FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Markus, T Powell, DC Wang, JR AF Markus, T Powell, DC Wang, JR TI Sensitivity of passive microwave snow depth retrievals to weather effects and snow evolution SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE passive microwave; sea ice; snow ID SEA-ICE CONCENTRATION; WATER EQUIVALENT; EMISSION MODEL; LAYERED SNOWPACKS; ALGORITHM; VAPOR AB Snow fall and snow accumulation are key climate parameters due to the snow's high albedo, its thermal insulation, and its importance to the global water cycle. Satellite passive microwave radiometers currently provide the only means for the retrieval of snow depth and/or snow water equivalent (SWE) over land as well as over sea ice from space. All algorithms make use of the frequency-dependent amount of scattering of snow over a high-emissivity surface. Specifically, the difference between 37- and 19-GlIz brightness temperatures is used to determine the depth of the snow or the SWE. With the availability of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aqua satellite (launched in May 2002), a wider range of frequencies can be utilized. In this study we investigate, using model simulations, how snow depth retrievals are affected by the evolution of the physical properties of the snow (mainly grain size growth and densification), how they are affected by variations in atmospheric conditions and, finally, how the additional channels may help to reduce errors in passive microwave snow retrievals. The sensitivity of snow depth retrievals to atmospheric water vapor is confirmed through the comparison with precipitable water retrievals from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-13). The results suggest that a combination of the 10-, 19-, 37-, and 89-GHz channels may significantly improve retrieval accuracy. Additionally, the development of a multisensor algorithm utilizing AMSR-E and AMSU-B data may help to obtain weather-corrected snow retrievals. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 20715 USA. RP Markus, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Thorsten.Markus@nasa.gov RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 28 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 12 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2006 VL 44 IS 1 BP 68 EP 77 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2005.860208 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 999DC UT WOS:000234367900007 ER PT J AU Tkacenko, A Vaidyanathan, PP AF Tkacenko, A Vaidyanathan, PP TI Iterative greedy algorithm for solving the FIR paraunitary approximation problem SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE filter bank optimization; greedy algorithm; interpolation; principal components filter bank ID COMPONENT FILTER BANKS; DESIGN; OPTIMALITY; SUBBAND; CODERS AB In this paper, a method for approximating a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) transfer function by a causal finite-impulse response (FIR) paraunitary (PU) system in a weighted least-squares sense is presented. Using a complete parameterization of FIR PU systems in terms of Householder-like building blocks, an iterative algorithm is proposed that is greedy in the sense that the observed mean-squared error at each iteration is guaranteed to not increase. For certain design problems in which there is a phase-type ambiguity in the desired response, which is formally defined in the paper, a phase feedback modification is proposed in which the phase of the FIR approximant is fed back to the desired response. With this modification in effect, it is shown that the resulting iterative algorithm not only still remains greedy, but also offers a better magnitude-type fit to the desired response. Simulation results show the usefulness and versatility of the proposed algorithm with respect to the design of principal component filter bank (PCFB)-like filter banks and the FIR PU interpolation problem. Concerning the PCFB design problem, it is shown that as the McMillan degree of the FIR PU approximant increases, the resulting filter bank behaves more and more like the infinite-order PCFB, consistent with intuition. In particular, this PCFB-like behavior is shown in terms of filter response shape, multiresolution, coding gain, noise reduction with zeroth- order Wiener filtering in the subbands, and power minimization for discrete multitone (DMT)-type transmultiplexers. C1 Digital Signal Proc Res Grp, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tkacenko, A (reprint author), Digital Signal Proc Res Grp, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM andre@systems.caltech.edu; ppvnath@systems.caltech.edu NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1053-587X J9 IEEE T SIGNAL PROCES JI IEEE Trans. Signal Process. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 BP 146 EP 160 DI 10.1109/TSP.2005.861054 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 004LZ UT WOS:000234755600014 ER PT J AU Tkacenko, A Vaidyanathan, PP AF Tkacenko, A Vaidyanathan, PP TI On the spectral factor ambiguity of FIR energy compaction filter banks SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE compaction filter; energy compaction; multirate filter bank; principal components filter bank ID DESIGN; OPTIMALITY; SUBBAND; CODERS AB This paper focuses on the design of signal-adapted finite-impulse response (FIR) paraunitary (PU) filter banks optimized for energy compaction (EC). The design of such filter banks has been shown in the literature to consist of the design of an optimal FIR compaction filter followed by an appropriate Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). Despite this elegant construction, EC optimal filter banks have been shown to perform worse than common nonadapted filter banks for coding gain, contrary to intuition. Here, it is shown that this phenomenon is most likely due to the nonuniqueness of the compaction filter in terms of its spectral factors. This nonuniqueness results in a finite set of EC optimal filter banks. By choosing the spectral factor yielding the largest coding gain, it is shown that the resulting filter bank behaves more and more like the infinite-order principal components filter bank (PCFB) in terms of numerous objectives such as coding gain, multiresolution, noise reduction with zeroth-order Wiener filters in the subbands, and power minimization for discrete multitone (DMT)-type nouredundant transmultiplexers. C1 CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Tkacenko, A (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Digital Signal Proc Res Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM andre@systems.caltech.edu; ppvnath@systems.caltech.edu NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1053-587X J9 IEEE T SIGNAL PROCES JI IEEE Trans. Signal Process. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 BP 380 EP 385 DI 10.1109/TSP.2005.861060 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 004LZ UT WOS:000234755600034 ER PT S AU Young, SD Adelstein, BD Ellis, SR AF Young, Sean D. Adelstein, Bernard D. Ellis, Stephen R. BE Frolich, B Bowman, D Iwata, H TI Demand characteristics of a questionnaire used to assess motion sickness in a virtual environment SO IEEE VIRTUAL REALITY 2006, PROCEEDINGS SE Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Virtual Reality 2006 Conference CY MAR 25-29, 2006 CL Alexandria, VA SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE VGTC DE manual control; three dimensional tracking; placebo effect; virtual environment ID PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT; SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGY; PLACEBO; DETERMINANT AB The experience of motion sickness in a virtual environment may be measured through pre- and post-experiment self-reported questionnaires such as the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). Although research provides converging evidence that users of virtual environments can experience motion sickness, there have been no controlled studies to determine to what extent the user's subjective response is a demand characteristic resulting from pre- and post-test measures. In this study, subjects were given either SSQ's both pre and post virtual environment immersion, or only post immersion. This technique was used to test for contrast effects due to demand characteristics in which administration of the questionnaire itself suggests to the participant that the virtual environment may produce motion sickness. Results indicate that reports of motion sickness after immersion in a virtual environment are much greater when both pre and post questionnaires are given than when only a post test questionnaire is used. The implications for assessments of motion sickness in virtual environments are discussed. C1 [Young, Sean D.] Stanford Univ, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. [Adelstein, Bernard D.; Ellis, Stephen R.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Young, SD (reprint author), Stanford Univ, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. EM sellis@mail.arc.nasa.gov FU NASA Space Human Factors FX This work was supported by a NASA Space Human Factors grant titled Virtual environment interfaces for remote operations to Stephen R. Ellis and Bernard D. Adelstein. The authors also wish to thank Drs. Patricia Cowings and William Toscono for guidance and advice regarding motion sickness. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1087-8270 BN 1-4244-0223-9 J9 P IEEE VIRT REAL ANN PY 2006 BP 97 EP + DI 10.1109/VR.2006.44 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BEG31 UT WOS:000237211000013 ER PT S AU Swan, JE Ellis, SR Adelstein, BD AF Swan, J. Edward, II Ellis, Stephen R. Adelstein, Bernard D. BE Frolich, B Bowman, D Iwata, H TI Conducting human-subject experiments with virtual and augmented reality SO IEEE VIRTUAL REALITY 2006, PROCEEDINGS SE Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Virtual Reality 2006 Conference CY MAR 25-29, 2006 CL Alexandria, VA SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE VGTC C1 [Swan, J. Edward, II] Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. [Ellis, Stephen R.; Adelstein, Bernard D.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Swan, JE (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1087-8270 BN 1-4244-0223-9 J9 P IEEE VIRT REAL ANN PY 2006 BP 309 EP 309 DI 10.1109/VR.2006.35 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BEG31 UT WOS:000237211000054 ER PT B AU Fang, WC Lue, JCL AF Fang, Wai-Chi Lue, Jaw-Chyng L. BE Fang, WC Pan, JS Shieh, CS Huang, HC TI VLSI bio-inspired microsystem for robust microarrray image analysis and recognition SO IIH-MSP: 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT INFORMATION HIDING AND MULTIMEDIA SIGNAL PROCESSING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing CY DEC 18-20, 2006 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Natl Kaohsiung Univ Appl Sci AB A VLSI bio-inspired microsystem for real-time, on-site, robust image analysis and recognition has been developed. A corresponding novel artificial neural network (ANN) learning algorithm using new sigmoid-logarithmic transfer function is invented. Our results show the trained new ANN can recognize low fluorescence patterns better than the conventional sigmoidal ANN does. A differential logarithmic imaging chip is designed for calculating logarithm of relative intensities of fluorescence signals. The single-rail logarithmic circuit and a prototype ANN chip are designed, fabricated and characterized. C1 [Fang, Wai-Chi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Lue, Jaw-Chyng L.] Univ So Calif, Dept Elect Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Fang, WC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The authors wish to thank Prof. Armand R. Tanguay for valuable discussions and supports. The work was partially performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2745-1 PY 2006 BP 479 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFR99 UT WOS:000244122100113 ER PT B AU Fang, WC Kedar, S Owen, S Wei, GY Brooks, D AF Fang, Wai-Chi Kedar, Sharon Owen, Susan Wei, Gu-Yeon Brooks, David BE Fang, WC Pan, JS Shieh, CS Huang, HC TI System-on-chip architecture design for intelligent sensor networks SO IIH-MSP: 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT INFORMATION HIDING AND MULTIMEDIA SIGNAL PROCESSING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing CY DEC 18-20, 2006 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Natl Kaohsiung Univ Appl Sci AB While wireless sensor networks can generically be used for a wide variety of applications, breakthrough innovations are most often achieved when driven by a genuine need or application, with its specific system-level and science-related requirements and objectives. Hence, our work focuses on the development of wireless sensor network system-on-chip devices and supporting software for volcano monitoring, which we call Sensor Network for Active Volcanoes (SNAV). In this paper we present preliminary results of our research and development work on intelligent sensor networks for monitoring hazardous environments especially the SNAV system-on-chip design for active volcanoes monitoring. C1 [Fang, Wai-Chi; Kedar, Sharon; Owen, Susan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wei, Gu-Yeon; Brooks, David] Harvard Univ, Univ North Carolina, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Fang, WC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX This work was partially performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2745-1 PY 2006 BP 579 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFR99 UT WOS:000244122100137 ER PT B AU Fang, WC Lin, TH AF Fang, Wai-Chi Lin, Tsung-Hsien BE Fang, WC Pan, JS Shieh, CS Huang, HC TI Low-power radio design for wireless smart sensor networks SO IIH-MSP: 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT INFORMATION HIDING AND MULTIMEDIA SIGNAL PROCESSING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing CY DEC 18-20, 2006 CL Pasadena, CA SP IEEE, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Natl Kaohsiung Univ Appl Sci AB A low power radio has been developed as an embedded communication core for wireless sensor networks system-on-chip designs. Energy constraints and sensor network design considerations due to the limited battery energy supply are described. Low-power receiver and transmitter architectures for wireless sensor networks are presented. Associated low power RF circuit design methodologies are also illustrated. C1 [Fang, Wai-Chi] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Lin, Tsung-Hsien] Natl Taiwan Univ, Grad Sch Elect Engn, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Fang, WC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM wai-chi.fang@pl.nasa.gov; thlin@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The work was partially performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2745-1 PY 2006 BP 583 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFR99 UT WOS:000244122100138 ER PT J AU Kennedy, B Okon, A Aghazarian, H Badescu, M Bao, X Bar-Cohen, Y Chang, ZS Dabiri, BE Garrett, M Magnone, L Sherrit, S AF Kennedy, Brett Okon, Avi Aghazarian, Hrand Badescu, Mircea Bao, Xiaoqi Bar-Cohen, Yoseph Chang, Zensheu Dabiri, Borna E. Garrett, Mike Magnone, Lee Sherrit, Stewart TI Lemur IIb: a robotic system for steep terrain access SO INDUSTRIAL ROBOT-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots (CLAWAR 2005) CY SEP 13-15, 2005 CL London, ENGLAND DE robotics; drilling (mineral extraction); force measurement AB Purpose - Introduces the Lemur IIb robot which allows the investigation of the technical hurdles associated with free climbing in steep terrain. These include controlling the distribution of contact forces during motion to ensure holds remain intact and to enable mobility through over-hangs. Efforts also can be applied to further in-situ characterization of the terrain, such as testing the strength of the holds and developing models of the individual holds and a terrain map. Design/methodology/approach - A free climbing robot system was designed and integrated. Climbing end-effector were investigated and operational algorithms were developed. Findings - A 4-limbed robotic system used to investigate several aspects of climbing system design including the mechanical system (novel end-effectors, kinematics, joint design), sensing (force, attitude, vision), low-level control (force-control for tactile sensing and stability management), and planning (joint trajectories for stability). A new class of Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) end-effectors capable of creating "holds" in rock and soil as well as sampling those substrates. Practical implications - Planetary exploration of cliff faces. Search and rescue in steep terrain. Robotic scouting and surveillance in natural environments. Originality/value - The technologies developed on this platform will be used to build an advanced system that will climb slopes up to and including vertical faces and overhangs and be able to react forces to maintain stability and do useful work (e.g. sample acquisition/instrument placement). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kennedy, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0143-991X J9 IND ROBOT JI Ind. Robot PY 2006 VL 33 IS 4 BP 265 EP 269 DI 10.1108/014399106106678721 PG 5 WC Engineering, Industrial; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA 068LY UT WOS:000239376800014 ER PT J AU Rochlis, J Delgado, F Graham, J AF Rochlis, J. Delgado, F. Graham, J. TI Science crew operations and utility testbed SO INDUSTRIAL ROBOT-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE planets; transport management; navigation AB Purpose - The goal of this research has been to design and field test a multi-use planetary rover vehicle. SCOUT has been developed to test advanced rover hardware and software technologies and to enable the development and demonstration of mission operations concepts applicable to future planetary rover vehicle development activities. Design/methodology/approach - This paper presents a description of the SCOUT vehicle capabilities and the results of the remote field testing conducted recently in Meteor Crater, AZ. These tests included (among others) onboard driving by suited crewmembers, remote teleoperation, autonomous point-to-point navigation, obstacle avoidance, human tracking and following, gesture recognition and onboard suit-recharge. Findings - SCOUT was successfully tested in all three driving modes (onboard by two suited crewmembers, teleoperation and autonomous) and additional capabilities verified over the course of the testing period. Research limitations/impilications - Various tests experienced periodic telemetry drop-outs to the vehicle. Future research should improve upon the communications architecture to minimize the loading on system bandwidth. Practical implications - A multi-use planetary rover will prove very useful on future Lunar and Martian exploration missions on an assortment of activities. In addition to equipment transport, riding on the rover will allow crewmembers to cover more surface area while conserving important extravehicular activity suit consumables. Originality/value - Several new concepts for rover technologies are presented here including on-board suit recharge, stereo-vision human tracking and following, gesture recognition and autonomous driving and navigation. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. S&K Technol, Webster, TX USA. RP Rochlis, J (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM jennifer.l.rochlis@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0143-991X J9 IND ROBOT JI Ind. Robot PY 2006 VL 33 IS 6 BP 443 EP 450 DI 10.1108/01439910610705617 PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA 143FI UT WOS:000244705000017 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Hill, CJ Ting, DZ Liu, JK Rafol, SB Blazejewski, ER Mumolo, JM Keo, SA Krishna, S Chang, YC Shott, CA AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Hill, C. J. Ting, D. Z. Liu, J. K. Rafol, S. B. Blazejewski, E. R. Mumolo, J. M. Keo, S. A. Krishna, S. Chang, Y-C. Shott, C. A. BE Dereniak, EL Sampson, RE TI Quantum wells to quantum dots: 640x512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array - art. no. 629501 SO Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Conference on Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared detectors; quantum wells; quantum dots; QWIP; QDIP; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays; nanotechnology ID RESPONSIVITY; DETECTIVITY AB We have exploited the artificial atom-like properties of epitaxially grown self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) for the development of high operating temperature long wavelength infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs). QD infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) are expected to outperform quantum well infrared detectors (QWIPs) and are expected to offer significant advantages over II-VI material based FPAs. We have used molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technology to grow multi-layer LWIR Dot-in-a-Well (DWELL) structures based on the InAs/InGaAs/GaAs material system. This hybrid quantum dot/quantum well device offers additional control in wavelength tuning via control of dot-size and/or quantum well sizes. DWELL QDIPs were also experimentally shown to absorb both 45o and normally incident light. Thus we have employed a reflection grating structure to further enhance the quantum efficiency. The most recent devices exhibit peak responsivity out to 8.1 microns. Peak detectivity of the 8.1 mu m devices has reached similar to 1 x 1010 Jones at 77 K. Furthermore, we have fabricated the first long-wavelength 640x512 pixels QDIP imaging FPA. This QDIP FPA has produced excellent infrared imagery with noise equivalent temperature difference of 40 mK at 60K operating temperature. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6374-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6295 BP 29501 EP 29501 AR 629501 DI 10.1117/12.683678 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFI14 UT WOS:000241972600001 ER PT S AU Abedin, MN Refaat, TF Bhat, IB Xiao, Y Johnson, DG AF Abedin, M. N. Refaat, T. F. Bhat, I. B. Xiao, Y. Johnson, D. G. BE Strojnik, M TI Bias selective operation of Sb-based two-color photodetectors - art. no. 629709 SO Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE IR Detectors; two-color detectors; InGaAsSb; GaSb; bias selective operation ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; P-N PHOTODIODES; THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS; EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; INJECTION-LASERS; PHASE EPITAXY; MU-M; GAINASSB; PROGRESS; RANGE AB Multicolor detectors have a strong potential to replace conventional single-color detectors in application dealing with the simultaneous detection of more than one wavelength. This will lead to the reduction of heavy and complex optical components now required for spectral discrimination for multi-wavelengths applications. This multicolor technology is simpler, lighter, compact and cheaper with respect to the single-color ones. In this paper, Sb-based two-color detectors fabrication and characterization are presented. The color separation is achieved by fabricating dual band pn junction on a GaSb substrate. The first band consists of an InGaAsSb pn junction for long wavelength detection, while the second band consists of a GaSb pn junction for shorter wavelength detection. Three metal contacts were deposited to access the individual junctions. Surface morphology of multi-layer thin films and also device characteristics of quasi-dual band photodetector were characterized using standard optical microscope and electro-optic techniques respectively. Dark current measurements illustrated the diode behavior of both lattice-matched detector bands. Spectral response measurements indicated either independent operation of both detectors simultaneously, or selective operation of one detector, by the polarity of the bias voltage, while serially accessing both devices. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Abedin, MN (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6297 BP 29709 EP 29709 AR 629709 DI 10.1117/12.680969 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100007 ER PT S AU Wellard, S Bingham, G Latvakoski, H Mlynczak, M Johnson, D Jucks, K AF Wellard, S. Bingham, G. Latvakoski, H. Mlynczak, M. Johnson, D. Jucks, K. BE Strojnik, M TI Far-infrared spectroscopy of the troposphere (FIRST): flight performance and data processing - art. no. 62970Q SO Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE interferometer; far-infrared; calibration; water vapor; global energy balance ID LIMB SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; SPECTROMETER AB The radiative balance of the troposphere, and hence global climate, is dominated by the infrared absorption and emission of water vapor, particularly at far-infrared (far-IR) wavelengths from 15-50 mu m. Current and planned satellites observe the infrared region to about 15.4 mu m, ignoring spectral measurement of the far-IR region from 15 to 100 mu m. The far-infrared spectroscopy of the troposphere (FIRST) project, flown in June 2005, provided a balloon-based demonstration of the two key technologies required for a space-based far-IR spectral sensor. We discuss the FIRST Fourier transform spectrometer system (0.6 cm(-1) unapodized resolution), its radiometric calibration in the spectral range from 10 to 100 mu m, and its performance and science data from the flight. Two primary and two secondary goals are given and data presented to show the goals were achieved by the FIRST flight. C1 Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Wellard, S (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RI Johnson, David/F-2376-2015 OI Johnson, David/0000-0003-4399-5653 NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6297 BP Q2970 EP Q2970 AR 62970Q DI 10.1117/12.683976 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100021 ER PT S AU Elwell, JD Cantwell, GW Scott, DK Esplin, RW Hansen, GB Jensen, SM Jensen, MD Brown, SB Zollinger, LJ Thurgood, VA Esplin, MP Huppi, RJ Bingham, GE Revercomb, HE Best, FA Tobin, DC Taylor, JK Knuteson, RO Smith, WL Reisse, RA Hooker, R AF Elwell, J. D. Cantwell, G. W. Scott, D. K. Esplin, R. W. Hansen, G. B. Jensen, S. M. Jensen, M. D. Brown, S. B. Zollinger, L. J. Thurgood, V. A. Esplin, M. P. Huppi, R. J. Bingham, G. E. Revercomb, H. E. Best, F. A. Tobin, D. C. Taylor, J. K. Knuteson, R. O. Smith, W. L. Reisse, R. A. Hooker, R. BE Strojnik, M TI A Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) for hyperspectral atmospheric remote sensing: Instrument overview & preliminary performance results - art. no. 62970S SO Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE geosynchronous; Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS); Michelson interferometer; hyperspectral; climate ID INTERFEROMETER; SATELLITE; SOUNDER AB The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) was developed for the NASA New Millennium Program (NMP) Earth Observing-3 (EO-3) mission. This paper discusses the GIFTS measurement requirements and the technology utilized by the GIFTS sensor to provide the required system performance. Also presented are preliminary results from the recently completed calibration of the instrument. The GIFTS NMP mission challenge was to demonstrate new and emerging sensor and data processing technologies to make revolutionary improvements in meteorological observational capability and forecasting accuracy using atmospheric imaging and hyperspectral sounding methods. The GIFTS sensor is an imaging FTS with programmable spectral resolution and spatial scene selection, allowing radiometric accuracy and atmospheric sounding precision to be traded in near-real time for area coverage. System sensitivity is achieved through the use of a cryogenic Michelson interferometer and two large-area, IR focal plane detector arrays. Due to funding limitations, the GIFTS sensor module was completed as an engineering demonstration unit, which can be upgraded for flight qualification. Capability to meet the next generation geosynchronous sounding requirements has been successfully demonstrated through thermal vacuum testing and rigorous IR calibration activities. C1 Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. ZEL Technol, Hampton, VA USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. RP Elwell, JD (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6297 BP S2970 EP S2970 AR 62970S DI 10.1117/12.684135 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100023 ER PT S AU Cantwell, GW Elwell, JD Esplin, RW Esplin, MP Scott, DK Zollinger, LJ Bingham, GE Revercomb, HE Smith, WL Reisse, RA AF Cantwell, Gregory W. Elwell, John D. Esplin, Roy W. Esplin, Mark P. Scott, Deron K. Zollinger, Lorin J. Bingham, Gall E. Revercomb, Henry E. Smith, William L. Reisse, Robert A. BE Strojnik, M TI Modeled vs. actual performance of the geosynchronous imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (GIFTS) - art. no. 62970T SO Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE GIFTS; system performance; radiometric modeling; Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS); remote sensing ID CALIBRATION AB The NASA Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) has been completed as an Engineering Demonstration Unit (EDU) and has recently finished thermal vacuum testing and calibration. The GIFTS EDU was designed to demonstrate new and emerging sensor and data processing technologies with the goal of making revolutionary improvements in meteorological observational capability and forecasting accuracy. The GIFTS EDU includes a cooled (150 K), imaging FTS designed to provide the radiometric accuracy and atmospheric sounding precision required to meet the next generation GOES sounder requirements. This paper discusses a GIFTS sensor response model and its validation during thermal vacuum testing and calibration. The GIFTS sensor response model presented here is a component-based simulation written in IDL with the model component characteristics updated as actual hardware has become available. We discuss our calibration approach, calibration hardware used, and preliminary system performance, including NESR, spectral radiance responsivity, and instrument line shape. A comparison of the model predictions and hardware performance provides useful insight into the fidelity of the design approach. C1 Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Cantwell, GW (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6297 BP T2970 EP T2970 AR 62970T DI 10.1117/12.684136 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100024 ER PT S AU Brown, SB Jensen, M Jensen, S Hansen, G Zollinger, L Esplin, R Miller, JB AF Brown, Steven B. Jensen, Mark Jensen, Scott Hansen, Glen Zollinger, Lorin Esplin, Roy Miller, James B. BE Strojnik, M TI Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER): Sensor design, performance, and lessons learned - art. no. 62970U SO Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE SABER; TIMED; FiST AB The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, a 10-channel infrared (1.27 - 16.9 mu m) radiometer, was launched on the TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite in December 2001 from Vandenburg Air Force Base. SABER is being used to measure earthlimb emissions and to characterize infrared radiation, allowing calculation of cooling rates and determination of composition and temperature profiles in the mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere (60-180 km). The SABER telescope is an on-axis Cassegrain design with a picket-fence tuning fork chopper at the first focus and a clamshell re-imager to focus the image on the focal plane. The telescope was designed to reject stray light from the Earth and atmosphere outside the instrument's instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The baffle assembly contains a single-axis scan mirror, which permits the 2 km vertical IFOV of each detector to be scanned from the Earth to a 400 km tangent height. The telescope and baffle assembly are cooled to 220 K by a dedicated radiator. The focal plane assembly is cooled to 75 K by a miniature cryogenic refrigerator. Field programmable gate arrays are used to implement state machine algorithms for control and operation of the instrument and subsystems. Although originally designed for a two-year lifetime requirement, the SABER instrument has been in continuous operation since January 2002. This paper discusses the SABER instrument design and innovations developed to achieve the required performance, along with instrument performance and lessons learned from the program. C1 Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Brown, SB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, 1695 Res Pk Way, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6297 BP U2970 EP U2970 AR 62970U DI 10.1117/12.684137 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100025 ER PT S AU Tansock, JJ Russell, JM Mlynczak, MG Gordley, LL Brown, C Paxton, G McMichaels, P AF Tansock, Joseph J. Russell, James M., III Mlynczak, Martin G. Gordley, Larry L. Brown, Chris Paxton, Greg McMichaels, Patrick BE Strojnik, M TI An update of sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (SABER) calibration SO INFRARED SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XIV CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE TIMED; SABER; IR; instrument; calibration; validation ID INSTRUMENT AB The sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (SABER) instrument is a 10-channel infrared (1.27-16.9 mu m) radiometer launched on the TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics, and Dynamics) satellite in December 2001 from Vandenburg Air Force Base. SABER measures earthlimb emissions and characterizes infrared radiation, allowing calculation of atmospheric temperature and composition (ozone, water vapor, and carbon dioxide), as well as solar and chemical heating rates and infrared cooling rates. Although SABER focuses on the unexplored 60-180km region, it makes measurements covering the 10-350kin altitude region. Ground calibration testing was completed in September 1999. Subsequent data analyses and report generation were completed in June, 2000. This paper provides a brief overview of instrument design, calibration planning, ground calibration testing, and results. Also included is an assessment of nearly five years of post launch validation and calibration maintenance. Using SABER as an example, conclusions are given regarding the benefit of a detailed calibration approach and how it enhances the quality of science data and mission success. C1 Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. GATS Inc, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Tansock, JJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Space Dynam Lab, 1695 N Res Pk Way, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6376-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6297 AR 62970V DI 10.1117/12.692857 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI35 UT WOS:000241988100026 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Hill, CJ Ting, DZ Liu, JK Rafol, SB Blazejewski, ER Mumolo, JM Keo, SA Krishna, S Chang, YC Shott, CA AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Hill, C. J. Ting, D. Z. Liu, J. K. Rafol, S. B. Blazejewski, E. R. Mumolo, J. M. Keo, S. A. Krishna, S. Chang, Y. C. Shott, C. A. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI Long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) focal plane array - art. no. 62060J SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXII, Pts 1and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications CY APR 17-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL DE infrared detectors; quantum dots; quantum wells; QDIPs; QWIP; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays ID DETECTIVITY AB We have exploited the artificial atomlike properties of epitaxially grown self-assembled quantum dots for the development of high operating temperature long wavelength infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays. Quantum dots are nanometer-scale islands that form spontaneously on a semiconductor substrate due to lattice mismatch. QDIPs are expected to outperform quantum well infrared detectors (QWIPs) and are expected to offer significant advantages over II-VI material based focal plane arrays. QDIPs are fabricated using robust wide bandgap III-V materials which are well suited to the production of highly uniform LWIR arrays. We have used molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technology to grow multi-layer LWIR quantum dot structures based on the InAs/InGaAs/GaAs material system. JPL is building on its significant QWIP experience and is basically building a Dot-in-the-Well (DWELL) device design by embedding InAs/InGaAs quantum dots in a QWIP structure. This hybrid quantum dot/quantum well device offers additional control in wavelength tuning via control of dot-size and/or quantum well sizes. In addition the quantum wells can trap electrons and aide in ground state refilling. Recent measurements have shown a 10 times higher photoconductive gain than the typical QWIP device, which indirectly confirms the lower relaxation rate of excited electrons (photon bottleneck) in QDIPs. Subsequent material and device improvements have demonstrated an absorption quantum efficiency (QE) of similar to 3%. Dot-in-the-well (DWELL) QDlPs were also experimentally shown to absorb both 45 degrees and normally incident light. Thus we have employed a reflection grating structure to further enhance the quantum efficiency. JPL has demonstrated wavelength control by progressively growing material and fabricating devices structures that have continuously increased in LWIR response. The most recent devices exhibit peak responsivity out to 8.1 microns. Peak detectivity of the 8.1 mu m devices has reached similar to I x 10(10) Jones at 77 K. Furthermore, we have fabricated the first long-wavelength 640x512 pixels QDIP focal plane array. This QDIP focal plane array has produced excellent infrared imagery with noise equivalent temperature difference of 40 mK at 60K operating temperature. In addition, we have managed to increase the quantum efficiency of these devices from 0.1% [1-2] to 20% in discrete devices. This is a factor of 200 increase in quantum efficiency. With these excellent results, for the first time QUIP performance has surpassed the QWIP performance. Our goal is to operate these long-wavelength detectors at much higher operating temperature than 77K, which can be passively achieved in space. This will be a huge leap in high performance infrared detectors specifically applicable to space science instruments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6262-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6206 BP J2060 EP J2060 AR 62060J DI 10.1117/12.662462 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BER42 UT WOS:000239035200019 ER PT S AU Hill, CJ Li, JV Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD AF Hill, Cory J. Li, Jian V. Mumolo, Jason. M. Gunapala, Sarath. D. BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Norton, PR TI Progress in MBE grown type-II superlattice photodiodes - art. no. 62060P SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXII, Pts 1and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications CY APR 17-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL DE molecular beam epitaxy; superlattices; infrared detectors; infrared photodiodes; chemical passivation ID INFRARED DETECTORS AB We report on the status of GaSb/InAs type-II superlattice diodes grown and fabricated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory designed for infrared absorption in the 8-12 mu m range. Recent devices have produced detectivities as high as 8x10(10) Jones with a differential resistance-area product greater than 6 Ohmcm(2) at 80K with a long wavelength cutoff of approximately 12 mu m. The measured quantum efficiency of these front-side illuminated devices is close to 30% in the 10-11 mu pm range without antireflection coatings. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hill, CJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Li, Jian/B-1627-2016 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6262-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6206 BP P2060 EP P2060 AR 62060P DI 10.1117/12.682827 PN 1&2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BER42 UT WOS:000239035200025 ER PT S AU Plotkin, KJ Haering, EA Murray, JE AF Plotkin, Kenneth J. Haering, Edward A., Jr. Murray, James E. BE Atchley, AA Sparrow, VW Keolian, RM TI Low-amplitude sonic boom from a descending sounding rocket SO INNOVATIONS IN NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics CY JUL 18-22, 2005 CL State Coll, PA SP Penn State Univ, Grad Program Acoust, Acoust Soc Amer, Int Commiss Acoust DE sonic boom; shock wave; molecular relaxation AB The target sonic boom shock strength specified in the DARPA Quiet Supersonic Platform project was 0.3 psf The potential acceptability of that overpressure is based to a large degree on the expected relaxation-driven shock structure. It has previously been difficult to obtain sonic booms in that range from aircraft, so there had been no flight test data verifying the shock structure of such minimized booms. Low amplitudes do occur, but they are generally near the edge of the boom carpet, are distorted by ground effects, and do not represent the kind of primary boom that is expected from a low-boom aircraft. Recent flights of sounding rockets have generated low overpressure booms, providing an opportunity to examine weak boom shock structures as they occur under real atmospheric propagation. One extraordinarily clean 0.2 psf N-wave provided a shock structure which is quantitatively compared with relaxation theory. C1 [Plotkin, Kenneth J.] Wyle Labs, 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. [Haering, Edward A., Jr.; Murray, James E.] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Plotkin, KJ (reprint author), Wyle Labs, 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0330-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 838 BP 615 EP + PG 2 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA BEN52 UT WOS:000238312600120 ER PT S AU Plotkin, KJ Maglieri, DJ Sullivan, BM AF Plotkin, Kenneth J. Maglieri, Domenic J. Sullivan, Brenda M. BE Atchley, AA Sparrow, VW Keolian, RM TI Measured effects of turbulence on the waveforms and loudness of sonic booms SO INNOVATIONS IN NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics CY JUL 18-22, 2005 CL State Coll, PA SP Penn State Univ, Grad Program Acoust, Acoust Soc Amer, Int Commiss Acoust DE sonic boom; turbulence; loudness; scattering AB The recent Shaped Sonic Boom Experiment yielded a large number of digital recordings of shaped and N-wave sonic boom waveforms, all of which exhibited some degree of turbulent distortion. This digital data set provided an opportunity to test theoretical predictions of the shape of distortions, and to assess the effect of turbulence on the loudness of shaped booms. Distortions following the shocks were found to be virtually identical for the bow and tail shocks of each boom, confirming the usual explanation that the distortion is scattering of the shock waves and that turbulence may be considered to be frozen for the duration of a boom. RMS values of the distortions have been compared with the theory of S. C. Crow. The loudness reduction of shaped booms had been predicted by Plotkin to persist through turbulence, and this was found to be the case. The loudness calculations also confirmed that the benefit of reduced shock amplitude is nonlinear: there are benefits from both the reduced amplitude and from the increased shock thickness. (A full version of this paper was presented at the 2005 AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference as AlAA-2005-2949.). C1 [Plotkin, Kenneth J.] Wyle Labs, 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. [Maglieri, Domenic J.] Eagle Aeronaut Inc, Hampton, VA 23669 USA. [Sullivan, Brenda M.] NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Plotkin, KJ (reprint author), Wyle Labs, 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. FU National eronautics and Space Administration FX The Shaped Sonic Boom Experiment was funded by the National eronautics and Space Administration. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0330-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 838 BP 627 EP + PG 2 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA BEN52 UT WOS:000238312600123 ER PT S AU Haering, EA Smolka, JW Murray, JE Plotkin, KJ AF Haering, Edward A., Jr. Smolka, James W. Murray, James E. Plotkin, Kenneth J. BE Atchley, AA Sparrow, VW Keolian, RM TI Flight demonstration of low overpressure N-wave sonic booms and evanescent waves SO INNOVATIONS IN NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics CY JUL 18-22, 2005 CL State Coll, PA SP Penn State Univ, Grad Program Acoust, Acoust Soc Amer, Int Commiss Acoust DE sonic boom; flight data; evanescent wave AB The recent flight demonstration of shaped sonic booms shows the potential for quiet overland supersonic flight, which could revolutionize air transport. To successfully design quiet supersonic aircraft, the upper limit of an acceptable noise level must be determined through quantitative recording and subjective human response measurements. Past efforts have concentrated on the use of sonic boom simulators to assess human response, but simulators often cannot reproduce a realistic sonic boom sound. Until now, molecular relaxation effects on low overpressure rise time had never been compared with flight data. Supersonic flight slower than the cutoff Mach number, which generates evanescent waves, also prevents loud sonic booms from impacting the ground. The loudness of these evanescent waves can be computed, but flight measurement validation is needed. A novel flight demonstration technique that generates low overpressure N-waves using conventional military aircraft is outlined, in addition to initial quantitative flight data. As part of this demonstration, evanescent waves also will be recorded. C1 [Haering, Edward A., Jr.; Murray, James E.] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. [Smolka, James W.] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, ReS Test Pilot, Edwards AFB 93523, CA USA. [Plotkin, Kenneth J.] Wyle Lab Inc, Arlington 22202, VA USA. RP Haering, EA (reprint author), NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0330-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 838 BP 647 EP + PG 2 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA BEN52 UT WOS:000238312600128 ER PT S AU Sullivan, BM AF Sullivan, Brenda M. BE Atchley, AA Sparrow, VW Keolian, RM TI Research on subjective response to simulated sonic booms at NASA Langley Research Center SO Innovations in Nonlinear Acoustics SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics CY JUL 18-22, 2005 CL State Coll, PA SP Penn State Univ, Grad Program Acoust, Acoust Soc Amer, Int Commiss Acoust DE sonic boom; human response; simulation AB Over the past 15 years, NASA Langley Research Center has conducted many tests investigating subjective response to simulated sonic booms. Most tests have used the Sonic Boom Booth, an airtight concrete booth fitted with loudspeakers that play synthesized sonic booms pre-processed to compensate for the response of the booth/loudspeaker system. Tests using the Booth have included investigations of shaped booms, booms with simulated ground reflections, recorded booms, outdoor and indoor booms, booms with differing loudness for bow and tail shocks, and comparisons of aircraft flyover recordings with sonic booms. Another study used loudspeakers placed inside people's houses, so that they could experience the booms while in their own homes. This study investigated the reactions of people to different numbers of booms heard within a 24-hour period. The most recent Booth test used predicted boom shapes from candidate low-boom aircraft. At present, a test to compare the Booth with boom simulators constructed by Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation and Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company is underway. The Lockheed simulator is an airtight booth similar to the Langley booth; the Gulfstream booth uses a traveling wave method to create the booms. Comparison of "realism" as well as loudness and other descriptors is to be studied. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Sullivan, BM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0330-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 838 BP 659 EP 662 PG 4 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA BEN52 UT WOS:000238312600131 ER PT S AU Breitman, K Truszkowski, W AF Breitman, Karin Truszkowski, Walt BE Hinchey, MG Rago, P Rash, JL Rouff, CA Sterritt, R Truszkowski, W TI Agent-mediated pro-active web-sites SO INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS FOR AUTONOMIC AND AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Radical Agent Concepts CY SEP 20-22, 2005 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard, Informat Syst Div, IEEE Comp Soc TCCC, IEEE Task Force Autonomous & Auton Syst AB In this paper we explore the concept of a Semantic Desktop in which software applications will be responsible for the automation of otherwise tedious tasks and the update of user information. We propose an ontology driven software agent solution where two major issues stand out: architecture and process. The architecture issue addresses the current static nature of information on a web page. In order to achieve the level of pro-activity desired we have to be able to identify, classify and code important bits of semantic information in a way that can be automatically manipulated by machines. The second issue relates to the strategy/strategies used to dynamically update information. Because of the variety of actions needed to update web sites e.g., monitoring changes to personal information (phone numbers, addresses, hobbies, etc.), maintaining a knowledge of institutional information, reacting to external events, reaction to political and environmental changes, etc., we hypothesize that no single strategy for maintaining dynamic information-awareness will do but that a variety of strategies need to be put into practice. We propose the creation of a community of software agents, each responsible for achieving a different set of tasks. The Semantic Desktop is achieved through the composition of the site semantics with the functionality provided by the instantiated software agents. C1 [Breitman, Karin] Pontif Univ Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. [Truszkowski, Walt] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Breitman, K (reprint author), Pontif Univ Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. EM karin@inf.puc-rio.br; Walt.Truszkowski@nasa.gov OI breitman, karin/0000-0001-9578-3623 NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-69265-2 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2006 VL 3825 BP 1 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFT99 UT WOS:000244581800001 ER PT S AU Sebens, C Truszkowski, W AF Sebens, Charles Truszkowski, Walt BE Hinchey, MG Rago, P Rash, JL Rouff, CA Sterritt, R Truszkowski, W TI Agent Modeling of tetrahedron-based structures SO INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS FOR AUTONOMIC AND AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Radical Agent Concepts CY SEP 20-22, 2005 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard, Informat Syst Div, IEEE Comp Soc TCCC, IEEE Task Force Autonomous & Auton Syst AB Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is working on developing new kinds of robotic structures capable of. goal-oriented motion, changing its form to optimize its function, adapting to new environmental demands, and/or repairing itself A series of increasingly complex roving shapes leading up to the tetrahedron were considered. This paper addresses this innovative use of multi agent system technology that is being used to achieve the desired autonomous behaviors. C1 [Sebens, Charles] MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Truszkowski, Walt] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sebens, C (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM csebens@mit.edu; walt.truszkowski@nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-69265-2 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2006 VL 3825 BP 346 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFT99 UT WOS:000244581800031 ER PT S AU Sterritt, R Hinchey, M AF Sterritt, Roy Hinchey, Mike BE Hinchey, MG Rago, P Rash, JL Rouff, CA Sterritt, R Truszkowski, W TI Radical concepts for self-managing ubiquitous and pervasive computing environments SO INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS FOR AUTONOMIC AND AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Radical Agent Concepts CY SEP 20-22, 2005 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard, Informat Syst Div, IEEE Comp Soc TCCC, IEEE Task Force Autonomous & Auton Syst AB Autonomous and Autonomic Systems (AAS) are essentially concerned with creating self-directed and self-managing systems based on biologically-inspired metaphors such as the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Future Ubiquitous and Pervasive computing environments will depend on such-a self-managing infrastructure. Agent technologies have been identified as a key enabler for engineering autonomy and autonomicity in systems, both in terms of retrofitting self-management into legacy systems and designing and developing totally new systems. Handing over responsibility to the systems themselves raises many concerns for humans. This paper reports on, the continued investigation into a strand of research on how to engineer self-protection mechanisms into systems to assist in providing confidence regarding the appropriateness of systems utilizing principles of autonomy and autonomicity. This includes utilizing the apoptosis metaphor to potentially provide a self-destruct signal between autonomic agents as and when needed, and an ALice signal to facilitate self-identification and self-certification between anonymous autonomous agents and systems. C1 [Sterritt, Roy] Univ Ulster, Sch Comp & Math, Jordanstown Campus, Belfast BT37 0QB, Antrim, North Ireland. [Hinchey, Mike] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Engn Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Sterritt, R (reprint author), Univ Ulster, Sch Comp & Math, Jordanstown Campus, Belfast BT37 0QB, Antrim, North Ireland. EM r.sterritt@ulster.ac.uk; michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov FU University of Ulster; Computer Science Research Institute and the Centre for Software Process Technologies (CSPT); NI through the Centres of Excellence Programme, under the EU Peace II initiative; NASA Office of Systems and Mission Assurance (OSMA) through its Software Assurance Research Program (SARP); Formal Approaches to Swarm Technologies (FAST); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Software Engineering Laboratory [581] FX This research is partly supported at University of Ulster by the Computer Science Research Institute and the Centre for Software Process Technologies (CSPT) which is funded by Invest NI through the Centres of Excellence Programme, under the EU Peace II initiative. Part of this work has been supported by the NASA Office of Systems and Mission Assurance (OSMA) through its Software Assurance Research Program (SARP) project, Formal Approaches to Swarm Technologies (FAST), and by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Software Engineering Laboratory (Code 581). Some of the technologies described in this article are patent pending and assigned to the United States government. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-69265-2 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2006 VL 3825 BP 370 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFT99 UT WOS:000244581800033 ER PT S AU Gibson, EK Mckay, DS Clemett, SJ Thomas-Keprta, KL Wentworth, SJ Robert, F Verchovsky, AB Wright, IP Pillinger, CT Rice, T Van Leer, B Meibom, A Mostefaoui, SM Le, L AF Gibson, E. K. McKay, D. S. Clemett, S. J. Thomas-Keprta, K. L. Wentworth, S. J. Robert, F. Verchovsky, A. B. Wright, I. P. Pillinger, C. T. Rice, T. Van Leer, B. Meibom, A. Mostefaoui, S. M. Le, L. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Identification and analysis of carbon-bearing phases in the Martian meteorite Nakhla - art. no. 630901 SO Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE indigenous carbonaceous matter; Martian meteorite; Nakhla ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AQUEOUS ALTERATION; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; ORGANIC-MATTER; MARS; ALH84001; SERPENTINIZATION; SEARCH; LIFE AB Indigenous reduced carbon has been observed in the Martian meteorite Nakhla. For the first time we have analyzed the in situ carbon by a suite of micro-analytical techniques in order to identify and characterize the reduced carbonaceous matter. Optical analysis of the Nakhla petrographic thin-section revealed the existence of a dark brown/red vein-filling material appearing as a series of bifurcating intrusions into a fine (< 300 nm width) crack / fissure system within an olivine/augite groundmass. Micro-analytical analyses utilizing Focus Ion Beam (FIB) extraction techniques, FESEM/EDX, STEM/EDX, NanoSIMS Ion Microprobe, Laser Raman Spectroscopy, Stepped-Combustion Isotopic Mass Spectrometry have been utilized. The structure of the carbonaceous phase in Nakhla indicates it could not have been introduced allochthonously in its current physical form. The close association to a region of secondary mineralization (i.e., iddingsite) implies, although certainly does not confirm, a connection with the period of Martian aqueous alteration experienced by the rock. This carbonaceous material has similarities to macromolecular carbonaceous matter and yet possesses a complex structural and textural morphology that is not observed in carbonaceous or ordinary chondrite meteoritic kerogen. One of the possible origins for the carbonaceous matter is from biogenic processes operating on Mars. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, ARES, KR, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Gibson, EK (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, ARES, KR, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6388-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6309 BP 30901 EP 30901 AR 630901 DI 10.1117/12.690503 PG 10 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BFG67 UT WOS:000241767700001 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB AF Hoover, Richard B. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Fossils of prokaryotic microorganisms in the Orgueil meteorite - art. no. 630902 SO Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Orgueil; meteorite; cryptohalite; epsomite; microfossils; cyanobacteria ID CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES; FRAMBOIDAL PYRITE; MICROFOSSILS; SEDIMENTS; CARBONATES; MECHANISM AB The Orgueil CI1 meteorite, which fell in southern France on the evening of May 14, 1864, has been one of the most extensively studied of all known carbonaceous meteorites. Environmental and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM and FESEM) studies of freshly fractured interior surfaces of the Orgueil meteorite have resulted in the detection of the fossilized remains of a large and diverse population of filamentous prokaryotic microorganisms. The taphonomy and the modes of the preservation of these remains are diverse. Some of the remains exhibit carbonization of a hollow sheath and in other cases the remains are permineralized with water-soluble evaporite minerals, such as magnesium sulfate or ammonium salts. Images and EDS spectral data are provided documenting a variety of Orgueil microstructures: abiotic evaporite minerals; pre-solar grains; framboids, ovoids and fluorine-rich filaments of indeterminate biogenicity. These results provide information regarding the size, size range, morphologies and chemical compositions of abiotic microstructures found in native cryptolialite and crystalline and fibrous epsomites from Poison Lake, Washington, USA and Catalayud, Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. High resolution ESEM and FESEM secondary and backscattered. electron Images and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) data will also be presented of recognizable filamentous cyanobacteria and other prokaryotic microfossils. Many of the microfossils found embedded in the meteorite rock matrix are consistent in size and microstructure with known genera and species of filamentous cyanobacteria. Many of these forms can be recognized as morphotypes of cyanobacteria belonging to the Order Oscillaloriaceae. These large, complex microstructures are clearly distinguishable from the abiotic minerals examined - cryptolialite and fibrous epsomites. Many of the well-preserved filamentous forms in the Orgueil meteorite are embedded in the rock matrix and exhibit identifiable biological characteristics and EDS elemental compositions that clearly differentiate them from abiotic microstructures. They exhibit branched and unbranched filaments; uniseriate and multiseriate ensheathed trichomes with specialized cells and structures for reproduction (e.g. hormogonia and akinetes) and nitrogen fixation (heterocysts). The meteorite forms also show evidence of motility (emergent hormogonia and hollow, coiled empty sheaths) and they are often found in mats, consortia and microbial assemblages that are consistent with the known associations and ecologies of modem genera and species of cyanobacteria. Smaller filaments, consistent with the phototrophic filamentous prokaryotes typically present in anoxic layers associated with modem cyanobacterial mats, have also been found in the Orgueil meteorite. C1 NASA, NSSTC, MSFC, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, NSSTC, MSFC, Astrobiol Lab, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 47 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6388-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6309 BP 30902 EP 30902 AR 630902 DI 10.1117/12.690441 PG 18 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BFG67 UT WOS:000241767700002 ER PT S AU Pikuta, EV Hoover, RB Klyce, B Davies, PCW Davies, P AF Pikuta, Elena V. Hoover, Richard B. Klyce, Brig Davies, Paul C. W. Davies, Pauline BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Bacterial utilization of L-sugars and D-amino acids - art. no. 63090A SO Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE chirality; anaerobic alkaliphiles; L-sugars; D-amino acids; biomarkers ID MURCHISON METEORITE; D-SERINE; D-ASPARTATE; L-ARABINOSE; OPTICAL-ACTIVITY; RACEMASE; LIFE; HOMOCHIRALITY; RACEMIZATION; EVOLUTION AB The fact that organotrophic organisms on Earth use L-amino acids and D-sugars as an energy source is recognized as one of the universal features of life. The chirality of organic molecules with asymmetric location of group-radicals was described a relatively long time ago. Louis Pasteur observed that abiotic (chemical) processes produced mixtures with equal numbers (racemic) of the two forms but that living organisms possessed a molecular asymmetry that included only one of the enantiomers (homochirality). He speculated that the origin of the asymmetry of chiral biomolecules might hold the key to the nature of life. All of the amino acids in proteins (except for Glycine which is symmetrical) exhibit the same absolute steric configuration as L-glyceraldehyde. D-amino acids are never found in proteins, although they do exist in nature and are often found in polypeptide antibiotics. Constitutional sugars of cells, opposite to the amino acids, are the Denantiomers, and the appearance of L-sugars in Nature is extremely rare. Notwithstanding this fact, the metabolism of some bacteria does have the capability to use amino acids and sugars with alternative chirality. This property may be caused by the function of specific enzymes belonging to the class of isomerases (racemases, epimerases, isomerases, tautomerases). In our laboratory, we have investigated several anaerobic bacterial strains, and have found that some of these bacteria are capable of using D-amino acids and L-sugars. Strain BK1 is capable of growth on D-arginine, but its growth characteristics on L-arginine are approximately twice as high. Another alkaliphilic strain SCA(T) (= ATCC BAA-1084(T) = JCM 12857(T) = DSM 17722(T) = CIP 107910(T)) was found to be capable of growth on L-ribose and L-arabinose. It is interesting that this strain was incapable of growth on D-arabinose, which suggests the involvement of some alternative mechanism of enzyme activity. In this paper, we describe the preliminary results of these microbiological studies and discuss some possible implications. C1 NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Pikuta, EV (reprint author), NASA, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Astrobiol Lab, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 57 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6388-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6309 BP A3090 EP A3090 AR 63090A DI 10.1117/12.690434 PG 12 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BFG67 UT WOS:000241767700009 ER PT S AU Sellar, RG Farmer, JD Kieta, A Huang, J AF Sellar, R. Glenn Farmer, Jack D. Kieta, Andrew Huang, Julie BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Multispectral microimager for astrobiology - art. no. 63090E SO Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE multispectral imager; microimager; astrobiology AB A primary goal of the astrobiology program is the search for fossil records. The astrobiology exploration strategy calls for the location and return of samples indicative of environments conducive to life, and that best capture and preserve biomarkers. Successfully returning samples from environments conducive to life requires two primary capabilities: (1) in situ mapping of the mineralogy in order to determine whether the desired minerals are present; and (2) nondestructive screening of samples for additional in-situ testing and/or selection for return to laboratories for more in-depth examination. Two of the most powerful identification techniques are micro-imaging and visible/infrared spectroscopy. The design and test results are presented from a compact rugged instrument that combines micro-imaging and spectroscopic capability to provide in-situ analysis, mapping, and sample screening capabilities. Accurate reflectance spectra should be a measure of reflectance as a function of wavelength only. Other compact multispectral microimagers use separate LEDs (light-emitting diodes) for each wavelength and therefore vary the angles of illumination when changing wavelengths. When observing a specularly-reflecting sample, this produces grossly inaccurate spectra due to the variation in the angle of illumination. An advanced design and test results are presented for a multispectral microimager which demonstrates two key advances relative to previous LED-based microimagers: (i) acquisition of actual reflectance spectra in which the flux is a function of wavelength only, rather than a function of both wavelength and illumination geometry; and (ii) increase in the number of spectral bands to eight bands covering a spectral range of 468 to 975 nm. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Sellar, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6388-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6309 BP E3090 EP E3090 AR 63090E DI 10.1117/12.682272 PG 5 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BFG67 UT WOS:000241767700012 ER PT S AU Hoover, RB AF Hoover, Richard B. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Comets, asteroids, meteorites, and the origin of the biosphere - art. no. 63090J SO Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE comets; asteroids; biosphere; carbonaceous meteorites; microfossils; cyanobacteria ID SP-NOV.; CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES; D/H RATIO; MONO LAKE; HALE-BOPP; MICROORGANISMS; EARTH; MICROFOSSILS; PERMAFROST; WATER AB During the past few decades, the delivery of water, organics, and prebiotic chemicals to the Biosphere of Earth during the Hadean (4.5-3.8 Ga) period of heavy bombardment by comets and asteroids has become more widely accepted. Comets are still largely regarded as frigid, pristine bodies of protosolar nebula material that are devoid of liquid water and therefore unsuitable for life. Complex organic compounds have been observed in comets and on the water-rich asteroid 1998 KY26 and near IR observations have indicated the presence of crystalline water ice and ammonia hydrate on the large Kuiper Belt object (50000) Quaoar that has resurfacing suggesting cryovolcanic outgassing. Spacecraft observations of the chemical compositions and characteristics of the nuclei of several comets (Halley, Boffelly, Wild 2, and Tempel 1) have shown that comets contain complex organic chemicals; that water is the predominant volatile; and that extremely high temperatures (similar to 350-400 K) can be reached on the surface of the very black (albedo similar to 0.03) nuclei of comets when they approach the Sun. Impact craters and pinnacles observed on comet Wild 2 suggest a thick crust. Episodic outbursts and jets from the nuclei of several comets indicate that localized regimes of liquid water and water vapor can periodically exist beneath the comet crust. The Deep Impact mission found the temperature of the nucleus of comet Tempel 1 at 1.5 AU varied from a minimum of 280 +/- 8 K the 330K (57 degrees C) on the sunlit side. In this paper it is argued that that pools and films of liquid water exist (within a wide range of temperatures) in cavities and voids just beneath the hot, black crust. The possibility of liquid water existing over a wide range of temperatures significantly enhances the possibility that comets might contain niches suitable for the growth of microbial communities and ecosystems. These regimes would be ideal for the growth of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic photoautotrophs and chemolithotrophs such as the motile filamentous cyanobacteria (e.g., Calothrix, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, and Spirulina) that grow in geothermal springs and geysers of Earth at temperatures ranging from 320K to 345K and are also found growing in cold polar desert soils. The mineralized remains of morphotypes of all of these cyanobacteria have also been found in the Orgueil C11 and the Murchison CN2 carbonaceous meteorites that may derive from cometary parent bodies. Observational results that support the hypothesis that liquid water can in active regions just beneath the surface of comets and that comets, carbonaceous meteorites, and asteroids may have played a significant role in the origin and evolution of the Biosphere and in the distribution of microbial life throughout the Solar System. C1 NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, Astrobiol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Hoover, RB (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, Astrobiol Lab, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NR 73 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6388-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6309 BP J3090 EP J3090 AR 63090J DI 10.1117/12.690437 PG 12 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BFG67 UT WOS:000241767700017 ER PT S AU Sheldon, RB Hoover, RB AF Sheldon, Robert B. Hoover, Richard B. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Implications of cometary water: Deep Impact, Stardust and Hayabusa - art. no. 63090L SO Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE comet; liquid water; astrobiology; orbital dynamics; geysers; Deep Impact; Stardust; Hayabusa ID ASTEROID ITOKAWA; 9P/TEMPEL-1; SPACECRAFT; COMET-9P/TEMPEL-1; NUCLEI; 25143-ITOKAWA; MORPHOLOGY; ENCOUNTER; GRAINS; EJECTA AB Three recent in situ spacecraft missions have explored comets or asteroids, producing data in conflict with the standard comet paradigm, the Whipple Dirty Snowball Model (DSM). We have developed an alternative Wet Comet Model (WCM) which proposes that comets undergo an irreversible phase change to a wet comet when they enter within Mars orbit. The WCM may explain some of the observational discrepancies seen by Deep Impact, Stardust and Hayabusa. In particular, it accurately predicted Deep Impact observation of organics, biominerals, and meltwater temperatures. Predictions concerning Stardust's returned cometary dust particles have yet to be falsified., but if comets are largely composed of the silicates seen by Stardust, there may be a cometary explanation for Itokawa's low density rubble-pile observed by Hayabusa. C1 NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Sheldon, RB (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6388-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6309 BP L3090 EP L3090 AR 63090L DI 10.1117/12.681232 PG 9 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BFG67 UT WOS:000241767700019 ER PT S AU Bloemhof, EE AF Bloemhof, E. E. BE Hoover, RB Levin, GV Rozanov, AY TI Suppression of speckles at high adaptive correction using speckle symmetry - art. no. 63090X SO Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IX CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; speckles; atmospheric turbulence ID EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; REMNANT SPECKLES; PINNED SPECKLES; CORONAGRAPH; OPTICS; NOISE AB Focal-plane speckles set important sensitivity limits on ground- or space-based imagers and coronagraphs that may be used to search for faint companions, perhaps ultimately including exoplanets, around stars. As speckles vary with atmospheric fluctuations or with drifting beamtrain aberrations, they contribute speckle noise proportional to their full amplitude. Schemes to suppress speckles are thus of great interest. At high adaptive correction, speckles organize into species, represented by algebraic terms in the expansion of the phase exponential, that have distinct spatial symmetry, even or odd, under spatial inversion. Filtering speckle patterns by symmetry may eliminate a disproportionate fraction of the speckle noise while blocking (only) half of the image signal from the off-axis companion being sought. The fraction of speckle power and hence of speckle noise in each term will vary with degree of correction, and so also will the net symmetry in the speckle pattern. Systematic numerical investigations are presented of the net symmetry of noise variance as a function of adaptive correction, i.e., Strehl ratio S, and deformable mirror actuator density D/a, where a is the deformable mirror actuator spacing referred to the pupil of diameter D, which controls the characteristic transverse spatial frequency of the wavefront. The degree of speckle symmetry is found to be substantial even at current relatively modest ground-based corrections (S=0.6, D/a=16 in the near-infrared). With parameters representative of "extreme" adaptive optics of the near future (S=0.99, D/a=100), the antisymmetric noise variance fraction is 0.99967 averaged over two Airy rings in the inner halo, so simple image processing (symmetry filtering) can improve the net speckle-noise-limited companion-detection SNR by a factor of about 28. Analogous processing can enhance SNR in coronagraphic searches, where speckle patterns before processing are predominantly symmetric. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bloemhof, EE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6388-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6309 BP X3090 EP X3090 AR 63090X DI 10.1117/12.681477 PG 9 WC Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BFG67 UT WOS:000241767700029 ER PT S AU Semmel, GS Davis, SR Leuch, KW Rowe, DA Smith, KE Boloni, L AF Semmel, Glenn S. Davis, Steven R. Leuch, Kurt W. Rowe, Daniel A. Smith, Kevin E. Boloni, Ladislau BE Zha, XF Howlett, RJ TI Design and Development of Monitoring Agents for Assisting NASA Engineers with Shuttle Ground Processing SO INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN SE Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Agent; monitoring; rule-based expert system ID SYSTEM AB The Engineering Development Directorate at NASA Kennedy Space Center has designed, developed, and deployed a rule-based agent to monitor the Space Shuttle's ground processing telemetry stream. The NASA Engineering Shuttle Telemetry Agent increases situational awareness for system and hardware engineers during ground processing of the Shuttle's subsystems. The agent provides autonomous monitoring of the telemetry stream and automatically alerts system engineers when user defined conditions are satisfied. Efficiency and safety are improved through increased automation. Sandia National Labs' Java Expert System Shell is employed as the agent's rule engine. The shell's predicate logic lends itself well to capturing the heuristics and specifying the engineering rules within this domain. The declarative paradigm of the rule-based agent yields a highly modular and scalable design spanning multiple subsystems of the Shuttle. Several hundred monitoring rules have been written thus far with corresponding notifications sent to Shuttle engineers. This chapter discusses the rule-based telemetry agent used for Space Shuttle ground processing. We present the problem domain along with design and development considerations such as information modeling, knowledge capture, and the deployment of the product. We also present ongoing work with other condition monitoring agents. C1 [Semmel, Glenn S.; Davis, Steven R.; Leuch, Kurt W.; Rowe, Daniel A.; Smith, Kevin E.] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Boloni, Ladislau] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Semmel, GS (reprint author), NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, DX-E1, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Glenn.S.Semmel@nasa.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6389 BN 978-1-58603-675-1 J9 FRONT ARTIF INTEL AP PY 2006 VL 149 BP 305 EP 324 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BMB03 UT WOS:000271715800017 ER PT S AU Schenker, PS AF Schenker, Paul S. BE Casasent, DP Hall, EL Roning, J TI Emerging directions in human-robotic space exploration technologies - remote operation of complex systems - art. no. 638402 SO Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXIV: Algorithms, Techniques, and Active Vision SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXIV - Algorithms, Techniques, and Active Vision CY OCT 03-04, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE space robotics; telerobotics; mobile robots; human-robot interfaces; mission operations; lunar exploration AB Through the Vision for Space Exploration-hence Vision-announced by George W. Bush in February 2004, NASA has been chartered to conduct progressively staged human-robotic (H/R) exploration of the Solar System. This exploration includes autonomous robotic precursors that will pave the way for a later durable H/R presence first at the Moon, then Mars and beyond. We discuss operations architectures and integrafive technologies that are expected to enable these new classes of space rnissions, with an emphasis on open design issues and R&D challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schenker, PS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6482-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6384 BP 38402 EP 38402 AR 638402 DI 10.1117/12.693229 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BFI49 UT WOS:000242033100002 ER PT S AU Bradshaw, RC Warren, ME Rogers, JR Rathz, TJ Gangopadhyay, AK Kelton, KF Hyers, RW AF Bradshaw, R. C. Warren, M. E. Rogers, J. R. Rathz, T. J. Gangopadhyay, A. K. Kelton, K. F. Hyers, R. W. BE Sadhal, SS TI Containerless measurements of thermophysical properties of Zr54Ti8Cu20Al10Ni8 SO INTERDISCIPLINARY TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN THE SPACE SCIENCES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interdisciplinary Transport Phenomena in Microgravity and Space Sciences IV CY AUG 07-12, 2005 CL Tomar, PORTUGAL SP Engn Conf Int DE thermophysical; containerless processing; levitation; measurement ID SURFACE-TENSION; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; LIQUID-METALS; LEVITATION; VISCOSITY; DENSITY AB High-temperature measurement and study of reactive materials can be difficult with conventional processing methods because contamination from the measuring apparatus and container walls can adversely affect measurements. Containerless processing techniques can be employed to isolate samples from their environment, reducing contamination. Benefits of containerless processing include reduction in heterogeneous nucleation sites, which in turn delays the onset of solidification and allows the study of meta-stable undercooled phases. However, property measurements must use noncontact methods as well. Fortunately, several optical-based methods have been developed and successfully employed to measure thermophysical properties, including surface tension, viscosity, density, and thermal expansion. Combining these techniques with the electrostatic levitator (ESL) located at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has resulted in an excellent facility to perform containerless material studies which support microgravity flight projects. Currently, studies of the thermophysical properties of liquid quasi-crystal forming and related alloys ranging from superheated to deeply undercooled states are being done with this facility in support of the NASA-funded flight project Quasi-crystalline Undercooled Alloys for Space Investigation (QUASI). While the primary purpose of these measurements is to support planned flight experiments, they are also a desirable resource for future manufacturing considerations and for fundamental insight in the physics of icosahedral ordering in liquids and solids. Presented here is an overview of the contactless measuring methods for surface tension, viscosity, density, and thermal expansion applied to Zr54Ti8Cu20Al10Ni8, for the superheated and meta-stable undercooled liquid phases, in support of QUASI. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Mat Res, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Hyers, RW (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Mech & Ind Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM hyers@ecs.umass.edu RI Hyers, Robert/G-3755-2010 NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXEN, ENGLAND SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-615-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2006 VL 1077 BP 63 EP 74 DI 10.1196/annals.1362.058 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science; Mechanics; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BFM85 UT WOS:000243124500004 PM 17124115 ER PT S AU Balasubramaniam, R Nayagam, V Hasan, MM Khan, L AF Balasubramaniam, R. Nayagam, V. Hasan, M. M. Khan, L. BE Sadhal, SS TI Analysis of heat and mass transfer during condensation over a porous substrate SO INTERDISCIPLINARY TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN THE SPACE SCIENCES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interdisciplinary Transport Phenomena in Microgravity and Space Sciences IV CY AUG 07-12, 2005 CL Tomar, PORTUGAL SP Engn Conf Int DE condensation heat transfer; porous media; boundary layer suction; heat exchanger ID SUCTION AB Condensing beat exchangers are important in many space applications for thermal and humidity control systems. The International Space Station uses a cooled fin surface to condense moisture from humid air that is blown over it. The condensate and the air are "slurped" into a system that separates air and water by centrifugal forces. The use of a cooled porous substrate is an attractive alternative to the fin where condensation and liquid/gas separation can be achieved in a single step. We analyze the heat and mass transfer during condensation of moisture from flowing air over such a cooled, flat, porous substrate. A fully developed regime is investigated for coupled mass, momentum and energy transport in the gas phase, and momentum and energy transport in the condensate layer on the porous substrate and through the porous medium. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. RP Balasubramaniam, R (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Space Explorat Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM bala@grc.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXEN, ENGLAND SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-615-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2006 VL 1077 BP 459 EP 470 DI 10.1196/annals.1362.044 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science; Mechanics; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BFM85 UT WOS:000243124500030 PM 17124141 ER PT S AU Azizi, A Marcin, M Moore, D Moser, S Negron, J Paek, EG Ryan, D Abramovici, A Best, P Crossfield, I Nemati, B Neville, T Platt, B Wayne, L AF Azizi, Alireza Marcin, Martin Moore, Douglas Moser, Steve Negron, John Paek, Eung-Gi Ryan, Daniel Abramovici, Alex Best, Paul Crossfield, Ian Nemati, Bijan Neville, Tim Platt, B. Wayne, Leonard BE Creath, K Schmit, J TI Measurement of the non-common vertex error of a double corner cube - art. no. 629203 SO Interferometry XIII: Techniques and Analysis SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Interferometry XIII CY AUG 14-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE non-common vertex; double comer cube; interferometry; SIM; metrology AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) requires the control of the optical path of each interferometer with picometer accuracy. Laser metrology gauges are used to measure the path lengths to the fiiducial corner cubes at the siderostats. Due to the geometry of SIM a single corner cube does not have sufficient acceptance angle to work with all the gauges. Therefore SIM employs a double corner cube. Current fabrication methods are in fact not capable of producing such a double corner cube with vertices having sufficient commonality. The plan for SIM is to measure the non-commonalty of the vertices and correct for the error in orbit. SIM requires that the non-common vertex error (NCVE) of the double corner cube to be less than 6 pin. The required accuracy for the knowledge of the NCVE is less than 1 gm. This paper explains a method of measuring non-common vertices of a brassboard double corner cube with sub-micron accuracy. The results of such a measurement will be presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Azizi, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6371-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6292 BP 29203 EP 29203 AR 629203 DI 10.1117/12.696088 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BFD95 UT WOS:000241327300003 ER PT J AU Jones, CY Luecke, WE Copland, E AF Jones, CY Luecke, WE Copland, E TI Neutron diffraction study of oxygen dissolution in alpha(2)-Ti3Al SO INTERMETALLICS LA English DT Article DE titanium aluminides based on Ti3Al; neutron diffraction; site occupancy; crystal chemistry; interstitial oxygen ID TI-AL-O; PHASE; SYSTEM AB Rietveld refinements of neutron powder diffraction data on alpha(2)-Ti3Al have been performed to determine the crystal structure as a function of interstitial oxygen (0) concentration for three alloys with a Ti/Al ratio of approximate to 2.34 and O concentrations of 0.25, 3.99, and 7.71%. The structures of the alloys are hexagonal in space group P6(3)/mmc where Ti and At atoms populate unique sites with excess Al at the Ti site and 0 atoms occupy octahedral interstitial sites surrounded by six Ti sites. The length of the c-axis was found to increase linearly as the 0 occupancy of the interstitial sites increased; this lattice lengthening effect was much less pronounced along the a-axis. Correspondingly, the increases in the lengths of Ti-Al and Ti-Ti bonds with a major component of their direction parallel to the c-axis were roughly an order of magnitude greater than the increases in the lengths of Ti-Al and Ti-Ti bonds more closely aligned with the a-axis. Densities calculated from the lattice parameters and occupancy factors fall in the range (4.118 +/- 0.004) to (4.194 +/- 0.004) g/cm(3), and exhibit a nearly linear increase with oxygen concentration. Measured densities of (4.113 +/- 0.001), (4.146 +/- 0.009), and (4.191 +/- 0.002) g/cm(3) for these alloys agree with the results of the refinements. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Div Mat, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM camille.jones@nist.gov OI Luecke, William/0000-0003-0587-4500 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0966-9795 EI 1879-0216 J9 INTERMETALLICS JI Intermetallics PD JAN PY 2006 VL 14 IS 1 BP 54 EP 60 DI 10.1016/j.intermet.2005.04.011 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 977TC UT WOS:000232825100007 ER PT J AU O'Day, VL Ito, M Adler, A Linde, C Mynatt, ED AF O'Day, Vicki L. Ito, Mizuko Adler, Annette Linde, Charlotte Mynatt, Elizabeth D. BE Weiss, J Nolan, J Hunsinger, J Trifonas, P TI Cemeteries, Oak Trees, and Black and White Cows: Newcomers' Understandings of the Networked World SO INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS, VOL I LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID VIRGIN BIRTH C1 [O'Day, Vicki L.