying FIB techniques, we can also precisely engrave a grating structure on the disc surface. The diffraction grating provides a simple and highly directional free-space coupling mechanism with superior stability to evanescent coupling techniques. These embedded gratings can also provide control of the resonance spectrum, significantly reducing the mode density. This FIB fabrication process does not introduce significant loss; Q similar or equal to 10(8) has been demonstrated. The wavelength dependence of the diffraction angle was found to be in excellent agreement with grating theory. The versatility of mode accessibility, spectral control and far-field grating coupling will have significant impact in WGM resonator applications in lasers, sensors, and optoelectronics. C1 [Aveline, D. C.; Baumgartel, L. M.; Lin, G.; Yu, N.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aveline, DC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM daveline@jpl.nasa.gov NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9369-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8600 AR 860016 DI 10.1117/12.2005952 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BHU88 UT WOS:000326708700029 ER PT S AU Lin, GP Furst, JU Strekalov, DV Grudinin, IS Yu, N AF Lin, Guoping Fuerst, Josef U. Strekalov, Dmitry V. Grudinin, Ivan S. Yu, Nan BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Aschke, L Washio, K TI High-Q BBO whispering gallery mode resonators SO LASER RESONATORS, MICRORESONATORS, AND BEAM CONTROL XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XV CY FEB 03-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE whispering gallery mode; beta barium borate; second harmonic generation; nonlinear optics; phase matching; non z-cut; ultraviolet ID GENERATION; EMISSION; CRYSTALS AB We report an investigation on optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators made from non z-cut beta barium borate (BBO) crystals. We first fabricated high quality (Q) factor WGM resonators made of an angle-cut BBO crystal. Q factors of 1x10(8) level have been demonstrated at various wavelengths including UV. They led to new upper bounds for the absorption coefficients of BBO at 1560 nm, 980 nm and 370 nm. We observed only one set of ordinarily polarized WGMs with polarization rotating along the resonator circumference. We also fabricated xy-cut BBO WGM resonators, in which the optic axis is parallel to the resonator plane. In that case, two WGM families with different polarization exist, one with constant the other with oscillatory phase velocity. This enables a novel way of broadband phase matching in WGM resonators with cyclic gain. We experimentally demonstrated efficient second harmonic generation (SHG) to a wide harmonic wavelength range from 780 nm at near infrared to 317 nm in UV. It is also the first reported direct UV SHG in a high-Q WGM resonator. This work lays a foundation for further investigations of WGM properties of non-z cut birefringent resonators and their applications in nonlinear optics. C1 [Lin, Guoping; Fuerst, Josef U.; Strekalov, Dmitry V.; Grudinin, Ivan S.; Yu, Nan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lin, GP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9369-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8600 DI 10.1117/12.2002748 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BHU88 UT WOS:000326708700014 ER PT S AU Yu, N Le, T Schowalter, SJ Rellergert, W Jeet, J Lin, GP Hudson, E AF Yu, Nan Thanh Le Schowalter, Steven J. Rellergert, Wade Jeet, Justin Lin, Guoping Hudson, Eric BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Aschke, L Washio, K TI A solid state ultraviolet lasers based on cerium-doped LiCaAlF6 crystal resonator SO LASER RESONATORS, MICRORESONATORS, AND BEAM CONTROL XV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XV CY FEB 03-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators; Ultraviolet Lasers ID THRESHOLD AB We report the first demonstration of a UV laser using a high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator of Ce3+: LiCaAlF6. We show that WGM resonators from LiCaAlF6 can achieve a Q of 2.6 x 10(7) at UV. We demonstrated a UV laser at 290 nm with a pulsed pump laser at 266 nm. The experiments showed the low pump threshold intensity of 7.5 x 10(9) W/m(2) and slope efficiency of 25%. We have also observed lasing delay dynamics. These results are consistent with our modeling and theoretical estimates, and pave the way for a low threshold cw UV laser using WGM resonator cavity. C1 [Yu, Nan; Thanh Le; Lin, Guoping] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. RP Yu, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. EM Nan.Yu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9369-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8600 AR 86000E DI 10.1117/12.2002657 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BHU88 UT WOS:000326708700008 ER PT S AU Davis, AB AF Davis, Anthony B. BE Singh, UN TI Some New Lidar Equations for Laser Pulses Scattered Back from Optically Thick Media such as Clouds, Dense Aerosol Plumes, Sea Ice, Snow, and Turbid Coastal Waters SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XIV CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE pulse stretching; multiple scattering; Green functions; clouds; aerosol plumes; sea ice; snow; laser bathymetry; turbid water ID ANGLE IMAGING LIDAR; OF-VIEW LIDAR; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; SEARCHLIGHT PROBLEM; GREEN-FUNCTION; RETURNS; DEPTH; SPACE; APPROXIMATION AB I survey the theoretical foundations of the slowly-but-surely emerging field of multiple scattering lidar, which has already found applications in atmospheric and cryospheric optics that I also discuss. In multiple scattering lidar, returned pulses are stretched far beyond recognition, and there is no longer a one-to-one connection between range and return-trip timing. Moreover, one can exploit the radial profile of the diffuse radiance field excited by the laser source that, by its very nature, is highly concentrated in space and collimated in direction. One needs, however, a new class of lidar equations to explore this new phenomenology. A very useful set is derived from radiative diffusion theory, which is found at the opposite asymptotic limit of radiative transfer theory than the conventional (single-scattering) limit used to derive the standard lidar equation. In particular, one can use it to show that, even if the simple time-of-flight-to-range connection is irretrievably lost, multiply-scattered lidar light can be used to restore a unique profiling capability with coarser resolution but much deeper penetration into a wide variety of optical thick media in nature. Several new applications are proposed, including a laser bathymetry technique that should work for highly turbid coastal waters. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Davis, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Anthony.B.Davis@jpl.nasa.gov NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9722-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8872 AR 88720E DI 10.1117/12.2025341 PG 26 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU83 UT WOS:000326708100010 ER PT S AU Marx, CT Gentry, B Jordan, P Dogoda, P Faust, E Kavaya, M AF Marx, Catherine T. Gentry, Bruce Jordan, Patrick Dogoda, Peter Faust, Ed Kavaya, Michael BE Singh, UN TI Lab demonstration of the hybrid Doppler wind lidar (HDWL) transceiver SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XIV CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE 3D Tropospheric Winds; Lidar ID IMPACT AB The recommended design approach for the 3D Tropospheric Winds mission is a hybrid Doppler lidar which combines the best elements of both a coherent aerosol Doppler lidar operating at 2 mu m and a direct detection molecular Doppler lidar operating at 0.355 mu m. In support of the mission, we built a novel, compact, light-weighted multi-field of view transceiver where multiple telescopes are used to cover the required four fields of view. A small mechanism sequentially selects both the "transmit" and "receive" fields of view. The four fields are combined to stimulate both the 0.355 mu m receiver and the 2 mu m receiver. This version is scaled (0.2 m diameter aperture) from the space-based version but still demonstrates the feasibility of the hybrid approach. The primary mirrors were conventionally light-weighted and coated with dielectric, high reflectivity coatings with high laser damage thresholds at both 2 mu m and 0.355 mu m. The mechanical structure and mounts were fabricated from composites to achieve dimensional stability while significantly reducing the mass. In the laboratory, we demonstrated the system level functionality at 0.355 mu m and at 2 mu m, raising the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from 2 to 4. C1 [Marx, Catherine T.; Gentry, Bruce; Jordan, Patrick] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Marx, CT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9722-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8872 AR 887207 DI 10.1117/12.2029649 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU83 UT WOS:000326708100005 ER PT S AU Singh, UN Yu, JR Petros, M Refaat, TF Reithmaier, K AF Singh, Upendra N. Yu, Jirong Petros, Mulugeta Refaat, Tamer F. Reithmaier, Karl BE Singh, UN TI Development of a Pulsed 2-micron Integrated Path Differential Absorption Lidar for CO2 Measurement SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XIV CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Carbon dioxide; active remote sensing; integrated path differential absorption lidar ID STRATOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; LASER; SYSTEMS AB Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to the carbon cycle and global radiation budget on Earth. Active remote sensing of CO2 is important to address several limitations that contend with passive sensors. A 2-micron double-pulsed, Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar instrument for ground and airborne atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements via direct detection method is being developed at NASA Langley Research Center. This active remote sensing instrument will provide an alternate approach of measuring atmospheric CO2 concentrations with significant advantages. A high energy pulsed approach provides high-precision measurement capability by having high signal-to-noise ratio level and unambiguously eliminates the contamination from aerosols and clouds that can bias the IPDA measurement. Commercial, on the shelf, components are implemented for the detection system. Instrument integration will be presented in this paper as well as a background for CO2 measurement at NASA Langley research Center. C1 [Singh, Upendra N.; Yu, Jirong; Petros, Mulugeta] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Singh, UN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 433, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM upendra.n.singh@nasa.gov NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9722-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8872 AR 887209 DI 10.1117/12.2028245 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHU83 UT WOS:000326708100007 ER PT S AU Prasad, NS Roychoudhari, C AF Prasad, Narasimha S. Roychoudhari, Chandrasekhar BE Roychoudhuri, C Kracklauer, AF DeRaedt, H TI Understanding beam alignment in a coherent lidar system SO NATURE OF LIGHT: WHAT ARE PHOTONS? V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nature of Light - What are Photons V CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Coherent lidar system; optical beam alignment; Poynting Vector AB Optical beam alignment in a coherent lidar (or ladar) receiver system plays a critical role in optimizing its performance. Optical alignment in a coherent lidar system dictates the wavefront curvature (phase front) and Poynting vector) matching of the local oscillator beam with the incoming receiver beam on a detector. However, this alignment is often not easy to achieve and is rarely perfect. Furthermore, optical fibers are being increasingly used in coherent lidar system receivers for transporting radiation to achieve architectural elegance. Single mode fibers also require stringent mode matching for efficient light coupling. The detector response characteristics vary with the misalignment of the two pointing vectors. Misalignment can lead to increase in DC current. Also, a lens in front of the detector may exasperate phase front and Poynting vector mismatch. Non-Interaction of Waves, or the NIW property indicates the light beams do not interfere by themselves in the absence of detecting dipoles. In this paper, we will analyze the extent of misalignment on the detector specifications using pointing vectors of mixing beams in light of the NIW property. C1 [Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Prasad, NS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM narasimha.s.prasad@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9682-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8832 AR 88320A DI 10.1117/12.2025460 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BHT05 UT WOS:000326598900010 ER PT S AU Prasad, NS Roychoudhari, C AF Prasad, Narasimha S. Roychoudhari, Chandrasekhar BE Roychoudhuri, C Kracklauer, AF DeRaedt, H TI Does the Coherent Lidar System Corroborate Non-Interaction of Waves (NIW)? SO NATURE OF LIGHT: WHAT ARE PHOTONS? V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nature of Light - What are Photons V CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE The NIW property; Coherent Lidar; Polarization; Jones Matrix AB The NIW (non-interaction of waves) property has been proposed by one of the coauthors. The NIW property states that in the absence of any "obstructing" detectors, all the Huygens-Fresnel secondary wave lets will continue to propagate unhindered and without interacting (interfering) with each other. Since a coherent lidar system incorporates complex behaviors of optical components with different polarizations including circular polarization for the transmitted radiation, then the question arises whether the NIW principle accommodate elliptical polarization of light. Elliptical polarization presumes the summation of orthogonally polarized electric field vectors which contradicts the NIW principle. In this paper, we present working of a coherent lidar system using Jones matrix formulation. The Jones matrix elements represent the anisotropic dipolar properties of molecules of optical components. Accordingly, when we use the Jones matrix methodology to analyze the coherent lidar system, we find that the system behavior is congruent with the NIW property. C1 [Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Prasad, NS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM narasimha.s.prasad@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9682-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8832 AR 883209 DI 10.1117/12.2025459 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BHT05 UT WOS:000326598900009 ER PT S AU Stahl, MT Stahl, HP AF Stahl, Mark T. Stahl, H. Philip BE Fahnle, OW Williamson, R Kim, DW TI Incorporating skew into RMS surface roughness probability distributions SO OPTICAL MANUFACTURING AND TESTING X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Manufacturing and Testing X CY AUG 26-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical testing; surface roughness; surface statistics AB Characterizing surface roughness is important for predicting optical performance. Typically, this is accomplished by taking multiple statistically independent measurements and averaging. But, this approach assumes that the statistical distribution of the roughness has a Gaussian (normal) probability distribution. Our analysis shows that this assumption is wrong. Real data acquired from two different sets of telescope optics indicates that roughness of highly polished surfaces is skewed and is best described by a largest extreme value probability (LEV) distribution. Assuming a normal distribution and simply averaging overestimates the most probable surface roughness and could result in the expenditure of unnecessary polishing effort. C1 [Stahl, Mark T.; Stahl, H. Philip] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Stahl, MT (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM mark.t.stahl@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9688-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8838 AR 883814 DI 10.1117/12.2024883 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BHU99 UT WOS:000326720200037 ER PT S AU Davis, PK AF Davis, Paul K. BE Kahan, MA Levine, MB TI Hybrid fast Hankel transform implementation for optics simulation SO OPTICAL MODELING AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Modeling and Performance Predictions VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical modeling; Hankel transform; hybrid computational procedure; Bessel function; electromagnetic field propagation; fast Fourier transform; transform algorithm AB The most compute intensive part of a full optics simulation, especially including diffraction effects, is the Fourier transform between pupil and image spaces. This is typically performed as a two dimensional fast discrete transform. For a nearly radially symmetric system there are advantages to using polar coordinates, in which case the radial transform becomes a Hankel transform, using Bessel functions instead of circular functions. However, there are special difficulties in calculating and handling Bessel functions. Several solutions have been proposed. We present a hybrid Hankel transform which divides the domain, calculating a portion using Bessel function approximations but converting most of the domain into a one dimensional Fourier transform which can be handled by standard methods. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Davis, PK (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pkd-physics@earthlink.net NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9690-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8840 AR 884002 DI 10.1117/12.2024530 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BHV73 UT WOS:000326764700002 ER PT S AU Peterson, LD Bradford, SC Schiermeier, JE Agnes, GS Basinger, SA AF Peterson, Lee D. Bradford, S. Case Schiermeier, John E. Agnes, Gregory S. Basinger, Scott A. BE Kahan, MA Levine, MB TI Multiphysics Modeling and Uncertainty Quantification for an Active Composite Reflector SO OPTICAL MODELING AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Modeling and Performance Predictions VI CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Multiphysics Modeling; Integrated Modeling; Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties; Uncertainty Quantification; Actively Controlled Optics; Adaptive Structures AB A multiphysics, high resolution simulation of an actively controlled, composite reflector panel is developed to extrapolate from ground test results to flight performance. The subject test article has previously demonstrated sub-micron corrected shape in a controlled laboratory thermal load. This paper develops a model of the on-orbit performance of the panel under realistic thermal loads, with an active heater control system, and performs an uncertainty quantification of the predicted response. The primary contribution of this paper is the first reported application of the Sandia developed Sierra mechanics simulation tools to a spacecraft multiphysics simulation of a closed-loop system, including uncertainty quantification. The simulation was developed so as to have sufficient resolution to capture the residual panel shape error that remains after the thermal and mechanical control loops are closed. An uncertainty quantification analysis was performed to assess the predicted tolerance in the closed-loop wavefront error. Key tools used for the uncertainty quantification are also described. C1 [Peterson, Lee D.; Bradford, S. Case; Schiermeier, John E.; Agnes, Gregory S.; Basinger, Scott A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Peterson, LD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9690-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8840 AR 88400F DI 10.1117/12.2028892 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BHV73 UT WOS:000326764700014 ER PT S AU Hetherington, S Osgood, D McMann, J Roberts, V Gill, J McLean, K AF Hetherington, Samuel Osgood, Dean McMann, Joe Roberts, Viki Gill, James McLean, Kyle BE Sasian, J Youngworth, RN TI Optical alignment of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) star trackers SO OPTICAL SYSTEM ALIGNMENT, TOLERANCING, AND VERIFICATION VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference on Optical System Alignment, Tolerancing and Verification CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL SPIE, San Diego, CA HO SPIE DE optical alignment; theodolite autocollimation; metrology; GPM; optical metrology AB The optical alignment of the star trackers on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core spacecraft at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) was challenging due to the layout and structural design of the GPM Lower Bus Structure (LBS) in which the star trackers are mounted as well as the presence of the star tracker shades that blocked line-of-sight to the primary star tracker optical references. The initial solution was to negotiate minor changes in the original LBS design to allow for the installation of a removable item of ground support equipment (GSE) that could be installed whenever measurements of the star tracker optical references were needed. However, this GSE could only be used to measure secondary optical reference cube faces not used by the star tracker vendor to obtain the relationship information and matrix transformations necessary to determine star tracker alignment. Unfortunately, due to unexpectedly large orthogonality errors between the measured secondary adjacent cube faces and the lack of cube calibration data, we required a method that could be used to measure the same reference cube faces as originally measured by the vendor. We describe an alternative technique to theodolite autocollimation for measurement of an optical reference mirror pointing direction when normal incidence measurements are not possible. This technique was used to successfully align the GPM star trackers and has been used on a number of other NASA flight projects. We also discuss alignment theory as well as a GSFC-developed theodolite data analysis package used to analyze angular metrology data. C1 [Hetherington, Samuel] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hetherington, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9694-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8844 AR 884406 DI 10.1117/12.2024558 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BHV47 UT WOS:000326741900005 ER PT B AU Stoica, A Theodoridis, T Hu, HS McDonald-Maier, K Barrero, DF AF Stoica, Adrian Theodoridis, Theodoros Hu, Huosheng McDonald-Maier, Klaus Barrero, David F. BE Smari, WW Fox, GC TI Towards Human-Friendly Efficient Control of Multi-Robot Teams SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2013 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COLLABORATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS (CTS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS) CY MAY 20-24, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE, Intelligent Automat Inc, Knowledge Based Syst Inc, LexisNexis Corp, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Intel Corp, Microsoft Res, Progeny Syst Corp, Springer Verlag DE Multi-robot control; human-robot interfaces; robot language; sliding autonomy; adaptive autonomy; autonomy of robot teams; group levels of autonomy AB This paper explores means to increase efficiency in performing tasks with multi-robot teams, in the context of natural Human-Multi-Robot Interfaces (HMRI) for command and control. The motivating scenario is an emergency evacuation by a transport convoy of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) that have to traverse, in shortest time, an unknown terrain. In the experiments the operator commands, in minimal time, a group of rovers through a maze. The efficiency of performing such tasks depends on both, the levels of robots' autonomy, and the ability of the operator to command and control the team. The paper extends the classic framework of levels of autonomy (LOA), to levels/hierarchy of autonomy characteristic of Groups (G-LOA), and uses it to determine new strategies for control. An UGV-oriented command language (UGVL) is defined, and a mapping is performed from the human-friendly gesture-based HMRI into the UGVL. The UGVL is used to control a team of 3 robots, exploring the efficiency of different G-LOA; specifically, by (a) controlling each robot individually through the maze, (b) controlling a leader and cloning its controls to followers, and (c) controlling the entire group. Not surprisingly, commands at increased G-LOA lead to a faster traverse, yet a number of aspects are worth discussing in this context. C1 [Stoica, Adrian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Theodoridis, Theodoros; Hu, Huosheng; McDonald-Maier, Klaus] Univ Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. [Barrero, David F.] Univ Alcala de Henares, E-28871 Alcala De Henares, Spain. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; ttheod@essex.ac.uk; hhu@essex.ac.uk; kdm@essex.ac.uk; david@aut.uah.es RI Hu, Huosheng/G-1758-2010 OI Hu, Huosheng/0000-0001-5797-1412 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology, under National Aeronautics and Space Administration; UK EPSRC Global Engagements [EP/K004638]; University of Alcala Mobility FX The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The work of authors Dr T. Theodoridis, Dr H. Hu, and Dr K. D. McDolnald-Maier was supported by the UK EPSRC Global Engagements grant EP/K004638. Dr D. Barerro was supported by the University of Alcala Mobility Grant. We thank Dr Y. Iwashita and Mr L. B. Clark for their support in the implementation of the experiments. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions in improving this paper. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6404-1; 978-1-4673-6403-4 PY 2013 BP 226 EP 231 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHV50 UT WOS:000326744200037 ER PT B AU Stoica, A Barrero, DF McDonald-Maier, K AF Stoica, Adrian Barrero, David F. McDonald-Maier, Klaus BE Smari, WW Fox, GC TI Improved Targeting through Collaborative Decision-Making and Brain Computer Interfaces SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2013 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COLLABORATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS (CTS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS) CY MAY 20-24, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE, Intelligent Automat Inc, Knowledge Based Syst Inc, LexisNexis Corp, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Intel Corp, Microsoft Res, Progeny Syst Corp, Springer Verlag ID EVOLUTION; EEG AB This paper reports a first step toward a brain-computer interface (BCI) for collaborative targeting. Specifically, we explore, from a broad perspective, how the collaboration of a group of people can increase the performance on a simple target identification task. To this end, we requested a group of people to identify the location and color of a sequence of targets appearing on the screen, and measured the time and the accuracy of the response. The individual results are compared to a collective identification result determined by simple majority voting, with random choice in case of drawn. The results are promising, as the identification becomes significantly more reliable even with this simple voting, and with a small number of people (either odd or even) involved in the decision. In addition, the paper briefly analyzes the role of brain-computer interfaces in collaborative targeting, extending the targeting task by using a BCI instead of a mechanical response. C1 [Stoica, Adrian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Barrero, David F.] Univ Alcala de Henares, Dept Automat, Madrid, Spain. [McDonald-Maier, Klaus] Univ Essex, Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Colchester, Essex, England. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; david@aut.uah.es; kdm@essex.ac.uk FU University of Alcala Mobility; UK EPSRC Global Engagements [EP/K004638/1] FX The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Dr Barerro was supported by the University of Alcala Mobility Grant. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support by the UK EPSRC Global Engagements grant EP/K004638/1 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6404-1; 978-1-4673-6403-4 PY 2013 BP 435 EP 442 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHV50 UT WOS:000326744200066 ER PT S AU Raccanelli, A AF Raccanelli, Alvise BE Crosta, M Gramegna, M Ruggiero, ML TI Testing gravity on Large Scales SO TM 2012 - THE TIME MACHINE FACTORY [UNSPEAKABLE, SPEAKABLE] ON TIME TRAVEL IN TURIN SE EPJ Web of Conferences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Time Machine Factory [Unspeakable, Speakable] on Time Travel in Turin CY OCT 14-19, 2012 CL Turin, ITALY SP Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Gaia Data Proc & Anal Consortium, Ist Nazl Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astrofisico Torino, Ist Nazl Ric Metrologica, Politecnico Torino ID REDSHIFT-SPACE; DARK ENERGY; DISTORTIONS; BRANE AB We show how it is possible to test general relativity and different models of gravity via Redshift-Space Distortions using forthcoming cosmological galaxy surveys. However, the theoretical models currently used to interpret the data often rely on simplifications that make them not accurate enough for precise measurements. We will discuss improvements to the theoretical modeling at very large scales, including wide-angle and general relativistic corrections; we then show that for wide and deep surveys those corrections need to be taken into account if we want to measure the growth of structures at a few percent level, and so perform tests on gravity, without introducing systematic errors. Finally, we report the results of some recent cosmological model tests carried out using those precise models. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Raccanelli, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM alvise@caltech.edu NR 46 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 2100-014X BN 978-2-7598-1058-1 J9 EPJ WEB CONF PY 2013 VL 58 AR 02013 DI 10.1051/epjconf/20135802013 PG 6 WC Mechanics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Mechanics; Physics GA BHS67 UT WOS:000326583000032 ER PT S AU Tian, Y Liu, Z Klasky, S Wang, B Abbasi, H Zhou, SJ Podhorszki, N Clune, T Logan, J Yu, WK AF Tian, Yuan Liu, Zhuo Klasky, Scott Wang, Bin Abbasi, Hasan Zhou, Shujia Podhorszki, Norbert Clune, Tom Logan, Jeremy Yu, Weikuan GP IEEE TI A Lightweight I/O Scheme to Facilitate Spatial and Temporal Queries of Scientific Data Analytics SO 2013 IEEE 29TH SYMPOSIUM ON MASS STORAGE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES (MSST) SE IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies Proceedings-MSST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th IEEE Symposium on Massive Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST) - Research Track CY MAY 06-10, 2013 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE AB In the era of petascale computing, more scientific applications are being deployed on leadership scale computing platforms to enhance the scientific productivity. Many I/O techniques have been designed to address the growing I/O bottleneck on large-scale systems by handling massive scientific data in a holistic manner. While such techniques have been leveraged in a wide range of applications, they have not been shown as adequate for many mission critical applications, particularly in data post-processing stage. One of the examples is that some scientific applications generate datasets composed of a vast amount of small data elements that are organized along many spatial and temporal dimensions but require sophisticated data analytics on one or more dimensions. Including such dimensional knowledge into data organization can be beneficial to the efficiency of data post-processing, which is often missing from exiting I/O techniques. In this study, we propose a novel I/O scheme named STAR ( Spatial and Temporal AggRegation) to enable high performance data queries for scientific analytics. STAR is able to dive into the massive data, identify the spatial and temporal relationships among data variables, and accordingly organize them into an optimized multi-dimensional data structure before storing to the storage. This technique not only facilitates the common access patterns of data analytics, but also further reduces the application turnaround time. In particular, STAR is able to enable efficient data queries along the time dimension, a practice common in scientific analytics but not yet supported by existing I/O techniques. In our case study with a critical climate modeling application GEOS-5, the experimental results on Jaguar supercomputer demonstrate an improvement up to 73 times for the read performance compared to the original I/O method. C1 [Tian, Yuan; Liu, Zhuo; Wang, Bin; Yu, Weikuan] Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Klasky, Scott; Abbasi, Hasan; Podhorszki, Norbert] Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. [Zhou, Shujia; Clune, Tom] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Zhou, Shujia] Northrop Grumman Corp, Falls Church, VA USA. [Tian, Yuan; Logan, Jeremy] Univ Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Tian, Y (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM tianyua@auburn.edu; zhuoliu@auburn.edu; klasky@ornl.gov; bwang@auburn.edu; habbasi@ornl.gov; shujia.zhou-1@nasa.gov; pnorbert@ornl.gov; thomas.l.clune@nasa.gov; loganjs@ornl.gov; wkyu@auburn.edu FU NASA [NNX11AR20]; UT-Battelle [UT-B-4000103043]; Office of Science of the Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725] FX This work is funded in part by a NASA award NNX11AR20 and by an UT-Battelle grant (UT-B-4000103043) to Auburn University. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, located in the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-195X BN 978-1-4799-0217-0; 978-1-4799-0218-7 J9 IEEE S MASS STOR SYS PY 2013 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHQ48 UT WOS:000326373700021 ER PT J AU Cardoso, FR Gonzalez, WD Sibeck, DG Kuznetsova, M Koga, D AF Cardoso, F. R. Gonzalez, W. D. Sibeck, D. G. Kuznetsova, M. Koga, D. TI Magnetopause reconnection and interlinked flux tubes SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID TRANSFER EVENTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MAGNETIC-FIELD; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS; CONDUCTANCES; SIMULATIONS; TOPOLOGY; PLASMAS AB Magnetic reconnection can be a continuous or a transient process. Global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations are important tools to understand the relevant magnetic reconnection mechanisms and the resulting magnetic structures. We have studied magnetopause reconnection using a global 3-D MHD simulation in which the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has been set to large positive By and large negative Bz components, i.e., a south-duskward direction. Flux tubes have been observed even during these constant solar wind conditions. We have focused on the interlinked flux tubes event resulting from time-dependent, patchy and multiple reconnection. At the event onset, two reconnection modes seem to occur simultaneously: a time-dependent, patchy and multiple reconnection for the subsolar region; and, a steady and large-scale reconnection for the regions far from the subsolar site. C1 [Cardoso, F. R.] Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Engn Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil. [Cardoso, F. R.; Gonzalez, W. D.; Koga, D.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. [Sibeck, D. G.; Kuznetsova, M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cardoso, FR (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Engn Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil. EM flaviacardoso@usp.br RI Cardoso, Flavia/L-9023-2015 NR 30 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 9 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1853 EP 1866 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-1853-2013 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246OP UT WOS:000326548600022 ER PT J AU Rodrigues, FS Shume, EB de Paula, ER Milla, M AF Rodrigues, F. S. Shume, E. B. de Paula, E. R. Milla, M. TI Equatorial 150 km echoes and daytime F region vertical plasma drifts in the Brazilian longitude sector SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Ionosphere; Electric fields and currents; Equatorial ionosphere; Ionospheric irregularities ID SAO-LUIS; RADAR ECHOES; SPREAD F; JICAMARCA; MODEL; IRREGULARITIES; SIMULATION; WAVES AB Previous studies showed that conventional coherent backscatter radar measurements of the Doppler velocity of the so-called 150 km echoes can provide an alternative way of estimating ionospheric vertical plasma drifts during daytime hours (Kudeki and Fawcett, 1993; Chau and Woodman, 2004). Using observations made by a small, low-power 30MHz coherent backscatter radar located in the equatorial site of Sao Luis (2.59 degrees S, 44.21 degrees W; -2.35 degrees dip lat), we were able to detect and monitor the occurrence of 150 km echoes in the Brazilian sector. Using these measurements we estimated the local time variation of daytime vertical ionospheric drifts in the eastern American sector. Here, we present a few interesting cases of 150 km-echoes observations made by the Sao Luis radar and estimates of the diurnal variation of vertical drifts. These cases exemplify the variability of the vertical drifts in the Brazilian sector. Using same-day 150 km-echoes measurements made at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory in Peru, we also demonstrate the variability of the equatorial vertical drifts across the American sector. In addition to first estimates of the absolute vertical plasma drifts in the eastern American (Brazilian) sector, we also present observations of abnormal drifts detected by the Sao Luis radar associated with the 2009 major sudden stratospheric warming event. C1 [Rodrigues, F. S.] Univ Texas Dallas, William B Hanson Ctr Space Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. [Shume, E. B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [de Paula, E. R.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. [Milla, M.] Jicamarca Radio Observ, Lima, Peru. RP Rodrigues, FS (reprint author), Univ Texas Dallas, William B Hanson Ctr Space Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. EM fabiano@utdallas.edu RI de Paula, Eurico/O-1709-2013; Shume, Esayas/I-3354-2013; Milla, Marco/L-9345-2013; OI de Paula, Eurico/0000-0003-2756-3826; Milla, Marco/0000-0001-9067-863X; Shume, Esayas/0000-0002-4696-1283 FU AFOSR [FA9550-09-C-0205, FA9550-13-1-0095]; FAPESP [99/00026-0, 04/01065-0]; NSF through Cornell University [AGS-0905448]; NASA FX This work was supported by AFOSR Awards FA9550-09-C-0205 and FA9550-13-1-0095. E. B. Shume acknowledges the NPP program administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. The authors would like to thank the technical staff of INPE, particularly Acacio Cunha and Luis Sergio Gomes, for operating and maintaining the radar, and Lazaro Camargo for managing the radar data. The Sao Luis radar was partially supported by FAPESP Grants 99/00026-0 and 04/01065-0. The Jicamarca Radio Observatory is a facility of the Instituto Geofisico del Peru operated with support from the NSF AGS-0905448 through Cornell University. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1867 EP 1876 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-1867-2013 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246OP UT WOS:000326548600023 ER PT J AU Unger, N Harper, K Zheng, Y Kiang, NY Aleinov, I Arneth, A Schurgers, G Amelynck, C Goldstein, A Guenther, A Heinesch, B Hewitt, CN Karl, T Laffineur, Q Langford, B McKinney, KA Misztal, P Potosnak, M Rinne, J Pressley, S Schoon, N Seraca, D AF Unger, N. Harper, K. Zheng, Y. Kiang, N. Y. Aleinov, I. Arneth, A. Schurgers, G. Amelynck, C. Goldstein, A. Guenther, A. Heinesch, B. Hewitt, C. N. Karl, T. Laffineur, Q. Langford, B. McKinney, K. A. Misztal, P. Potosnak, M. Rinne, J. Pressley, S. Schoon, N. Seraca, D. TI Photosynthesis-dependent isoprene emission from leaf to planet in a global carbon-chemistry-climate model SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-COMPOUND EMISSIONS; LAND-SURFACE MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; AMAZONIAN RAIN-FOREST; VOLATILE ISOPRENOIDS; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; MONOTERPENE EMISSIONS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; BIOGENIC ISOPRENE AB We describe the implementation of a biochemical model of isoprene emission that depends on the electron requirement for isoprene synthesis into the Farquhar-Ball-Berry leaf model of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance that is embedded within a global chemistry-climate simulation framework. The isoprene production is calculated as a function of electron transport-limited photosynthesis, intercellular and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and canopy temperature. The vegetation biophysics module computes the photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide coupled with the transpiration of water vapor and the isoprene emission rate at the 30 min physical integration time step of the global chemistry-climate model. In the model, the rate of carbon assimilation provides the dominant control on isoprene emission variability over canopy temperature. A control simulation representative of the present-day climatic state that uses 8 plant functional types (PFTs), prescribed phenology and generic PFT-specific isoprene emission potentials (fraction of electrons available for isoprene synthesis) reproduces 50% of the variability across different ecosystems and seasons in a global database of 28 measured campaign-average fluxes. Compared to time-varying isoprene flux measurements at 9 select sites, the model authentically captures the observed variability in the 30 min average diurnal cycle (R-2 = 64-96 %) and simulates the flux magnitude to within a factor of 2. The control run yields a global isoprene source strength of 451 TgC yr(-1) that increases by 30% in the artificial absence of plant water stress and by 55% for potential natural vegetation. C1 [Unger, N.; Harper, K.] Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Zheng, Y.] Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geog, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. [Kiang, N. Y.; Aleinov, I.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Arneth, A.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. [Schurgers, G.] Lund Univ, Dept Earth & Ecosyst Sci, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. [Amelynck, C.; Schoon, N.] Belgian Inst Space Aeron, Brussels, Belgium. [Goldstein, A.; Misztal, P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Guenther, A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Heinesch, B.; Laffineur, Q.] Univ Liege, Gembloux Agrobio Tech, Unite Phys Biosyst, Gembloux, Belgium. [Hewitt, C. N.] Univ Lancaster, Lancaster, England. [Karl, T.] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, Innsbruck, Austria. [McKinney, K. A.] Amherst Coll, Dept Chem, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. [Potosnak, M.] Depaul Univ, Chicago, IL 60604 USA. [Rinne, J.] Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [Pressley, S.] Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Seraca, D.] Univ Toulouse, Toulouse, France. [Laffineur, Q.] Royal Meteorol Inst Belgium, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. RP Unger, N (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. EM nadine.unger@yale.edu RI Karl, Thomas/D-1891-2009; Rinne, Janne/A-6302-2008; Langford, Ben/N-3072-2013; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Schurgers, Guy/K-6543-2012; Hewitt, Charles Nicholas/B-1219-2009; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; Misztal, Pawel/B-8371-2009 OI Karl, Thomas/0000-0003-2869-9426; Rinne, Janne/0000-0003-1168-7138; Langford, Ben/0000-0002-6968-5197; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Schurgers, Guy/0000-0002-2189-1995; Hewitt, Charles Nicholas/0000-0001-7973-2666; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Misztal, Pawel/0000-0003-1060-1750 FU Yale University; Yale University Faculty of Arts and Sciences High Performance Computing Center FX Funding for this research was provided by Yale University. This project was supported in part by the facilities and staff of the Yale University Faculty of Arts and Sciences High Performance Computing Center. The authors thank M. Jung, G. Bohrer, W. Munger, A. Friend, E. Blyth, and M. J. Puma. The authors are grateful to the NASA Model-E2 climate model development team who are supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction Program. Harvard Forest flux tower measurements are supported by the US Department of Energy Office of Science and US NSF Long-term Ecological Research program. Edited by: F. McNeill NR 127 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 43 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 20 BP 10243 EP 10269 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10243-2013 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246NK UT WOS:000326545100007 ER PT J AU Sun, W Lukashin, C AF Sun, W. Lukashin, C. TI Modeling polarized solar radiation from the ocean-atmosphere system for CLARREO inter-calibration applications SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-ORDINATE-METHOD; TIME-DOMAIN SOLUTION; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; LIGHT-SCATTERING; PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; SUCCESSIVE ORDER; ABSORBING MEDIUM; COOLING RATES; CIRRUS CLOUDS; ICE CRYSTALS AB Reflected solar radiance from the Earth-atmosphere system is polarized. Radiance measurements can be affected by light's state of polarization if the radiometric sensor has polarization dependence. To enable the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission for inter-calibration of the imagers with polarization dependence, such as the MODIS, the polarization state of the light must be known with sufficient accuracy. For this purpose, the polarized solar radiation from the ocean-atmosphere system is studied with an adding-doubling radiative transfer model (ADRTM). The Cox-Munk ocean wave slope distribution model is used in calculation of the reflection matrix of a wind-ruffled ocean surface. An empirical foam spectral reflectance model and an empirical spectral reflectance model for water volume below the surface are integrated in the ocean-surface model. Solar reflectance from the ADRTM is compared with that from the discrete-ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) model. Sensitivity studies are conducted for various ocean-surface and atmospheric conditions for the stratification of polarization distribution models (PDMs), which are to be used in the inter-calibration of the polarization-sensitive imager measurements with the CLARREO data. This report presents the first accurate approach for making the spectral PDMs over broad solar spectra, which cannot be achieved by empirical PDMs based on the data from polarimetric sensors. C1 [Sun, W.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Lukashin, C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Sun, W (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM wenbo.sun-1@nasa.gov RI Richards, Amber/K-8203-2015 FU NASA's CLARREO mission FX This work is supported by NASA's CLARREO mission. The authors thank Bruce A. Wielicki and David F. Young for this support. The authors thank Gorden Videen and Evgenij Zubko for providing the single-scattering properties of feldspar aerosols and Ping Yang for single-scattering properties of ice cloud particles. The authors also thank Bing Lin and Zhonghai Jin for useful discussions and thank Amber L. Richards for proofreading the manuscript. The authors especially thank Rosemary R. Baize for her management help during this work. NR 83 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 20 BP 10303 EP 10324 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10303-2013 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246NK UT WOS:000326545100010 ER PT J AU Nair, PJ Godin-Beekmann, S Kuttippurath, J Ancellet, G Goutail, F Pazmino, A Froidevaux, L Zawodny, JM Evans, RD Wang, HJ Anderson, J Pastel, M AF Nair, P. J. Godin-Beekmann, S. Kuttippurath, J. Ancellet, G. Goutail, F. Pazmino, A. Froidevaux, L. Zawodny, J. M. Evans, R. D. Wang, H. J. Anderson, J. Pastel, M. TI Ozone trends derived from the total column and vertical profiles at a northern mid-latitude station SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; DYNAMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS; ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SATELLITE; RECOVERY; SWITZERLAND; SERIES; 43.92-DEGREES-N; 5.71-DEGREES-E AB The trends and variability of ozone are assessed over a northern mid-latitude station, Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP: 43.93 degrees N, 5.71 degrees E), using total column ozone observations from the Dobson and Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenithale spectrometers, and stratospheric ozone profile measurements from light detection and ranging (lidar), ozonesondes, Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II, Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). A multivariate regression model with quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), solar flux, aerosol optical thickness, heat flux, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and a piecewise linear trend (PWLT) or equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) functions is applied to the ozone anomalies. The maximum variability of ozone in winter/spring is explained by QBO and heat flux in the ranges 15-45 km and 15-24 km, respectively. The NAO shows maximum influence in the lower stratosphere during winter, while the solar flux influence is largest in the lower and middle stratosphere in summer. The total column ozone trends estimated from the PWLT and EESC functions are of -1.47 +/- 0.27 and -1.40 +/- 0.25DU yr(-1), respectively, over the period 1984-1996 and about 0.55 +/- 0.30 and 0.42 +/- 0.08 DU yr(-1), respectively, over the period 1997-2010. The ozone profiles yield similar and significant EESC-based and PWLT trends for 1984-1996, and are about -0.5 and -0.8% yr(-1) in the lower and upper stratosphere, respectively. For 1997-2010, the EESC-based and PWLT estimates are of the order of 0.3 and 0.1% yr(-1), respectively, in the 18-28 km range, and at 40-45 km, EESC provides significant ozone trends larger than the insignificant PWLT results. Furthermore, very similar vertical trends for the respective time periods are also deduced from another long-term satellite-based data set (GOZCARDS-Global OZone Chemistry And Related trace gas Data records for the Stratosphere) sampled at northern mid-latitudes. Therefore, this analysis unveils ozone recovery signals from total column ozone and profile measurements at OHP, and hence in the northern mid-latitudes. C1 [Nair, P. J.; Godin-Beekmann, S.; Kuttippurath, J.; Ancellet, G.; Goutail, F.; Pazmino, A.; Pastel, M.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, UMR 8190, LATMOS IPSL, Univ Paris 06,CNRS INSU, Paris, France. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Zawodny, J. M.] NASA, Chem & Dynam Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Evans, R. D.] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO USA. [Wang, H. J.] Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Anderson, J.] Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Nair, PJ (reprint author), Univ Versailles St Quentin, UMR 8190, LATMOS IPSL, Univ Paris 06,CNRS INSU, Paris, France. EM gopalapi@aero.jussieu.fr RI Evans, Robert/D-4731-2016; OI Evans, Robert/0000-0002-8693-9769; Kuttippurath, Jayanarayanan/0000-0003-4073-8918 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); GEOMON (Global Earth Observation and Monitoring of the atmosphere) European project FX We would like to thank J. M. Russell III for the HALOE ozone data. We thank Cathy Boonne and the ETHER team for maintaining the ETHER data cluster, and the staff at OHP for operating the ozone monitoring instruments. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We also thank the NASA Langley Research Center (NASA-LaRC) and the NASA Langley Radiation and Aerosols Branch for providing SAGE II data, and the collaborative institutes of the NASA Langley Research Center for maintaining HALOE data. The ground-based ozone measurements were obtained as part of the NDACC and are publicly available (see http://www.ndacc.org). Reanalysis of the OHP lidar data was performed under the EU NORS contract. The Aura MLS and GOZCARDS data used in this effort were acquired as part of the activities of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, and are archived and distributed by the GES DISC. GOZCARDS is part of NASA's MEaSUREs (Making Earth System data records for Use in Research Environments) programme. This work was partly supported by funding from the GEOMON (Global Earth Observation and Monitoring of the atmosphere) European project. NR 55 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 20 BP 10373 EP 10384 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10373-2013 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246NK UT WOS:000326545100014 ER PT J AU Saide, PE Carmichael, GR Liu, Z Schwartz, CS Lin, HC da Silva, AM Hyer, E AF Saide, P. E. Carmichael, G. R. Liu, Z. Schwartz, C. S. Lin, H. C. da Silva, A. M. Hyer, E. TI Aerosol optical depth assimilation for a size-resolved sectional model: impacts of observationally constrained, multi-wavelength and fine mode retrievals on regional scale analyses and forecasts SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; ARCTAS-CARB PERIOD; WRF-CHEM; MARINE STRATOCUMULUS; UNITED-STATES; STATISTICAL-INTERPOLATION; ORGANIC AEROSOLS; ASIAN AEROSOLS AB An aerosol optical depth (AOD) three-dimensional variational data assimilation technique is developed for the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) system for which WRF-Chem forecasts are performed with a detailed sectional model, the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). Within GSI, forward AOD and adjoint sensitivities are performed using Mie computations from the WRF-Chem optical properties module, providing consistency with the forecast. GSI tools such as recursive filters and weak constraints are used to provide correlation within aerosol size bins and upper and lower bounds for the optimization. The system is used to perform assimilation experiments with fine vertical structure and no data thinning or re-gridding on a 12 km horizontal grid over the region of California, USA, where improvements on analyses and forecasts is demonstrated. A first set of simulations was performed, comparing the assimilation impacts of using the operational MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) dark target retrievals to those using observationally constrained ones, i.e., calibrated with AERONET (Aerosol RObotic NETwork) data. It was found that using the observationally constrained retrievals produced the best results when evaluated against ground based monitors, with the error in PM2.5 predictions reduced at over 90% of the stations and AOD errors reduced at 100% of the monitors, along with larger overall error reductions when grouping all sites. A second set of experiments reveals that the use of fine mode fraction AOD and ocean multi-wavelength retrievals can improve the representation of the aerosol size distribution, while assimilating only 550 nm AOD retrievals produces no or at times degraded impact. While assimilation of multi-wavelength AOD shows positive impacts on all analyses performed, future work is needed to generate observationally constrained multi-wavelength retrievals, which when assimilated will generate size distributions more consistent with AERONET data and will provide better aerosol estimates. C1 [Saide, P. E.; Carmichael, G. R.] Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. [Liu, Z.; Schwartz, C. S.; Lin, H. C.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [da Silva, A. M.] NASA, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hyer, E.] Naval Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA USA. RP Saide, PE (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. EM pablo-saide@uiowa.edu RI Hyer, Edward/E-7734-2011 OI Hyer, Edward/0000-0001-8636-2026 FU NASA [NNX08AL05G, NNX11AI52G, NNX12AB78G, NNH11AS15i]; EPA [83503701]; National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [UL1RR024979]; Fulbright-CONICYT scholarship [15093810] FX We thank all WRF-Chem developers, especially Jerome Fast and Rahul Zaveri who were responsible for the optical properties and MOSAIC code. We also thank the insightful comments from two anonymous reviewers. Additionally, we thank Jochen Stutz, Pavel Ionov, Carol Bruegge, Robert Frouin, Brent Holben, Sabino Piazzolla, Ellsworth Dutton and Mark Tragesser and their staff for establishing and maintaining the 10 AERONET sites used in this investigation. MODIS data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. This work was carried out with the aid of NASA grants NNX08AL05G, NNX11AI52G, NNX12AB78G and NNH11AS15i, EPA grant 83503701, grant number UL1RR024979 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Fulbright-CONICYT scholarship number 15093810. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the founding institutions. NR 90 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 39 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 20 BP 10425 EP 10444 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10425-2013 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 246NK UT WOS:000326545100018 ER PT J AU Belanger, S Cizmeli, SA Ehn, J Matsuoka, A Doxaran, D Hooker, S Babin, M AF Belanger, S. Cizmeli, S. A. Ehn, J. Matsuoka, A. Doxaran, D. Hooker, S. Babin, M. TI Light absorption and partitioning in Arctic Ocean surface waters: impact of multiyear ice melting SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; SOUTHEASTERN BEAUFORT SEA; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SUSPENDED PARTICLES; MARINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; PARTICULATE MATTER; COLOR ALGORITHMS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; COASTAL WATERS AB Ice melting in the Arctic Ocean exposes the surface water to more radiative energy with poorly understood effects on photo-biogeochemical processes and heat deposition in the upper ocean. In August 2009, we documented the vertical variability of light absorbing components at 37 stations located in the southeastern Beaufort Sea including both Mackenzie River-influenced waters and polar mixed layer waters. We found that melting multiyear ice released significant amount of non-algal particulates (NAP) near the sea surface relative to subsurface waters. NAP absorption coefficients at 440 nm (a(NAP)(440)) immediately below the sea surface were on average 3-fold (up to 10-fold) higher compared to subsurface values measured at 2-3m depth. The impact of this unusual feature on the light transmission and remote sensing reflectance (R-rs) was further examined using a radiative transfer model. A 10-fold particle enrichment homogeneously distributed in the first meter of the water column slightly reduced photosynthetically available and usable radiation (PAR and PUR) by similar to 6 and similar to 8 %, respectively, relative to a fully homogenous water column with low particle concentration. In terms of R-rs, the particle enrichment significantly flattered the spectrum by reducing the R-rs by up to 20% in the blue-green spectral region (400-550 nm). These results highlight the impact of meltwater on the concentration of particles at sea surface, and the need for considering non-uniform vertical distribution of particles in such systems when interpreting remotely sensed ocean color. Spectral slope of aNAP spectra calculated in the UV (ultraviolet) domain decreased with depth suggesting that this parameter is sensitive to detritus composition and/or diagenesis state (e.g., POM (particulate organic matter) photobleaching). C1 [Belanger, S.; Cizmeli, S. A.] Univ Quebec, Dept Biol Chim & Geog, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. [Belanger, S.; Cizmeli, S. A.] Univ Quebec, BOREAS, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. [Cizmeli, S. A.] Arctus Inc, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. [Ehn, J.] Univ Manitoba, Ctr Earth Observat Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. [Matsuoka, A.; Babin, M.] Univ Laval, CNRS, Takuvik Joint Int Lab, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada. [Matsuoka, A.; Babin, M.] Univ Laval, ULaval, Dept Biol Quebec Ocean & Arcticnet, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada. [Doxaran, D.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Lab Oceanog Villefranche Mer, UMR 7093, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. [Hooker, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Ecol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Belanger, S (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Dept Biol Chim & Geog, 300 Allee Ursulines, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. EM simon_belanger@uqar.ca FU NSERC; ArcticNet; Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) of Canada; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); French Space Agency; European Space Agency FX We are grateful to the CCG Amundsen crew for their invaluable help and willingness in water sampling, especially from the barge during harsh conditions. We thank two anonymous referees and E. Boss for their constructive comments on the first version of the manuscript. This work was supported by a NSERC Discovery grant and support from ArcticNet awarded to S. Belanger. The ArcticNet is funded by the program of Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) of Canada. This work is a contribution to the MALINA program led by M. Babin. The MALINA project is funded by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and by the French and European Space Agencies. NR 61 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 22 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 10 BP 6433 EP 6452 DI 10.5194/bg-10-6433-2013 PG 20 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 245NN UT WOS:000326470500018 ER PT J AU Bohn, TJ Podest, E Schroeder, R Pinto, N McDonald, KC Glagolev, M Filippov, I Maksyutov, S Heimann, M Chen, X Lettenmaier, DP AF Bohn, T. J. Podest, E. Schroeder, R. Pinto, N. McDonald, K. C. Glagolev, M. Filippov, I. Maksyutov, S. Heimann, M. Chen, X. Lettenmaier, D. P. TI Modeling the large-scale effects of surface moisture heterogeneity on wetland carbon fluxes in theWest Siberian Lowland SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID METHANE EMISSIONS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY MODEL; NATURAL WETLANDS; WESTERN SIBERIA; LAKES; SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE; PEATLANDS AB We used a process-based model to examine the role of spatial heterogeneity of surface and sub-surface water on the carbon budget of the wetlands of the West Siberian Lowland over the period 1948-2010. We found that, while surface heterogeneity (fractional saturated area) had little overall effect on estimates of the region's carbon fluxes, sub-surface heterogeneity (spatial variations in water table depth) played an important role in both the overall magnitude and spatial distribution of estimates of the region's carbon fluxes. In particular, to reproduce the spatial pattern of CH4 emissions recorded by intensive in situ observations across the domain, in which very little CH4 is emitted north of 60 degrees N, it was necessary to (a) account for CH4 emissions from unsaturated wetlands and (b) use spatially varying methane model parameters that reduced estimated CH4 emissions in the northern (permafrost) half of the domain (and/or account for lower CH4 emissions under inundated conditions). Our results suggest that previous estimates of the response of these wetlands to thawing permafrost may have overestimated future increases in methane emissions in the permafrost zone. C1 [Bohn, T. J.; Chen, X.; Lettenmaier, D. P.] Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Podest, E.; Schroeder, R.; Pinto, N.; McDonald, K. C.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Schroeder, R.; McDonald, K. C.] CUNY, City Coll New York, New York, NY 10021 USA. [Glagolev, M.] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow, Russia. [Glagolev, M.] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Forest Sci, Uspenskoye, Russia. [Glagolev, M.; Filippov, I.] Yugra State Univ, Khanty Mansiysk, Russia. [Maksyutov, S.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Heimann, M.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. RP Lettenmaier, DP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM dennisl@uw.edu RI Bohn, Theodore/K-4494-2012; Maksyutov, Shamil/G-6494-2011; Heimann, Martin/H-7807-2016 OI Chen, Xiaodong/0000-0002-3089-2260; Bohn, Theodore/0000-0002-1880-9129; Maksyutov, Shamil/0000-0002-1200-9577; Heimann, Martin/0000-0001-6296-5113 FU NASA [NNX08AH97G, NNX09AK57G] FX This work was funded by grants NNX08AH97G and NNX09AK57G from NASA to the University of Washington. ALOS/PALSAR imagery was provided courtesy of JAXA. NR 73 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 6 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 10 BP 6559 EP 6576 DI 10.5194/bg-10-6559-2013 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 245NN UT WOS:000326470500024 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Yan, Q Zhang, R Jiang, D Otto-Bliesner, BL Haywood, AM Hill, DJ Dolan, AM Stepanek, C Lohmann, G Contoux, C Bragg, F Chan, WL Chandler, MA Jost, A Kamac, Y Abe-Ouchi, A Ramstein, G Rosenbloom, NA Sohl, L Ueda, H AF Zhang, R. Yan, Q. Zhang, Z. S. Jiang, D. Otto-Bliesner, B. L. Haywood, A. M. Hill, D. J. Dolan, A. M. Stepanek, C. Lohmann, G. Contoux, C. Bragg, F. Chan, W-L Chandler, M. A. Jost, A. Kamac, Y. Abe-Ouchi, A. Ramstein, G. Rosenbloom, N. A. Sohl, L. Ueda, H. TI Mid-Pliocene East Asian monsoon climate simulated in the PlioMIP SO CLIMATE OF THE PAST LA English DT Article ID MODEL INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CHINESE LOESS PLATEAU; NORTHERN TIBETAN PLATEAU; WARM PERIOD; EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN; POLLEN RECORD; JOINT INVESTIGATIONS; SUMMER MONSOON; WESTERN YUNNAN AB Based on simulations with 15 climate models in the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), the regional climate of East Asia (focusing on China) during the mid-Pliocene is investigated in this study. Compared to the pre-industrial, the multi-model ensemble mean (MMM) of all models shows the East Asian summer winds (EASWs) largely strengthen in monsoon China, and the East Asian winter winds (EAWWs) strengthen in south monsoon China but slightly weaken in north monsoon China in the mid-Pliocene. The MMM of all models also illustrates a warmer and wetter mid-Pliocene climate in China. The simulated weakened mid-Pliocene EAWWs in north monsoon China and intensified EASWs in monsoon China agree well with geological reconstructions. However, there is a large model-model discrepancy in simulating mid-Pliocene EAWW, which should be further addressed in the future work of PlioMIP. C1 [Zhang, R.; Jiang, D.] Chinese Acad Sci, Climate Change Res Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Yan, Q.; Zhang, Z. S.; Jiang, D.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Nansen Zhu Int Res Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Z. S.] UniResearch, Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. [Jiang, D.] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Reg Climate Environm Res Temperate East A, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. [Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Rosenbloom, N. A.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Haywood, A. M.; Hill, D. J.; Dolan, A. M.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Hill, D. J.] British Geol Survey, Nottingham NG12 5GG, England. [Stepanek, C.; Lohmann, G.] Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Contoux, C.; Ramstein, G.] CNRS CEA UVSQ, LSCE IPSL, Saclay, France. [Contoux, C.; Jost, A.] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Sisyphe, Paris, France. [Bragg, F.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. [Chan, W-L; Abe-Ouchi, A.] Univ Tokyo, Atmosphere & Ocean Res Inst, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. [Chandler, M. A.; Sohl, L.] Columbia Univ, NASA, GISS, New York, NY USA. [Kamac, Y.; Ueda, H.] Univ Tsukuba, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Abe-Ouchi, A.] JAMSTEC, Res Inst Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Nansen Zhu Int Res Ctr, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. EM zhongshi.zhang@bjerknes.uib.no RI Yan, Qing/C-5413-2013; Zhang, Zhongshi/L-2891-2013; zhang, ran/B-6309-2012; Ramstein, Gilles/L-3328-2014; Bragg, Fran/C-6198-2015; Kamae, Youichi/L-6694-2013; OI Yan, Qing/0000-0001-5299-7824; Zhang, Zhongshi/0000-0002-2354-1622; zhang, ran/0000-0003-2838-6796; Ramstein, Gilles/0000-0002-1522-917X; Bragg, Fran/0000-0002-8179-4214; Kamae, Youichi/0000-0003-0461-5718; Hill, Daniel/0000-0001-5492-3925; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako/0000-0003-1745-5952; Dolan, Aisling/0000-0002-9585-9648; Lohmann, Gerrit/0000-0003-2089-733X FU Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDB03020602]; Strategic and Special Frontier Project of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA05080803]; National 973 Program of China [2010CB950102]; U.S. National Science Foundation; Department of Energy; European Research Council under the European Union [278636]; UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Leverhulme Trust; National Centre for Atmospheric Science; British Geological Survey; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Helmholtz research programme PACES; Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM; Helmholtz Graduate School for Polar and Marine Research; REKLIM FX This study was jointly supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB03020602), the Strategic and Special Frontier Project of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05080803) and the National 973 Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950102). B. L. Otto-Bliesner and N. A. Rosenbloom acknowledge that the research and computing for this project were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Department of Energy. A. M. Haywood and A. M. Dolan acknowledge that the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 278636. A. M. Dolan acknowledges the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for the provision of a Doctoral Training Grant. D. J. Hill acknowledges the Leverhulme Trust for the provision of an early career fellowship with financial contributions made by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the British Geological Survey. W.-L. Chan and A. Abe-Ouchi acknowledge financial support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and computing resources at the Earth Simulator Center, JAMSTEC. G. Lohmann received funding through the Helmholtz research programme PACES and the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM. C. Stepanek acknowledges financial support from the Helmholtz Graduate School for Polar and Marine Research and from REKLIM. NR 70 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 5 U2 34 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1814-9324 EI 1814-9332 J9 CLIM PAST JI Clim. Past. PY 2013 VL 9 IS 5 BP 2085 EP 2099 DI 10.5194/cp-9-2085-2013 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 247EH UT WOS:000326597800004 ER PT J AU Trail, M Tsimpidi, AP Liu, P Tsigaridis, K Hu, Y Nenes, A Russell, AG AF Trail, M. Tsimpidi, A. P. Liu, P. Tsigaridis, K. Hu, Y. Nenes, A. Russell, A. G. TI Downscaling a global climate model to simulate climate change over the US and the implication on regional and urban air quality SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL; ONLINE TRACERS; UNITED-STATES; TROPOSPHERE; TRANSPORT AB Climate change can exacerbate future regional air pollution events by making conditions more favorable to form high levels of ozone. In this study, we use spectral nudging with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to downscale NASA earth system GISS modelE2 results during the years 2006 to 2010 and 2048 to 2052 over the contiguous United States in order to compare the resulting meteorological fields from the air quality perspective during the four seasons of five-year historic and future climatological periods. GISS results are used as initial and boundary conditions by the WRF regional climate model (RCM) to produce hourly meteorological fields. The downscaling technique and choice of physics parameterizations used are evaluated by comparing them with in situ observations. This study investigates changes of similar regional climate conditions down to a 12 km by 12 km resolution, as well as the effect of evolving climate conditions on the air quality at major US cities. The high-resolution simulations produce somewhat different results than the coarse-resolution simulations in some regions. Also, through the analysis of the meteorological variables that most strongly influence air quality, we find consistent changes in regional climate that would enhance ozone levels in four regions of the US during fall (western US, Texas, northeastern, and southeastern US), one region during summer (Texas), and one region where changes potentially would lead to better air quality during spring (Northeast). Changes in regional climate that would enhance ozone levels are increased temperatures and stagnation along with decreased precipitation and ventilation. We also find that daily peak temperatures tend to increase in most major cities in the US, which would increase the risk of health problems associated with heat stress. Future work will address a more comprehensive assessment of emissions and chemistry involved in the formation and removal of air pollutants. C1 [Trail, M.; Tsimpidi, A. P.; Liu, P.; Hu, Y.; Russell, A. G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Tsigaridis, K.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Tsigaridis, K.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Nenes, A.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biomol Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Trail, M (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM mcus2rail@gmail.com RI Hu, Yongtao/H-7543-2016 OI Hu, Yongtao/0000-0002-5161-0592 FU US EPA [EPA-G2008-STAR-J1]; NASA FX While this work was supported, in part, by grants from the US EPA (EPA-G2008-STAR-J1) and NASA, reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply their endorsement or recommendation. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 31 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 5 BP 1429 EP 1445 DI 10.5194/gmd-6-1429-2013 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 247FK UT WOS:000326601300003 ER PT S AU Prasad, NS AF Prasad, Narasimha S. BE Taylor, EW Cardimona, DA TI Post-Flight Test Results of Seed Laser Module Subjected to Space Exposure SO NANOPHOTONICS AND MACROPHOTONICS FOR SPACE ENVIRONMENTS VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments VII CY AUG 25-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE MISSE 7; Space Qualification; Lidar components; International Space Station (ISS); STS-129; STS-134 AB The objective of the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) is to study the performance of novel materials when subjected to the synergistic effects of the harsh space environment for several months. MISSE missions provide an opportunity for developing space qualifiable materials. Several laser and lidar components were sent by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) as a part of the MISSE 7 mission. The MISSE 7 module was transported to the international space station (ISS) via STS 129 mission that was launched on Nov 16, 2009. Later, the MISSE 7 module was brought back to the earth via the STS 134 that landed on June 1, 2011. The MISSE 7 module that was subjected to exposure in space environment for more than one and a half year included fiber laser, solid-state laser gain materials, detectors, and semiconductor laser diode. Performance testing of these components is now progressing. In this paper, the results of performance testing of a laser diode module sent by NASA Langley Research Center on MISSE 7 mission will be discussed. This paper will present the comparison of pre-flight and post-flight performance curves and discuss the effect of space exposure on the laser diode module. Preliminary findings on output power measurements show that the COTS laser diode characteristics did not undergo any significant performance degradation. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Prasad, NS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM narasimha.s.prasad@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9726-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8876 DI 10.1117/12.2025461 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHN56 UT WOS:000325977900009 ER PT S AU Watson, MD AF Watson, Michael D. BE Taylor, EW Cardimona, DA TI Photonics on the Mission to Mars SO NANOPHOTONICS AND MACROPHOTONICS FOR SPACE ENVIRONMENTS VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments VII CY AUG 25-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Photonics; Space Radiation; Space Environment; Interplanetary Space ID OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS; SPACE APPLICATIONS; DEEP-SPACE; BIT ERROR; FIBER; RADIATION; LASER AB Human missions to Mars present some unique challenges for photonics devices. These devices will have exposure to many different space environments. During assembly they will be exposed to the earth orbiting environment. Upon departure they will need to function through the Earth's Van Allen Radiation Belt. While the general interplanetary environment is less challenging than the radiation belt, they will operate in this environment for 18 months, subject to sudden saturation from solar flares. These components must continue to function properly through these saturation events presenting quite a challenge to photonic components, both optical and electronic. At Mars, the orbital environment is more benign than the Earth's. Components used as part of the landing vehicles must also deal with the pervasive dust environment for 3 - 6 months. These assembly and mission execution environments provide every form of space environmental challenges to photonic components. This paper will briefly discuss each environment and the expectations on the components for successful operation over the life of the mission. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Watson, MD (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 57 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9726-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8876 DI 10.1117/12.2025505 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BHN56 UT WOS:000325977900010 ER PT S AU Jones, JA Bruce, A Lam, AS AF Jones, Jack A. Bruce, Allan Lam, Adrienne S. GP IEEE TI Advanced Performance Hydraulic Wind Energy SO 2013 IEEE GREEN TECHNOLOGIES CONFERENCE SE IEEE Green Technologies Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GREENTECH) CY APR 04-05, 2013 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, Boeing, URS, CCET, IEEE Denver Sect, IEEE Reg 5, IEEE USA DE wind; tide; energy; power; hydraulic AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, has developed a novel advanced hydraulic wind energy design, which has up to 23% performance improvement over conventional wind turbine and conventional hydraulic wind energy systems with 5 m/sec winds. It also has significant cost advantages with levelized costs equal to coal (after carbon tax rebate). The design is equally applicable to tidal energy systems and has passed preliminary laboratory proof-of-performance tests, as funded by the Department of Energy. C1 [Jones, Jack A.; Lam, Adrienne S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jones, JA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jack.a.jones@jpl.nasa.gov; allan.bruce@sunlightphotonics.com; adrienslam@gmail.com NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2166-546X BN 978-0-7695-4966-8 J9 IEEE GREEN TECHNOL PY 2013 BP 140 EP 146 DI 10.1109/GreenTech.2013.29 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BHL31 UT WOS:000325778400021 ER PT J AU Goebel, K AF Goebel, Kai BE Jennions, IK TI Safety and IVHM SO INTEGRATED VEHICLE HEALTH MANAGEMENT: BUSINESS CASE THEORY AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Goebel, Kai] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Prognost Ctr Excellence, Washington, DC 20546 USA. [Goebel, Kai] NASA, Syst Wide Safety & Assurance Technol Project, Washington, DC USA. [Goebel, Kai] Rensselaer Polytech Inst, CS Dept, Troy, NY USA. RP Goebel, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Prognost Ctr Excellence, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAE INTERNATIONAL PI WARRENDALE PA 400 COMMONWEALTH DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15096 USA BN 978-0-7680-7645-5 PY 2013 BP 109 EP 125 D2 10.4271/R-414 PG 17 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Transportation GA BHN98 UT WOS:000326023500009 ER PT J AU Locatelli, R Bousquet, P Chevallier, F Fortems-Cheney, A Szopa, S Saunois, M Agusti-Panareda, A Bergmann, D Bian, H Cameron-Smith, P Chipperfield, MP Gloor, E Houweling, S Kawa, SR Krol, M Patra, PK Prinn, RG Rigby, M Saito, R Wilson, C AF Locatelli, R. Bousquet, P. Chevallier, F. Fortems-Cheney, A. Szopa, S. Saunois, M. Agusti-Panareda, A. Bergmann, D. Bian, H. Cameron-Smith, P. Chipperfield, M. P. Gloor, E. Houweling, S. Kawa, S. R. Krol, M. Patra, P. K. Prinn, R. G. Rigby, M. Saito, R. Wilson, C. TI Impact of transport model errors on the global and regional methane emissions estimated by inverse modelling SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; TRACER TRANSPORT; CO2 INVERSIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; VERTICAL PROFILES; DATA ASSIMILATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GROWTH-RATE; PART I AB A modelling experiment has been conceived to assess the impact of transport model errors on methane emissions estimated in an atmospheric inversion system. Synthetic methane observations, obtained from 10 different model outputs from the international TransCom-CH4 model inter-comparison exercise, are combined with a prior scenario of methane emissions and sinks, and integrated into the three-component PYVAR-LMDZ-SACS (PYthon VARiational-Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique model with Zooming capability-Simplified Atmospheric Chemistry System) inversion system to produce 10 different methane emission estimates at the global scale for the year 2005. The same methane sinks, emissions and initial conditions have been applied to produce the 10 synthetic observation datasets. The same inversion set-up (statistical errors, prior emissions, inverse procedure) is then applied to derive flux estimates by inverse modelling. Consequently, only differences in the modelling of atmospheric transport may cause differences in the estimated fluxes. In our framework, we show that transport model errors lead to a discrepancy of 27 Tg yr(-1) at the global scale, representing 5% of total methane emissions. At continental and annual scales, transport model errors are proportionally larger than at the global scale, with errors ranging from 36 Tg yr(-1) in North America to 7 Tg yr(-1) in Boreal Eurasia (from 23 to 48 %, respectively). At the model grid-scale, the spread of inverse estimates can reach 150% of the prior flux. Therefore, transport model errors contribute significantly to overall uncertainties in emission estimates by inverse modelling, especially when small spatial scales are examined. Sensitivity tests have been carried out to estimate the impact of the measurement network and the advantage of higher horizontal resolution in transport models. The large differences found between methane flux estimates inferred in these different configurations highly question the consistency of transport model errors in current inverse systems. Future inversions should include more accurately prescribed observation covariances matrices in order to limit the impact of transport model errors on estimated methane fluxes. C1 [Locatelli, R.; Bousquet, P.; Chevallier, F.; Fortems-Cheney, A.; Szopa, S.; Saunois, M.] LSCE UMR8212, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Agusti-Panareda, A.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. [Bergmann, D.; Cameron-Smith, P.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Atmospher Earth & Energy Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. [Bian, H.; Kawa, S. R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chipperfield, M. P.; Gloor, E.; Wilson, C.] Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Houweling, S.; Krol, M.] SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. [Houweling, S.; Krol, M.] Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht IMAU, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. [Krol, M.] Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands. [Patra, P. K.; Saito, R.] Res Inst Global Change JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. [Prinn, R. G.; Rigby, M.] MIT, Ctr Global Change Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Rigby, M.] Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. RP Locatelli, R (reprint author), LSCE UMR8212, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM robin.locatelli@lsce.ipsl.fr RI Rigby, Matthew/A-5555-2012; Szopa, Sophie/F-8984-2010; Krol, Maarten/E-3414-2013; Chipperfield, Martyn/H-6359-2013; Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Cameron-Smith, Philip/E-2468-2011; Chevallier, Frederic/E-9608-2016; OI Rigby, Matthew/0000-0002-2020-9253; Szopa, Sophie/0000-0002-8641-1737; Chipperfield, Martyn/0000-0002-6803-4149; Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Cameron-Smith, Philip/0000-0002-8802-8627; Chevallier, Frederic/0000-0002-4327-3813; Wilson, Chris/0000-0001-8494-0697 FU DGA (Direction Generale de l'Armement); CEA (Centre a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives); European Community [SPA.2011.1.5-02, 283576]; IMPACTS project; US DOE (BER); LDRD program at LLNL [07-ERD-064]; [DE-AC52-07NA27344] FX This work is supported by DGA (Direction Generale de l'Armement) and by CEA (Centre a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives). The research leading to the IFS results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 THEME [SPA.2011.1.5-02]) under grant agreement n. 283576 in the context of the MACC-II project (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate -Interim Implementation). The contribution by the LLNL authors was prepared under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, with different parts supported by the IMPACTS project funded by the US DOE (BER) and project (07-ERD-064) funded by the LDRD program at LLNL. The TRANSCOM community is to be thanked for sustained efforts on transport model studies since 1993. We thank two anonymous reviewers for critical evaluation and providing very helpful comments and suggestions for improving this article. NR 86 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 19 BP 9917 EP 9937 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9917-2013 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 234OY UT WOS:000325654900015 ER PT J AU Painemal, D Minnis, P Sun-Mack, S AF Painemal, D. Minnis, P. Sun-Mack, S. TI The impact of horizontal heterogeneities, cloud fraction, and liquid water path on warm cloud effective radii from CERES-like Aqua MODIS retrievals SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB The impact of horizontal heterogeneities, liquid water path (LWP from AMSR-E), and cloud fraction (CF) on MODIS cloud effective radius (re), retrieved from the 2.1 mu m (r(e2.1)) and 3.8 mu m (r(e3.8)) channels, is investigated for warm clouds over the southeast Pacific. Values of re retrieved using the CERES algorithms are averaged at the CERES footprint resolution (similar to 20 km), while heterogeneities (H-sigma) are calculated as the ratio between the standard deviation and mean 0.64 mu m reflectance. The value of r(e2.1) strongly depends on CF, with magnitudes up to 5 mu m larger than those for overcast scenes, whereas r(e3.8) remains insensitive to CF. For cloudy scenes, both r(e2.1) and r(e3.8) increase with H-sigma for any given AMSR-E LWP, but r(e2.1) changes more than for r(e3.8). Additionally, r(e3.8)-r(e2.1) differences are positive (<1 mu m) for homogeneous scenes (H-sigma < 0.2) and LWP > 45 gm(-2), and negative (up to -4 mu m) for larger H-sigma. While r(e3.8)-r(e2.1) differences in homogeneous scenes are qualitatively consistent with in situ microphysical observations over the region of study, negative differences - particularly evinced in mean regional maps - are more likely to reflect the dominant bias associated with cloud heterogeneities rather than information about the cloud vertical structure. The consequences for MODIS LWP are also discussed. C1 [Painemal, D.; Minnis, P.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Sun-Mack, S.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA. RP Painemal, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM david.painemal@nasa.gov RI Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010 OI Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148 FU NASA Postdoctoral Program at the NASA Langley Research Center; NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Program; NASA CERES Program; NASA Earth Science MEaSUREs DISCOVER Project; AMSR-E Science Team FX D. Painemal was supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the NASA Langley Research Center. P. Minnis and S. Sun-Mack were supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction and CERES Programs. The CERES-like PSSF data were processed at the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System, Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center. AMSR-E data are produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by the NASA Earth Science MEaSUREs DISCOVER Project and the AMSR-E Science Team. Data are available at www.remss.com. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 19 BP 9997 EP 10003 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9997-2013 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 234OY UT WOS:000325654900019 ER PT J AU Wong, HW Beyersdorf, AJ Heath, CM Ziemba, LD Winstead, EL Thornhill, KL Tacina, KM Ross, RC Albo, SE Bulzan, DL Anderson, BE Miake-Lye, RC AF Wong, H. -W. Beyersdorf, A. J. Heath, C. M. Ziemba, L. D. Winstead, E. L. Thornhill, K. L. Tacina, K. M. Ross, R. C. Albo, S. E. Bulzan, D. L. Anderson, B. E. Miake-Lye, R. C. TI Laboratory and modeling studies on the effects of water and soot emissions and ambient conditions on the properties of contrail ice particles in the jet regime SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GENERATED LIQUID AEROSOLS; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; SULFUR; EXHAUST; PHYSICOCHEMISTRY; H2SO4-H2O; FUELS AB Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus clouds are identified as the most uncertain components in determining aviation impacts on global climate change. Parameters affecting contrail ice particle formation immediately after the engine exit plane (<5 s in plume age) may be critical to ice particle properties used in large-scale models predicting contrail radiative forcing. Despite this, detailed understanding of these parametric effects is still limited. In this paper, we present results from recent laboratory and modeling studies conducted to investigate the effects of water and soot emissions and ambient conditions on near-field formation of contrail ice particles and ice particle properties. The Particle Aerosol Laboratory (PAL) at the NASA Glenn Research Center and the Aerodyne microphysical parcel model for contrail ice particle formation were employed. Our studies show that exhaust water concentration has a significant impact on contrail ice particle formation and properties. When soot particles were introduced, ice particle formation was observed only when exhaust water concentration was above a critical level. When no soot or sulfuric acid was introduced, no ice particle formation was observed, suggesting that ice particle formation from homogeneous nucleation followed by homogeneous freezing of liquid water was unfavorable. Soot particles were found to compete for water vapor condensation, and higher soot concentrations emitted into the chamber resulted in smaller ice particles being formed. Chamber conditions corresponding to higher cruising altitudes were found to favor ice particle formation. The micro-physical model captures trends of particle extinction measurements well, but discrepancies between the model and the optical particle counter measurements exist as the model predicts narrower ice particle size distributions and ice particle sizes nearly a factor of two larger than measured. These discrepancies are likely due to particle loss and scatter during the experimental sampling process and the lack of treatment of turbulent mixing in the model. Our combined experimental and modeling work demonstrates that formation of contrail ice particles can be reproduced in the NASA PAL facility, and the parametric understanding of the ice particle properties from the model and experiments can potentially be used in large-scale models to provide better estimates of the impact of aviation contrails on climate change. C1 [Wong, H. -W.; Albo, S. E.; Miake-Lye, R. C.] Aerodyne Res Inc, Ctr Aerothermodynam, Billerica, MA USA. [Beyersdorf, A. J.; Ziemba, L. D.; Winstead, E. L.; Thornhill, K. L.; Anderson, B. E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Heath, C. M.; Tacina, K. M.; Ross, R. C.; Bulzan, D. L.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Combust Branch, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Wong, HW (reprint author), Aerodyne Res Inc, Ctr Aerothermodynam, Billerica, MA USA. EM hwwong@aerodyne.com RI Beyersdorf, Andreas/N-1247-2013 FU Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative (ACCRI) via the Department of Transportation Volpe Center [DTRT57-10-C-10014]; NASA Subsonic Fixed-Wing, Clean Energy and Emissions Project FX The authors are grateful for financial support from the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative (ACCRI) via the Department of Transportation Volpe Center (Contract No. DTRT57-10-C-10014) and the NASA Subsonic Fixed-Wing, Clean Energy and Emissions Project. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 19 BP 10049 EP 10060 DI 10.5194/acp-13-10049-2013 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 234OY UT WOS:000325654900022 ER PT J AU Hunt, M Sayyah, R Macleod, TC Ho, FD AF Hunt, Mitchell Sayyah, Rana Macleod, Todd C. Ho, Fat D. TI Expanded Characterization of the Common-Drain Amplifier Using Metal-Ferroelectric-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE MFSFET; MFFET; metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistor; FeFET; FFET; ferroelectric transistor; common-drain amplifier ID ANALOG AMPLIFIER AB Data is presented in this paper that was obtained using a metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistor (MFSFET) in a common-drain amplifier configuration. The empirical data shown has been collected using larger drain voltages than previously seen, which helps to further understand and characterize the interesting operation of this amplifier circuit. The effects of varying different parameters such as load resistance, poling voltage, and input voltages of the amplifier circuit are examined. Differences between the MFSFET and MOSFET common-drain amplifier configurations are explored in-depth. C1 [Hunt, Mitchell; Sayyah, Rana; Ho, Fat D.] Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. [Macleod, Todd C.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ho, FD (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM ho@ece.uah.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 EI 1607-8489 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 141 IS 1 BP 134 EP 144 DI 10.1080/10584587.2013.780143 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 236HG UT WOS:000325785500017 ER PT J AU Malkhandi, S Trinh, P Manohar, AK Jayachandrababu, KC Kindler, A Prakash, GKS Narayanan, SR AF Malkhandi, S. Trinh, P. Manohar, Aswin K. Jayachandrababu, K. C. Kindler, A. Prakash, G. K. Surya Narayanan, S. R. TI Electrocatalytic Activity of Transition Metal Oxide-Carbon Composites for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Batteries and Fuel Cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BIFUNCTIONAL AIR ELECTRODES; RING-DISK ELECTRODE; NONPLATINUM CATALYSTS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; GOLD ELECTRODES; LA0.6CA0.4COO3; COBALT; IRON; PRINCIPLES; MECHANISM AB Conductive transition metal oxides (perovskites, spinels and pyrochlores) are attractive as catalysts for the air electrode in alkaline rechargeable metal-air batteries and fuel cells. We have found that conductive carbon materials when added to transition metal oxides such as calcium-doped lanthanum cobalt oxide, nickel cobalt oxide and calcium-doped lanthanum manganese cobalt oxide increase the electrocatalytic activity of the oxide for oxygen reduction by a factor of five to ten. We have studied rotating ring-disk electrodes coated with (a) various mass ratios of carbon and transition metal oxide, (b) different types of carbon additives and (c) different types of transition metal oxides. Our experiments and analysis establish that in such composite catalysts, carbon is the primary electro- catalyst for the two-electron electro-reduction of oxygen to hydroperoxide while the transition metal oxide decomposes the hydroperoxide to generate additional oxygen that enhances the observed current resulting in an apparent four-electron process. These findings are significant in that they change the way we interpret previous reports in the scientific literature on the electrocatalytic activity of various transition metal oxide- carbon composites for oxygen reduction, especially where carbon is assumed to be an additive that just enhances the electronic conductivity of the oxide catalyst. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 [Malkhandi, S.; Trinh, P.; Manohar, Aswin K.; Jayachandrababu, K. C.; Prakash, G. K. Surya; Narayanan, S. R.] Univ So Calif, Loker Hydrocarbon Res Inst, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Kindler, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Malkhandi, S (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Loker Hydrocarbon Res Inst, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM sri.narayan@usc.edu RI Malkhandi, Souradip/C-3582-2009 OI Malkhandi, Souradip/0000-0003-0826-3078 FU Department of Energy, ARPA-E GRIDS Program [DE-AR0000136]; Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern Califiornia, Los Angeles, CA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; California Institute of Technology; ARPA-E Grids program FX The research presented here was supported by the Department of Energy, ARPA-E GRIDS Program (DE-AR0000136), the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and the University of Southern Califiornia, Los Angeles, CA. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, California Institute of Technology, with funding from the ARPA-E Grids program. NR 45 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 6 U2 63 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2013 VL 160 IS 9 BP F943 EP F952 DI 10.1149/2.109308jes PG 10 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 220PY UT WOS:000324600600083 ER PT J AU Malkhandi, S Trinh, P Manohar, AK Jayachandrababu, KC Kindler, A Prakash, GKS Narayanan, SR AF Malkhandi, S. Trinh, P. Manohar, Aswin K. Jayachandrababu, K. C. Kindler, A. Prakash, G. K. Surya Narayanan, S. R. TI Electrocatalytic Activity of Transition Metal Oxide-Carbon Composites for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Batteries and Fuel Cells (vol 160, pg F943, 2013) SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Correction C1 [Malkhandi, S.; Trinh, P.; Manohar, Aswin K.; Jayachandrababu, K. C.; Prakash, G. K. Surya; Narayanan, S. R.] Univ So Calif, Loker Hydrocarbon Res Inst, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Kindler, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Malkhandi, S (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Loker Hydrocarbon Res Inst, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RI Malkhandi, Souradip/C-3582-2009 OI Malkhandi, Souradip/0000-0003-0826-3078 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2013 VL 160 IS 9 BP X11 EP X11 DI 10.1149/2.071309jes PG 1 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 220PY UT WOS:000324600600121 ER PT S AU Eng, R Arnold, WR Baker, MA Bevan, RM Burdick, G Effinger, MR Gaddy, DE Goode, BK Hanson, C Hogue, WD Kegley, JR Kirk, C Maffett, SP Matthews, GW Siler, RD Smith, WS Stahl, HP Tucker, JM Wright, ER AF Eng, Ron Arnold, William R. Baker, Marcus A. Bevan, Ryan M. Burdick, Gregory Effinger, Michael R. Gaddy, Darrell E. Goode, Brian K. Hanson, Craig Hogue, William D. Kegley, Jeffrey R. Kirk, Charlie Maffett, Steven P. Matthews, Gary W. Siler, Richard D. Smith, W. Scott Stahl, H. Philip Tucker, John M. Wright, Ernest R. BE Robichaud, JL Krodel, M Goodman, WA TI Cryogenic optical performance of a lightweighted mirror assembly for future space astronomical telescopes: correlating optical test results and thermal optical model SO MATERIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS TO OPTICS, STRUCTURES, COMPONENTS, AND SUB-SYSTEMS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Material Technologies and Applications to Optics, Structures, Components, and Sub-Systems CY AUG 26-28, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Lightweighted ULE (R) mirror; optical testing; optical model AB A 43cm diameter stacked core mirror demonstrator was interferometrically tested at room temperature down to 250 degrees Kelvin for thermal deformation. The 2.5m radius of curvature spherical mirror assembly was constructed by low temperature fusing three abrasive waterjet core sections between two CNC pocket milled face sheets. The 93% lightweighted Corning ULE (R) mirror assembly represents the current state of the art for future UV, optical, near IR space telescopes. During the multiple thermal test cycles, test results of interferometric test, thermal IR images of the front face were recorded in order to validate thermal optical model. C1 [Eng, Ron; Arnold, William R.; Baker, Marcus A.; Bevan, Ryan M.; Effinger, Michael R.; Gaddy, Darrell E.; Goode, Brian K.; Hogue, William D.; Kegley, Jeffrey R.; Siler, Richard D.; Smith, W. Scott; Stahl, H. Philip; Tucker, John M.; Wright, Ernest R.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Bevan, Ryan M.] Univ Alabama Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35889 USA. [Burdick, Gregory; Kirk, Charlie; Maffett, Steven P.] ITT Exelis Geospatial Syst, Rochester, NY 03115 USA. [Matthews, Gary W.] ITT Exelis, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Eng, R (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM ron.eng@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9687-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8837 AR UNSP 88370B DI 10.1117/12.2025393 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BHN37 UT WOS:000325971100009 ER PT S AU Fleming, BT McCandliss, SR Redwine, K Kaiser, ME Kruk, J Feldman, PD Kutyrev, AS Li, MJ Moseley, SH Siegmund, O Vallerga, J Martin, A AF Fleming, Brian T. McCandliss, Stephan R. Redwine, Keith Kaiser, Mary Elizabeth Kruk, Jeffery Feldman, Paul D. Kutyrev, Alexander S. Li, Mary J. Moseley, S. H. Siegmund, Oswald Vallerga, John Martin, Adrian BE Siegmund, OH TI Calibration and Flight Qualification of FORTIS SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB The Johns Hopkins University sounding rocket group has completed the assembly and calibration of the Far-ultraviolet Off Rowland-circle Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy (FORTIS); a sounding rocket borne multi-object spectro-telescope designed to provide spectral coverage of up to 43 separate targets in the 900 - 1800 Angstrom bandpass over a 30' x 30' field-of-view. FORTIS is capable of selecting the far-UV brightest regions of the target area by utilizing an autonomous targeting system. Medium resolution (R similar to 400) spectra are recorded in redundant dual-order spectroscopic channels with similar to 40 cm(2) of effective area at 1216 angstrom. The maiden launch of FORTIS occurred on May 10, 2013 out of the White Sands Missile Range, targeting the extended spiral galaxy M61 and nearby companion NGC 4301. We report on the final flight calibrations of the instrument, as well as the flight results. C1 [Fleming, Brian T.; McCandliss, Stephan R.; Redwine, Keith; Kaiser, Mary Elizabeth; Feldman, Paul D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Kruk, Jeffery; Kutyrev, Alexander S.; Li, Mary J.; Moseley, S. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Siegmund, Oswald; Vallerga, John; Martin, Adrian] Sensor Sci LLC, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 USA. RP Fleming, BT (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 88590Q DI 10.1117/12.2024189 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100020 ER PT S AU France, K Nell, N Hoadley, K Kane, R Burgh, EB Beasley, M Bushinsky, R Schultz, TB Kaiser, M Moore, C Kulow, J Green, JC AF France, Kevin Nell, Nicholas Hoadley, Keri Kane, Robert Burgh, Eric B. Beasley, Matthew Bushinsky, Rachel Schultz, Ted B. Kaiser, Michael Moore, Christopher Kulow, Jennifer Green, James C. BE Siegmund, OH TI Flight performance and first results from the Sub-orbital Local Interstellar Cloud Experiment (SLICE) SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE suborbital payload; spectroscopy; optical coatings; far-ultraviolet; interstellar medium ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; PHYSICAL CONDITIONS; ZETA-OPHIUCHI; TRANSLUCENT CLOUDS; COLUMN DENSITIES; H-2; GAS; ABSORPTION; ABUNDANCES; EXCITATION AB We present the flight performance and preliminary science results from the first flight of the Sub-orbital Local Interstellar Cloud Experiment (SLICE). SLICE is a rocket-borne far-ultraviolet instrument designed to study the diffuse interstellar medium. The SLICE payload comprises a Cassegrain telescope with LiF-coated aluminum optics feeding a Rowland Circle spectrograph operating at medium resolution (R similar to 5000) over the 102 - 107 nm bandpass. We present a novel method for cleaning LiF-overcoated Al optics and the instrumental wavelength calibration, while the details of the instrument design and assembly are presented in a companion proceeding (Kane et al. 2013). We focus primarily on first results from the spring 2013 launch of SLICE in this work. SLICE was launched aboard a Terrier-Black Brant IX sounding rocket from White Sands Missile Range to observe four hot stars sampling different interstellar sightlines. The instrument acquired approximately 240 seconds of on-target time for the science spectra. We observe atomic and molecular transitions (HI, OI, CII, OVI, H-2) tracing a range of temperatures, ionization states, and molecular fractions in diffuse interstellar clouds. Initial spectral synthesis results and future plans are discussed. C1 [France, Kevin; Nell, Nicholas; Hoadley, Keri; Kane, Robert; Bushinsky, Rachel; Kaiser, Michael; Moore, Christopher; Kulow, Jennifer; Green, James C.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Burgh, Eric B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Beasley, Matthew] Planetary Resources Inc, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. [Schultz, Ted B.] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [France, Kevin] NASA Nancy Grace Roman Fellow, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP France, K (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM kevin.france@colorado.edu NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 885910 DI 10.1117/12.2023400 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100030 ER PT S AU Hill, JE Black, JK Brieda, L Dickens, PL de Garcia, KM Hawk, DL Hayato, A Jahoda, K Mohammed, J AF Hill, Joanne E. Black, J. Kevin Brieda, Lubos Dickens, Patsy L. de Garcia, Kristina Montt Hawk, Douglas L. Hayato, Asami Jahoda, Keith Mohammed, Jelila BE Siegmund, OH TI Lifetime estimation of a time projection chamber X-ray polarimeter SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Dimethyl ether; polarimeter; time-projection chamber; Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX; outgassing ID GAS-CHAMBERS; WIRE AB The Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS) X-ray polarimeter Instrument (XPI) was designed to measure the polarization of 23 sources over the course of its 9 month mission. The XPI design consists of two telescopes each with a polarimeter assembly at the focus of a grazing incidence mirror. To make sensitive polarization measurements the GEMS Polarimeter Assembly (PA) employed a gas detection system based on a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) technique. Gas detectors are inherently at risk of degraded performance arising from contamination from outgassing of internal detector components or due to loss of gas. This paper describes the design and the materials used to build a prototype of the flight polarimeter with the required GEMS lifetime. We report the results from outgassing measurements of the polarimeter subassemblies and assemblies, enclosure seal tests, life tests, and performance tests that demonstrate that the GEMS lifetime is achievable. Finally we report performance measurements and the lifetime enhancement from the use of a getter. C1 [Hill, Joanne E.; Black, J. Kevin; Brieda, Lubos; Dickens, Patsy L.; de Garcia, Kristina Montt; Hawk, Douglas L.; Jahoda, Keith; Mohammed, Jelila] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hill, JE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM joanne.e.hill@nasa.gov FU Brookhaven National Laboratory personnel at the NSLS [X19A] FX We would like to acknowledge the support of the Brookhaven National Laboratory personnel at the NSLS beam-line X19A, in particular Syed Khalid NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 88590O DI 10.1117/12.2024724 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100018 ER PT S AU Kane, R Nell, N Schultz, T France, K Beasley, M Burgh, E Bushinsky, R Hoadley, K AF Kane, Robert Nell, Nicolas Schultz, Ted France, Kevin Beasley, Matthew Burgh, Eric Bushinsky, Rachel Hoadley, Keri BE Siegmund, OH TI The Opto-Mechanical Design of the Sub-orbital Local Interstellar Cloud Experiment (SLICE) SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE suborbital; spectroscopy; far-ultraviolet; opto-mechanical; lessons learned AB We present the fabrication and testing of the Sub-orbital Local Interstellar Cloud Experiment (SLICE), a rocket-borne payload for ultraviolet astrophysics in the 1020 to 1070 angstrom bandpass. The SLICE optical system is composed of an ultraviolet-optimized telescope feeding a Rowland Circle spectrograph. The telescope is an 8-inch Classical Cassegrain operating at F/7, with Al optics overcoated with LiF for enhanced far-ultraviolet reflectivity. The holographically-ruled grating focuses light at an open-faced microchannel plate detector employing an opaque RbBr photocathode. In this proceeding, we describe the design trades and calibration issues confronted during the build-up of this payload. We place particular emphasis on the technical details of the design, modifications, construction, and alignment procedures for SLICE in order to provide a roadmap for the optimization of future ruggedized experiments for ultraviolet imaging and spectroscopy. C1 [Kane, Robert; Nell, Nicolas; France, Kevin; Bushinsky, Rachel; Hoadley, Keri] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Schultz, Ted] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Beasley, Matthew] Planetary Resources Inc, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. [Burgh, Eric] NASA Ames Res Ctr, SOFIA, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kane, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 885912 DI 10.1117/12.2023079 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100032 ER PT S AU O'Dell, SL Swartz, DA Tice, NW Plucinsky, PP Grant, CE Marshall, HL Vikhlinin, AA Tennant, AF AF O'Dell, Stephen L. Swartz, Douglas A. Tice, Neil W. Plucinsky, Paul P. Grant, Catherine E. Marshall, Herman L. Vikhlinin, Alexey A. Tennant, Allyn F. BE Siegmund, OH TI Modeling contamination migration on the Chandra X-ray Observatory - II SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray astronomy; CCDs; contamination; modeling and simulation; spacecraft operations ID ACIS INSTRUMENT; PERFORMANCE AB During its first 14 years of operation, the cold (about -60 degrees C) optical blocking filter of the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS), aboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory, has accumulated a growing layer of molecular contamination that attenuates low-energy x rays. Over the past few years, the accumulation rate, spatial distribution, and composition have changed. This evolution has motivated further analysis of contamination migration within and near the ACIS cavity. To this end, the current study employs a higher-fidelity geometric model of the ACIS cavity, detailed thermal modeling based upon temperature data, and a refined model of the molecular transport. C1 [O'Dell, Stephen L.; Tennant, Allyn F.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, MSFC ZP12, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. [Tice, Neil W.; Grant, Catherine E.; Marshall, Herman L.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Vikhlinin, Alexey A.] Smithson Astrophys Observat, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Tennant, Allyn F.] Northrop Grumman, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP O'Dell, SL (reprint author), NASA MSFC ZP12, 320 Sparkman Dr NW, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM stephen.l.odell@nasa.gov OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 88590F DI 10.1117/12.2024541 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100010 ER PT S AU Ptak, A Bandler, SR Bookbinder, J Kelley, RL Petre, R Smith, RK Smith, S AF Ptak, Andrew Bandler, Simon R. Bookbinder, Jay Kelley, Richard L. Petre, Robert Smith, Randall K. Smith, Stephen BE Siegmund, OH TI Designing the X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer for Optimal Science Return SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-rays; astronomy; science metrics; spectroscopy AB Recent advances in X-ray microcalorimeters enable a wide range of possible focal plane designs for the X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (XMS) instrument on the future Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Imaging Observatory (AXSIO) or X-ray Astrophysics Probe (XAP). Small pixel designs (75 mu m) oversample a 5-10" PSF by a factor of 3-6 for a 10 m focal length, enabling observations at both high count rates and high energy resolution. Pixel designs utilizing multiple absorbers attached to single transition-edge sensors can extend the focal plane to cover a significantly larger field of view, albeit at a cost in maximum count rate and energy resolution. Optimizing the science return for a given cost and/or complexity is therefore a non-trivial calculation that includes consideration of issues such as the mission science drivers, likely targets, mirror size, and observing efficiency. We present a range of possible designs taking these factors into account and their impacts on the science return of future large effective-area X-ray spectroscopic missions. C1 [Ptak, Andrew; Bandler, Simon R.; Kelley, Richard L.; Petre, Robert; Smith, Stephen] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Bandler, Simon R.] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Bookbinder, Jay; Smith, Randall K.] Smithsonian Astrophys Oberservat, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Smith, Stephen] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Ptak, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Andrew.f.Ptak@nasa.gov RI Smith, Stephen/B-1256-2008; Bandler, Simon/A-6258-2010 OI Smith, Stephen/0000-0003-4096-4675; Bandler, Simon/0000-0002-5112-8106 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 885903 DI 10.1117/12.2024423 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100002 ER PT S AU Rogers, T McEntaffer, R Schultz, T Zeiger, B Oakley, P Cash, W AF Rogers, T. McEntaffer, R. Schultz, T. Zeiger, B. Oakley, P. Cash, W. BE Siegmund, OH TI The OGRESS sounding rocket payload SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE X-ray spectroscopy; Cygnus Loop supernova remnant; sounding rocket; off-plane gratings; GEM detectors ID X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY AB We present an overview of the Off-plane Grating Rocket for Extended Source Spectroscopy (OGRESS) sounding rocket payload based at the University of Iowa. OGRESS is designed to perform moderate resolution (R similar to 10-40) spectroscopy of diffuse celestial X-ray sources between 0.3 - 1.2 keV. A wire grid focuser constrains light from diffuse sources into a converging beam that feeds an array of diffraction gratings in the extreme off-plane mount. The spectrum is focused onto Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors. Scheduled to launch in 2014, OGRESS will obtain accurate physical diagnostics of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant and will increase the technical readiness level of GEMs. OGRESS is the fourth-generation of similar payloads from the partnership between the University of Iowa and the University of Colorado, with higher throughput, and improved noise characteristics over its predecessors. C1 [Rogers, T.; Cash, W.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, 593 UCB, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [McEntaffer, R.; Schultz, T.] Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Zeiger, B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Oakley, P.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Rogers, T (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, 593 UCB, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. FU NASA [NNX13AD03G, NNX11AO10H] FX The OGRESS payload and associated personnel are funded through NASA grants NNX13AD03G and NNX11AO10H. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 885911 DI 10.1117/12.2023762 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100031 ER PT S AU Thomas, NE Carter, JA Chiao, MP Chornay, DJ Collado-Vega, YM Collier, MR Cravens, TE Galeazzi, M Koutroumpa, D Kujawski, J Kuntz, KD Kuznetsova, MM Lepri, ST McCammon, D Morgan, K Porter, FS Prasai, K Read, AM Robertson, IP Sembay, SF Sibeck, DC Snowden, SL Uprety, Y Walsh, BM AF Thomas, Nicholas E. Carter, Jenny A. Chiao, Meng P. Chornay, Dennis J. Collado-Vega, Yaireska M. Collier, Michael R. Cravens, Thomas E. Galeazzi, Massimiliano Koutroumpa, Dimitra Kujawski, Joseph Kuntz, K. D. Kuznetsova, Maria M. Lepri, Susan T. McCammon, Dan Morgan, Kelsey Porter, F. Scott Prasai, Krishna Read, Andy M. Robertson, Ina P. Sembay, Steve F. Sibeck, David C. Snowden, Steven L. Uprety, Youaraj Walsh, Brian M. BE Siegmund, OH TI The DXL and STORM Sounding Rocket Mission SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE solar wind charge exchange; local hot bubble; proportional counter; sounding rocket ID X-RAY-EMISSION; WIND CHARGE-EXCHANGE; SOLAR-WIND; XMM-NEWTON; BACKGROUND FLUX; 1ST OBSERVATION; MARS; CHANDRA; SIMULATIONS; HELIOSPHERE AB The objective of the Diffuse X-ray emission from the Local Galaxy (DXL) sounding rocket experiment is to distinguish the soft X-ray emission due to the Local Hot Bubble (LHB) from that produced via Solar Wind Charge eXchange (SWCX). Enhanced interplanetary helium density in the helium focusing cone provides a spatial variation to the SWCX that can be identified by scanning through the focusing cone using an X-ray instrument with a large grasp. DXL consists of two large proportional counters refurbished from the Aerobee payload used during the Wisconsin All Sky Survey. The counters utilize P-10 fill gas and are covered by a thin Formvar window (with Cyasorb UV-24 additive) supported on a nickel mesh. DXL's large grasp is 10 cm(2) sr for both the 1/4 and 3/4 keV bands. DXL was successfully launched from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico on December 12, 2012 using a Terrier Mk70 Black Brant IX sounding rocket. The Sheath Transport Observer for the Redistribution of Mass (STORM) instrument is a prototype soft X-ray camera also successfully flown on the DXL sounding rocket. STORM uses newly developed slumped micropore ('lobster eye') optics to focus X-rays onto a position sensitive, chevron configuration, microchannel plate detector. The slumped micropore optics have a 75 cm curvature radius and a polyimide/aluminum filter bonded to its surface. STORM's large field-of-view makes it ideal for imaging SWCX with exospheric hydrogen for future missions. STORM represents the first flight of lobster-eye optics in space. C1 [Thomas, Nicholas E.; Chiao, Meng P.; Chornay, Dennis J.; Collado-Vega, Yaireska M.; Collier, Michael R.; Kuznetsova, Maria M.; Porter, F. Scott; Sibeck, David C.; Snowden, Steven L.; Walsh, Brian M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Thomas, Nicholas E.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. [Carter, Jenny A.; Read, Andy M.; Sembay, Steve F.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester, Leics, England. [Cravens, Thomas E.; Robertson, Ina P.] Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Galeazzi, Massimiliano; Prasai, Krishna; Uprety, Youaraj] Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. [Koutroumpa, Dimitra] Univ Versailles St Quentin Yvelines, CNRS, LATMOS IPSL, Versailles, France. [Kujawski, Joseph] Siena Coll, Dept Phys, Louisville, NY 12211 USA. [Kuntz, K. D.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. [Lepri, Susan T.] Ocean & Space Sci, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [McCammon, Dan; Morgan, Kelsey] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Thomas, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nicholas.e.thomas@nasa.gov RI Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012; Morgan, Kelsey/J-5053-2016; Collier, Michael/I-4864-2013 OI Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119; Morgan, Kelsey/0000-0002-6597-1030; Collier, Michael/0000-0001-9658-6605 FU NSROC; DXL; STORM; NASA [NNX11AF04G]; GSFC; Internal Research and Development (IRAD) program FX The DXL and STORM collaboration would like to give a heartfelt thanks for all the help received during the course of the investigation. From the GSFC- Paul Rozmarynowski, Kenneth Simms, and Norman Dobson. From the University of Miami- Manuel Collazo and Juan A. Lopez. From Wallops Flight Facility and NASROCChristine Power, Justin Babcock, Thomas Shockley, Valerie Gsell, Kyle Ryan, Belinda Serabian, Bernetta Justis, Rob Marshall, Nate Wroblewski, Tom Russell, Dan Hudson and all others at NSROC for the incredible amount of support we received. We would also like to thank the personnel at White Sands Missile Range, the Photonis Corporation, and Luxel who helped with the DXL and STORM missions.; This project was made possible by NASA. DXL is supported by NASA grant #NNX11AF04G. The STORM prototype was funded through the Planetary, Astrophysics, and Heliophysics Divisions and, the Astrophysics Division at GSFC with the Internal Research and Development (IRAD) program. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 88590Z DI 10.1117/12.2024438 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100029 ER PT S AU Weisskopf, MC Baldini, L Bellazzini, R Brez, A Costa, E Dissly, R Elsner, RF Fabiani, S Matt, G Minuti, M Muleri, F O'Dell, SL Pinchera, M Ramsey, B Rubini, A Sgro, C Soffitta, P Spandre, G AF Weisskopf, Martin C. Baldini, Luca Bellazzini, Ronaldo Brez, Alessandro Costa, Enrico Dissly, Richard Elsner, Ronald F. Fabiani, Sergio Matt, Giorgio Minuti, Massimo Muleri, Fabio O'Dell, Stephen L. Pinchera, Michele Ramsey, Brian Rubini, Alda Sgro, Carmelo Soffitta, Paolo Spandre, Gloria BE Siegmund, OH TI A small mission featuring an imaging x-ray polarimeter with high sensitivity SO UV, X-RAY, AND GAMMA-RAY SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII CY AUG 25-26, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Polarimetry; gas pixel detector; x-ray telescopes; astronomy ID GAS PIXEL DETECTOR; ROTATING BLACK-HOLE; POLARIZATION PROPERTIES; SUPERNOVA REMNANT; QUANTUM-GRAVITY; NEUTRON-STARS; EMISSION; CASSIOPEIA; SCATTERING; RADIATION AB We show that meaningful, highly sensitive x-ray polarimetry with imaging capability is possible with a small mission tailored to the NASA Explorer program. Such a mission-derived from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) proposed to a previous NASA call-takes advantage of progress in light-weight x-ray optics and in gas pixel detectors to achieve sensitive time-resolved, spectrometric, imaging polarimetry. We outline the main characteristics and requirements of this mission and provide a realistic assessment of its scientific utility for modeling point-like and extended x-ray sources and for studying physical processes (including questions of fundamental physics). C1 [Weisskopf, Martin C.; Elsner, Ronald F.; O'Dell, Stephen L.; Ramsey, Brian] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Weisskopf, MC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM martin.c.weisskopf@nasa.gov; paolo.soffitta@iaps.inaf.it RI Sgro, Carmelo/K-3395-2016; OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056; Soffitta, Paolo/0000-0002-7781-4104; Costa, Enrico/0000-0003-4925-8523; Sgro', Carmelo/0000-0001-5676-6214; Baldini, Luca/0000-0002-9785-7726 NR 60 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9709-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8859 AR UNSP 885908 DI 10.1117/12.2024473 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Optics GA BHN47 UT WOS:000325974100005 ER PT B AU Poli, R Cinel, C Sepulveda, F Stoica, A AF Poli, Riccardo Cinel, Caterina Sepulveda, Francisco Stoica, Adrian GP IEEE TI Improving Decision-making based on Visual Perception via a Collaborative Brain-Computer Interface SO 2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL MULTI-DISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE ON COGNITIVE METHODS IN SITUATION AWARENESS AND DECISION SUPPORT (COGSIMA) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA) CY FEB 25-28, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE, SoarTech, Lockheed Martin, Calspan Univ Buffalo Res Ctr ID TO-NUMBERS PROBLEMS; GROUPS PERFORM; INDIVIDUALS; INFORMATION; POTENTIALS AB In the presence of complex stimuli, in the absence of sufficient time to complete the visual parsing of a scene, or when attention is divided, an observer can only take in a subset of the features of a scene, potentially leading to poor decisions. In this paper we look at the possibility of integrating the percepts from multiple non-communicating observers as a means of achieving better joint perception and better decision making. Our approach involves the combination of brain-computer interface (Bel) technology with human behavioural responses. To test our ideas in controlled conditions, we asked observers to perform a simple visual matching task involving the rapid sequential presentation of pairs of visual patterns and the subsequent decision as whether the two patterns in a pair were the same or different. Visual stimuli were presented for insufficient time for the observers to be certain of the decision. The degree of difficulty of the task also depended on the number of matching features between the two patterns. The higher the number, the more difficult the task. We recorded the response times of observers as well as a neural feature which predicts incorrect decisions and, thus, indirectly indicates the confidence of the decisions made by the observers. We then built a composite neuro-behavioural feature which optimally combines these behavioural and neural measures. For group decisions, we tested the use of a majority rule and three further decision rules which weigh the decisions of each observer based on response times and our neural and neuro-behavioural features. Results indicate that the integration of behavioural responses and neural features can significantly improve accuracy when compared with individual performance. Also, within groups of each size, decision rules based on such features outperform the majority rule. C1 [Poli, Riccardo; Cinel, Caterina; Sepulveda, Francisco] Univ Essex, Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Brain Comp Interfaces Lab, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. [Stoica, Adrian] NASA Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Poli, R (reprint author), Univ Essex, Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Brain Comp Interfaces Lab, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. OI Poli, Riccardo/0000-0003-4612-0780 FU UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/K004638/1] FX The authors would like to thank the UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for financially supporting this research (grant EP/K004638/1). NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-2437-3; 978-1-4673-2436-6 PY 2013 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHJ01 UT WOS:000325568600001 ER PT S AU Pliutau, D Prasad, NS AF Pliutau, Denis Prasad, Narasimha S. BE VoDinh, T Lieberman, RA Gauglitz, GG TI Comparative analysis of alternative spectral bands of CO2 and O-2 for the sensing of CO2 mixing ratios SO ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL SENSING TECHNOLOGIES X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Environmental, Chemical, and Biological Sensing Technologies X CY APR 29-30, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE ID DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR AB We performed comparative studies to establish favorable spectral regions and measurement wavelength combinations in alternative bands of CO2 and O-2, for the sensing of CO2 mixing ratios (XCO2) in missions such as ASCENDS. The analysis employed several simulation approaches including separate layers calculations based on pre-analyzed atmospheric data from the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA), and the line-byline radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) to obtain achievable accuracy estimates as a function of altitude and for the total path over an annual span of variations in atmospheric parameters. Separate layer error estimates also allowed investigation of the uncertainties in the weighting functions at varying altitudes and atmospheric conditions. The parameters influencing the measurement accuracy were analyzed independently and included temperature sensitivity, water vapor interferences, selection of favorable weighting functions, excitations wavelength stabilities and other factors. The results were used to identify favorable spectral regions and combinations of on / off line wavelengths leading to reductions in interferences and the improved total accuracy. C1 [Pliutau, Denis; Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Pliutau, D (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9509-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8718 AR 87180L DI 10.1117/12.2016337 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHH32 UT WOS:000325411000010 ER PT S AU Smith, DD Myneni, K Chang, H AF Smith, David D. Myneni, Krishna Chang, H. BE Shahriar, SM Narducci, FA TI Dispersion enhancement in atom-cavity and coupled cavity systems SO ADVANCES IN SLOW AND FAST LIGHT VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Slow and Fast Light VI CY FEB 03-05, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical Resonators; Laser Gyroscopes; Coherent Optical Effects; Anomalous Dispersion; Fast Light ID FAST-LIGHT AB We present an entirely linear all-optical method of dispersion enhancement using coupled cavities that leads to a substantial increase in system transmission in comparison with atom-cavity systems. This is achieved by tuning the system to an anomalous dispersion condition by under-coupling at least one of the cavities to the other. The intracavity anomalous dispersion is then associated with a dip in reflection (and in turn with a peak in transmission) rather than with an absorption resonance as in the case of the atomic vapor. We find that in contrast with the atom-cavity system where mode reshaping always contributes to the mode pushing, in coupled cavity systems reshaping of the mode profile can either contribute to or oppose the mode pushing, and even reverse it under appropriate conditions leading to a reduced scale factor in transmission. We demonstrate a method for further optimizing the transmission of both atom-cavity and coupled-cavity systems, but show that this leads to a more rectangular mode profile and a reduction in the scale factor bandwidth. We also derive the cavity scale factor in reflection for both atom-cavity and coupled cavity systems and show that in reflection the reshaping of the mode profile can either contribute to or oppose the mode pushing, but cannot reverse it. C1 [Smith, David D.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Syst Dept, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Smith, DD (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Syst Dept, ES31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9398-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8636 AR 86360F DI 10.1117/12.2013488 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BHG80 UT WOS:000325365200008 ER PT J AU Mallet, M Dubovik, O Nabat, P Dulac, F Kahn, R Sciare, J Paronis, D Leon, JF AF Mallet, M. Dubovik, O. Nabat, P. Dulac, F. Kahn, R. Sciare, J. Paronis, D. Leon, J. F. TI Absorption properties of Mediterranean aerosols obtained from multi-year ground-based remote sensing observations SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SUMMER AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; SAHARAN DUST; URBAN ZONE; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; INVERSION ALGORITHM; BLACK CARBON; WEST-AFRICA; AEGEAN SEA AB Aerosol absorption properties are of high importance to assess aerosol impact on regional climate. This study presents an analysis of aerosol absorption products obtained over the Mediterranean basin or land stations in the region from multi-year ground-based AERONET observations with a focus on the Absorbing Aerosol Optical Depth (AAOD), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) and their spectral dependence. The AAOD and Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) dataset is composed of daily averaged AERONET level 2 data from a total of 22 Mediterranean stations having long time series, mainly under the influence of urban-industrial aerosols and/or soil dust. This dataset covers the 17-yr period 1996-2012 with most data being from 2003-2011 (similar to 89% of level-2 AAOD data). Since AERONET level-2 absorption products require a high aerosol load (AOD at 440 nm >0.4), which is most often related to the presence of desert dust, we also consider level-1.5 SSA data, despite their higher uncertainty, and filter out data with an Angstrom exponent <1.0 in order to study absorption by carbonaceous aerosols. The SSA dataset includes AERONET level-2 products. Sun-photometer observations show that values of AAOD at 440 nm vary between 0.024 +/- 0.01 (resp. 0.040 +/- 0.01) and 0.050 +/- 0.01 (0.055 +/- 0.01) for urban (dusty) sites. Analysis shows that the Mediterranean urban-industrial aerosols appear "moderately" absorbing with values of SSA close to similar to 0.94-0.95 +/- 0.04 (at 440 nm) in most cases except over the large cities of Rome and Athens, where aerosol appears more absorbing (SSA similar to 0.89-0.90 +/- 0.04). The aerosol Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE, estimated using 440 and 870 nm) is found to be larger than 1 for most sites over the Mediterranean, a manifestation of mineral dust (iron) and/or brown carbon producing the observed absorption. AERONET level-2 sun-photometer data indicate a possible East-West gradient, with higher values over the eastern basin (AAE(East) = 1.39/AAE(West) = 1.33). The North-South AAE gradient is more pronounced, especially over the western basin. Our additional analysis of AERONET level-1.5 data also shows that organic absorbing aerosols significantly affect some Mediterranean These results indicate that current climate models treating organics as nonabsorbing over the Mediterranean certainly underestimate the warming effect due to carbonaceous aerosols. C1 [Mallet, M.; Leon, J. F.] UMR5560, Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. [Dubovik, O.] Opt Atmospher Lab, Lille, France. [Nabat, P.] Meteo France, CNRM GAME, Toulouse, France. [Dulac, F.; Sciare, J.] CEA CNRS USVQ, Lab Sci Climat & Environm IPSL LSCE, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Kahn, R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Paronis, D.] Natl Observ Athens, Inst Astron Astrophys Space Applicat & Remote Sen, Athens, Greece. RP Mallet, M (reprint author), UMR5560, Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. RI Paronis, Dimitris/L-5366-2013; Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Paronis, Dimitris/0000-0002-7529-2090; Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 FU French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-11-BS56-0006] FX This work was undertaken is the framework of the MISTRALS/ChArMEx program. We acknowledge the AERONET and PHOTONS sun-photometer networks and the PIs of the 22 selected stations and their staff for their work to produce the dataset used in this study. This research has received funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) project ADRIMED (contract ANR-11-BS56-0006). NR 63 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 32 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 18 BP 9195 EP 9210 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9195-2013 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229RC UT WOS:000325283800005 ER PT J AU von Hobe, M Bekki, S Borrmann, S Cairo, F D'Amato, F Di Donfrancesco, G Dornbrack, A Ebersoldt, A Ebert, M Emde, C Engel, I Ern, M Frey, W Genco, S Griessbach, S Grooss, JU Gulde, T Gunther, G Hosen, E Hoffmann, L Homonnai, V Hoyle, CR Isaksen, ISA Jackson, DR Janosi, IM Jones, RL Kandler, K Kalicinsky, C Keil, A Khaykin, SM Khosrawi, F Kivi, R Kuttippurath, J Laube, JC Lefevre, F Lehmann, R Ludmann, S Luo, BP Marchand, M Meyer, J Mitev, V Molleker, S Muller, R Oelhaf, H Olschewski, F Orsolini, Y Peter, T Pfeilsticker, K Piesch, C Pitts, MC Poole, LR Pope, FD Ravegnani, F Rex, M Riese, M Rockmann, T Rognerud, B Roiger, A Rolf, C Santee, ML Scheibe, M Schiller, C Schlager, H de Cumis, MS Sitnikov, N Sovde, OA Spang, R Spelten, N Stordal, F Suminska-Ebersoldt, O Ulanovski, A Ungermann, J Viciani, S Volk, CM Scheidt, MV von der Gathen, P Walker, K Wegner, T Weigel, R Weinbruch, S Wetzel, G Wienhold, FG Wohltmann, I Woiwode, W Young, IAK Yushkov, V Zobrist, B Stroh, F AF von Hobe, M. Bekki, S. Borrmann, S. Cairo, F. D'Amato, F. Di Donfrancesco, G. Doernbrack, A. Ebersoldt, A. Ebert, M. Emde, C. Engel, I. Ern, M. Frey, W. Genco, S. Griessbach, S. Grooss, J. -U. Gulde, T. Guenther, G. Hoesen, E. Hoffmann, L. Homonnai, V. Hoyle, C. R. Isaksen, I. S. A. Jackson, D. R. Janosi, I. M. Jones, R. L. Kandler, K. Kalicinsky, C. Keil, A. Khaykin, S. M. Khosrawi, F. Kivi, R. Kuttippurath, J. Laube, J. C. Lefevre, F. Lehmann, R. Ludmann, S. Luo, B. P. Marchand, M. Meyer, J. Mitev, V. Molleker, S. Mueller, R. Oelhaf, H. Olschewski, F. Orsolini, Y. Peter, T. Pfeilsticker, K. Piesch, C. Pitts, M. C. Poole, L. R. Pope, F. D. Ravegnani, F. Rex, M. Riese, M. Roeckmann, T. Rognerud, B. Roiger, A. Rolf, C. Santee, M. L. Scheibe, M. Schiller, C. Schlager, H. de Cumis, M. Siciliani Sitnikov, N. Sovde, O. A. Spang, R. Spelten, N. Stordal, F. Suminska-Ebersoldt, O. Ulanovski, A. Ungermann, J. Viciani, S. Volk, C. M. vom Scheidt, M. von der Gathen, P. Walker, K. Wegner, T. Weigel, R. Weinbruch, S. Wetzel, G. Wienhold, F. G. Wohltmann, I. Woiwode, W. Young, I. A. K. Yushkov, V. Zobrist, B. Stroh, F. TI Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions (RECONCILE): activities and results SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE TEMPERATURE-FLUCTUATIONS; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL SIMULATIONS; LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES; REACTIVE UPTAKE COEFFICIENTS; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER; DIVIDED AQUEOUS SYSTEMS; NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; CRISTA-NF MEASUREMENTS; SOLAR ZENITH ANGLES AB The international research project RECONCILE has addressed central questions regarding polar ozone depletion, with the objective to quantify some of the most relevant yet still uncertain physical and chemical processes and thereby improve prognostic modelling capabilities to realistically predict the response of the ozone layer to climate change. This overview paper outlines the scope and the general approach of RECONCILE, and it provides a summary of observations and modelling in 2010 and 2011 that have generated an in many respects unprecedented dataset to study processes in the Arctic winter stratosphere. Principally, it summarises important outcomes of RECONCILE including (i) better constraints and enhanced consistency on the set of parameters governing catalytic ozone destruction cycles, (ii) a better understanding of the role of cold binary aerosols in heterogeneous chlorine activation, (iii) an improved scheme of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) processes that includes heterogeneous nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and ice on non-volatile background aerosol leading to better model parameterisations with respect to denitrification, and (iv) long transient simulations with a chemistryclimate model (CCM) updated based on the results of RECONCILE that better reproduce past ozone trends in Antarctica and are deemed to produce more reliable predictions of future ozone trends. The process studies and the global simulations conducted in RECONCILE show that in the Arctic, ozone depletion uncertainties in the chemical and microphysical processes are now clearly smaller than the sensitivity to dynamic variability. C1 [von Hobe, M.; Ern, M.; Grooss, J. -U.; Guenther, G.; Meyer, J.; Mueller, R.; Riese, M.; Rolf, C.; Schiller, C.; Spang, R.; Spelten, N.; Suminska-Ebersoldt, O.; Ungermann, J.; Wegner, T.; Stroh, F.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Bekki, S.; Kuttippurath, J.; Lefevre, F.; Marchand, M.] Univ Versailles St Quentin, LATMOS IPSL, Univ Paris 06, CNRS INSU, Paris, France. [Borrmann, S.; Frey, W.; Molleker, S.; Weigel, R.] Max Planck Inst Chem, Particle Chem Dept, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. [Cairo, F.; Genco, S.; Ravegnani, F.] CNR, ISAC, Inst Atmospher Sci & Climate, I-00185 Rome, Italy. [D'Amato, F.; de Cumis, M. Siciliani; Viciani, S.] CNR INO Ist Nazl Ott, I-50125 Florence, Italy. [Doernbrack, A.; Roiger, A.; Scheibe, M.; Schlager, H.] Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphere, D-82234 Wessling, Germany. [Ebersoldt, A.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Data Proc & Elect, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Ebert, M.; Kandler, K.; Weinbruch, S.] Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Angew Geowissensch, Darmstadt, Germany. [Emde, C.] Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80539 Munich, Germany. [Engel, I.; Hoyle, C. R.; Luo, B. P.; Peter, T.; Wienhold, F. G.; Zobrist, B.] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Griessbach, S.; Hoffmann, L.] Forschungszentrum Julich, JSC, D-52425 Julich, Germany. [Gulde, T.; Oelhaf, H.; Piesch, C.; Wetzel, G.; Woiwode, W.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Hoesen, E.; Kalicinsky, C.; Olschewski, F.; Volk, C. M.; vom Scheidt, M.] Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, Wuppertal, Germany. [Homonnai, V.; Janosi, I. M.] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Phys Complex Syst, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. [Isaksen, I. S. A.; Rognerud, B.; Sovde, O. A.; Stordal, F.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Jackson, D. R.] Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Jones, R. L.; Pope, F. D.; Young, I. A. K.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. [Keil, A.] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Atmospher & Environm Sci, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. [Khaykin, S. M.; Sitnikov, N.; Ulanovski, A.; Yushkov, V.] Cent Aerol Observ, Dolgoprudnyi, Moskow Region, Russia. [Khosrawi, F.] Stockholm Univ, MISU, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. [Kivi, R.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Sodankyla, Finland. [Laube, J. C.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Laube, J. C.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. [Ludmann, S.; Pfeilsticker, K.] Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany. [Mitev, V.] CSEM Ctr Suisse Elect & Microtech SA, Neuchatel, Switzerland. [Orsolini, Y.] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Poole, L. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Roeckmann, T.] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht IMAU, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, JPL NASA, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Walker, K.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Di Donfrancesco, G.] Ente Nazl Nuove Tecnol Energia & Ambiente, Rome, Italy. RP von Hobe, M (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. EM m.von.hobe@fz-juelich.de RI cairo, francesco/C-7460-2015; Hoffmann, Lars/A-5173-2013; Wetzel, Gerald/A-7065-2013; Tritscher, Ines/O-2271-2014; Riese, Martin/A-3927-2013; Ravegnani, Fabrizio/A-7800-2009; Rockmann, Thomas/F-4479-2015; bekki, slimane/J-7221-2015; Schiller, Cornelius/B-1004-2013; Sovde Haslerud, Amund/H-2850-2016; Ern, Manfred/I-8839-2016; Rolf, Christian/K-5275-2016; Borrmann, Stephan/E-3868-2010; Guenther, Gebhard/K-7583-2012; Emde, Claudia/B-5447-2010; Kandler, Konrad/C-3467-2014; Weinbruch, Stephan/E-6141-2014; Spang, Reinhold/A-2738-2013; Frey, Wiebke/G-2058-2014; Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013; Wohltmann, Ingo/C-1301-2010; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; Ungermann, Jorn/K-7776-2012; von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Hoyle, Christopher/B-7786-2008; Rex, Markus/A-6054-2009 OI von Hobe, Marc/0000-0001-6034-6562; Stroh, Fred/0000-0002-4492-2977; cairo, francesco/0000-0002-2886-2601; Rognerud, Bjorg/0000-0001-5958-4547; Stordal, Frode/0000-0002-5190-6473; Jones, Roderic /0000-0002-6761-3966; Griessbach, Sabine/0000-0003-3792-3573; Hoffmann, Lars/0000-0003-3773-4377; Tritscher, Ines/0000-0001-5285-7952; Riese, Martin/0000-0001-6398-6493; Ravegnani, Fabrizio/0000-0003-0735-9297; Rockmann, Thomas/0000-0002-6688-8968; bekki, slimane/0000-0002-5538-0800; Sovde Haslerud, Amund/0000-0002-3812-3837; Ern, Manfred/0000-0002-8565-2125; Rolf, Christian/0000-0001-5329-0054; Guenther, Gebhard/0000-0003-4111-6221; Spang, Reinhold/0000-0002-2483-5761; Frey, Wiebke/0000-0003-4282-1264; Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977; Wohltmann, Ingo/0000-0003-4606-6788; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; Ungermann, Jorn/0000-0001-9095-8332; von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; Hoyle, Christopher/0000-0002-1369-9143; Rex, Markus/0000-0001-7847-8221 FU European Commission [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; NASA CALIPSO/CloudSat; NASA [NNL11AA10D]; Canadian Space Agency; UK Natural Environment Research Council [NE/F015585/1, NE/I021918/1]; EU; ESA; Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany FX RECONCILE is funded by the European Commission under the grant number RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1. This funding enabled the scientific findings described in this paper, and is greatly appreciated. We are also grateful to the EC scientific officers Claus Bruning and Franz Immler for their support. We also acknowledge important contributions from institutional funding, and thank the involved scientists and administrative and technical stuff at the partner institutions who supported the project work in many ways. We thank MDB and in particular the M55-Geophysica pilots Oleg Shepetkov and Oleg Kononenko and the ground crew led by G. Belyaev for their fantastic work during the aircraft campaign. For invaluable support with logistics, flight permissions, and many other aspects of the aircraft campaign, we thank Rolf Maser and Harald Franke from ENVISCOPE, Heinz Finkenzeller from FINKCAS, Kurt Maki and the Kiruna airport crew, and the Longyearbyen airport crew. Support for M. C. Pitts is provided under the auspices of the NASA CALIPSO/CloudSat Science Team. Support for L. R. Poole is provided under NASA contract NNL11AA10D. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency. Work at the University of East Anglia was made possible through funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (research fellowships NE/F015585/1 & NE/I021918/1). The atmospheric sounding campaign at FMI Sodankyla was supported by the EU through the Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility (LAPBIAT2) project. The Geophysica flight on 10 March 2010 was funded by the ESA under the PremierEx project. The PremierEx project also funded two Geophysica flights in autumn 2009 from Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, that provided an invaluable opportunity for instrument testing prior to the Kiruna activities. We thank Bodeker Scientific for the total column ozone data and ECMWF for providing forecast, analysis and reanalysis data. Some of these data were available through the special project "Effect of non-hydrostatic gravity waves on the stratosphere above Scandinavia" by one of the authors (A. D.). Finally, we thank Susan Solomon, Jean-Pierre Pommereau, Rob MacKenzie, and Ross Salawitch for constructive reviews and valuable comments that helped to improve the manuscript and greatly enhanced the value of this paper. NR 226 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 40 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 18 BP 9233 EP 9268 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9233-2013 PG 36 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229RC UT WOS:000325283800009 ER PT J AU Kim, PS Jacob, DJ Liu, X Warner, JX Yang, K Chance, K Thouret, V Nedelec, P AF Kim, P. S. Jacob, D. J. Liu, X. Warner, J. X. Yang, K. Chance, K. Thouret, V. Nedelec, P. TI Global ozone-CO correlations from OMI and AIRS: constraints on tropospheric ozone sources SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; TROPICAL SOUTH-ATLANTIC; CARBON-MONOXIDE; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; MONITORING INSTRUMENT; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; MODEL DESCRIPTION; AURA SATELLITE; INTEX-B; EMISSIONS AB We present a global data set of free tropospheric ozone-CO correlations with 2 degrees x 2.5 degrees spatial resolution from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) satellite instruments for each season of 2008. OMI and AIRS have near-daily global coverage of ozone and CO respectively and observe coincident scenes with similar vertical sensitivities. The resulting ozone-CO correlations are highly statistically significant (positive or negative) in most regions of the world, and are less noisy than previous satellite-based studies that used sparser data. Comparison with ozone-CO correlations and regression slopes (dO(3)/dCO) from MOZAIC (Measurements of OZone, water vapour, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides by in-service AIrbus airCraft) aircraft profiles shows good general agreement. We interpret the observed ozone-CO correlations with the GEOS (Goddard Earth Observing System)-Chem chemical transport model to infer constraints on ozone sources. Driving GEOS-Chem with different meteorological fields generally shows consistent ozone-CO correlation patterns, except in some tropical regions where the correlations are strongly sensitive to model transport error associated with deep convection. GEOS-Chem reproduces the general structure of the observed ozone-CO correlations and regression slopes, although there are some large regional discrepancies. We examine the model sensitivity of dO(3)/dCO to different ozone sources (combustion, biosphere, stratosphere, and lightning NOx) by correlating the ozone change from that source to CO from the standard simulation. The model reproduces the observed positive dO(3)/dCO in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere in spring-summer, driven by combustion sources. Stratospheric influence there is also associated with a positive dO(3)/dCO because of the interweaving of stratospheric downwelling with continental outflow. The well-known ozone maximum over the tropical South Atlantic is associated with negative dO(3)/dCO in the observations; this feature is reproduced in GEOS-Chem and supports a dominant contribution from lightning to the ozone maximum. A major model discrepancy is found over the northeastern Pacific in summer-fall where dO(3)/dCO is positive in the observations but negative in the model, for all ozone sources. We suggest that this reflects a model overestimate of lightning at northern midlatitudes combined with an underestimate of the East Asian CO source. C1 [Kim, P. S.; Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Jacob, D. J.] Harvard Univ, Sch Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Liu, X.; Chance, K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Warner, J. X.] Univ Maryland, Coll Comp Math & Nat Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Yang, K.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Yang, K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Thouret, V.; Nedelec, P.] CNRS, Lab Aerol, UMR5560, Toulouse, France. [Thouret, V.; Nedelec, P.] Univ Toulouse, Toulouse, France. RP Kim, PS (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM kim68@fas.harvard.edu RI Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Liu, Xiong/P-7186-2014; OI Liu, Xiong/0000-0003-2939-574X; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577 FU NASA Aura Program; Department of Energy Office of Science Graduate Fellowship Program (DOE SCGF) [DE-AC05-06OR23100]; MOZAIC program by the European Commission; EADS; Airbus; airline (Lufthansa); airline (Austrian); airline (Air France); airline (Air Namibia) FX This work was funded by the NASA Aura Program and in part by the Department of Energy Office of Science Graduate Fellowship Program (DOE SCGF), made possible in part by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, administered by ORISE-ORAU under contract no. DE-AC05-06OR23100. The authors acknowledge the support of the MOZAIC program by the European Commission, EADS, Airbus, and the airlines (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France, and Air Namibia) who carry the MOZAIC equipment free of charge and who have performed the maintenance since 1994. The MOZAIC database is supported by ETHER (CNES and INSU-CNRS). NR 84 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 23 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 18 BP 9321 EP 9335 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9321-2013 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229RC UT WOS:000325283800013 ER PT J AU Wunch, D Wennberg, PO Messerschmidt, J Parazoo, NC Toon, GC Deutscher, NM Keppel-Aleks, G Roehl, CM Randerson, JT Warneke, T Notholt, J AF Wunch, D. Wennberg, P. O. Messerschmidt, J. Parazoo, N. C. Toon, G. C. Deutscher, N. M. Keppel-Aleks, G. Roehl, C. M. Randerson, J. T. Warneke, T. Notholt, J. TI The covariation of Northern Hemisphere summertime CO2 with surface temperature in boreal regions SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE EXCHANGE; CARBON-DIOXIDE VARIABILITY; COLUMN OBSERVING NETWORK; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; SOIL RESPIRATION; GREENHOUSE GASES; SEASONAL CYCLE AB We observe significant interannual variability in the strength of the seasonal cycle drawdown in northern midlatitudes from measurements of CO2 made by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). This variability correlates with surface temperature in the boreal regions. Using TCCON measurements, we find that the slope of the relationship between the X-CO2 seasonal cycle minima and boreal surface temperature is 1.2 +/- 0.7 ppm K-1. Assimilations from CarbonTracker 2011 and CO2 simulations using the Simple Biosphere exchange Model (SiB) transported by GEOS-Chem underestimate this covariation. Both atmospheric transport and biospheric activity contribute to the observed covariation. C1 [Wunch, D.; Wennberg, P. O.; Messerschmidt, J.; Toon, G. C.; Roehl, C. M.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Parazoo, N. C.; Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Parazoo, N. C.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. [Deutscher, N. M.; Warneke, T.; Notholt, J.] Univ Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Keppel-Aleks, G.; Randerson, J. T.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. RP Wunch, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM dwunch@gps.caltech.edu RI Keppel-Aleks, Gretchen/A-3239-2013; Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014; Deutscher, Nicholas/E-3683-2015; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016 OI Deutscher, Nicholas/0000-0002-2906-2577; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X FU NASA's Carbon Cycle Program [NNX11AG01G]; Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program; DOE/ARM Program; Senate of Bremen; EU; NASA's Carbon Cycle Science program [NNX10AT83G]; NASA ROSES [NNH09ZDA001N-ACOS] FX The authors would like to thank Prof. Peter Rayner and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments that substantially improved this paper. CarbonTracker 2011 results were provided by NOAA ESRL, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from the website at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov. US funding for TCCON comes from NASA's Carbon Cycle Program, grant number NNX11AG01G, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program, and the DOE/ARM Program. We acknowledge financial support of the Bialystok TCCON site from the Senate of Bremen and EU projects IMECC and GEOmon as well as maintenance and logistical work provided by AeroMeteo Service. P. O. Wennberg and J. T. Randerson receive support from NASA's Carbon Cycle Science program (NNX10AT83G). The GOSAT XCO2 data were obtained from the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) project. We thank the three Japanese parties (NIES, JAXA, MOE) for making the GOSAT spectra available to the scientific community. N. C. Parazoo carried out the research at the University of California Los Angeles and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and acknowledges support from NASA ROSES NNH09ZDA001N-ACOS. Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. Self-calibrated PDSI data with Penman-Monteith PE were downloaded from http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/catalog/climind/pdsi.html. NR 76 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 28 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 18 BP 9447 EP 9459 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9447-2013 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229RC UT WOS:000325283800021 ER PT J AU Patadia, F Kahn, RA Limbacher, JA Burton, SP Ferrare, RA Hostetler, CA Hair, JW AF Patadia, F. Kahn, R. A. Limbacher, J. A. Burton, S. P. Ferrare, R. A. Hostetler, C. A. Hair, J. W. TI Aerosol airmass type mapping over the Urban Mexico City region from space-based multi-angle imaging SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; MILAGRO FIELD CAMPAIGN; OPTICAL DEPTH; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AIR-POLLUTION; TIME-SERIES; TRANSPORT; AIRBORNE; ABSORPTION; AERONET AB Using Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and sub-orbital measurements from the 2006 INTEX-B/MILAGRO field campaign, in this study we explore MISR's ability to map different aerosol air mass types over the Mexico City metropolitan area. The aerosol air mass distinctions are based on shape, size and single scattering albedo retrievals from the MISR Research Aerosol Retrieval algorithm. In this region, the research algorithm identifies dust-dominated aerosol mixtures based on non-spherical particle shape, whereas spherical biomass burning and urban pollution particles are distinguished by particle size. Two distinct aerosol air mass types based on retrieved particle microphysical properties, and four spatially distributed aerosol air masses, are identified in the MISR data on 6 March 2006. The aerosol air mass type identification results are supported by coincident, airborne high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) measurements. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) gradients are also consistent between the MISR and sub-orbital measurements, but particles having single-scattering albedo of approximate to 0.7 at 558 nm must be included in the retrieval algorithm to produce good absolute AOD comparisons over pollution-dominated aerosol air masses. The MISR standard V22 AOD product, at 17.6 km resolution, captures the observed AOD gradients qualitatively, but retrievals at this coarse spatial scale and with limited spherical absorbing particle options underestimate AOD and do not retrieve particle properties adequately over this complex urban region. However, we demonstrate how AOD and aerosol type mapping can be accomplished with MISR data over complex urban regions, provided the retrieval is performed at sufficiently high spatial resolution, and with a rich enough set of aerosol components and mixtures. C1 [Patadia, F.] Morgan State Univ, GESTAR, Baltimore, MD 21251 USA. [Patadia, F.; Kahn, R. A.; Limbacher, J. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Limbacher, J. A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Burton, S. P.; Ferrare, R. A.; Hostetler, C. A.; Hair, J. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Patadia, F (reprint author), Morgan State Univ, GESTAR, Baltimore, MD 21251 USA. EM falguni.patadia@nasa.gov RI Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 FU Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy (Atmospheric Science Program), Interagency Agreement [DE-AI02-05ER6398]; NASA's Climate and Radiation Research and Analysis Program; NASA's Atmospheric Composition Program; NASA Earth Observing System MISR instrument project FX We acknowledge the collaborative effort of a large number of participants and multi-national agencies that contributed to the MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign. We gratefully acknowledge the NASA Langley Flight Research Service Directorate for their support of B200 flight operations during MILAGRO. Support for the HSRL deployment during MILAGRO and the analyses of these data was provided by the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the NASA CALIPSO project, and the Office of Science (BER), US Department of Energy (Atmospheric Science Program), Interagency Agreement No. DE-AI02-05ER6398. We also acknowledge AERONET site managers at Mexico City A. Leyva, Technician H. R. Estevez from the Institute of Geophysics at UNAM and the AERONET global PI, B. Holben, for making available an extensive and high quality aerosol data set, and the AATS-14 instrument team, led by Jens Redemann. We thank the PIs of various instruments at the five ground sites (Hidalgo, Mexico City, UNAM, UAMI and Corena). Size distribution, meteorological, and aerosol optical depth data from these sites were used to evaluate MISR retrievals. Special thanks to Bob Yokelson for helpful discussions about the fires during our study period, and to B. De Foy for insights about the relative humidity data. Thanks also to S. Madronich, L. Molina, and J. Meitin for their dedication in making the MILAGRO campaign a success for all. The work of R. Kahn is supported in part by NASA's Climate and Radiation Research and Analysis Program under H. Maring, NASA's Atmospheric Composition Program under R. Eckman, which also supported F. Patadia, and the NASA Earth Observing System MISR instrument project. NR 53 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 18 BP 9525 EP 9541 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9525-2013 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229RC UT WOS:000325283800026 ER PT J AU Hoyle, CR Engel, I Luo, BP Pitts, MC Poole, LR Grooss, JU Peter, T AF Hoyle, C. R. Engel, I. Luo, B. P. Pitts, M. C. Poole, L. R. Grooss, J. -U. Peter, T. TI Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds - Part 1: Nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE TEMPERATURE-FLUCTUATIONS; ICE NUCLEATION; MOUNTAIN WAVES; MICROPHYSICAL MODEL; LIQUID PARTICLES; WINTER 2002/2003; ANTARCTIC OZONE; IMMERSION MODE; CIRRUS CLOUDS; DENITRIFICATION AB Satellite-based observations during the Arctic winter of 2009/2010 provide firm evidence that, in contrast to the current understanding, the nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in the polar stratosphere does not only occur on preexisting ice particles. In order to explain the NAT clouds observed over the Arctic in mid-December 2009, a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism is required, occurring via immersion freezing on the surface of solid particles, likely of meteoritic origin. For the first time, a detailed microphysical modelling of this NAT formation pathway has been carried out. Heterogeneous NAT formation was calculated along more than sixty thousand trajectories, ending at Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observation points. Comparing the optical properties of the modelled NAT with these observations enabled a thorough validation of a newly developed NAT nucleation parameterisation, which has been built into the Zurich Optical and Microphysical box Model (ZOMM). The parameterisation is based on active site theory, is simple to implement in models and provides substantial advantages over previous approaches which involved a constant rate of NAT nucleation in a given volume of air. It is shown that the new method is capable of reproducing observed polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) very well, despite the varied conditions experienced by air parcels travelling along the different trajectories. In a companion paper, ZOMM is applied to a later period of the winter, when ice PSCs are also present, and it is shown that the observed PSCs are also represented extremely well under these conditions. C1 [Hoyle, C. R.] Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Atmospher Chem, Villigen, Switzerland. [Hoyle, C. R.; Engel, I.; Luo, B. P.; Peter, T.] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Pitts, M. C.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Poole, L. R.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Grooss, J. -U.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energie & Klimaforsch Stratosphare IEK 7, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Hoyle, CR (reprint author), Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Atmospher Chem, Villigen, Switzerland. EM christopher.hoyle@env.ethz.ch RI GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; Hoyle, Christopher/B-7786-2008; Tritscher, Ines/O-2271-2014 OI GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; Hoyle, Christopher/0000-0002-1369-9143; Tritscher, Ines/0000-0001-5285-7952 FU Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [200021_120175/1, 200021_140663]; European Commission [RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1]; NASA [NNL11AA10D]; project RECONCILE; European Commission FX This work was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) grant numbers 200021_120175/1 and 200021_140663 as well as by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under the grant number RECONCILE-226365-FP7-ENV-2008-1. Support for L. R. Poole is provided under NASA contract NNL11AA10D. Support for B. P. Luo by the project RECONCILE funded by the European Commission is gratefully acknowledged. Aura MLS gas species data were obtained through the Aura MLS website (http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/index-eos-mls.php). NR 58 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 18 BP 9577 EP 9595 DI 10.5194/acp-13-9577-2013 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229RC UT WOS:000325283800029 ER PT S AU Sherrit, S Djrbashian, A Bradford, SC AF Sherrit, S. Djrbashian, A. Bradford, S. C. BE Goulbourne, NC Naguib, HE TI Analysis of the Impedance Resonance of Piezoelectric Multi-fiber Composite Stacks SO BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICS OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Actuators; Piezoelectric Devices; Multi-fiber composites; Positioners; Resonance Analysis; MFC (TM) AB Multi-Fiber Composites(TM) (MFC's) produced by Smart Materials Corp behave essentially like thin planar stacks where each piezoelectric layer is composed of a multitude of fibers. We investigate the suitability of using previously published inversion techniques [9] for the impedance resonances of monolithic co-fired piezoelectric stacks to the MFC(TM) to determine the complex material constants from the impedance data. The impedance equations examined in this paper are those based on the derivation by Martin [5,6,10]. The utility of resonance techniques to invert the impedance data to determine the small signal complex material constants are presented for a series of MFC's. The technique was applied to actuators with different geometries and the real coefficients were determined to be similar within changes of the boundary conditions due to change of geometry. The scatter in the imaginary coefficient was found to be larger. The technique was also applied to the same actuator type but manufactured in different batches with some design changes in the non active portion of the actuator and differences in the dielectric and the electromechanical coupling between the two batches were easily measureable. It is interesting to note that strain predicted by small signal impedance analysis is much lower than high field stains. Since the model is based on material properties rather than circuit constants, it could be used for the direct evaluation of specific aging or degradation mechanisms in the actuator as well as batch sorting and adjustment of manufacturing processes. C1 [Sherrit, S.; Djrbashian, A.; Bradford, S. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sherrit, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9472-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8689 AR 868904 DI 10.1117/12.2009056 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGK42 UT WOS:000323320000002 ER PT J AU Ruvinskiy, P Barsukov, IV Mashtalir, O Reid, CM Wu, JJ Gogotsi, Y AF Ruvinskiy, Pavel Barsukov, Igor V. Mashtalir, Olha Reid, Concha M. Wu, James J. Gogotsi, Yury TI Nano-Silicon Containing Composite Graphitic Anodes with Improved Cycling Stability for Application in High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries SO ECS JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAPACITY; ELECTRODES; CHALLENGES; LITHIATION; STORAGE; GROWTH AB The development of affordable and safe lithium-ion batteries (LIB) which feature high storage capacity represents one of the priority strategies toward further introduction of green technologies in our everyday life. This paper presents a study into the candidate composite anodes for high energy LIB; these utilize reversible high storage capacity of ions of lithium in the form of alloys of the latter with nano-sized silicon, imbedded in a soft-carbon matrix, which in turn, are deposited on a robust graphitic core. These structures allow an efficient contact between the constituents to be realized at the same time providing space for Si nano-particles during lithiation/de-lithiation process. The synthetic route described herein has a high potential for a cost-effective scale-up with the battery materials industry. Presented results demonstrate feasibility for creation of new active materials for the negative electrodes in LIB, which feature the storage capacity up to 700 mAh g(-1) at C/2 and in excess of 1450 mAh g(-1) at C/20 cycling rates, respectively. This work also shows that the use of acrylic binder has a positive effect on the overall system performance, as compared to state-of-the-art PVDF-based binder systems. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 [Ruvinskiy, Pavel; Mashtalir, Olha; Gogotsi, Yury] Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Ruvinskiy, Pavel; Mashtalir, Olha; Gogotsi, Yury] Univ Penn, AJ Drexel Nanotechnol Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. [Barsukov, Igor V.] Amer Energy Technol Co, Arlington Hts, IL 60004 USA. [Reid, Concha M.; Wu, James J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ruvinskiy, P (reprint author), BASF Corp, Environm Catalysis Grp, Iselin, NJ 08830 USA. EM gogotsi@drexel.edu RI Gogotsi, Yury/B-2167-2008 OI Gogotsi, Yury/0000-0001-9423-4032 FU IBM T.J. Watson Research Center's M. Nielsen; Phase I SBIR contract through NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH [NNX11CE54P]; Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program [6951370] FX Authors thank Drexel University's M. Naguib and M. Heon for their assistance with the SEM analyzes. Support in TEM measurements from J. Niu is appreciated. Support from IBM T.J. Watson Research Center's M. Nielsen, M. Reuter, J. Ott, and F. Ross and Drexel University's P. Narang in the in situ TEM analysis is gratefully acknowledged herewith. This work was supported, in part, by a Phase I SBIR contract through NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, contract #NNX11CE54P. Authors Y.G. and O.M. were funded by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, Subcontract #6951370 under the Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 2162-8769 J9 ECS J SOLID STATE SC JI ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. PY 2013 VL 2 IS 10 BP M3028 EP M3033 DI 10.1149/2.006310jss PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 234ZJ UT WOS:000325683100006 ER PT J AU Thomas, R Scheuchl, B Frederick, E Harpold, R Martin, C Rignot, E AF Thomas, R. Scheuchl, B. Frederick, E. Harpold, R. Martin, C. Rignot, E. TI Continued slowing of the Ross Ice Shelf and thickening of West Antarctic ice streams SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY; MILLENNIUM; STAGNATION; RADAR; SHEET; FLOW AB As part of the Ross Ice Shelf Geophysical and Glaciological Survey (RIGGS), ice velocities were measured on the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) during 1973-78. Comparisons of these with velocity estimates at the same locations derived from RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements in 1997 and 2009 show velocity reduction in the southeast quadrant of the ice shelf by almost 200 m a(-1), with deceleration rates increasing with time. Large areas of ice shelf in this region are lightly grounded, forming an 'ice plain' that increases local buttressing of the ice streams. ICESat measurements show this ice plain to be thickening. The observed decrease in ice-shelf velocities implies a total reduction in the mass of ice flowing into the RIS from the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) by similar to 23 Gt a(-1), shifting the mass balance of the WAIS drainage basin from strongly negative in the 1970s to strongly positive in 2009. The resulting decrease in ice advection should lead to ice-shelf thinning further seaward of the ice plain. This thinning would reduce the lateral drag and back-stress of the shelf ice, further contributing to thinning through an increase in spreading rate. ICESat measurements show recent thinning of most of the freely floating ice shelf. C1 [Thomas, R.; Frederick, E.; Harpold, R.; Martin, C.] Sigma Space Inc, NASA, Wallops Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA USA. [Scheuchl, B.; Rignot, E.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. [Rignot, E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Thomas, R (reprint author), Sigma Space Inc, NASA, Wallops Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA USA. EM robert_thomas@hotmail.com RI Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 FU NASA's Cryospheric Research Program; NASA's MEaSUREs (Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments) program FX We thank C. Bentley for helping us to track down some of the RIGGS results, two reviewers and particularly the Scientific Editor, Ted Scambos, for suggesting improvements to the paper, and NASA's Cryospheric Research Program for funding support. The generation of InSAR-based ice velocity and grounding line was supported by NASA's MEaSUREs (Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments) program. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 15 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 217 BP 838 EP 844 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12J122 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 231AK UT WOS:000325385200003 ER PT J AU Arendt, A Luthcke, S Gardner, A O'Neel, S Hill, D Moholdt, G Abdalati, W AF Arendt, Anthony Luthcke, Scott Gardner, Alex O'Neel, Shad Hill, David Moholdt, Geir Abdalati, Waleed TI Analysis of a GRACE global mascon solution for Gulf of Alaska glaciers SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; ICE-MASS-LOSS; LASER ALTIMETRY; ISOSTATIC-ADJUSTMENT; ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; NORTH-AMERICA; GREENLAND; BALANCE; SNOW; SURFACE AB We present a high-resolution Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mascon solution for Gulf of Alaska (GOA) glaciers and compare this with in situ glaciological, climate and other remote-sensing observations. Our GRACE solution yields a GOA glacier mass balance of -65 +/- 11 Gta(-1) for the period December 2003 to December 2010, with summer balances driving the interannual variability. Between October/November 2003 and October 2009 we obtain a mass balance of -61 +/- 11 Gta(-1) from GRACE, which compares well with -65 +/- 12 Gta(-1) from ICESat based on hypsometric extrapolation of glacier elevation changes. We find that mean summer (June-August) air temperatures derived from both ground and lower-troposphere temperature records were good predictors of GRACE-derived summer mass balances, capturing 59% and 72% of the summer balance variability respectively. Large mass losses during 2009 were likely due to low early melt season surface albedos, measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and likely associated with the 31 March 2009 eruption of Mount Redoubt, southwestern Alaska. GRACE data compared well with in situ measurements at Wolverine Glacier (maritime Alaska), but poorly with those at Gulkana Glacier (interior Alaska). We conclude that, although GOA mass estimates from GRACE are robust over the entire domain, further constraints on subregional and seasonal estimates are necessary to improve fidelity to ground observations. C1 [Arendt, Anthony] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Luthcke, Scott] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gardner, Alex] Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. [Gardner, Alex] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [O'Neel, Shad] US Geol Survey, Anchorage, AK USA. [Hill, David] Oregon State Univ, Sch Civil & Construct Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Moholdt, Geir] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. [Abdalati, Waleed] Univ Colorado, Earth Sci & Observat Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Arendt, A (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM arendta@gi.alaska.edu RI Hill, David/C-4569-2012; OI Gardner, Alex/0000-0002-8394-8889 FU NASA under the GRACE Science Team [NNH10ZDA001N, NNH09ZDA001N-IDS, NNX08AV52G]; Department of Interior Alaska Climate Science Center; USGS Climate and Land Use Change program FX Support for this work was provided by NASA under the GRACE Science Team, Interdisciplinary Science (IDS) and Cryospheric Sciences programs (NASA grants NNH10ZDA001N, NNH09ZDA001N-IDS, NNX08AV52G), by the Department of Interior Alaska Climate Science Center and by the USGS Climate and Land Use Change program. J. Rich assisted with data analysis and figure preparation. We gratefully acknowledge the quality of the Level-1B products produced by our colleagues at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. We especially thank J.P. Boy and R. Ray for their contributions to the forward models used in this study. M. Flanner provided computational resources. The manuscript was substantially improved by comments from H. Fricker, R. Hock and two anonymous reviewers. We thank J. Amundson, E. Bueler, A. Clifton, G. Flowers and R. Greve for constructive reviews of the IGS class file and guide, and P.W. Daly who generated a new version of igs.bst. NR 56 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 32 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 217 BP 913 EP 924 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12J197 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 231AK UT WOS:000325385200010 ER PT S AU Bryant, RG AF Bryant, Robert G. BE Varadan, VK TI Moving Technologies from the Test Tube to Commercial Products SO NANOSENSORS, BIOSENSORS, AND INFO-TECH SENSORS AND SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanosensors, Biosensors, and Info-Tech Sensors and Systems CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers ID DISPLACEMENT; ACTUATORS AB Successful technologies include objects, processes, and procedures that share a common theme; they are being used to generate new products that create economic growth. The foundation is the invention, but the invention is a small part of the overall effort. The pathway to success is understanding the competition, proper planning, record keeping, integrating a supply chain, understanding actual costs, intellectual property (IP), benchmarking, and timing. Additionally, there are obstacles that include financing, what to make, buy, and sell, and the division of labor i.e. recognizing who is best at what task. Over the past two decades, NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has developed several commercially available technologies. The approach to the commercialization of three of these inventions; Langley Research Center-Soluble Imide (LaRC-SI, Imitec Inc.), the Thin Layer Unimorph Driver (THUNDER, FACE International), and the Macrofiber Composite (MFC, Smart Material Corp.) will be described, as well as some of the lessons learned from the process. What makes these three inventions interesting is that one was created in the laboratory; another was built using the previous invention as part of its process, and the last one was created by packaging commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) materials thereby creating a new component. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Bryant, RG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9474-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8691 AR 869104 DI 10.1117/12.2016736 PG 12 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGK10 UT WOS:000323279600002 ER PT S AU Froning, CS Osterman, S Burgh, E Beasley, M Scowen, P Veach, T Jordan, S Ebbets, D Lieber, M Decino, J Castilho, BV Gneiding, C de Oliveira, AC AF Froning, Cynthia S. Osterman, Steven Burgh, Eric Beasley, Matthew Scowen, Paul Veach, Todd Jordan, Steven Ebbets, Dennis Lieber, Michael deCino, James Castilho, Bruno Vaz Gneiding, Clemens de Oliveira, Antonio Cesar BE Hatheway, AE TI A conceptual design for a Cassegrain-mounted high-resolution optical spectrograph for large-aperture telescopes SO OPTOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Engineering CY AUG 26-29, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Optical spectroscopy; Cassegrain mount; flexure control; integrated modeling AB We present a conceptual design for a high-resolution optical spectrograph appropriate for mounting at Cassegrain on a large aperture telescope. The design is based on our work for the Gemini High Resolution Optical Spectrograph (CUGHOS) project. Our design places the spectrograph at Cassegrain focus to maximize throughput and blue wavelength coverage, delivering R=40,000 resolving power over a continuous 320-1050 nm waveband with throughputs twice those of current instruments. The optical design uses a two-arm, cross-dispersed echelle format with each arm optimized to maximize efficiency. A fixed image slicer is used to minimize optics sizes. The principal challenge for the instrument design is to minimize flexure and degradation of the optical image. To ensure image stability, our opto-mechanical design combines a cost-effective, passively stable bench employing a honeycomb aluminum structure with active flexure control. The active flexure compensation consists of hexapod mounts for each focal plane with full 6-axis range of motion capability to correct for focus and beam displacement. We verified instrument performance using an integrated model that couples the optical and mechanical design to image performance. The full end-to-end modeling of the system under gravitational, thermal, and vibrational perturbations shows that deflections of the optical beam at the focal plane are <29 mu m per exposure under the worst case scenario (<10 mu m for most orientations), with final correction to 5 mu m or better using open-loop active control to meet the stability requirement. The design elements and high fidelity modeling process are generally applicable to instruments requiring high stability under a varying gravity vector. C1 [Froning, Cynthia S.; Osterman, Steven] Univ Colorado Boulder, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Burgh, Eric] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA SOFIA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Beasley, Matthew] Planetary Resouecs Inc, Bellevue, WA 98005 USA. [Scowen, Paul] Arizona State Univ, Sch Earth & Space Explorat, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. [Veach, Todd] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Jordan, Steven; Ebbets, Dennis; Lieber, Michael; deCino, James] Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Castilho, Bruno Vaz; Gneiding, Clemens; de Oliveira, Antonio Cesar] Lab Nacl Astrofis, Nacoes, MG, Brazil. RP Froning, CS (reprint author), Univ Colorado Boulder, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cynthia.froning@colorado.edu NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9686-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8836 AR UNSP 88360Y DI 10.1117/12.2024056 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BHI27 UT WOS:000325488100030 ER PT S AU Zalameda, JN Burke, ER Hafley, RA Taminger, KMB Domack, CS Brewer, A Martin, RE AF Zalameda, Joseph N. Burke, Eric R. Hafley, Robert A. Taminger, Karen M. B. Domack, Christopher S. Brewer, Amy Martin, Richard E. BE Stockton, GR Colbert, FP TI Thermal Imaging for Assessment of Electron-Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF3) Additive Manufacturing Deposits SO THERMOSENSE: THERMAL INFRARED APPLICATIONS XXXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense - Thermal Infrared Applications XXXV CY APR 30-MAY 01, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE E-beam deposition; additive manufacturing; near infrared (NIR) imaging; image analysis; molten pool; nondestructive evaluation AB Additive manufacturing is a rapidly growing field where 3-dimensional parts can be produced layer by layer. NASA's electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3) technology is being evaluated to manufacture metallic parts in a space environment. The benefits of EBF3 technology are weight savings to support space missions, rapid prototyping in a zero gravity environment, and improved vehicle readiness. The EBF3 system is composed of 3 main components: electron beam gun, multi-axis position system, and metallic wire feeder. The electron beam is used to melt the wire and the multi-axis positioning system is used to build the part layer by layer. To insure a quality deposit, a near infrared (NIR) camera is used to image the melt pool and solidification areas. This paper describes the calibration and application of a NIR camera for temperature measurement. In addition, image processing techniques are presented for deposit assessment metrics. C1 [Zalameda, Joseph N.; Burke, Eric R.; Hafley, Robert A.; Taminger, Karen M. B.; Martin, Richard E.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Domack, Christopher S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Analyt Mech Assoc, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Brewer, Amy] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Northrup Grumman, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zalameda, JN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM joseph.n.zalameda@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9496-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8705 AR 87050M DI 10.1117/12.2018233 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Optics SC Construction & Building Technology; Optics GA BGK19 UT WOS:000323287500021 ER PT S AU Kolawa, EA Chen, Y Mojarradi, MM Weber, CT Hunter, DJ AF Kolawa, Elizabeth A. Chen, Yuan Mojarradi, Mohammad M. Weber, Carissa Tudryn Hunter, Don J. GP IEEE TI A Motor Drive Electronics Assembly for Mars Curiosity Rover: an Example of Assembly Qualification for Extreme Environments SO 2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM (IRPS) SE International Reliability Physics Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) CY APR 14-18, 2013 CL Anaheim, CA SP IEEE, Texas Instruments, Cisco Syst, Cadence, Hitachi, IBM, Intel, Mentor Graph, Samsung DE Assembly qualification; component qualification; qualification for extreme environments; extreme environment electronics and packaging; Mars rover ID LOW-TEMPERATURE; RELIABILITY AB This paper describes the technology development and infusion of a motor drive electronics assembly for Mars Curiosity Rover under space extreme environments. The technology evaluation and qualification as well as space qualification of the assembly are described and summarized. Because of the uncertainty of the technologies operating under the extreme space environments and that a high level of reliability was required for this assembly application, both component and assembly board level qualifications were performed. C1 [Kolawa, Elizabeth A.; Mojarradi, Mohammad M.; Weber, Carissa Tudryn; Hunter, Don J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Chen, Yuan] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kolawa, EA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1541-7026 BN 978-1-4799-0113-5; 978-1-4799-0112-8 J9 INT RELIAB PHY SYM PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BHD78 UT WOS:000325097500023 ER PT B AU Iannicca, DC Young, DP Thadhani, SK Winter, GA AF Iannicca, Dennis C. Young, Daniel P. Thadhani, Suresh K. Winter, Gilbert A. GP IEEE TI SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS FOR UAS IN THE NAS CNPC ARCHITECTURE SO 2013 INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE (ICNS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS) CY APR 22-25, 2013 CL Herndon, VA SP ARINC, Air Traff Control Assoc, Boeing Co, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Digital Avion Tech Comm, Fed Aviat Adm NextGen, Frequentis, Harris, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers, Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Mosaic ATM Inc, NASA, SELEX Syst Integrat Inc AB This informational paper discusses the risk assessment process conducted to analyze Control and Non-Payload Communications (CNPC) architectures for integrating civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). The assessment employs the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Risk Management framework to identify threats, vulnerabilities, and risks to these architectures and recommends corresponding mitigating security controls. This process builds upon earlier work performed by RTCA Special Committee (SC) 203 and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to roadmap the risk assessment methodology and to identify categories of information security risks that pose a significant impact to aeronautical communications systems. A description of the deviations from the typical process is described in regards to this aeronautical communications system. Due to the sensitive nature of the information, data resulting from the risk assessment pertaining to threats, vulnerabilities, and risks is beyond the scope of this paper. C1 [Iannicca, Dennis C.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. [Young, Daniel P.] DB Consulting Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Thadhani, Suresh K.; Winter, Gilbert A.] Ver Fed Network Syst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Iannicca, DC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6253-5; 978-1-4673-6251-1 PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BHD77 UT WOS:000325097200030 ER PT B AU Kamali, B Kerczewski, RJ AF Kamali, Behnam Kerczewski, Robert J. GP IEEE TI IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relays for AeroMACS Networks and the Concept of Multihop Gain SO 2013 INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE (ICNS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS) CY APR 22-25, 2013 CL Herndon, VA SP ARINC, Air Traff Control Assoc, Boeing Co, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Digital Avion Tech Comm, Fed Aviat Adm NextGen, Frequentis, Harris, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers, Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Mosaic ATM Inc, NASA, SELEX Syst Integrat Inc C1 [Kamali, Behnam] Mercer Univ, Sch Engn, Macon, GA 31207 USA. [Kerczewski, Robert J.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Kamali, B (reprint author), Mercer Univ, Sch Engn, Macon, GA 31207 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6253-5; 978-1-4673-6251-1 PY 2013 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BHD77 UT WOS:000325097200078 ER PT B AU Kamali, B Kerczewski, RJ AF Kamali, Behnam Kerczewski, Robert J. GP IEEE TI IEEE 802.16J MULTIHOP RELAYS FOR AEROMACS NETWORKS AND THE CONCEPT OF MULTIHOP GAIN SO 2013 INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE (ICNS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS) CY APR 22-25, 2013 CL Herndon, VA SP ARINC, Air Traff Control Assoc, Boeing Co, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Digital Avion Tech Comm, Fed Aviat Adm NextGen, Frequentis, Harris, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers, Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Mosaic ATM Inc, NASA, SELEX Syst Integrat Inc AB The potential benefits and challenges of applications of IEEE 802.16j-based relays in AeroMACS networks are discussed at the outset. Perhaps the most important advantage of application of multihop relays in AeroMACS networks is the flexible and cost effective radio range extension that it may allow for airport areas shadowed by large constructions and natural obstacles with virtually no increase in the required network power levels. With respect to PHY layer RSs may be classified as Transparent Relays (TRS) and Non-Transparent Relays (NTRS). While a TRS essentially functions as a repeater and bears no logical connection to the subscriber station (SS), a NTRS operates as a "mini base station (BS)" and is physically and logically connected to the SSs that it serves. Regarding MAC sublayer functionalities, RSs may operate in centralized or distributed modes. Distributed mode means that the RS is capable of scheduling network resources in coordination with multihop relay base station (MR-BS); otherwise the RS is in centralized mode. The RS can be in distributed or centralized mode with respect to security arrangements as well. The NTRS relays may further be divided into two categories; time-division transmit and receive relays (TTR) and simultaneous transmit and receive (STR) relays; both of which are supported by IEEE 802.16j standard. The TTR relay communicates with its subordinate and superordinate nodes using the same radio channel. The employment of relays in an AeroMACS network requires no alteration in the subscriber system. The key concept of "multihop gain", which explains how the application of multihop relay enables performance enhancement in AeroMACS networks, is introduced. Under a reasonable set of assumptions and using a simple analysis, multihop gain is quantified in the form of an equation that provides a raw measure of this gain in Decibel. C1 [Kamali, Behnam] Mercer Univ, Sch Engn, Macon, GA 31207 USA. [Kerczewski, Robert J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kamali, B (reprint author), Mercer Univ, Sch Engn, Macon, GA 31207 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6253-5; 978-1-4673-6251-1 PY 2013 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BHD77 UT WOS:000325097200005 ER PT J AU Kerczewski, RJ AF Kerczewski, Robert J. GP IEEE TI Spectrum for UAS Control and Non-Payload Communications SO 2013 INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE (ICNS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS) CY APR 22-25, 2013 CL Herndon, VA SP ARINC, Air Traff Control Assoc, Boeing Co, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Digital Avion Tech Comm, Fed Aviat Adm NextGen, Frequentis, Harris, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers, Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Mosaic ATM Inc, NASA, SELEX Syst Integrat Inc C1 NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Kerczewski, RJ (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. EM rkerczewski@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6253-5 PY 2013 PG 21 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BHD77 UT WOS:000325097200154 ER PT B AU Wilson, JD Apaza, RD Hall, W Phillips, B AF Wilson, Jeffrey D. Apaza, Rafael D. Hall, Ward Phillips, Brent GP IEEE TI GLOBAL MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICE INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS FOR THE AEROMACS SO 2013 INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE (ICNS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS) CY APR 22-25, 2013 CL Herndon, VA SP ARINC, Air Traff Control Assoc, Boeing Co, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Digital Avion Tech Comm, Fed Aviat Adm NextGen, Frequentis, Harris, Inst Elect & Elect Engineers, Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Mosaic ATM Inc, NASA, SELEX Syst Integrat Inc AB The AeroMACS (Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System), which is based on the IEEE 802.16-2009 mobile wireless standard, is envisioned as the wireless network which will cover all areas of airport surfaces for next generation air transportation. It is expected to be implemented in the 5091-5150 MHz frequency band which is also occupied by mobile satellite service uplinks. Thus the AeroMACS must be designed to avoid interference with this incumbent service. Simulations using Visualyse software were performed utilizing a global database of 6207 airports. Variations in base station and subscriber antenna distribution and gain pattern were examined. Based on these simulations, recommendations for global airport base station and subscriber antenna power transmission limitations are provided. C1 [Wilson, Jeffrey D.; Apaza, Rafael D.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Hall, Ward] ITT Excelis, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. [Phillips, Brent] FAA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Wilson, JD (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. FU NASA Glenn Research Center FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the Federal Aviation Administration's support of AeroMACS research at the NASA Glenn Research Center. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-6253-5; 978-1-4673-6251-1 PY 2013 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BHD77 UT WOS:000325097200006 ER PT J AU Bak, J Liu, X Wei, JC Pan, LL Chance, K Kim, JH AF Bak, J. Liu, X. Wei, J. C. Pan, L. L. Chance, K. Kim, J. H. TI Improvement of OMI ozone profile retrievals in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by the use of a tropopause-based ozone profile climatology SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MONITORING INSTRUMENT; VALIDATION; EXCHANGE AB Motivated by the need of obtaining a more accurate global ozone distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), we have investigated the use of a tropopause-based (TB) ozone climatology in ozone profile retrieval from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Due to the limited vertical ozone information in the UTLS region from OMI backscattered ultraviolet radiances, better climatological a priori information is important for improving ozone profile retrievals. We present the new TB climatology and evaluate the result of retrievals against previous work. The TB climatology is created using ozonesonde profiles from 1983 through 2008 extended with climatological ozone data above sonde burst altitude (similar to 35 km) with the corresponding temperature profiles used to identify the thermal tropopause. The TB climatology consists of the mean states and 1 sigma standard deviations for every month for each 10 degrees latitude band. Compared to the previous TB climatology by Wei et al. (2010), three additional processes are applied in deriving our climatology: (1) using a variable shifting offset to define the TB coordinate, (2) separating ozonesonde profiles into tropical and extratropical regimes based on a threshold of 14 km in the thermal tropopause height, and (3) merging with an existing climatology from 5-10 km above the tropopause. The first process changes the reference of profiles to a variable position between local and mean tropopause heights within +/- 5 km of the tropopause and to the mean tropopause elsewhere. The second helps to preserve characteristics of either tropical or extratropical ozone structures depending on tropopause height, especially in the subtropical region. The third improves the climatology above ozonesonde burst altitudes and in the stratosphere by using climatology derived from many more satellite observations of ozone profiles. With aid from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) tropopause height, the new climatology and retrieval can better represent the dynamical variability of ozone in the tropopause region. The new retrieval result demonstrates significant improvement of UTLS ozone, especially in the extratropical UTLS, when evaluated using ozonesonde measurements and the meteorological data. The use of TB climatology significantly enhances the spatial consistency and the statistical relationship between ozone and potential vorticity/tropopause height in the extratropical UTLS region. Comparisons with ozonesonde measurements show substantial improvements in both mean biases and their standard deviations over the extratropical lowermost stratosphere and upper troposphere. Overall, OMI retrievals with the TB climatology show improved ability in capturing ozone gradients across the tropopause found in tropical/extratropical ozonesonde measurements. C1 [Bak, J.; Kim, J. H.] Pusan Natl Univ, Pusan, South Korea. [Liu, X.; Chance, K.] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Wei, J. C.] Adnet Syst Inc, Rockville, MD USA. [Wei, J. C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Pan, L. L.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Kim, JH (reprint author), Pusan Natl Univ, Pusan, South Korea. EM jaekim@pusan.ac.kr RI Pan, Laura/A-9296-2008; Liu, Xiong/P-7186-2014; OI Pan, Laura/0000-0001-7377-2114; Liu, Xiong/0000-0003-2939-574X; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577 FU Eco Innovation Program of KEITI, Korea [ARQ201204015] FX Research at Pusan National University by J. Bak and J. H. Kim is funded by the Eco Innovation Program of KEITI (ARQ201204015), Korea. Research at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) by X. Liu and K. Chance, as well as by J. Bak during her 6-month visit to the SAO is supported by NASA and the Smithsonian Institution. We acknowledge the WOUDC, SHADOZ and NOAA/ESRL for providing ozonesonde data, OMI science team for providing OMI level 1b data. The NCEP GFS data for this study are from the Research Data Archive (RDA), which is maintained by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR); the original data are available from the RDA (http://rda.ucar.edu) in dataset number ds083.2. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 9 BP 2239 EP 2254 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2239-2013 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229SB UT WOS:000325286500001 ER PT J AU Kasai, Y Sagawa, H Kreyling, D Dupuy, E Baron, P Mendrok, J Suzuki, K Sato, TO Nishibori, T Mizobuchi, S Kikuchi, K Manabe, T Ozeki, H Sugita, T Fujiwara, M Irimajiri, Y Walker, KA Bernath, PF Boone, C Stiller, G von Clarmann, T Orphal, J Urban, J Murtagh, D Llewellyn, EJ Degenstein, D Bourassa, AE Lloyd, ND Froidevaux, L Birk, M Wagner, G Schreier, F Xu, J Vogt, P Trautmann, T Yasui, M AF Kasai, Y. Sagawa, H. Kreyling, D. Dupuy, E. Baron, P. Mendrok, J. Suzuki, K. Sato, T. O. Nishibori, T. Mizobuchi, S. Kikuchi, K. Manabe, T. Ozeki, H. Sugita, T. Fujiwara, M. Irimajiri, Y. Walker, K. A. Bernath, P. F. Boone, C. Stiller, G. von Clarmann, T. Orphal, J. Urban, J. Murtagh, D. Llewellyn, E. J. Degenstein, D. Bourassa, A. E. Lloyd, N. D. Froidevaux, L. Birk, M. Wagner, G. Schreier, F. Xu, J. Vogt, P. Trautmann, T. Yasui, M. TI Validation of stratospheric and mesospheric ozone observed by SMILES from International Space Station SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID ODIN/SMR LIMB OBSERVATIONS; MIPAS; RETRIEVAL; TEMPERATURE; PERFORMANCE; INSTRUMENT; PROFILES; MODE; HNO3; MLS AB We observed ozone (O-3) in the vertical region between 250 and 0.0005 hPa (similar to 12-96 km) using the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) on the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS) between 12 October 2009 and 21 April 2010. The new 4K superconducting heterodyne receiver technology of SMILES allowed us to obtain a one order of magnitude better signal-to-noise ratio for the O-3 line observation compared to past spaceborne microwave instruments. The non-sun-synchronous orbit of the ISS allowed us to observe O-3 at various local times. We assessed the quality of the vertical profiles of O-3 in the 100-0.001 hPa (similar to 16-90 km) region for the SMILES NICT Level 2 product version 2.1.5. The evaluation is based on four components: error analysis; internal comparisons of observations targeting three different instrumental setups for the same O-3 625.371 GHz transition; internal comparisons of two different retrieval algorithms; and external comparisons for various local times with ozonesonde, satellite and balloon observations (ENVISAT/MIPAS, SCISAT/ACE-FTS, Odin/OSIRIS, Odin/SMR, Aura/MLS, TELIS). SMILES O-3 data have an estimated absolute accuracy of better than 0.3 ppmv (3%) with a vertical resolution of 3-4 km over the 60 to 8 hPa range. The random error for a single measurement is better than the estimated systematic error, being less than 1, 2, and 7%, in the 40-1, 80-0.1, and 100-0.004 hPa pressure regions, respectively. SMILES O-3 abundance was 10-20% lower than all other satellite measurements at 8-0.1 hPa due to an error arising from uncertainties of the tangent point information and the gain calibration for the intensity of the spectrum. SMILES O-3 from observation frequency Band-B had better accuracy than that from Band-A. A two month period is required to accumulate measurements covering 24 h in local time of O-3 profile. However such a dataset can also contain variation due to dynamical, seasonal, and latitudinal effects. C1 [Kasai, Y.; Sagawa, H.; Kreyling, D.; Dupuy, E.; Baron, P.; Mendrok, J.; Suzuki, K.; Sato, T. O.; Nishibori, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Irimajiri, Y.; Yasui, M.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol NICT, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan. [Kasai, Y.; Sato, T. O.] Tokyo Inst Technol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227, Japan. [Dupuy, E.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Mendrok, J.; Sugita, T.] Lulea Univ Technol, Kiruna, Sweden. [Suzuki, K.] Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Arts & Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo, Japan. [Nishibori, T.; Mizobuchi, S.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy JAXA, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Manabe, T.] Osaka Prefecture Univ, Naka Ku, Sakai, Osaka 591, Japan. [Ozeki, H.] Toho Univ, Funabashi, Chiba 274, Japan. [Fujiwara, M.] Hokkaido Univ, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. [Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Walker, K. A.; Boone, C.] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. [Bernath, P. F.] Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. [Stiller, G.; von Clarmann, T.; Orphal, J.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res IMK, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Urban, J.; Murtagh, D.] Chalmers, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Llewellyn, E. J.; Degenstein, D.; Bourassa, A. E.; Lloyd, N. D.] Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. [Froidevaux, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Birk, M.; Wagner, G.; Schreier, F.; Xu, J.; Vogt, P.; Trautmann, T.] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Remote Sensing Technol Inst, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. RP Kasai, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol NICT, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan. EM ykasai@nict.go.jp RI Kikuchi, Kenichi/H-3382-2011; Xu, Jian/H-1824-2013; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Orphal, Johannes/A-8667-2012; Mendrok, Jana/D-9349-2013; Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011; OI Kreyling, Daniel/0000-0002-6441-7636; Kikuchi, Kenichi/0000-0002-2088-0717; Xu, Jian/0000-0003-2348-125X; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Orphal, Johannes/0000-0002-1943-4496; Mendrok, Jana/0000-0002-0032-2021; Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559; Dupuy, Eric/0000-0002-6294-3317; Baron, Philippe/0000-0001-7141-5260 FU Canadian Space Agency (CSA); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Swedish National Space Board (SNSB); CSA; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France; National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes); European Space Agency (ESA); National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Funding Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (NEXT Program) [GR101]; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [23-9766] FX Data processing was performed with the NICT Science Cloud at National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) as a collaborative research project. The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions made by our colleagues at JAXA and NICT for managing and supporting the SMILES mission. We would like to thank K. Muranaga and T. Haru from Systems Engineering Consultants Co. LTD. and J. Moller from Molflow Ltd. Co. for their contribution to the development of the SMILES data processing system at NICT. The author YK appreciates T. Tanaka and K. Kita (Ibaraki Univ.) for their supports and valuable discussion of the validation study. YK thanks to Takatoshi Sakazaki for the discussion of the diurnal variation of ozone. YK also appreciates valuable information and comments from C. Mitsuda (Fujitsu F. I. P.) for the comparison of the NICT and JAXA products. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). We thank the ACE-FTS team for providing us with the ACE-FTS validation tools. Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), the CSA, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France, the National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes) and the European Space Agency (ESA). We thank World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Center (WOUDC) and its data originators for ozonesonde measurements. We also thank A. M. Thompson (the SHADOZ project principal investigator) and the SHADOZ station principal investigators for allowing us to use their data in this study. We thank the Aura-MLS Data Distribution Team and the Aura Validation Data Center (AVDC) for use of the Aura-MLS Level 2 data made at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and California Institute of Technology (CalTech). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology was carried out under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The TELIS team at DLR would like to thank Gerald Wetzel and Hermann Oelhaf for providing temperature profiles from the MIPAS-B retrievals. YK is supported by a Funding Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (NEXT Program) (No. GR101). TOS is supported by a Grant in Aid for Research Fellowship for Young Scientists DC1 (No. 23-9766) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 9 BP 2311 EP 2338 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2311-2013 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229SB UT WOS:000325286500007 ER PT J AU Fiorucci, I Muscari, G Froidevaux, L Santee, ML AF Fiorucci, I. Muscari, G. Froidevaux, L. Santee, M. L. TI Ground-based stratospheric O-3 and HNO3 measurements at Thule, Greenland: an intercomparison with Aura MLS observations SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; WAVE SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS; ARCTIC OZONE LOSS; SOUTH-POLE; MILLIMETER; RETRIEVAL; SATELLITE; TEMPERATURE AB In response to the need for improving our understanding of the evolution and the interannual variability of the winter Arctic stratosphere, in January 2009 a Ground-Based Millimeter-wave Spectrometer (GBMS) was installed at the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) site in Thule (76.5 degrees N, 68.8 degrees W), Greenland. In this work, stratospheric GBMS O-3 and HNO3 vertical profiles obtained from Thule during the winters 2010 (HNO3 only), 2011 and 2012 are characterized and intercompared with co-located measurements of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiment. Using a recently developed algorithm based on Optimal Estimation, we find that the GBMS O-3 retrievals show good sensitivity (>80 %) to atmospheric variations between similar to 17 and similar to 50 km, where their 1 sigma uncertainty is estimated to be the larger of similar to 11% or 0.2 ppmv. Similarly, HNO3 profiles can be considered for scientific use between similar to 17 and similar to 45 km altitude, with a 1 sigma uncertainty that amounts to the larger of 15% or 0.2 ppbv. Comparisons with Aura MLS version 3.3 observations show that, on average, GBMS O-3 mixing ratios are biased negatively with respect to MLS throughout the stratosphere, with differences ranging between similar to 0.3 ppmv (8 %) and 0.9 ppmv (18 %) in the 17-50 km vertical range. GBMS HNO3 values display instead a positive bias with respect to MLS up to 26 km, reaching a maximum of similar to 1 ppbv (10 %) near the mixing ratio profile peak. O-3 and HNO3 values from the two datasets prove to be well correlated at all altitudes, although their correlations worsen at the lower end of the altitude ranges considered. Column contents of GBMS and MLS O-3 (from 20 km upwards) and HNO3 (from 17 km upwards) correlate very well and indicate that GBMS measurements can provide valuable estimates of column interannual and seasonal variations for these compounds. C1 [Fiorucci, I.; Muscari, G.] Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Rome, Italy. [Froidevaux, L.; Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Fiorucci, I (reprint author), Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Rome, Italy. EM irene.fiorucci@ingv.it FU National Science Foundation [0936365]; Programma Nazionale di Ricerca in Antartide (PNRA) [2009/A3.04]; NASA FX This material is based on work also supported by the National Science Foundation under grant 0936365 and by the Programma Nazionale di Ricerca in Antartide (PNRA) under grant 2009/A3.04. G. Muscari is indebted to Bob de Zafra for designing, building, and upgrading the GBMS, as well as for the economic and technical support that led to many successful GBMS field campaigns. We thank Pietro Paolo Bertagnolio, Svend Erik Ascanius, Claudia Di Biagio, and Giorgio di Sarra for their technical assistance during the GBMS field campaigns at Thule. We would also like to thank two anonymous referees and the Editor for their comments which greatly helped to improve this paper. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with NASA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 9 BP 2441 EP 2453 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2441-2013 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 229SB UT WOS:000325286500016 ER PT S AU Wessen, RR AF Wessen, Randii R. BE Nelson, DJ Grazier, KR Paglia, J Perkowitz, S TI How Hollywood Inspires the Exploration of Space SO HOLLYWOOD CHEMISTRY: WHEN SCIENCE MET ENTERTAINMENT SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB Science fiction takes us to the future and to worlds yet to be discovered, but science fiction is much more than just entertainment. It is a communication device that gives us a glimpse of what could be. The master of this communication technique is Hollywood. Their scope ranges from documentaries, to non-fiction, to the very essence of imagination, fiction. These fictional stories, if done correctly, guide scientists and engineers to consider realities that currently don't exist ... but could. All one has to do is scan the science fiction stories of the 1950s to see that much of their imagined capabilities are in existence today. Communication satellites in geostationary orbit, humans landing on the Moon, space stations, and interplanetary travel all started as fiction. Science fiction is not a luxury but a societal necessity. Science cannot move forward without some idea of what future state must be proved or disproved. Fundamental research has to make a hypothesis, which is its own kind of science fiction, which can be tested through the scientific method. Realities of today have many technologies first articulated in fiction. Even the names of these technologies are sometimes taken from the science fiction as a kind of tribute. Hollywood entertains all of us, but its inspiration is what helps us develop tomorrow. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wessen, RR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM randii.r.wessen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 978-0-8412-2824-5 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2013 VL 1139 BP 299 EP 311 D2 10.1021/bk-2013-1139 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Film, Radio, Television SC Chemistry; Film, Radio & Television GA BGX41 UT WOS:000324503400027 ER PT J AU Pauwels, VRN De Lannoy, GJM Franssen, HJH Vereecken, H AF Pauwels, V. R. N. De lannoy, G. J. M. Franssen, H. -J. Hendricks Vereecken, H. TI Simultaneous estimation of model state variables and observation and forecast biases using a two-stage hybrid Kalman filter SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELS; DATA ASSIMILATION; SOIL-MOISTURE; TEMPERATURE; SYSTEM AB In this paper, we present a two-stage hybrid Kalman filter to estimate both observation and forecast bias in hydrologic models, in addition to state variables. The biases are estimated using the discrete Kalman filter, and the state variables using the ensemble Kalman filter. A key issue in this multi-component assimilation scheme is the exact partitioning of the difference between observation and forecasts into state, forecast bias and observation bias updates. Here, the error covariances of the forecast bias and the unbiased states are calculated as constant fractions of the biased state error covariance, and the observation bias error covariance is a function of the observation prediction error covariance. In a series of synthetic experiments, focusing on the assimilation of discharge into a rainfall-runoff model, it is shown that both static and dynamic observation and forecast biases can be successfully estimated. The results indicate a strong improvement in the estimation of the state variables and resulting discharge as opposed to the use of a bias-unaware ensemble Kalman filter. Furthermore, minimal code modification in existing data assimilation software is needed to implement the method. The results suggest that a better performance of data assimilation methods should be possible if both forecast and observation biases are taken into account. C1 [Pauwels, V. R. N.] Monash Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. [De lannoy, G. J. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Franssen, H. -J. Hendricks; Vereecken, H.] Forschungszentrum Julich, Agrosphere IBG 3, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Pauwels, VRN (reprint author), Monash Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. EM valentijn.pauwels@monash.edu OI Hendricks-Franssen, Harrie-Jan/0000-0002-0004-8114; Pauwels, Valentijn/0000-0002-1290-9313 FU Foundation for Scientific Research of the Flemish Community (FWO-Vlaanderen) FX The lead author wishes to express his gratitude to the Forschungszentrum Julich for its hospitality during his stay there. He also wishes to thank Pramod Kumbhar for his help with the code development, and Ricardo Todling for his helpful comments. Gabrielle De Lannoy was, during the development of this paper, a postdoctoral researcher funded by the Foundation for Scientific Research of the Flemish Community (FWO-Vlaanderen). We also want to thank the Department Operational Water Management of the Flemish Environmental Agency for the meteorological and discharge data. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 EI 1607-7938 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2013 VL 17 IS 9 BP 3499 EP 3521 DI 10.5194/hess-17-3499-2013 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 230ND UT WOS:000325346800010 ER PT J AU Siamaki, AR Lin, Y Woodberry, K Connell, JW Gupton, BF AF Siamaki, Ali R. Lin, Yi Woodberry, Kendra Connell, John W. Gupton, B. Frank TI Palladium nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes from solventless preparations: versatile catalysts for ligand-free Suzuki cross coupling reactions SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID HECK REACTION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES; MODIFIED ZEOLITES; PD; GRAPHENE; OXIDE; DERIVATIVES AB Palladium nanoparticles supported on single-or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Pd/SWCNT and Pd/MWCNT) were prepared by a rapid, solventless method that does not require reducing agents or electric current. The method involves a straightforward process using dry mixing of a precursor Pd salt (e.g., palladium acetate) with carbon nanotubes at ambient temperature by ball-milling (mechanochemical route) or with subsequent annealing at 300 degrees C (thermal route) in an inert atmosphere. The Pd/MWCNT sample with Pd nanoparticle size of 1-3 nm and uniform dispersion prepared by mechanochemical ball-milling at room temperature [designated as (Pd/MWCNT)(M)] displayed remarkable catalytic activity towards Suzuki cross coupling reactions with a high turn over number (TON) of 7250 and turn over frequency (TOF) of 217 500 h(-1). These nanoparticles were characterized by a variety of techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, the (Pd/MWCNT)(M) sample was successfully employed in Suzuki cross coupling reactions with a wide variety of functionalized substrates. C1 [Siamaki, Ali R.; Woodberry, Kendra; Gupton, B. Frank] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Chem & Life Sci Engn, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. [Lin, Yi] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Connell, John W.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Siamaki, AR (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Chem & Life Sci Engn, Med Coll Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. FU Virginia Commonwealth University; NASA Langley Research Center FX We thank Virginia Commonwealth University and NASA Langley Research Center for the support of this work. NR 54 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 13 U2 87 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2050-7488 J9 J MATER CHEM A JI J. Mater. Chem. A PY 2013 VL 1 IS 41 BP 12909 EP 12918 DI 10.1039/c3ta12512b PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA 231JP UT WOS:000325413000029 ER PT J AU Gair, JR Vallisneri, M Larson, SL Baker, JG AF Gair, Jonathan R. Vallisneri, Michele Larson, Shane L. Baker, John G. TI Testing General Relativity with Low-Frequency, Space-Based Gravitational-Wave Detectors SO LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY LA English DT Review DE general relativity; gravitational waves; LISA; eLISA; data analysis; black holes; gravitation ID SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLES; COALESCING BINARY-SYSTEMS; MASS-RATIO INSPIRALS; DOUBLE WHITE-DWARFS; SECULAR ORBITAL EVOLUTION; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; SCALAR-TENSOR GRAVITY; MULTIPOLE MOMENTS; COMPACT OBJECTS; DARK-MATTER AB We review the tests of general relativity that will become possible with space-based gravitational-wave detectors operating in the similar to 10(-5)-1 Hz low-frequency band. The fundamental aspects of gravitation that can be tested include the presence of additional gravitational fields other than the metric; the number and tensorial nature of gravitational-wave polarization states; the velocity of propagation of gravitational waves; the binding energy and gravitational-wave radiation of binaries, and therefore the time evolution of binary inspirals; the strength and shape of the waves emitted from binary mergers and ringdowns; the true nature of astrophysical black holes; and much more. The strength of this science alone calls for the swift implementation of a space-based detector; the remarkable richness of astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology in the low-frequency gravitational-wave band make the case even stronger. C1 [Gair, Jonathan R.] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. [Vallisneri, Michele] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Larson, Shane L.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ctr Interdisclipinary Res & Explorat Astrophys, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Baker, John G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Gravitat Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gair, JR (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England. EM jgair@ast.cam.ac.uk; vallis@vallis.org; s.larson@northwestern.edu; John.G.Baker@nasa.gov FU Royal Society; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; LISA project; PCOS program; NASA [11-ATP11-046] FX We thank Masaki Ando, Stanislav Babak, Christopher Berry, Emanuele Berti, Vitor Cardoso, Naoki Seto, Kent Yagi, and the Living Reviews referees for useful comments on the manuscript; we thank Christopher Moore for providing the image in Figure 2. JG's work is supported by the Royal Society. MV's work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with support from the LISA project and PCOS program. JB's work was partly supported by NASA grant 11-ATP11-046. NR 503 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG PI CHAM PA GEWERBESTRASSE 11, CHAM, CH-6330, SWITZERLAND SN 1433-8351 J9 LIVING REV RELATIV JI Living Rev. Relativ. PY 2013 VL 16 AR 7 DI 10.12942/lrr-2013-7 PG 108 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 227PN UT WOS:000325125900001 PM 28163624 ER PT J AU Perez, MC Garcia-Diego, FJ Merello, P D'Antoni, P Fernandez-Navajas, A Lacomba, ARI Ferrazza, L Perez-Miralles, J Baro, JL Merce, P D'Antoni, H Curiel-Esparza, J AF Perez, M. C. Garcia-Diego, F. J. Merello, P. D'Antoni, P. Fernandez-Navajas, A. Ribera i Lacomba, A. Ferrazza, L. Perez-Miralles, J. Baro, J. L. Merce, P. D'Antoni, H. Curiel-Esparza, J. TI Ariadne's house (Pompeii, Italy) wall paintings: A multidisciplinary study of its present state focused on a future restoration and preventive conservation SO MATERIALES DE CONSTRUCCION LA English DT Article DE Pompeii; preventive conservation; materials; environmental monitoring; photography ID SPAIN; MORTARS; IDENTIFICATION; DETERIORATION; SENSORS AB This paper deals with the development of a multidisciplinary study on the current state of conservation of Ariadne's house (Pompeii, Italy), a domus of great archaeological value. The aim of this study is to undertake the preventive conservation actions required and increase the knowledge about its conservation and to generate discussions and points of view for a future restoration. Environmental studies, electromagnetic radiation measurements, study of materials and a photographical study were carried out. Those studies revealed that the rooftops covering the analyzed rooms resulting in adverse weather conditions causing grave damage to the conservation of the wall paintings. Thus, between 2009-2010 the rooftops were changed and new environmental studies were conducted. Studies of materials showed that the paintings match in execution and composition with those reported by other authors. The salts from modern mortars from previous restorations were affecting frescoes, also it is described a thin grayish surface layer from environmental contaminants. C1 [Perez, M. C.; D'Antoni, P.; Ferrazza, L.; Merce, P.] Inst Valenciano Conservac & Restaurac Bienes Cult, Castellon de La Plana, Spain. [Garcia-Diego, F. J.; Merello, P.; Fernandez-Navajas, A.; Baro, J. L.; Curiel-Esparza, J.] Univ Politecn Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain. [Garcia-Diego, F. J.; Curiel-Esparza, J.] Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Unidad Asociada ICMM, E-46071 Valencia, Spain. [Perez-Miralles, J.] Exma Diputac Castellon SCRC, Castellon de La Plana, Spain. [D'Antoni, H.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Garcia-Diego, FJ (reprint author), Univ Politecn Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain. EM fjgarcid@upvnet.upv.es RI Curiel-Esparza, Jorge/H-4919-2015 OI Curiel-Esparza, Jorge/0000-0002-2453-5822 FU Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion" [HAR2010-21944-C02-01, HAR2010-21944-C02-02] FX This work was partially supported by the Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion" under projects HAR2010-21944-C02-01 and HAR2010-21944-C02-02. The authors are grateful to J. Minguez for his English grammar corrections. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 20 PU INST CIENCIAS CONSTRUCCION EDUARDO TORROJA PI MADRID PA SERRANO GALVACHE, 4, 28033 MADRID, SPAIN SN 0465-2746 EI 1988-3226 J9 MATER CONSTRUCC JI Mater. Constr. PY 2013 VL 63 IS 311 BP 449 EP 467 DI 10.3989/mc.2012.00812 PG 19 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 220ZQ UT WOS:000324626800010 ER PT S AU Fryauf, DM Phillips, AC Kobayashi, NP AF Fryauf, David M. Phillips, Andrew C. Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P. BE Kobayashi, NP Talin, AA Davydov, AV Islam, MS TI Moisture barrier and chemical corrosion protection of silver-based telescope mirrors using aluminum oxide films by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition SO NANOEPITAXY: MATERIALS AND DEVICES V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanoepitaxy - Materials and Devices V CY AUG 25-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Atomic Layer Deposition; plasma enhanced; ALD; mirrors; reflective coatings; corrosion barrier; silver; protected silver; PVD; deposition techniques AB An urgent demand remains in astronomy for high-reflectivity silver mirrors that can withstand years of exposure in observatory environments. The University of California Observatories Astronomical Coatings Lab has undertaken development of protected silver coatings suitable for telescope mirrors that maintain high reflectivity at wavelengths from 340 nm through the mid-infrared spectrum. We present initial results of an investigation into whether plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) can produce superior protective layers of transparent dielectrics. Several novel coating recipes have been developed with ion-assisted electron beam deposition (IAEBD) of materials including yttrium fluoride, and oxides of yttrium, hafnium, and titanium. Samples of these mirror coatings were covered with conformal layers of aluminum oxide (AlOx) deposited by PEALD using trimethylaluminum as a metal precursor and oxygen as an oxidant gas activated by remote plasma. Samples of coating recipes with and without PEALD oxide undergo aggressive environmental testing, including high temperature/high humidity (HTHH), in which samples were exposed to an environment of 80% humidity at 80 degrees C for ten days in a simple test set-up. HTHH testing show visible results suggesting that the PEALD oxide offers enhanced robust protection against chemical corrosion and moisture from an accelerated aging environment. Mirror samples are further characterized by reflectivity/absorption and atomic force microscopy before and after deposition of oxide coatings. AlOx is suitable for many applications and has been the initial material choice for this study, although we also tried TiOx and HfOx. Further experimentation based on these initial results is on-going. C1 [Fryauf, David M.; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Baskin Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Fryauf, David M.; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NECTAR,Adv Studies Labs, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Phillips, Andrew C.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Fryauf, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Baskin Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RI Kobayashi, Nobuhiko/E-3834-2012 FU National Science Foundation [1005506]; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship [DGE-0809125-006] FX The UCO coating chamber has been made possible through support by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1005506. We would like to thank HP Labs of Palo Alto, CA, for their assistance with ALD deposition and AFM characterization. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-0809125-006. We would also like to thank Arradiance for performing ALD on the original silver mirror sample which provided motivation for this project. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 20 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9670-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8820 AR 88200Y DI 10.1117/12.2023826 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA BHH36 UT WOS:000325420200011 ER PT S AU Jewell, AD Hennessy, J Hoenk, ME Nikzad, S AF Jewell, April D. Hennessy, John Hoenk, Michael E. Nikzad, Shouleh BE Kobayashi, NP Talin, AA Davydov, AV Islam, MS TI Wide Band Antireflection Coatings Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition SO NANOEPITAXY: MATERIALS AND DEVICES V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanoepitaxy - Materials and Devices V CY AUG 25-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE antireflection coatings; atomic layer deposition; visible; optical coatings; UV; IR ID HFO2 THIN-FILMS; DELTA-DOPED CCDS; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; GROWTH-MECHANISM; SI SUBSTRATE; SILICON; PLASMA; UV AB Here we describe the development of optical coatings for silicon-based detectors for astronomy, planetary and terrestrial applications. We have used atomic layer deposition (ALD) to develop broadband (i e. 320-1000 nm) antireflection (AR) coatings on silicon substrates with the ultimate goal of incorporating these AR coatings with existing detector technologies. Materials characterization was used to study film and interface quality of these coatings. We are able to achieve precision growth of single and multilayer films to significantly reduce reflection losses for this region of spectrum and provide tailored, repeatable performance targeted for specific applications. C1 [Jewell, April D.; Hennessy, John; Hoenk, Michael E.; Nikzad, Shouleh] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jewell, AD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Shouleh.Nikzad@jpl.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9670-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8820 AR 88200Z DI 10.1117/12.2025198 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA BHH36 UT WOS:000325420200012 ER PT S AU Norris, KJ Zhang, J Fryauf, DM Coleman, E Tompa, GS Kobayashi, NP AF Norris, Kate J. Zhang, Junce Fryauf, David M. Coleman, Elane Tompa, Gary S. Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P. BE Kobayashi, NP Talin, AA Davydov, AV Islam, MS TI Single-polycrystalline core-shell silicon nanowires grown on copper SO NANOEPITAXY: MATERIALS AND DEVICES V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanoepitaxy - Materials and Devices V CY AUG 25-27, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Graphene; copper; flexible; thermoelectric; metal organic chemical vapor deposition ID DER-WAALS EPITAXY; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; LAYER GRAPHENE; THERMOELECTRICS; NETWORKS AB The growth of silicon core-shell nanowires with a crystalline-core and a polycrystalline-shell on copper substrates pretreated with carbon via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) was demonstrated. The nanowire diameters range from 120 to 250nm with 10-20nm crystalline cores. The overall large diameter enables easier methods of forming an electrical/thermal contact while the small core maintains the benefits of nanowires. By altering the copper surface with carbon, highly dense silicon nanowire networks can be directly grown on copper substrates, which could allow for efficient and economical incorporation of silicon nanowires into such applications as thermoelectric devices. C1 [Norris, Kate J.; Zhang, Junce; Fryauf, David M.; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Baskin Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Norris, Kate J.; Zhang, Junce; Fryauf, David M.; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NECTAR,Adv Studies Labs, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Coleman, Elane; Tompa, Gary S.] Structured Mat Ind Inc, Piscataway, NJ 95555 USA. [Coleman, Elane; Tompa, Gary S.] 345 Photon Drive, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Norris, KJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Baskin Sch Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM kjnorris@ucsc.edu RI Kobayashi, Nobuhiko/E-3834-2012 FU NASA SBIR [NNX11CE14P]; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship [DGE-0809125] FX This work was supported by NASA SBIR NNX11CE14P and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-0809125. We would like to thank Hewlett Packard labs and the UCSC Materials Analysis for Collaborative Science facility (Moffett Field, California) at Advanced Studies Laboratories, University of California Santa Cruz, and NASA Ames Research Center for continuous support on analytical equipment. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 19 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9670-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8820 AR 882013 DI 10.1117/12.2024283 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA BHH36 UT WOS:000325420200014 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Woike, MR Clem, M Baaklini, GY AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Woike, Mark R. Clem, Michelle Baaklini, George Y. BE Peters, KJ Ecke, W Matikas, TE TI Turbine Engine Rotor Health Monitoring and durability Evaluation Using Spin Tests Data SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Structural Health Monitoring; Spin Test; Rotor Dynamics; Capacitive sensor; Crack Detection AB Safety and maintenance cost are among the major features that engine manufacturers strive for in their design approach to produce efficient and successful products. However, this design success is subject to manufacturing highly reliable rotating components that typically undergo high rotational loading conditions that subject them to various types of failure initiation mechanisms. To counter such design concerns; health monitoring of these components is becoming a necessity, yet, this attribute remains somewhat challenging to implement. This is mostly due to the fact that presence of scattered loading conditions, crack sizes, component geometry and material property hinders the simplicity of imposing such applications. Therefore, exploitation of suitable techniques to monitor the health of these rotating components is ongoing and investigating other means of inspections such as non-destructive approaches to pre-detect hidden flaws and mini cracks is also being considered. These approaches or techniques extend more to assess materials' discontinuities and other defects that have matured to the level where a failure is likely. This paper is pertained to presenting data collected from a spin experiment of a turbine like rotor disk tested at a range of rotational speeds up to 12000 rpm. It further includes an analytical modeling of the rotor vibration response that is characterized by a combination of numerical and experimental data. The data include blade tip clearance, tip timing measurements and shaft displacements. The tests are conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center's Rotordynamics Laboratory, a high precision spin rig. The results are evaluated and scrutinized to explore their relevance towards the development of a crack detection system and a supplemental physics based fault prediction analytical model. C1 [Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Woike, Mark R.; Clem, Michelle; Baaklini, George Y.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9476-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8693 AR 86930N DI 10.1117/12.2008978 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BGK06 UT WOS:000323277400020 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Arias, J Abdi, F Bhatt, RT Grady, JE Zhu, D AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Arias, Joseph Abdi, Frank Bhatt, Ramakrishna T. Grady, Joseph E. Zhu, D. BE Peters, KJ Ecke, W Matikas, TE TI Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Durability Modeling Using a Progressive Failure Analysis Approach Part II SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers ID COMPOSITES; OXIDATION; CERAMICS AB The need for a protecting guard for the popular Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) is getting a lot of attention from engine manufacturers and aerospace companies. This is because the CMC has a weight advantage over standard metallic materials and more performance benefits. They are also commonly porous material and this feature is somewhat beneficial since it allows some desirable infiltration. They further undergo degradation that typically includes coating interface oxidation as opposed to moisture induced matrix which is generally seen at a higher temperature. Variety of factors such as residual stresses, coating process related flaws, and casting conditions may influence the degradation of mechanical properties of CMC. The cause of such defects which cause cracking and other damage is that not much energy is absorbed during fracture of these materials. Therefore, an understanding of the issues that control crack deflection and propagation along interfaces is needed to maximize the energy dissipation capabilities of layered ceramics. These durability considerations are being addressed by introducing highly specialized form of environmental barrier coating (EBC) that is being developed and explored in particular for high temperature applications greater than 1100 degrees C1-3. The EBCs are typically a multilayer of coatings and are in the order of hundreds of microns thick. Thus, evaluating components and subcomponents made out of CMCs under gas turbine engine conditions are suggested to demonstrate that these materials will perform as required especially when subjected to extreme temperatures and harsh operating environment. The need exists to use advanced computational methods to assess risk associated with exposure to high temperature of EBC coated CMC specimens. In the work presented here, multi-scale progressive failure analysis (PFA) approach was used to evaluate the damage growth in the coating and CMC after exposure time to cyclic and elevated temperatures. In each cycle, the specimen was heated to 1300 degrees C then maintained at that temperature for a period of time before cooling it down to room temperature. The PFA evaluation was carried out with the GENOA(4) software using integrated capability inclusive of: finite element structural analysis, micro-mechanics, damage progression and tracking, fracture mechanics, and life prediction. In this paper, reverse engineered constituent properties obtained from CMC lamina properties were used as input to PFA to evaluate the degradation of specimen strength during thermal cycling. The analysis results indicated that the damage initiated in the top coat of the EBC then propagated down to the bond before reaching the CMC. Life assessment of the CMC was carried out twice, once using micromechanics properties as input and another time using macromechanics properties. It was determined that the use macromechanics properties yielded a more conservative life prediction for the CMC specimen as compared to that obtained from the use of micromechanics with fiber and matrix properties as input. Residual stresses evaluated during cooldown supported the onset of damage in the top coat. All stages of damage evolution were captured with PFA including damage initiation and damage propagation. Details on the life prediction of EBC and CMC materials are discussed next. C1 [Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.; Grady, Joseph E.; Zhu, D.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 15 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9476-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8693 AR 86930G DI 10.1117/12.2008490 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BGK06 UT WOS:000323277400013 ER PT S AU Clem, MM Woike, MR Abdul-Aziz, A AF Clem, Michelle M. Woike, Mark R. Abdul-Aziz, Ali BE Peters, KJ Ecke, W Matikas, TE TI Investigation of a cross-correlation based optical strain measurement technique for detecting radial growth on a rotating disk SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers ID PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY AB The Aeronautical Sciences Project under NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program is extremely interested in the development of novel measurement technologies, such as optical surface measurements in the internal parts of a flow path, for in situ health monitoring of gas turbine engines. In situ health monitoring has the potential to detect flaws, i.e. cracks in key components, such as engine turbine disks, before the flaws lead to catastrophic failure. In the present study, a cross-correlation imaging technique is investigated in a proof-of-concept study as a possible optical technique to measure the radial growth and strain field on an already cracked sub-scale turbine engine disk under loaded conditions in the NASA Glenn Research Center's High Precision Rotordynamics Laboratory. The optical strain measurement technique under investigation offers potential fault detection using an applied high-contrast random speckle pattern and imaging the pattern under unloaded and loaded conditions with a CCD camera. Spinning the cracked disk at high speeds induces an external load, resulting in a radial growth of the disk of approximately 50.0-mu m in the flawed region and hence, a localized strain field. When imaging the cracked disk under static conditions, the disk will be undistorted; however, during rotation the cracked region will grow radially, thus causing the applied particle pattern to be 'shifted'. The resulting particle displacements between the two images will then be measured using the two-dimensional cross-correlation algorithms implemented in standard Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) software to track the disk growth, which facilitates calculation of the localized strain field. In order to develop and validate this optical strain measurement technique an initial proof-of-concept experiment is carried out in a controlled environment. Using PIV optimization principles and guidelines, three potential speckle patterns, for future use on the rotating disk, are developed and investigated in the controlled experiment. A range of known shifts are induced on the patterns; reference and data images are acquired before and after the induced shift, respectively, and the images are processed using the cross-correlation algorithms in order to determine the particle displacements. The effectiveness of each pattern at resolving the known shift is evaluated and discussed in order to choose the most suitable pattern to be implemented onto a rotating disk in the Rotordynamics Lab. Although testing on the rotating disk has not yet been performed, the driving principles behind the development of the present optical technique are based upon critical aspects of the future experiment, such as the amount of expected radial growth, disk analysis, and experimental design and are therefore addressed in the paper. C1 [Clem, Michelle M.; Woike, Mark R.] Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Clem, MM (reprint author), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9476-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8693 AR 86930O DI 10.1117/12.2012266 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BGK06 UT WOS:000323277400021 ER PT S AU Woike, M Abdul-Aziz, A Clem, M Fralick, G AF Woike, Mark Abdul-Aziz, Ali Clem, Michelle Fralick, Gustave BE Peters, KJ Ecke, W Matikas, TE TI Optical Strain and Crack-Detection Measurements on a Rotating Disk SO SMART SENSOR PHENOMENA, TECHNOLOGY, NETWORKS, AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers AB The development of techniques for the in-situ measurement and structural health monitoring of the rotating components in gas turbine engines is of major interest to NASA. As part of this on-going effort, several experiments have been undertaken to develop methods for detecting cracks and measuring strain on rotating turbine engine like disks. Previous methods investigated have included the use of blade tip clearance sensors to detect the presence of cracks by monitoring the change in measured blade tip clearance and analyzing the combined disk-rotor system's vibration response. More recently, an experiment utilizing a novel optical Moire based concept has been conducted on a subscale turbine engine disk to demonstrate a potential strain measurement and crack detection technique. Moire patterns result from the overlap of two repetitive patterns with slightly different spacing. When this technique is applied to a rotating disk, it has the potential to allow for the detection of very small changes in spacing and radial growth in a rotating disk due to a flaw such as a crack. This investigation was a continuation of previous efforts undertaken in 2011-2012 to validate this optical concept. The initial demonstration attempted on a subscale turbine engine disk was inconclusive due to the minimal radial growth experienced by the disk during operation. For the present experiment a new subscale Aluminum disk was fabricated and improvements were made to the experimental setup to better demonstrate the technique. A circular reference pattern was laser etched onto a subscale engine disk and the disk was operated at speeds up to 12 000 rpm as a means of optically monitoring the Moire created by the shift in patterns created by the radial growth due the presence of the simulated crack. Testing was first accomplished on a clean defect free disk as a means of acquiring baseline reference data. A notch was then machined in to the disk to simulate a crack and testing was repeated for the purposes of demonstrating the concept. Displacement data was acquired using external blade tip clearance and shaft displacement sensors as a means of confirming the optical data and for validating other sensor based crack detection techniques. C1 [Woike, Mark; Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Clem, Michelle; Fralick, Gustave] Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Woike, M (reprint author), Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9476-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8693 AR 86930M DI 10.1117/12.2012264 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BGK06 UT WOS:000323277400019 ER PT B AU Aksoy, M Johnson, J Misra, S O'Dwyer, I AF Aksoy, Mustafa Johnson, Joel Misra, Sidharth O'Dwyer, Ian GP IEEE TI RFI CHARACTERIZATION FOR SMAP USING L-BAND DIRECT SAMPLED DATA OBTAINED DURING THE SMAPVEX12 AIRBORNE CAMPAIGN SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Aksoy, Mustafa; Johnson, Joel] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Misra, Sidharth; O'Dwyer, Ian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Aksoy, M (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400019 ER PT B AU Baker, DN Kanekal, SG Li, XL Elkington, SR Spence, H AF Baker, Daniel N. Kanekal, Shrikanth G. Li, Xinlin Elkington, Scot R. Spence, Harlen GP IEEE TI Radiation Belt Electron Enhancements: History and New Results from RBSP SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Baker, Daniel N.; Li, Xinlin; Elkington, Scot R.] Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Kanekal, Shrikanth G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Spence, Harlen] Univ New Hampshire, Oceans & Space, Ctr Earth, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Baker, DN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400095 ER PT B AU Blackwell, W Galbraith, C Hancock, T Leslie, R Osaretin, I Shields, M Thompson, E Racette, PE Hilliard, LM AF Blackwell, W. Galbraith, C. Hancock, T. Leslie, R. Osaretin, I. Shields, M. Thompson, E. Racette, Paul E. Hilliard, L. M. GP IEEE TI Microwave Receiver Prototype Development for the Hyperspectral Microwave Atmospheric Sounder (HyMAS) SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Blackwell, W.; Galbraith, C.; Hancock, T.; Leslie, R.; Osaretin, I.; Shields, M.; Thompson, E.] MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. [Racette, Paul E.; Hilliard, L. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Blackwell, W (reprint author), MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. EM wjb@ll.mit.edu FU National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Air Force [FA8721-05-C-0002] FX This work was sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Air Force contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400084 ER PT B AU D'Addario, L Clarke, N Navarro, R Trinh, J AF D'Addario, Larry Clarke, Nathan Navarro, Robert Trinh, Joseph GP IEEE TI An FPGA-Based Back End for Real Time, Multi-Beam Transient Searches Over a Wide Dispersion Measure Range SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [D'Addario, Larry; Navarro, Robert; Trinh, Joseph] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Clarke, Nathan] Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. RP D'Addario, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400137 ER PT B AU Fleming, MC Lacy, GE Baker, L Byrnes, P Cortes-Medellin, G DeBoer, DR Fitzsimmons, J Hellyer, R Hovey, G Imbriale, W Veidt, B AF Fleming, Matthew C. Lacy, Gordon E. Baker, Lynn Byrnes, Peter Cortes-Medellin, German DeBoer, David R. Fitzsimmons, Joeleff Hellyer, Richard Hovey, Gary Imbriale, William Veidt, Bruce GP IEEE TI A High-Performance Reflector Antenna Appropriate for High-Volume Production SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Fleming, Matthew C.; DeBoer, David R.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Lacy, Gordon E.; Baker, Lynn; Byrnes, Peter; Fitzsimmons, Joeleff; Hellyer, Richard; Hovey, Gary; Veidt, Bruce] Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Penticton, BC, Canada. [Baker, Lynn; Cortes-Medellin, German] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. [Imbriale, William] Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Fleming, MC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400168 ER PT B AU Gutman, S Bock, Y Fang, P Moore, A Mahoney, J AF Gutman, Seth Bock, Yehuda Fang, Peng Moore, Angelyn Mahoney, Jennifer GP IEEE TI USING GROUND-BASED GNSS OBSERVATIONS TO IMPROVE AVIATION TURBULENCE MONITORING AND PREDICTION SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Gutman, Seth; Mahoney, Jennifer] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. [Bock, Yehuda; Fang, Peng] Scripps Inst Oceanography UCSD, La Jolla, CA USA. [Moore, Angelyn] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Gutman, S (reprint author), NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400049 ER PT B AU Lang, R Zhou, Y Utku, C Le Vine, D AF Lang, R. Zhou, Y. Utku, C. Le Vine, D. GP IEEE TI Precise Measurement of the Dielectric Constant of Seawater at 1.413 GHz: The Capillary Exit Hole Correction SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Lang, R.; Zhou, Y.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Utku, C.; Le Vine, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lang, R (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400150 ER PT B AU McCarty, M Doran, G Lazio, TJW Thompson, DR Ford, J Prestage, R AF McCarty, Mike Doran, Gary Lazio, T. Joseph W. Thompson, David R. Ford, John Prestage, Richard GP IEEE TI Radio Frequency Interference Identification and Mitigation in Pulsar Observations Using Machine Learning Techniques SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [McCarty, Mike; Ford, John; Prestage, Richard] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA. [Doran, Gary; Lazio, T. Joseph W.; Thompson, David R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP McCarty, M (reprint author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400023 ER PT B AU Misra, S Johnson, J Aksoy, M Bradley, D Li, H Mederios, J Piepmeier, J O'Dwyer, I AF Misra, Sidharth Johnson, Joel Aksoy, Mustafa Bradley, Damon Li, Hsin Mederios, James Piepmeier, Jeffrey O'Dwyer, Ian GP IEEE TI Performance Characterization of the SMAP RFI mitigation algorithm using direct-sampled SMAPVEX 2012 data SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Misra, Sidharth; O'Dwyer, Ian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Johnson, Joel; Aksoy, Mustafa] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH USA. [Bradley, Damon; Li, Hsin; Mederios, James; Piepmeier, Jeffrey] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Misra, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400018 ER PT B AU Ogut, M Lang, R Wasylkiwskyj, W Kurum, M O'Neill, P AF Ogut, M. Lang, R. Wasylkiwskyj, W. Kurum, M. O'Neill, P. GP IEEE TI PERFORMANCE OF AN L-BAND ANTENNA FOR RADIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Ogut, M.; Lang, R.; Wasylkiwskyj, W.] George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Kurum, M.; O'Neill, P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Lab Code 617, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ogut, M (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400041 ER PT B AU Sigel, DA Bach, VM Thomson, MW Bradley, RF Amaro, LR Lazio, J Burns, JO AF Sigel, D. A. Bach, V. M. Thomson, M. W. Bradley, Richard F. Amaro, L. R. Lazio, J. Burns, J. O. GP IEEE TI Deployable Antenna Concepts for the Dark Ages Radio Explorer Mission SO 2013 US NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING (USNC-URSI NRSM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT US-National-Committee-of-URSI National Radio Science Meeting CY JAN 09-12, 2013 CL Boulder, CO SP URSI, US Natl Comm C1 [Sigel, D. A.; Bach, V. M.; Thomson, M. W.; Amaro, L. R.; Lazio, J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bradley, Richard F.] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. [Burns, J. O.] Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sigel, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4778-5; 978-1-4673-4776-1 PY 2013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGZ24 UT WOS:000324678400055 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI Introduction - dangerous neighbors: volcanoes near cities SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 1 EP 14 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 14 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100002 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI Dangerous Neighbors: Volcanoes and Cities GRANT HEIKEN Preface SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP VII EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 5 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100001 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI Too many people and too many volcanoes - Naples, Italy SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 15 EP 42 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 28 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100003 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI A full menu of volcanic hazards - Mexico City SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 43 EP 60 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 18 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100004 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI "Like dangerous, yet undeniably beautiful women" - Guagua Pichincha and Cotopaxi volcanoes near Quito, Ecuador SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 61 EP 72 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 12 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100005 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI Dangerous neighbors, but some bring gifts - Manila megacity, Philippines SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 73 EP 88 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 16 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100006 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI "It's part of the culture. Live with it!" - cities in Japan SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 89 EP 112 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 24 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100007 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI Volcanic and proud of it - Auckland, New Zealand SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 113 EP 126 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 14 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100008 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI Coffee, software, aircraft, and volcanic mudflows - Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland, USA SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 127 EP 140 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 14 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100009 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI A tale of two cities - Akrotiri (island of Santorini, Greece) and Plymouth (island of Montserrat, Caribbean) SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 141 EP 164 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 24 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100010 ER PT J AU Heiken, G AF Heiken, Grant BA Heiken, G BF Heiken, G TI The dangerous neighbor is restless - how should a city respond? SO DANGEROUS NEIGHBORS: VOLCANOES AND CITIES LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Heiken, Grant] NASA, Apollo Program, Washington, DC USA. [Heiken, Grant] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-1-107-03923-0 PY 2013 BP 165 EP 179 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139856676 PG 15 WC Geology; Urban Studies SC Geology; Urban Studies GA BGY55 UT WOS:000324595100011 ER PT J AU Leshkevich, G Nghiem, SV AF Leshkevich, George Nghiem, Son V. TI Great Lakes ice classification using satellite C-band SAR multi-polarization data SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; Ice type classification; Satellite; Synthetic aperture radar (SAR); C-Band; Multi-polarization ID ST-CLAIR RIVER; COVER; MICHIGAN; IMPACTS; ERIE AB The objective of this study is to advance development of algorithms to classify and map ice cover on the Laurentian Great Lakes using satellite C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) multi-polarization data. During the 1997 winter season, shipborne polarimetric backscatter measurements of Great lakes ice types, using the Jet Propulsion laboratory C-band scatterometer, were acquired together with surface-based ice physical characterization measurements and environmental parameters, concurrently with European Remote Sensing Satellite 2 (ERS-2) and RADARSAT-1 SAR data. This fully polarimetric dataset, composed of over 20 variations of different ice types measured at incidence angles from 0 degrees to 60 degrees for all polarizations, was processed and fully calibrated to obtain radar backscatter, establishing a library of signatures for different ice types. Computer analyses of calibrated ERS-2 and RADARSAT ScanSAR images of Great Lakes ice cover using the library in a supervised classification technique indicate that different ice types in the ice cover can be identified and mapped, but that wind speed and direction can cause misclassification of open water as ice based on single frequency, single polarization data. Using RADARSAT-2 quad-pol and ENVISAT ASAR dual-pol data obtained for lake Superior during the 2009 and 2011 winter seasons, algorithms were developed for small incidence angle (<35 degrees) and large incidence angle (>35 degrees) SAR images and applied to map ice and open water. Ice types were subsequently classified using the library of backscatter signatures. Ice-type maps provide important input for environmental management, ice-breaking operations, ice forecasting and modeling, and climate change studies. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research. C1 [Leshkevich, George] NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. [Nghiem, Son V.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Nghiem, Son V.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Leshkevich, G (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 4840 South State Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. EM George.Leshkevich@noaa.gov; svnghiem@ucla.edu FU NOM; NOAA; European Space Agency (ESA) FX The research carried out at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) and the Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE) of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) is supported by NOM. The C-band polarimetric radar measurements were jointly carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology together with GLERL, under the sponsor of NOAA through an agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We thank the U.S. Coast Guard for providing icebreaker support for the measurements and in situ data collection. RADARSAT-2 data were provided by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) through the SOAR Program, and ENVISAT ASAR data was provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) through a research grant. We thank Songzhi Liu, Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER) for programming assistance and Lacey Mason, University of Michigan for GIS support. GLERL Contribution No. 1669. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2013 VL 39 SU 1 SI SI BP 55 EP 64 DI 10.1016/j.jglr.2013.05.003 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 223WP UT WOS:000324843500008 ER PT J AU Baker, R Fry, B Rozas, LP Minello, TJ AF Baker, Ronald Fry, Brian Rozas, Lawrence P. Minello, Thomas J. TI Hydrodynamic regulation of salt marsh contributions to aquatic food webs SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Stable isotope; Nursery function; Essential fish habitat; Trophic dynamics; Hydroecology; Tidal wetlands ID SHRIMP LITOPENAEUS-SETIFERUS; STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSES; CORDGRASS SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; REED PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; PENAEUS-AZTECUS IVES; ORGANIC-MATTER FLOW; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; BROWN SHRIMP; WHITE SHRIMP AB Vegetated salt marsh habitats are widely considered critical for supporting many species of nekton, yet direct evidence of the processes controlling marsh habitat use for most species remains elusive. We related salt marsh flooding patterns and nekton trophic dynamics among 14 sites spanning 2500 km across the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and southern Atlantic coasts of the USA. Functional access for nekton to marsh vegetation (edge flooded to >= 5 cm depth) ranged from <40% of the time at some central GoM sites to >90% access in the western GoM and Pamlico Sound. Food web mixing models based on stable isotope analysis show that the importance of Spartina trophic support for common nekton may be regulated by the duration of marsh surface flooding. In particular, the potential contribution of Spartina production was positively related to indices of marsh surface flooding for brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus, white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus, small (<= 60 mm carapace width) blue crabs Callinectes sapidus, grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, and killifish Fundulus heteroclitus/grandis. The value of Spartina salt marsh production to several common species of nekton appears to depend, at least in part, on direct access to the vegetated marsh surface, which is regulated by hydrodynamics. Hence, the substantial geographic and temporal variability in marsh flooding regulates the functional roles and value of these tidal wetlands for aquatic organisms. C1 [Baker, Ronald; Minello, Thomas J.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. [Baker, Ronald] James Cook Univ, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Ctr Trop Water & Aquat Ecosyst Res, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. [Baker, Ronald] James Cook Univ, CSIRO Land & Water, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. [Fry, Brian] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Rozas, Lawrence P.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Estuarine Habitats & Coastal Fisheries Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Baker, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Galveston Lab, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM ronald.baker@jcu.edu.au RI Baker, Ronald/J-9060-2014; TropWATER, Research ID/P-1401-2014 OI Baker, Ronald/0000-0001-8408-0324; FU Southeast Regional Habitat Office of the National Marine Fisheries Service; National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the NOAA Galveston Laboratory FX We thank K. Galvan, K. Abrantes, and 3 anonymous reviewers for comments and advice that greatly improved this manuscript; S. Hillen (NOAA Galveston) for preparing samples for isotope analysis; and P. Caldwell (NOAA Galveston) for producing Fig. 1. This research was partially supported by funding from M. Croom and the Southeast Regional Habitat Office of the National Marine Fisheries Service. This research was performed while R. B. held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the NOAA Galveston Laboratory. The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Marine Fisheries Service. NR 88 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2013 VL 490 BP 37 EP 52 DI 10.3354/meps10442 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 219ZN UT WOS:000324550600004 ER PT J AU Singh, R Rajput, NN He, XX Monk, J Hung, FR AF Singh, Ramesh Rajput, Nav Nidhi He, Xiaoxia Monk, Joshua Hung, Francisco R. TI Molecular dynamics simulations of the ionic liquid [EMIM+][TFMSI-] confined inside rutile (110) slit nanopores SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SENSITIZED SOLAR-CELLS; DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITORS; ELECTRICAL DOUBLE-LAYERS; PORE-SIZE; PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE; CARBON SUPERCAPACITORS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; PHASE-TRANSITION; HIGHLY EFFICIENT; GRAPHITE WALLS AB The structure and dynamics of the ionic liquid (IL) [EMIM+][TFMSI-] inside a rutile (110) slit nanopore of width H = 5.2 nm at T = 333 K are studied using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These results are compared against those obtained in our previous study (N. N. Rajput et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 5169-5181) for the same IL inside a slit graphitic nanopore of the same width. Electrostatic and dispersion interactions are present between the IL and the rutile walls, whereas only weaker van der Waals interactions are present between the IL and the graphitic walls. Our results suggest that the strength of the interactions between the pore walls and the IL can significantly affect the structure and dynamics of the confined IL. Layering effects were more pronounced for the IL inside a rutile pore as compared to inside a graphitic pore. The ions near the rutile pore walls had a liquid structure that was significantly different from that of the bulk IL; in contrast, the same ions near graphitic pore walls had a liquid structure that was similar to that of the bulk IL. Cations and anions adopted multiple orientations near the rutile walls, which contrast with the parallel orientations that were uniformly observed for the same ions near graphitic walls. The dynamics of [EMIM+][TFMSI-] inside a slit rutile pore are significantly slower than those observed inside a slit graphitic pore. Near the rutile walls, the dynamics of the ions were about an order of magnitude slower than those of ions near graphitic walls. The ions in the center of a rutile pore exhibit enhanced mobilities, but still about 2-4 times slower than those observed for ions in the center of a graphitic pore. The effects of variations in the amount of IL on the dynamics were very marked inside a rutile pore, with reductions of up to 4 times in the mobilities of the ions in the different regions of the pore; in contrast, pore loading seems to cause smaller variations in the dynamics of ILs inside a graphitic slit nanopore. C1 [Singh, Ramesh; Rajput, Nav Nidhi; He, Xiaoxia; Monk, Joshua; Hung, Francisco R.] Louisiana State Univ, Cain Dept Chem Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. [Singh, Ramesh] Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. [Rajput, Nav Nidhi] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Electrochem Technol Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Monk, Joshua] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Thermal Protect Mat Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hung, FR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Cain Dept Chem Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM frhung@lsu.edu OI Singh, Rajesh/0000-0001-8884-8775 FU National Science Foundation (CAREER Award) [CBET-1253075]; National Science Foundation (EPS-CoR) [EPS-1003897]; Louisiana Board of Regents FX We are grateful to Jermain Franklin (LA-SiGMA REU student), who helped corroborate some of the calculations presented in this study. This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (CAREER Award CBET-1253075 and EPS-CoR Cooperative Agreement EPS-1003897) and by the Louisiana Board of Regents. High-performance computational resources for this research were provided by High Performance Computing at Louisiana State University (http://www.hpc.lsu.edu) and the Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (http://www.loni.org). NR 82 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 7 U2 57 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 15 IS 38 BP 16090 EP 16103 DI 10.1039/c3cp51266e PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 218DH UT WOS:000324412300049 PM 23985933 ER PT B AU Townsend, J Biesiadecki, J AF Townsend, Julie Biesiadecki, Jeffrey GP ASME TI SLIDING GAIT ALGORITHM FOR THE ALL-TERRAIN HEX-LIMBED EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL EXPLORER (ATHLETE) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME 5TH ANNUAL DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL DIVISION CONFERENCE AND JSME 11TH MOTION AND VIBRATION CONFERENCE, DSCC 2012, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual Dynamic Systems and Control Division Conference / 11th JSME Motion and Vibration Conference CY OCT 17-19, 2012 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP ASME, DSCD, JSME AB The design of a surface robotic system typically involves a trade between the traverse speed of a wheeled rover and the terrain-negotiating capabilities of a multi-legged walker The ATHLETE mobility system, with both articulated limbs and wheels, is uniquely capable of both driving and walking and has the flexibility to employ additional hybrid mobility modes. This paper introduces the Sliding Gait, an intermediate mobility algorithm faster than walking with better terrain-handling capabilities than wheeled mobility. C1 [Townsend, Julie; Biesiadecki, Jeffrey] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Townsend, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM julie.a.townsend@jpl.nasa.gov; jeffrey.j.biesiadecki@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4531-8 PY 2013 BP 51 EP 58 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Robotics SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Robotics GA BGT37 UT WOS:000324076500007 ER PT S AU Meschter, PJ Opila, EJ Jacobson, NS AF Meschter, Peter J. Opila, Elizabeth J. Jacobson, Nathan S. BE Clarke, DR TI Water Vapor-Mediated Volatilization of High-Temperature Materials SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, VOL 43 SE Annual Review of Materials Research LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE thermodynamics; mass transport; hydroxides; vapor pressure; quantum chemistry ID ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIER COATINGS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS; SIO2 SCALE VOLATILITY; MATRIX INFRARED-SPECTRA; ALKALI-METAL HYDROXIDES; SILICON-NITRIDE; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; DIHYDROXIDE MOLECULES; FISSION-PRODUCTS; HOT CORROSION AB Volatilization in water vapor-containing atmospheres is an important and often unexpected mechanism of degradation of high-temperature materials during processing and in service. Thermodynamic properties data sets for key (oxy) hydroxide vapor product species that are responsible for material transport and damage are often uncertain or unavailable. Estimation, quantum chemistry calculation, and measurement methods for thermodynamic properties of these species are reviewed, and data judged to be reliable are tabulated and referenced. Applications of water vapor-mediated volatilization include component and coating recession in turbine engines, oxidation/ volatilization of ferritic steels in steam boilers, chromium poisoning in solid-oxide fuel cells, vanadium transport in hot corrosion and degradation of hydrocracking catalysts, Na loss from Na beta ''-Al2O3 tubes, and environmental release of radioactive isotopes in a nuclear reactor accident or waste incineration. The significance of water vapor-mediated volatilization in these applications is described. C1 [Meschter, Peter J.] Gen Elect Global Res Ctr, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. [Opila, Elizabeth J.] Univ Virginia, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Jacobson, Nathan S.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Meschter, PJ (reprint author), Gen Elect Global Res Ctr, Niskayuna, NY 12309 USA. EM meschter@nycap.rr.com; opila@virginia.edu; nathan.s.jacobson@nasa.gov NR 130 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 7 U2 81 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0897 USA SN 1531-7331 BN 978-0-8243-1743-0 J9 ANNU REV MATER RES JI Ann. Rev. Mater. Res. PY 2013 VL 43 BP 559 EP 588 DI 10.1146/annurev-matsci-071312-121636 PG 30 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BGR44 UT WOS:000323892700022 ER PT J AU Connor, BJ Mooney, T Nedoluha, GE Barrett, JW Parrish, A Koda, J Santee, ML Gomez, RM AF Connor, B. J. Mooney, T. Nedoluha, G. E. Barrett, J. W. Parrish, A. Koda, J. Santee, M. L. Gomez, R. M. TI Re-analysis of ground-based microwave ClO measurements from Mauna Kea, 1992 to early 2012 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CHLORINE MONOXIDE; DIURNAL-VARIATION AB We present a re-analysis of upper stratospheric ClO measurements from the ground-based millimeter-wave instrument from January 1992 to February 2012. These measurements are made as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) from Mauna Kea, Hawaii, (19.8 degrees N, 204.5 degrees E). Here, we use daytime and nighttime measurements together to form a day-night spectrum, from which the difference in the day and night profiles is retrieved. These results are then compared to the daynight difference profiles from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instruments. We also compare them to our previous analyses of the same data, in which we retrieved the daytime ClO profile. The major focus will be on comparing the year-to-year and long-term changes in ClO derived by the two analysis methods, and comparing these results to the longterm changes reported by others. We conclude that the reanalyzed data set has less short-term variability and exhibits a more constant long-term trend that is more consistent with other observations. Data from 1995 to 2012 indicate a linear decline of mid-stratospheric ClO of 0.64 +/- 0.15% yr(-1) (2 sigma). C1 [Connor, B. J.] BC Consulting Ltd, Alexandra, New Zealand. [Nedoluha, G. E.; Gomez, R. M.] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Mooney, T.; Barrett, J. W.; Koda, J.] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. [Parrish, A.] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. [Santee, M. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Connor, BJ (reprint author), BC Consulting Ltd, Alexandra, New Zealand. EM bcconsulting@xtra.co.nz FU NASA [NNX09AF40G]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX We thank the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory staff and management, and the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program, for their support of our measurements over more than 20 yr. Research at Stony Brook University was supported by NASA Grant NNX09AF40G. Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 17 BP 8643 EP 8650 DI 10.5194/acp-13-8643-2013 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 217YX UT WOS:000324400600008 ER PT S AU Lee, HJ Bar-Cohen, Y Lih, SS Badescu, M Bao, XQ Sherrit, S Takano, N Ostlund, P Blosiu, J AF Lee, Hyeong Jae Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Lih, Shyh-Shiuh Badescu, Mircea Bao, Xiaoqi Sherrit, Stewart Takano, Nobuyuki Ostlund, Patrick Blosiu, Julian BE Kundu, T TI High temperatures health monitoring of the condensed water height in steam pipe systems SO HEALTH MONITORING OF STRUCTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems CY MAR 11-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE High Temperatures (HT); HT piezoelectric transducers; Fluid height monitoring; health monitoring; monitoring steam condensation; Sensors ID SIGNAL AB Ultrasonic probes were designed, fabricated and tested for high temperature health monitoring system. The goal of this work was to develop the health monitoring system that can determine the height level of the condensed water through the pipe wall at high temperature up to 250 degrees C while accounting for the effects of surface perturbation. Among different ultrasonic probe designs, 2.25 MHz probes with air backed configuration provide satisfactory results in terms of sensitivity, receiving reflections from the target through the pipe wall. A series of tests were performed using the air-backed probes under irregular conditions, such as surface perturbation and surface disturbance at elevated temperature, to qualify the developed ultrasonic system. The results demonstrate that the fabricated air-backed probes combined with advanced signal processing techniques offer the capability of health monitoring of steam pipe under various operating conditions. C1 [Lee, Hyeong Jae; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Lih, Shyh-Shiuh; Badescu, Mircea; Bao, Xiaoqi; Sherrit, Stewart; Takano, Nobuyuki; Ostlund, Patrick; Blosiu, Julian] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 67-119,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lih@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9478-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8695 AR UNSP 869514 DI 10.1117/12.2009240 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Civil; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGI16 UT WOS:000323074200028 ER PT S AU Lih, SS Bar-Cohen, Y Lee, HJ Takano, N Bao, XQ AF Lih, Shyh-Shiuh Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Lee, Hyeong Jae Takano, Nobuyuki Bao, Xiaoqi BE Kundu, T TI Advanced signal processing for high temperatures health monitoring of condensed water height in steam pipes SO HEALTH MONITORING OF STRUCTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems CY MAR 11-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE High temperatures; Fluid height monitoring; health monitoring; monitoring steam condensation; Hilbert Transform; signal processing ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; SEGMENTATION AB An advanced signal processing methodology is being developed to monitor the height of condensed water thru the wall of a steel pipe while operating at temperatures as high as 250 degrees C. Using existing techniques, previous study indicated that, when the water height is low or there is disturbance in the environment, the predicted water height may not be accurate. In recent years, the use of the autocorrelation and envelope techniques in the signal processing has been demonstrated to be a very useful tool for practical applications. In this paper, various signal processing techniques including the auto correlation, Hilbert transform, and the Shannon Energy Envelope methods were studied and implemented to determine the water height in the steam pipe. The results have shown that the developed method provides a good capability for monitoring the height in the regular conditions. An alternative solution for shallow water or no water conditions based on a developed hybrid method based on Hilbert transform (HT) with a high pass filter and using the optimized windowing technique is suggested. Further development of the reported methods would provide a powerful tool for the identification of the disturbances of water height inside the pipe. C1 [Lih, Shyh-Shiuh; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Lee, Hyeong Jae; Takano, Nobuyuki; Bao, Xiaoqi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lih, SS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 67-119,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lih@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9478-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8695 AR UNSP 86950I DI 10.1117/12.2021303 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Civil; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGI16 UT WOS:000323074200014 ER PT S AU Tian, ZH Leckey, C Rogge, M Yu, LY AF Tian, Zhenhua Leckey, Cara Rogge, Matt Yu, Lingyu BE Kundu, T TI Crack Detection with Lamb Wave Wavenumber Analysis SO HEALTH MONITORING OF STRUCTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems CY MAR 11-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Lamb wave; crack detection; wavenumber analysis; EFIT simulation ID FINITE INTEGRATION TECHNIQUE; PROPAGATION; SCATTERING AB In this work, we present our study of Lamb wave crack detection using wavenumber analysis. The aim is to demonstrate the application of wavenumber analysis to 3D Lamb wave data to enable damage detection. The 3D wavefields (including v(x), v(y) and v(z) components) in time-space domain contain a wealth of information regarding the propagating waves in a damaged plate. For crack detection, three wavenumber analysis techniques are used: (i) time-space Fourier transform which can transform the time-space wavefield into frequency-wavenumber representation while losing the spatial information; (ii) short space Fourier transform which can obtain the frequency-wavenumber spectra at various spatial locations, resulting in a space-frequency-wavenumber representation; (iii) local wavenumber analysis which can provide the distribution of the effective wavenumbers at different locations. All of these concepts are demonstrated through a numerical simulation example of an aluminum plate with a crack. The 3D elastodynamic finite integration technique (EFIT) was used to obtain the 3D wavefields, of which the v(z) (out-of-plane) wave component is compared with the experimental measurement obtained from a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) for verification purpose. The experimental and simulated results are found to be in close agreement. The application of wavenumber analysis on 3D EFIT simulation data shows the effectiveness of the analysis for crack detection. C1 [Tian, Zhenhua; Yu, Lingyu] Univ S Carolina, Dept Mech Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Leckey, Cara; Rogge, Matt] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Tian, ZH (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Mech Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM tianz@email.sc.edu RI Tian, Zhenhua/I-6687-2015 OI Tian, Zhenhua/0000-0002-1903-5604 FU South Carolina Research Foundation (SCRF) [SAA1-1181]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center [SAA1-1181]; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission [NRC-04-10-155] FX Part of this work is conducted through the non-reimbursement space act umbrella agreement SAA1-1181 between South Carolina Research Foundation (SCRF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center. Part of this work is supported by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC-04-10-155. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9478-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8695 AR UNSP 86952Z DI 10.1117/12.2012249 PG 13 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Civil; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGI16 UT WOS:000323074200076 ER PT J AU Luthcke, SB Sabaka, TJ Loomis, BD Arendt, AA McCarthy, JJ Camp, J AF Luthcke, Scott B. Sabaka, T. J. Loomis, B. D. Arendt, A. A. McCarthy, J. J. Camp, J. TI Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLACIAL ISOSTATIC-ADJUSTMENT; SHEET MASS-BALANCE; GRAVITY-FIELD; OUTLET GLACIERS; SURFACE; MODEL; EARTH; GRAVIMETRY; SYSTEM; VARIABILITY AB We have determined the ice mass evolution of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets (AIS and GIS) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) glaciers from a new GRACE global solution of equal-area surface mass concentration parcels (mascons) in equivalent height of water. The mascons were estimated directly from the reduction of the inter-satellite K-band range-rate (KBRR) observations, taking into account the full noise covariance, and formally iterating the solution. The new solution increases signal recovery while reducing the GRACE KBRR observation residuals. The mascons were estimated with 10 day and 1 arcdeg equal-area sampling, applying anisotropic constraints. An ensemble empirical mode decomposition adaptive filter was applied to the mascon time series to compute annual mass balances. The details and causes of the spatial and temporal variability of the land-ice regions studied are discussed. The estimated mass trend over the total GIS, AIS and GOA glaciers for the time period 1 December 2003 to 1 December 2010 is -380 +/- 31 Gt a(-1), equivalent to -1.05 +/- 0.09 mm a(-1) sea-level rise. Over the same time period we estimate the mass acceleration to be -41 +/- 27 Gt a(-2), equivalent to a -0.11 +/- 0.08 mm a(-2) sea-level acceleration. The trends and accelerations are dependent on significant seasonal and annual balance anomalies. C1 [Luthcke, Scott B.; Sabaka, T. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Loomis, B. D.; McCarthy, J. J.] SGT Inc, Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Arendt, A. A.] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. [Camp, J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Gravitat Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Luthcke, SB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM scott.b.luthcke@nasa.gov FU Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science [NNH09ZDA001N-IDS]; GRACE science team [NNH06ZDA001N-GRACE, NNH10ZDA001N-GRACE]; Cryospheric Sciences [NNH07ZDA001N-CRYO] FX Support for this work was provided by NASA under the Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science (NNH09ZDA001N-IDS), the GRACE science team (NNH06ZDA001N-GRACE and NNH10ZDA001N-GRACE) and the Cryospheric Sciences (NNH07ZDA001N-CRYO) programs. We thank NASA GSFC NCCS computer services for computational resources used in this research. We gratefully acknowledge the quality of the GRACE Level-1B products produced by our colleagues at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. We thank J.P. Boy and R.D. Ray for contributions to the forward models applied in our GRACE data reduction and analysis. We acknowledge the software development and maintenance support of T.A. Pennington and D.E. Pavlis. We especially acknowledge the numerous contributions of D.D. Rowlands in developing the foundation of algorithms and software necessary to carry out this research. In addition, we thank D.D. Rowlands for the many technical discussions and support. We also thank the reviewers for thoughtful comments and suggestions. NR 70 TC 70 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 43 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 216 BP 613 EP 631 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12J147 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 214RP UT WOS:000324153800002 ER PT B AU Allen, A Przekop, A AF Allen, Albert Przekop, Adam GP ASME TI VIBROACOUSTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW HYBRID WING-BODY FUSELAGE CONCEPT SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME NOISE CONTROL AND ACOUSTICS DIVISION CONFERENCE (NCAD 2012) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Internoise/ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference CY AUG 19-22, 2012 CL New York, NY SP ASME, Noise Control & Acoust Div AB A lighter, more robust airframe design is required to withstand the loading inherent to next generation non cylindrical commercial airliners. The Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure concept, a highly integrated composite design involving a stitched and co-cured substructure, has been developed to meet such requirements. While this structure has been shown to meet the demanding out-of-plane loading requirements of the flat-sided pressurized cabin design, there are concerns that the stiff co-cured details will result in relatively high acoustic radiation efficiencies at frequencies well below the thin skin acoustic coincidence frequency. To address this concern and establish a set of baseline vibroacoustic characteristics, a representative test panel was fabricated and a suite of tests were conducted that involved measurements of panel vibration and radiated sound power during point force and diffuse acoustic field excitations. Experimental results are shown and compared with Finite Element and Statistical Energy Analysis model predictions through the use of modal and energy correlation techniques among others. The behavior of the structure subject to turbulent boundary layer excitation is also numerically examined. C1 [Allen, Albert] NASA, Struct Acoust Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Allen, A (reprint author), NASA, Struct Acoust Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM albert.r.allen@nasa.gov; adam.przekop@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4532-5 PY 2013 BP 115 EP 126 PG 12 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Acoustics; Engineering GA BGR71 UT WOS:000323912200013 ER PT B AU Schiller, NH Lin, SCS Cabell, RH Huang, TJ AF Schiller, Noah H. Lin, Sz-Chin Steven Cabell, Randolph H. Huang, Tony Jun GP ASME TI DESIGN OF A VARIABLE THICKNESS PLATE TO FOCUS BENDING WAVES SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME NOISE CONTROL AND ACOUSTICS DIVISION CONFERENCE (NCAD 2012) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Internoise/ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference CY AUG 19-22, 2012 CL New York, NY SP ASME, Noise Control & Acoust Div AB This paper describes the design of a thin plate whose thickness is tailored in order to focus bending waves to a desired location on the plate. Focusing is achieved by smoothly varying the thickness of the plate to create a type of lens, which focuses structure-borne energy. Damping treatment can then be positioned at the focal point to efficiently dissipate energy with a minimum amount of treatment. Numerical simulations of both bounded and unbounded plates show that the design is effective over a broad frequency range, focusing traveling waves to the same region of the plate regardless of frequency. This paper also quantifies the additional energy dissipated by local damping treatment installed on a variable thickness plate relative to a uniform plate. C1 [Schiller, Noah H.; Cabell, Randolph H.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Schiller, NH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 463, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM noah.h.schiller@nasa.gov; ssl130@psu.edu; randolph.h.cabell@nasa.gov; junhuang@psu.edu NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4532-5 PY 2013 BP 537 EP 544 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Acoustics; Engineering GA BGR71 UT WOS:000323912200058 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Introduction SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 1 EP 26 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 26 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000002 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Preface SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP XVII EP XIX D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000001 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Notation SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 27 EP 38 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000003 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Hover SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 39 EP 91 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 53 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000004 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Vertical Flight SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 92 EP 122 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 31 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000005 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Forward Flight Wake SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 123 EP 151 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 29 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000006 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Forward Flight SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 152 EP 242 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 91 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000007 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Performance SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 243 EP 270 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 28 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000008 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Design SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 271 EP 302 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 32 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000009 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Wings and Wakes SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 60 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 303 EP 365 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 63 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000010 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Unsteady Aerodynamics SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 366 EP 413 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 48 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000011 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Actuator Disk SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 414 EP 441 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 28 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000012 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Stall SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 442 EP 461 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000013 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Computational Aerodynamics SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 86 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 462 EP 492 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 31 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000014 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Noise SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 493 EP 544 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 52 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000015 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Mathematics of Rotating Systems SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 545 EP 581 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 37 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000016 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Blade Motion SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 582 EP 670 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 89 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000017 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Beam Theory SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 61 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 671 EP 709 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 39 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000018 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Dynamics SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 710 EP 748 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 39 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000019 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Flap Motion SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 749 EP 787 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 39 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000020 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Stability SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 788 EP 843 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 56 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000021 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Flight Dynamics SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 844 EP 914 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 71 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000022 ER PT J AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, Wayne BA Johnson, W BF Johnson, W TI Comprehensive Analysis SO ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS SE Cambridge Aerospace Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-02807-4 J9 CAMB AERO SER PY 2013 BP 915 EP 919 D2 10.1017/CBO9781139235655 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BGL79 UT WOS:000323435000023 ER PT S AU Beck, J McCurdy, J Skokan, M Kamilar, C Scritchfield, R Welch, T Mitra, P Sun, XL Abshire, J Reiff, K AF Beck, Jeff McCurdy, James Skokan, Mark Kamilar, Chris Scritchfield, Richard Welch, Terry Mitra, Pradip Sun, Xiaoli Abshire, James Reiff, Kirk BE Pham, KD Cox, JL Howard, RT Chen, G TI A highly sensitive multi-element HgCdTe e-APD detector for IPDA lidar applications SO SENSORS AND SYSTEMS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Systems for Space Applications VI CY APR 29-MAY 01, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Avalanche photodiode; CO2; lidar; HgCdTe; APD; excess noise factor; NEP; IPDA; dynamic range AB A 16 element HgCdTe e-APD detector has been developed for lidar receivers that has significant improvements in sensitivity in the spectral range from <1 mu m to 4 mu m. A demonstration detector consisting of a 4x4 APD detector array, with 80 mu m square elements, a custom CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC), a closed cycle cooler-Dewar, and support electronics has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The custom ROIC design provides >6 MHz bandwidth with low noise and 21 selectable gains. Ninety-six arrays were fabricated with 69% of the arrays meeting the dark current spec in the center 4 pixels at 10 V bias where the APD gain was expected to be around 150. Measurements to 12 V on one array showed APD gains of 654 with a gain normalized dark currents of 1.2 fA to 3.2 fA. The lowest dark current array showed a maximum dark current of 6.2 pA at 10 V and 77 K. The 4.4 mu m cutoff detector was characterized at an operating temperature of 77K with a 1.55 mu m, 1 mu s wide, laser pulse. The photon conversion efficiency at unity gain was 91%. The mean measured APD gain at 77 K was 308 at 11V, the responsivity was 782 mu V/pW, the average NEP was 1.04 fW/Hz(1/2). The bandwidth was 6.8 MHz, and the broadband NEP was 2.97 pW. This detector offers a wide spectral response, high dynamic range, and substantially improved sensitivity and lifetime for integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar measurements of atmospheric trace gases such as CO2 and CH4. C1 [Beck, Jeff; McCurdy, James; Skokan, Mark; Kamilar, Chris; Scritchfield, Richard; Welch, Terry; Mitra, Pradip] DRS Technol Network & Imaging Syst Inc, POB 740188, Dallas, TX 75374 USA. [Sun, Xiaoli; Abshire, James] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Reiff, Kirk] Analog Digital Integrated Circuits, Longwood, FL 32750 USA. RP Beck, J (reprint author), DRS Technol Network & Imaging Syst Inc, POB 740188, Dallas, TX 75374 USA. EM jdbeck@drs-rsta.com FU NASA ESTO [IIP-10] FX This work was supported by the NASA ESTO IIP-10 program managed by Parminder Ghuman and Irene Bibyk. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9530-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8739 AR UNSP 87390V DI 10.1117/12.2018083 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGN20 UT WOS:000323553200028 ER PT S AU Nguyen, H Simons, R Wintucky, E Freeman, J AF Hung Nguyen Simons, Rainee Wintucky, Edwin Freeman, Jon BE Pham, KD Cox, JL Howard, RT Chen, G TI Demonstration of Space Optical Transmitter Development For Multiple High Frequency Bands SO SENSORS AND SYSTEMS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS VI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Systems for Space Applications VI CY APR 29-MAY 01, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE AB As the demand for multiple radio frequency carrier bands continues to grow in space communication systems, the design of a cost-effective compact optical transmitter that is capable of transmitting selective multiple RF bands is of great interest, particularly for NASA Space Communications Network Programs. This paper presents experimental results that demonstrate the feasibility of a concept based on an optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique that enables multiple microwave bands with different modulation formats and bandwidths to be combined and transmitted all in one unit, resulting in many benefits to space communication systems including reduced size, weight and complexity with corresponding savings in cost. Experimental results will be presented including the individual received RF signal power spectra for the L, C, X, Ku, Ka, and Q frequency bands, and measurements of the phase noise associated with each RF frequency. Also to be presented is a swept RF frequency power spectrum showing simultaneous multiple RF frequency bands transmission. The RF frequency bands in this experiment are among those most commonly used in NASA space environment communications. C1 [Hung Nguyen; Simons, Rainee; Wintucky, Edwin; Freeman, Jon] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nguyen, H (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 54-5, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9530-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8739 AR UNSP 87390I DI 10.1117/12.2014535 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGN20 UT WOS:000323553200016 ER PT J AU Anderson, JC Wang, J Zeng, J Leptoukh, G Petrenko, M Ichoku, C Hu, CM AF Anderson, Jacob C. Wang, Jun Zeng, Jing Leptoukh, Gregory Petrenko, Maksym Ichoku, Charles Hu, Chuanmin TI Long-term statistical assessment of Aqua-MODIS aerosol optical depth over coastal regions: bias characteristics and uncertainty sources SO TELLUS SERIES B-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE MODIS; aerosols; coastal waters; uncertainties; turbidity ID ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; DATA-ASSIMILATION; WIND-SPEED; ALGORITHM; THICKNESS; PRODUCTS; AERONET; LAND; RETRIEVALS; RADIANCES AB Coastal regions around the globe represent a major source for anthropogenic aerosols in the atmosphere, but the surface characteristics may not be optimal for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) algorithms designed for aerosol retrievals over dark land or ocean surfaces. Using data collected from 62 coastal stations worldwide by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) in 2002-2011, statistical assessments of uncertainties are conducted for coastal aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from MODIS measurements aboard the Aqua satellite (i.e., the Collection 5.1 MYD04 data product generated by the MODIS atmosphere group). It is found that coastal AODs (at 550 nm) characterised respectively by the Dark Land algorithm and the Dark Ocean algorithm all exhibit a log-normal distribution, which contrasts to the near-normal distribution of their corresponding biases. After data filtering using quality flags, the MODIS AODs from both the Dark Land and Dark Ocean algorithms over coastal regions are highly correlated with AERONET AODs (R-2 approximate to 0.8), but both have larger uncertainties than their counterparts (of MODIS AODs) over land and open ocean. Overall, the Dark Ocean algorithm overestimates the AERONET coastal AOD by 0.021 for AOD <0.25 and underestimates it by 0.029 for AOD > 0.25. This dichotomy is shown to be related to the ocean-surface wind speed and cloud-contamination effects on the MODIS aerosol retrievals. Consequently, an empirical correction scheme is formulated that uses cloud fraction and sea-surface wind speed from Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) to correct the AOD bias from the Dark Ocean algorithm, and it is shown to be effective over the majority of the coastal AERONET stations to (a) simultaneously reduce both the mean and the spread of the bias and (b) improve the trend analysis of AOD. Further correlation analysis performed after such an empirical bias correction shows that the MODIS AOD is also likely impacted by the concentration of suspended particulate matter in coastal waters, which is not taken into account during the MODIS AOD retrievals. While mathematically the MODIS AODs over the global coastal AERONET sites show statistically significant discrepancies (p<1%) from their respective AERONET-measured counterparts in terms of mean and frequency, different applications of MODIS AODs in climate and air-quality studies often have their own tolerances of uncertainties. Nevertheless, it is recommended that an improved treatment of varying sea-surface wind and sediment over coastal waters be an integral part in the continuous evolution of the MODIS AOD retrieval algorithms. C1 [Anderson, Jacob C.; Wang, Jun; Zeng, Jing] Univ Nebraska, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. [Leptoukh, Gregory; Petrenko, Maksym; Ichoku, Charles] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Petrenko, Maksym] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Hu, Chuanmin] Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, Tampa, FL USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. EM jwang7@unl.edu RI Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012; Wang, Jun/A-2977-2008 OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549; Wang, Jun/0000-0002-7334-0490 FU NASA GSFC; NASA Nebraska Space Grant Consortium; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln; NASA Radiation Science Program; Atmospheric Composition and Analysis Program FX Funding for this research was provided by NASA GSFC, NASA Nebraska Space Grant Consortium and the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The authors thank the NASA GEO-CAPE science definition team for the useful discussions on aerosols and uncertainties. Jun Wang also acknowledges the NASA Radiation Science Program and Atmospheric Composition and Analysis Program for support. Our final thought is for Gregory Leptoukh who tragically passed away during this research. Without his vision and foresight this project would have never been possible. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU CO-ACTION PUBLISHING PI JARFALLA PA RIPVAGEN 7, JARFALLA, SE-175 64, SWEDEN SN 0280-6509 EI 1600-0889 J9 TELLUS B JI Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol. PY 2013 VL 65 AR 20805 DI 10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20805 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 216RD UT WOS:000324300800001 ER PT J AU Hunter, GW Xu, JC Biaggi-Labiosa, AM Dutta, PK Mondal, SP Ward, BJ Makel, DB Liu, CC Chang, CW Laskowski, D Dweik, RA AF Hunter, Gary W. Xu, Jennifer C. Biaggi-Labiosa, A. M. Dutta, Prabir K. Mondal, Suvra P. Ward, Benjamin J. Makel, D. B. Liu, Chung-Chiun Chang, C. W. Laskowski, D. Dweik, Raed A. BE Amann, A Smith, D TI Smart Sensor Systems for Human Health Breath Monitoring Applications SO VOLATILE BIOMARKERS: NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EXHALED NITRIC-OXIDE; INDUCED ASTHMATIC RESPONSE; NOX SENSOR; LUNG; CHILDREN; SENSITIVITY; DIAGNOSIS; FILTER; AIRWAY C1 [Hunter, Gary W.; Xu, Jennifer C.; Biaggi-Labiosa, A. M.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Dutta, Prabir K.; Mondal, Suvra P.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Ward, Benjamin J.; Makel, D. B.] Makel Engn Inc, Cleveland, OH 44128 USA. [Liu, Chung-Chiun] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Chang, C. W.] ASRC NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Laskowski, D.; Dweik, Raed A.] Cleveland Clin, Resp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. [Laskowski, D.; Dweik, Raed A.] Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. RP Hunter, GW (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpark Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 978-0-444-62620-2 PY 2013 BP 325 EP 341 DI 10.1016/B978-0-44-462613-4.00017-9 PG 17 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Physiology SC General & Internal Medicine; Physiology GA BGU01 UT WOS:000324142500018 ER PT S AU Smith, SM Rice, BL Dlouhy, H Zwart, SR AF Smith, S. M. Rice, B. L. Dlouhy, H. Zwart, S. R. BE Stumbo, P McNutt, S TI Assessment of nutritional intake during space flight and space flight analogs SO 36TH NATIONAL NUTRIENT DATABANK CONFERENCE SE Procedia Food Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th National Nutrient Databank Conference CY MAR 25-28, 2012 CL Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX SP Michael & Susan Dell Ctr Hlth Living HO Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth DE space flight; microgravity; nutrient intake; International Space Station ID BONE-RESORPTION; CELL MASS; BED REST; SPACEFLIGHT; ASTRONAUTS; SUPPLEMENTATION; WEIGHTLESSNESS; BIOCHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; HUMANS AB Maintaining adequate nutrient intake during space flight is important not only to meet nutrient needs of astronauts but also to help counteract negative effects of space flight on the human body. Beyond these functions, food also provides psychosocial benefits throughout a mission. Dietary intake data from multiple space programs, including the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station, are discussed. These data arise from medical monitoring of dietary intake and crew health, as well as from research protocols designed to assess the role of diet in counteracting bone loss and other health concerns. Ground-based studies are conducted to better understand some of the negative issues related to space flight. Examples of ground-based studies are extended-duration bed rest studies, vitamin D supplementation studies in Antarctica during 6-month winterovers, and 10- to 14-day saturation diving missions on the floor of the ocean. The use of weighed food records, diet diaries, barcodes and food-frequency questionnaires to assess nutritional intake of space crewmembers is described. Provision of food and nutrients in space flight is important for many body systems including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and immune systems. Key areas of concern during long-duration space flight include loss of body mass, bone and muscle loss, radiation exposure and oxidative damage, nutrient intake during spacewalks (extravehicular activity), depletion of nutrient stores, and inadequate dietary intake. Initial experimental research studies using food and nutrition as a countermeasure to aid in mitigating these concerns are underway. Beyond their importance for the few individuals leaving the planet, these studies have significant implications for those remaining on Earth. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Smith, S. M.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Smith, SM (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Mail Code SK3,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM scott.m.smith@nasa.gov NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 2211-601X J9 PROC FOOD SCI PY 2013 VL 2 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1016/j.profoo.2013.04.006 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA BGQ00 UT WOS:000323754000004 ER PT S AU Flom, Y AF Flom, Y. BE Sekulic, DP TI Strength and margins of brazed joints SO ADVANCES IN BRAZING: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS SE Woodhead Publishing Series in Welding and Other Joining Technologies LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE brazed joints; margins of safety; failure assessment diagram; interaction equations; Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion AB Despite the great advances in analytical methods available to structural engineers, designers of brazed structures have great difficulties in determining load-carrying capabilities of the brazed assemblies and predicting their failures. In this chapter we will review why such common engineering tools as finite element analysis (FEA) as well as many well-established theories (Tresca, von Mises, Highest Principal Stress, etc.) do not work well for brazed joints. This chapter will show how the classic approach of using interaction equations and the lesser-known Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion can be employed to estimate margins of safety (MS) in brazed joints. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Flom, Y (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 541, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM yury.a.flom@nasa.gov NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2052-5532 BN 978-0-85709-650-0 J9 WOODH PUBL SER WELD PY 2013 IS 80 BP 31 EP 54 DI 10.1533/9780857096500.1.31 D2 10.1533/9780857096500 PG 24 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGH69 UT WOS:000323033400003 ER PT S AU Asthana, R Singh, M AF Asthana, R. Singh, M. BE Sekulic, DP TI Active metal brazing of advanced ceramic composites to metallic systems SO ADVANCES IN BRAZING: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS SE Woodhead Publishing Series in Welding and Other Joining Technologies LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE ceramic-matrix composites; silicon carbide/silicon carbide; carbon/carbon; ultra-high-temperature composites; interface; active brazing; shear strength; wettability; infiltration; microstructure ID CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES; CU-CLAD-MOLYBDENUM; BRAZED JOINTS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; INTERFACIAL MICROSTRUCTURE; MATRIX COMPOSITES; GLASS INTERLAYERS; STAINLESS-STEEL; SIC COMPOSITES; LIQUID-METALS AB Advanced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) outperform traditional ceramics in many ways and have shown potential for demanding applications. Net-shape manufacture of CMC parts is challenging, and many advanced applications demand robust and reliable integration technologies such as brazing. Brazing of CMC/metal joints is reviewed, highlighting scientific issues together with a discussion of some of the challenges that brazing of CMCs presents. Brazing practices for SiC-SiC, C-SiC, C-C, ZrB2-based ultra-high-temperature composites, and oxide, nitride and silicate-based composites are presented. Recent research results on interface microstructure, composition and properties are discussed. Scaling effects, time-temperature-environment dependent thermomechanical properties, design guidelines and life-prediction analyses, and tools for CMC/metal joints to be used in structures constitute future research imperatives. C1 [Asthana, R.] Univ Wisconsin Stout, Dept Engn & Technol, Menomonie, WI 54751 USA. [Singh, M.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Asthana, R (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin Stout, Dept Engn & Technol, Menomonie, WI 54751 USA. EM asthanar@uwstout.edu; mrityunjay.singh-1@nasa.gov NR 87 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2052-5532 BN 978-0-85709-650-0 J9 WOODH PUBL SER WELD PY 2013 IS 80 BP 323 EP 360 DI 10.1533/9780857096500.2.323 D2 10.1533/9780857096500 PG 38 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BGH69 UT WOS:000323033400012 ER PT J AU Thejappa, G MacDowall, RJ Bergamo, M AF Thejappa, G. MacDowall, R. J. Bergamo, M. TI Evidence for four- and three-wave interactions in solar type III radio emissions SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Solar physics, astrophysics, and astronomy; Radio emissions ID WAVE-WAVE INTERACTIONS; BURST SOURCE REGIONS; LANGMUIR-WAVES; INTERPLANETARY PLASMA; TURBULENCE; SOLITONS; WIND; MECHANISMS; ELECTRONS; RADIATION AB The high time resolution observations obtained by the STEREO/WAVES experiment show that in the source regions of solar type III radio bursts, Langmuir waves often occur as intense localized wave packets with short durations of only few ms. One of these wave packets shows that it is a three-dimensional field structure with W-L/n(e)T(e)similar to 10(-3), where W-L is the peak energy density, and ne and T-e are the electron density and temperature, respectively. For this wave packet, the conditions of the oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI) and supersonic collapse are satisfied within the error range of determination of main parameters. The density cavity, observed during this wave packet indicates that its depth, width and temporal coincidence are consistent with those of a caviton, generated by the ponderomotive force of the collapsing wave packet. The spectrum of each of the parallel and perpendicular components of the wave packet contains a primary peak at f(pe), two secondary peaks at f(pe) +/- f(s) and a low-frequency enhancement below fs, which, as indicated by the frequency and wave number resonance conditions, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based tricoherence spectral peak at (f(pe), f(pe), f(pe) + f(s), f(pe) f(s)), are coupled to each other by the OTSI type of four-wave interaction (fpe is the local electron plasma frequency and fs is the frequency of ion sound waves). In addition to the primary peak at fpe, each of these spectra also contains a peak at 2f(pe), which as indicated by the frequency and wave number resonance conditions, and the wavelet-based bicoherence spectral peak at (fpe, fpe), appears to correspond to the second harmonic electromagnetic waves generated as a result of coalescence of oppositely propagating sidebands excited by the OTSI. Thus, these observations for the first time provide combined evidence that (1) the OTSI and related strong turbulence processes play a significant role in the stabilization of the electron beam, (2) the coalescence of the oppositely propagating up- and down-shifted daughter Langmuir waves excited by the OTSI probably is the emission mechanism of the second harmonic radiation, and (3) the Langmuir collapse follows the route of OTSI in some of the type III radio bursts. C1 [Thejappa, G.; Bergamo, M.] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [MacDowall, R. J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thejappa, G (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM thejappa.golla@nasa.gov FU NASA [NNX09AB19G, NNX12AH47G] FX The research of G. Thejappa is supported by the NASA Grants NNX09AB19G and NNX12AH47G. The SWAVES instruments include contributions from the Observatoire of Paris, University of Minnesota, University of California, Berkeley, and NASA/GSFC. NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1417 EP 1428 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-1417-2013 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 212JL UT WOS:000323979100011 ER PT J AU Collado-Vega, YM Kessel, RL Sibeck, DG Kalb, VL Boller, RA Rastaetter, L AF Collado-Vega, Y. M. Kessel, R. L. Sibeck, D. G. Kalb, V. L. Boller, R. A. Rastaetter, L. TI Comparison between vortices created and evolving during fixed and dynamic solar wind conditions SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; MHD waves and instabilities ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; FLOW PATTERNS; MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOTAIL; SIMULATION; MHD; MOTIONS AB We employ Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to examine the creation and evolution of plasma vortices within the Earth's magnetosphere for steady solar wind plasma conditions. Very few vortices form during intervals of such solar wind conditions. Those that do remain in fixed positions for long periods (often hours) and exhibit rotation axes that point primarily in the x or y direction, parallel (or antiparallel) to the local magnetospheric magnetic field direction. Occasionally, the orientation of the axes rotates from the x direction to another direction. We compare our results with simulations previously done for unsteady solar wind conditions. By contrast, these vortices that form during intervals of varying solar wind conditions exhibit durations ranging from seconds (in the case of those with axes in the x or y direction) to minutes (in the case of those with axes in the z direction) and convect antisunward. The local-time dependent sense of rotation seen in these previously reported vortices suggests an interpretation in terms of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. For steady conditions, the biggest vortices developed on the dayside (about 6 RE in diameter), had their rotation axes aligned with the y direction and had the longest periods of duration. We attribute these vortices to the flows set up by reconnection on the high-latitude magnetopause during intervals of northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) orientation. This is the first time that vortices due to high-latitude reconnection have been visualized The model also successfully predicts the principal characteristics of previously reported plasma vortices within the magnetosphere, namely their dimension, flow velocities, and durations. C1 [Collado-Vega, Y. M.; Sibeck, D. G.; Rastaetter, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Weather Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Kessel, R. L.] NASA Headquarters, SMD, Heliophys Div, Washington, DC USA. [Kalb, V. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Informat Syst Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Boller, R. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Data Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Collado-Vega, YM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Weather Lab, Code 674, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM yaireska.m.colladovega@nasa.gov RI Kalb, Virginia/A-9971-2009; Rastaetter, Lutz/D-4715-2012 OI Kalb, Virginia/0000-0002-3107-9271; Rastaetter, Lutz/0000-0002-7343-4147 NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 11 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1463 EP 1483 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-1463-2013 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 212JL UT WOS:000323979100016 ER PT J AU Sellitto, P Dufour, G Eremenko, M Cuesta, J Peuch, VH Eldering, A Edwards, DP Flaud, JM AF Sellitto, P. Dufour, G. Eremenko, M. Cuesta, J. Peuch, V. -H. Eldering, A. Edwards, D. P. Flaud, J. -M. TI The effect of using limited scene-dependent averaging kernels approximations for the implementation of fast observing system simulation experiments targeted on lower tropospheric ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GEOSTATIONARY PLATFORM; AIR-QUALITY; RETRIEVALS; INSTRUMENT; CHEMISTRY; SPECTRA; MONITOR; MISSION; FUTURE; WIND AB Practical implementations of chemical OSSEs (Observing System Simulation Experiments) usually rely on approximations of the pseudo-observations by means of a predefined parametrization of the averaging kernels, which describe the sensitivity of the observing system to the target atmospheric species. This is intended to avoid the use of a computationally expensive pseudo-observations simulator, that relies on full radiative transfer calculations. Here we present an investigation on how no, or limited, scene dependent averaging kernels parametrizations may misrepresent the sensitivity of an observing system. We carried out the full radiative transfer calculation for a three-days period over Europe, to produce reference pseudo-observations of lower tropospheric ozone, as they would be observed by a concept geostationary observing system called MAGEAQ (Monitoring the Atmosphere from Geostationary orbit for European Air Quality). The selected spatio-temporal interval is characterised by an ozone pollution event. We then compared our reference with approximated pseudo-observations, following existing simulation exercises made for both the MAGEAQ and GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) missions. We found that approximated averaging kernels may fail to replicate the variability of the full radiative transfer calculations. In addition, we found that the approximations substantially overestimate the capability of MAGEAQ to follow the spatio-temporal variations of the lower tropospheric ozone in selected areas, during the mentioned pollution event. We conclude that such approximations may lead to false conclusions if used in an OSSE. Thus, we recommend to use comprehensive scene-dependent approximations of the averaging kernels, in cases where the full radiative transfer is computationally too costly for the OSSE being investigated. C1 [Sellitto, P.; Dufour, G.; Eremenko, M.; Cuesta, J.; Flaud, J. -M.] Univ Paris Est, CNRS UMR7583, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, F-94010 Creteil, France. [Sellitto, P.; Dufour, G.; Eremenko, M.; Cuesta, J.; Flaud, J. -M.] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, F-94010 Creteil, France. [Peuch, V. -H.] European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Res Dept, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. [Eldering, A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Edwards, D. P.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Sellitto, P (reprint author), Univ Paris Est, CNRS UMR7583, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, 61 Ave Gen Gaulle, F-94010 Creteil, France. EM pasquale.sellitto@lisa.u-pec.fr NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 8 BP 1869 EP 1881 DI 10.5194/amt-6-1869-2013 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 212JA UT WOS:000323978000002 ER PT J AU Diner, DJ Xu, F Garay, MJ Martonchik, JV Rheingans, BE Geier, S Davis, A Hancock, BR Jovanovic, VM Bull, MA Capraro, K Chipman, RA McClain, SC AF Diner, D. J. Xu, F. Garay, M. J. Martonchik, J. V. Rheingans, B. E. Geier, S. Davis, A. Hancock, B. R. Jovanovic, V. M. Bull, M. A. Capraro, K. Chipman, R. A. McClain, S. C. TI The Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI): a new tool for aerosol and cloud remote sensing SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID RESEARCH SCANNING POLARIMETER; POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS; INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION; PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES; ACCURACY ASSESSMENTS; RETRIEVAL; OCEAN; WATER; MISR; INTENSITY AB The Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) is an eight-band (355, 380, 445, 470, 555, 660, 865, 935 nm) pushbroom camera, measuring polarization in the 470, 660, and 865 nm bands, mounted on a gimbal to acquire multiangular observations over a +/- 67 degrees along-track range. The instrument has been flying aboard the NASA ER-2 high altitude aircraft since October 2010. AirMSPI employs a photoelastic modulator-based polarimetric imaging technique to enable accurate measurements of the degree and angle of linear polarization in addition to spectral intensity. A description of the AirMSPI instrument and ground data processing approach is presented. Example images of clear, hazy, and cloudy scenes over the Pacific Ocean and California land targets obtained during flights between 2010 and 2012 are shown, and quantitative interpretations of the data using vector radiative transfer theory and scene models are provided to highlight the instrument's capabilities for determining aerosol and cloud microphysical properties and cloud 3-D spatial distributions. Sensitivity to parameters such as aerosol particle size distribution, ocean surface wind speed and direction, cloud-top and cloud-base height, and cloud droplet size is discussed. AirMSPI represents a major step toward realization of the type of imaging polarimeter envisioned to fly on NASA's Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem (ACE) mission in the next decade. C1 [Diner, D. J.; Xu, F.; Garay, M. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Rheingans, B. E.; Geier, S.; Hancock, B. R.; Jovanovic, V. M.; Bull, M. A.; Capraro, K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Xu, F.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Davis, A.] Univ Texas Austin, Ctr Space Res, Austin, TX 78759 USA. [Chipman, R. A.; McClain, S. C.] Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Diner, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.j.diner@jpl.nasa.gov RI Xu, Feng/G-3673-2013 FU NASA; Airborne Instrument Technology Transition Program; Earth Science Research Program FX The authors thank the entire AirMSPI engineering team for their efforts. This research is being carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with NASA, and at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences, the University of Texas Center for Space Research, and the University of California Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE) under subcontract with JPL. Funding from the NASA Instrument Incubator Program, Airborne Instrument Technology Transition Program, and Earth Science Research Program is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Brent Holben and Carol Bruegge for their efforts in establishing and maintaining the UCSB and Fresno AERONET sites. NR 60 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 28 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 8 BP 2007 EP 2025 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2007-2013 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 212JA UT WOS:000323978000009 ER PT J AU Kramarova, NA Bhartia, PK Frith, SM McPeters, RD Stolarski, RS AF Kramarova, N. A. Bhartia, P. K. Frith, S. M. McPeters, R. D. Stolarski, R. S. TI Interpreting SBUV smoothing errors: an example using the quasi-biennial oscillation SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID OZONE; PROFILES; VALIDATION AB The Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) observing system consists of a series of instruments that have been measuring both total ozone and the ozone profile since 1970. SBUV measures the profile in the upper stratosphere with a resolution that is adequate to resolve most of the important features of that region. In the lower stratosphere the limited vertical resolution of the SBUV system means that there are components of the profile variability that SBUV cannot measure. The smoothing error, as defined in the optimal estimation retrieval method, describes the components of the profile variability that the SBUV observing system cannot measure. In this paper we provide a simple visual interpretation of the SBUV smoothing error by comparing SBUV ozone anomalies in the lower tropical stratosphere associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) to anomalies obtained from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We describe a methodology for estimating the SBUV smoothing error for monthly zonal mean (mzm) profiles. We construct covariance matrices that describe the statistics of the inter-annual ozone variability using a 6 yr record of Aura MLS and ozonesonde data. We find that the smoothing error is of the order of 1 % between 10 and 1 hPa, increasing up to 15-20% in the troposphere and up to 5% in the mesosphere. The smoothing error for total ozone columns is small, mostly less than 0 5 %. We demonstrate that by merging the partial ozone columns from several layers in the lower stratosphere/troposphere into one thick layer, we can minimize the smoothing error. We recommend using the following layer combinations to reduce the smoothing error to about 1%: surface to 25 hPa (16 hPa) outside (inside) of the narrow equatorial zone 20 degrees S-20 degrees N. C1 [Kramarova, N. A.; Frith, S. M.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Bhartia, P. K.; McPeters, R. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Stolarski, R. S.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Kramarova, NA (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. EM natalya.a.kramarova@nasa.gov RI Kramarova, Natalya/D-2270-2014; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Kramarova, Natalya/0000-0002-6083-8548; McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 8 BP 2089 EP 2099 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2089-2013 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 212JA UT WOS:000323978000014 ER PT J AU Kalashnikova, OV Garay, MJ Martonchik, JV Diner, DJ AF Kalashnikova, O. V. Garay, M. J. Martonchik, J. V. Diner, D. J. TI MISR Dark Water aerosol retrievals: operational algorithm sensitivity to particle non-sphericity SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID REMOTE-SENSING OBSERVATIONS; IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MISR; BULK SCATTERING PROPERTIES; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL; MINERAL DUST TYPES; OPTICAL-DEPTH; AERONET OBSERVATIONS; ICE CLOUDS; OCEAN; MODIS AB The aim of this study is to theoretically investigate the sensitivity of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) operational (version 22) Dark Water retrieval algorithm to aerosol non-sphericity over the global oceans under actual observing conditions, accounting for current algorithm assumptions. Non-spherical (dust) aerosol models, which were introduced in version 16 of the MISR aerosol product, improved the quality and coverage of retrievals in dusty regions. Due to the sensitivity of the retrieval to the presence of non-spherical aerosols, the MISR aerosol product has been successfully used to track the location and evolution of mineral dust plumes from the Sahara across the Atlantic, for example However, the MISR global non-spherical aerosol optical depth (AOD) fraction product has been found to have several climatological artifacts superimposed on valid detections of mineral dust, including high non-spherical fraction in the Southern Ocean and seasonally variable bands of high non-sphericity. In this paper we introduce a formal approach to examine the ability of the operational MISR Dark Water algorithm to distinguish among various spherical and non-spherical particles as a function of the variable MISR viewing geometry. We demonstrate the following under the criteria currently implemented: (1) Dark Water retrieval sensitivity to particle non-sphericity decreases for AOD below about 0.1 primarily due to an unnecessarily large lower bound imposed on the uncertainty in MISR observations at low light levels, and improves when this lower bound is removed; (2) Dark Water retrievals are able to distinguish between the spherical and non-spherical particles currently used for all MISR viewing geometries when the AOD exceeds 0.1; (3) the sensitivity of the MISR retrievals to aerosol non-sphericity varies in a complex way that depends on the sampling of the scattering phase function and the contribution from multiple scattering; and (4) non-sphericity artifacts occur at those view-illumination geometries where dust aerosols are indistinguishable from certain types of cirrus particles. Based on these results, we suggest that interested parties use caution with the version 22 MISR Dark Water aerosol non-sphericity product in situations where cirrus may be present. C1 [Kalashnikova, O. V.; Garay, M. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Diner, D. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kalashnikova, OV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM olga.kalashnikova@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The MISR data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. NR 74 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 8 BP 2131 EP 2154 DI 10.5194/amt-6-2131-2013 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 212JA UT WOS:000323978000018 ER PT J AU Meyer, V Saatchi, SS Chave, J Dalling, JW Bohlman, S Fricker, GA Robinson, C Neumann, M Hubbell, S AF Meyer, V. Saatchi, S. S. Chave, J. Dalling, J. W. Bohlman, S. Fricker, G. A. Robinson, C. Neumann, M. Hubbell, S. TI Detecting tropical forest biomass dynamics from repeated airborne lidar measurements SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BARRO-COLORADO ISLAND; LARGE-FOOTPRINT LIDAR; RAIN-FOREST; CARBON STOCKS; SEVERE DROUGHT; AMAZON FOREST; PANAMA; CANOPY; LIANAS; PLOTS AB Reducing uncertainty of terrestrial carbon cycle depends strongly on the accurate estimation of changes of global forest carbon stock. However, this is a challenging problem from either ground surveys or remote sensing techniques in tropical forests. Here, we examine the feasibility of estimating changes of tropical forest biomass from two airborne lidar measurements of forest height acquired about 10 yr apart over Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. We used the forest inventory data from the 50 ha Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) plot collected every 5 yr during the study period to calibrate the estimation. We compared two approaches for detecting changes in forest aboveground biomass (AGB): (1) relating changes in lidar height metrics from two sensors directly to changes in ground-estimated biomass; and (2) estimating biomass from each lidar sensor and then computing changes in biomass from the difference of two biomass estimates, using two models, namely one model based on five relative height metrics and the other based only on mean canopy height (MCH). We performed the analysis at different spatial scales from 0.04 ha to 10 ha. Method (1) had large uncertainty in directly detecting biomass changes at scales smaller than 10 ha, but provided detailed information about changes of forest structure. The magnitude of error associated with both the mean biomass stock and mean biomass change declined with increasing spatial scales. Method (2) was accurate at the 1 ha scale to estimate AGB stocks (R-2 = 0.7 and RMSEmean = 27.6 Mg ha(-1)). However, to predict biomass changes, errors became comparable to ground estimates only at a spatial scale of about 10 ha or more. Biomass changes were in the same direction at the spatial scale of 1 ha in 60 to 64% of the subplots, corresponding to p values of respectively 0.1 and 0.033. Large errors in estimating biomass changes from lidar data resulted from the uncertainty in detecting changes at 1 ha from ground census data, differences of approximately one year between the ground census and lidar measurements, and differences in sensor characteristics. Our results indicate that the 50 ha BCI plot lost a significant amount of biomass (-0.8Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) +/- 2.2(SD)) over the past decade (2000-2010). Over the entire island and during the same period, mean AGB change was 0.2 +/- 2.4Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) with old growth forests losing -0.7 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) +/- 2.2 (SD), and secondary forests gaining +1.8Mg ha yr(-1) +/- 3.4 (SD) biomass. Our analysis suggests that repeated lidar surveys, despite taking measurement with different sensors, can estimate biomass changes in old-growth tropical forests at landscape scales (> 10 ha). C1 [Meyer, V.; Saatchi, S. S.; Neumann, M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Chave, J.] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR5174, Lab Evolut & Divers Biol, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [Dalling, J. W.] Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Bohlman, S.] Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Fricker, G. A.; Robinson, C.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Hubbell, S.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. [Hubbell, S.] Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Ctr Trop Forest Sci, Washington, DC 20521 USA. RP Meyer, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM victoria.meyer@jpl.nasa.gov FU NSF [0939907]; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Illinois; University of California Los Angeles; Clemson University; French "Investissement d'avenir" [CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-0025, TULIP: ANR-10-LABX-0041]; TOSCA funds (CNES, France) FX The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments and recommendations. We are grateful for insightful comments from Helene Muller-Landau. We thank Richard Condit for providing the field data (2010). The BCI forest dynamics research project was made possible by National Science Foundation grants to Stephen P. Hubbell, support from the Center for Tropical Forest Science, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, the Small World Institute Fund, and numerous private individuals, and through the hard work of over 100 people from 10 countries over the past two decades. The DRL dataset was obtained with funding from NSF grant 0939907, and with additional support from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, University of Illinois, University of California Los Angeles, and Clemson University to S.J. DeWalt. This work has benefited from French "Investissement d'avenir" grants (CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-0025; TULIP: ANR-10-LABX-0041) and from TOSCA funds (CNES, France). NR 58 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 57 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 8 BP 5421 EP 5438 DI 10.5194/bg-10-5421-2013 PG 18 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 212JW UT WOS:000323980300012 ER PT J AU Kurtz, NT Farrell, SL Studinger, M Galin, N Harbeck, JP Lindsay, R Onana, VD Panzer, B Sonntag, JG AF Kurtz, N. T. Farrell, S. L. Studinger, M. Galin, N. Harbeck, J. P. Lindsay, R. Onana, V. D. Panzer, B. Sonntag, J. G. TI Sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth products from Operation IceBridge airborne data SO CRYOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID LASER ALTIMETER MEASUREMENTS; RADAR; OCEAN; DEFORMATION; VARIABILITY; DENSITY AB The study of sea ice using airborne remote sensing platforms provides unique capabilities to measure a wide variety of sea ice properties. These measurements are useful for a variety of topics including model evaluation and improvement, assessment of satellite retrievals, and incorporation into climate data records for analysis of interannual variability and long-term trends in sea ice properties. In this paper we describe methods for the retrieval of sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth using data from a multisensor suite of instruments on NASA's Operation IceBridge airborne campaign. We assess the consistency of the results through comparison with independent data sets that demonstrate that the IceBridge products are capable of providing a reliable record of snow depth and sea ice thickness. We explore the impact of inter-campaign instrument changes and associated algorithm adaptations as well as the applicability of the adapted algorithms to the ongoing IceBridge mission. The uncertainties associated with the retrieval methods are determined and placed in the context of their impact on the retrieved sea ice thickness. Lastly, we present results for the 2009 and 2010 IceBridge campaigns, which are currently available in product form via the National Snow and Ice Data Center. C1 [Kurtz, N. T.] Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. [Kurtz, N. T.; Studinger, M.; Harbeck, J. P.; Onana, V. D.; Sonntag, J. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Farrell, S. L.] Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Galin, N.] UCL, London, England. [Harbeck, J. P.; Onana, V. D.] ADNET Syst Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Lindsay, R.] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. [Panzer, B.] Univ Kansas, Ctr Remote Sensing Ice Sheets, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. [Sonntag, J. G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, EG&G Tech Serv, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Kurtz, NT (reprint author), Morgan State Univ, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. EM nathan.t.kurtz@nasa.gov RI Farrell, Sinead/F-5586-2010; Lindsay, Ron/S-9083-2016 OI Farrell, Sinead/0000-0003-3222-2751; FU NASA FX The production of a sea ice and snow thickness product would not have been possible without the help of many people. We would like to thank the IceBridge Sea Ice Science Team and members of the community for support and guidance. We would also like to thank the instrument teams and air crews for long hours in the field and at home collecting and processing the data and the National Snow and Ice Data Center for archiving and publishing the data. This work is funded by NASA's Airborne Science and Cryospheric Sciences Programs. NR 63 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1994-0416 J9 CRYOSPHERE JI Cryosphere PY 2013 VL 7 IS 4 BP 1035 EP 1056 DI 10.5194/tc-7-1035-2013 PG 22 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 212LU UT WOS:000323985700002 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Introduction: The Natural History of the Heavens and the Natural History of Discovery SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 1 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700002 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI The Pluto Affair SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 9 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700003 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Discovery and Classification in Astronomy Controversy and Consensus Preface SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP XI EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700001 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Moons, Rings, and Asteroids: Discovery in the Realm of the Planets SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 33 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 37 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700004 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI In Herschel's Gardens: Nebulous Discoveries in the Realm of the Stars SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 63 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 36 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700005 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Dwarfs, Giants, and Planets (Again!): The Discovery of the Stars Themselves SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 91 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 39 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700006 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Galaxies, Quasars, and Clusters: Discovery in the Realm of the Galaxies SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 121 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 59 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700007 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI The Structure of Discovery SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 173 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 32 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700008 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI The Varieties of Discovery SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 201 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 38 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700009 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Discovery and Classification SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 233 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 52 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700010 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Technology and Theory as Drivers of Discovery SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 279 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 41 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700011 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI Luxuriant Gardens and the Master Narrative SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 315 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700012 ER PT J AU Dick, SJ AF Dick, Steven J. BA Dick, SJ BF Dick, SJ TI The Meaning of Discovery SO DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION IN ASTRONOMY: CONTROVERSY AND CONSENSUS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Dick, Steven J.] NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-107-03361-0 PY 2013 BP 329 EP + D2 10.1017/CBO9781139521499 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI73 UT WOS:000323153700013 ER PT S AU Khare, BN McKay, C Wilhite, P Beeler, D Carter, M Schurmeier, L Jagota, S Kawai, J Nna-Mvondo, D Cruikshank, D Embaye, T AF Khare, Bishun N. McKay, C. Wilhite, P. Beeler, D. Carter, M. Schurmeier, L. Jagota, S. Kawai, J. Nna-Mvondo, D. Cruikshank, D. Embaye, T. BE Chakrabarti, SK Acharyya, K Das, A TI Organic Matter in the Titan Lakes, and Comparison with Primitive Earth SO FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF STAR FORMING REGION AND ORIGIN OF LIFE (ASTROCHEM2012) SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Chemical Evolution of Star Forming Region and Origin of Life (Astrochem) CY JUL 10-13, 2012 CL S N Bose Natl Ctr Basic Sci, Kolkata, INDIA SP Govt India, Council Sci & Ind Res HO S N Bose Natl Ctr Basic Sci DE Organic Compounds; Synthesis; Titan; Laboratory; Abundances; Chemical composition and chemical evolution; Molecular clouds AB Titan is the only world in the solar system besides the Earth that has liquid on its surface. The liquid in the lakes is thought to be composed primarily of ethane with methane and nitrogen in solution. The clouds are thought to be composed of liquid methane drops. Surface liquid is present in polar lakes and in surface materials at equatorial sites. Studying the chemical processing that potentially results from organic material interacting with this liquid is one of the main goals of proposed missions to Titan. We have been engaged in producing tholin under Titan-like conditions for more than three decades, first at the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University in collaboration with Late Dr. Carl Sagan and for over a decade at Laboratory for Planetary Studies at NASA Ames Research Center and Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute. Our focus is to understand the capabilities for analysis of tholin solubility in liquid methane and ethane for flight instruments. Our results are expected to contribute to an understanding of the organic chemistry on Titan and to the development of an explicit and targeted scientific strategy for near term analysis of the products of organic-liquid interactions on Titan. Organics are produced as a haze in Titan's high atmosphere due to photolysis of methane with the Sun's extreme ultraviolet light and subsequent reaction with N. Also tholins are formed at a much higher level on Titan by charged particles of Saturn magnetosphere. However, the presence of organics is not the sole feature, which makes Titan significant to astrobiology; organics are widely present in the outer solar system. The reason Titan is a prime target for future outer solar system missions is the combination of organic material and liquid on the surface; liquid that could over a medium for further organic synthesis. NASA recently selected for further study a Discovery proposal TiME to investigate the chemistry of the lakes on Titan. As described by the team's press release: "The TiME capsule would launch in 2016 and reach Titan in 2023, parachuting onto the moon's second-largest northern sea, the Ligeia Mare. For 96 days the capsule would study the composition and behavior of the sea and its interaction with Titan's weather and climate. TiME would also seek evidence of the complex organic chemistry that may be active on Titan today, and that may be similar to processes that led to the development of life on the early Earth". The results of our on going research on how tholins interact with the liquid ethane and methane in the lakes on Titan will improve our chances of detecting any possible biology on this cold and distant world. C1 [Khare, Bishun N.; McKay, C.; Wilhite, P.; Beeler, D.; Carter, M.; Jagota, S.; Cruikshank, D.; Embaye, T.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Khare, BN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 5 U2 27 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1167-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2013 VL 1543 BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1063/1.4812602 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry; Physics GA BGR33 UT WOS:000323886500007 ER PT J AU Picard, G Brucker, L Roy, A Dupont, F Fily, M Royer, A Harlow, C AF Picard, G. Brucker, L. Roy, A. Dupont, F. Fily, M. Royer, A. Harlow, C. TI Simulation of the microwave emission of multi-layered snowpacks using the Dense Media Radiative transfer theory: the DMRT-ML model SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; ANTARCTIC ICE-SHEET; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; LAYERED MEDIA; TIME-SERIES; GRAIN-SIZE; DRY-SNOW; RADIANCE ASSIMILATION; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING AB DMRT-ML is a physically based numerical model designed to compute the thermal microwave emission of a given snowpack. Its main application is the simulation of brightness temperatures at frequencies in the range 1-200 GHz similar to those acquired routinely by space-based microwave radiometers. The model is based on the Dense Media Radiative Transfer (DMRT) theory for the computation of the snow scattering and extinction coefficients and on the Discrete Ordinate Method (DISORT) to numerically solve the radiative transfer equation. The snowpack is modeled as a stack of multiple horizontal snow layers and an optional underlying interface representing the soil or the bottom ice. The model handles both dry and wet snow conditions. Such a general design allows the model to account for a wide range of snow conditions. Hitherto, the model has been used to simulate the thermal emission of the deep firn on ice sheets, shallow snowpacks overlying soil in Arctic and Alpine regions, and overlying ice on the large ice-sheet margins and glaciers. DMRT-ML has thus been validated in three very different conditions: Antarctica, Barnes Ice Cap (Canada) and Canadian tundra. It has been recently used in conjunction with inverse methods to retrieve snow grain size from remote sensing data. The model is written in Fortran90 and available to the snow remote sensing community as an open-source software. A convenient user interface is provided in Python. C1 [Picard, G.; Dupont, F.; Fily, M.] CNRS, LGGE UMR5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Picard, G.; Dupont, F.; Fily, M.] Univ Grenoble Alpes, LGGE UMR5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France. [Brucker, L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Brucker, L.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Earth Sci Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Brucker, L.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Res Studies & Invest, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Roy, A.; Dupont, F.; Royer, A.] Univ Sherbrooke, Ctr Applicat & Rech Teledetect CARTEL, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. [Harlow, C.] Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. RP Picard, G (reprint author), CNRS, LGGE UMR5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France. EM ghislain.picard@ujf-grenoble.fr RI Picard, Ghislain/D-4246-2013; Brucker, Ludovic/A-8029-2010 OI Picard, Ghislain/0000-0003-1475-5853; Brucker, Ludovic/0000-0001-7102-8084 FU French Programme National de Teledetection Spatiale; Centre National d'Etude Spatiale; Programme Internationale de Collaboration Scientifique (CNRS); Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council; grant CMIRA ExploraPro, Region Rhone-Alpes FX This work was supported by the French Programme National de Teledetection Spatiale, the Centre National d'Etude Spatiale, the Programme Internationale de Collaboration Scientifique (CNRS) between Grenoble's and Sherbrooke's universities and the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. The manuscript was written in part during a visit at Sherbrooke university supported by the grant CMIRA 2012 ExploraPro, Region Rhone-Alpes. We thank S. Morin for helpful comments and the DMRT-ML user community for bug reports and suggestions through the DMRT-ML mailing-list. NR 96 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X EI 1991-9603 J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1078 DI 10.5194/gmd-6-1061-2013 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 212KE UT WOS:000323981100010 ER PT J AU Lee, YH Pierce, JR Adams, PJ AF Lee, Y. H. Pierce, J. R. Adams, P. J. TI Representation of nucleation mode microphysics in a global aerosol model with sectional microphysics SO GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID CLOUD-CONDENSATION NUCLEI; SULFURIC-ACID; PARTICLE FORMATION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; COSMIC-RAYS; RATES; PARAMETERIZATION; CCN; UNCERTAINTIES; DISTRIBUTIONS AB In models, nucleation mode (1 nm < D-p < 10 nm) particle microphysics can be represented explicitly with aerosol microphysical processes or can be parameterized to obtain the growth and survival of nuclei to the model's lower size boundary. This study investigates how the representation of nucleation mode microphysics impacts aerosol number predictions in the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) aerosol microphysics model running with the GISS GCM II-prime by varying its lowest diameter boundary: 1 nm, 3 nm, and 10 nm. The model with the 1 nm boundary simulates the nucleation mode particles with fully resolved microphysical processes, while the model with the 10 nm and 3 nm boundaries uses a nucleation mode dynamics parameterization to account for the growth of nucleated particles to 10 nm and 3 nm, respectively. We also investigate the impact of the time step for aerosol microphysical processes (a 10 min versus a 1 h time step) to aerosol number predictions in the TOMAS models with explicit dynamics for the nucleation mode particles (i.e., 3 nm and 1 nm boundary). The model with the explicit microphysics (i.e., 1 nm boundary) with the 10 min time step is used as a numerical benchmark simulation to estimate biases caused by varying the lower size cutoff and the time step. Different representations of the nucleation mode have a significant effect on the formation rate of particles larger than 10 nm from nucleated particles (J(10)) and the burdens and lifetimes of ultrafine-mode (10 nm <= D-p <= 70 nm) particles but have less impact on the burdens and lifetimes of CCN-sized particles. The models using parameterized microphysics (i.e., 10 nm and 3 nm boundaries) result in higher J(10) and shorter coagulation lifetimes of ultrafine-mode particles than the model with explicit dynamics (i.e., 1 nm boundary). The spatial distributions of CN10 (D-p >= 10 nm) and CCN(0.2 %) (i.e., CCN concentrations at 0.2% supersaturation) are moderately affected, especially CN10 predictions above similar to 700 hPa where nucleation contributes most strongly to CN10 concentrations. The lowermost-layer CN10 is substantially improved with the 3 nm boundary (compared to 10 nm) in most areas. The overprediction in CN10 with the 3 nm and 10 nm boundaries can be explained by the overprediction of J(10) or J(3) with the parameterized microphysics, possibly due to the instantaneous growth rate assumption in the survival and growth parameterization. The errors in CN10 predictions are sensitive to the choice of the lower size boundary but not to the choice of the time step applied to the microphysical processes. The spatial distribution of CCN(0.2 %) with the 3 nm boundary is almost identical to that with the 1 nm boundary, but that with the 10 nm boundary can differ more than 10-40% in some areas. We found that the deviation in the 10 nm simulations is partly due to the longer time step (i.e., 1 h time step used in the 10 nm simulations compared to 10 min time step used in the benchmark simulations), but, even with the same time step, the 10 nm cutoff showed noticeably higher errors than the 3 nm cutoff. In conclusion, we generally recommend using a lower diameter boundary of 3 nm for studies focused on aerosol indirect effects but down to 1 nm boundary for studies focused on CN10 predictions or nucleation. C1 [Lee, Y. H.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Lee, Y. H.] Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. [Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Adams, P. J.] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. [Pierce, J. R.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. [Pierce, J. R.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP Lee, YH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM yunha.lee@nasa.gov RI Pierce, Jeffrey/E-4681-2013; Adams, Peter/D-7134-2013; Lee, Yunha/Q-7222-2016 OI Pierce, Jeffrey/0000-0002-4241-838X; Adams, Peter/0000-0003-0041-058X; Lee, Yunha/0000-0001-7478-2672 FU Environmental Protection Agency (EPA STAR) [83337401] FX This study was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA STAR #83337401). NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 16 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1991-959X J9 GEOSCI MODEL DEV JI Geosci. Model Dev. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 4 BP 1221 EP 1232 DI 10.5194/gmd-6-1221-2013 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 212KE UT WOS:000323981100019 ER PT S AU Pliutau, D Prasad, NS AF Pliutau, Denis Prasad, Narasimha S. BE Pellechia, MF Sorensen, RJ Palaniappan, K TI Usage of data-encoded web maps with client side color rendering for combined data access, visualization and modeling purposes SO GEOSPATIAL INFOFUSION III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Geospatial InfoFusion III CY MAY 02-03, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE web maps; geospatial data; Open Layers; surface parameters; PNG encoding AB Current approaches to satellite observation data storage and distribution implement separate visualization and data access methodologies which often leads to the need in time consuming data ordering and coding for applications requiring both visual representation as well as data handling and modeling capabilities. We describe an approach we implemented for a data-encoded web map service based on storing numerical data within server map tiles and subsequent client side data manipulation and map color rendering. The approach relies on storing data using the lossless compression Portable Network Graphics (PNG) image data format which is natively supported by web-browsers allowing on-the-fly browser rendering and modification of the map tiles. The method is easy to implement using existing software libraries and has the advantage of easy client side map color modifications, as well as spatial sub-setting with physical parameter range filtering. This method is demonstrated for the ASTER-GDEM elevation model and selected MODIS data products and represents an alternative to the currently used storage and data access methods. One additional benefit includes providing multiple levels of averaging due to the need in generating map tiles at varying resolutions for various map magnification levels. We suggest that such merged data and mapping approach may be a viable alternative to existing static storage and data access methods for a wide array of combined simulation, data access and visualization purposes. C1 [Pliutau, Denis; Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Pliutau, D (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9538-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8747 AR UNSP 87470K DI 10.1117/12.2016325 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGN58 UT WOS:000323574000017 ER PT J AU Lin, Y Watson, KA Kim, JW Baggett, DW Working, DC Connell, JW AF Lin, Yi Watson, Kent A. Kim, Jae-Woo Baggett, David W. Working, Dennis C. Connell, John W. TI Bulk preparation of holey graphene via controlled catalytic oxidation SO NANOSCALE LA English DT Article ID CARBON NANOTUBES; LAYER GRAPHENE; OXIDE; NANOMESH; SUPERCAPACITORS; NANOPARTICLES; ENERGY; METAL; LITHOGRAPHY; GRAPHITE AB Structural manipulation of the two dimensional graphene surface has been of significant interest as a means of tuning the properties of the nanosheets for enhanced performance in various applications. In this report, a straightforward and highly scalable method is presented to prepare bulk quantities of "holey graphenes", which are graphene sheets with holes ranging from a few to tens of nm in average diameter. The approach to their preparation takes advantage of the catalytic properties of silver (Ag) nanoparticles toward the air oxidation of graphitic carbon. In the procedure, Ag nanoparticles were first deposited onto the graphene sheet surface in a facile, controllable, and solvent-free process. The catalyst-loaded graphene samples were then subjected to thermal treatment in air. The graphitic carbons in contact with the Ag nanoparticles were selectively oxidized into gaseous byproducts, such as CO or CO2, leaving holes in the graphene surface. The Ag was then removed by refluxing in diluted nitric acid to obtain the final holey graphene products. The average size of the holes on the graphene was found to correlate with the size of the Ag nanoparticles, which could be controlled by adjusting the silver precursor concentration. In addition, the temperature and time of the air oxidation step, and the catalyst removal treatment conditions were found to strongly affect the morphology of the holes. Characterization results of the holey graphene products suggested that the hole generation might have started from defect-rich regions present on the starting graphene sheets. As a result, the remaining graphitic carbon structures on the holey graphene sheets were highly crystalline, with no significant increase of the overall defect density despite the presence of structural holes. Preliminary experiments are also presented on the use of holey graphene sheets as fillers for polymeric composites. The results indicated that these sheets might be better reinforcing fillers than the starting graphene sheets due to their perforated structure. Other unique potentials of these materials, such as for energy storage applications, are also discussed. C1 [Lin, Yi; Watson, Kent A.; Kim, Jae-Woo] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Baggett, David W.; Working, Dennis C.; Connell, John W.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Lin, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Aerosp, 100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM yi.lin@nianet.org RI Kim, Jae-Woo/A-8314-2008 FU Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA (LEARN) program FX Financial support from the Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA (LEARN) program is gratefully acknowledged. D. W. B. was a Langley Aerospace Research Summer Scholars (LARSS) Program scholar. We thank the experimental assistance from Dr W. Cao and Prof. H. Elsayed-Ali (Old Dominion University; TEM/electron diffraction), Prof. F. Gupton and Kendra Woodberry (Virginia Commonwealth University; XPS), Dr G. Sauti and Dr H.-J. Kim (National Institute of Aerospace; electrical), D. Hartman (A. M. A.; XRD), and P. Davis (NASA Langley Research Center; surface area). We also thank Prof. H. Schniepp (The College of William and Mary) for inspiring discussions. NR 38 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 10 U2 118 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 2040-3364 J9 NANOSCALE JI Nanoscale PY 2013 VL 5 IS 17 BP 7814 EP 7824 DI 10.1039/c3nr02135a PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 198YA UT WOS:000322958800019 PM 23764650 ER PT J AU Lamarque, JF Dentener, F McConnell, J Ro, CU Shaw, M Vet, R Bergmann, D Cameron-Smith, P Dalsoren, S Doherty, R Faluvegi, G Ghan, SJ Josse, B Lee, YH MacKenzie, IA Plummer, D Shindell, DT Skeie, RB Stevenson, DS Strode, S Zeng, G Curran, M Dahl-Jensen, D Das, S Fritzsche, D Nolan, M AF Lamarque, J-F Dentener, F. McConnell, J. Ro, C. -U. Shaw, M. Vet, R. Bergmann, D. Cameron-Smith, P. Dalsoren, S. Doherty, R. Faluvegi, G. Ghan, S. J. Josse, B. Lee, Y. H. MacKenzie, I. A. Plummer, D. Shindell, D. T. Skeie, R. B. Stevenson, D. S. Strode, S. Zeng, G. Curran, M. Dahl-Jensen, D. Das, S. Fritzsche, D. Nolan, M. TI Multi-model mean nitrogen and sulfur deposition from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): evaluation of historical and projected future changes SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EMISSIONS; PRECIPITATION; CARBON; PREINDUSTRIAL; SIMULATIONS; AEROSOLS; ACIDITY; RECORD; ALBEDO; OZONE AB We present multi-model global datasets of nitrogen and sulfate deposition covering time periods from 1850 to 2100, calculated within the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). The computed deposition fluxes are compared to surface wet deposition and ice core measurements. We use a new dataset of wet deposition for 2000-2002 based on critical assessment of the quality of existing regional network data. We show that for present day (year 2000 ACCMIP time slice), the ACCMIP results perform similarly to previously published multi-model assessments. For this time slice, we find a multi-model mean deposition of approximately 50 Tg(N) yr(-1) from nitrogen oxide emissions, 60 Tg(N) yr(-1) from ammonia emissions, and 83 Tg(S) yr(-1) from sulfur emissions. The analysis of changes between 1980 and 2000 indicates significant differences between model and measurements over the United States but less so over Europe. This difference points towards a potential misrepresentation of 1980 NH3 emissions over North America. Based on ice core records, the 1850 deposition fluxes agree well with Greenland ice cores, but the change between 1850 and 2000 seems to be overestimated in the Northern Hemisphere for both nitrogen and sulfur species. Using the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) to define the projected climate and atmospheric chemistry related emissions and concentrations, we find large regional nitrogen deposition increases in 2100 in Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia under some of the scenarios considered. Increases in South Asia are especially large, and are seen in all scenarios, with 2100 values more than double their 2000 counterpart in some scenarios and reaching > 1300 mg(N) m(-2) yr(-1) averaged over regional to continental-scale regions in RCP 2.6 and 8.5, similar to 30-50% larger than the values in any region currently (circa 2000). However, sulfur deposition rates in 2100 are in all regions lower than in 2000 in all the RCPs. The new ACCMIP multi-model deposition dataset provides state-of-the-science, consistent and evaluated time slice (spanning 1850-2100) global gridded deposition fields for use in a wide range of climate and ecological studies. C1 [Lamarque, J-F] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, NCAR Earth Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Dentener, F.] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. [McConnell, J.] Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. [Ro, C. -U.; Shaw, M.; Vet, R.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Bergmann, D.; Cameron-Smith, P.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Dalsoren, S.; Skeie, R. B.] CICERO, Oslo, Norway. [Doherty, R.; MacKenzie, I. A.; Stevenson, D. S.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Faluvegi, G.; Lee, Y. H.; Shindell, D. T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Faluvegi, G.; Lee, Y. H.; Shindell, D. T.] Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. [Ghan, S. J.] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Josse, B.] Meteo France, GAME CNRM, CNRS Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Toulouse, France. [Plummer, D.] Environm Canada, Canadian Ctr Climate Modeling & Anal, Victoria, BC, Canada. [Strode, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Strode, S.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Zeng, G.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Lauder, New Zealand. [Curran, M.] Australian Antarctic Div, Hobart, Tas, Australia. [Curran, M.] Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst CRC, Hobart, Tas, Australia. [Dahl-Jensen, D.] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [Das, S.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. [Fritzsche, D.] Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, Res Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. [Nolan, M.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA. RP Lamarque, JF (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, NCAR Earth Syst Lab, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM lamar@ucar.edu RI Bergmann, Daniel/F-9801-2011; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Skeie, Ragnhild/K-1173-2015; Strode, Sarah/H-2248-2012; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe/N-4401-2016; Lee, Yunha/Q-7222-2016; Stevenson, David/C-8089-2012; Cameron-Smith, Philip/E-2468-2011; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; OI Bergmann, Daniel/0000-0003-4357-6301; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Skeie, Ragnhild/0000-0003-1246-4446; Strode, Sarah/0000-0002-8103-1663; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe/0000-0002-1474-1948; Lee, Yunha/0000-0001-7478-2672; Stevenson, David/0000-0002-4745-5673; Cameron-Smith, Philip/0000-0002-8802-8627; Fritzsche, Diedrich/0000-0002-0018-8993 FU Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AC&C), a project of International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC); Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) under the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP); World Climate Research Program (WCRP); NASA MAP program; NASA ACMAP program; US Department of Energy Office of Science Decadal and Regional Climate Prediction using Earth System Models (EaSM) program; DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute [DE-AC06-76RLO 1830]; US Dept. of Energy (BER); LLNL [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; NERSC [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation; NASA; Office of Science and Technology through EPSRC High End Computing Programme; Norwegian Research Council; European Union; Meteo-France; CNRS; National Science Foundation; Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy FX ACCMIP is organized under the auspices of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AC&C), a project of International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) and Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) under the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and World Climate Research Program (WCRP). The authors are grateful to the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC), which is part of the NERC National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), for collecting and archiving the ACCMIP data. D. Shindell, G. Faluvegi and Y. Lee acknowledge support from the NASA MAP and ACMAP programs. D. Plummer would like to thank the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences for their long-running support of CMAM development. S. Ghan was supported by the US Department of Energy Office of Science Decadal and Regional Climate Prediction using Earth System Models (EaSM) program. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated for the DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. The work of D. Bergmann and P. Cameron-Smith was funded by the US Dept. of Energy (BER), performed under the auspices of LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, and used the supercomputing resources of NERSC under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. G. Zeng acknowledges NIWA HPCF facility and funding from New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation. The GEOSCCM work was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program, with computing resources provided by NASA's High-End Computing Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division. The STOC-HadAM3 work made use of the facilities of HECToR, the UK national high-performance computing service which is funded by the Office of Science and Technology through EPSRC High End Computing Programme. The CICERO-OsloCTM2 simulations were done within the projects SLAC (Short Lived Atmospheric Components) and EarthClim funded by the Norwegian Research Council and ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) funded by the European Union. The MOCAGE simulations were supported by Meteo-France and CNRS. Supercomputing time was provided by Meteo-France/DSI supercomputing center. The CESM project (which includes CESM-CAM-Superfast, NCAR-CAM3.5 and NCAR-CAM5.1) is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science (BER) of the US Department of Energy. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. CMAP precipitation data are provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their website at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. We thank Robert Vet and his precipitation chemistry assessment team for making the WMO deposition dataset available prior to publication. We acknowledge the substantial efforts of the field and logistics personnel involved in collecting the ice cores including those from WAIS Divide, the Norwegian-United States Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica, and NEEM. We also thank Dan Pasteris and the other students and staff of the DRI ultra-trace ice core chemistry laboratory for help in analyzing the ice cores and the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation for supporting collection and analysis of the cores. NR 51 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 71 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 16 BP 7997 EP 8018 DI 10.5194/acp-13-7997-2013 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 207TJ UT WOS:000323626500005 ER PT J AU Sourdeval, O C-Labonnote, L Brogniez, G Jourdan, O Pelon, J Garnier, A AF Sourdeval, O. C-Labonnote, L. Brogniez, G. Jourdan, O. Pelon, J. Garnier, A. TI A variational approach for retrieving ice cloud properties from infrared measurements: application in the context of two IIR validation campaigns SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CIRRUS RADIATIVE PARAMETERS; MU-M WINDOW; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PART I; INFORMATION-CONTENT; RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; EFFECTIVE EMISSIVITY; OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT; GLOBAL OCEANS; SCATTERING AB Cirrus are cloud types that are recognized to have a strong impact on the Earth-atmosphere radiation balance. This impact is however still poorly understood, due to the difficulties in describing the large variability of their properties in global climate models. Consequently, numerous airborne and space-borne missions have been dedicated to their study in the last decades. The satellite constellation A-Train has for instance proven to be particularly helpful for the study of cirrus. More particularly, the Infrared Imaging Radiometer (IIR) carried onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite shows a great sensitivity to the radiative and microphysical properties of these clouds. Our study presents a novel methodology that uses the thermal infrared measurements of IIR to retrieve the ice crystal effective size and optical thickness of cirrus. This methodology is based on an optimal estimation scheme, which possesses the advantage of attributing precise uncertainties to the retrieved parameters. Two IIR airborne validation campaigns have been chosen as case studies for illustrating the results of our retrieval method. It is observed that optical thicknesses could be accurately retrieved but that large uncertainties may occur on the effective diameters. Strong agreements have also been found between the products of our method when separately applied to the measurements of IIR and of the airborne radiometer CLIMAT-AV, which consolidates the results of previous validation studies of IIR level-1 measurements. Comparisons with in situ observations and with operational products of IIR are also discussed and appear to be coherent with our results. However, we have found that the quality of our retrievals can be strongly impacted by uncertainties related to the choice of a pristine crystal model and by poor constraints on the properties of possible liquid cloud layers underneath cirrus. Simultaneous retrievals of liquid clouds radiative and microphysical properties and/or the use of different ice crystal models should therefore be considered in order to improve the quality of the results. C1 [Sourdeval, O.; C-Labonnote, L.; Brogniez, G.] Univ Lille 1, CNRS, UMR8518, LOA, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. [Jourdan, O.] Univ Clermont Ferrand, LaMP, Clermont Ferrand, France. [Pelon, J.; Garnier, A.] UPMC UVSQ CNRS, LATMOS, Paris, France. [Garnier, A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA USA. RP Sourdeval, O (reprint author), Univ Lille 1, CNRS, UMR8518, LOA, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. EM odran.sourdeval@uni-leipzig.de FU Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) FX This work was funded by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). We thank the member of Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) and Service des Avions Francais Instrumentes pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE) who organized the aircraft operations and experiment management. We would like to acknowledge ICARE center (http://www.icare.univ-lille1.fr) in Lille, France, for the A-Train data. NR 66 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 16 BP 8229 EP 8244 DI 10.5194/acp-13-8229-2013 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 207TJ UT WOS:000323626500008 ER PT J AU Herman, J DeLand, MT Huang, LK Labow, G Larko, D Lloyd, SA Mao, J Qin, W Weaver, C AF Herman, J. DeLand, M. T. Huang, L. -K. Labow, G. Larko, D. Lloyd, S. A. Mao, J. Qin, W. Weaver, C. TI A net decrease in the Earth's cloud, aerosol, and surface 340 nm reflectivity during the past 33 yr (1979-2011) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR BACKSCATTER ULTRAVIOLET; ENERGY BUDGET; TERM CHANGES; OZONE DATA; CLIMATOLOGY; CALIBRATION; INSTRUMENT; SENSITIVITY; RADIATION; PACIFIC AB Measured upwelling radiances from Nimbus-7 SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet) and seven NOAA SBUV/2 instruments have been used to calculate the 340 nm Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (LER) of the Earth from 1979 to 2011 after applying a common calibration. The 340 nm LER is highly correlated with cloud and aerosol cover because of the low surface reflectivity of the land and oceans (typically 2 to 6 RU, reflectivity units, where 1 RU = 0.01 = 1.0 %) relative to the much higher reflectivity of clouds plus nonabsorbing aerosols (typically 10 to 90 RU). Because of the nearly constant seasonal and long-term 340 nm surface reflectivity in areas without snow and ice, the 340 nm LER can be used to estimate changes in cloud plus aerosol amount associated with seasonal and interannual variability and decadal climate change. The annual motion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), episodic El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and latitude-dependent seasonal cycles are apparent in the LER time series. LER trend estimates from 5 degrees zonal average and from 2 degrees x 5 degrees, latitude x longitude, time series show that there has been a global net decrease in 340 nm cloud plus aerosol reflectivity. The decrease in cos(2)(latitude) weighted average LER from 60 degrees S to 60 degrees N is 0.79 +/- 0.03 RU over 33 yr, corresponding to a 3.6 +/- 0.2% decrease in LER. Applying a 3.6% cloud reflectivity perturbation to the shortwave energy balance partitioning given by Trenberth et al. (2009) corresponds to an increase of 2.7 W m(-2) of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface and an increase of 1.4% or 2.3 W m(-2) absorbed by the surface, which is partially offset by increased longwave cooling to space. Most of the decreases in LER occur over land, with the largest decreases occurring over the US (-0.97 RU decade(-1)), Brazil (-0.9 RU decade(-1)), and central Europe (-1.35 RU decade(-1)). There are reflectivity increases near the west coast of Peru and Chile (0.8 +/- 0.1 RU decade(-1)), over parts of India, China, and Indochina, and almost no change over Australia. The largest Pacific Ocean change is -2 +/- 0.1 RU decade(-1) over the central equatorial region associated with ENSO. There has been little observed change in LER over central Greenland, but there has been a significant decrease over a portion of the west coast of Greenland. Similar significant decreases in LER are observed over a portion of the coast of Antarctica for longitudes -160 degrees to -60 degrees and 80 degrees to 150 degrees. C1 [Herman, J.] Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol JCET Ctr, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. [Herman, J.; DeLand, M. T.; Huang, L. -K.; Labow, G.; Larko, D.; Lloyd, S. A.; Mao, J.; Qin, W.; Weaver, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [DeLand, M. T.; Huang, L. -K.; Labow, G.; Larko, D.; Qin, W.] Sci Syst & Applicat SSAI Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. [Mao, J.; Weaver, C.] Univ Maryland, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Lloyd, S. A.] Wyle Sci Technol & Engn, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Herman, J (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol JCET Ctr, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. EM jay.r.herman@nasa.gov OI Herman, Jay/0000-0002-9146-1632 FU NASA FX This research is supported by the NASA MEaSUREs Project. The data and documentation are available at the Goddard DES-DISC (http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/ enter keyword LER). NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 15 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 16 BP 8505 EP 8524 DI 10.5194/acp-13-8505-2013 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 207TJ UT WOS:000323626500025 ER PT J AU Burns, E Rumi, W Do, MB AF Burns, Ethan Rumi, Wheeler Do, Minh B. TI Heuristic Search When Time Matters SO JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ANYTIME ALGORITHMS; REAL-TIME; PROGRAMS AB In many applications of shortest-path algorithms, it is impractical to find a provably optimal solution; one can only hope to achieve an appropriate balance between search time and solution cost that respects the user's preferences. Preferences come in many forms; we consider utility functions that linearly trade-off search time and solution cost. Many natural utility functions can be expressed in this form. For example, when solution cost represents the makespan of a plan, equally weighting search time and plan makespan minimizes the time from the arrival of a goal until it is achieved. Current state-of-the-art approaches to optimizing utility functions rely on anytime algorithms, and the use of extensive training data to compute a termination policy. We propose a more direct approach, called Bugsy, that incorporates the utility function directly into the search, obviating the need for a separate termination policy. We describe a new method based on off-line parameter tuning and a novel benchmark domain for planning under time pressure based on platform-style video games. We then present what we believe to be the first empirical study of applying anytime monitoring to heuristic search, and we compare it with our proposals. Our results suggest that the parameter tuning technique can give the best performance if a representative set of training instances is available. If not, then Bugsy is the algorithm of choice, as it performs well and does not require any off-line training. This work extends the tradition of research on metareasoning for search by illustrating the benefits of embedding lightweight reasoning about time into the search algorithm itself. C1 [Burns, Ethan; Rumi, Wheeler] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Comp Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Do, Minh B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SGC Inc, Planning & Scheduling Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Burns, E (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Comp Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. FU NSF [0812141, 1150068]; DARPA CSSG program [D11AP00242]; University of New Hampshire Dissertation Year Fellowship FX We greatly appreciate feedback and suggestions from Shlomo Zilberstein and Scott Kiesel. We would also like to think Richard Korf for pointing out the work of Shekhar and Dutta (1989). We are also grateful for support from the NSF (grant 0812141 and grant 1150068), the DARPA CSSG program (grant D11AP00242), and a University of New Hampshire Dissertation Year Fellowship. A preliminary version of Bugsy was presented by Ruml and Do (2007); see Appendix A. Elisabeth Crawford assisted with the original version during a summer internship at PARC. NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AI ACCESS FOUNDATION PI MARINA DEL REY PA USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INST, 4676 ADMIRALITY WAY, MARINA DEL REY, CA 90292-6695 USA SN 1076-9757 EI 1943-5037 J9 J ARTIF INTELL RES JI J. Artif. Intell. Res. PY 2013 VL 47 BP 697 EP 740 PG 44 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 207JN UT WOS:000323594800001 ER PT S AU Zemerick, SA Morris, JR Bailey, BT AF Zemerick, Scott A. Morris, Justin R. Bailey, Brandon T. BE Kelmelis, EJ TI NASA Operational Simulator (NOS) for V&V of Complex Systems SO MODELING AND SIMULATION FOR DEFENSE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS VIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Defense Systems and Applications VIII CY APR 30, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE simulation architecture; spacecraft; V&V; testing; modeling AB This paper describes the development, capabilities and utility of the NASA Operational Simulator (NOS), a generic software-only simulation architecture developed for NASA missions. NOS was developed by the NASA's Independent Verification and Validation (IV&V) Independent Test Capability (ITC) team and is primarily utilized by software developers and (independent) testers to verify the functionality of a spacecraft's flight software from a system-wide perspective. NOS was initially developed in support of a software-only simulator for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission to support verification and validation activities for NASA's IV&V Program. Due to the successes of the GPM simulator (GO-SIM), the NOS architecture is being reused to develop a simulation environment in support of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). While NOS has primarily been utilized on NASA missions, its generic architecture can be easily applied across domains to support V&V of complex systems. C1 [Zemerick, Scott A.; Morris, Justin R.; Bailey, Brandon T.] NASA IV& V Facil, ITC, Fairmont, WV 26554 USA. RP Zemerick, SA (reprint author), NASA IV& V Facil, ITC, 100 Univ Dr, Fairmont, WV 26554 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9543-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8752 AR UNSP 875205 DI 10.1117/12.2015246 PG 7 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGM85 UT WOS:000323524600004 ER PT S AU Stoica, A Matran-Fernandez, A Andreou, D Poli, R Cinel, C Iwashita, Y Padgett, C AF Stoica, A. Matran-Fernandez, A. Andreou, D. Poli, R. Cinel, C. Iwashita, Y. Padgett, C. BE Braun, JJ TI Multi-brain fusion and applications to intelligence analysis SO MULTISENSOR, MULTISOURCE INFORMATION FUSION: ARCHITECTURES, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multisensor, Multisource Information Fusion - Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications CY APR 30-MAY 01, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Bain-Computer Interfaces; collaborative BCI; Rapid Serial Visual Presentation; visual search AB In a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) images are shown at an extremely rapid pace. Yet, the images can still be parsed by the visual system to some extent. In fact, the detection of specific targets in a stream of pictures triggers a characteristic electroencephalography (EEG) response that can be recognized by a brain-computer interface (BCI) and exploited for automatic target detection. Research funded by DARPA's Neurotechnology for Intelligence Analysts program has achieved speed-ups in sifting through satellite images when adopting this approach. This paper extends the use of BCI technology from individual analysts to collaborative BCIs. We show that the integration of information in EEGs collected from multiple operators results in performance improvements compared to the single-operator case. C1 [Stoica, A.; Iwashita, Y.; Padgett, C.] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Matran-Fernandez, A (reprint author), Univ Essex, Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn, BCI Lab, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; amatra@essex.ac.uk; dandreb@essex.ac.uk; rpoli@essex.ac.uk; ccinel@essex.ac.uk; Yumi.Iwashita@jpl.nasa.gov OI Poli, Riccardo/0000-0003-4612-0780 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9547-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8756 AR UNSP 87560N DI 10.1117/12.2016456 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGN25 UT WOS:000323554800018 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Lu, TT AF Chao, Tien-Hsin Lu, Thomas T. BE Casasent, D Chao, TH TI High-speed Optical Correlator with Custom Electronics Interface Design SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXIV CY APR 29-30, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC); real-time ATR; GOC implementation using Digital Light Processor Technology; CMOS sensor; Custom DLP and CMOS Electronic Interface development AB Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed an innovative Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC) architecture using a pair of Digital Light Processor Spatial Light Modulator (DLP SLM) as the input and filter devices and a CMOS sensor for correlation output detection [1-5]. In order to achieve ultra high-speed Automatic Target Recognition (ATR), we have developed custom Electronic Interfaces to maximize the system data throughput rate for both the DLP and CMOS. The high-performance Electronic Interface System (EIS) is capable of achieving sustained 1000 frames per second (fps) at 1920x1024 data frame size. In this paper, we will first overview the new GOC architecture. We will the depict the detailed design of the EIS for the DLP SLM and CMOS. The innovation of JPL's high-performance digital/optical ATR system is in its implementation of a high-speed, high-resolution DLP display, and a high-speed CMOS camera sensor with an advanced I/O interface and high-speed parallel on-board processing capability. C1 [Chao, Tien-Hsin; Lu, Thomas T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9539-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8748 AR UNSP 874803 DI 10.1117/12.2018262 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BGK68 UT WOS:000323352400002 ER PT S AU Walker, B Lu, T Stuart, S Reyes, G Chao, TH AF Walker, Brian Lu, Thomas Stuart, Sean Reyes, George Chao, Tien-Hsin BE Casasent, D Chao, TH TI Optical image processing and pattern recognition algorithms for optimal optical data retrieval SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XXIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XXIV CY APR 29-30, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE multi-channel optical communication; data retrieval; channel alignment; analog-to-digital conversion; bit-error-rate; thresholding; pattern recognition; neural networks AB Automatic pattern recognition algorithms are implemented to correct distortion and remove noise from the optical medium in the multi-channel optical communication systems. The post-processing involves filtering and correlation to search for accurate location of every optical data element. Localized thresholding and neural network training methods are used to accurately digitize the analog optical images into digital data pages. The goal is to minimize the bit-error-rate (BER) in the optical data transmission and receiving process. Theoretical analysis and experimental tests have been carried out to demonstrate the improved optical data retrieval accuracy. C1 [Lu, Thomas; Reyes, George; Chao, Tien-Hsin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Walker, B (reprint author), Georgia Inst Tech, Atlanta, GA USA. EM Thomas.T.Lu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9539-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8748 AR UNSP 87480L DI 10.1117/12.2018264 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BGK68 UT WOS:000323352400016 ER PT S AU Cooper, KB Reck, TA Jung-Kubiak, C Lee, C Siles, JV Lin, RH Peralta, A Decrossas, E Schlecht, ET Chattopadhyay, G Mehdi, I AF Cooper, Ken B. Reck, Theodore A. Jung-Kubiak, Cecile Lee, Choonsup Siles, Jose V. Lin, Robert H. Peralta, Alejandro Decrossas, Emmanuel Schlecht, Erich T. Chattopadhyay, Goutam Mehdi, Imran BE Wikner, DA Luukanen, AR TI Transceiver Array Development for Submillimeter-Wave Imaging Radars SO PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING XVI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive and Active Millimeter-Wave Imaging XVI CY MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Submillimeter-wave radar; terahertz radar; transceiver arrays; silicon micromachining AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is developing compact transceiver arrays housing discrete GaAs Schottky diodes with integrated waveguides in order to increase the frame rate and lower the cost of active submillimeter-wave imaging radar systems. As part of this effort, high performance diode frequency multiplier and mixer devices optimized for a 30 GHz bandwidth centered near 340 GHz have been fabricated using JPL's MoMeD process. A two-element array unit cell was designed using a layered architecture with three-dimensional waveguide routing for maximum scalability to multiple array elements. Prototype two-element arrays have been built using both conventionally machined metal blocks as well as gold-plated micromachined silicon substrates. Preliminary performance characterization has been accomplished in terms of transmit power, and conversion loss, and promising 3D radar images of concealed weapons have been acquired using the array. C1 [Cooper, Ken B.; Reck, Theodore A.; Jung-Kubiak, Cecile; Lee, Choonsup; Siles, Jose V.; Lin, Robert H.; Peralta, Alejandro; Decrossas, Emmanuel; Schlecht, Erich T.; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Mehdi, Imran] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cooper, KB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9506-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8715 AR UNSP 87150A DI 10.1117/12.2014776 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BGO19 UT WOS:000323614300008 ER PT S AU Corron, NJ Stahl, MT Blakely, JN AF Corron, Ned J. Stahl, Mark T. Blakely, Jonathan N. BE Ranney, KI Doerry, A TI Demonstration of Detection and Ranging Using Solvable Chaos SO RADAR SENSOR TECHNOLOGY XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Radar Sensor Technology XVII CY APR 29-MAY 01, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE chaos; matched filter; radar; acoustic ranging; solvable chaos ID COLPITTS OSCILLATOR; AMBIGUITY FUNCTIONS; RADAR; SIGNALS AB Acoustic experiments demonstrate a novel approach to ranging and detection that exploits the properties of a solvable chaotic oscillator. This nonlinear oscillator includes an ordinary differential equation and a discrete switching condition. The chaotic waveform generated by this hybrid system is used as the transmitted waveform. The oscillator admits an exact analytic solution that can be written as the linear convolution of binary symbols and a single basis function. This linear representation enables coherent reception using a simple analog matched filter and without need for digital sampling or signal processing. An audio frequency implementation of the transmitter and receiver is described. Successful acoustic ranging measurements are presented to demonstrate the viability of the approach. C1 [Corron, Ned J.; Blakely, Jonathan N.] US Army AMRDEC, Charles M Bowden Lab, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 USA. [Stahl, Mark T.] NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 USA. RP Corron, NJ (reprint author), US Army AMRDEC, Charles M Bowden Lab, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 USA. EM ned.corron@us.army.mil OI Corron, Ned/0000-0002-3232-5024 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9505-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8714 AR UNSP 871406 DI 10.1117/12.2016086 PG 7 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGN39 UT WOS:000323559400004 ER PT S AU Badescu, M Ressa, A Lee, HJ Bar-Cohen, Y Sherrit, S Zacny, K Paulsen, GL Beegle, L Bao, XQ AF Badescu, Mircea Ressa, Aaron Lee, Hyeong Jae Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Sherrit, Stewart Zacny, Kris Paulsen, Gale L. Beegle, Luther Bao, Xiaoqi BE Lynch, JP Yun, CB Wang, KW TI Auto-Gopher - a Wireline Deep Sampler Driven by Piezoelectric Percussive Actuator and EM Rotary Motor SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Drilling; Deep drill; Auto-Gopher; USDC; Planetary Sampling AB The ability to penetrate subsurfaces and perform sample acquisition at depth of meters may be critical for future NASA in-situ exploration missions to bodies in the solar system, including Mars and Europa. A corer/sampler was developed with the goal of enabling acquisition of samples from depths of several meters where if used on Mars would be beyond the oxidized and sterilized zone. For this purpose, we developed a rotary-hammering coring drill, called Auto-Gopher, which employs a piezoelectric actuated percussive mechanism for breaking formations and an electric motor that rotates the bit to remove the powdered cuttings. This sampler is a wireline mechanism that can be fed into and retrieved from the drilled hole using a winch and a cable. It includes an inchworm anchoring mechanism allowing the drill advancement and weight on bit control without twisting the reeling and power cables. The penetration rate is being optimized by simultaneously activating the percussive and rotary motions of the Auto-Gopher. The percussive mechanism is based on the Ultrasonic/Sonic Drill/Corer (USDC) mechanism that is driven by piezoelectric stack and that was demonstrated to require low axial preload. The design and fabrication of this device were presented in previous publications. This paper presents the results of laboratory and field tests and lessons learned from this development. C1 [Badescu, Mircea; Ressa, Aaron; Lee, Hyeong Jae; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Sherrit, Stewart; Beegle, Luther; Bao, Xiaoqi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Zacny, Kris; Paulsen, Gale L.] Honeybee Robot Spacecraft Mech Corp, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA. RP Badescu, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) FX Research reported in this manuscript was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA). This research was funded by the NASA program - ASTEP. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.; The authors would also like to thank Brett Webster, Quarry Manager and the staff at the US Gypsum for assisting in the Auto-Gopher field deployment at the US Gypsum quarry, Borrego Springs, CA. Also, the authors would like to thank Roger Sharpe, USG geologist for his valuable input related to local geology. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 9 U2 18 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9475-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8692 AR UNSP 86922S DI 10.1117/12.2010319 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGK14 UT WOS:000323283300079 ER PT S AU Badescu, M Hasenoehrl, J Bar-Cohen, Y Sherrit, S Bao, XQ Chang, ZS Ostlund, P Aldrich, J AF Badescu, Mircea Hasenoehrl, Jennifer Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Sherrit, Stewart Bao, Xiaoqi Chang, Zensheu Ostlund, Patrick Aldrich, Jack BE Lynch, JP Yun, CB Wang, KW TI Percussive augmenter of rotary drills (PARoD) SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Drilling; USDC; planetary sampling; piezoelectric actuation AB Increasingly, NASA exploration mission objectives include sample acquisition tasks for in-situ analysis or for potential sample return to Earth. To address the requirements for samplers that could be operated at the conditions of the various bodies in the solar system, a piezoelectric actuated percussive sampling device was developed that requires low preload (as low as 10N) which is important for operation at low gravity. This device can be made as light as 400g, can be operated using low average power, and can drill rocks as hard as basalt. Significant improvement of the penetration rate was achieved by augmenting the hammering action by rotation and use of a fluted bit to provide effective cuttings removal. Generally, hammering is effective in fracturing drilled media while rotation of fluted bits is effective in cuttings removal. To benefit from these two actions, a novel configuration of a percussive mechanism was developed to produce an augmenter of rotary drills. The device was called Percussive Augmenter of Rotary Drills (PARoD). A breadboard PARoD was developed with a 6.4 mm (0.25 in) diameter bit and was demonstrated to increase the drilling rate of rotation alone by 1.5 to over 10 times. The test results of this configuration were published in a previous publication. Further, a larger PARoD breadboard with a 50.8 mm (2.0 in) diameter bit was developed and tested. This paper presents the design, analysis and test results of the large diameter bit percussive augmenter. C1 [Badescu, Mircea; Hasenoehrl, Jennifer; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Sherrit, Stewart; Bao, Xiaoqi; Chang, Zensheu; Ostlund, Patrick; Aldrich, Jack] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Badescu, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9475-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8692 AR UNSP 86921Q DI 10.1117/12.2010316 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGK14 UT WOS:000323283300050 ER PT S AU Bao, XQ Younse, P Bhandari, P AF Bao, Xiaoqi Younse, Paulo Bhandari, Pradeep BE Lynch, JP Yun, CB Wang, KW TI FE simulation of SMA seal for Mars sample return SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE SMA; Shape memory alloy; seal; FE simulation; Mars sample return AB Several NASA rovers and landers have been on Mars and performed successful in-situ exploration. Returning Martian samples to Earth for extensive analysis is of great interest to the planetary science community. Current Mars sample return architecture would require leaving the acquired samples on Mars for years before being retrieved by subsequent mission. Each sample would be sealed securely to keep its integrity. A reliable seal technique that does not affect the integrity of the samples and uses a simple low-mass tool is required. The shape memory alloy (SMA) seal technique is a promising candidate. A study of the thermal performances of several primary designs of a SMA seal for sample tubes by finite element (FE) simulation are presented in this paper. The results show sealing the sample tube by SMA plugs and controlling the sample temperature below the allowed temperature level are feasible. C1 [Bao, Xiaoqi; Younse, Paulo; Bhandari, Pradeep] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bao, XQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM xbao@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9475-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8692 AR UNSP 86924T DI 10.1117/12.2009512 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGK14 UT WOS:000323283300128 ER PT S AU Sherrit, S Walkemeyer, P Bao, XQ Bar-Cohen, Y Badescu, M AF Sherrit, Stewart Walkemeyer, Phillip Bao, Xiaoqi Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Badescu, Mircea BE Lynch, JP Yun, CB Wang, KW TI Acoustic Mechanical Feedthroughs SO SENSORS AND SMART STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGIES FOR CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems CY MAR 10-14, 2013 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, Amer Soc Mech Engineers DE Actuators; Piezoelectric Devices; Acoustic Mechanical Feedthroughs; Feedthru AB Electromagnetic motors can have problems when operating in extreme environments. In addition, if one needs to do mechanical work outside a structure, electrical feedthroughs are required to transport the electric power to drive the motor. In this paper, we present designs for driving rotary and linear motors by pumping stress waves across a structure or barrier. We accomplish this by designing a piezoelectric actuator on one side of the structure and a resonance structure that is matched to the piezoelectric resonance of the actuator on the other side. Typically, piezoelectric motors can be designed with high torques and lower speeds without the need for gears. One can also use other actuation materials such as electrostrictive, or magnetostrictive materials in a benign environment and transmit the power in acoustic form as a stress wave and actuate mechanisms that are external to the benign environment. This technology removes the need to perforate a structure and allows work to be done directly on the other side of a structure without the use of electrical feedthroughs, which can weaken the structure, pipe, or vessel. Acoustic energy is pumped as a stress wave at a set frequency or range of frequencies to produce rotary or linear motion in a structure. This method of transferring useful mechanical work across solid barriers by pumping acoustic energy through a resonant structure features the ability to transfer work ( rotary or linear motion) across pressure or thermal barriers, or in a sterile environment, without generating contaminants. Reflectors in the wall of barriers can be designed to enhance the efficiency of the energy/power transmission. The method features the ability to produce a bi-directional driving mechanism using higher-mode resonances. There are a variety of applications where the presence of a motor is complicated by thermal or chemical environments that would be hostile to the motor components and reduce life and, in some instances, not be feasible. A variety of designs that have been designed, fabricated and tested will be presented. C1 [Sherrit, Stewart; Walkemeyer, Phillip; Bao, Xiaoqi; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Badescu, Mircea] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sherrit, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9475-7 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8692 AR UNSP 86920P DI 10.1117/12.2009060 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BGK14 UT WOS:000323283300020 ER PT S AU Salem, JA AF Salem, Jonathan A. BE Tustison, RW Zelinski, BJ TI Transparent Ceramics for Spacecraft Windows SO WINDOW AND DOME TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS XIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Window and Dome Technologies and Materials XIII CY MAY 01-02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE fracture toughness; slow crack growth; strength; ceramics; armor; spinel; spacecraft ID FRACTURE; MGAL2O4; PLATES AB The mechanical properties of several transparent ceramics were investigated to determine if their use might lighten next generation spacecraft windows. The measured fracture toughness and slow crack growth parameters were used as inputs to functions describing the required mass for a desired window life. Transparent magnesium aluminate (spinel, MgAlO4) and AlON exhibit superior slow crack resistance relative to fused silica, which is the historical material of choice. For spinel, slow crack growth, strength and fracture toughness are significantly influenced by the grain size, and alumina rich phases and porosity at the grain boundaries lead to intergranular fracture in coarse grain spinel. The results imply that transparent ceramics can lighten window panes from a slow crack growth perspective. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Salem, JA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Jonathan.a.salem@nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9499-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8708 AR UNSP 87080A DI 10.1117/12.2016453 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BGM25 UT WOS:000323491200006 ER PT S AU Arthur, JJ Norman, RM Karmer, LJ Prinzel, LJ Ellis, KKE Harrison, SJ Comstock, JR AF Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III Norman, R. Michael Karmer, Lynda J. Prinzel, Lawrence J., III Ellis, Kyle K. E. Harrison, Stephanie J. Comstock, J. Ray BE Bernier, KL Guell, JJ TI Enhanced vision flight deck technology for commercial aircraft low-visibility surface operations SO DEGRADED VISUAL ENVIRONMENTS: ENHANCED, SYNTHETIC, AND EXTERNAL VISION SOLUTIONS 2013 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Degraded Visual Environments - Enhanced, Synthetic, and External Vision Solutions CY MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Enhanced Flight Vision Systems; Enhanced Vision; NextGen; Equivalent Visual Operations; Flight Simulation AB NASA Langley Research Center and the FAA collaborated in an effort to evaluate the effect of Enhanced Vision (EV) technology display in a commercial flight deck during low visibility surface operations. Surface operations were simulated at the Memphis, TN (FAA identifier: KMEM) airfield during nighttime with 500 Runway Visual Range (RVR) in a high-fidelity, full-motion simulator. Ten commercial airline flight crews evaluated the efficacy of various EV display locations and parallax and minification effects. There search paper discusses qualitative and quantitative results of the simulation experiment, including the effect of EV display placement on visual attention, as measured by the use of non-obtrusive oculometry and pilot mental workload. The results demonstrated the potential of EV technology to enhance situation awareness which is dependent on the ease of access and location of the displays. Implications and future directions are discussed. C1 [Arthur, Jarvis (Trey) J., III; Karmer, Lynda J.; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Ellis, Kyle K. E.; Comstock, J. Ray] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. [Norman, R. Michael] Boeing Res & Technol, Hampton, VA USA. [Harrison, Stephanie J.] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Arthur, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM Trey.Arthur@nasa.gov FU NASA's Aviation Safety Program (AvSP); Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies project; FAA HumanFactors R&D Project for NextGen FX This work was jointly sponsored by NASA's Aviation Safety Program (AvSP), Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies project (Mr. Paul Krasa, Program Manager, Mr. Randall Bailey, Project Scientist) and the FAA HumanFactors R&D Project for NextGen, led by Dr. Tom McCloy and Mr. Stephen Plishka. The authors gratefullyacknowledge the contributions of Terry King (FAA) and many NASA Langley technicians, programmers, and engineers who support/have supported these research projects. Notable among them are Regina Tober, Lon Kelly,Ming Shih, Jerry Karwac, Wei Anderson, Thomas Feigh, Chris Harrison, Victoria Chung, Sean Kenny, Den-nis Frasca, Tom Wolters, Joe Whiting, Wayne Burge, Catherine Buttrill, Kemper Kibler, Darrell Sacra, PhilipSmith, Sherri Rehfeld, Sonia Herndon, Dale Ashcom, Ben Lewis, Brian Hutchinson, Lindsey Lowe, Donald Buhl,Steve Velotas, and Lisa Rippy. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9528-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8737 AR UNSP 873707 DI 10.1117/12.2016386 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BGL49 UT WOS:000323417700006 ER PT S AU Fishman, GJ AF Fishman, G. J. BE CastroTirado, AJ Gorosabel, J Park, IH TI THE HISTORY OF BATSE SO GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: 15 YEARS OF GRB AFTERGLOWS - PROGENITORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND HOST GALAXIES FROM THE NEARBY TO THE EARLY UNIVERSE SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Fall Gamma Ray Burst Symposium on 15 years of Gamma-Ray Bursts afterglows: Progenitors, Environments and Host Galaxies from the Nearby to the Early Universe CY OCT 08-12, 2012 CL Inst Astrofisica Andalucia & Dept Syst Engn & Automat, Malaga, SPAIN SP Spanish Res Council, Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Univ Malaga, EWHA Womans Univ, Fondacion Malaga, Sungkyunkwan Univ, LeCospa Ctr Taiwan HO Inst Astrofisica Andalucia & Dept Syst Engn & Automat ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AB The BATSE experiment on the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory was the first large detector system designed for the study of gamma-ray bursts. The eight large-area detectors allowed full-sky coverage and were optimized to operate in the primary energy region of emission of most GRBs. BATSE provided detailed observations of the temporal and spectral characteristics of several thousand GRBs, and it was the first experiment to provide rapid notifications of the coarse location of many them. It also provided strong evidence for the cosmological distances to GRBs through the observation of the sky distribution and intensity distribution of numerous GRBs. The large number of GRBs observed with the high- sensitivity BATSE detectors continues to provide a database of GRB spectral and temporal properties in the primary energy range of GRB emission that will likely not be exceeded for at least another decade. The origin and development of the BATSE experiment, some highlights from the mission and its continuing legacy are described in this paper. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Fishman, GJ (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ZP12, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM jerry.fishman@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-1002-4 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2013 VL 61 BP 5 EP 14 DI 10.1051/eas/1361001 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI97 UT WOS:000323183700002 ER PT S AU Troja, E AF Troja, E. BE CastroTirado, AJ Gorosabel, J Park, IH TI FERMI AND SWIFT OBSERVATIONS OF SHORT GRBS SO GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: 15 YEARS OF GRB AFTERGLOWS - PROGENITORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND HOST GALAXIES FROM THE NEARBY TO THE EARLY UNIVERSE SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Fall Gamma Ray Burst Symposium on 15 years of Gamma-Ray Bursts afterglows: Progenitors, Environments and Host Galaxies from the Nearby to the Early Universe CY OCT 08-12, 2012 CL Inst Astrofisica Andalucia & Dept Syst Engn & Automat, Malaga, SPAIN SP Spanish Res Council, Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Univ Malaga, EWHA Womans Univ, Fondacion Malaga, Sungkyunkwan Univ, LeCospa Ctr Taiwan HO Inst Astrofisica Andalucia & Dept Syst Engn & Automat ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; MONITOR AB The Fermi and Swift satellites offer unique, and complementary capabilities for the study of short GRBs. Here, I briefly summarize the current status of Fermi and Swift observations of short GRBs, and outline some highlights, focusing on the prompt emission phase. C1 NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Troja, E (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-1002-4 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2013 VL 61 BP 39 EP 43 DI 10.1051/eas/1361004 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI97 UT WOS:000323183700005 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N Cannizzo, JK AF Gehrels, N. Cannizzo, J. K. BE CastroTirado, AJ Gorosabel, J Park, IH TI RECENT PROGRESS ON GRBS WITH SWIFT SO GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: 15 YEARS OF GRB AFTERGLOWS - PROGENITORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND HOST GALAXIES FROM THE NEARBY TO THE EARLY UNIVERSE SE EAS Publications Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Fall Gamma Ray Burst Symposium on 15 years of Gamma-Ray Bursts afterglows: Progenitors, Environments and Host Galaxies from the Nearby to the Early Universe CY OCT 08-12, 2012 CL Inst Astrofisica Andalucia & Dept Syst Engn & Automat, Malaga, SPAIN SP Spanish Res Council, Spanish Minist Sci & Technol, Univ Malaga, EWHA Womans Univ, Fondacion Malaga, Sungkyunkwan Univ, LeCospa Ctr Taiwan HO Inst Astrofisica Andalucia & Dept Syst Engn & Automat ID GAMMA-RAY BURST; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; HOST GALAXY; AFTERGLOW; GRB-050709; TELESCOPE; GRB-070125; SUPERNOVA; DISCOVERY AB We are in an exciting period of discovery for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The Swift observatory is detecting similar to 90 GRBs yr(-1), providing arcsecond localizations and sensitive observations of the prompt and afterglow emission. In addition, rapid-response telescopes on the ground are providing new capabilities to study optical and radio emissions. The combined data set is enabling great advances in our understanding of GRBs including afterglow physics, short burst origin, and the GRB-supernova connection. C1 [Gehrels, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 978-2-7598-1002-4 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2013 VL 61 BP 449 EP 457 DI 10.1051/eas/1361073 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGI97 UT WOS:000323183700074 ER PT S AU Amzajerdian, F Pierrottet, DF Hines, GD Petway, LB Barnes, BW AF Amzajerdian, F. Pierrottet, D. F. Hines, G. D. Petway, L. B. Barnes, B. W. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Doppler Lidar Sensor for Precision Navigation in GPS-Deprived Environment SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVIII CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Lidar; Laser Remote Sensing; Doppler; Ladar; Precision Navigation; Landing AB Landing mission concepts that are being developed for exploration of solar system bodies are increasingly ambitious in their implementations and objectives. Most of these missions require accurate position and velocity data during their descent phase in order to ensure safe, soft landing at the pre-designated sites. Data from the vehicle's Inertial Measurement Unit will not be sufficient due to significant drift error after extended travel time in space. Therefore, an onboard sensor is required to provide the necessary data for landing in the GPS-deprived environment of space. For this reason, NASA Langley Research Center has been developing an advanced Doppler lidar sensor capable of providing accurate and reliable data suitable for operation in the highly constrained environment of space. The Doppler lidar transmits three laser beams in different directions toward the ground. The signal from each beam provides the platform velocity and range to the ground along the laser line-of-sight (LOS). The six LOS measurements are then combined in order to determine the three components of the vehicle velocity vector, and to accurately measure altitude and attitude angles relative to the local ground. These measurements are used by an autonomous Guidance, Navigation, and Control system to accurately navigate the vehicle from a few kilometers above the ground to the designated location and to execute a gentle touchdown. A prototype version of our lidar sensor has been completed for a closed-loop demonstration onboard a rocket-powered terrestrial free-flyer vehicle. C1 [Amzajerdian, F.; Hines, G. D.; Petway, L. B.; Barnes, B. W.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Amzajerdian, F (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9522-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8731 AR UNSP 87310G DI 10.1117/12.2018359 PG 6 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGK47 UT WOS:000323324800014 ER PT S AU Beyon, JY Koch, GJ Kavaya, MJ Ray, TJ AF Beyon, Jeffrey Y. Koch, Grady J. Kavaya, Michael J. Ray, Taylor J. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Airborne Wind Profiling Algorithms for the Pulsed 2-Micron Coherent Doppler Lidar at NASA Langley Research Center SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVIII CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Wind profile algorithm; coherent lidar; GRIP; DAWN AIR AB Two versions of airborne wind profiling algorithms for the pulsed 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar system at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia are presented. Each algorithm utilizes different number of line-of-sight (LOS) lidar returns while compensating the adverse effects of different coordinate systems between the aircraft and the Earth. One of the two algorithms APOLO (Airborne Wind Profiling Algorithm for Doppler Wind Lidar) estimates wind products using two LOSs. The other algorithm utilizes five LOSs. The airborne lidar data were acquired during the NASA's Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign in 2010. The wind profile products from the two algorithms are compared with the dropsonde data to validate their results. C1 [Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Koch, Grady J.; Kavaya, Michael J.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Beyon, JY (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 488, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Jeffrey.Y.Beyon@nasa.gov; Grady.J.Koch@nasa.gov; Michael.J.Kavaya@nasa.gov; taray@mymail.mines.edu NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9522-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8731 AR UNSP 87310K DI 10.1117/12.2015952 PG 7 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGK47 UT WOS:000323324800017 ER PT S AU Coyle, DB Stysley, PR McGarry, JF Hull, SM Getzandanner, KM Young, RP AF Coyle, D. Barry Stysley, Paul R. McGarry, Jan F. Hull, Scott M. Getzandanner, Kenneth M. Young, Romae P. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Adapting a Ground-Based Laser Ranging System at NASA-GSFC for Identification and Tracking of Orbital Debris SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVIII CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Orbital Debris; satellite laser ranging; tracking AB The mitigation of orbital debris was addressed in the most recent release of the National Space Policy directing space faring agencies to pursue technologies that will "mitigate and remove on-orbit debris." No matter what abatement technology is developed and deployed, still lacking is the remote sensing infrastructure to locate and track these objects with adequate precision. We propose using GSFC's ground-based laser ranging facility to provide meter-level or better ranging precision on optically passive 10-30 cm orbital debris targets with the goal of improving current predictions up to 85%. The improved location accuracy also has the immediate benefit of reducing costly false alarms in collision predictions for existing assets. C1 [Coyle, D. Barry; Stysley, Paul R.; McGarry, Jan F.; Hull, Scott M.; Getzandanner, Kenneth M.; Young, Romae P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Coyle, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9522-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8731 AR UNSP 87310F DI 10.1117/12.2015460 PG 6 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGK47 UT WOS:000323324800013 ER PT S AU Lu, XM Hu, YX AF Lu, Xiaomei Hu, Yongxiang BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Ice sheet surface elevation retrieval from CALIPSO lidar measurements SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVIII CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Laser Altimetry; CALIPSO atmospheric lidar; Remote Sensing; Ice sheets ID LASER ALTIMETER AB The primary objective of the atmospheric profiling lidar aboard Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission launched in April 2006 has been studying the climate impact of clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere. However, CALIPSO lidar also collects information about other components of the Earth's ecosystem, such as polar ice sheets. The purpose of this study is to propose a new technique to provide high resolution of polar ice sheet surface elevation from CALIPSO single shot lidar measurements (70 m spot size). The new technique relies on an empirical relationship between the peak signal ratio and the distance between the surface and the peak signal range bin center to achieve high altimetry resolution. The ice sheet surface elevation results in the region of Greenland and Antarctic compare very well with the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimetry measurements. The comparisons suggest that the obtained CALIPSO ice sheet surface elevation by the new technique is accurate to within 1 m. Based on the new technique, the preliminary data product of along-track topography retrieved from the CALIPSO lidar measurements is available to the altimetry community for evaluation. C1 [Lu, Xiaomei] NASA Langley Res Ctr, NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Lu, XM (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM yongxiang.hu-1@nasa.gov RI Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9522-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8731 AR UNSP 87310Z DI 10.1117/12.2026617 PG 8 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGK47 UT WOS:000323324800030 ER PT S AU Pliutau, D Prasad, NS AF Pliutau, Denis Prasad, Narasimha S. BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Semi-empirical validation of the cross-band relative absorption technique for the measurement of molecular mixing ratios SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVIII CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE lidar; molecular mixing ratio; HITRAN; spectroscopy; absorption; radiative transfer ID LIDAR; CO2 AB Studies were performed to carry out semi-empirical validation of a new measurement approach we propose for molecular mixing ratios determination. The approach is based on relative measurements in bands of O-2 and other molecules and as such may be best described as cross band relative absorption (CoBRA).. The current validation studies rely upon well verified and established theoretical and experimental databases, satellite data assimilations and modeling codes such as HITRAN, line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM), and the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA). The approach holds promise for atmospheric mixing ratio measurements of CO2 and a variety of other molecules currently under investigation for several future satellite lidar missions. One of the advantages of the method is a significant reduction of the temperature sensitivity uncertainties which is illustrated with application to the ASCENDS mission for the measurement of CO2 mixing ratios (XCO2). Additional advantages of the method include the possibility to closely match cross-band weighting function combinations which is harder to achieve using conventional differential absorption techniques and the potential for additional corrections for water vapor and other interferences without using the data from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. C1 [Pliutau, Denis; Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Pliutau, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9522-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8731 AR UNSP 87310L DI 10.1117/12.2016661 PG 12 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGK47 UT WOS:000323324800018 ER PT S AU Roback, V Bulyshev, A Amzajerdian, F Reisse, R AF Roback, Vincent Bulyshev, Alexander Amzajerdian, Farzin Reisse, Robert BE Turner, MD Kamerman, GW TI Helicopter Flight Test of 3-D Imaging Flash LIDAR Technology for Safe, Autonomous, and Precise Planetary Landing SO LASER RADAR TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XVIII CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE Flash Lidar; Laser Remote Sensing; 3-D Imaging; Characterization; Safe Landing; Hazard Detection; ALHAT; Flight Test; Planetary or Lunar Landing; Laser RADAR AB Two flash lidars, integrated from a number of cutting-edge components from industry and NASA, are lab characterized and flight tested for determination of maximum operational range under the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) project (in its fourth development and field test cycle) which is seeking to develop a guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) and sensing system based on lidar technology capable of enabling safe, precise crewed or robotic landings in challenging terrain on planetary bodies under any ambient lighting conditions. The flash lidars incorporate pioneering 3-D imaging cameras based on Indium-Gallium-Arsenide Avalanche Photo Diode (InGaAs APD) and novel micro-electronic technology for a 128 x 128 pixel array operating at 30 Hz, high pulse-energy 1.06 mu m Nd:YAG lasers, and high performance transmitter and receiver fixed and zoom optics. The two flash lidars are characterized on the NASA-Langley Research Center (LaRC) Sensor Test Range, integrated with other portions of the ALHAT GN&C system from partner organizations into an instrument pod at NASA-JPL, integrated onto an Erickson Aircrane Helicopter at NASA-Dryden, and flight tested at the Edwards AFB Rogers dry lakebed over a field of human-made geometric hazards during the summer of 2010. Results show that the maximum operational range goal of 1 km is met and exceeded up to a value of 1.2 km. In addition, calibrated 3-D images of several hazards are acquired in real-time for later reconstruction into Digital Elevation Maps (DEM's). C1 [Roback, Vincent; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Reisse, Robert] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Roback, V (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9522-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8731 AR UNSP 87310H DI 10.1117/12.2015961 PG 20 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BGK47 UT WOS:000323324800015 ER PT S AU Prasad, NS Rosiewicz, A Coleman, SM AF Prasad, Narasimha S. Rosiewicz, Alex Coleman, Steven M. BE Dubinskii, M Post, SG TI Development of advanced seed laser modules for lidar and spectroscopy applications SO LASER TECHNOLOGY FOR DEFENSE AND SECURITY IX SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Technology for Defense and Security IX CY APR 30-MAY 01, 2013 CL Baltimore, MD SP SPIE DE ASCENDS; CO2; O-2; DFB laser diode AB We report on recent progress made in the development of highly compact, single mode, distributed feedback laser (DFB) seed laser modules with integrated drive electronics for lidar and spectroscopy applications from space based platforms. One of the intended application of this technology is in the NASA's Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission. NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is working on a prototype laser based spectroscopy system for simultaneous measurement of CO2 and O-2 for planned Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission application. For this purpose, 1571 nm spectral band for CO2 sensing and 1262 nm spectral band for oxygen sensing have been selected. In this paper, we discuss recent progress made in the development of single mode, compact and stable, seed laser technologies for CO2 and O-2 transmitters with focus on linewidth and noise measurements. The 1571 nm and 1262 nm DFB laser modules with integrated drive electronics have advanced current and temperature drivers built into them. A combination of temperature and current tuning allows coarse and fine adjustment of the diode wavelengths. The current tuning was demonstrated at a rate of similar to 0.7 pm/mV over a working range of similar to 1 V for a total of 0.7 nm. Also, temperature tuning at a rate of similar to 2 pm/mV over a working range of similar to 1 V for a total wavelength range of similar to 2 nm was demonstrated. The current tuning was performed at a rate of up to 200 kHz allowing rapid adjustment and dithering of the laser frequency. Furthermore, the best performance of laser linewidth observed was similar to 11 kHz with frequency stability <10 MHz over 1 hour period. The micro-cooler arrangement embedded inside these modules has provided significant reduction in power consumption. The electronics has been designed, prototyped and tested using space-qualified components within a hermetically sealed package of volume less than 2 '' x 2 '' x 0.5 ''. C1 [Prasad, Narasimha S.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Laser Remote Sensing Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Prasad, NS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Laser Remote Sensing Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9524-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8733 AR UNSP 873306 DI 10.1117/12.2018195 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BGK51 UT WOS:000323328800005 ER PT J AU Krasowski, MJ Prokop, NF Flatico, JM Greer, LC Jenkins, PP Neudeck, PG Chen, LY Spina, DC AF Krasowski, Michael J. Prokop, Norman F. Flatico, Joseph M. Greer, Lawrence C. Jenkins, Phillip P. Neudeck, Philip G. Chen, Liangyu Spina, Danny C. TI CIB: An Improved Communication Architecture for Real-Time Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Instruments, and Sensors on the ISS SO SCIENTIFIC WORLD JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The Communications Interface Board (CIB) is an improved communications architecture that was demonstrated on the International Space Station (ISS). ISS communication interfaces allowing for real-time telemetry and health monitoring require a significant amount of development. The CIB simplifies the communications interface to the ISS for real-time health monitoring, telemetry, and control of resident sensors or experiments. With a simpler interface available to the telemetry bus, more sensors or experiments may be flown. The CIB accomplishes this by acting as a bridge between the ISS MIL-STD-1553 low-rate telemetry (LRT) bus and the sensors allowing for two-way command and telemetry data transfer. The CIB was designed to be highly reliable and radiation hard for an extended flight in low Earth orbit (LEO) and has been proven with over 40 months of flight operation on the outside of ISS supporting two sets of flight experiments. Since the CIB is currently operating in flight on the ISS, recent results of operations will be provided. Additionally, as a vehicle health monitoring enabling technology, an overview and results from two experiments enabled by the CIB will be provided. Future applications for vehicle health monitoring utilizing the CIB architecture will also be discussed. C1 [Krasowski, Michael J.; Prokop, Norman F.; Greer, Lawrence C.; Neudeck, Philip G.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Flatico, Joseph M.; Chen, Liangyu] NASA, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Jenkins, Phillip P.] US Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Spina, Danny C.] NASA, Jacobs Technol, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Prokop, NF (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM norman.f.prokop@nasa.gov FU NDE Branch at the NASA Glenn Research Center; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory FX The authors would like to acknowledge George Y. Baaklini, branch chief of the Optical Instrumentation and NDE Branch at the NASA Glenn Research Center, and Robert Walters of the Naval Research Laboratory for support of this work. This work was funded by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 5 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1537-744X J9 SCI WORLD J JI Sci. World J. PY 2013 AR 185769 DI 10.1155/2013/185769 PG 12 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 199DA UT WOS:000322973500001 ER PT J AU Devasthale, A Sedlar, J Koenigk, T Fetzer, EJ AF Devasthale, A. Sedlar, J. Koenigk, T. Fetzer, E. J. TI The thermodynamic state of the Arctic atmosphere observed by AIRS: comparisons during the record minimum sea ice extents of 2007 and 2012 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; SUMMER; RADIOSONDES; SATELLITES; RETREAT AB The record sea ice minimum (SIM) extents observed during the summers of 2007 and 2012 in the Arctic are stark evidence of accelerated sea ice loss during the last decade. Improving our understanding of the Arctic atmosphere and accurate quantification of its characteristics becomes ever more crucial, not least to improve predictions of such extreme events in the future. In this context, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard NASA's Aqua satellite provides crucial insights due to its ability to provide 3-D information on atmospheric thermodynamics. Here, we facilitate comparisons in the evolution of the thermodynamic state of the Arctic atmosphere during these two SIM events using a decade-long AIRS observational record (2003-2012). It is shown that the meteorological conditions during 2012 were not extreme, but three factors of preconditioning from winter through early summer played an important role in accelerating sea ice melt. First, the marginal sea ice zones along the central Eurasian and North Atlantic sectors remained warm throughout winter and early spring in 2012 preventing thicker ice build-up. Second, the circulation pattern favoured efficient sea ice transport out of the Arctic in the Atlantic sector during late spring and early summer in 2012 compared to 2007. Third, additional warming over the Canadian archipelago and southeast Beaufort Sea from May onward further contributed to accelerated sea ice melt. All these factors may have lead the already thin and declining sea ice cover to pass below the previous sea ice extent minimum of 2007. In sharp contrast to 2007, negative surface temperature anomalies and increased cloudiness were observed over the East Siberian and Chukchi seas in the summer of 2012. The results suggest that satellite-based monitoring of atmospheric preconditioning could be a critical source of information in predicting extreme sea ice melting events in the Arctic. C1 [Devasthale, A.; Sedlar, J.] Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, Dept Res & Dev, Atmospher Remote Sensing Unit, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden. [Koenigk, T.] Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, Rossby Ctr Climate Res, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden. [Fetzer, E. J.] NASA, JPL CALTECH, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Devasthale, A (reprint author), Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, Dept Res & Dev, Atmospher Remote Sensing Unit, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden. EM abhay.devasthale@smhi.se OI Devasthale, Abhay/0000-0002-6717-8343 FU Swedish National Space Board FX The authors would like to thank AIRS Science Team and NASA GES DISC for their efforts in making data publicly available for research. We also thank the anonymous referees, whose comments led to substantial improvements in the original manuscript. We further thank Jonas Mortin for packaging sea ice extent data for our purposes and Manu Anna Thomas (SMHI) for helping with wind data. We also acknowledge ECMWF data portal for providing wind fields. This work is supported by the Swedish National Space Board. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 15 BP 7441 EP 7450 DI 10.5194/acp-13-7441-2013 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 200XE UT WOS:000323103900012 ER PT J AU Khosravi, M Baron, P Urban, J Froidevaux, L Jonsson, AI Kasai, Y Kuribayashi, K Mitsuda, C Murtagh, DP Sagawa, H Santee, ML Sato, TO Shiotani, M Suzuki, M von Clarmann, T Walker, KA Wang, S AF Khosravi, M. Baron, P. Urban, J. Froidevaux, L. Jonsson, A. I. Kasai, Y. Kuribayashi, K. Mitsuda, C. Murtagh, D. P. Sagawa, H. Santee, M. L. Sato, T. O. Shiotani, M. Suzuki, M. von Clarmann, T. Walker, K. A. Wang, S. TI Diurnal variation of stratospheric and lower mesospheric HOCl, ClO and HO2 at the equator: comparison of 1-D model calculations with measurements by satellite instruments SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING MIPAS; LIMB EMISSION-SPECTRA; MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; REACTION-KINETICS; RATE-CONSTANT; HCL; ABSORPTION; PHOTOLYSIS; OH AB The diurnal variation of HOCl and the related species ClO, HO2 and HCl measured by satellites has been compared with the results of a one-dimensional photochemical model. The study compares the data from various limb-viewing instruments with model simulations from the middle stratosphere to the lower mesosphere. Data from three sub-millimetre instruments and two infrared spectrometers are used, namely from the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) on board Odin, the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board Aura, the Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) on the International Space Station, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board ENVISAT, and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on board SCISAT. Inter-comparison of the measurements from instruments on sun-synchronous satellites (SMR, MLS, MIPAS) and measurements from solar occultation instruments (ACE-FTS) is challenging since the measurements correspond to different solar zenith angles (or local times). However, using a model which covers all solar zenith angles and data from the SMILES instrument which measured at all local times over a period of several months provides the possibility to verify the model and to indirectly compare the diurnally variable species. The satellite data were averaged for latitudes of 20 degrees S to 20 degrees N for the SMILES observation period from November 2009 to April 2010 and were compared at three altitudes: 35, 45 and 55 km. Besides presenting the SMILES data, the study also shows a first comparison of the latest MLS data (version 3.3) of HOCl, ClO, and HO2 with other satellite observations, as well as a first evaluation of HO2 observations made by Odin/SMR. The MISU-1D model has been carefully initialised and run for conditions and locations of the observations. The diurnal cycle features for the species investigated here are generally well reproduced by the model. The satellite observations and the model agree well in terms of absolute mixing ratios. The differences between the day and night values of the model are in good agreement with the observations although the amplitude of the HO2 diurnal variation is 10-20 % lower in the model than in the observations. In particular, the data offered the opportunity to study the reaction ClO+HO2 -> HOCl+O-2 in the lower mesosphere at 55 km. At this altitude the HOCl night-time variation depends only on this reaction. The result of this analysis points towards a value of the rate constant within the range of the JPL 2006 recommendation and the upper uncertainty limit of the JPL 2011 recommendation at 55 km. C1 [Khosravi, M.; Urban, J.; Murtagh, D. P.] Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Baron, P.; Kasai, Y.; Kuribayashi, K.; Sagawa, H.; Sato, T. O.] Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Tokyo, Japan. [Froidevaux, L.; Santee, M. L.; Wang, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Jonsson, A. I.; Walker, K. A.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Kasai, Y.; Kuribayashi, K.; Sato, T. O.] Tokyo Inst Technol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227, Japan. [Mitsuda, C.] Fujitsu FIP Corp, Tokyo, Japan. [Shiotani, M.] Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto, Japan. [Suzuki, M.] Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. [von Clarmann, T.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Khosravi, M (reprint author), Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM maryam.khosravi@chalmers.se RI Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Jonsson, Andreas/B-3887-2013; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011; OI Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Jonsson, Andreas/0000-0003-0321-6213; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559; Baron, Philippe/0000-0001-7141-5260 FU DLR [50EE0901]; Sweden (SNSB); Canada (CSA); Finland (TEKES); France (CNES); European Space Agency (ESA) FX The retrievals of IMK/IAA were performed on the HP XC4000 of the Scientific Supercomputing Center (SSC) Karlsruhe under project grant MIPAS. IMK data analysis was supported by DLR under contract number 50EE0901. MIPAS level 1B data were provided by ESA. Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by Sweden (SNSB), Canada (CSA), Finland (TEKES), and France (CNES). Since 2007 the Odin project is supported by the third party mission programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). The JEM/SMILES mission is a joint project of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). Work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was done under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 65 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 14 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 15 BP 7587 EP 7606 DI 10.5194/acp-13-7587-2013 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 200XE UT WOS:000323103900020 ER PT J AU He, H Stehr, JW Hains, JC Krask, DJ Doddridge, BG Vinnikov, KY Canty, TP Hosley, KM Salawitch, RJ Worden, HM Dickerson, RR AF He, H. Stehr, J. W. Hains, J. C. Krask, D. J. Doddridge, B. G. Vinnikov, K. Y. Canty, T. P. Hosley, K. M. Salawitch, R. J. Worden, H. M. Dickerson, R. R. TI Trends in emissions and concentrations of air pollutants in the lower troposphere in the Baltimore/Washington airshed from 1997 to 2011 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE OZONE LEVELS; GROUND-LEVEL OZONE; LONG-TERM CHANGES; UNITED-STATES; CARBON-MONOXIDE; TRACE GAS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; NORTH-AMERICA; GREAT-PLAINS; TRANSPORT AB Trends in the composition of the lower atmosphere (0-1500m altitude) and surface air quality over the Baltimore/Washington area and surrounding states were investigated for the period from 1997 to 2011. We examined emissions of ozone precursors from monitors and inventories as well as ambient ground-level and aircraft measurements to characterize trends in air pollution. The US EPA Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) program reported substantial decreases in emission of summertime nitrogen oxides (NOx) from power plants, up to similar to 80% in the mid-Atlantic States. These large reductions in emission of NOx are reflected in a sharp decrease of ground-level concentrations of NOx starting around 2003. The decreasing trend of tropospheric column CO observed by aircraft is similar to 0.8 Dobson unit (DU) per year, corresponding to similar to 35 ppbv yr(-1) in the lower troposphere (the surface to 1500 m above ground level). Satellite observations of long-term, near-surface CO show a similar to 40% decrease over western Maryland between 2000 and 2011; the same magnitude is indicated by aircraft measurements above these regions upwind of the Baltimore/Washington airshed. With decreasing emissions of ozone precursors, the ground-level ozone in the Baltimore/Washington area shows a 0.6 ppbv yr(-1) decrease in the past 15 yr. Since photochemical production of ozone is substantially influenced by ambient temperature, we introduce the climate penalty factor (CPF) into the trend analysis of long-term aircraft measurements. After compensating for inter-annual variations in temperature, historical aircraft measurements indicate that the daily net production of tropospheric ozone over the Baltimore/Washington area decreased from similar to 20 ppbv day(-1) in the late 1990s to similar to 7 ppbv day(-1) in the early 2010s during ozone season. A decrease in the long-term column ozone is observed as similar to 0.2 DU yr(-1) in the lowest 1500 m, corresponding to an improvement of similar to 1.3 ppbv yr(-1). Our aircraft measurements were conducted on days when severe ozone pollution was forecasted, and these results represent the decreasing trend in high ozone events over the past 15 yr. Back trajectory cluster analysis demonstrates that emissions of air pollutants from Ohio and Pennsylvania through Maryland influence the column abundances of downwind ozone in the lower atmosphere. The trends in air pollutants reveal the success of regulations implemented over the past decades and the importance of region-wide emission controls in the eastern United States. C1 [He, H.; Stehr, J. W.; Vinnikov, K. Y.; Canty, T. P.; Hosley, K. M.; Salawitch, R. J.; Dickerson, R. R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [He, H.; Salawitch, R. J.; Dickerson, R. R.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. [Hains, J. C.; Krask, D. J.] Maryland Dept Environm, Baltimore, MD 21230 USA. [Doddridge, B. G.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Salawitch, R. J.; Dickerson, R. R.] Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Worden, H. M.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP He, H (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM hhe@atmos.umd.edu RI Canty, Timothy/F-2631-2010; Stehr, Jeffrey/F-2638-2010; Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; He, Hao/E-4771-2015; Dickerson, Russell/F-2857-2010 OI Canty, Timothy/0000-0003-0618-056X; Stehr, Jeffrey/0000-0003-4840-6942; Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Dickerson, Russell/0000-0003-0206-3083 FU Maryland Department of the Environment; National Science Foundation; NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) program; NASA AURA Science Team; Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) FX We thank Maryland Department of the Environment for supporting the RAMMPP program for the past decades. We thank Juying Warner (University of Maryland, College Park) for helpful comments. Canty, Hosley, and Salawitch appreciate support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for their participation in this research effort. We thank Roland Draxler and Fong Ngan (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) for help on the HYSPLIT model. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The NCAR MOPITT project is supported by the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) program. The support of the NASA AURA Science Team and the Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. NR 75 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 33 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 15 BP 7859 EP 7874 DI 10.5194/acp-13-7859-2013 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 200XE UT WOS:000323103900037 ER PT J AU Arola, A Eck, TF Huttunen, J Lehtinen, KEJ Lindfors, AV Myhre, G Smirnov, A Tripathi, SN Yu, H AF Arola, A. Eck, T. F. Huttunen, J. Lehtinen, K. E. J. Lindfors, A. V. Myhre, G. Smirnov, A. Tripathi, S. N. Yu, H. TI Influence of observed diurnal cycles of aerosol optical depth on aerosol direct radiative effect SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AERONET; VARIABILITY; NETWORK AB The diurnal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be significant, depending on location and dominant aerosol type. However, these diurnal cycles have rarely been taken into account in measurement-based estimates of aerosol direct radiative forcing (ADRF) or aerosol direct radiative effect (ADRE). The objective of our study was to estimate the influence of diurnal aerosol variability at the top of the atmosphere ADRE estimates. By including all the possible AERONET sites, we wanted to assess the influence on global ADRE estimates. While focusing also in more detail on some selected sites of strongest impact, our goal was to also see the possible impact regionally. We calculated ADRE with different assumptions about the daily AOD variability: taking the observed daily AOD cycle into account and assuming diurnally constant AOD. Moreover, we estimated the corresponding differences in ADREs, if the single AOD value for the daily mean was taken from the the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra or Aqua overpass times, instead of accounting for the true observed daily variability. The mean impact of diurnal AOD variability on 24 h ADRE estimates, averaged over all AERONET sites, was rather small and it was relatively small even for the cases when AOD was chosen to correspond to the Terra or Aqua overpass time. This was true on average over all AERONET sites, while clearly there can be much stronger impact in individual sites. Examples of some selected sites demonstrated that the strongest observed AOD variability (the strongest morning afternoon contrast) does not typically result in a significant impact on 24 h ADRE. In those cases, the morning and afternoon AOD patterns are opposite and thus the impact on 24 h ADRE, when integrated over all solar zenith angles, is reduced. The most significant effect on daily ADRE was induced by AOD cycles with either maximum or minimum AOD close to local noon. In these cases, the impact on 24 h ADRE was typically around 0.1-0.2W m(-2) (both positive and negative) in absolute values, 5-10% in relative ones. C1 [Arola, A.; Huttunen, J.; Lehtinen, K. E. J.; Lindfors, A. V.] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Kuopio 70211, Finland. [Eck, T. F.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USA. [Eck, T. F.; Smirnov, A.; Yu, H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Myhre, G.] CICERO, Oslo, Norway. [Smirnov, A.] Sigma Space Corp, Lanham, MD USA. [Tripathi, S. N.] Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. [Yu, H.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Arola, A (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland. EM antti.arola@fmi.fi RI Yu, Hongbin/C-6485-2008; Lindfors, Anders/C-6727-2012; Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; Tripathi, Sachchida/J-4840-2016; Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009; OI Yu, Hongbin/0000-0003-4706-1575; Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304; Arola, Antti/0000-0002-9220-0194 FU Academy of Finland [136996]; DST FX We thank the principal investigators and their staff for establishing and maintaining the AERONET sites used in this study. Antti Arola wants to acknowledge the support from the Academy of Finland (through the grant "Researcher training and research abroad", decision No. 136996). S. N. Tripathi acknowledges the financial support from DST Climate Change Programme. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 17 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 15 BP 7895 EP 7901 DI 10.5194/acp-13-7895-2013 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 200XE UT WOS:000323103900039 ER PT S AU Biswas, A Kovalik, JM AF Biswas, Abhijit Kovalik, Joseph M. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI The Lunar Laser OCTL Terminal (LLOT) SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Laser communication; multi-beam beacon; photon-counting receiver; lunar AB The NASA owned Optical Communication Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) telescope located at Table Mountain, CA is being readied as a backup ground station for the upcoming Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD). The backup ground terminal is called the Lunar Laser OCTL Terminal (LLOT). The 1-m diameter telescope will be configured as a mono-static transceiver for transmitting a laser beacon and receiving downlink at a data-rate of 39 Mb/s. Interfaces to an operations center with near-real time exchange of monitored data at OCTL will also be developed. A system level overview of this backup ground station for LLCD will be presented. C1 [Biswas, Abhijit; Kovalik, Joseph M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Biswas, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM abiswas@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 86100O DI 10.1117/12.2006454 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100016 ER PT S AU Chen, YJ Hemmati, H AF Chen, Yijiang Hemmati, Hamid BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Optical filter assembly for interplanetary optical communications SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical communications; Optical filters ID SINGLE-PHOTON DETECTOR AB Ground-based, narrow-band, high throughput optical filters are required for optical links from deep space. We report on the development of a tunable filter assembly that operates at telecommunication window of 1550 nm. Low insertion loss of 0.5 dB and bandwidth of 90 pm over a 2000 nm operational range of detectors have been achieved. C1 [Chen, Yijiang; Hemmati, Hamid] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chen, YJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 86100R DI 10.1117/12.2004802 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100019 ER PT S AU Farr, WH Choi, JM Moision, B AF Farr, William H. Choi, John M. Moision, Bruce BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI 13 bits per incident photon optical communications demonstration SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE optical communications; photon starved communications; pulse position modulation; superconducting nanowire detector AB Minimizing the mass and power burden of a laser transceiver on a spacecraft for interplanetary optical communications links drives requires operation in a "photon starved" regime. The relevant performance metric in the photon starved regime is Photon Information Efficiency (PIE) with units of bits per photon. Measuring this performance at the detector plane of an optical communications receiver, prior art has achieved performance levels around one bit per incident photon using pulse position modulation (PPM). By combining a PPM modulator with greater than 75 dB extinction ratio with a tungsten silicide (WSi) superconducting nanowire detector with greater than 83% detection efficiency we have demonstrated an optical communications link at 13 bits per incident photon. C1 [Farr, William H.; Choi, John M.; Moision, Bruce] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Farr, WH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 861006 DI 10.1117/12.2007000 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100004 ER PT S AU Krainak, MA Luzhanskiy, E Li, SX Merritt, SA Yu, AW Butler, R Badgley, J Thomas, L Stello, H Cheng, A Nguyen, Q MacPherson, S AF Krainak, M. A. Luzhanskiy, E. Li, S. X. Merritt, S. A. Yu, A. W. Butler, R. Badgley, J. Thomas, L. Stello, H. Cheng, A. Nguyen, Q. MacPherson, S. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI A Dual Format Communication Modem Development for the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) Program SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Deep space laser communication; free space laser communication; modem; PPM; DPSK AB The LCRD will demonstrate optical communications relay services between a geosynchronous satellite and Earth over an extended period, and thereby gain the knowledge and experience base that will enable NASA to design, procure, and operate cost-effective future optical communications systems and relay networks. LCRD is the next step in NASA eventually providing an optical communications service on the Next Generation Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS). LCRD will demonstrate some optical communications technologies, concepts of operations, and advanced networking technologies applicable to Deep Space missions. In this paper we describe the integrated dual format (PPM/DPSK) modem testbed development and performance. C1 [Krainak, M. A.; Luzhanskiy, E.; Li, S. X.; Merritt, S. A.; Yu, A. W.; Butler, R.; Badgley, J.; Thomas, L.; Stello, H.; Cheng, A.; Nguyen, Q.; MacPherson, S.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krainak, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM michael.a.krainak@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 86100K DI 10.1117/12.2013693 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100013 ER PT S AU Moision, B Piazzolla, S Hamkins, J AF Moision, Bruce Piazzolla, Sabino Hamkins, Jon BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Fading Losses on the LCRD Free-Space Optical Link due to Channel Turbulence SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE optical communications; fading; relay channel AB The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) will implement an optical communications link between a pair of Earth terminals via an Earth-orbiting satellite relay. Optical turbulence over the communication paths will cause random fluctuations, or fading, in the received signal irradiance. In this paper we characterize losses due to fading caused by optical turbulence. We illustrate the performance of a representative relay link, utilizing a channel interleaver and error-correction-code to mitigate fading, and provide a method to quickly determine the link performance. C1 [Moision, Bruce; Piazzolla, Sabino; Hamkins, Jon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moision, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bmoision@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 86100Z DI 10.1117/12.2010701 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100026 ER PT S AU Roberts, LC Page, NA Burruss, RS Truong, TN Dew, S Troy, M AF Roberts, Lewis C., Jr. Page, Norman A. Burruss, Rick S. Truong, Tuan N. Dew, Sharon Troy, Mitchell BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Conceptual design of the adaptive optics system for the laser communication relay demonstration ground station at Table Mountain SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical Communication; Adaptive Optics AB The Laser Communication Relay Demonstration will feature a geostationary satellite communicating via optical links to multiple ground stations. The first ground station (GS-1) is the 1m OCTL telescope at Table Mountain in California. The optical link will utilize pulse position modulation (PPM) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) protocols. The DPSK link necessitates that adaptive optics (AO) be used to relay the incoming beam into the single mode fiber that is the input of the modem. The GS-1 AO system will have two MEMS Deformable mirrors to achieve the needed actuator density and stroke limit. The AO system will sense the aberrations with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor using the light from the communication link's 1.55 mu m laser to close the loop. The system will operate day and night. The system's software will be based on heritage software from the Palm 3000 AO system, reducing risk and cost. The AO system is being designed to work at r(0) greater than 3.3 cm (measured at 500 nm and zenith) and at elevations greater than 20 degrees above the horizon. In our worst case operating conditions we expect to achieve Strehl ratios of over 70% (at 1.55 mu m), which should couple 57% of the light into the single mode DPSK fiber. This paper describes the conceptual design of the AO system, predicted performance and discusses some of the trades that were conducted during the design process. C1 [Roberts, Lewis C., Jr.; Page, Norman A.; Burruss, Rick S.; Truong, Tuan N.; Dew, Sharon; Troy, Mitchell] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Roberts, LC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM lewis.c.roberts@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 86100N DI 10.1117/12.2008981 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100015 ER PT S AU Roberts, WT Wright, MW AF Roberts, W. Thomas Wright, Malcolm W. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI The Lunar Laser OCTL Terminal (LLOT) Optical Systems SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Laser communication; multi-beam beacon; deep-space communication AB The Lunar Laser OCTL Terminal is an auxiliary ground station terminal for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD). The LLOT optical systems exercise modulation and beam divergence control over six 10-W fiber-based laser transmitters at 1568 nm, which act as beacons for pointing of the space-based terminal. The LLOT design transmits these beams from distinct sub-apertures of the F/76 OCTL telescope at divergences ranging from 110 mu rad to 40 mu rad. LLOT also uses the same telescope aperture to receive the downlink signal at 1550 nm from the spacecraft terminal. Characteristics and control of the beacon lasers, methods of establishing and maintaining beam alignment, beam zoom system design, co-registration of the transmitted beams and the receive field of view, transmit/receive isolation, and downlink signal manipulation and control are discussed. C1 [Roberts, W. Thomas; Wright, Malcolm W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Roberts, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tom.roberts@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 86100P DI 10.1117/12.2004415 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100017 ER PT S AU Srinivasan, M Birnbaum, K Cheng, M Quirk, K AF Srinivasan, Meera Birnbaum, Kevin Cheng, Michael Quirk, Kevin BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI A Post-Processing Receiver for the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration Project SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Optical communications; pulse position modulation; photon counting AB The Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration Project undertaken by MIT Lincoln Laboratory and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center will demonstrate high-rate laser communications from lunar orbit to the Earth. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is developing a backup ground station supporting a data rate of 39 Mbps that is based on a non-real-time software post-processing receiver architecture. This approach entails processing sample-rate-limited data without feedback in the presence high uncertainty in downlink clock characteristics under low signal flux conditions. In this paper we present a receiver concept that addresses these challenges with descriptions of the photodetector assembly, sample acquisition and recording platform, and signal processing approach. End-to-end coded simulation and laboratory data analysis results are presented that validate the receiver conceptual design. C1 [Srinivasan, Meera; Birnbaum, Kevin; Cheng, Michael; Quirk, Kevin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Srinivasan, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 86100Q DI 10.1117/12.2005190 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100018 ER PT S AU Sun, XL Skillman, DR Hoffman, ED Mao, DD McGarry, JF Neumann, GA McIntire, L Zellar, RS Davidson, FM Fong, WH Krainak, MA Zuber, MT Smith, DE AF Sun, Xiaoli Skillman, David R. Hoffman, Evan D. Mao, Dandan McGarry, Jan F. Neumann, Gregory A. McIntire, Leva Zellar, Ronald S. Davidson, Frederic M. Fong, Wai H. Krainak, Michael A. Zuber, Maria T. Smith, David E. BE Hemmati, H Boroson, DM TI Simultaneous laser ranging and communication from an Earth-based satellite laser ranging station to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in lunar orbit SO FREE-SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION XXV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXV CY FEB 05-07, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Laser range finder; lidar; free-space optical communication; error correction coding ID LINK AB We report a free space laser communication experiment from the satellite laser ranging (SLR) station at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) in lunar orbit through the on board one-way Laser Ranging (LR) receiver. Pseudo random data and sample image files were transmitted to LRO using a 4096-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) signal format. Reed-Solomon forward error correction codes were used to achieve error free data transmission at a moderate coding overhead rate. The signal fading due to the atmosphere effect was measured and the coding gain could be estimated. C1 [Sun, Xiaoli; Skillman, David R.; McGarry, Jan F.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Zellar, Ronald S.; Fong, Wai H.; Krainak, Michael A.; Smith, David E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sun, XL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 694-599-567-554, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM xiaoli.sun-1@nasa.gov RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013; Neumann, Gregory/I-5591-2013 OI Neumann, Gregory/0000-0003-0644-9944 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9379-8 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8610 AR UNSP 861003 DI 10.1117/12.2006645 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics; Physics GA BGG94 UT WOS:000322907100002 ER PT S AU Ahumada, AJ Watson, AB AF Ahumada, Albert J. Watson, Andrew B. BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN DeRidder, H TI Visible Contrast Energy Metrics for Detection and Discrimination SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XVIII CY FEB 04-07, 2013 CL Burlingame, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol (IS&T), SPIE, Qualcomm Inc, Datacolor, Dolby Labs, Inc DE visual discrimination; visual detection; luminance contrast; contrast sensitivity function; contrast energy; internal noise; ideal observer ID MODEL; ABERRATIONS AB Contrast energy was proposed by Watson, Barlow, & Robson (Science, 1983) as a useful metric for representing luminance contrast target stimuli because it represents the detectability of the stimulus in photon noise for an ideal observer. We propose here the use of visible contrast energy metrics for detection and discrimination among static luminance patterns. The visibility is approximated with spatial frequency sensitivity weighting and eccentricity sensitivity weighting. The suggested weighting functions revise the Standard Spatial Observer (Watson & Ahumada, J. Vision, 2005) for luminance contrast detection, extend it into the near periphery, and provide compensation for duration. Under the assumption that the detection is limited only by internal noise, both detection and discrimination performance can be predicted by metrics based on the visible energy of the difference images. C1 [Ahumada, Albert J.; Watson, Andrew B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ahumada, AJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM al.ahumada@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9424-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8651 AR 86510D DI 10.1117/12.2009383 PG 11 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFX86 UT WOS:000321825100010 ER PT S AU Mulligan, JB Stevenson, SB Cormack, LK AF Mulligan, Jeffrey B. Stevenson, Scott B. Cormack, Lawrence K. BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN DeRidder, H TI Reflexive and voluntary control of smooth eye movements SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING XVIII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XVIII CY FEB 04-07, 2013 CL Burlingame, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol (IS&T), SPIE, Qualcomm Inc, Datacolor, Dolby Labs, Inc DE smooth pursuit; optokinetic reflex; vergence; second-order motion ID VISUAL-MOTION PERCEPTION; OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS; INITIATION; ATTENTION; ACCURACY; TRACKING; SIGNALS; TARGET; MODEL AB An understanding of visually evoked smooth eye movements is required to predict the visibility and legibility of moving displays, such as might been countered in vehicles like air craft and automobiles. We have studied the response of the oculomotor system to various classes of visual stimuli, and analyzed the results separately for horizontal and vertical version (in which the two eyes move together), and horizontal and vertical vergence (where they move in opposite directions). Of the four types of motion, only vertical vergence cannot be performed under voluntary control, and certain stimuli (all having relatively long latencies) are in capable of evoking it. In another experiment, we instructed observers to track one of two targets, and measured weak but reliable responses to the unattended target, in which the long-latency component of the response is abolished. Our results are consistent with a system containing two distinct processes, a fast reflexive process which responds to a restricted class of stimuli, and a slower voluntary process capable of following any thing that can be seen, but incapable of controlling vertical vergence. C1 [Mulligan, Jeffrey B.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mulligan, JB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ffrey.b.mulligan@nasa.gov; sbstevenson@uh.edu; cormack@psy.utexas.edu NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9424-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8651 AR 86510Z DI 10.1117/12.2010333 PG 22 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFX86 UT WOS:000321825100030 ER PT J AU Barrand, NE Hindmarsh, RCA Arthern, RJ Williams, CR Mouginot, J Scheuchl, B Rignot, E Ligtenberg, SRM Van den Broeke, MR Edwards, TL Cook, AJ Simonsen, SB AF Barrand, Nicholas E. Hindmarsh, Richard C. A. Arthern, Robert J. Williams, C. Rosie Mouginot, Jeremie Scheuchl, Bernd Rignot, Eric Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M. Van den Broeke, Michiel R. Edwards, Tamsin L. Cook, Alison J. Simonsen, Sebastian B. TI Computing the volume response of the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet to warming scenarios to 2200 SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MASS-BALANCE; SEA-LEVEL; CLIMATE; SHELF; COLLAPSE; GLACIER; SURFACE; STRESS; LARSEN; FLOW AB The contribution to sea level to 2200 from the grounded, mainland Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet (APIS) was calculated using an ice-sheet model initialized with a new technique computing ice fluxes based on observed surface velocities, altimetry and surface mass balance, and computing volume response using a linearized method. Volume change estimates of the APIS resulting from surface mass-balance anomalies calculated by the regional model RACMO2, forced by A1B and E1 scenarios of the global models ECHAM5 and HadCM3, predicted net negative sea-level contributions between -0.5 and -12 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE) by 2200. Increased glacier flow due to ice thickening returned similar to 15% of the increased accumulation to the sea by 2100 and similar to 30% by 2200. The likely change in volume of the APIS by 2200 in response to imposed 10 and 20 km retreats of the grounding line at individual large outlet glaciers in Palmer Land, southern Antarctic Peninsula, ranged between 0.5 and 3.5 mm SLE per drainage basin. Ensemble calculations of APIS volume change resulting from imposed grounding-line retreat due to ice-shelf break-up scenarios applied to all 20 of the largest drainage basins in Palmer Land (covering similar to 40% of the total area of APIS) resulted in net sea-level contributions of 7-16 mm SLE by 2100, and 10-25 mm SLE by 2200. Inclusion of basins in the northern peninsula and realistic simulation of grounding-line movement for AP outlet glaciers will improve future projections. C1 [Barrand, Nicholas E.; Hindmarsh, Richard C. A.; Arthern, Robert J.; Williams, C. Rosie] British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Mouginot, Jeremie; Scheuchl, Bernd; Rignot, Eric] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. [Rignot, Eric] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M.; Van den Broeke, Michiel R.] Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Edwards, Tamsin L.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. [Cook, Alison J.] Swansea Univ, Sch Environm & Soc, Swansea, W Glam, Wales. [Simonsen, Sebastian B.] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Ctr Ice & Climate, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Barrand, NE (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. EM n.e.barrand@bham.ac.uk RI Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014; Van den Broeke, Michiel/F-7867-2011; Hindmarsh, Richard/C-1405-2012; Simonsen, Sebastian /F-4791-2013; Mouginot, Jeremie/G-7045-2015; OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481; Van den Broeke, Michiel/0000-0003-4662-7565; Hindmarsh, Richard/0000-0003-1633-2416; Simonsen, Sebastian /0000-0001-9569-1294; Edwards, Tamsin/0000-0002-4760-4704 FU ice2sea programme from the European Union 7th Framework Programme [226375]; British Antarctic Survey Polar Science for Planet Earth programme; Netherlands Polar Program of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO/ALW) FX This work was supported by funding from the ice2sea programme from the European Union 7th Framework Programme grant No. 226375, the British Antarctic Survey Polar Science for Planet Earth programme, and the Netherlands Polar Program of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO/ALW). This is ice2sea contribution No. 126. We thank an anonymous reviewer and Graham Cogley for comments which improved the manuscript. NR 53 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 20 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 215 BP 397 EP 409 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12J139 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 202BX UT WOS:000323189600001 ER PT J AU Pattyn, F Perichon, L Durand, G Favier, L Gagliardini, O Hindmarsh, RCA Zwinger, T Albrecht, T Cornford, S Docquier, D Furst, JJ Goldberg, D Gudmundsson, GH Humbert, A Hutten, M Huybrechts, P Jouvet, G Kleiner, T Larour, E Martin, D Morlighem, M Payne, AJ Pollard, D Ruckamp, M Rybak, O Seroussi, H Thoma, M Wilkens, N AF Pattyn, Frank Perichon, Laura Durand, Gael Favier, Lionel Gagliardini, Olivier Hindmarsh, Richard C. A. Zwinger, Thomas Albrecht, Torsten Cornford, Stephen Docquier, David Furst, Johannes J. Goldberg, Daniel Gudmundsson, G. Hilmar Humbert, Angelika Huetten, Moritz Huybrechts, Philippe Jouvet, Guillaume Kleiner, Thomas Larour, Eric Martin, Daniel Morlighem, Mathieu Payne, Anthony J. Pollard, David Rueckamp, Martin Rybak, Oleg Seroussi, Helene Thoma, Malte Wilkens, Nina TI Grounding-line migration in plan-view marine ice-sheet models: results of the ice2sea MISMIP3d intercomparison SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGHER-ORDER; PART 1; FLOW; DYNAMICS; SHELF; SENSITIVITY; ANTARCTICA; STABILITY AB Predictions of marine ice-sheet behaviour require models able to simulate grounding-line migration. We present results of an intercomparison experiment for plan-view marine ice-sheet models. Verification is effected by comparison with approximate analytical solutions for flux across the grounding line using simplified geometrical configurations (no lateral variations, no buttressing effects from lateral drag). Perturbation experiments specifying spatial variation in basal sliding parameters permitted the evolution of curved grounding lines, generating buttressing effects. The experiments showed regions of compression and extensional flow across the grounding line, thereby invalidating the boundary layer theory. Steady-state grounding-line positions were found to be dependent on the level of physical model approximation. Resolving grounding lines requires inclusion of membrane stresses, a sufficiently small grid size (<500 m), or subgrid interpolation of the grounding line. The latter still requires nominal grid sizes of <5 km. For larger grid spacings, appropriate parameterizations for ice flux may be imposed at the grounding line, but the short-time transient behaviour is then incorrect and different from models that do not incorporate grounding-line parameterizations. The numerical error associated with predicting grounding-line motion can be reduced significantly below the errors associated with parameter ignorance and uncertainties in future scenarios. C1 [Pattyn, Frank; Perichon, Laura; Docquier, David] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Lab Glaciol, Brussels, Belgium. [Durand, Gael; Favier, Lionel; Gagliardini, Olivier] UJF Grenoble I, CNRS, LGGE, Grenoble, France. [Gagliardini, Olivier] Inst Univ France, Paris, France. [Hindmarsh, Richard C. A.; Gudmundsson, G. Hilmar] British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. [Zwinger, Thomas] CSC IT Ctr Sci Ltd, Espoo, Finland. [Albrecht, Torsten; Huetten, Moritz] Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, Potsdam, Germany. [Albrecht, Torsten; Huetten, Moritz] Univ Potsdam, Inst Phys, Potsdam, Germany. [Cornford, Stephen; Payne, Anthony J.] Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol, Avon, England. [Furst, Johannes J.; Huybrechts, Philippe; Rybak, Oleg] Vrije Univ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. [Furst, Johannes J.; Huybrechts, Philippe; Rybak, Oleg] Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Geog, Brussels, Belgium. [Goldberg, Daniel] MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. [Humbert, Angelika; Rueckamp, Martin; Wilkens, Nina] Univ Hamburg, Inst Geophys IfG, Hamburg, Germany. [Humbert, Angelika; Kleiner, Thomas; Thoma, Malte] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Jouvet, Guillaume] Free Univ Berlin, Inst Math, Berlin, Germany. [Larour, Eric; Seroussi, Helene] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Martin, Daniel] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Morlighem, Mathieu] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA USA. [Pollard, David] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Pattyn, F (reprint author), Univ Libre Bruxelles, Lab Glaciol, Brussels, Belgium. EM fpattyn@ulb.ac.be RI Kleiner, Thomas/F-6821-2015; payne, antony/A-8916-2008; Rybak, Oleg/B-7308-2014; Hindmarsh, Richard/C-1405-2012; Morlighem, Mathieu/O-9942-2014; OI Kleiner, Thomas/0000-0001-7825-5765; Cornford, Stephen/0000-0002-2461-1645; Thoma, Malte/0000-0002-4033-3905; payne, antony/0000-0001-8825-8425; Rybak, Oleg/0000-0003-3923-7163; Hindmarsh, Richard/0000-0003-1633-2416; Morlighem, Mathieu/0000-0001-5219-1310; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur Hilmar/0000-0003-4236-5369; Zwinger, Thomas/0000-0003-3360-4401; Cornford, Stephen/0000-0003-1844-274X; Pattyn, Frank/0000-0003-4805-5636 FU ice2sea project from the European Union 7th Framework Programme [226375]; NASA Cryospheric Sciences Program; NASA Modeling Analysis and Prediction Program; NASA FX This work was supported by funding from the ice2sea project from the European Union 7th Framework Programme, grant No. 226375. This is ice2sea contribution No. 112. LGGE was granted access to the high-performance computing resources of CINES (Centre Informatique National de l'Enseignement Superieur, France) under allocations 2011-016066 and 2012-016066 made by GENCI (Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif) to perform the Elmer/Ice simulations. E. Larour and M. Morlighem are supported by the NASA Cryospheric Sciences and Modeling Analysis and Prediction Programs. H. Seroussi was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. We wish to acknowledge the helpful comments of J. Johnson and F. Saito, as well as the Scientific Editor R. Greve. NR 52 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 33 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 215 BP 410 EP 422 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12J129 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 202BX UT WOS:000323189600002 ER PT J AU Deems, JS Painter, TH Finnegan, DC AF Deems, Jeffrey S. Painter, Thomas H. Finnegan, David C. TI Lidar measurement of snow depth: a review SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID AIRBORNE LIDAR; GRAIN-SIZE; HYPERSPECTRAL ANALYSIS; MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT; ERROR BUDGET; COVERED AREA; RETRIEVAL; REFLECTANCE; ACCURACY; ALBEDO AB Laser altimetry (lidar) is a remote-sensing technology that holds tremendous promise for mapping snow depth in snow hydrology and avalanche applications. Recently lidar has seen a dramatic widening of applications in the natural sciences, resulting in technological improvements and an increase in the availability of both airborne and ground-based sensors. Modern sensors allow mapping of vegetation heights and snow or ground surface elevations below forest canopies. Typical vertical accuracies for airborne datasets are decimeter-scale with order 1 m point spacings. Ground-based systems typically provide millimeter-scale range accuracy and sub-meter point spacing over 1 m to several kilometers. Many system parameters, such as scan angle, pulse rate and shot geometry relative to terrain gradients, require specification to achieve specific point coverage densities in forested and/or complex terrain. Additionally, snow has a significant volumetric scattering component, requiring different considerations for error estimation than for other Earth surface materials. We use published estimates of light penetration depth by wavelength to estimate radiative transfer error contributions. This paper presents a review of lidar mapping procedures and error sources, potential errors unique to snow surface remote sensing in the near-infrared and visible wavelengths, and recommendations for projects using lidar for snow-depth mapping. C1 [Deems, Jeffrey S.] Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, NOAA Western Water Assessment, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Painter, Thomas H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Finnegan, David C.] US Army Corps Engineers, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Engn Res Ctr, Hanover, NH USA. [Finnegan, David C.] US Army Corps Engineers, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Dev Ctr, Hanover, NH USA. RP Deems, JS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, NOAA Western Water Assessment, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM deems@nsidc.org RI Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016; Deems, Jeffrey/E-6484-2016 OI Deems, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3265-8670 FU National Snow and Ice Data Center; national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Western Water Assessment; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Innovative Research Project grant; NASA FX Part of this work was supported by the National Snow and Ice Data Center, the national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Western Water Assessment and a Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Innovative Research Project grant. Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. Part of this work was performed at the US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH. NR 78 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 14 U2 69 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 59 IS 215 BP 467 EP 479 DI 10.3189/2013JoG12J154 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 202BX UT WOS:000323189600006 ER PT S AU Ramesham, R AF Ramesham, Rajeshuni BE Ramesham, R Shea, HR TI Life Testing of Reflowed and Reworked Advanced CCGA Surface Mount Packages in Harsh Thermal Environments SO RELIABILITY, PACKAGING, TESTING, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MOEMS/MEMS AND NANODEVICES XII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Reliability, Packaging, Testing, and Characterization of MOEMS/MEMS and Nanodevices XII CY FEB 04-05, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE, VUZIX Corp DE Surface mount technology (SMT) packages; Reflowed CCGA; Reworked CCGA; Extreme temperatures; Harsh thermal environments; reliability; qualification; solder-joint failures; interconnect failures; thermal cycling; intermittent failures; resistance measurements; daisy-chains; x-ray imaging; etc AB Life testing/qualification of reflowed (1st reflow) and reworked (1st reflow, 1st removal, and then 1st rework) advanced ceramic column grid array (CCGA) surface mount interconnect electronic packaging technologies for future flight projects has been studied to enhance the mission assurance of JPL-NASA projects. The reliability of reworked/reflowed surface mount technology (SMT) packages is very important for short-duration and long-duration deep space harsh extreme thermal environmental missions. The life testing of CCGA electronic packages under extreme thermal environments (for example: -185 degrees C to +125 degrees C) has been performed with reference to various JPL/NASA project requirements which encompass the temperature range studied. The test boards of reflowed and reworked CCGA packages (717 Xilinx package, 624, 1152, and 1272 column Actel Packages) were selected for the study to survive three times the total number of expected temperature cycles resulting from all environmental and operational exposures occurring over the life of the flight hardware including all relevant manufacturing, ground operations, and mission phases or cycles to failure to assess the life of the hardware. Qualification/life testing was performed by subjecting test boards to the environmental harsh temperature extremes and assessing any structural failures, mechanical failures or degradation in electrical performance solder-joint failures due to either overstress or thermal cycle fatigue. The large, high density, high input/output (I/O) electronic interconnect SMT packages such as CCGA have increased usage in avionics hardware of NASA projects during the last two decades. The test boards built with CCGA packages are expensive and often require a rework to replace a reflowed, reprogrammed, failed, redesigned, etc., CCGA packages. Theoretically speaking, a good rework process should have similar temperature-time profile as that used for the original manufacturing process of solder reflow. A multiple rework processes may be implemented with CCGA packaging technology to understand the effect of number of reworks on the reliability of this technology for harsh thermal environments. In general, reliability of the assembled electronic packages reduces as a function of number of reworks and the extent is not known yet. A CCGA rework process has been tried and implemented to design a daisy-chain test board consists of 624 and 717 packages. Reworked CCGA interconnect electronic packages of printed wiring polyimide boards have been assembled and inspected using non-destructive x-ray imaging and optical microscope techniques. The assembled boards after 1st rework and 1st reflow were subjected to extreme temperature thermal atmospheric cycling to assess their reliability for future deep space JPL/NASA for moderate to harsh thermal mission environments. The resistance of daisy-chained interconnect sections were monitored continuously during thermal cycling to determine intermittent failures. This paper provides the experimental reliability test results to failure of assemblies for the first time of reflowed and reworked CCGA packages under extreme harsh thermal environments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Off Safety & Mission Success, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ramesham, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Off Safety & Mission Success, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 303-246, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rajeshuni.ramesham@jpl.nasa.gov NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9383-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8614 AR 86140L DI 10.1117/12.2001410 PG 17 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA BGG97 UT WOS:000322912200019 ER PT J AU Escoubet, CP Taylor, MGGT Masson, A Laakso, H Volpp, J Hapgood, M Goldstein, ML AF Escoubet, C. P. Taylor, M. G. G. T. Masson, A. Laakso, H. Volpp, J. Hapgood, M. Goldstein, M. L. TI Dynamical processes in space: Cluster results SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE Magnetospheric physics; Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics ID SHEET OSCILLATIONS; SOLAR-WIND; MISSION; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOPAUSE; SCIENCE; PROGRAM; FLANK AB After 12 years of operations, the Cluster mission continues to successfully fulfil its scientific objectives. The main goal of the Cluster mission, comprised of four identical spacecraft, is to study in three dimensions small-scale plasma structures in key plasma regions of the Earth's environment: solar wind and bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusps, magnetotail, plasmasphere and auroral zone. During the course of the mission, the relative distance between the four spacecraft has been varied from 20 km to 36 000 km to study the scientific regions of interest at different scales. Since summer 2005, new multi-scale constellations have been implemented, wherein three spacecraft (Cl, C2, C3) are separated by 10 000 km, while the fourth one (C4) is at a variable distance ranging between 20 km and 10 000 km from C3. Recent observations were conducted in the auroral acceleration region with the spacecraft separated by 1000s km. We present highlights of the results obtained during the last 12 years on collisionless shocks, magnetopause waves, magnetotail dynamics, plasmaspheric structures, and the auroral acceleration region. In addition, we highlight Cluster results on understanding the impact of Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) on the Earth environment. We will also present Cluster data accessibility through the Cluster Science Data System (CSDS), and the Cluster Active Archive (CAA), which was implemented to provide a permanent and public archive of high resolution Cluster data from all instruments. C1 [Escoubet, C. P.; Taylor, M. G. G. T.; Masson, A.; Laakso, H.] ESA, Estec, Noordwijk, Netherlands. [Volpp, J.] ESA, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany. [Goldstein, M. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Escoubet, CP (reprint author), ESA, Estec, Noordwijk, Netherlands. EM philippe.escoubet@esa.int RI Hapgood, Mike/D-6269-2014 OI Hapgood, Mike/0000-0002-0211-0241 NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2013 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1045 EP 1059 DI 10.5194/angeo-31-1045-2013 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 189TE UT WOS:000322290400006 ER PT J AU Alvarado, MJ Payne, VH Mlawer, EJ Uymin, G Shephard, MW Cady-Pereira, KE Delamere, JS Moncet, JL AF Alvarado, M. J. Payne, V. H. Mlawer, E. J. Uymin, G. Shephard, M. W. Cady-Pereira, K. E. Delamere, J. S. Moncet, J. -L. TI Performance of the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) for temperature, water vapor, and trace gas retrievals: recent updates evaluated with IASI case studies SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; TROPOSPHERIC EMISSION SPECTROMETER; CONTINUUM ABSORPTION; MU-M; RADIANCE; SOFTWARE; REGION; OZONE; STRATOSPHERE; VALIDATION AB Modern data assimilation algorithms depend on accurate infrared spectroscopy in order to make use of the information related to temperature, water vapor (H2O), and other trace gases provided by satellite observations. Reducing the uncertainties in our knowledge of spectroscopic line parameters and continuum absorption is thus important to improve the application of satellite data to weather forecasting. Here we present the results of a rigorous validation of spectroscopic updates to an advanced radiative transfer model, the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM), against a global dataset of 120 near-nadir, over-ocean, nighttime spectra from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). We compare calculations from the latest version of LBLRTM (v12.1) to those from a previous version (v9.4+) to determine the impact of spectroscopic updates to the model on spectral residuals as well as retrieved temperature and H2O profiles. We show that the spectroscopy in the CO2 nu(2) and nu(3) bands is significantly improved in LBLRTM v12.1 relative to v9.4+, and that these spectroscopic updates lead to mean changes of similar to 0.5K in the retrieved vertical temperature profiles between the surface and 10 hPa, with the sign of the change and the variability among cases depending on altitude. We also find that temperature retrievals using each of these two CO2 bands are remarkably consistent in LBLRTM v12.1, potentially allowing these bands to be used to retrieve atmospheric temperature simultaneously. The updated H2O spectroscopy in LBLRTM v12.1 substantially improves the a posteriori residuals in the P-branch of the H2O nu(2) band, while the improvements in the R-branch are more modest. The H2O amounts retrieved with LBLRTM v12.1 are on average 14% lower between 100 and 200 hPa, 42% higher near 562 hPa, and 31% higher near the surface compared to the amounts retrieved with v9.4+ due to a combination of the different retrieved temperature profiles and the updated H2O spectroscopy. We also find that the use of a fixed ratio of HDO to H2O in LBLRTM may be responsible for a significant fraction of the remaining bias in the P-branch relative to the R-branch of the H2O nu(2) band. There were no changes to O-3 spectroscopy between the two model versions, and so both versions give positive a posteriori residuals of similar to 0.3K in the R-branch of the O-3 nu(3) band. While the updates to the H2O self-continuum employed by LBLRTM v12.1 have clearly improved the match with observations near the CO2 nu(3) band head, we find that these updates have significantly degraded the match with observations in the fundamental band of CO. Finally, significant systematic a posteriori residuals remain in the nu(4) band of CH4, but the magnitude of the positive bias in the retrieved mixing ratios is reduced in LBLRTM v12.1, suggesting that the updated spectroscopy could improve retrievals of CH4 from satellite observations. C1 [Alvarado, M. J.; Mlawer, E. J.; Uymin, G.; Cady-Pereira, K. E.; Delamere, J. S.; Moncet, J. -L.] Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. [Payne, V. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Shephard, M. W.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Alvarado, MJ (reprint author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA USA. EM malvarad@aer.com FU NASA [NNH11CD78C, NMO710803]; NOAA Joint Center on Satellite Data Assimilation [NA10NES4400009] FX The authors would like to thank S. A. Clough, who made substantial contributions to several of the spectroscopic improvements evaluated in this work. Without his long history of development and validation of LBLRTM, this study would not have been possible. We thank Marco Matricardi for providing the IASI spectra and ECMWF model profiles used in this analysis. We thank Linda Brown, Robert Gamache, and Jean-Michel Hartmann for providing us with many of the spectroscopic parameters evaluated in this study. We thank Kevin Wecht for his helpful comments. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers, whose careful reading of our manuscript and insightful comments resulted in a stronger paper. This work was partially funded under NASA grants NNH11CD78C and NMO710803 and grant NA10NES4400009 from the NOAA Joint Center on Satellite Data Assimilation. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 69 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 14 BP 6687 EP 6711 DI 10.5194/acp-13-6687-2013 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 191XL UT WOS:000322448300002 ER PT J AU Petrenko, M Ichoku, C AF Petrenko, M. Ichoku, C. TI Coherent uncertainty analysis of aerosol measurements from multiple satellite sensors SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MODIS; OPTICAL DEPTH; DATA-ASSIMILATION; LAND SURFACES; AERONET; PRODUCTS; RETRIEVAL; OCEAN; VALIDATION; MISR AB Aerosol retrievals from multiple spaceborne sensors, including MODIS (on Terra and Aqua), MISR, OMI, POLDER, CALIOP, and SeaWiFS - altogether, a total of 11 different aerosol products - were comparatively analyzed using data collocated with ground-based aerosol observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations within the Multi-sensor Aerosol Products Sampling System (MAPSS, http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/mapss/ and http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/aerostat/). The analysis was performed by comparing quality-screened satellite aerosol optical depth or thickness (AOD or AOT) retrievals during 20062010 to available collocated AERONET measurements globally, regionally, and seasonally, and deriving a number of statistical measures of accuracy. We used a robust statistical approach to detect and remove possible outliers in the collocated data that can bias the results of the analysis. Overall, the proportion of outliers in each of the quality-screened AOD products was within 7%. Squared correlation coefficient (R-2) values of the satellite AOD retrievals relative to AERONET exceeded 0.8 for many of the analyzed products, while root mean square error (RMSE) values for most of the AOD products were within 0.15 over land and 0.07 over ocean. We have been able to generate global maps showing regions where the different products present advantages over the others, as well as the relative performance of each product over different land cover types. It was observed that while MODIS, MISR, and SeaWiFS provide accurate retrievals over most of the land cover types, multi-angle capabilities make MISR the only sensor to retrieve reliable AOD over barren and snow/ice surfaces. Likewise, active sensing enables CALIOP to retrieve aerosol properties over bright-surface closed shrublands more accurately than the other sensors, while POLDER, which is the only one of the sensors capable of measuring polarized aerosols, outperforms other sensors in certain smoke-dominated regions, including broadleaf evergreens in Brazil and South-East Asia. C1 [Petrenko, M.] Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Petrenko, M.; Ichoku, C.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Petrenko, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM maksym.petrenko@nasa.gov RI Ichoku, Charles/E-1857-2012 OI Ichoku, Charles/0000-0003-3244-4549 FU NASA HQ through the ROSES ACCESS Program [NNX08AN39A]; NASA HQ through the ROSES Earth System Data Records Uncertainty Analysis Program [NNH10ZDA001N-ESDRERR] FX Support for the development of this project has been provided by NASA HQ under grant number NNX08AN39A through the ROSES 2007 ACCESS Program based on a proposal entitled "Integrated validation, intercomparison, and analysis of aerosol products from multiple satellites" and also under grant NNH10ZDA001N-ESDRERR through the ROSES 2009 Earth System Data Records Uncertainty Analysis Program based on a proposal titled "Coherent uncertainty analysis of aerosol data products from multiple satellites". We thank the science and support teams of MODIS, MISR, OMI, POLDER, CALIOP, SeaWiFS, and AERONET for retrieving and making available their respective aerosol products, as well as for providing assistance during the development of MAPSS sampling for these products. Specifically, we are grateful to certain individual members of the aerosol product teams for their insight and willingness to provide us answers to various questions related to their respective products, namely: AERONET (Brent Holben, Thomas Eck, Oleg Dubovik, Alexander Smirnov, David Giles), MODIS-DT (Lorraine Remer, Robert Levy, Shana Mattoo, Claire Salustro), MODIS-DB (Christina Hsu, Corey Bettenhausen, Jingfeng Huang), MISR (Ralph Kahn, Falguni Patadia, James Limbacher), OMI (Omar Torres, Changwoo Ahn, Suraiya Ahmad), CALIOP (David Winker, Ali Omar, Mark Vaughan), SeaWiFS (Christina Hsu, Andrew Sayer), and POLDER (Didier Tanre, Jacques Descloitres, Fabrice Ducos). We also give special thanks to the PIs of the global AERONET sites and their staff for establishing and maintaining these sites. Finally, we would like to honor the memory of our colleague, Gregory Leptoukh, who passed away suddenly in January 2012, as we had a long-term collaboration with him that resulted in the implementation of the MAPSS framework on the GIOVANNI data analysis system, and he was part of the initial discussions of the ideas that led to this study. NR 60 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 27 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 14 BP 6777 EP 6805 DI 10.5194/acp-13-6777-2013 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 191XL UT WOS:000322448300007 ER PT J AU Kramarova, NA Frith, SM Bhartia, PK McPeters, RD Taylor, SL Fisher, BL Labow, GJ DeLand, MT AF Kramarova, N. A. Frith, S. M. Bhartia, P. K. McPeters, R. D. Taylor, S. L. Fisher, B. L. Labow, G. J. DeLand, M. T. TI Validation of ozone monthly zonal mean profiles obtained from the version 8.6 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet algorithm SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER; ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; UV SPECTROSCOPY; DATA QUALITY; TIME-SERIES; TEMPERATURE; SAGE AB We present the validation of ozone profiles from a number of Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV and SBUV/2) instruments that were recently reprocessed using an updated (version 8.6) algorithm. The SBUV data record spans a 41 yr period from 1970 to 2011 with a 5 yr gap in the 1970s. The ultimate goal is to create a consistent, well-calibrated data set of ozone profiles that can be used for climate studies and trend analyses. SBUV ozone profiles have been intensively validated against satellite profile measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounders (MLS) (on board the UARS and Aura satellites) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) and ground-based observations from the microwave spectrometers, lidars, Umkehr instruments and balloon-borne ozonesondes. In the stratosphere between 25 and 1 hPa the mean biases and standard deviations are mostly within 5% for monthly zonal mean ozone profiles. Above and below this layer the vertical resolution of the SBUV algorithm decreases. We combine several layers of data in the troposphere/lower stratosphere to account for the lower resolution. The bias in the SBUV tropospheric/lower stratospheric combined layer relative to similarly integrated columns from Aura MLS, ozonesonde and Umkehr instruments varies within 5 %. We also estimate the drift of the SBUV instruments and their potential effect on the long-term stability of the combined data record. Data from the SBUV instruments that collectively cover the 1980s and 2000s are very stable, with drifts mostly less than 0.5% per year. The features of individual SBUV(/2) instruments are discussed and recommendations for creating a merged SBUV data set are provided. C1 [Kramarova, N. A.; Frith, S. M.; Taylor, S. L.; Fisher, B. L.; Labow, G. J.; DeLand, M. T.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. [Bhartia, P. K.; McPeters, R. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kramarova, NA (reprint author), Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. EM natalya.a.kramarova@nasa.gov RI Kramarova, Natalya/D-2270-2014; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Kramarova, Natalya/0000-0002-6083-8548; McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 14 BP 6887 EP 6905 DI 10.5194/acp-13-6887-2013 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 191XL UT WOS:000322448300011 ER PT J AU Steffen, A Bottenheim, J Cole, A Douglas, TA Ebinghaus, R Friess, U Netcheva, S Nghiem, S Sihler, H Staebler, R AF Steffen, A. Bottenheim, J. Cole, A. Douglas, T. A. Ebinghaus, R. Friess, U. Netcheva, S. Nghiem, S. Sihler, H. Staebler, R. TI Atmospheric mercury over sea ice during the OASIS-2009 campaign SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOURCE-RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIPS; ARCTIC-OCEAN; SPRINGTIME DEPLETION; GASEOUS MERCURY; POLAR SUNRISE; NY-ALESUND; DERIVE INFORMATION; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; CRYSTAL-FORMATION; OZONE DEPLETION AB Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate mercury (PHg) were collected on the Beaufort Sea ice near Barrow, Alaska, in March 2009 as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack (OASIS) and OASIS-Canada International Polar Year programmes. These results represent the first atmospheric mercury speciation measurements collected on the sea ice. Concentrations of PHg averaged 393.5 pg m(-3) (range 47.1-900.1 pg m(-3)) and RGM concentrations averaged 30.1 pg m(-3) (range 3.5-105.4 pg m(-3)) during the two-week-long study. The mean concentration of GEM during the study was 0.59 ng m(-3) (range 0.01-1.51 ng m(-3)) and was depleted compared to annual Arctic ambient boundary layer concentrations. It is shown that when ozone (O-3) and bromine oxide (BrO) chemistry were active there is a positive linear relationship between GEM and O-3, a negative one between PHg and O-3, a positive correlation between RGM and BrO, and none between RGM and O-3. For the first time, GEM was measured simultaneously over the tundra and the sea ice. The results show a significant difference in the magnitude of the emission of GEM from the two locations, with significantly higher emission over the tundra. Elevated chloride levels in snow over sea ice are proposed to be the cause of lower GEM emissions over the sea ice because chloride has been shown to suppress photoreduction processes of RGM to GEM in snow. Since the snowpack on sea ice retains more mercury than inland snow, current models of the Arctic mercury cycle may greatly underestimate atmospheric deposition fluxes because they are based predominantly on land-based measurements. Land-based measurements of atmospheric mercury deposition may also underestimate the impacts of sea ice changes on the mercury cycle in the Arctic. The predicted changes in sea ice conditions and a more saline future snowpack in the Arctic could enhance retention of atmospherically deposited mercury and increase the amount of mercury entering the Arctic Ocean and coastal ecosystems. C1 [Steffen, A.; Bottenheim, J.; Cole, A.; Netcheva, S.; Staebler, R.] Environm Canada, Air Qual Proc Res Sect, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. [Steffen, A.; Ebinghaus, R.] Univ Luneburg, ISEC, D-21335 Luneburg, Germany. [Douglas, T. A.] US Army Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. [Ebinghaus, R.] Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Inst Coastal Res, Dept Environm Chem, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. [Friess, U.; Sihler, H.] Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. [Nghiem, S.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Steffen, A (reprint author), Environm Canada, Air Qual Proc Res Sect, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. EM alexandra.steffen@ec.gc.ca OI Cole, Amanda/0000-0002-5434-4998 FU Environment Canada; Canadian International Polar Year programme; US National Science Foundation; US National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cryospheric Sciences Program FX The authors would like to thank Environment Canada and the Canadian International Polar Year programme for funding this project. T. Douglas acknowledges instrumentation support from the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and financial support from the US National Science Foundation and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Logistical support in Barrow was provided by the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium. The authors thank Patrick Lee for field technical support and Julie Narayan for data analysis support. The research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cryospheric Sciences Program. NR 68 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 30 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 14 BP 7007 EP 7021 DI 10.5194/acp-13-7007-2013 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 191XL UT WOS:000322448300018 ER PT J AU Yoshida, Y Kikuchi, N Morino, I Uchino, O Oshchepkov, S Bril, A Saeki, T Schutgens, N Toon, GC Wunch, D Roehl, CM Wennberg, PO Griffith, DWT Deutscher, NM Warneke, T Notholt, J Robinson, J Sherlock, V Connor, B Rettinger, M Sussmann, R Ahonen, P Heikkinen, P Kyro, E Mendonca, J Strong, K Hase, F Dohe, S Yokota, T AF Yoshida, Y. Kikuchi, N. Morino, I. Uchino, O. Oshchepkov, S. Bril, A. Saeki, T. Schutgens, N. Toon, G. C. Wunch, D. Roehl, C. M. Wennberg, P. O. Griffith, D. W. T. Deutscher, N. M. Warneke, T. Notholt, J. Robinson, J. Sherlock, V. Connor, B. Rettinger, M. Sussmann, R. Ahonen, P. Heikkinen, P. Kyro, E. Mendonca, J. Strong, K. Hase, F. Dohe, S. Yokota, T. TI Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 and their validation using TCCON data SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GASES OBSERVING SATELLITE; GREENHOUSE GASES; CO2 RETRIEVAL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SPACE; AEROSOLS; FLUXES; SIMULATION; RESOLUTION; SUNLIGHT AB The column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane (XCO2 and XCH4) have been retrieved from Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) Short-Wavelength InfraRed (SWIR) observations and released as a SWIR L2 product from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). XCO2 and XCH4 retrieved using the version 01.xx retrieval algorithm showed large negative biases and standard deviations (-8.85 and 4.75 ppm for XCO2 and -20.4 and 18.9 ppb for XCH4, respectively) compared with data of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Multiple reasons for these error characteristics (e. g., solar irradiance database, handling of aerosol scattering) are identified and corrected in a revised version of the retrieval algorithm (version 02.xx). The improved retrieval algorithm shows much smaller biases and standard deviations (-1.48 and 2.09 ppm for XCO2 and -5.9 and 12.6 ppb for XCH4, respectively) than the version 01.xx. Also, the number of post-screened measurements is increased, especially at northern mid-and high-latitudinal areas. C1 [Yoshida, Y.; Kikuchi, N.; Morino, I.; Uchino, O.; Oshchepkov, S.; Bril, A.; Saeki, T.; Yokota, T.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. [Schutgens, N.] Univ Tokyo, Atmosphere & Ocean Res Inst, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778568, Japan. [Toon, G. C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wunch, D.; Roehl, C. M.; Wennberg, P. O.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Griffith, D. W. T.; Deutscher, N. M.] Univ Wollongong, Ctr Atmospher Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. [Deutscher, N. M.; Warneke, T.; Notholt, J.] Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. [Robinson, J.; Sherlock, V.] Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. [Connor, B.] BC Consulting, Alexandra, New Zealand. [Rettinger, M.; Sussmann, R.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, IMK IFU, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. [Ahonen, P.; Heikkinen, P.; Kyro, E.] Arctic Res, Finnish Meteorol Inst, Sodankyla, Finland. [Mendonca, J.; Strong, K.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. [Hase, F.; Dohe, S.] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, IMK ASF, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Yoshida, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan. EM yoshida.yukio@nies.go.jp RI Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Heikkinen, Pauli/G-3478-2014; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Morino, Isamu/K-1033-2014; Schutgens, Nick/B-2275-2013; Deutscher, Nicholas/E-3683-2015; Sussmann, Ralf/K-3999-2012; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016 OI Morino, Isamu/0000-0003-2720-1569; Schutgens, Nick/0000-0001-9805-6384; Deutscher, Nicholas/0000-0002-2906-2577; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X FU Ministry of the Environment, Japan [A-1102]; NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program [NNX11AG01G]; Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program; Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) Program; DOE/ARM Program FX The authors wish to thank Hiroshi Suto for providing useful comments on the non-linearity response of TANSO-FTS L1B and the non-linearity-corrected spectral data over ocean used in the sensitivity tests. The authors also wish to thank Ha Tran for kindly providing the line mixing and collision induced absorption code used in this study. Retrieval sensitivity tests were conducted on the GOSAT Research Computation Facility. The extended GPV dataset was provided to the GOSAT project by JMA. This research was supported in part by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (A-1102) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. US funding for TCCON comes from NASA's Terrestrial Ecology Program, grant number NNX11AG01G, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program, the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) Program and the DOE/ARM Program. Information about all TCCON sites and their sources of funding can be found on the TCCON website (https://tccon-wiki.caltech.edu/). NR 37 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 35 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 6 BP 1533 EP 1547 DI 10.5194/amt-6-1533-2013 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 193FX UT WOS:000322545400006 ER PT J AU Worden, HM Edwards, DP Deeter, MN Fu, D Kulawik, SS Worden, JR Arellano, A AF Worden, H. M. Edwards, D. P. Deeter, M. N. Fu, D. Kulawik, S. S. Worden, J. R. Arellano, A. TI Averaging kernel prediction from atmospheric and surface state parameters based on multiple regression for nadir-viewing satellite measurements of carbon monoxide and ozone SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID INSTRUMENT; MISSION; OBJECTIVES; RETRIEVAL; POLLUTION; PROFILES; TES AB A current obstacle to the observation system simulation experiments (OSSEs) used to quantify the potential performance of future atmospheric composition remote sensing systems is a computationally efficient method to define the scene-dependent vertical sensitivity of measurements as expressed by the retrieval averaging kernels (AKs). We present a method for the efficient prediction of AKs for multispectral retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O-3) based on actual retrievals from MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) on the Earth Observing System (EOS)-Terra satellite and TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) on EOS-Aura, respectively. This employs a multiple regression approach for deriving scene-dependent AKs using predictors based on state parameters such as the thermal contrast between the surface and lower atmospheric layers, trace gas volume mixing ratios (VMRs), solar zenith angle, water vapor amount, etc. We first compute the singular value decomposition (SVD) for individual cloud-free AKs and retain the first three ranked singular vectors in order to fit the most significant orthogonal components of the AK in the subsequent multiple regression on a training set of retrieval cases. The resulting fit coefficients are applied to the predictors from a different test set of test retrievals cased to reconstruct predicted AKs, which can then be evaluated against the true retrieval AKs from the test set. By comparing the VMR profile adjustment resulting from the use of the predicted vs. true AKs, we quantify the CO and O-3 VMR profile errors associated with the use of the predicted AKs compared to the true AKs that might be obtained from a computationally expensive full retrieval calculation as part of an OSSE. Similarly, we estimate the errors in CO and O-3 VMRs from using a single regional average AK to represent all retrievals, which has been a common approximation in chemical OSSEs performed to date. For both CO and O-3 in the lower troposphere, we find a significant reduction in error when using the predicted AKs as compared to a single average AK. This study examined data from the continental United States (CONUS) for 2006, but the approach could be applied to other regions and times. C1 [Worden, H. M.; Edwards, D. P.; Deeter, M. N.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Fu, D.; Kulawik, S. S.; Worden, J. R.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Arellano, A.] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Worden, HM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM hmw@ucar.edu RI Deeter, Merritt/O-6078-2016 OI Deeter, Merritt/0000-0002-3555-0518 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Division [NNX09AH03G, NNX11AG63G, NNX11AI10G]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Program; National Science Foundation FX The authors wish to acknowledge support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Division under grants NNX09AH03G, NNX11AG63G and NNX11AI10G. The MOPITT, TES and OMI projects are supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Program. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 20 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 7 BP 1633 EP 1646 DI 10.5194/amt-6-1633-2013 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 193GK UT WOS:000322546800005 ER PT J AU Munchak, LA Levy, RC Mattoo, S Remer, LA Holben, BN Schafer, JS Hostetler, CA Ferrare, RA AF Munchak, L. A. Levy, R. C. Mattoo, S. Remer, L. A. Holben, B. N. Schafer, J. S. Hostetler, C. A. Ferrare, R. A. TI MODIS 3 km aerosol product: applications over land in an urban/suburban region SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; AIR-QUALITY; OPTICAL DEPTH; VALIDATION; URBAN; RETRIEVAL; AERONET; SYSTEM AB MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites have provided a rich dataset of aerosol information at a 10 km spatial scale. Although originally intended for climate applications, the air quality community quickly became interested in using the MODIS aerosol data. However, 10 km resolution is not sufficient to resolve local scale aerosol features. With this in mind, MODIS Collection 6 includes a global aerosol product with a 3 km resolution. Here, we evaluate the 3 km product over the Baltimore-Washington D.C., USA, corridor during the summer of 2011 by comparing with spatially dense aerosol data measured by airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and a network of 44 sun photometers (SP) spaced approximately 10 km apart, collected as part of the DISCOVER-AQ field campaign. The HSRL instrument shows that AOD can vary by over 0.2 within a single 10 km MODIS pixel, meaning that higher resolution satellite retrievals may help to better characterize aerosol spatial distributions in this region. Different techniques for validating a high-resolution aerosol product against SP measurements are considered. Although the 10 km product is more statistically reliable than the 3 km product, the 3 km product still performs acceptably with nearly two-thirds of MODIS/SP collocations falling within an expected error envelope with high correlation (R > 0.90), although with a high bias of similar to 0.06. The 3 km product can better resolve aerosol gradients and retrieve closer to clouds and shorelines than the 10 km product, but tends to show more noise, especially in urban areas. This urban degradation is quantified using ancillary land cover data. Overall, we show that the MODIS 3 km product adds new information to the existing set of satellite derived aerosol products and validates well over the region, but due to noise and problems in urban areas, should be treated with some degree of caution. C1 [Munchak, L. A.; Levy, R. C.; Mattoo, S.; Holben, B. N.; Schafer, J. S.] NASA, Div Earth Sci, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Munchak, L. A.; Mattoo, S.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20709 USA. [Remer, L. A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Hostetler, C. A.; Ferrare, R. A.] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Munchak, LA (reprint author), NASA, Div Earth Sci, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM leigh.a.munchak@nasa.gov RI Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013 OI Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303 FU NASA DISCOVER-AQ program FX The authors thank Bill Ridgway and the MODAPS team for facilitating iterative testing needs. We also thank the University of Wisconsin PEATE team for the production of the Terra L1B data used in previous iterations of this study. We recognize the entire AERONET team for their efforts to deploy and maintain 44 functioning AERONET stations. HSRL operations were funded by the NASA DISCOVER-AQ program. The authors also thank the NASA Langley King Air flight crew for their outstanding work supporting these flights. NR 38 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 5 U2 32 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 7 BP 1747 EP 1759 DI 10.5194/amt-6-1747-2013 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 193GK UT WOS:000322546800012 ER PT J AU Remer, LA Mattoo, S Levy, RC Munchak, LA AF Remer, L. A. Mattoo, S. Levy, R. C. Munchak, L. A. TI MODIS 3 km aerosol product: algorithm and global perspective SO ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; OPTICAL DEPTH; AIR-QUALITY; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; VALIDATION; DUST; LAND; POLLUTION; CLOUDS AB After more than a decade of producing a nominal 10 km aerosol product based on the dark target method, the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol team will be releasing a nominal 3 km product as part of their Collection 6 release. The new product differs from the original 10 km product only in the manner in which reflectance pixels are ingested, organized and selected by the aerosol algorithm. Overall, the 3 km product closely mirrors the 10 km product. However, the finer resolution product is able to retrieve over the ocean closer to islands and coastlines, and is better able to resolve fine aerosol features such as smoke plumes over both ocean and land. In some situations, it provides retrievals over entire regions that the 10 km product barely samples. In situations traditionally difficult for the dark target algorithm such as over bright or urban surfaces, the 3 km product introduces isolated spikes of artificially high aerosol optical depth (AOD) that the 10 km algorithm avoids. Over land, globally, the 3 km product appears to be 0.01 to 0.02 higher than the 10 km product, while over ocean, the 3 km algorithm is retrieving a proportionally greater number of very low aerosol loading situations. Based on collocations with ground-based observations for only six months, expected errors associated with the 3 km land product are determined to be greater than that of the 10 km product: +/- 0.05 +/- 0.20 AOD. Over ocean, the suggestion is for expected errors to be the same as the 10 km product: +/- 0.03 +/- 0.05 AOD, but slightly less accurate in the coastal zone. The advantage of the product is on the local scale, which will require continued evaluation not addressed here. Nevertheless, the new 3 km product is expected to provide important information complementary to existing satellite-derived products and become an important tool for the aerosol community. C1 [Remer, L. A.] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. [Mattoo, S.; Levy, R. C.; Munchak, L. A.] NASA, Climate & Radiat Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mattoo, S.; Munchak, L. A.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20709 USA. RP Remer, LA (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol JCET, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. EM laremer@hotmail.com RI Levy, Robert/M-7764-2013 OI Levy, Robert/0000-0002-8933-5303 NR 53 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 34 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1867-1381 EI 1867-8548 J9 ATMOS MEAS TECH JI Atmos. Meas. Tech. PY 2013 VL 6 IS 7 BP 1829 EP 1844 DI 10.5194/amt-6-1829-2013 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 193GK UT WOS:000322546800018 ER PT J AU Pavlick, R Drewry, DT Bohn, K Reu, B Kleidon, A AF Pavlick, R. Drewry, D. T. Bohn, K. Reu, B. Kleidon, A. TI The Jena Diversity-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (JeDi-DGVM): a diverse approach to representing terrestrial biogeography and biogeochemistry based on plant functional trade-offs SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; CARBON-CYCLE FEEDBACKS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TROPICAL FORESTS; ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL; BIOSPHERE MODEL; LEAF-AREA; LAND-USE; CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NITROGEN LIMITATION AB Terrestrial biosphere models typically abstract the immense diversity of vegetation forms and functioning into a relatively small set of predefined semi-empirical plant functional types (PFTs). There is growing evidence, however, from the field ecology community as well as from modelling studies that current PFT schemes may not adequately represent the observed variations in plant functional traits and their effect on ecosystem functioning. In this paper, we introduce the Jena Diversity-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (JeDi-DGVM) as a new approach to terrestrial biosphere modelling with a richer representation of functional diversity than traditional modelling approaches based on a small number of fixed PFTs. JeDi-DGVM simulates the performance of a large number of randomly generated plant growth strategies, each defined by a set of 15 trait parameters which characterize various aspects of plant functioning including carbon allocation, ecophysiology and phenology. Each trait parameter is involved in one or more functional trade-offs. These trade-offs ultimately determine whether a strategy is able to survive under the climatic conditions in a given model grid cell and its performance relative to the other strategies. The biogeochemical fluxes and land surface properties of the individual strategies are aggregated to the grid-cell scale using a mass-based weighting scheme. We evaluate the simulated global biogeochemical patterns against a variety of field and satellite-based observations following a protocol established by the Carbon-Land Model Intercomparison Project. The land surface fluxes and vegetation structural properties are reasonably well simulated by JeDi-DGVM, and compare favourably with other state-of-the-art global vegetation models. We also evaluate the simulated patterns of functional diversity and the sensitivity of the JeDi-DGVM modelling approach to the number of sampled strategies. Altogether, the results demonstrate the parsimonious and flexible nature of a functional trade-off approach to global vegetation modelling, i.e. it can provide more types of testable outputs than standard PFT-based approaches and with fewer inputs. The approach implemented here in JeDi-DGVM sets the foundation for future applications that will explore the impacts of explicitly resolving diverse plant communities, allowing for a more flexible temporal and spatial representation of the structure and function of the terrestrial biosphere. C1 [Pavlick, R.; Drewry, D. T.; Bohn, K.; Reu, B.; Kleidon, A.] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. [Pavlick, R.] Int Max Planck Res Sch Earth Syst Modelling, Hamburg, Germany. [Drewry, D. T.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Reu, B.] Univ Leipzig, Inst Biol, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany. RP Pavlick, R (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany. EM rpavlick@bgc-jena.mpg.de RI Kleidon, Axel/O-7843-2014 OI Kleidon, Axel/0000-0002-3798-0730 FU Max Planck Society through the Max Planck Research Group for Biospheric Theory and Modelling; National Science Foundation International Research Fellowship Program (IRFP) [OISE-0900556]; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This research was sponsored by the Max Planck Society through their support of the Max Planck Research Group for Biospheric Theory and Modelling. D. T. Drewry was supported by the National Science Foundation International Research Fellowship Program (IRFP), award OISE-0900556. D. T. Drewry acknowledges support of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We gratefully acknowledge Kerstin Sickel and Steffen Richter for their technical support with the JeDi-DGVM model code. We thank James T. Randerson, Forrest M. Hoffmann, and Cynthia D. Nevison for sharing the scripts and data for calculating and plotting the C-LAMP metrics. NR 198 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 89 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 6 BP 4137 EP 4177 DI 10.5194/bg-10-4137-2013 PG 41 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 173ZQ UT WOS:000321122700044 ER PT J AU Antoine, D Hooker, SB Belanger, S Matsuoka, A Babin, M AF Antoine, D. Hooker, S. B. Belanger, S. Matsuoka, A. Babin, M. TI Apparent optical properties of the Canadian Beaufort Sea - Part 1: Observational overview and water column relationships SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; CHLOROPHYLL-A CONCENTRATION; REMOTE-SENSING REFLECTANCE; OCEAN COLOR ALGORITHMS; ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENTS; CASE-1 WATERS; CHUKCHI SEAS; ARCTIC-OCEAN; DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AB A data set of radiometric measurements collected in the Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic) in August 2009 (Malina project) is analyzed in order to describe apparent optical properties (AOPs) in this sea, which has been subject to dramatic environmental changes for several decades. The two properties derived from the measurements are the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance, K-d, and the spectral remote sensing reflectance, R-rs. The former controls light propagation in the upper water column. The latter determines how light is backscattered out of the water and becomes eventually observable from a satellite ocean color sensor. The data set includes offshore clear waters of the Beaufort Basin as well as highly turbid waters of the Mackenzie River plumes. In the clear waters, we show K-d values that are much larger in the ultraviolet and blue parts of the spectrum than what could be anticipated considering the chlorophyll concentration. A larger contribution of absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is responsible for these high K-d values, as compared to other oligotrophic areas. In turbid waters, attenuation reaches extremely high values, driven by high loads of particulate materials and also by a large CDOM content. In these two extreme types of waters, current satellite chlorophyll algorithms fail. This questions the role of ocean color remote sensing in the Arctic when R-rs from only the blue and green bands are used. Therefore, other parts of the spectrum (e. g., the red) should be explored if one aims at quantifying interannual changes in chlorophyll in the Arctic from space. The very peculiar AOPs in the Beaufort Sea also advocate for developing specific light propagation models when attempting to predict light availability for photosynthesis at depth. C1 [Antoine, D.; Babin, M.] CNRS, LOV, UMR7093, Villefranche Sur Mer, France. [Antoine, D.; Babin, M.] Univ Paris 06, Villefranche Sur Mer, France. [Hooker, S. B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Ecol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Belanger, S.] Univ Quebec, Dept Biol Chim & Geog, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. [Belanger, S.] Univ Quebec, BOREAS, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. [Matsuoka, A.; Babin, M.] Univ Laval, CNRS, Unit Mixte Int Takuvik, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. RP Antoine, D (reprint author), Curtin Univ, Dept Imaging & Appl Phys, Remote Sensing & Satellite Res Grp, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. EM antoine@obs-vlfr.fr RI Antoine, David/C-3817-2013 OI Antoine, David/0000-0002-9082-2395 FU ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche); INSU-CNRS (Institut national des sciences de l'univers - Centre national de la recherche scientifique); CNES (Centre national d'etudes spatiales); ESA (European Space Agency) FX We are grateful to the captain and crew of the Canadian Icebreaker CCGS Amundsen. This study was conducted as part of the Malina Scientific Program funded by ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche), INSU-CNRS (Institut national des sciences de l'univers - Centre national de la recherche scientifique), CNES (Centre national d'etudes spatiales) and ESA (European Space Agency). We thank Josephine Ras for the HPLC pigment analyses and David Doxaran for providing the SPM data. NR 69 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 18 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 EI 1726-4189 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 7 BP 4493 EP 4509 DI 10.5194/bg-10-4493-2013 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 189BT UT WOS:000322242700007 ER PT J AU Hooker, SB Morrow, JH Matsuoka, A AF Hooker, S. B. Morrow, J. H. Matsuoka, A. TI Apparent optical properties of the Canadian Beaufort Sea - Part 2: The 1% and 1 cm perspective in deriving and validating AOP data products SO BIOGEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ABOVE-WATER RADIOMETRY; OCEAN COLOR; CALIBRATION; SEAWIFS AB A next-generation in-water profiler designed to measure the apparent optical properties (AOPs) of seawater was developed and validated across a wide dynamic range of in-water properties. The new free-falling instrument, the Compact-Optical Profiling System (C-OPS), was based on sensors built with a cluster of 19 state-of-the-art microradiometers spanning 320-780 nm and a novel kite-shaped backplane. The new backplane includes tunable ballast, a hydrobaric buoyancy chamber, plus pitch and roll adjustments, to provide unprecedented stability and vertical resolution in near-surface waters. A unique data set was collected as part of the development activity plus the first major field campaign that used the new instrument, the Malina expedition to the Beaufort Sea in the vicinity of the Mackenzie River outflow. The data were of sufficient resolution and quality to show that errors - more correctly, uncertainties - in the execution of data sampling protocols were measurable at the 1% and 1 cm level with C-OPS. A theoretical sensitivity analysis as a function of three water types established by the peak in the remote sensing reflectance spectrum, R-rs(lambda), revealed which water types and which parts of the spectrum were the most sensitive to data acquisition uncertainties. Shallow riverine waters were the most sensitive water type, and the ultraviolet and near-infrared spectral end members, which are critical to next-generation satellite missions, were the most sensitive parts of the spectrum. The sensitivity analysis also showed how the use of data products based on band ratios significantly mitigated the influence of data acquisition uncertainties. The unprecedented vertical resolution provided high-quality data products, which supported an alternative classification capability based on the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient, K-d(lambda). The K-d(320) and K-d(780) data showed how complex coastal systems can be distinguished two-dimensionally and how near-ice water masses are different from the neighboring open ocean. Finally, an algorithm for predicting the spectral absorption due to colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), denoted a(CDOM)(lambda), was developed using the K-d(320) /K-d(780) ratio, which was based on a linear relationship with respect to a(CDOM)(440). The robustness of the approach was established by expanding the use of the algorithm to include a geographically different coastal environment, the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight, with no significant change in accuracy (approximately 98% of the variance explained). Alternative spectral end members reminiscent of next-generation (340 and 710 nm) as well as legacy satellite missions (412 and 670 nm) were also used to accurately derive a(CDOM)(440) from K-d(lambda) ratios. C1 [Hooker, S. B.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Ecol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Morrow, J. H.] Biospher Inc, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. [Matsuoka, A.] Univ Laval, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada. RP Hooker, SB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Ecol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM stanford.b.hooker@nasa.gov NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 12 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1726-4170 J9 BIOGEOSCIENCES JI Biogeosciences PY 2013 VL 10 IS 7 BP 4511 EP 4527 DI 10.5194/bg-10-4511-2013 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 189BT UT WOS:000322242700008 ER PT J AU Franks, S Masek, JG Turner, MG AF Franks, Shannon Masek, Jeffrey G. Turner, Monica G. TI Monitoring forest regrowth following large scale fire using satellite data -A case study of Yellowstone National Park, USA- SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Yellowstone national park; regression; fire; ecology; Landsat; burn severity ID POSTFIRE LODGEPOLE PINE; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SUB-ALPINE FORESTS; VEGETATION INDEXES; BURN SEVERITY; COVER CHANGE; LEAF-AREA; LANDSCAPE; PATTERNS; HETEROGENEITY AB Monitoring forest regrowth following major fires is important for understanding controls on forest regeneration and succession and detecting change in postfire plant communities. In this study we examined the extent to which forest regrowth following the 1988 Yellowstone National Park fires can be characterized by optical remote sensing data, and the spatial patterns associated with regrowth. Using a near-annual time series of Landsat satellite imagery, several satellite-based metrics were compared with field-based data of burn extent and post-fire stand structure and function. While there was little correlation between lodgepole pine density and our satellite metrics, single year regressions produced results over 80% and trend analysis of multiyear sites were able to explain 60 to 70% of the variability found between the ground collected data and the satellite metrics. C1 [Franks, Shannon] SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Masek, Jeffrey G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Turner, Monica G.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Franks, S (reprint author), SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM shannon.franks@nasa.gov FU NASA FX This work was supported by NASA Land Cover/Land-Use Change and Terrestrial Ecology Programs. Special thanks to Brian Harvey for recreating the Landsat Burn Severity Map (Fig. 5) from data collected for the 1994 study conducted by Turner et al. The authors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful and constructive comments. NR 56 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 5 U2 35 PU ASSOC ITALIANA TELERILEVAMENTO PI FIRENZE PA UNIV DEGLI STUDI FIRENZE, DIPT SCI TERRA, VIA JACOPO NARDI, FIRENZE, 50132, ITALY SN 2279-7254 J9 EUR J REMOTE SENS JI Eur. J. Remote Sens. PY 2013 VL 46 BP 551 EP 569 DI 10.5721/EuJRS20134632 PG 19 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 190SY UT WOS:000322361700009 ER PT J AU Bongard, JC Hornby, GS AF Bongard, Josh C. Hornby, Gregory S. BE Blum, C TI Combining Fitness-based Search and User Modeling in Evolutionary Robotics SO GECCO'13: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2013 GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) CY JUL 06-10, 2013 CL Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS SP Assoc Comp Machinery, Special Interest Grp Genet & Evolutionary Computat (ACM SIGEVO) DE Evolutionary Robotics; Interactive Evolutionary Algorithms; Evolutionary Algorithms ID OPTIMIZATION; SYSTEMS AB Methodologies are emerging in many branches of computer science that demonstrate how human users and automated algorithms can collaborate on a problem such that their combined solutions outperform those produced by either humans or algorithms alone. The problem of behavior optimization in robotics seems particularly well-suited for this approach because humans have intuitions about how animals-and thus robots-should and should not behave, and can visually detect non-optimal behaviors that are trapped in local optima. Here we introduce a multiobjective approach in which a surrogate user (which stands in for a human user) deflects search away from local optima and a traditional fitness function eventually leads search toward the global optimum. We show that this approach produces superior solutions for a deceptive robotics problem compared to a similar search method that is guided by just a surrogate user or just a fitness function. C1 [Bongard, Josh C.] Univ Vermont, Dept Comp Sci, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. [Hornby, Gregory S.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Hornby, Gregory S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bongard, JC (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Comp Sci, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. EM josh.bongard@uvm.edu; gregory.s.hornby@nasa.gov FU National High- Technology Research and Development Program [2013AA01A212]; National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars [61125205]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [61070004, 61202130]; NSFC [U1201258, U1135005] FX This work was partially supported by the National High- Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China under Grand No. 2013AA01A212, by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars under Grant 61125205, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61070004 and 61202130, by the NSFC Joint Fund with Guangdong under Key Project U1201258 and U1135005 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-4503-1963-8 PY 2013 BP 159 EP 166 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BFZ66 UT WOS:000321981300021 ER PT J AU Iscen, A Agogino, A SunSpiral, V Tumer, K AF Iscen, Atil Agogino, Adrian SunSpiral, Vytas Tumer, Kagan BE Blum, C TI Controlling Tensegrity Robots through Evolution SO GECCO'13: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2013 GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) CY JUL 06-10, 2013 CL Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS SP Assoc Comp Machinery, Special Interest Grp Genet & Evolutionary Computat (ACM SIGEVO) DE Evolution; Robotics; Tensegrity ID DYNAMIC-ANALYSIS; SYSTEMS; DESIGN AB Tensegrity structures (built from interconnected rods and cables) have the potential to off er a revolutionary new robotic design that is light-weight, energy-efficient, robust to failures, capable of unique modes of locomotion, impact tolerant, and compliant (reducing damage between the robot and its environment). Unfortunately robots built from tensegrity structures are difficult to control with traditional methods due to their oscillatory nature, nonlinear coupling between components and overall complexity. Fortunately this formidable control challenge can be overcome through the use of evolutionary algorithms. In this paper we show that evolutionary algorithms can be used to efficiently control a ball shaped tensegrity robot. Experimental results performed with a variety of evolutionary algorithms in a detailed soft-body physics simulator show that a centralized evolutionary algorithm performs 400% better than a hand-coded solution, while the multiagent evolution performs 800% better. In addition, evolution is able to discover diverse control solutions (both crawling and rolling) that are robust against structural failures and can be adapted to a wide range of energy and actuation constraints. These successful controls will form the basis for building high-performance tensegrity robots in the near future. C1 [Iscen, Atil; Tumer, Kagan] Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Agogino, Adrian; SunSpiral, Vytas] NASA, UC Santa Cruz, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Iscen, A (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM iscena@onid.orst.edu; Adrian.K.Agogino@nasa.gov; vytas.sunspiral@nasa.gov; kagan.tumer@oregonstate.edu FU NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC); Idaho Space Grant Consortium FX This research was partially supported by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program. Tensebot constructed with support from Idaho Space Grant Consortium NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-4503-1963-8 PY 2013 BP 1293 EP 1300 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BFZ66 UT WOS:000321981300162 ER PT B AU Chattopadhyay, G Freni, A Llombart, N Neto, A AF Chattopadhyay, G. Freni, A. Llombart, N. Neto, A. BE Rao, S Shafai, L Sharma, S TI Reflector Antennas for Terahertz Imaging Applications SO HANDBOOK OF REFLECTOR ANTENNAS AND FEED SYSTEMS, VOL III: APPLICATIONS OF REFLECTORS SE Artech House Antennas and Propagation Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MILLIMETER; SYSTEM; SPECTROMETER; IMAGER; INSTRUMENT; SATELLITE; ASTRONOMY; RADAR; ARRAY C1 [Chattopadhyay, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Freni, A.] Univ Florence, I-50121 Florence, Italy. [Llombart, N.; Neto, A.] Delft Univ Technol, NL-2600 AA Delft, Netherlands. RP Chattopadhyay, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 56 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARTECH HOUSE PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA BN 978-1-60807-519-5 J9 ARTECH HSE ANTENN PR PY 2013 BP 145 EP 213 PG 69 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFN45 UT WOS:000320622800005 ER PT B AU Focardi, P Hodges, RE AF Focardi, Paolo Hodges, Richard E. BE Rao, S Shafai, L Sharma, S TI Reflector Antennas for Remote Sensing Applications SO HANDBOOK OF REFLECTOR ANTENNAS AND FEED SYSTEMS, VOL III: APPLICATIONS OF REFLECTORS SE Artech House Antennas and Propagation Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Focardi, Paolo; Hodges, Richard E.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Focardi, P (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARTECH HOUSE PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA BN 978-1-60807-519-5 J9 ARTECH HSE ANTENN PR PY 2013 BP 243 EP 277 PG 35 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFN45 UT WOS:000320622800007 ER PT B AU Bassi, SF Thomson, MW AF Bassi, Samir F. Thomson, Mark W. BE Rao, S Shafai, L Sharma, S TI Deployable Reflectors SO HANDBOOK OF REFLECTOR ANTENNAS AND FEED SYSTEMS, VOL III: APPLICATIONS OF REFLECTORS SE Artech House Antennas and Propagation Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Bassi, Samir F.] Northrop Grumman Aerosp Syst, Redondo Beach, CA USA. [Thomson, Mark W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARTECH HOUSE PI NORWOOD PA 685 CANTON ST, NORWOOD, MA 02062 USA BN 978-1-60807-519-5 J9 ARTECH HSE ANTENN PR PY 2013 BP 341 EP 383 PG 43 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFN45 UT WOS:000320622800009 ER PT J AU Sproles, EA Nolin, AW Rittger, K Painter, TH AF Sproles, E. A. Nolin, A. W. Rittger, K. Painter, T. H. TI Climate change impacts on maritime mountain snowpack in the Oregon Cascades SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA; SNOWMELT RUNOFF; UNITED-STATES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WATER-RESOURCES; ENERGY-BALANCE; MODEL; COVER; HYDROLOGY; SYSTEM AB This study investigates the effect of projected temperature increases on maritime mountain snowpack in the McKenzie River Basin (MRB; 3041 km(2)) in the Cascades Mountains of Oregon, USA. We simulated the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the MRB for the period of 1989-2009 with SnowModel, a spatially-distributed, process-based model (Liston and Elder, 2006b). Simulations were evaluated using point-based measurements of SWE, precipitation, and temperature that showed Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficients of 0.83, 0.97, and 0.80, respectively. Spatial accuracy was shown to be 82% using snow cover extent from the Landsat Thematic Mapper. The validated model then evaluated the inter-and intra-year sensitivity of basin wide snowpack to projected temperature increases (2 degrees C) and variability in precipitation (+/- 10 %). Results show that a 2 degrees C increase in temperature would shift the average date of peak snowpack 12 days earlier and decrease basin-wide volumetric snow water storage by 56 %. Snowpack between the elevations of 1000 and 2000m is the most sensitive to increases in temperature. Upper elevations were also affected, but to a lesser degree. Temperature increases are the primary driver of diminished snowpack accumulation, however variability in precipitation produce discernible changes in the timing and volumetric storage of snowpack. The results of this study are regionally relevant as melt water from the MRB's snowpack provides critical water supply for agriculture, ecosystems, and municipalities throughout the region especially in summer when water demand is high. While this research focused on one watershed, it serves as a case study examining the effects of climate change on maritime snow, which comprises 10% of the Earth's seasonal snow cover. C1 [Sproles, E. A.; Nolin, A. W.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Rittger, K.; Painter, T. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sproles, EA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. EM eric.sproles@gmail.com RI Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016; OI Sproles, Eric/0000-0003-1245-1653 FU National Science Foundation [0903118]; Institute for Water and Watersheds at Oregon State University FX This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant #0903118 and through initial funding provided by the Institute for Water and Watersheds at Oregon State University. The authors would like to thank Jeff McDonnell, Christina Tague, John Bolte, Bettina Schaefli (editor), and the reviewers for their contributions that helped improve the quality of this manuscript. NR 67 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 39 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2013 VL 17 IS 7 BP 2581 EP 2597 DI 10.5194/hess-17-2581-2013 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 190XE UT WOS:000322376000015 ER PT J AU Paiva, RCD Collischonn, W Bonnet, MP de Goncalves, LGG Calmant, S Getirana, A da Silva, JS AF Paiva, R. C. D. Collischonn, W. Bonnet, M. -P. de Goncalves, L. G. G. Calmant, S. Getirana, A. Santos da Silva, J. TI Assimilating in situ and radar altimetry data into a large-scale hydrologic-hydrodynamic model for streamflow forecast in the Amazon SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER; RIVER-BASIN; SOUTH-AMERICA; WATER LEVELS; STATES; CLIMATE; SYSTEM; VALIDATION; DISCHARGES; INUNDATION AB In this work, we introduce and evaluate a data assimilation framework for gauged and radar altimetry-based discharge and water levels applied to a large scale hydrologic-hydrodynamic model for stream flow forecasts over the Amazon River basin. We used the process-based hydrological model called MGB-IPH coupled with a river hydrodynamic module using a storage model for floodplains. The Ensemble Kalman Filter technique was used to assimilate information from hundreds of gauging and altimetry stations based on ENVISAT satellite data. Model state variables errors were generated by corrupting precipitation forcing, considering log-normally distributed, time and spatially correlated errors. The EnKF performed well when assimilating in situ discharge, by improving model estimates at the assimilation sites (change in root-mean-squared error Delta rms = -49 %) and also transferring information to ungauged rivers reaches (Delta rms = -16 %). Altimetry data assimilation improves results, in terms of water levels (Delta rms = -44 %) and discharges (Delta rms = -15 %) to a minor degree, mostly close to altimetry sites and at a daily basis, even though radar altimetry data has a low temporal resolution. Sensitivity tests highlighted the importance of the magnitude of the precipitation errors and that of their spatial correlation, while temporal correlation showed to be dispensable. The deterioration of model performance at some unmonitored reaches indicates the need for proper characterisation of model errors and spatial localisation techniques for hydrological applications. Finally, we evaluated stream flow forecasts for the Amazon basin based on initial conditions produced by the data assimilation scheme and using the ensemble stream flow prediction approach where the model is forced by past meteorological forcings. The resulting forecasts agreed well with the observations and maintained meaningful skill at large rivers even for long lead times, e.g. > 90 days at the Solimoes/Amazon main stem. Results encourage the potential of hydrological forecasts at large rivers and/or poorly monitored regions by combining models and remote-sensing information. C1 [Paiva, R. C. D.; Collischonn, W.] Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, IPH, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. [Paiva, R. C. D.; Bonnet, M. -P.] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS IRD UPS OMP, UMR5563, GET, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [de Goncalves, L. G. G.] INPE, CPTEC, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil. [Calmant, S.] Univ Toulouse 3, UMR CNES CNRS IRD UPS 5566, OMP, LEGOS, F-31062 Toulouse, France. [Getirana, A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Paiva, RCD (reprint author), Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, IPH, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. EM rodrigocdpaiva@gmail.com RI SILVA, Joecila/B-1478-2014; Getirana, Augusto/A-6146-2010; Getirana, Augusto/G-4630-2011; Bonnet, Marie-Paule/J-6888-2016; CEPID, CRID/J-2644-2015; OI Bonnet, Marie-Paule/0000-0002-3950-4041; Paiva, Rodrigo/0000-0003-2918-6681; Collischonn, Walter/0000-0002-7630-396X FU FINEP; ANA; CNPq-IRD FX The authors are grateful for: the financial and operational support from the Brazilian agencies FINEP and ANA ("Projeto de Integracao e Cooperacao Amazonica para a Modernizacao do Monitoramento Hidrologico" ICA-MMH) and CNPq-IRD ("Assimilacao de Dados de monitoramento Espacial para a analise do regime hidrologico da Bacia Amazonica e a previsao de curto e medio prazos"); the ENVISAT satellite altimetry data supplied by ESA; the TRMM data supplied by NASA and associated agencies; the TRMM Merge data provided by CPTEC/INPE; the discharge and stage data provided by ANA, Hybam, SENHAMI-Peru and SENHAMI-Bolivia; the EnKF Fortran codes provided by Geir Evensen; the support from Fernando Fan in processing precipitation data; as well as for the constructive comments from Adalberto Meller and Jeffrey Neal, and also from Ross Woods (editor from HESS) and two anonymous reviewers. NR 75 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 29 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 EI 1607-7938 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2013 VL 17 IS 7 BP 2929 EP 2946 DI 10.5194/hess-17-2929-2013 PG 18 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 190XE UT WOS:000322376000037 ER PT J AU Veraverbeke, S Hook, SJ AF Veraverbeke, Sander Hook, Simon J. TI Evaluating spectral indices and spectral mixture analysis for assessing fire severity, combustion completeness and carbon emissions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE burn severity; burning efficiency; carbon cycle; normalised burn ratio (NBR); wildfire emission ID NORMALIZED BURN RATIO; DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; 2007 PELOPONNESE WILDFIRES; LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER; BLACK SPRUCE FORESTS; REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; ENDMEMBER VARIABILITY; INTERIOR ALASKA; BOREAL FORESTS; SATELLITE DATA AB We used a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image from the 2011 Wallow fire in Arizona, USA, in combination with field data to assess different methods for determining fire severity. These include the normalised burn ratio (NBR), the differenced NBR (dNBR), the relative dNBR (RdNBR) and the burned fraction (BF) estimated by spectral mixture analysis (SMA). The Geo Composite Burn Index (GeoCBI) and vegetation mortality data were used as ground truth. Of all the remotely sensed measures evaluated the dNBR had the best performance (GeoCBI-dNBR R-2 = 0.84), which supports the operational use of the dNBR for post-fire management. Of the other remotely sensed measures, the SMA-derived BF also had moderately high correlations with the GeoCBI (R-2 = 0.66). Both approaches demonstrated their usefulness for refining modelled CC values, however, the SMA approach has the advantage of providing transferable quantitative estimates without the need for calibration with field data. The carbon emission estimates that included fire severity were more than 50% lower than the estimate derived from modelling alone. These results suggest that for certain fire types, especially mixed-severity fires, current emission estimates are significantly overestimated, which will affect global carbon emission estimates from wildfires. C1 [Veraverbeke, Sander; Hook, Simon J.] CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Veraverbeke, S (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sander.s.veraverbeke@jpl.nasa.gov RI Veraverbeke, Sander/H-2301-2012 OI Veraverbeke, Sander/0000-0003-1362-5125 FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA FX We thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions to improve the manuscript. The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The work was funded by a NASA grant for Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science awarded to Dr Yufang Jin. Work performed in this study was conducted on official time so any research or applications arising from this remain under copyright of California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship is acknowledged. NR 84 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 15 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2013 VL 22 IS 5 BP 707 EP 720 DI 10.1071/WF12168 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 189DL UT WOS:000322247200012 ER PT J AU Liston, DB Stone, LS AF Liston, Dorion B. Stone, Leland S. TI Saccadic brightness decisions do not use a difference model SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE response time; decision model; choice behavior ID CHOICE RESPONSE-TIME; NEURAL COMPUTATIONS; SUPERIOR COLLICULUS; DIVIDED ATTENTION; EYE-MOVEMENTS; DISCRIMINATION; STIMULUS; PERFORMANCE; ACTIVATION; EFFICIENCY AB Eye movements are the most frequent (similar to 3 per second), shortest-latency (similar to 150-250 ms), and biomechanically simplest (1 joint, no inertial complexities) voluntary motor behavior in primates, providing a model sensorimotor decision-making system. Current computational "difference'' models of choice behavior utilize a single decision variable encoding the difference between two alternate signals, often implemented as a log-likelihood ratio. Alternatively, the oculomotor literature describes a "race'' mechanism, in which two separate decision variables encoding the two alternate signals race against one another independently. These two models make two qualitatively distinct predictions, which can be tested empirically with a two-alternative forced-choice task. Unlike the race model, a decision variable based upon a differencing operation predicts strong mirror image correlations between response time (RT) and the signal strengths of the selected and unselected stimuli (because differencing creates equal and opposite correlations). In a saccadic brightness discrimination task, we observed positive correlations between response rate (1/RT) and the strength of both the selected and unselected stimulus, a simple qualitative prediction of race models that applies to any 2AFC task but which is fundamentally at odds with the most basic prediction of any difference model. Our data are, however, qualitatively consistent with a mechanism in which two competing motor plans co-exist and their two corresponding neural decision variables race to a threshold to drive the saccadic decision. C1 [Liston, Dorion B.; Stone, Leland S.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Liston, Dorion B.] San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Liston, DB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM dorion.b.liston@nasa.gov FU National Science Foundation [0924841]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (National Space Biomedical Research Institute) [SA2002] FX This paper was supported by National Science Foundation (Perception, Action, and Cognition Program grant 0924841 to DL) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (National Space Biomedical Research Institute grant SA2002 to LS). We thank Al Ahumada, Brent Beutter, Casimir Ludwig, Lily Wong, and our reviewers for helpful comments on this manuscript. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2013 VL 13 IS 8 AR 1 DI 10.1167/13.8.1 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 193OF UT WOS:000322568500001 ER PT J AU Woike, M Abdul-Aziz, A Oza, N Matthews, B AF Woike, Mark Abdul-Aziz, Ali Oza, Nikunj Matthews, Bryan TI New Sensors and Techniques for the Structural Health Monitoring of Propulsion Systems SO SCIENTIFIC WORLD JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The ability to monitor the structural health of the rotating components, especially in the hot sections of turbine engines, is of major interest to aero community in improving engine safety and reliability. The use of instrumentation for these applications remains very challenging. It requires sensors and techniques that are highly accurate, are able to operate in a high temperature environment, and can detect minute changes and hidden flaws before catastrophic events occur. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), through the Aviation Safety Program (AVSP), has taken a lead role in the development of new sensor technologies and techniques for the in situ structural health monitoring of gas turbine engines. This paper presents a summary of key results and findings obtained from three different structural health monitoring approaches that have been investigated. This includes evaluating the performance of a novel microwave blade tip clearance sensor; a vibration based crack detection technique using an externally mounted capacitive blade tip clearance sensor; and lastly the results of using data driven anomaly detection algorithms for detecting cracks in a rotating disk. C1 [Woike, Mark; Abdul-Aziz, Ali] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Oza, Nikunj; Matthews, Bryan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Woike, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM mark.r.woike@nasa.gov OI Oza, Nikunj/0000-0002-5987-1033; Abdul-Aziz, Ali/0000-0003-4506-940X NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 13 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1537-744X J9 SCI WORLD J JI Sci. World J. PY 2013 AR 596506 DI 10.1155/2013/596506 PG 10 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 189EC UT WOS:000322249000001 ER PT S AU Vilnrotter, VA AF Vilnrotter, Victor A. BE Bainum, PM Misra, AK Morita, Y Jia, W TI DETECTION PERFORMANCE OF UPGRADED "POLISHED PANEL" OPTICAL RECEIVER CONCEPT ON THE DEEP-SPACE NETWORK'S 34 METER RESEARCH ANTENNA SO SPACE FOR OUR FUTURE SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Space Conference of Pacific-basin Societies (ISCOPS) CY MAY 15-18, 2012 CL Kyoto Int Commun House, Kyoto, JAPAN SP Japan Rocket Soc, Amer Astronaut Soc (AAS), Chinese Soc Astronaut HO Kyoto Int Commun House AB The development and demonstration of a "polished panel" optical receiver concept on the 34 meter research antenna of the Deep Space Network (DSN) has been the subject of recent papers [1,2]. This concept would enable simultaneous reception of optical and microwave signals by retaining the original shape of the main reflector for microwave reception, but with the aluminum panels polished to high reflectivity to enable focusing of optical signal energy as well. A test setup has been installed on the DSN's 34 meter research antenna at Deep Space Station 13 (DSS-13) of NASA's Goldstone Communications Complex in California, and preliminary experimental results have been obtained. This paper describes the results of our latest efforts to improve the point-spread function (PSF) generated by a custom polished panel, in an attempt to reduce the dimensions of the PSF, thus enabling more precise tracking and improved detection performance. The design of the new mechanical support structure and its operation are described, and the results quantified in terms of improvements in collected signal energy and optical communications performance, based on data obtained while tracking the planet Jupiter with the 34 meter research antenna at DSS-13. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vilnrotter, VA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Victor.A.Vilnrotter@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 978-0-87703-591-6 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2013 VL 146 BP 405 EP 414 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFX63 UT WOS:000321809000036 ER PT J AU Brall, A AF Brall, Aron GP IEEE TI Pre-proposal Assessment of Reliability for Spacecraft Docking with Limited Information SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Reliability Assessment; Spacecraft Reliability; Developmental Reliability AB This paper addresses the problem of estimating the reliability of a critical system function as well as its impact on the system reliability when limited information is available. The approach addresses the basic function reliability, and then the impact of multiple attempts to accomplish the function. The dependence of subsequent attempts on prior failure to accomplish the function is also addressed. The autonomous docking of two spacecraft was the specific example that generated the inquiry, and the resultant impact on total reliability generated substantial interest in presenting the results due to the relative insensitivity of overall performance to basic function reliability and moderate degradation given sufficient attempts to try and accomplish the required goal. The application of the methodology allows proper emphasis on the characteristics that can be estimated with some knowledge, and to insulate the integrity of the design from those characteristics that can't be properly estimated with any rational value of uncertainty. The nature of NASA's missions contains a great deal of uncertainty due to the pursuit of new science or operations. This approach can be applied to any function where multiple attempts at success, with or without degradation, are allowed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ARES Tech Serv, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Brall, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, ARES Tech Serv, Code 322,Bldg 6, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM aron.brall-1@nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 4 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500104 ER PT J AU Fernandez, R Havenhill, MT Zampino, EJ Kiefer, DE AF Fernandez, Rene Havenhill, Maria T. Zampino, Edward J. Kiefer, Dwayne E. GP IEEE TI International R&M/Safety Cooperation Lessons Learned Between NASA and JAXA SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Aerospace; Business Process Improvement; R&M Management; Space Telecommunications; System Safety; Lessons Learned; HTV; ISS AB Presented are a number of important experiences gained and lessons learned from the collaboration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on the CoNNeCT (Communications, Navigation, and Networking re-Configurable Testbed) project. Both space agencies worked on the CoNNeCT Project to design, assemble, test, integrate, and launch a communications testbed facility mounted onto the International Space Station (ISS) truss. At the 2012 RAMS, two papers about CoNNeCT were presented: one on Ground Support Equipment Reliability & System Safety, and the other one on combined application of System Safety & Reliability for the flight system. In addition to the logistics challenges present when two organizations are on the opposite side of the world, there is also a language barrier. The language barrier encompasses not only the different alphabet, it encompasses the social interactions; these were addressed by techniques presented in the paper. The differences in interpretation and application of Spaceflight Requirements will be discussed in this paper. Although many, but definitely not all, of JAXA's Spaceflight Requirements were inspired by NASA, there were significant and critically important differences in how they were interpreted and applied. This paper intends to summarize which practices worked and which did not for an international collaborative effort so that future missions may benefit from our experiences. The CoNNeCT flight system has been successfully assembled, integrated, tested, shipped, launched and installed on the ISS without incident. This demonstrates that the steps taken to facilitate international understanding, communication, and coordination were successful and warrant discussion as lessons learned. C1 [Fernandez, Rene; Havenhill, Maria T.; Zampino, Edward J.] NASA, Program & Project Assurance Div, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Fernandez, R (reprint author), NASA, Program & Project Assurance Div, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 5-4,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Rene.Fernandez-1@nasa.gov; MariaTheresa.A.Havenhill@nasa.gov; Edward.J.Zampino@nasa.gov; dwayne.e.kiefer@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500062 ER PT B AU Gee, K Lawrence, SL AF Gee, Ken Lawrence, Scott L. GP IEEE TI Launch Vehicle Debris Models and Crew Vehicle Ascent Abort Risk SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Risk Analysis and Management; System Safety AB In the event of a launch vehicle failure during ascent, a manned space launch system requires an ascent launch abort system that will be able to separate the crew module from the launch vehicle and return the crew safely to earth. One measure of the effectiveness and reliability of the launch abort system is its ability to reduce the risk of loss of crew from the failure environments, such as blast overpressure and debris strikes from an exploding launch vehicle, resulting from the launch vehicle failure scenario. Physics-based models are used to assess the evolution of, and risks presented by, the failure environments. In the case of debris strikes, the probability of the crew module being hit by at least one piece of debris is computed by modeling the evolution of the debris field over time and determining its relative position to the crew module. The characteristics of the debris field, including the number of pieces, the mass and reference area of each piece, the imparted velocity magnitude and direction and the ballistic coefficient, are defined by a debris catalog. A model has been created to generate a debris catalog using a combination of empirical-and physics-based models. The debris catalog model accounts for design features of the launch vehicle and the failure mechanisms involved in determining the number of pieces and imparted velocity. The model results are compared with a published catalog for the Space Shuttle external tank. The sensitivity of the risk prediction to the number of pieces and the imparted velocities are studied. The debris catalog generation model provides an additional tool in the risk assessment of ascent aborts for manned launch systems. C1 [Gee, Ken; Lawrence, Scott L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Syst Anal Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Gee, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Syst Anal Branch, MS 258-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Ken.Gee-1@nasa.gov; Scott.L.Lawrence@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 5 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500074 ER PT J AU Gillespie, AM Monaghan, MW AF Gillespie, Amanda M. Monaghan, Mark W. GP IEEE TI Allocating Reliability & Maintainability Goals to NASA Ground Systems SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Allocation; Ground Systems; Launch Availability; Maintainability; Reliability; Requirements AB A Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability (RMA) analysis team, supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program, developed an RMA allocation and analysis process utilizing standard Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) allocation techniques, along with system-based knowledge, to ensure the GSDO subsystems (SS) achieve the required launch availability goal. In this paper, we will present an effective way to allocate RMA requirements that are Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound (SMART) [1]. This methodology presented in this paper will address the need for aggressive, yet achievable (within budget and access constraints), requirements for highly available ground systems in support of launch operations for NASA, military (or Department of Defense [DoD]), and commercial customers. The methodology allows for use of historical data from previous programs, including the Space Shuttle Program (SSP), to make realistic, achievable, and improved allocations to GSDO subsystems during the design and upgrade phases of the program. The RMA allocation methodology presented in this paper allowed the Ground Systems to have SMART RMA requirements while balancing cost and accessibility constraints. Finally, this paper will describe the process used for reporting and tracking RMA requirements to management, so that they can make an informed decision regarding the use of funds to upgrade or re-design a subsystem that presents a risk to the GSDO goal of high launch availability. C1 [Gillespie, Amanda M.; Monaghan, Mark W.] NASA, SAIC, Ksc, FL USA. RP Gillespie, AM (reprint author), Mail Code SAIC LX O3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM amanda.gillespie-1@nasa.gov; mark.w.monaghan@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500068 ER PT B AU Go, S Mathias, DL Nejad, H AF Go, Susie Mathias, Donovan L. Nejad, Hamed GP IEEE TI Human Space Mission Architecture Risk Analysis SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE human spaceflight; risk modeling; dynamic simulation; Monte Carlo AB A human space flight mission is extremely dynamic in nature. A spacecraft faces multiple physical environments and is exposed to dramatically different hazards over the typical phases of a mission: from a minutes-long ascent phase, to a months-long orbital phase, and then an hours-long entry, descent and landing phase. The space transportation vehicle's configuration also changes as each of the stages of the launch vehicle's engines are ignited, burned, turned off, and jettisoned, with new stages and engines taking over the thrusting of the vehicle until the spacecraft is separated from the launch vehicle. Once in orbit, the spacecraft performs its orbital tasks and then returns to earth for safe landing of the astronauts. All the changes in the physical environments encountered during the mission and the response of the system to failures or changes in the configuration of the vehicle call for a modular, dynamic probabilistic risk model that integrates the modeling pieces and faithfully tracks the entire mission timeline in order to understand the risks to the crew across all mission phases. Using a flexible modeling framework that is capable of incorporating various levels of data fidelity, modeling inputs, and timescales allows for a risk analysis methodology that grows with the maturity of the system's design definition while capturing the risk drivers at the right levels throughout the mission. C1 [Go, Susie] NASA, Syst Anal Branch, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Go, S (reprint author), NASA, Syst Anal Branch, Ames Res Ctr, MS 258-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Susie.Go@nasa.gov; Donovan.L.Mathias@nasa.gov; Hamed.Nejad@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500112 ER PT B AU Manning, TA Nejad, H Mattenberger, C AF Manning, Ted A. Nejad, Hamed Mattenberger, Chris GP IEEE TI Near-Earth Phase Risk Comparison of Human Mars Campaign Architectures SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Human Mars Exploration; Monte Carlo Simulation; Probabilistic Risk Assessment; Space Systems Reliability AB A risk analysis of the launch, orbital assembly, and Earth-departure phases of human Mars exploration campaign architectures was completed as an extension of a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) originally carried out under the NASA Constellation Program Ares V Project [1]. The objective of the updated analysis was to study the sensitivity of loss-of-campaign risk to such architectural factors as composition of the propellant delivery portion of the launch vehicle fleet (Ares V heavy-lift launch vehicle vs. smaller/cheaper commercial launchers) and the degree of launcher or Mars-bound spacecraft element sparing. Both a static PRA analysis and a dynamic, event-based Monte Carlo simulation were developed and used to evaluate the probability of loss of campaign under different sparing options. Results showed that with no sparing, loss-of-campaign risk is strongly driven by launcher count and on-orbit loiter duration, favoring an all-Ares V launch approach. Further, the reliability of the all-Ares V architecture showed significant improvement with the addition of a single spare launcher/payload. Among architectures utilizing a mix of Ares V and commercial launchers, those that minimized the on-orbit loiter duration of Mars-bound elements were found to exceed the reliability of no spare all-Ares V campaign if unlimited commercial vehicle sparing was assumed. C1 [Manning, Ted A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94002 USA. RP Manning, TA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 258-2, Moffett Field, CA 94002 USA. EM Ted.A.Manning@nasa.gov; h.s.nejad@gmail.com; christopher.j.mattenberger@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 7 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500114 ER PT J AU Mattenberger, C Nejad, H AF Mattenberger, Chris Nejad, Hamed GP IEEE TI An Exploration of PRA Methodology used in Spacecraft Design SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE R&M Applications in Aerospace; Risk Analysis and Management; PRA; Risk Informed Design AB In order to achieve an optimal design of a complex space system that meets all constraints, the requirements placed upon the performance, mass, cost, and risk of the system must be considered, understood and traded against each other during the conceptual design of the system to avoid costly redesigns or project cancellation later in the development process [1]. A design process that follows this tenet of risk-informed design will need detailed insight into the relative risks facing the system, as well as quantitative estimates that can be produced through probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), in order to evaluate design decisions based upon the impact to all requirements on a co-equal basis [2]. In this study, four types of methodologies used to produce risk estimates for spacecraft and satellites are examined. These include two traditional PRA methodologies [3,4], an innovative approach [5], and a top-down approach [6], all of which are explored by using the propulsion subsystem of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) as a comparative basis for the methodologies considered [7]. Similarities, differences, benefits, and drawbacks of various bottom-up, component-based PRA approaches and the top-down approach are elucidated in terms of the process of modeling a system, the actionable information produced for the design team, and the overall quantitative risk evaluation of the system as compared to similar heritage space systems. Results of the various PRA methodologies are examined at the level of component failure rates, single-component failure probabilities, single-function failure probabilities where redundancy exists in the design, as well as the subsystem failure probability for the nominal LRO mission. Ultimately, all of the bottom-up, component-based PRA methods capture only the risk of a mature system and miss the risk contribution of design defects, which have been shown to be key drivers of reliability in single-use developmental systems [8,9]. Therefore, further steps must be taken to incorporate this contribution in future PRA methodologies. C1 [Mattenberger, Chris] NASA, Sci & Technol Corp, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94002 USA. RP Mattenberger, C (reprint author), NASA, Sci & Technol Corp, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 258-6, Moffett Field, CA 94002 USA. EM Christopher.J.Mattenberger@nasa.gov; hamed.nejad@nasa.gov RI Caposaldo, Marica/I-8659-2014 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500111 ER PT B AU Nejad, HS Mathias, DL AF Nejad, Hamed S. Mathias, Donovan L. GP IEEE TI Top-down vs. Bottom-up Risk Assessment: Consistent, Contradictory or Complimentary? SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Risk Assessment; Satellite; Probabilistic Risk Assessment ID RELIABILITY AB Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of newly designed space systems is an intricate task due to the uniqueness of each mission's objectives and architecture, and the corresponding lack of relevant data regarding the components and environments. Finding one good source of information is hard enough, but it is even more challenging when multiple, partially relevant sources of information are required or available for the task. Top-down approaches, which are based on analogous systems with well-documented performance records, are usually good at highlighting the challenges in a historical context but the results need to be adjusted when applied to a new design with no or little real flight history. On the other hand, while bottom-up approaches are good at capturing the risk of a system that is comprised of at least some components with demonstrated reliabilities and has a specific design, environment and operational concept, the method is heavily dependent on the analyst to define the failure modes and capture the failures caused by component interaction or by environment hazards such as micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD). This difficulty challenges the completeness of a bottom-up model and makes it difficult to produce bounding risk estimates. In this study, the consistencies and contradictions between the risk estimates of top-down and bottom-up approaches are explored by using both methods to estimate the failure probability of major subsystems of two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) exploration missions. The comparison between the sources of information used by each approach reveals biases, the risk impact of design decisions, and the amount of uncertainty that exists in each analysis. The output of the two approaches is then aggregated using the Bayesian inference method, which provides a platform for designers to improve their design by asking what-if questions regarding hypothetical test scenarios, redundancy decisions, or diverse backup plans. This paper contains a summary of the comparison, highlights the differences in results between approaches, and describes the inference model implementation and insights. C1 [Nejad, Hamed S.; Mathias, Donovan L.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Nejad, HS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 258-1,Room 124-8, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM h.s.nejad@gmail.com; donovan.mathias@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 7 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500110 ER PT J AU Safie, FM Ring, RW Cole, SK AF Safie, Fayssal M. Ring, Robert W. Cole, Stuart K. GP IEEE TI Reliability and Maintainability Analysis of a High Air Pressure Compressor Facility SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Compressor Station; Reliability; Availability; Maintainability; Cost Analysis AB This paper discusses a Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) independent assessment conducted to support the refurbishment of the Compressor Station at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). The paper discusses the methodologies used by the assessment team to derive the repair by replacement (RR) strategies to improve the reliability and availability of the Compressor Station (Ref. 1). This includes a RAPTOR simulation model that was used to generate the statistical data analysis needed to derive a 15-year investment plan to support the refurbishment of the facility. To summarize, study results clearly indicate that the air compressors are well past their design life. The major failures of Compressors indicate that significant latent failure causes are present. Given the occurrence of these high-cost failures following compressor overhauls, future major failures should be anticipated if compressors are not replaced. Given the results from the RR analysis, the study team recommended a compressor replacement strategy. Based on the data analysis, the RR strategy will lead to sustainable operations through significant improvements in reliability, availability, and the probability of meeting the air demand with acceptable investment cost that should translate, in the long run, into major cost savings. For example, the probability of meeting air demand improved from 79.7 percent for the Base Case to 97.3 percent. Expressed in terms of a reduction in the probability of failing to meet demand (1 in 5 days to 1 in 37 days), the improvement is about 700 percent. Similarly, compressor replacement improved the operational availability of the facility from 97.5 percent to 99.8 percent. Expressed in terms of a reduction in system unavailability (1 in 40 to 1 in 500), the improvement is better than 1000 percent (an order of magnitude improvement). It is worthy to note that the methodologies, tools, and techniques used in the LaRC study can be used to evaluate similar high value equipment components and facilities. Also, lessons learned in data collection and maintenance practices derived from the observations, findings, and recommendations of the study are extremely important in the evaluation and sustainment of new compressor facilities. C1 [Safie, Fayssal M.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, QD30, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Safie, FM (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, QD30, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM fayssal.safie@msfc.nasa.gov; Robert.W.Ring@msfc.nasa.gov; Stuart.Cole@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500042 ER PT B AU White, M MacNeal, K Cooper, M AF White, Mark MacNeal, Kristen Cooper, Mark GP IEEE TI Reliability Considerations of ULP Scaled CMOS in Spacecraft Systems SO 59TH ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM (RAMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 28-31, 2013 CL Orlando, FL SP IIE, IEST, AIAA, IEEE Reliabil Soc, SAE Int, Soc Reliabil Engineers (SRE), SSS, ASQ, Elect & Commun Div, ASQ, Reliabil Div DE Reliability; ultra-low power; scaled CMOS; spacecraft systems AB NASA, the aerospace community, and other high reliability (hi-rel) users of advanced microelectronic products face many challenges as technology continues to scale into the deep sub-micron region. Decreasing the feature size of CMOS devices not only allows more components to be placed on a single chip, but it increases performance by allowing faster switching (or clock) speeds with reduced power compared to larger scaled devices. Higher performance, and lower operating and stand-by power characteristics of Ultra-Low Power (ULP) microelectronics are not only desirable, but also necessary to meet low power consumption design goals of critical spacecraft systems. The integration of these components in such systems, however, must be balanced with the overall risk tolerance of the project. C1 [White, Mark; MacNeal, Kristen; Cooper, Mark] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP White, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Mark.white@jpl.nasa.gov; Kristen.M.Macneal@jpl.nasa.gov; Mark.S.Cooper@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4673-4711-2 PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BFW62 UT WOS:000321693500105 ER PT J AU Foster, JL Cohen, J Robinson, DA Estilow, TW AF Foster, J. L. Cohen, J. Robinson, D. A. Estilow, T. W. TI A look at the date of snowmelt and correlations with the Arctic Oscillation SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; VARIABILITY; COVER; SATELLITE; EXTENT; DISAPPEARANCE; ANOMALIES; IMPACTS; TUNDRA; ICE AB Spring snow cover across Arctic lands has, on average, retreated similar to 5 days earlier since the late 1980s compared to the previous similar to 20 years. However, it appears that since about the late 1980s the date the snowline first retreats north during the spring has changed only slightly: in the last 20 years snow has not been disappearing significantly earlier. Snowmelt changes observed since the late 1980s have been step-like, unlike the more continuous downward trend seen in Arctic sea-ice extent. At 70 degrees N, several longitudinal segments (of 10 degrees) show significant (negative) trends, while only two longitudinal segments at 60 degrees N show significant trends, one positive and one negative. These variations appear to be related to variations in the Arctic Oscillation (AO). When the springtime AO is strongly positive, snow melts earlier. When it is strongly negative, snow disappears later in the spring. The winter AO is less straightforward. At higher latitudes (70 degrees N), a positive AO during the winter months is correlated with later snowmelt, but at lower latitudes (50 degrees N and 60 degrees N) a positive wintertime AO is correlated with earlier snowmelt. If the AO during the winter months is negative, the reverse is true. Similar stepwise changes (since the late 1980s) have been noted in sea surface temperatures and in phytoplankton abundance as well as in snow cover. C1 [Foster, J. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Cohen, J.] Atmospher & Environm Res, Lexington, MA USA. [Robinson, D. A.; Estilow, T. W.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geog, Piscataway, NJ USA. RP Foster, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Sci, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM james.l.foster@nasa.gov FU US National Science Foundation [ARC-0909459, ARC-0909457, BCS-1060323]; NOAA [NA10OAR4310163] FX Judah Cohen is supported by US National Science Foundation grants ARC-0909459, ARC-0909457 and BCS-1060323, and NOAA grant NA10OAR4310163. Justin Jones and Jason Furtado assisted with some of the figures and computations for the manuscript. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 EI 1727-5644 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 54 IS 62 BP 196 EP 204 DI 10.3189/2013AoG62A090 PN 2 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 186LZ UT WOS:000322047100010 ER PT J AU Turrin, J Forster, RR Larsen, C Sauber, J AF Turrin, James Forster, Richard R. Larsen, Chris Sauber, Jeanne TI The propagation of a surge front on Bering Glacier, Alaska, 2001-2011 SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL SATELLITE IMAGERY; SEA-LEVEL; VELOCITIES; MECHANISM; USA AB Bering Glacier, Alaska, USA, has a similar to 20 year surge cycle, with its most recent surge reaching the terminus in 2011. To study this most recent activity a time series of ice velocity maps was produced by applying optical feature-tracking methods to Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery spanning 2001-11. The velocity maps show a yearly increase in ice surface velocity associated with the down-glacier movement of a surge front. In 2008/09 the maximum ice surface velocity was 1.5 +/- 0.017 km a(-1) in the mid-ablation zone, which decreased to 1.2 +/- 0.015 km a(-1) in 2009/10 in the lower ablation zone, and then increased to nearly 4.4 +/- 0.03 km a(-1) in summer 2011 when the surge front reached the glacier terminus. The surge front propagated down-glacier as a kinematic wave at an average rate of 4.4 +/- 2.0 km a(-1) between September 2002 and April 2009, then accelerated to 13.9 +/- 2.0 km a(-1) as it entered the piedmont lobe between April 2009 and September 2010. The wave seems to have initiated near the confluence of Bering Glacier and Bagley Ice Valley as early as 2001, and the surge was triggered in 2008 further down-glacier in the mid-ablation zone after the wave passed an ice reservoir area. C1 [Turrin, James; Forster, Richard R.] Univ Utah, Dept Geog, Salt Lake City, UT USA. [Larsen, Chris] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Sauber, Jeanne] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Turrin, J (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Geog, Salt Lake City, UT USA. EM jturrin@hotmail.com FU NASA [NNX08APZ76, NNX08AX88G] FX This project was funded by NASA grants NNX08APZ76 and NNX08AX88G. We thank Torborg Held of the University of Oslo for generously donating her orientation correlation MATLAB program which was used to produce some of the velocity maps in this study. We thank Ted Scambos of the US National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, for suggesting that we try feature tracking on winter images to avoid the problem of emergent sediment layers in the ablation zone seen in summer images. We also thank the reviewers, including Duncan Quincey, and the editorial staff of Annals of Glaciology whose comments helped to improve the manuscript. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 J9 ANN GLACIOL JI Ann. Glaciol. PY 2013 VL 54 IS 63 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.3189/2013AoG63A341 PN 2 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 186MA UT WOS:000322047200005 ER PT S AU Haghighipour, N AF Haghighipour, Nader BE Jeanloz, R TI The Formation and Dynamics of Super-Earth Planets SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, VOL 41 SE Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE planetary system: formation; planetary system: dynamics ID CARNEGIE EXOPLANET SURVEY; EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS; HOT-JUPITER SYSTEMS; GAS GIANT PLANETS; M-CIRCLE-PLUS; TURBULENT PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; HIGH-RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS; METAL-RICH ATMOSPHERE; MAIN ASTEROID BELT; MOVING SNOW LINE AB Super-Earths, objects slightly larger than Earth and slightly smaller than Uranus, have found a special place in exoplanetary science. As a new class of planetary bodies, these objects have challenged models of planet formation at both ends of the spectrum and have triggered a great deal of research on the composition and interior dynamics of rocky planets in connection to their masses and radii. Being relatively easier to detect than an Earth-sized planet at 1 AU around a G star, super-Earths have become the focus of worldwide observational campaigns to search for habitable planets. With a range of masses that allows these objects to retain moderate atmospheres and perhaps even plate tectonics, super-Earths may be habitable if they maintain long-term orbits in the habitable zones of their host stars. Given that in the past two years a few such potentially habitable super-Earths have in fact been discovered, it is necessary to develop a deep understanding of the formation and dynamical evolution of these objects. This article reviews the current state of research on the formation of super-Earths and discusses different models of their formation and dynamical evolution. C1 [Haghighipour, Nader] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [Haghighipour, Nader] Univ Hawaii Manoa, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Haghighipour, N (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM nader@ifa.hawaii.edu NR 206 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 17 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0897 USA SN 0084-6597 BN 978-0-8243-2041-6 J9 ANNU REV EARTH PL SC JI Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. PY 2013 VL 41 BP 469 EP 495 DI 10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105340 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BFX18 UT WOS:000321742600019 ER PT S AU Yu, AW Krainak, MA Harding, DJ Abshire, JB Sun, X Ramos-Izquierdo, L Cavanaugh, J Valett, S Winkert, T Plants, M Kirchner, C Kamamia, B Faulkner, R Dogoda, P Hasselbrack, W Filemyr, T AF Yu, A. W. Krainak, M. A. Harding, D. J. Abshire, J. B. Sun, X. Ramos-Izquierdo, L. Cavanaugh, J. Valett, S. Winkert, T. Plants, M. Kirchner, C. Kamamia, B. Faulkner, R. Dogoda, P. Hasselbrack, W. Filemyr, T. BE Clarkson, WA Shori, RK TI A 16-beam Non-Scanning Swath Mapping Laser Altimeter Instrument SO SOLID STATE LASERS XXII: TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Solid State Lasers XXII - Technology and Devices CY FEB 03-05, 2013 CL San Francisco, CA SP SPIE DE Altimetry; lidar; space laser; photon-counting lidar; micropulse lidar AB We have developed and successfully flown a 16-beam, non-scanning laser altimeter instrument with a swath width of 80 m and spatial resolution of 5 m. The Airborne Lidar Surface Topography Simulator (ALISTS) instrument was developed to demonstrate key technologies and a measurement approach achieving the efficiency required for the Lidar Surface Topography (LIST) mission. The approach employs a 10 kHz, near-infrared, microchip laser transmitter, beam splitting optics and waveform capture using a photon-sensitive, linear-mode detector array. In this paper we will present the instrument development effort and access the performance achieved during our two airborne campaigns. C1 [Yu, A. W.; Krainak, M. A.; Harding, D. J.; Abshire, J. B.; Sun, X.; Ramos-Izquierdo, L.; Cavanaugh, J.; Valett, S.; Winkert, T.; Plants, M.; Kirchner, C.; Kamamia, B.; Faulkner, R.; Dogoda, P.; Hasselbrack, W.; Filemyr, T.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yu, AW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013; Harding, David/F-5913-2012 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-9368-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2013 VL 8599 AR 85990P DI 10.1117/12.2005651 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BFY46 UT WOS:000321895100023 ER PT J AU Johnson, DR Perry, HM Lyczkowski-Shultz, J AF Johnson, Donald R. Perry, Harriet M. Lyczkowski-Shultz, Joanne TI Connections between Campeche Bank and Red Snapper Populations in the Gulf of Mexico via Modeled Larval Transport SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LUTJANUS-CAMPECHANUS; LOOP CURRENT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UNITED-STATES; FLORIDA; CIRCULATION; SIMULATION; DISPERSION; INTRUSION; HABITAT AB The potential for Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus on Campeche Bank to contribute to regional fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico through larval transport was studied using numerical circulation model data. A tracking algorithm was applied at an array of starting locations over Campeche Bank and simulated larval propagules launched every 3d during the spawning seasons of four model years within the period 2003-2010. Successful recruitment was defined as arrival in water depths less than 200m after 31 d of planktonic drift, regional recruitment being defined as a percentage of propagules launched. It was found that successful natal retention to Campeche Bank was high, varying between 67% and 73% of all launched propagules. However, successful recruitment to other regions around the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was sporadic and extremely low. Robustness of the methodology was examined in a set of experiments involving larval depth and subgrid scale diffusion. The results suggest that larvae from Campeche Bank can contribute to homogenization of the gene pool throughout the GOM but may be insufficient to restore depleted regional populations. Received February 7, 2012; accepted August 5, 2012 C1 [Johnson, Donald R.; Perry, Harriet M.] Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. [Lyczkowski-Shultz, Joanne] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Southeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mississippi Labs, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Johnson, DR (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Gulf Coast Res Lab, 703 East Beach Dr, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA. EM donald.r.johnson@usm.edu FU Marine Fisheries Initiative Program of the NMFS Southeastern Regional Office FX We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Marine Fisheries Initiative Program of the NMFS Southeastern Regional Office. We thank Eric Saillant and Bruce Comyns for their help with study development. We are also grateful to the HYCOM consortium team for making model data readily available (www.hycom.org). Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NR 45 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2013 VL 142 IS 1 BP 50 EP 58 DI 10.1080/00028487.2012.720630 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 189ZJ UT WOS:000322306500005 ER PT S AU Aghion, S Ferragut, R Moia, F Petkov, MP Jones, SM AF Aghion, S. Ferragut, R. Moia, F. Petkov, M. P. Jones, S. M. BE Alam, A Coleman, P Dugdale, S Roussenova, M TI Production and thermalization of positronium in homogeneous porous silica SO 16TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POSITRON ANNIHILATION (ICPA-16) SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Positron Annihilation (ICPA) CY AUG 19-24, 2012 CL Univ Bristol, H H Wills Phys Lab, Bristol, ENGLAND SP Ortech, Canberra, Univ Bristol HO Univ Bristol, H H Wills Phys Lab ID SIO2 POWDER; LIFETIME; SURFACES; AEROGELS; GEL AB Positronium yield using the "3 gamma method" and lifetime measurements were performed at cryogenic and room temperature by means of a variable energy positron beam in homogeneous porous silica (Aerogel). An estimation of the positronium (Ps) mean diffusion length was obtained by measuring capped samples. An efficient formation of cooled Ps atoms is a requisite for the production of antihydrogen, with the aim of a direct measurement of the Earth gravitational acceleration g of antimatter, which is the primary scientific goal of AEgIS (Antimatter Experiment: gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy; CERN, Geneva). Porous materials are necessary to obtain a high Ps yield as well as to thermalize Ps. Our results indicate a high Ps production, long survival time and diffusion length in Aerogel samples. It will be shown that positronium yield, lifetime and diffusion length are independent on temperature and on the effect of gas adsorption at low temperature. The results indicate that Aerogel is a good candidate for an efficient formation of cold Ps for the AEgIS experiment. C1 [Aghion, S.; Ferragut, R.; Moia, F.] Politecn Milan, LNESS, Via Anzani 42, I-22100 Como, Italy. [Aghion, S.; Ferragut, R.; Moia, F.] Istituto Nazionale Fis Nucl, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Petkov, M. P.; Jones, S. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aghion, S (reprint author), Politecn Milan, LNESS, Via Anzani 42, I-22100 Como, Italy. EM stefano.aghion@mail.polimi.it OI Ferragut, Rafael Omar/0000-0002-6079-1831 NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2013 VL 443 AR 012064 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/443/1/012064 PG 4 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA BFX12 UT WOS:000321739400064 ER PT J AU Tao, Z Santanello, JA Chin, M Zhou, S Tan, Q Kemp, EM Peters-Lidard, CD AF Tao, Z. Santanello, J. A. Chin, M. Zhou, S. Tan, Q. Kemp, E. M. Peters-Lidard, C. D. TI Effect of land cover on atmospheric processes and air quality over the continental United States - a NASA Unified WRF (NU-WRF) model study SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; INTERNAL VARIABILITY; SOIL-MOISTURE; SURFACE MODEL; IGBP DISCOVER; GOCART MODEL; WEST-AFRICA; EMISSIONS; CHEMISTRY AB The land surface plays a crucial role in regulating water and energy fluxes at the land-atmosphere (L-A) interface and controls many processes and feedbacks in the climate system. Land cover and vegetation type remains one key determinant of soil moisture content that impacts air temperature, planetary boundary layer (PBL) evolution, and precipitation through soil-moisture-evapotranspiration coupling. In turn, it will affect atmospheric chemistry and air quality. This paper presents the results of a modeling study of the effect of land cover on some key L-A processes with a focus on air quality. The newly developed NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecast (NU-WRF) modeling system couples NASA's Land Information System (LIS) with the community WRF model and allows users to explore the L-A processes and feedbacks. Three commonly used satellite-derived land cover datasets - i.e., from the US Geological Survey (USGS) and University of Maryland (UMD), which are based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) - bear large differences in agriculture, forest, grassland, and urban spatial distributions in the continental United States, and thus provide an excellent case to investigate how land cover change would impact atmospheric processes and air quality. The weeklong simulations demonstrate the noticeable differences in soil moisture/temperature, latent/sensible heat flux, PBL height, wind, NO2/ozone, and PM2.5 air quality. These discrepancies can be traced to associate with the land cover properties, e.g., stomatal resistance, albedo and emissivity, and roughness characteristics. It also implies that the rapid urban growth may have complex air quality implications with reductions in peak ozone but more frequent high ozone events. C1 [Tao, Z.; Tan, Q.] Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. [Tao, Z.; Santanello, J. A.; Chin, M.; Zhou, S.; Tan, Q.; Kemp, E. M.; Peters-Lidard, C. D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Zhou, S.] Northrop Grumman Informat Syst, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. [Kemp, E. M.] Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Tao, Z (reprint author), Univ Space Res Assoc, 10211 Wincopin Circle, Columbia, MD 21044 USA. EM zhining.tao@nasa.gov RI Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Santanello, Joseph/D-4438-2012; Peters-Lidard, Christa/E-1429-2012 OI Santanello, Joseph/0000-0002-0807-6590; Peters-Lidard, Christa/0000-0003-1255-2876 FU NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) program; NASA's Atmospheric Composition: Modeling and Analysis (ACMAP) program at the Goddard Space Flight Center of NASA FX The authors would like to thank the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) for supercomputing and mass storage support. This research was partially funded by the NASA's Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) program and by the NASA's Atmospheric Composition: Modeling and Analysis (ACMAP) program at the Goddard Space Flight Center of NASA. NR 58 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 38 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 13 BP 6207 EP 6226 DI 10.5194/acp-13-6207-2013 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182TL UT WOS:000321767200006 ER PT J AU Palmer, PI Parrington, M Lee, JD Lewis, AC Rickard, AR Bernath, PF Duck, TJ Waugh, DL Tarasick, DW Andrews, S Aruffo, E Bailey, LJ Barrett, E Bauguitte, SJB Curry, KR Di Carlo, P Chisholm, L Dan, L Forster, G Franklin, JE Gibson, MD Griffin, D Helmig, D Hopkins, JR Hopper, JT Jenkin, ME Kindred, D Kliever, J Le Breton, M Matthiesen, S Maurice, M Moller, S Moore, DP Oram, DE O'Shea, SJ Owen, RC Pagniello, CMLS Pawson, S Percival, CJ Pierce, JR Punjabi, S Purvis, RM Remedios, JJ Rotermund, KM Sakamoto, KM da Silva, AM Strawbridge, KB Strong, K Taylor, J Trigwell, R Tereszchuk, KA Walker, KA Weaver, D Whaley, C Young, JC AF Palmer, P. I. Parrington, M. Lee, J. D. Lewis, A. C. Rickard, A. R. Bernath, P. F. Duck, T. J. Waugh, D. L. Tarasick, D. W. Andrews, S. Aruffo, E. Bailey, L. J. Barrett, E. Bauguitte, S. J. -B. Curry, K. R. Di Carlo, P. Chisholm, L. Dan, L. Forster, G. Franklin, J. E. Gibson, M. D. Griffin, D. Helmig, D. Hopkins, J. R. Hopper, J. T. Jenkin, M. E. Kindred, D. Kliever, J. Le Breton, M. Matthiesen, S. Maurice, M. Moller, S. Moore, D. P. Oram, D. E. O'Shea, S. J. Owen, R. C. Pagniello, C. M. L. S. Pawson, S. Percival, C. J. Pierce, J. R. Punjabi, S. Purvis, R. M. Remedios, J. J. Rotermund, K. M. Sakamoto, K. M. da Silva, A. M. Strawbridge, K. B. Strong, K. Taylor, J. Trigwell, R. Tereszchuk, K. A. Walker, K. A. Weaver, D. Whaley, C. Young, J. C. TI Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites (BORTAS) experiment: design, execution and science overview SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BIOMASS-BURNING EMISSIONS; INDUCED FLUORESCENCE INSTRUMENT; POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; INTERMEDIATES CRI MECHANISM; GAS-PHASE; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; NITROGEN-OXIDES AB We describe the design and execution of the BORTAS (Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites) experiment, which has the overarching objective of understanding the chemical aging of air masses that contain the emission products from seasonal boreal wildfires and how these air masses subsequently impact downwind atmospheric composition. The central focus of the experiment was a two-week deployment of the UK BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft (ARA) over eastern Canada, based out of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Atmospheric ground-based and sonde measurements over Canada and the Azores associated with the planned July 2010 deployment of the ARA, which was postponed by 12 months due to UK-based flights related to the dispersal of material emitted by the Eyjafjallajokull volcano, went ahead and constituted phase A of the experiment. Phase B of BORTAS in July 2011 involved the same atmospheric measurements, but included the ARA, special satellite observations and a more comprehensive ground-based measurement suite. The high-frequency aircraft data provided a comprehensive chemical snapshot of pyrogenic plumes from wildfires, corresponding to photochemical ( and physical) ages ranging from < 1 day to greater than or similar to 10 days, largely by virtue of widespread fires over Northwestern Ontario. Airborne measurements reported a large number of emitted gases including semi-volatile species, some of which have not been been previously reported in pyrogenic plumes, with the corresponding emission ratios agreeing with previous work for common gases. Analysis of the NOy data shows evidence of net ozone production in pyrogenic plumes, controlled by aerosol abundance, which increases as a function of photochemical age. The coordinated ground-based and sonde data provided detailed but spatially limited information that put the aircraft data into context of the longer burning season in the boundary layer. Ground-based measurements of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 mu m ( PM2.5) over Halifax show that forest fires can on an episodic basis represent a substantial contribution to total surface PM2.5. C1 [Palmer, P. I.; Parrington, M.; Barrett, E.; Matthiesen, S.; Trigwell, R.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch GeoSci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. [Lee, J. D.; Lewis, A. C.; Bernath, P. F.; Hopkins, J. R.; Moller, S.; Purvis, R. M.] Univ York, Dept Chem, NCAS, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Rickard, A. R.; Young, J. C.] Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, NCAS, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. [Duck, T. J.; Bailey, L. J.; Curry, K. R.; Franklin, J. E.; Hopper, J. T.; Pagniello, C. M. L. S.; Pierce, J. R.; Rotermund, K. M.; Sakamoto, K. M.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Waugh, D. L.; Chisholm, L.] Meteorol Serv Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. [Tarasick, D. W.; Strawbridge, K. B.] Environm Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Andrews, S.; Punjabi, S.; Tereszchuk, K. A.] Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. [Aruffo, E.; Di Carlo, P.] Univ Aquila, Ctr Excellence CETEMPS, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. [Aruffo, E.; Di Carlo, P.] Univ Aquila, Dept Phys & Chem Sci, I-67100 Laquila, Italy. [Bauguitte, S. J. -B.] Facil Airborne Atmospher Measurements, Bedford, England. [Dan, L.; Griffin, D.; Kliever, J.; Maurice, M.; Strong, K.; Walker, K. A.; Weaver, D.; Whaley, C.] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Forster, G.; Oram, D. E.] Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, NCAS, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. [Gibson, M. D.] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Proc Engn & Appl Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada. [Helmig, D.] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Jenkin, M. E.] Atmospher Chem Serv, Okehampton, Devon, England. [Kindred, D.] UK Meteorol Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Le Breton, M.; O'Shea, S. J.; Percival, C. J.; Taylor, J.] Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England. [Moore, D. P.; Pawson, S.; Remedios, J. J.] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. [Owen, R. C.] Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol & Min Engn Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. [da Silva, A. M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Palmer, PI (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch GeoSci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. EM pip@ed.ac.uk RI Pierce, Jeffrey/E-4681-2013; Bernath, Peter/B-6567-2012; Palmer, Paul/F-7008-2010; Parrington, Mark/E-7148-2013; Lewis, Alastair/A-6721-2008; Di Carlo, Piero/C-1657-2016; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014; Di Carlo, Piero/Q-4450-2016 OI percival, carl/0000-0003-2525-160X; Moller, Sarah/0000-0003-4923-9509; Tarasick, David/0000-0001-9869-0692; Taylor, Jonathan/0000-0002-2120-186X; Pierce, Jeffrey/0000-0002-4241-838X; Whaley, Cynthia/0000-0002-0028-1514; O'Shea, Sebastian/0000-0002-0489-1723; Bernath, Peter/0000-0002-1255-396X; Parrington, Mark/0000-0003-4313-6218; Lewis, Alastair/0000-0002-4075-3651; Di Carlo, Piero/0000-0003-4971-4509; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X; Di Carlo, Piero/0000-0003-4971-4509 FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/F017391/1]; Leverhulme Trust; Nuffield Foundation; NERC National Centre for Earth Observation; Environment Canada; Green Horse Society; Canadian Space Agency; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada; NSERC; CSA; EC FX Airborne data were obtained using the BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft (ARA) operated by Directflight Ltd (DFL) and managed by the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM), which is a joint entity of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the UK Meteorological Office. The BORTAS science team acknowledges the great efforts provided by the staff of FAAM, DFL, Avalon Aero Ltd and Captains Alan Foster and Charlie Whittaker and First Officer Ian Ramsay-Rae. We thank Environment Canada (EC) for meteorological forecasting support; R. Hoff (U. Maryland), and N. O'Neill (U. de Sherbrooke) for LiDAR and AOD measurements; G. Forbes, J. Davies, I. Beres, R. Mittermeier (EC), M. Osman (U. Western Ontario), A. Yamamoto (U. McGill), and L.-P. Beaudoin (Canadian Space Agency, CSA) for special ozonesonde launches; M. Bourqui (U. McGill) and H. He (EC) for trajectory forecasts; and most especially the many observers who obtained the ozonesonde measurements at the BORTAS sites. We also acknowledge Stephen Mobbs, who agreed to release additional NCAS flight hours during BORTAS. This research was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council under grant number NE/F017391/1. P. I. Palmer also acknowledges support from the Leverhulme Trust and the Nuffield Foundation. D. Moore and J. J. Remedios acknowledge funding from the NERC National Centre for Earth Observation. Funding for the ozonesondes was provided by Environment Canada and the Green Horse Society (for Sable Island). The measurements at the Dalhousie Ground Station were supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), also known as SCISAT, is a Canadian-led mission mainly supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. Funding for the TAO measurements was provided by NSERC, CSA, and EC. NR 92 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 26 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 EI 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 13 BP 6239 EP 6261 DI 10.5194/acp-13-6239-2013 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182TL UT WOS:000321767200008 ER PT J AU Lee, YH Lamarque, JF Flanner, MG Jiao, C Shindell, DT Berntsen, T Bisiaux, MM Cao, J Collins, WJ Curran, M Edwards, R Faluvegi, G Ghan, S Horowitz, LW McConnell, JR Ming, J Myhre, G Nagashima, T Naik, V Rumbold, ST Skeie, RB Sudo, K Takemura, T Thevenon, F Xu, B Yoon, JH AF Lee, Y. H. Lamarque, J. -F. Flanner, M. G. Jiao, C. Shindell, D. T. Berntsen, T. Bisiaux, M. M. Cao, J. Collins, W. J. Curran, M. Edwards, R. Faluvegi, G. Ghan, S. Horowitz, L. W. McConnell, J. R. Ming, J. Myhre, G. Nagashima, T. Naik, V. Rumbold, S. T. Skeie, R. B. Sudo, K. Takemura, T. Thevenon, F. Xu, B. Yoon, J-H TI Evaluation of preindustrial to present-day black carbon and its albedo forcing from Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) (vol 13, pg 2607, 2013) SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 [Lee, Y. H.; Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Lee, Y. H.; Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.] Columbia Earth Inst, New York, NY USA. [Lamarque, J. -F.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. [Flanner, M. G.; Jiao, C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Berntsen, T.] Univ Oslo, CICERO, Oslo, Norway. [Berntsen, T.] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway. [Bisiaux, M. M.; McConnell, J. R.] Nevada Syst Higher Educ, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV USA. [Cao, J.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Earth Environm, State Key Lab Loess & Quaternary Geol, Xian, Peoples R China. [Collins, W. J.; Rumbold, S. T.] Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. [Edwards, R.] Curtin Univ, Dept Imaging & Appl Phys, Bentley, WA, Australia. [Ghan, S.; Yoon, J-H] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. [Horowitz, L. W.] NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Ming, J.] China Meteorol Adm, Natl Climate Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Myhre, G.] CICERO, Oslo, Norway. [Nagashima, T.; Skeie, R. B.] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Naik, V.] NOAA, UCAR, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. [Sudo, K.] Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. [Takemura, T.] Kyushu Univ, Res Inst Appl Mech, Fukuoka 812, Japan. [Thevenon, F.] Univ Geneva, FA Forel Inst, Versoix, Switzerland. [Xu, B.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Tibetan Plateau Res, Key Lab Tibetan Environm Changes & Land Surface P, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Lee, YH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM yunha.lee@nasa.gov RI Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014; Naik, Vaishali/A-4938-2013; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/L-2313-2014; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Myhre, Gunnar/A-3598-2008; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Lee, Yunha/Q-7222-2016; Cao, Junji/D-3259-2014; Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Edwards, Ross/B-1433-2013 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314; Naik, Vaishali/0000-0002-2254-1700; Lamarque, Jean-Francois/0000-0002-4225-5074; Myhre, Gunnar/0000-0002-4309-476X; Lee, Yunha/0000-0001-7478-2672; Cao, Junji/0000-0003-1000-7241; Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Edwards, Ross/0000-0002-9233-8775 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 19 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PY 2013 VL 13 IS 13 BP 6553 EP 6554 DI 10.5194/acp-13-6553-2013 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 182TL UT WOS:000321767200029 ER PT S AU Tan, FY Beh, BC Tan, CH Lim, HS Abdullah, K Jafri, MZM Welton, EJ Lolli, S AF Tan, Fuyi Beh, Boon Chun Tan, Chun Ho Lim, Hwee San Abdullah, Khiruddin Jafri, Mohamad Zubir Mat Welton, Ellsworth Judd Lolli, Simone BE Ibrahim, NB AbdShukor, R Rahman, IA Ibarahim, Z Yap, CC TI Preliminary Analysis of Ground Based Lidar Backscattered Signal and Performance Evaluation in Penang Island SO 2012 NATIONAL PHYSICS CONFERENCE (PERFIK 2012) SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Physics Conference (PERFIK) CY NOV 19-21, 2012 CL Bukit Tinggi, MALAYSIA SP Acad Sci Malaysia, Malaysian Minist Higher Educ, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysian Inst Phys, Pahang State Govt DE lidar; backscatter; range corrected signal; planetary boundary layer; cloud; aerosol AB Lidar is a widely used instrument by scientists around the world because of its high temporal and spatial resolution. With these characteristics, the interpretation of lower atmosphere behavior is improved, especially for the structure of the boundary layer, strongly related to air quality in the region. For the first time a backscattering lidar with wavelength 355 nm and Raman capabilities produced by Raymetrics was operated in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in Penang Island. Due to operational constraints, this study will only discuss backscattering signal at 60 degrees zenithal angle shooting. From this study, we found that the lidar signal was extinguished very quickly and with maximum range of 3 kilometers for 30 seconds temporal resolution. The signal was extremely noisy in this study and even after subtracting the backgrounds such as solar radiation in the range corrected signal. Dead-time correction was then applied to improve the lidar signal. The better signal for the near and far ranges of this angle shooting, gluing both analog and photon is necessary. Temporal evolution was plotted to determine the planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure and the altitude of PBL also can be identified. Moreover, cloud distribution and aerosol concentration pattern can be structured from the temporal evolution graph. However, for identifying the tendency of PBL structure in Penang Island, longer period and continuous data acquisition were needed. C1 [Tan, Fuyi; Beh, Boon Chun; Tan, Chun Ho; Lim, Hwee San; Abdullah, Khiruddin; Jafri, Mohamad Zubir Mat] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Phys, George Town, Malaysia. [Welton, Ellsworth Judd] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. [Lolli, Simone] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, JCET, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Tan, FY (reprint author), Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Phys, George Town, Malaysia. RI Lim, Hwee San/F-6580-2010 OI Lim, Hwee San/0000-0002-4835-8015 FU RU [1001/PFIZIK/811152]; Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) [304/PFIZIK/6310057] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support under the RU grant 1001/PFIZIK/811152 and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Short term grant 304/PFIZIK/6310057. We would like to thank the technical staff who participated in this project. Thanks are also extended to USM for support and encouragement. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-1153-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2013 VL 1528 BP 140 EP 145 DI 10.1063/1.4803584 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA BFM12 UT WOS:000320467400027 ER PT S AU Alibay, F Strange, NJ AF Alibay, Farah Strange, Nathan J. GP IEEE TI Trade Space Evaluation of Multi-Mission Architectures for the Exploration of Europa SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Recent cuts to NASA's planetary exploration budget have precipitated a debate in the community on whether large flagship missions to planetary bodies in the outer solar system or sequences of smaller missions as part of a long-term exploration program would be more beneficial. The work presented explores the trade between these two approaches as applied to the exploration of Europa and concentrates on identifying combinations of flyby, orbiter and/or lander missions that achieve high value at a lower cost than the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) flagship mission concept. The effects of the value attributed to the four main science objectives for Europa, which can be broadly classified as investigating the ocean, ice-shell, composition and geology, are demonstrated. The current approach proposed to complete the ocean exploration objective is shown to have conflicting requirements with the other three objectives. For missions that fully address all the science objectives, such as JEO, the ocean goal is therefore found to be the main cost driver. Instrument combinations for low-cost flyby missions are also presented, and simple lander designs able to achieve a wide range of objectives at a low additional cost are identified. Finally, the current designs for the Europa Habitability Mission (EHM) are compared to others in the trade space, based on the prioritization given to the science goals for the exploration of Europa. The current EHM flyby mission (Clipper) is found to be highly promising in terms of providing very high potential science value at a low cost. C1 [Alibay, Farah] MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Strange, Nathan J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Alibay, F (reprint author), MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM falibay@mit.edu; Nathan.J.Strange@jpl.nasa.gov FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,; National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of a JPL Graduate Research Fellowship (JPLGF)-JPL Innovation Foundry FX This work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of a JPL Graduate Research Fellowship (JPLGF) funded by the JPL Innovation Foundry NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902062 ER PT S AU Alkalai, L Solish, B Elliott, J McElrath, T Mueller, J Parker, J AF Alkalai, Leon Solish, Benjamin Elliott, John McElrath, Tim Mueller, Juergen Parker, Jeffrey GP IEEE TI Orion/MoonRise: A Proposed Human & Robotic Sample Return Mission from the Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes a new mission concept called Orion/MoonRise that proposes to return samples from the Lunar far-side South Pole-Aitken Basin (SPAB) using a combination of a robotic Sample Return Vehicle (SRV) based on the MoonRise mission concept developed at National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle currently under development by NASA at Lockheed Martin. The mission concept proposes significant challenges for both robotic and human parts of the mission. Whereas there are many ways to execute this mission concept, one approach is for the Orion and the SRV to launch separately. We assume that the Orion will be staged at the Earth-Moon Lagrange Point 2 (EM-L2) and the SRV at EM-L1. Once both are in place, the SRV descends to the SPAB while the Orion provides critical relay coverage with ground control on Earth. During surface operations, the Orion crew tele-operate the lander sampling system and possibly deploy a sample fetch rover. Once the samples are collected, the Lunar Ascent Vehicle (LAV) launches towards the EM-L2 to rendezvous with Orion. The samples are then brought back to Earth for detailed sample curation and analysis by the scientific community. The Orion/MoonRise mission concept has many strengths worth noting: it provides a very exciting mission to be performed in cis-Lunar space, as a precursor to future human exploration beyond the Earth-Moon System and as a technology demonstration for future sample return from Mars; it implements a mission that is of tremendous value to the planetary science community; it provides an exciting and challenging mission for astronauts to perform and demonstrate in deep-space including remote tele-operations and sample rendezvous and capture; and finally it provides an exciting opportunity for the broad engagement of the general public. C1 [Alkalai, Leon; Solish, Benjamin; Elliott, John; McElrath, Tim; Mueller, Juergen; Parker, Jeffrey] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Alkalai, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Leon.Alkalai@jpl.nasa.gov; Benjamin.S.Solish@jpl.nasa.gov; John.O.Elliott@jpl.nasa.gov; Timothy.P.Mcelrath@jpl.nasa.gov; Juergen.Mueller@jpl.nasa.gov; Jeffrey.S.Parker@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901080 ER PT S AU Anderson, DJ Munk, MM Pencil, E Dankanich, J Glaab, L Peterson, T AF Anderson, David J. Munk, Michelle M. Pencil, Eric Dankanich, John Glaab, Louis Peterson, Todd GP IEEE TI The Status of Spacecraft Bus and Platform Technology Development under the NASA ISPT Program SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The In-Space Propulsion Technology (ISPT) program is developing spacecraft bus and platform technologies that will enable or enhance NASA robotic science missions. The ISPT program is currently developing technology in four areas that include Propulsion System Technologies (electric and chemical), Entry Vehicle Technologies (aerocapture and Earth entry vehicles), Spacecraft Bus and Sample Return Propulsion Technologies (components and ascent vehicles), and Systems/Mission Analysis. Three technologies are ready for near-term flight infusion: 1) the high-temperature Advanced Material Bipropellant Rocket (AMBR) engine providing higher performance; 2) NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) ion propulsion system, a 0.6-7 kW throttle-able gridded ion system; and 3) Aerocapture technology development with investments in a family of thermal protection system (TPS) materials and structures; guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) models of blunt-body rigid aeroshells; and aerothermal effect models. Two component technologies being developed with flight infusion in mind are the Advanced Xenon Flow Control System and ultra-lightweight propellant tank technologies. Future directions for ISPT are technologies that relate to sample return missions and other spacecraft bus technology needs like: 1) Mars Ascent Vehicles (MAV); 2) multi-mission technologies for Earth Entry Vehicles (MMEEV); and 3) electric propulsion. These technologies are more vehicles and mission-focused, and present a different set of technology development and infusion steps beyond those previously implemented. The Systems/Mission Analysis area is focused on developing tools and assessing the application of propulsion and spacecraft bus technologies to a wide variety of mission concepts. These in-space propulsion technologies are applicable, and potentially enabling for future NASA Discovery, New Frontiers, and sample return missions currently under consideration, as well as having broad applicability to potential Flagship missions. This paper provides a brief overview of the ISPT program, describing the development status and technology infusion readiness of in-space propulsion technologies in the areas of electric propulsion, Aerocapture, Earth entry vehicles, propulsion components, Mars ascent vehicle, and mission/systems analysis. C1 [Anderson, David J.; Pencil, Eric; Peterson, Todd] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Anderson, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM David.J.Anderson@nasa.gov; Michelle.M.Munk@nasa.gov; Eric.J.Pencil@nasa.gov; John.Dankanich@nasa.gov; Louis.J.Glaab@nasa.gov; Todd.T.Peterson@nasa.gov NR 48 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123900066 ER PT S AU Andrews, K Divsalar, D Hamkins, J Pollara, F AF Andrews, Kenneth Divsalar, Dariush Hamkins, Jon Pollara, Fabrizio GP IEEE TI Error Correcting Codes for Next Generation Spacecraft Telecommand SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB With the advent of modern coding techniques, considerable improvement is possible over the BCH codes specified in the current Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) telecommand standard. Two broad classes of applications are identified, one for low-data-rate transfer of simple commands and protocol information, and the other for transfer of files and complex command sequences. New error correcting codes are proposed for each, and their interactions with the surrounding protocol layers are discussed. Feasibility of each is also demonstrated with prototype implementations of the coding systems. C1 [Andrews, Kenneth; Divsalar, Dariush; Hamkins, Jon; Pollara, Fabrizio] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Andrews, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kenneth.andrews@jpl.nasa.gov; dariush.divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov; jon.hamkins@jpl.nasa.gov; fabrizio.pollara@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901017 ER PT S AU Arrigo, J Innocenti, G Carpenter, B Esper, J AF Arrigo, Jeanette Innocenti, Gino Carpenter, Bryce Esper, Jaime GP IEEE TI Overcoming Design Challenges for a Radiation-Tolerant, Radiation-Hardened Fast Ethernet Interface SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB 10 Mbps Ethernet communication has been available for Space applications for several years, however this has not been the case for Fast Ethernet (i.e. 100basetx) operating at 100 Mbps. A 100basetx interface has been developed using radiation tolerant components that can be replaced with radiation hardened components. This implementation can operate at the input baud rate allowing for a wider component selection. C1 [Arrigo, Jeanette; Innocenti, Gino] Sierra Nevada Corp, Poway, CA 92064 USA. [Carpenter, Bryce] Sierra Nevada Corp, Louisville, KY 80027 USA. [Esper, Jaime] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Arrigo, J (reprint author), Sierra Nevada Corp, Poway, CA 92064 USA. EM Jeanette.Arrigo@sncorp.com; Bryce.Carpenter@sncorp.com; Jaime.Esper@nasa.gov FU NASA Goddard Space Flight Center [NNG07CA09C] FX This material is based upon work supported by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center under Contract Number NNG07CA09C. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902089 ER PT S AU Asmar, S Divsalar, D Oudrhiri, K Hamkins, J AF Asmar, Sami Divsalar, Dariush Oudrhiri, Kamal Hamkins, Jon GP IEEE TI Radio Science Measurements with Suppressed Carrier SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Radio Science started when it became apparent with early deep space missions that occultations by planetary atmospheres would affect the quality of radio communications. Since then the atmospheric properties and other aspects of planetary science, solar science, and fundamental physics were studied by scientists. Radio Science data was always extracted from a received pure residual carrier (without data modulation). For some missions, it is very desirable to obtain Radio Science data from a suppressed carrier modulation. In this paper we propose a method to extract Radio Science data when a coded suppressed carrier modulation is used in deep space communications. The type of modulation can be BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MPSK or even GMSK. However we concentrate mostly on BPSK modulation. The proposed method for suppressed carrier simply tries to wipe out data that acts as an interference for Radio Science measurements. In order to measure the estimation errors in amplitude and phase of the Radio Science data we use the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). The CRB for suppressed carrier modulation with non-ideal data wiping is then compared with residual carrier modulation under the same noise condition. The method of derivation of the CRB for non-ideal data wiping is an innovative method that is presented here. Some numerical results are provided for a coded system. C1 [Asmar, Sami; Divsalar, Dariush; Oudrhiri, Kamal; Hamkins, Jon] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Asmar, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM sami.asmar@jpl.nasa.gov; dariush.divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov; kamal.oudrhiri@jpl.nasa.gov; jon.hamkins@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902019 ER PT S AU Babuscia, A Cheung, KM Miller, DW AF Babuscia, Alessandra Cheung, Kar-Ming Miller, David W. GP IEEE TI Statistical Risk Estimation for Communication System Design: Development of Optimization Frameworks SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID DISTRIBUTED SATELLITE SYSTEMS; UNCERTAINTY AB The design of a spacecraft is an evolutionary process that starts from requirements and evolves over time across different design phases. During this process, a lot of changes can happen. They can affect mass and power at component level, at subsystem level, and even at system level. Each spacecraft has to meet overall constraints in terms of mass and power: for this reason, it's important to be sure that the design does not exceed these limitations. Current practice in system modeling deals with this problem by allocating margins on single components and on each of the subsystems. However, a statistical characterization of these fluctuations in mass and power is missing, and the consequence is a design that either is too risky and does not fit the mission constraints, or is too conservative and generates an inefficient utilization of resources. Hence, the objective of this research is to develop a mathematical approach to quantify the likelihood that the design would meet the spacecraft and mission constraints while the design matures. Due to the complexity of the problem and to the different expertise and knowledge required to develop a complete risk model for all the different subsystems, the research is focused on risk estimation for a specific subsystem: communication. Communication constitutes a key design driver in many different spacecraft, and it is also the core in the design of commercial satellite applications. Moreover, the current research aims to be a "proof of concept," which can then be further expanded to the different subsystems, as well as to the whole spacecraft design process. Particularly important in this analysis is the development of optimization frameworks to compare different design architectures, and to select the one that achieves design objectives, like minimal mass and power consumption, while minimizing the risk associated with these same metrics. The article is structured as follows: an overview of the model to perform statistical risk estimation is described, then the mathematical framework for optimization is detailed and applied, and finally results are presented. C1 [Babuscia, Alessandra; Miller, David W.] MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave,37-331, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Cheung, Kar-Ming] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Babuscia, A (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave,37-331, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM babuscia@mit.edu; Kar-Ming.Cheung@jpl.nasa.gov; millerd@mit.edu FU MIT Space System Laboratory, MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory through JPL Graduate Fellowship Program FX This research was carried out at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and was sponsored by MIT Space System Laboratory, MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory through JPL Graduate Fellowship Program. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902083 ER PT S AU Backes, P Younse, P Ganino, A AF Backes, Paul Younse, Paulo Ganino, Anthony GP IEEE TI A Minimum Scale Architecture for Rover-Based Sample Acquisition and Caching SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Minimum Scale Sample Acquisition and Caching (MinSAC) architecture has been developed to enable rover-based sample acquisition and caching while minimizing the system mass. The MinSAC architecture is a version of the previously developed Integrated Mars Sample Acquisition and Handling (IMSAH) architecture. The MinSAC implementation utilizes the sampling manipulator both for sampling and sample tube transfer. This significantly reduces the number of actuators in the sample acquisition and caching subsystem. A core sample is acquired directly into its sample tube in the coring bit. The bit is transferred and released on the rover. A tube gripper on the robotic arm turret pulls the filled sample tube out of the back of the coring bit and the tube is sealed. The sample tube is then placed in the return sample canister. A new tube is placed in the bit for acquisition of another sample. C1 [Backes, Paul; Younse, Paulo; Ganino, Anthony] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Backes, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Paul.G.Backes@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123903062 ER PT S AU Badescu, M Bonitz, R Ganino, A Haddad, N Walkemeyer, P Backes, P Shiraishi, L Kulczycki, E Aisen, N Dandino, CM Cantrell, BS Gallagher, W Shevin, J AF Badescu, Mircea Bonitz, Robert Ganino, Anthony Haddad, Nicolas Walkemeyer, Phillip Backes, Paul Shiraishi, Lori Kulczycki, Erick Aisen, Norman Dandino, Charles M. Cantrell, Brett S. Gallagher, William Shevin, Jesse GP IEEE TI Dynamic Acquisition and Retrieval Tool (DART) for Comet Sample Return SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The 2011 Decadal Survey for planetary science released by the National Research Council of the National Academies identified Comet Surface Sample Return (CSSR) as one of five high priority potential New Frontiers-class missions in the next decade. The main objectives of the research described in this publication are: develop a concept for an end-to-end system for collecting and storing a comet sample to be returned to Earth; design, fabricate and test a prototype Dynamic Acquisition and Retrieval Tool (DART) capable of collecting 500 cc sample in a canister and ejecting the canister with a predetermined speed; identify a set of simulants with physical properties at room temperature that suitably match the physical properties of the comet surface as it would be sampled. We propose the use of a DART that would be launched from the spacecraft to impact and penetrate the comet surface. After collecting the sample, the sample canister would be ejected at a speed greater than the comet's escape velocity and captured by the spacecraft, packaged into a return capsule and returned to Earth. The DART would be composed of an inner tube or sample canister, an outer tube, a decelerator, a means of capturing and retaining the sample, and a mechanism to eject the canister with the sample for later rendezvous with the spacecraft. One of the significant unknowns is the physical properties of the comet surface. Based on new findings from the recent Deep Impact comet encounter mission, we have limited our search of solutions for sampling materials to materials with 10 to 100 kPa shear strength in loose or consolidated form. As the possible range of values for the comet surface temperature is also significantly different than room temperature and testing at conditions other than the room temperature can become resource intensive, we sought sample simulants with physical properties at room temperature similar to the expected physical properties of the comet surface material. The chosen DART configuration, the efforts to identify a test simulant and the properties of these simulants, and the results of the preliminary testing will be described in this paper. C1 [Badescu, Mircea; Bonitz, Robert; Ganino, Anthony; Haddad, Nicolas; Walkemeyer, Phillip; Backes, Paul; Shiraishi, Lori; Kulczycki, Erick; Aisen, Norman; Dandino, Charles M.; Cantrell, Brett S.; Gallagher, William; Shevin, Jesse] Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Badescu, M (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Mircea.Badescu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901022 ER PT S AU Banazadeh, P Lazio, J Jones, D Scharf, DP Fowler, W Aladangady, C AF Banazadeh, Payam Lazio, Joseph Jones, Dayton Scharf, Daniel P. Fowler, Wallace Aladangady, Chinmay GP IEEE TI Feasibility Analysis of XSOLANTRA: A Mission Concept to Detect Exoplanets with an Array of CubeSats SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Seeking "nearby habitable worlds" was one of three science themes identified in the Astronomy Decadal Survey. Hundreds of extrasolar planets are known, but magnetic fields are likely required for these planets to be habitable. As of today, no direct constraints on the magnetic field characteristics of extrasolar planets exist. The ExtraSolar Observing Low-frequency Array of Nano Satellites for Radio Astronomy (XSOLANTRA), formerly known as XSOLARA is a feasibility study of a student designed, built, and tested micro-satellite mission to a Distant Retrograde Orbit (DRO) around Earth. XSOLANTRA will look at the Electron Cyclotron Maser Emission generated by the interaction between stellar wind and a planetary magnetosphere from which interior composition and atmospheric shielding can be inferred. The science instrument for XSOLANTRA is the entire array of fourteen CubeSats operating together as an interferometer. The fourteen CubeSats will be stacked on a SHuttle Expendable Rocket for Payload Augmentation (SHERPA) vehicle as a payload and will be deployed once arrived at DRO. A feasibility study was conducted to demonstrate that a CubeSat mission with cost of no more than $60 million is capable of detecting extrasolar planets. The study showed that a CubeSat mission within these constraints is possible; however, some questions still remain unanswered. This paper summarizes the mission concept starting from the science requirements, key mission design decisions, component level feasibility analysis and management and cost analysis C1 [Banazadeh, Payam; Fowler, Wallace; Aladangady, Chinmay] Univ Texas Austin, WR Woolrich Labs, C0600 210 East 24th St, Austin, TX 78712 USA. [Lazio, Joseph; Jones, Dayton; Scharf, Daniel P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Banazadeh, P (reprint author), Univ Texas Austin, WR Woolrich Labs, C0600 210 East 24th St, Austin, TX 78712 USA. EM pbanazadeh@utexas.edu; Joseph.Lazio@jpl.nasa.gov; djones@jpl.nasa.gov; Daniel.P.Scharf@jpl.nasa.gov; Fowler@csr.utexas.edu; caladangady@utexas.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123900051 ER PT S AU Bayer, T Chung, S Cole, B Cooke, B Dekens, F Delp, C Gontijo, I Wagner, D AF Bayer, Todd Chung, Seung Cole, Bjorn Cooke, Brian Dekens, Frank Delp, Chris Gontijo, I. Wagner, Dave GP IEEE TI Update on the Model Based Systems Engineering on the Europa Mission Concept Study SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In May 2012 the Europa study team delivered to NASA the final reports on three distinct concepts for exploring Europa on a limited budget. The depth and quality of these reports have been widely praised by independent reviewers as well as by our sponsor. The application of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) techniques is credited with enabling the team to study three quite different mission concepts for the resources normally sufficient to study only one or two. The Europa MBSE infusion itself has been awarded the NASA Systems Engineering Excellence Award in 2012. The Europa team is now preparing for its Mission Concept Review and has reaffirmed and strengthened the MBSE application. Significant new capabilities have been completed, most importantly the Powered Equipment List (PEL) and the computation of scenario-based power and energy margins. This paper provides an update on the continued successful application of MBSE in the dynamic environment of early mission formulation, the significant new results produced and several additional lessons learned in the process. C1 [Bayer, Todd; Chung, Seung; Cole, Bjorn; Cooke, Brian; Dekens, Frank; Delp, Chris; Gontijo, I.; Wagner, Dave] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bayer, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Todd.J.Bayer@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123900042 ER PT S AU Beauchamp, P Belz, A AF Beauchamp, Patricia Belz, Andrea GP IEEE TI Assessing Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Technologies for Planetary Science Missions SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID LETHALITY RATE CONSTANTS; CLEAN-ROOM; DRY HEAT; EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; D-VALUES; SPORES; MICROORGANISMS AB Planetary protection and organic contamination control, like many technologically rich areas, continually progress. As a result of the 2011 Planetary Science Decadal Survey Report, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, the future focus is now on proposed Mars sample return missions. In addition to Mars exploration we now have the exciting possibility of a potential mission to the outer planets, most likely Europa. This paper reassesses planetary protection and organic contamination control technologies, which were evaluated in 2005, and provides updates based on new science results, technology development, and programmatic priorities. The study integrates information gathered from interviews of a number of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European Space Agency (ESA) scientists, systems engineers, planetary protection engineers, and consultants, as well as relevant documents, and focuses on the technologies and practices relevant to the current project mission set as presented in the 2011 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. This paper provides the status of planetary protection and contamination control technologies as they apply to potential future missions, and provides findings and recommendations to improve our capabilities as we further explore our solar system. It has become clear that linking planetary protection and contamination control requirements and processes together early in mission development and spacecraft design is key to keeping mission costs in check and returning high-quality samples that are free from biological and organic contaminants. C1 [Beauchamp, Patricia] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Belz, Andrea] Belz Consulting, Altadena 91001, CA USA. RP Beauchamp, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Patricia.M.Beauchamp@jpl.nasa.gov; Andrea@belzconsulting.com NR 76 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 21 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123903058 ER PT S AU Bell, M Stambolian, D Henderson, G AF Bell, Michael Stambolian, Damon Henderson, Gena GP IEEE TI Lessons Learned for Improving Spacecraft Ground Operations SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB NASA has a unique history in processing the Space Shuttle fleet for launches. Some of this experience has been captured in the NASA Lessons Learned Information System (LLIS). This tool provides a convenient way for design engineers to review lessons from the past to prevent problems from reoccurring and incorporate positive lessons in new designs. At the Kennedy Space Center, the LLIS is being used to design ground support equipment for the next generation of launch and crewed vehicles. This paper describes the LLIS process and offers some examples. C1 [Bell, Michael; Stambolian, Damon; Henderson, Gena] NASA Kennedy Space Ctr, Ksc, FL 32899 USA. RP Bell, M (reprint author), NASA Kennedy Space Ctr, Ksc, FL 32899 USA. EM Michael.A.Bell@nasa.gov; Damon.B.Stambolian@nasa.gov; Gena.M.Henderson@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123903040 ER PT S AU Bitten, R Shinn, S Mahr, E AF Bitten, Robert Shinn, Steve Mahr, Eric GP IEEE TI Assessing the Benefits of NASA Category 3, Low Cost Class C/D Missions SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Category 3, Class CID missions have the benefit of delivering worthwhile science at minimal cost which is increasingly important in NASA's constrained budget environment. Although higher cost Category 1 and 2 missions are necessary to achieve NASA's science objectives, Category 3 missions are shown to be an effective way to provide significant science return at a low cost. Category 3 missions, however, are often reviewed the same as the more risk averse Category 1 and 2 missions. Acknowledging that reviews are not the only aspect of a total engineering effort, reviews are still a significant concern for NASA programs. This can unnecessarily increase the cost and schedule of Category 3 missions. This paper quantifies the benefit and performance of Category 3 missions by looking at the cost vs. capability relative to Category 1 and 2 missions. Lessons learned from successful organizations that develop low cost Category 3, Class C/D missions are also investigated to help provide the basis for suggestions to streamline the review of NASA Category 3 missions. C1 [Bitten, Robert] Aerosp Corp, 2310 E El Segundo Blvd, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. [Shinn, Steve] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mahr, Eric] Aerosp Corp, Washington, DC 20456 USA. RP Bitten, R (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, 2310 E El Segundo Blvd, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. EM robert.e.bitten@aero.org; stephen.a.shinn@nasa.gov; eric.m.mahr@aero.org NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902015 ER PT S AU Bitten, R Emmons, D Hart, M Bordi, F Scolese, C Hinners, N AF Bitten, Robert Emmons, Debra Hart, Matt Bordi, Francesco Scolese, Christopher Hinners, Noel GP IEEE TI Explanation of Change (EoC) Study: Considerations and Implementation Challenges SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper discusses the implementation of considerations resulting from a study investigating the cost change experienced by historical NASA science missions. The study investigated historical milestone and monthly status report documentation followed by interviews with key project personnel. The reasons for cost change were binned as being external to NASA, external to the project and internal to the project relative to the project's planning and execution. Based on the results of the binning process and the synthesis of project meetings and interviews, nine considerations were made with the objective to decrease the potential for cost change in future missions. Although no one "magic bullet" consideration was discovered, the considerations taken as a whole should help reduce cost and schedule change in future NASA missions. C1 [Bitten, Robert] Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. [Emmons, Debra; Bordi, Francesco] Aerosp Corp, Rossyln, VA 22209 USA. [Hart, Matt] Aerosp Corp, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. [Scolese, Christopher] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Hinners, Noel] NASA, Littleton, CO 80127 USA. RP Bitten, R (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. EM robert.e.bitten@aero.org; debra.I.emmons@aero.org; matthew.j.hart@aero.org; francesco.bordi@aero.org; cscolese@nasa.gov; Noelhinners@msn.com NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901008 ER PT S AU Bitten, R Emmons, D Bordi, F Scolese, C AF Bitten, Robert Emmons, Debra Bordi, Francesco Scolese, Christopher GP IEEE TI Explanation of Change (EoC) Study: Approach and Findings SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This study investigated thirty historical NASA science missions to explain the cost change experienced. The study included investigation of historical milestone and monthly status report documentation followed by interviews with key project personnel. Based on the information collected, the reasons for cost change were binned, at the highest level, into four separate categories: NASA External, Project External, Internal Planning, and Internal Execution. The results identified that roughly a third of the change is outside of the project's control, a third is due to assumptions made in project planning, and a third is due to the inherent difficulty of building highly complex, one-of-a-kind, cutting edge, Earth and space science missions. The different causes for growth are discussed. C1 [Bitten, Robert] Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. [Emmons, Debra; Bordi, Francesco] Aerosp Corp, Rossyln, VA 22209 USA. [Scolese, Christopher] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bitten, R (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. EM robert.e.bitten@aero.org; debra.l.emmons@aero.org; cscolese@nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901007 ER PT S AU Brinckerhoff, WB Pinnick, VT van Amerom, FHW Danell, RM Arevalo, RD Atanassova, MS Li, X Mahaffy, PR Cotter, RJ Goesmann, F Steininger, H AF Brinckerhoff, William B. Pinnick, Veronica T. van Amerom, Friso H. W. Danell, Ryan M. Arevalo, Ricardo D., Jr. Atanassova, Martina S. Li, Xiang Mahaffy, Paul R. Cotter, Robert J. Goesmann, Fred Steininger, Harald CA MOMA Team GP IEEE TI Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Mass Spectrometer for ExoMars 2018 and Beyond SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The 2018 joint ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars rover mission will seek the signs of past or present life in the near-surface environment of Mars. The rover will obtain samples from as deep as two meters beneath the surface and deliver them to an onboard analytical laboratory for detailed examination. The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) investigation forms a core part of the sample analysis capability of ExoMars. Its top objective is to address the main "life signs" goal of the mission through detailed chemical analysis of the acquired samples. MOMA characterizes organic compounds in the samples with a novel dual ion source ion trap mass spectrometer (ITMS). The ITMS supports both pyrolysis-gas chromatography (pyr-GC) and Mars ambient laser desorption/ionization (LDI) analyses in an extremely compact package. Combined with the unprecedented depth sampling capability of ExoMars, MOMA affords a broad and powerful search for organics over a range of preservational environments, volatility, and molecular weight. C1 [Brinckerhoff, William B.; Arevalo, Ricardo D., Jr.; Mahaffy, Paul R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Brinckerhoff, WB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM william.b.brinckerhoff@nasa.gov; veronica.t.pinnick@nasa.gov; friso.vanamerom@sri.com; rdanell@danellconsulting.com; ricardo.d.arevalo@nasa.gov; martina.s.atanassova@nasa.gov; xiang.li@nasa.gov; paul.r.mahaffy@nasa.gov; rcotter@jhmi.edu RI Li, Xiang/F-4539-2012; Brinckerhoff, William/F-3453-2012 OI Brinckerhoff, William/0000-0001-5121-2634 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 17 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901044 ER PT S AU Briones, JC Nappier, JM AF Briones, Janette C. Nappier, Jennifer M. GP IEEE TI SDR Input Power Estimation Algorithms SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The General Dynamics (GD) S-Band software defined radio (SDR) in the Space Communications and Navigation (SCAN) Testbed on the International Space Station (ISS) provides experimenters an opportunity to develop and demonstrate experimental waveforms in space. The SDR has an analog and a digital automatic gain control (AGC) and the response of the AGCs to changes in SDR input power and temperature was characterized prior to the launch and installation of the SCAN Testbed on the ISS. The AGCs were used to estimate the SDR input power and SNR of the received signal and the characterization results showed a nonlinear response to SDR input power and temperature. In order to estimate the SDR input from the AGCs, three algorithms were developed and implemented on the ground software of the SCAN Testbed. The algorithms include a linear straight line estimator, which used the digital AGC and the temperature to estimate the SDR input power over a narrower section of the SDR input power range. There is a linear adaptive filter algorithm that uses both AGCs and the temperature to estimate the SDR input power over a wide input power range. Finally, an algorithm that uses neural networks was designed to estimate the input power over a wide range. This paper describes the algorithms in detail and their associated performance in estimating the SDR input power. C1 [Briones, Janette C.; Nappier, Jennifer M.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Briones, JC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd MS 54-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Janette.C.Briones@nasa.gov; Jennifer.M.Nappier@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902056 ER PT S AU Carr, GA Iannello, CJ Chen, Y Hunter, DJ Del Castillo, L Bradley, AT Stell, C Mojarradi, MM AF Carr, Gregory A. Iannello, Christopher J. Chen, Yuan Hunter, Don J. Del Castillo, Linda Bradley, Arthur T. Stell, Christopher Mojarradi, Mohammad M. GP IEEE TI Extreme Environment Capable, Modular and Scalable Power Processing Unit for Solar Electric Propulsion SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID PWM CONVERTER; FULL-BRIDGE; MODEL AB This paper is to present a concept of a modular and scalable High Temperature Boost (HTB) Power Processing Unit (PPU) capable of operating at temperatures beyond the standard military temperature range. The various extreme environments technologies are also described as the fundamental technology path to this concept. The proposed HTB PPU is intended for power processing in the area of space solar electric propulsion, where reduction of in-space mass and volume are desired, and sometimes even critical, to achieve the goals of future space flight missions. The concept of the HTB PPU can also be applied to other extreme environment applications, such as geothermal and petroleum deep-well drilling, where higher temperature operation is required. C1 [Carr, Gregory A.; Hunter, Don J.; Del Castillo, Linda; Stell, Christopher; Mojarradi, Mohammad M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Iannello, Christopher J.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Chen, Yuan] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Carr, GA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. FU NASA; Langley's Space Technology and Exploration Directorate FX This formulation study is sponsored by the Game Changing Technology Division, NASA Office of the Chief Technologist. NASA center participation during the formulation includes LaRC and KSC. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.; The team and authors would like to extend our acknowledgement to Charles B. Taylor and Jennifer Noble from the Game Changing Technology Division, NASA Office of the Chief Technologist, for their support and many discussions. The team would also like to thank David Dress and Lisa McAlhaney from Langley's Space Technology and Exploration Directorate, as well as everyone who has supported the study at LaRC, KSC and JPL. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123903069 ER PT S AU Cates, G Stromgren, C Cirillo, W Goodliff, K AF Cates, Grant Stromgren, Chel Cirillo, William Goodliff, Kandyce GP IEEE TI Launch and Assembly Reliability Analysis for Mars Human Space Exploration Missions SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB NASA's long-range goal is focused upon human exploration of Mars. Missions to Mars will require campaigns of multiple launches to assemble Mars Transfer Vehicles in Earth orbit. Launch campaigns are subject to delays, launch vehicles can fail to place their payloads into the required orbit, and spacecraft may fail during the assembly process or while loitering prior to the Trans-Mars Injection (TMI) burn. Additionally, missions to Mars have constrained departure windows lasting approximately sixty days that repeat approximately every two years. Ensuring high reliability of launching and assembling all required elements in time to support the TMI window will be a key enabler to mission success. This paper describes an integrated methodology for analyzing and improving the reliability of the launch and assembly campaign phase. A discrete event simulation involves several pertinent risk factors including, but not limited to: manufacturing completion; transportation; ground processing; launch countdown; ascent; rendezvous and docking, assembly, and orbital operations leading up to TMI. The model accommodates varying numbers of launches, including the potential for spare launches. Having a spare launch capability provides significant improvement to mission success. C1 [Cates, Grant] Sci Applicat Int Corp, 8910 Astronaut Blvd,Suite 330, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 USA. [Stromgren, Chel] Binera Inc, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Cirillo, William; Goodliff, Kandyce] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Cates, G (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, 8910 Astronaut Blvd,Suite 330, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920 USA. EM grant.r.cates@saic.com; c.stromgren@binera.com; william.m.cirillo@nasa.gov; kandyce.e.goodliff@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902059 ER PT S AU Cesarone, R Cheung, KM Biswas, A Gao, JL Lau, CW Lee, CH Pham, TT Wood, LJ AF Cesarone, Robert Cheung, K. -M. Biswas, A. Gao, J. L. Lau, C. -W. Lee, C. H. Pham, T. T. Wood, L. J. GP IEEE TI Advanced Communications, Navigation and Technology Concepts for a Mars 2018 Orbiter SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Recently, JPL mission designers have been investigating prospects for a Mars 2018 mission. The possibility of such a mission is being examined, at the request of NASA HQ, in the wake of NASA's departure from ESA's ExoMars missions, as well as to support general Mars program replanning. The idea is to create a mission concept, with a 2018 launch, that would be relevant to: eventual Mars sample return for NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD) and the Planetary Decadal Survey; human exploration for NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD); and technology development for NASA's Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT). The conceptual mission studies described in this paper consider only a Mars orbiter. However, it should be noted that possibilities for a stationary lander or rover have not been ruled out. High bandwidth communications and advanced navigation would be likely elements of an orbiter mission. If a 2018 Mars orbiter were approved, it could spur the implementation of enhanced Deep Space Network (DSN) capabilities that could in turn benefit many future missions. C1 [Cesarone, Robert; Cheung, K. -M.; Biswas, A.; Gao, J. L.; Lau, C. -W.; Lee, C. H.; Pham, T. T.; Wood, L. J.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cesarone, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Robert.Cesarone@jpl.nasa.gov; Kar-Ming.Cheung@jpl.nasa.gov; Abhijit.Biswas@jpl.nasa.gov; Jay.L.Gao@jpl.nasa.gov; Chi-Wung.Lau@jpl.nasa.gov; Charles.H.Lee@jpl.nasa.gov; Timothy.T.Pham@jpl.nasa.gov; Lincoln.J.Wood@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902091 ER PT S AU Chanover, N Voelz, D Glenar, D Xiao, XF Tawalbeh, R Uckert, K Boston, P Getty, S Brinckerhoff, W Mahaffy, P Li, X AF Chanover, Nancy Voelz, David Glenar, David Xiao, Xifeng Tawalbeh, Rula Uckert, Kyle Boston, Penelope Getty, Stephanie Brinckerhoff, William Mahaffy, Paul Li, Xiang GP IEEE TI Results from an Integrated AOTF-LDTOF Spectrometer Suite for Planetary Surfaces SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID SPECTROSCOPY; MARS; ATMOSPHERE; JAROSITE AB On future landed missions to Mars and small solar system bodies, efficient sample prescreening will be necessary to select interesting targets for further analysis by analytical instruments with very limited time and power resources. Near infrared spectroscopy is well suited for rapid and non-invasive identification of mineral classes, and for determining the possible presence of organic molecules. Here we describe a miniature acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) point spectrometer that is tunable from similar to 1.6 - 3.6 mu m. It identifies minerals associated with aqueous environments at sample scales of similar to 1 mm, as well as organic molecules and volatiles. The AOTF point spectrometer was integrated with a laser desorption time-of-flight (LDTOF) mass spectrometer developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and can be used to prescreen samples for evidence of organics before the laser desorption step and subsequent mass spectrometer measurement. The LDTOF mass spectrometer provides pulsed-laser desorption and analysis of refractory organic compounds up to 150,000 Da on a spatial scale of 50-100 mu m, determined by the laser spot size at the target. The recent integration of the two instruments allowed for coincident spectral measurements of geologic samples; follow-up measurements from the LDTOF were taken from an identical region on the samples of interest, allowing for a direct comparison between the two complementary data sets. We present measurements of a standard sample suite consisting of sulfates, carbonates, clay minerals, and iron oxides. We also compare AOTF and LDTOF spectra of calcite, as well as gypsum doped with phthalic acid and valine, and discuss the relationship between reflectance spectra acquired by the AOTF and the LDTOF mass spectra. Finally, we discuss measurements made of irradiated ices such as those found in areas of high astrobiological interest like Europa. C1 [Chanover, Nancy; Voelz, David; Glenar, David; Xiao, Xifeng; Tawalbeh, Rula; Uckert, Kyle] New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. [Boston, Penelope] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. [Getty, Stephanie; Brinckerhoff, William; Mahaffy, Paul; Li, Xiang] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chanover, N (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM nchanove@nmsu.edu; davvoelz@nmsu.edu; dglenar@nmsu.edu; xixiao@nmsu.edu; rula@nmsu.edu; kuckert@nmsu.edu; pboston@nmt.edu; stephanie.a.getty@nasa.gov; william.b.brinckerhoff@nasa.gov; paul.r.mahaffy@nasa.gov; xiang.li@nasa.gov RI Getty, Stephanie/D-7037-2012; Li, Xiang/F-4539-2012; Brinckerhoff, William/F-3453-2012 OI Brinckerhoff, William/0000-0001-5121-2634 FU NASA's Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) [NNX08AV85A]; Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development (ASTID) [NNX08AY44G]; New Mexico Tech; NMSU's Astronomy and Electrical and Computer Engineering Departments; New Mexico EPSCoR program office; NMSU Vice President for Research; NMSU ADVANCE FX This work was supported by grants from NASAs Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) and Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development (ASTID) programs, specifically through award numbers NNX08AY44G (ASTID) and NNX08AV85A (EPSCoR). Additional support was provided by New Mexico Tech, NMSUs Astronomy and Electrical and Computer Engineering Departments, the New Mexico EPSCoR program office, the NMSU Vice President for Research, and the NMSU ADVANCE Program. We thank Drs. Reggie Hudson and Perry Gerakines from GSFCs Cosmic Ice Laboratory for providing us with test samples of icy residues. We thank R. Hull for his contributions to the AOTF PS electronics system and his participation in the AOTF-LDTOF integration activities. We also thank Dr. D. M. Kuehn for his contribution to the development and implementation of the AOTF PS data acquisition software. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902040 ER PT S AU Chelmins, D Downey, J Johnson, SK Nappier, J AF Chelmins, David Downey, Joseph Johnson, Sandra K. Nappier, Jennifer GP IEEE TI Unique Challenges Testing SDRs for Space SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes the approach used by the Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) Testbed team to qualify three Software Defined Radios (SDR) for operation in space and the characterization of the platform to enable upgrades on-orbit. The three SDRs represent a significant portion of the new technologies being studied on board the SCAN Testbed, which is operating on an external truss on the International Space Station (ISS). The SCaN Testbed provides experimenters an opportunity to develop and demonstrate experimental waveforms and applications for communication, networking, and navigation concepts and advance the understanding of developing and operating SDRs in space. Qualifying a Software Defined Radio for the space environment requires additional consideration versus a hardware radio. Tests that incorporate characterization of the platform to provide information necessary for future waveforms, which might exercise extended capabilities of the hardware, are needed. The development life cycle for the radio follows the software development life cycle, where changes can be incorporated at various stages of development and test. It also enables flexibility to be added with minor additional effort. Although this provides tremendous advantages, managing the complexity inherent in a software implementation requires a testing beyond the traditional hardware radio test plan. Due to schedule and resource limitations and parallel development activities, the subsystem testing of the SDRs at the vendor sites was primarily limited to typical fixed transceiver type of testing. NASA's Glenn Research Center (GRC) was responsible for the integration and testing of the SDRs into the SCaN Testbed system and conducting the investigation of the SDR to advance the technology to be accepted by missions. This paper will describe the unique tests that were conducted at both the subsystem and system level, including environmental testing, and present results. For example, test waveforms were developed to measure the gain of the transmit system across the tunable frequency band. These were used during thermal vacuum testing to enable characterization of the integrated system in the wide operational temperature range of space. Receive power indicators were used for Electromagnetic Interference tests (EMI) to understand the platform's susceptibility to external interferers independent of the waveform. Additional approaches and lessons learned during the SCaN Testbed subsystem and system level testing will be discussed that may help future SDR integrators. C1 [Chelmins, David; Downey, Joseph; Johnson, Sandra K.; Nappier, Jennifer] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chelmins, D (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 54-4,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM dchelmins@nasa.gov; joseph.a.downey@nasa.gov; sandra.k.johnson@nasa.gov; jennifer.m.nappier@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123903002 ER PT S AU Cheung, KM Jennings, E AF Cheung, Kar-Ming Jennings, Esther GP IEEE TI Coarse-Grain Bandwidth Estimation Techniques for Large-Scale Network SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE DE Coarse-grain; bandwidth estimation; large-scale network AB In this paper, we describe a top-down analysis and simulation approach to size the bandwidths of a store-and-forward network for a given network topology, a mission traffic scenario, and a set of data types with different latency requirements. We use these techniques to estimate the wide area network (WAN) bandwidths of the ground links for different architecture options of the proposed Integrated Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) Network. C1 [Cheung, Kar-Ming] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Jennings, Esther] Scalable Network Technol Inc, Los Angeles, CA 90045 USA. RP Cheung, KM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Kar-Ming.Cheung@jpl.nasa.gov; ejennings@scalable-networks.com FU NASA's Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) FX The authors would like to thank John Segui for his engineering and simulation support, and Loren Clare for his insightful comments. This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The research was supported by the NASA's Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) Program NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123900068 ER PT S AU Chuang, CL Shaffer, S Smythe, R Niamsuwan, N Li, S Liao, E Lim, C Morfopolous, A Veilleux, L AF Chuang, Chung-Lun Shaffer, Scott Smythe, Robert Niamsuwan, Noppasin Li, Samuel Liao, Eric Lim, Chester Morfopolous, Arin Veilleux, Louise GP IEEE TI DESDynI Quad First Stage Processor - A Four Channel Digitizer and Digital Beam Forming Processor SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The proposed Deformation, Eco-Systems, and Dynamics of Ice Radar (DESDynI-R) L-band SAR instrument employs multiple digital channels to optimize resolution while keeping a large swath on a single pass. High-speed digitization with very fine synchronization and digital beam forming are necessary in order to facilitate this new technique. The Quad First Stage Processor (qFSP) was developed to achieve both the processing performance as well as the digitizing fidelity in order to accomplish this sweeping SAR technique. The qFSP utilizes high precision and high-speed analog to digital converters (ADCs), each with a finely adjustable clock distribution network to digitize the channels at the fidelity necessary to allow for digital beam forming. The Xilinx produced FX130T Virtex 5 part handles the processing to digitally calibrate each channel as well as filter and beam form the receive signals. Demonstrating the digital processing required for digital beam forming and digital calibration is instrumental to the viability of the proposed DESDynI instrument. The qFSP development brings this implementation to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. This paper will detail the design and development of the prototype qFSP as well as the preliminary results from hardware tests. C1 [Chuang, Chung-Lun; Shaffer, Scott; Smythe, Robert; Niamsuwan, Noppasin; Li, Samuel; Liao, Eric; Lim, Chester; Morfopolous, Arin; Veilleux, Louise] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chuang, CL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902044 ER PT S AU Cole, B AF Cole, Bjorn GP IEEE TI Analyses Made to Order: Using Transformation to Rapidly Configure a Multidisciplinary Environment SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Aerospace problems are highly multidisciplinary. Four or more major disciplines are involved in analyzing any particular vehicle. Moreover, the choice of implementation technology of various subsystems can lead to a change of leading domain or reformation of the driving equations. An excellent example is the change of expertise required to consider aircraft built from composite or metallic structures, or those propelled by chemical or electrical thrusters. Another example is in the major reconfiguration of handling and stability equations with different control surface configuration (e.g., canards, t-tail v four-post tail). Combinatorial problems are also commonplace anytime that a major system is to be designed. If there are only 5 attributes of a design to consider with 4 different options, this is already 1024 options. Adding just 5 more dimensions to the study explodes the space to over one million. Even generous assumptions like the idea that only 10% of the combinations are physically feasible can only contain the problem for so long. To make matters worse, the simple number of combinations is only the beginning. Combining the issue of trade space size with the need to reformulate the design problem for many of the possibilities makes life exponentially more difficult. Advances in software modeling approaches have led to the development of model-driven architecture. This approach uses the transformation of models into inferred models (e.g. inferred execution traces from state machines) or the skeletons for code generation. When the emphasis on transformation is applied to aerospace, it becomes possible to exploit redundancy in the information specified in multiple domain models into a unified system model. Further, it becomes possible to overcome the combinatorial nature of specifying integrated system behavior by manually combining the equations governing a given component technology. Transformations from a system specification combined with a system-analysis mapping specification enable one-click combination of domain analyses. This is a flexibility that has been missing from many engineering codes, which often entangle design specification and physical examination much more than is required to conduct the analysis. This capability has been investigated and cultivated within the DARP A F6 program by a team of JPL and Phoenix Integration engineers building the Adapatable Systems Design and Analysis (ASDA) framework. By embracing system modeling with SysML and the Query-View-Transformation (QVT) language, the ASDA team has been able to build a flexible, easily reconfigurable framework for building up and solving large trades paces. Examples of application and lessons learned in building the framework will be described in this paper. In addition, the motivation will be laid for various tool vendors to develop open model description standards while being able to maintain competitive advantage through proprietary algorithms and approaches. These standards will also be compared to the underpinnings of model-driven architecture and the OMG standards of the Meta-Object Facility (MOF), SysML, and QVT. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cole, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902064 ER PT S AU Cole, B Dubos, G Banazadeh, P Reh, J Case, K Wang, YF Jones, S Picha, F AF Cole, Bjorn Dubos, Greg Banazadeh, Payam Reh, Jonathan Case, Kelley Wang, Yeou-Fang Jones, Susan Picha, Frank GP IEEE TI Domain-Specific Languages and Diagram Customization for a Concurrent Engineering Environment SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A major open question for advocates of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is the question of how system and subsystem engineers will work together. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML), like any language intended for a large audience, is in tension between the desires for simplicity and for expressiveness. In order to be more expressive, many specialized language elements may be introduced, which will unfortunately make a complete understanding of the language a more daunting task. While this may be acceptable for systems modelers, it will increase the challenge of including subsystem engineers in the modeling effort. One possible answer to this situation is the use of Domain-Specific Languages (DSL), which are fully supported by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). SysML is in fact a DSL for systems engineering. The expressive power of a DSL can be enhanced through the use of diagram customization. Various domains have already developed their own schematic vocabularies. Within the space engineering community, two excellent examples are the propulsion and telecommunication subsystems. A return to simple box-and-line diagrams (e. g., the SysML Internal Block Diagram) are in many ways a step backward. In order allow subsystem engineers to contribute directly to the model, it is necessary to make a system modeling tool at least approximate in accessibility to drawing tools like Microsoft PowerPoint and Visio. The challenge is made more extreme in a concurrent engineering environment, where designs must often be drafted in an hour or two. In the case of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Team X concurrent design team, a subsystem is specified using a combination of PowerPoint for drawing and Excel for calculation. A pilot has been undertaken in order to meld the drawing portion and the production of master equipment lists (MELs) via a SysML authoring tool, MagicDraw. Team X currently interacts with its customers in a process of sharing presentations. There are several inefficiencies that arise from this situation. The first is that a customer team must wait two weeks to a month (which is 2-4 times the duration of most Team X studies themselves) for a finalized, detailed design description. Another is that this information must be re-entered by hand into the set of engineering artifacts and design tools that the mission concept team uses after a study is complete. Further, there is no persistent connection to Team X or institutionally shared formulation design tools and data after a given study, again reducing the direct reuse of designs created in a Team X study. This paper presents the underpinnings of subsystem DSLs as they were developed for this pilot. This includes specialized semantics for different domains as well as the process by which major categories of objects were derived in support of defining the DSLs. The feedback given to us by the domain experts on usability, along with a pilot study with the partial inclusion of these tools is also discussed. C1 [Cole, Bjorn; Dubos, Greg; Banazadeh, Payam; Reh, Jonathan; Case, Kelley; Wang, Yeou-Fang; Jones, Susan; Picha, Frank] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cole, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901095 ER PT S AU Conroy, M Mazzone, R Lin, W AF Conroy, Mike Mazzone, Rebecca Lin, Wei GP IEEE TI NASA Integrated Model-Centric Architecture (NIMA) Model Use and Re-Use SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This whitepaper accepts the goals, needs and objectives of NASA's Integrated Model-centric Architecture (NIMA); adds experience and expertise from the Constellation program as well as NASA's architecture development efforts; and provides suggested concepts, practices and norms that nurture and enable model use and re-use across programs, projects and other complex endeavors. Key components include the ability to effectively move relevant information through a large community, process patterns that support model reuse and the identification of the necessary meta-information (e. g. history, credibility, and provenance) to safely use and re-use that information. C1 [Conroy, Mike; Mazzone, Rebecca] John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Lin, Wei] Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Conroy, M (reprint author), John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Mike.Conroy@nasa.gov; Rebecca.Mazzone@nasa.gov; W.Lin@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123903087 ER PT S AU Cornford, S Jenkins, S Wall, S Cole, B Bairstow, B Rouquette, N Dubos, G Ryan, T Zarifian, P Boutwell, J AF Cornford, Steven Jenkins, Steven Wall, Stephen Cole, Bjorn Bairstow, Brian Rouquette, Nic Dubos, Greg Ryan, Tyler Zarifian, Pezhman Boutwell, Justin GP IEEE TI Evaluating Fractionated Space Systems - Status SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB DARPA has funded a number of teams to further refine its Fractionated Spacecraft vision. Several teams, including this team led by JPL, have been tasked to develop a tool for the evaluation of the Business case for a fractionated system architecture. This evaluation is to understand under what conditions and constraints the fractionated architecture make more sense (in a cost/benefit sense) than the traditional monolithic paradigm. Our approach to this evaluation is to generate and evaluate a variety of trade space options. These options include various sets of stimuli, various degrees of fractionation and various subsystem element properties. The stimuli include many not normally modeled such as technology obsolescence, funding profile changes and changes in mission objectives during the mission itself. The degrees of fractionation enable various traditional subsystem elements to be distributed across different free flyers which then act in concert as needed. This will enable key technologies to be updated as need dictates and availability allows. We have described our approach in a previous IEEE Aerospace conference paper but will briefly summarize here. Our approach to generate the Business Case evaluation is to explicitly model both the implementation and operation phases for the life cycle of a fractionated constellation. A variety of models are integrated into the Phoenix ModelCenter framework and are used to generate various intermediate data which is aggregated into the Present Strategic Value (PSV). The PSV is essentially the value (including the value of the embedded real options) minus the cost. These PSVs are calculated for a variety of configurations and scenarios including variations of various stimuli or uncertainties (e.g. supply chain delays, launch vehicle failures and orbital debris events). There are various decision options (e.g. delay, accelerate, cancel) which can now be exercised for each stimulus. We can compute the PSV for the various combinations and populate a trades pace. We have developed tooling to allow models to be automatically created and executed allowing us to explore large numbers of options with no human intervention. The methodology, models and the process by which they are integrated were a key subset of the previous paper. We will present the results of the Business Case analyses for a variety of configurations and scenarios, present the populated tradespace, show the GUI we have developed to facilitate the use of the tool and discuss the implications of both the results and our work to date. We will also discuss future work and possible approaches for that work. C1 [Cornford, Steven; Jenkins, Steven; Wall, Stephen; Cole, Bjorn; Bairstow, Brian; Rouquette, Nic; Dubos, Greg; Ryan, Tyler; Zarifian, Pezhman] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Boutwell, Justin] Phoenix Integrat, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RP Cornford, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Steven.cornford@jpl.nasa.gov; J.S.Jenkins@jpl.nasa.gov; Stephen.D.Wall@jpl.nasa.gov; Bjorn.Cole@jpl.nasa.gov; Brian.Bairstow@jpl.nasa.gov; Nicolas.F.Rouquette@jpl.nasa.gov; Gregory.F.Dubos@jpl.nasa.gov; Tyler.Ryan@jpl.nasa.gov; Pezhman.Zarifian@jpl.nasa.gov; jboutwell@phoenix-int.com NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901081 ER PT S AU Creech, SD AF Creech, Stephen D. GP IEEE TI Game Changing: NASA's Space Launch System and Science Mission Design SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is directing efforts to build the Space Launch System (SLS), a heavy-lift rocket that will carry the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) and other important payloads far beyond Earth orbit (BEO). Its evolvable architecture will allow NASA to begin with Moon fly-bys and then go on to transport humans or robots to distant places such as asteroids and Mars. Designed to simplify spacecraft complexity, the SLS rocket will provide improved mass margins and radiation mitigation, and reduced mission durations. These capabilities offer attractive advantages for ambitious missions such as a Mars sample return, by reducing infrastructure requirements, cost, and schedule. For example, if an evolved expendable launch vehicle (EELV) were used for a proposed mission to investigate the Saturn system, a complicated trajectory would be required - with several gravity-assist planetary fly-bys - to achieve the necessary outbound velocity. The SLS rocket, using significantly higher characteristic energy (C3) energies, can more quickly and effectively take the mission directly to its destination, reducing trip time and cost. As this paper will report, the SLS rocket will launch payloads of unprecedented mass and volume, such as "monolithic" telescopes and in-space infrastructure. Thanks to its ability to co-manifest large payloads, it also can accomplish complex missions in fewer launches. Future analyses will include reviews of alternate mission concepts and detailed evaluations of SLS figures of merit, helping the new rocket revolutionize science mission planning and design for years to come. C1 NASA, Space Launch Syst Program, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Creech, SD (reprint author), NASA, Space Launch Syst Program, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Stephen.D.Creech@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901023 ER PT S AU Del Castillo, L Hoffman, JP Birur, G Thrivikraman, T Miller, J Knowles, TR AF Del Castillo, Linda Hoffman, James Patrick Birur, Gajanana Thrivikraman, Tushar Miller, Jennifer Knowles, Timothy R. GP IEEE TI Robust. Reworkable Thermal Electronic Packaging: Applications in High Power TR Modules for Space SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Several promising technologies and techniques for high power (>100W) TR module packaging have been incorporated into the baseline design of the TR modules for the proposed DESDynI SAR Instrument. A few advanced technologies, which have not been incorporated into the baseline design, including the PCM thermal capacitor and the CE alloys, have been integrated into an advanced module, in order to compare the thermal performance of the baseline flight design to the advanced packaging design. Successful integration of these technologies being investigated as part of the NASA Advanced Component Technology task, allows for packaging of higher power density electronics, while maintaining reliability and stability. This work helps to enable more cost effective radar architectures for earth remote sensing, such as SweepSAR, which is an architecture being considered for the proposed DESDynI radar instrument. This paper will detail the final tests, compare the results of this three-year task and include studies on the individual technologies, which can be scaled to work with other design requirements, such as direct die attachment to thermally stable carriers for high-frequency instruments. C1 [Del Castillo, Linda; Hoffman, James Patrick; Birur, Gajanana; Thrivikraman, Tushar; Miller, Jennifer] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Del Castillo, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Linda.DelCastillo@jpl.nasa.gov; James.P.Hoffman@jpl.nasa.gov; Gajanana.C.Birur@jpl.nasa.gov; Tushar.Thrivikrman@jpl.nasa.gov; Jennifer.R.Miller@jpl.nasa.gov; TKnowles@esli.com NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123902010 ER PT S AU Delp, C Lam, D Fosse, E Lee, CY AF Delp, Christopher Lam, Doris Fosse, Elyse Lee, Cin-Young GP IEEE TI Model Based Document and Report Generation for Systems Engineering SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB As Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) practices gain adoption, various approaches have been developed in order to simplify and automate the process of generating documents from models. Essentially, all of these techniques can be unified around the concept of producing different views of the model according to the needs of the intended audience. In this paper, we will describe a technique developed at JPL of applying SysML Viewpoints and Views to generate documents and reports. An architecture of model-based view and document generation will be presented, and the necessary extensions to SysML with associated rationale will be explained. A survey of examples will highlight a variety of views that can be generated, and will provide some insight into how collaboration and integration is enabled. We will also describe the basic architecture for the enterprise applications that support this approach. C1 [Delp, Christopher; Lam, Doris; Fosse, Elyse; Lee, Cin-Young] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Delp, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Christopher.L.Delp@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901028 ER PT S AU Dillon, RL Rogers, EW Madsen, P Tinsley, CH AF Dillon, Robin L. Rogers, Edward W. Madsen, Peter Tinsley, Catherine H. GP IEEE TI Improving the Recognition of Near-Miss Events on NASA Missions SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Organizations that ignore near-miss data may be inappropriately rewarding risky behavior. If managers engage in risky behavior and succeed, research shows that these managers are likely to be promoted without close scrutiny of their risky decisions, even if the success is because of good fortune [I]. Over time such risk taking compounds as similar near-misses are repeatedly observed and the ability to recognize anomalies and document the events decreases (i.e., normalization of deviance [2,3]). History from the shuttle program shows that only the occasional large failure increases attention to anomalies again. This research demonstrates the presence of normalization of deviance in NASA missions and also examines a factor (the significance of the project) that may increase people's awareness of near-misses to counter this trend. Increasing awareness of chance success should increase the likelihood that significant learning can occur from the mission regardless of outcome. We conclude with prescriptions for project managers based on several on-going activities at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to improve organizational learning. We discuss how these efforts can contribute to reducing near-miss bias and the normalization of deviance. This research should help organizations design learning processes that draw lessons from near-misses. C1 [Dillon, Robin L.; Tinsley, Catherine H.] Georgetown Univ, McDonough Sch Business, Washington, DC 20057 USA. [Rogers, Edward W.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Madsen, Peter] Brigham Young Univ, Marriott Sch, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Dillon, RL (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, McDonough Sch Business, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM rld9@georgetown.edu; edward.w.rogers@nasa.gov; petermadsen@byu.edu; tinsleyc@georgetown.edu FU University of Southern California [122947] FX This study was funded in part by the University of Southern California's Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (sub-award 122947) whose support is gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to thank David Oberhettinger, Office of the Chief Engineer of the NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and chairman of JPL's Lessons Learned Committee, for help obtaining ISA reports from JPL and for insights into the processes that JPL is using to learn from near-miss events. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123900033 ER PT S AU Donahue, K Chung, SH AF Donahue, Kenneth Chung, Seung H. GP IEEE TI Timeline and the Timeline Exchange Infrastructure: A Framework for Exchanging Temporal Information SO 2013 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 02-09, 2013 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The concept of a timeline is used ubiquitously during space mission design and development to specify elements of flight and ground system designs; it is used also during testing and operations to describe mission plans and system state trajectories, for example. In this paper we introduce our Timeline Ontology. The Timeline Ontology is grounded in mathematical formalism, thus providing concrete semantics. We also describe our ontology-based Timeline eXchange Infrastructure (TXI), a framework that provides a means to exchange time-varying information among various tools and algorithms with semantic correctness. To further ground the needs for Timeline and the TXI, we examine the tools used in the Mission Operations Systems (MOS) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). To illustrate the versatility of the formalism, we also describe a use of Timelines during the early design phase of a project lifecycle. Finally, we look at future extensions to this work, including creating a user interface for Timeline instance editing, integrating with ontology validation tools, and extending the Timeline concept to include relationships to other pre-existing JPL ontologies. C1 [Donahue, Kenneth; Chung, Seung H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Donahue, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Kenneth.M.Donahue@jpl.nasa.gov; Seung.H.Chung@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 978-1-4673-1811-2 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2013 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFJ62 UT WOS:000320123901047 ER EF