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Anthropol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Ito, Mizuko] Univ So Calif, Annenberg Ctr Commun, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Linde, Charlotte] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. [Mynatt, Elizabeth D.] Georgia Inst Technol, Coll Comp, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP O'Day, VL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Anthropol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 978-1-4020-3802-0 PY 2006 BP 873 EP 893 DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-3803-7_32 D2 10.1007/978-1-4020-3803-7 PG 21 WC Education & Educational Research SC Education & Educational Research GA BKS94 UT WOS:000269126200059 ER PT J AU Kelly, MJ Wolfe, DE Singh, J Eldridge, J Zhu, DM Miller, R AF Kelly, MJ Wolfe, DE Singh, J Eldridge, J Zhu, DM Miller, R TI Thermal barrier coatings design with increased reflectivity and lower thermal conductivity for high-temperature turbine applications SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL VAPOR-DEPOSITION; EB-PVD; ZIRCONIA AB High reflectance thermal barrier coatings consisting of 7% Yittria-Stabilized Zirconia (7YSZ) and Al2O3 were deposited by co-evaporation using electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). Multilayer 7YSZ and Al2O3 coatings with fixed layer spacing showed a 73% infrared reflectance maxima at 1.85 mu m wavelength. The variable 7YSZ and Al2O3 multilayer coatings showed an increase in reflection spectrum from 1 to 2.75 mu m. Preliminary results suggest that coating reflectance can be tailored to achieve increased reflectance over a desired wavelength range by controlling the thickness of the individual layers. In addition, microstructural enhancements were also used to produce low thermal conductive and high hemispherical reflective thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in which the coating flux was periodically interrupted creating modulated strain fields within the TBC. TBC showed no macrostructural differences in the grain size or faceted surface morphology at low magnification as compared with standard TBC. The residual stress state was determined to be compressive in all of the TBC samples, and was found to decrease with increasing number of modulations. The average thermal conductivity was shown to decrease approximately 30% from 1.8 to 1.2 W/m-K for the 20-layer monolithic TBC after 2 h of testing at 1316 degrees C. Monolithic modulated TBC also resulted in a 28% increase in the hemispherical reflectance, and increased with increasing total number of modulations. C1 Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16801 USA. NASA, GRC, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kelly, MJ (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16801 USA. EM mjk268@psu.edu NR 19 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2006 VL 3 IS 2 BP 81 EP 93 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2006.02073.x PG 13 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 029SL UT WOS:000236584600001 ER PT J AU Eldridge, JI Spuckler, CM Martin, RE AF Eldridge, JI Spuckler, CM Martin, RE TI Monitoring delamination progression in thermal barrier coatings by mid-infrared reflectance imaging SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAILURE; DEGRADATION; MECHANISMS AB Mid-infrared (MIR) reflectance imaging is shown to be a reliable diagnostic tool for monitoring delamination progression in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). MIR reflectance imaging utilizes the maximum transparency of TBCs in the 3-6 mu m wavelength region to probe below-surface delamination crack propagation that is typically hidden from visible wavelength inspection. The image contrast that identifies delamination progression arises from the increased reflectance produced by a large component of total internal reflection at the TBC/buried-crack interface. Imaging was performed at a wavelength of 4 mu m to take advantage of the relatively high transmittance of plasma-sprayed 8 wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) TBCs along with a desirable relative insensitivity to potentially interfering absorptions by atmospheric constituents at that wavelength. A key advantage of MIR reflectance imaging over competing techniques is that it is sensitive to delamination progression even at very early stages before delamination cracks start linking together; therefore, TBC health assessment can be achieved throughout the life of the TBC well before TBC failure is imminent. Examples are presented to demonstrate monitoring delamination progression by MIR reflectance imaging in 8YSZ TBC-coated specimens subjected to furnace cycling to 1163 degrees C. The experimental results were in good agreement with reflectance values predicted by a four-flux Kulbelka-Munk approximation applied to the extreme cases of a completely adherent and a completely detached TBC. Practical considerations, including potential interfering effects from surface contamination, sintering, and erosion are discussed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. RP Eldridge, JI (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM jeffrey.i.eldridge@nasa.gov NR 23 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1546-542X J9 INT J APPL CERAM TEC JI Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. PY 2006 VL 3 IS 2 BP 94 EP 104 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2006.02067.x PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 029SL UT WOS:000236584600002 ER PT J AU Bishop, JL Louris, SK Rogoff, DA Rothschild, LJ AF Bishop, Janice L. Louris, Stephanie K. Rogoff, Dana A. Rothschild, Lynn J. TI Nanophase iron oxides as a key ultraviolet sunscreen for ancient photosynthetic microbes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE banded iron formations; early Earth; iron oxides; optical spectroscopy; oxygenated atmosphere; photosynthesis; ultraviolet radiation AB We propose that nanophase iron-oxide-bearing materials provided important niches for ancient photosynthetic microbes on the Earth that ultimately led to the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere and the formation of iron-oxide deposits. Atmospheric oxygen and ozone attenuate ultraviolet radiation on the Earth today providing substantial protection for photosynthetic organisms. With ultraviolet radiation fluxes likely to have been even higher on the early Earth than today, accessing solar radiation was particularly risky for early organisms. Yet, we know that photosynthesis arose early and played a critical role in subsequent evolution. Of primary importance was protection below 290 nm, where peak nucleic acid (similar to 260 nm) and protein (similar to 280 nm) absorptions occur. Nanophase ferric oxide/oxyhydroxide minerals absorb, and thus block, the lethal ultraviolet radiation, while transmitting light through much of the visible and near-infrared regions of interest to photosynthesis (400 to 1100 nm). Furthermore, they were available in early environments, and are synthesized by many organisms. Based on experiments using nanophase ferric oxide/oxyhydroxide minerals as a sunscreen for photosynthetic microbes, we suggest that iron, an abundant element widely used in biological mechanisms, may have provided the protection that early organisms needed in order to be able to use photosynthetically active radiation while being protected from ultraviolet-induced damage. The results of this study are broadly applicable to astrobiology because of the abundance of iron in other potentially habitable bodies and the evolutionary pressure to utilize solar radiation when available as an energy source. This model could apply to a potential life form on Mars or other bodies where liquid water and ultraviolet radiation could have been present at significant levels. Based on ferric oxide/oxyhydroxide spectral properties, likely geologic processes, and the results of experiments with the photosynthetic organisms, Euglena sp. and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we propose a scenario where photosynthesis, and ultimately the oxygenation of the atmosphere, depended on the protection of early microbes by nanophase ferric oxides/oxyhydroxides. C1 [Bishop, Janice L.; Rogoff, Dana A.] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. [Bishop, Janice L.; Louris, Stephanie K.; Rogoff, Dana A.; Rothschild, Lynn J.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Rothschild, Lynn J.] Stanford Univ, Program Human Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Bishop, JL (reprint author), SETI Inst, 515 N Whisman Rd, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA. EM jbishop@arc.nasa.gov FU NASA Astrobiology Institute FX The authors are grateful to the NASA Astrobiology Institute for support of this project. Helpful comments from N. Sleep and M. Schaefer are much appreciated. NR 90 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 14 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 1473-5504 EI 1475-3006 J9 INT J ASTROBIOL JI Int. J. Astrobiol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 5 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1017/S1473550406002886 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA V28BL UT WOS:000208656200001 ER PT J AU Hooey, BL Foyle, DC AF Hooey, BL Foyle, DC TI Pilot navigation errors on the airport surface: Identifying contributing factors and mitigating solutions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A taxonomy of navigation errors (pilot deviations) during taxi operations was developed that defines 3 classes of errors: planning, decision, and execution errors. This taxonomy was applied to error data from 2 full-mission simulation studies (Hooey, Foyle, Andre, & Parke, 2000; McCann et al., 1998) that included trials that replicated current-day operations and trials with advanced cockpit technologies including datalink, electronic moving maps (EMM), and head-up displays (HUDs). Pilots committed navigation errors on 17% of current-day operations trials (in low-visibility and night), distributed roughly equally across the 3 error classes. Each error class was associated with a unique set of contributing factors and mitigating solutions. Planning errors were mitigated by technologies that provided an unambiguous record of the clearance (datalink and the EMM, which possessed a text-based clearance). Decision errors were mitigated by technologies that provided both local and global awareness including information about the distance to and direction of the next turn, current ownship location, and a graphical depiction of the route (as provided by the EMM and HUD together). Execution errors were best mitigated by the HUD, which disambiguated the environment and depicted the cleared taxi route. Implications for technology design and integration are provided. C1 San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Monterey Technol Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Hooey, BL (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Monterey Technol Inc, MS 262-4,Moffett Field, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bhooey@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2006 VL 16 IS 1 BP 51 EP 76 DI 10.1207/s15327108ijap1601_3 PG 26 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 014PJ UT WOS:000235491900003 ER PT J AU Fennell, K Sherry, L Roberts, RJ Feary, M AF Fennell, K Sherry, L Roberts, RJ Feary, M TI Difficult access: The impact of recall steps on flight management system errors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SKILL ACQUISITION AB This study examines flight management system (FMS) tasks and errors by C-130 pilots who were recently qualified on a newly introduced advanced FMS. Twenty flight tasks supported by the FMS were analyzed using a cognitive stage model (Sherry, Polson, Feary, & Palmer, 2002) to identify steps with the potential for errors. If a step was found not to have visual cues such as labels or prompts for the required action sequence it was identified as a recall step and a potential source of difficulty. If the action was supported by salient labels and prompts it was identified as a recognition step. Actual pilots using an FMS were observed and performance and errors categorized into the related task step. The greatest amount of observed difficulty was accessing the correct function, labeled as an access error. This process was found to be particularly vulnerable to recall problems. Pilots had the likelihood of .74 for committing an access error on tasks with 2 recalled access steps. This is compared to. 13 for I recalled access step and .06 for no recalled access steps. Errors associated with formatting, inserting, or verifying entries were less common than access errors; however, these errors primarily occurred on tasks in which recall steps were required for the related step. A total of 93% of the format errors, 80% of the insert errors, and 81% of the verify errors occur-red on the tasks that did not have good recognition support for each associated step. On a positive note, experience with the new FMS in the preceding 6 months was correlated with a decrease in overall errors, r(22) = -.42, p <.05, and a decrease in errors associated with inadequate knowledge to accomplish a required step, r(22) = -61, p <.01. C1 United Airlines, Flight Training Ctr, Denver, CO 80201 USA. San Jose State Fdn, San Jose, CA USA. Univ Denver, Dept Psychol, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Fennell, K (reprint author), United Airlines, Flight Training Ctr, 7401 E Martin Luther King Blvd, Denver, CO 80201 USA. EM Karl.Fennell@united.com NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2006 VL 16 IS 2 BP 175 EP 196 DI 10.1207/s15327108ijap1602_4 PG 22 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 051AH UT WOS:000238132100004 ER PT J AU Nourbakhsh, I Hamner, E Ayoob, E Porter, E Dunlavey, B Bernstein, D Crowley, K Lotter, M Shelly, S Hsiu, T Clancy, D AF Nourbakhsh, Illah Hamner, Emily Ayoob, Ellen Porter, Eric Dunlavey, Brian Bernstein, Debra Crowley, Kevin Lotter, Mark Shelly, Skip Hsiu, Thomas Clancy, Daniel TI The Personal Exploration Rover: Educational assessment of a robotic exhibit for informal learning venues SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID SHARED SCIENTIFIC THINKING AB Robotics brings together learning across mechanism, computation and interaction using the compelling model of real-time interaction with physically instantiated intelligent devices The project described here is the third stage of the Personal Rover Project, which aims to produce technology, curriculum and evaluation techniques for use with after-school, out-of-school and informal learning environments mediated by robotics. Our most recent work has resulted in the Personal Exploration Rover (PER), whose goal is to create and evaluate a robot interaction that will educate members of the general public in an informal learning environment and capitalize on the current enthusiasm and excitement produced by NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs). We have two specific goals: teaching about the role of rovers as tools for scientific exploration and teaching about the importance of robot autonomy. To this effect we have designed an interactive, robotic museum exhibit that has been deployed at five locations across the United States, including the San Francisco Exploratorium and the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Here we introduce the robot hardware and software designed for this task and the exhibits developed, then detail the educational assessment methodology and results, which encompass exhibit impact on museum visitors at two installation sites. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Res & Dev, Pittsburgh, PA USA. LotterShelly, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Gogoco LLC, Sunnyvale, CA USA. RP Nourbakhsh, I (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Robot, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM illah@ri.cmu.edu; crowleyk@pitt.edu NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU TEMPUS PUBLICATIONS PI DUBLIN PA DUBLIN INST TECHNOLOGY, BOLTON ST, DUBLIN, IRELAND SN 0949-149X J9 INT J ENG EDUC JI Int. J. Eng. Educ PY 2006 VL 22 IS 4 BP 777 EP 791 PG 15 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Engineering GA 084FL UT WOS:000240517600011 ER PT J AU Turyshev, SC Toth, VT Kellogg, LR Lau, EL Lee, KJ AF Turyshev, SC Toth, VT Kellogg, LR Lau, EL Lee, KJ TI A study of the pioneer anomaly: New data and objectives for new investigation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS D LA English DT Review DE fundamental physics; pioneer anomaly; gravitation; solar system dynamics; deep space navigation; radio science; telemetry ID LONG-RANGE ACCELERATION; ULYSSES DATA; PROSAIC EXPLANATION; DISTANT SPACECRAFT; GALILEO; WEAK AB The Pioneer 10/11 spacecraft yielded the most precise navigation in deep space to date. However, their radiometric tracking data has consistently indicated the presence of a small, anomalous, Doppler frequency drift. The drift is a blue shift, uniformly changing with a rate of similar to 6 x 10(-9) Hz/s and can be interpreted as a constant sunward acceleration of each particular spacecraft of a(p) = (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10(-10) m/s(2) (or, alternatively, a time acceleration of a(t) = (2.92 +/- 0.44) x 10(-18) s/s(2)). This signal has become known as the Pioneer anomaly; the nature of this anomaly remains unexplained. We discuss the current state of the efforts to retrieve the entire data sets of the Pioneer 10 and 11 radiometric Doppler data. We also report on the availability of recently recovered telemetry files that may be used to reconstruct the engineering history of both spacecraft using original project documentation and newly developed software tools. We discuss possible ways to further investigate the discovered effect using these telemetry files in conjunction with the analysis of the much extended Pioneer Doppler data. In preparation for this new upcoming investigation, we summarize the current knowledge of the Pioneeranomaly and review some of the mechanisms proposed for its explanation. We emphasize the main objectives of this new study, namely (i) analysis of the early data that could yield the true direction of the anomaly and thus, its origin, (ii) analysis of planetary encounters, which should say more about the onset of the anomaly (e.g. Pioneer 11's Saturn flyby), (iii) analysis of the entire dataset, which should lead to a better determination of the temporal behavior of the anomaly, (iv) comparative analysis of individual anomalous accelerations for the two Pioneers with the data taken from similar heliocentric distances, (v) the detailed study of on-board systematics, and (vi) development of a thermal-electric-dynamical model using on-board telemetry. The outlined strategy may allow for a higher accuracy solution for the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft and, possibly, will lead to an unambiguous determination of the origin of the Pioneer anomaly. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Turyshev, SC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM turyshev@jpl.nasa.gov; vttoth@vttoth.com; larry.kellogg@sbcglobal.net; eunice.l.lau@jpl.nasa.gov; kyong.j.lee@jpl.nasa.gov RI Toth, Viktor/D-3502-2009 OI Toth, Viktor/0000-0003-3651-9843 NR 52 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 8 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0218-2718 J9 INT J MOD PHYS D JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. D PD JAN PY 2006 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 55 DI 10.1142/S0218271806008218 PG 55 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 025BU UT WOS:000236241100001 ER PT J AU Satomi, M Vogel, BF Gram, L Venkateswaran, K AF Satomi, M Vogel, BF Gram, L Venkateswaran, K TI Shewanella hafniensis sp nov and Shewanella morhuae sp nov., isolated from marine fish of the Baltic Sea SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA STRAINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; GYRB GENES; BACTERIA; FRIGIDIMARINA; AMPLIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; ALIGNMENT AB Two novel species belonging to the genus Shewanella are described on the basis of their phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences and levels of DNA-DNA hybridization. A total of 47 strains belonging to two novel Gram-negative, psychrotolerant, H2S-producing bacterial species were isolated from marine fish (cod and flounder) caught from the Baltic Sea off Denmark. The phenotypic characteristics of strains belonging to group 1 (14 strains) indicated that these represented a non-sucrose-assimilating variant of Shewanella baltica with a DNA G + C content of 47.0 mol%. Strains of group 2 (33 isolates) did not utilize the carbon substrates assimilated by S. baltica except gluconate, N-acetylglucosamine and malate. Their DNA G + C content was 44.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence data placed the two novel species within the genus Shewanella. Group 1 strains showed greatest sequence similarity to Shewanella putrefaciens ATCC 8071(T) (99.0%) and with S. baltica NCTC 10375(T) (98.3%). However, gyrB gene sequence analysis showed these isolates to share only 90.0% sequence similarity with S. putrefaciens ATCC 8071(T) and 93.9% with S. baltica NCTC 10375(T). Similarly, DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed DNA relatedness levels of 38% between the group 1 isolates and S. putrefaciens ATCC 8071(T) and 43% with S. baltica NCTC 10375(T). The group 2 strains shared less than 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with recognized Shewanella species. Comparisons between the two novel species indicated 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of similar to 98%, gyrB gene sequence similarity of similar to 89% and DNA-DNA reassociation values of 20-34%. Based on the evidence presented, two novel species, Shewanella hafniensis sp. nov. (type strain P010(T) = ATCC BAA-1207(T) = NBRC 100975(T)) and Shewanella morhuae sp. nov. (type strain U 1417(T) = ATCC BAA-1205(T) = NBRC 100978(T)), are described. C1 Fisheries Res Agcy, Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Danish Inst Fisheries Res, Dept Seafood Res, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Venkateswaran, K (reprint author), Fisheries Res Agcy, Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan. EM kjvenkat@jpl.nasa.gov NR 31 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 56 BP 243 EP 249 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.63931-0 PN 1 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 005GS UT WOS:000234811200036 PM 16403893 ER PT B AU Lei, SL Jansen, R AF Lei, Shuliang Jansen, Ralph GP IEEE TI PWM based sensing and control of magnetic bearings SO IPEMC 2006: CES/IEEE 5TH INTERNATIONAL POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTION CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference IPEMC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference CY AUG 14-16, 2006 CL Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP China Electro Tech, IEEE Power Elect Soc, Shanghai Univ, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, IEEE Beijing Sect HO Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ DE coil inductance; magnetic bearings; pulse-width modulation (PWM); position sensing; signal processing AB This paper develops a PWM Based Position Sensing method for motion control of active magnetic bearings. A practical method to determine the rotor position in terms of rotor-stator magnetic properties was investigated. An analog signal processing circuit which conditions the PWM voltage and current signals is used to implement the method. Analog biquad band pass filters, as well as low pass filters, demodulators, isolators and dividers were built. Preliminary tests were conducted using a four pole homopolar magnetic bearing by manually varying the rotor position and measuring the effectiveness of the signal processing module. The closed loop magnetic bearing motion control based on PWM sensing module was simulated using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation model includes 4-axis radial magnetic bearings with the dynamics of a high speed flywheel. A PD controller along with notch filters and lead compensators were employed in the closed loop control system. The simulation results demonstrated converged orbit trajectories of the rotors, which proved the effectiveness of the sensing scheme and the control strategy. C1 [Lei, Shuliang] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Jansen, Ralph] Univ Toledo, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Lei, SL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM slei@neo.tamu.edu FU NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland FX This work is sponsored by the NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135, U. S. A NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0448-7 J9 IEEE INT POWER ELEC PY 2006 BP 875 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFL70 UT WOS:000242884501033 ER PT B AU Ngo, Q de Asis, E Seger, A Wang, L Wong, WK Isaacson, MS Yang, CY AF Ngo, Q. de Asis, E. Seger, A. Wang, L. Wong, W. K. Isaacson, M. S. Yang, C. Y. BE GanChee, L TungChih, H WongWai, K Trigg, A TI Carbon nanotube interconnects in electrical and biological systems SO IPFA 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PHYSICAL & FAILURE ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits CY JUL 03-07, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP IEEE Reliabil/CPMT/ED Singapore Chapter, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Reliabil Soc, Reliabil Soc, Natl Univ Singapore, Ctr IC Failure Anal & Reliabil DE carbon nanofiber; carbon nanotube; interconnect; scanning transmission electron microscopy; microelectrode array; neuron ID NANOFIBERS; TRANSPORT; GRAPHITE AB Recent fundamental studies have given rise to the emergence of new applications for carbon-based nanostructures in electrical and biological systems. In this paper, our recent work investigating the utility of carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) devices in electrical and biological interconnect systems is reviewed. Electrical and structural characterizations of carbon nanostructure arrays are performed to assess the viability of these novel forms of carbon for interconnect applications. Structural information of carbon nanofiber arrays obtained with high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are correlated with electrical characteristics using a semi-empirical model developed based on graphite conduction principles. Concurrently, a microelectrode array consisting of a two-dimensional (2D) pattern of CNT recording sites is used to detect the electrical signals in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. This experiment demonstrates the viability of using CNT to electrically probe living cells. C1 [Ngo, Q.; de Asis, E.; Yang, C. Y.] Santa Clara Univ, Ctr Nanostruct, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Ngo, Q.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA USA. [Seger, A.; Isaacson, M. S.] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Elect Engn, Santa Cruz, CA USA. [Wang, L.; Wong, W. K.] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Elect Engn, Singapore 117548, Singapore. RP Ngo, Q (reprint author), Santa Clara Univ, Ctr Nanostruct, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. FU Center for Nanotechnology at NASA ARC FX The authors are grateful to A. Cassell, and J. Li from the Center for Nanotechnology at NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) for assistance in fabricating and characterizing test structures for the CNF electrical interconnects, and M. Meyyappan from the Center for Nanotechnology at NASA ARC for financial and facilities support. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0205-0 PY 2006 BP 281 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BEX01 UT WOS:000239918400059 ER PT B AU Ominami, Y Ngo, Q Suzuki, M Mcilwrath, K Jarausch, K Cassell, AM Li, J Yang, CY AF Ominami, Yusuke Ngo, Quoc Suzuki, Makoto Mcilwrath, Kevin Jarausch, Konrad Cassell, Alan M. Li, Jun Yang, Cary Y. BE GanChee, L TungChih, H WongWai, K Trigg, A TI Interface characterization for vertically aligned carbon nanofibers for on-chip interconnect applications SO IPFA 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PHYSICAL & FAILURE ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits CY JUL 03-07, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP IEEE Reliabil/CPMT/ED Singapore Chapter, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Reliabil Soc, Reliabil Soc, Natl Univ Singapore, Ctr IC Failure Anal & Reliabil DE carbon nanofiber; on-chip interconnect; scanning transmission electron microscopy; focused ion beam ID NANOTUBES AB Nanostructure characterization of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) for on-chip interconnect applications is presented. We propose a novel technique for characterizing interfacial nanostructures of vertically aligned CNFs, optimally suited for cross-sectional imaging with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Using this technique, vertically aligned CNFs are selectively grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), on a substrate comprising a narrow strip (width similar to 100nm) formed by focused ion beam (FIB). Using high-resolution STEM, we show that CNFs with diameters ranging from 10-100 nm exhibit very similar graphitic layer morphologies at the base contact interface. C1 [Ominami, Yusuke; Ngo, Quoc; Suzuki, Makoto; Yang, Cary Y.] Santa Clara Univ, Ctr Nanostruct, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. [Mcilwrath, Kevin; Jarausch, Konrad] Hitachi High Technol Amer, Pleasanton, CA 94588 USA. [Cassell, Alan M.; Li, Jun] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ominami, Y (reprint author), Santa Clara Univ, Ctr Nanostruct, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0205-0 PY 2006 BP 291 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BEX01 UT WOS:000239918400061 ER PT B AU Powell, MW Crockett, T Fox, JM Joswig, JC Norris, JS Rabe, KJ AF Powell, Mark W. Crockett, Thomas Fox, Jason M. Joswig, Joseph C. Norris, Jeffrey S. Rabe, Kenneth J. BE Zhang, D Khoshgoftaar, TM Joshi, BD TI Targeting and localization for Mars Rover operations SO IRI 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION REUSE AND INTEGRATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Intergration (IRI 2006) CY SEP 16-18, 2006 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE AB In this work we discuss how the quality of localization knowledge impacts the remote operation of rovers on the surface of Mars. We look at the techniques of localization estimation used in the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover missions. We discuss the virtues and shortcomings of existing approaches and new improvements in the latest operations tools used to support the Mars Exploration Rover missions and rover technology development tasks at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We conclude with future directions we plan to explore in improving the localization knowledge available for operations and more effective targeting of rovers and their instrument payloads. C1 [Powell, Mark W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 262-4, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Crockett, Thomas; Fox, Jason M.; Joswig, Joseph C.; Norris, Jeffrey S.; Rabe, Kenneth J.] State Univ Fdn, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ames, IA USA. RP Powell, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 262-4, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Mark.W.Powell@jpl.nasa.gov FU Mars Technology Program; JPL Research and Technology Development Program; Mars Exploration Rover and the Mars Science Laboratory FX The work described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and funded by the Mars Technology Program, the JPL Research and Technology Development Program, the Mars Exploration Rover project and the Mars Science Laboratory project. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9788-6 PY 2006 BP 23 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI82 UT WOS:000242108800005 ER PT B AU Behar, A Bruhn, F Matthews, J Means, E AF Behar, Alberto Bruhn, Fredrik Matthews, Jaret Means, Erin BE Zhang, D Khoshgoftaar, TM Joshi, BD TI Using JPL micro-imagers for the Johnson Space Center International Space Station cell growth experiment SO IRI 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION REUSE AND INTEGRATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Intergration (IRI 2006) CY SEP 16-18, 2006 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE AB A development program is occurring to produce the International Space Station (ISS), Bio Tech Facility (BTF) at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). This facility will allow numerous experiments related to micro--gravity cell development, growth and adaptation to be preformed on the International Space Station. JSC desired an upgrade to current capabilities that included micro-imagers. JPL has provided these micro-imagers for the JSC ISS Cell Growth Experiment Program. The imagers are to be used to make heuristic decisions on the growth and health of growing cells and as a means of recording data on their development. This paper describes the imager produced, its intended application and the subsequent testing that has gone on to ensure functionality of such a system in the space radiation environment. C1 [Behar, Alberto] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 198-235, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Bruhn, Fredrik] Angstrom Aerosp Corp, S-75183 Uppsala, Sweden. [Matthews, Jaret; Means, Erin] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Behar, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 198-235, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alberto.Behar@jpl.nasa.gov; fredrik.bruhn@aaerospace.com; Jaret.B.Matthews@jpl.nasa.gov; Erin.K.Means@jpl.nasa.gov FU Wyle Labs FX This work was performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of California Institute of Technology, under contract to NASA. Wyle Labs provided the funding as a reimbursable contract to JPL. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9788-6 PY 2006 BP 34 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI82 UT WOS:000242108800007 ER PT B AU Maluf, DA Tran, P AF Maluf, David A. Tran, Peter BE Zhang, D Khoshgoftaar, TM Joshi, BD TI Sensing super-position: Human sensing beyond the visual spectrum SO IRI 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION REUSE AND INTEGRATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Intergration (IRI 2006) CY SEP 16-18, 2006 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE ID BLIND AB The coming decade of fast, cheap and miniaturized electronics and sensory devices opens new pathways for the development of sophisticated equipment to overcome limitations of the human senses. This paper addresses the technical feasibility of augmenting human vision through Sensing Super-position by mixing natural Hman sensing. The current implementation of the device translates visual and other passive or active sensory instruments into sounds, which become relevant when the visual resolution is insufficient for very difficult and particular sensing tasks. A successful Sensing Super-position meets many human and pilot vehicle system requirements. The system can be further developed into cheap, portable, and low power taking into account the limited capabilities of the human user as well as the typical characteristics of his dynamic environment. The system operates in real time, giving the desired information for the particular augmented sensing tasks. The Sensing Super-position device increases the image resolution perception and is obtained via an auditory representation as well as the visual representation. Auditory mapping is performed to distribute an image in time. The three-dimensional spatial brightness and multi-spectral maps of a sensed image are processed using real-time image processing techniques (e.g. histogram normalization) and transformed into a two-dimensional map of an audio signal as a function of frequency and time. This paper details the approach of developing Sensing Super-position systems as a way to augment the human vision system by exploiting the capabilities of the human hearing system as an additional neural input. The human hearing system is capable of learning to process and interpret extremely complicated and rapidly changing auditory patterns. The known capabilities of the human hearing system to learn and understand complicated auditory patterns provided the basic motivation for developing an image-to-sound mapping system. The human brain is superior to most existing computer systems in rapidly extracting relevant information from blurred, noisy, and redundant images. From a theoretical viewpoint, this means that the available bandwidth is not exploited in an optimal way. While image-processing techniques can manipulate, condense and focus the information (e.g., Fourier Transforms), keeping the mapping as direct and simple as possible might also reduce the risk of accidentally filtering out important clues. After all, especially a perfect non-redundant sound representation is prone to loss of relevant information in the non-perfect human hearing system. Also, a complicated non-redundant image-to-sound mapping may well be far more difficult to learn and comprehend than a straightforward mapping, while the mapping system would increase in complexity and cost. This work will demonstrate some basic information processing for optimal information capture for head-mounted systems. C1 [Maluf, David A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Tran, Peter] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, DA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM David.A.Maluf@nasa.gov; Pbtran@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9788-6 PY 2006 BP 595 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI82 UT WOS:000242108800104 ER PT B AU Baloch, S Arslan, T Stoica, A AF Baloch, S. Arslan, T. Stoica, A. GP IEEE TI Design of a Single Event Upset (SEU) mitigation technique for programmable devices SO ISQED 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON QUALITY ELECTRONIC DESIGN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design CY MAR 27-29, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Components, Packaging & Mfg Technol Soc, IEEE CASS, ACM SIGDA, Int Soc Qual Elect Design AB This paper presents a unique SEU (single Event Upset) mitigation technique based upon Temporal Data Sampling for synchronous circuits and configuration bit storage for programmable devices. The design technique addresses both conventional static SEUs and SETs (Single Event Transients) induced errors that can result in data loss for reconfigurable architectures. The proposed scheme not only eliminates all SEUs and SETs and but also all double event upsets as well. This approach permits FPGAs and other microcircuits with deep submicron feature size to be used in space environments. The result are included to show that the proposed scheme is over 40% area efficient than previously introduced schemes. C1 [Baloch, S.; Arslan, T.] Alba Centre, Inst Syst Level Integrat, Alba Campus, Livingston EH54 7EG, Scotland. [Baloch, S.; Arslan, T.; Stoica, A.] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Elect & Engg, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. [Stoica, A.] NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Baloch, S (reprint author), Alba Centre, Inst Syst Level Integrat, Alba Campus, Livingston EH54 7EG, Scotland. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2523-7 PY 2006 BP 330 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BEG69 UT WOS:000237231000057 ER PT B AU Lutz, R Patterson-Hine, A Bajwa, A AF Lutz, Robyn Patterson-Hine, Ann Bajwa, Anupa BE OConner, L TI Tool-supported verification of contingency software design in evolving, autonomous systems SO ISSRE 2006:17TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering CY NOV 07-10, 2006 CL Raleigh, NC SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Comp Soc Tech Council Software Engn, IEEE Reliab Soc AB Advances in software autonomy can support system robustness to a broader range of operational anomalies, called contingencies, than ever before. Contingency management includes, hut goes beyond, traditional fault protection. Increased autonomy to achieve contingency management brings with it the challenge of how to verify that the software can detect and diagnose contingencies when they occur. The approach used in this work to investigate the verification was two-fold: (1) to integrate in a single model the representation of the contingencies and of the data signals and software monitors required to identify those contingencies, and (2) to use tool-supported verification of the diagnostics design to identify gaps in coverage of the contingencies. Results presented here indicate that tool-supported verification of the adequacy and correct behavior of such diagnostic software for contingency management can improve on-going contingency analysis, thereby reducing the risk that change has introduced gaps in the contingency software. C1 [Lutz, Robyn] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Patterson-Hine, Ann] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Bajwa, Anupa] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, UARC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lutz, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM rlutz@cs.iastate.edu; apatterson-hine@mail.arc.nasa.gov; abajwa@mail.arc.nasa.gov FU NSF [0204139, 0205588, 0541163] FX The research described in this paper was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. At JPL, we thank Tracy Neilson, Sanford Krasner, Charles Barnes and Kenneth Myers. At ARC we thank Matthew Whalley, the manager of the Autonomous Rotorcraft Project, as well as Chad Frost, Doron Tal, Rob Harris and Michael Freed for their assistance and encouragement. Their efforts were funded by the Intelligent Systems Program. We thank Qualtech Systems, Inc. for their advice regarding TEAMS modeling and diagnostics. The first authors research is supported in part by NSF grants 0204139, 0205588 and 0541163. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2684-3 PY 2006 BP 213 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BFR93 UT WOS:000244110800021 ER PT B AU Maxey, MR Liu, D Dong, SC Karniadakis, GE AF Maxey, Martin R. Liu, Don Dong, Suchuan Karniadakis, George E. BE Balachandar, S Prosperetti, A TI New advances in force-coupling method: From micro to macro SO IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO MULTIPHASE FLOW SE Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IUTAM Symposium on Computational Approaches to Disperse Multiphase Flow CY OCT 04-07, 2004 CL Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL SP Int Union Theoret & Appl Mech HO Argonne Natl Lab ID PARTICULATE 2-PHASE FLOW; SMALL SPHERE; STOKES-FLOW; SIMULATIONS AB The force-coupling method (FCM) provides an efficient tool for computing particle motion and the flow in the surrounding fluid both in confined microflow systems and in larger scale suspensions. Here we present results for the interaction of individual particles in a shear flow showing that FCM captures reliably the changes in lift and drag forces. We note too the extension from spherical to non-spherical particles and comment on the use of FCM to analyze flow systems, bridging the gap between simulation data and macroscopic descriptions of dispersed two-phase flows. C1 [Maxey, Martin R.; Dong, Suchuan; Karniadakis, George E.] Brown Univ, Div Appl Math, Providence, RI 02912 USA. [Liu, Don] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Maxey, MR (reprint author), Brown Univ, Div Appl Math, Providence, RI 02912 USA. EM maxey@cfm.brown.edu; dliu@bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov; sdong@dam.brown.edu; gk@dam.brown.edu OI Dong, Suchuan/0000-0001-6778-0679 FU National Science Foundation [CTS-0326702]; DARPA-ATO FX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under an award CTS-0326702 and by DARPA-ATO. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-4976-5 J9 FLUID MECH APPL PY 2006 VL 81 BP 237 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BEU46 UT WOS:000239537200024 ER PT J AU Opila, EJ Jacobson, NS Myers, DL Copland, EH AF Opila, EJ Jacobson, NS Myers, DL Copland, EH TI Predicting oxide stability in high-temperature water vapor SO JOM LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIER COATINGS; SIO2 SCALE VOLATILITY; O-H SYSTEM; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; GASEOUS SIO(OH); CHROMIUM-OXIDE; BORON-NITRIDE; OXIDATION AB The importance of understanding and predicting the interactions of oxides with water vapor at high temperatures is demonstrated in this article. Methods for observing volatilization phenomena and identifying the chemical formulae for volatile metal hydroxides are discussed. In addition, techniques for obtaining accurate thermodynamic data for gaseous metal hydroxide species are described. Detailed examples of the stability of the principle structural and/or protective oxides chromia (Cr(2)O(3)), silica (SiO(2)), andalumina (Al(2)O(3)) inhigh-temperature water vapor are included. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. E Cent Univ, Ada, OK USA. RP Opila, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 106-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM opila@grc.nasa.gov RI Jacobson, Nathan/A-9411-2009 NR 71 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 5 U2 41 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD JAN PY 2006 VL 58 IS 1 BP 22 EP 28 DI 10.1007/s11837-006-0063-3 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 002QL UT WOS:000234626200003 ER PT J AU Smialek, JL AF Smialek, JL TI Moisture, induced delayed spallation and interfacial hydrogen embrittlement of alumina scales SO JOM LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS; CYCLIC-OXIDATION BEHAVIOR; WATER-VAPOR; FATIGUE; ALLOYS; STRENGTH; AL; ALPHA-AL2O3; ADHESION; SULFUR AB While interfacial sulfur is the primary chemical factor affecting Al2O3 scale adhesion, moisture-induced delayed spallation appears as a secondary, but impressive, mechanistic detail. Similarities with bulk metallic phenomena suggest that hydrogen embrittlement from ambient humidity, resulting from the reactionAl(alloy)+3(H2O)(air)=Al(OH)(-)(3) +3H(+) may be the operative mechanism. This proposal was tested on pre-oxidized Rene N5 by standard cathodic hydrogen charging in 1N H2SO4, as monitored by weight change, induced current, and microstructure. Cathodic polarization at -2.0 V abruptly stripped mature Al2O3 scales at the oxide-metal interface. Anodic polarization at +2.0 V however, produced alloy dissolution. Finally, with no applied voltage, the acid electrolyte produced neither scale spallation nor alloy dissolution. Thus, hydrogen charging was detrimental to alumina scale adhesion. Moisture-induced interfacial hydrogen embrittlement is concluded to be the cause of delayed scale spallation and desktop thermal barrier coating failures. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Smialek, JL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 106-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM JamesL.Smialek@nasa.gov NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-US JI JOM PD JAN PY 2006 VL 58 IS 1 BP 29 EP 35 DI 10.1007/s11837-006-0064-2 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 002QL UT WOS:000234626200004 ER PT J AU Acar, E Kale, A Haftka, RT Stroud, WJ AF Acar, E Kale, A Haftka, RT Stroud, WJ TI Structural safety measures for airplanes SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 45th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference CY APR 19-22, 2004 CL Palm Springs, CA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC AB Passenger aircraft structural design is based on a safety factor of 1.5, and this safety factor alone is equivalent to a probability of failure of between 10(-2) and 10(-3). Yet airliners are much safer, with crashes caused by structural failure being extremely rare based on accident records. The probability of structural failure of transport aircraft is of the order of 10(-8) per flight segment. This paper looks at two additional contributions to safety-the use of conservative material properties and certification tests-using a simple model of structural failure. We find that the three safety measures together might be able to reduce the calculated probability of failure to about 10(-7). Additional measures, such as conservative load specifications, might be responsible for the higher safety encountered in practice, explaining why passenger aircraft are so structurally safe. In addition, the paper sheds light on the effectiveness of certification tests for improving safety. It is found that certification tests reduce the calculated failure probabilities by reducing the modeling error. We find that these tests are most effective when safety factors are low and when most of the uncertainty is caused by systemic errors rather than variability. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Acar, E (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Acar, Erdem/K-2731-2014 OI Acar, Erdem/0000-0002-3661-5563 NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 30 EP 38 DI 10.2514/1.14381 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 011RE UT WOS:000235285000004 ER PT J AU Atlas, D Wang, Z Duda, DP AF Atlas, D Wang, Z Duda, DP TI Contrails to cirrus - Morphology, microphysics, and radiative properties SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AIRCRAFT CONTRAILS; ICE CRYSTALS; CLOUDS; GROWTH; SUCCESS; CLIMATE; RADAR; LIDAR; PRECIPITATION; TRANSITION AB This work is two pronged, discussing 1) the morphology of contrails and their transition to cirrus uncinus, and 2) their microphysical and radiative properties. It is based upon the fortuitous occurrence of an unusual set of essentially parallel contrails and the unanticipated availability of nearly simultaneous observations by photography, satellite, automated ground-based lidar. and a newly available database of aircraft flight tracks. The contrails, oriented from the northeast to southwest, are carried to the southeast with a component of the wind so that the), are spread from the northwest to southeast. Convective turrets form along each contrail to form the cirrus uncinus with fallstreaks of ice crystals that are oriented essentially normal to the contrail length. Each contrail is observed sequentially by the lidar and tracked backward to the time and position of the originating aircraft track with the appropriate component of the wind. The correlation coefficient between predicted and actual time of arrival at the lidar is 0.99, so that one may identify both visually and satellite-observed contrails exactly. Contrails generated earlier in the westernmost flight corridor occasionally arrive simultaneously with those formed later closer to the lidar to produce broader cirrus fallstreaks and overlapping contrails on the satellite image. The minimum age of a contrail is >2 h and corresponds to the longest time of travel to the lidar. The lag between the initial formation of the contrail and its first detectability by Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is approximate to 33 min, thus accounting for the distance between the aircraft track and the first detectable contrail by satellite. The lidar also provides particle fall speeds and estimated sizes, optical extinction coefficients, optical thickness (tau = 0.35), and ice water path (1WP = 8.1 g m(2)). These values correspond to the lower range of those found for midlatitude cirrus by Heymsfield et al. The ice water per meter of length along the cloud lines is 10(3)-.10(4) times that released by typical jet aircraft. The synthesis of these findings with those of prior investigators provides confidence in the present results. Various authors find that contrail-generated cirrus such as reported here contribute to net regional warming. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Atlas, D (reprint author), 3116 Gracefield Rd 322, Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA. EM davnlu@comcast.net RI Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011 NR 36 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1558-8424 J9 J APPL METEOROL CLIM JI J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 45 IS 1 BP 5 EP 19 DI 10.1175/JAM2325.1 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 038SL UT WOS:000237243900002 ER PT J AU Bryce, D Kambhampati, S Smith, DE AF Bryce, D Kambhampati, S Smith, DE TI Planning graph heuristics for belief space search SO JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Some recent works in conditional planning have proposed reachability heuristics to improve planner scalability, but many lack a formal description of the properties of their distance estimates. To place previous work in context and extend work on heuristics for conditional planning, we provide a formal basis for distance estimates between belief states. We give a definition for the distance between belief states that relies on aggregating underlying state distance measures. We give several techniques to aggregate state distances and their associated properties. Many existing heuristics exhibit a subset of the properties, but in order to provide a standardized comparison we present several generalizations of planning graph heuristics that are used in a single planner. We compliment our belief state distance estimate framework by also investigating efficient planning graph data structures that incorporate BDDs to compute the most effective heuristics. We developed two planners to serve as test-beds for our investigation. The first, CAltAlt, is a conformant regression planner that uses A* search. The second, POND, is a conditional progression planner that uses AO* search. We show the relative effectiveness of our heuristic techniques within these planners. We also compare the performance of these planners with several state of the art approaches in conditional planning. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Ira A Fulton Sch Engn, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bryce, D (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Ira A Fulton Sch Engn, Brickyard Suite 501,699 S Mill Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA. EM DAN.BRYCE@ASU.EDU; RAO@ASU.EDU; DE2SMITH@EMAIL.ARC.NASA.GOV NR 30 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU AI ACCESS FOUNDATION PI MARINA DEL REY PA USC INFORMATION SCIENCES INST, 4676 ADMIRALITY WAY, MARINA DEL REY, CA 90292-6695 USA SN 1076-9757 J9 J ARTIF INTELL RES JI J. Artif. Intell. Res. PY 2006 VL 26 BP 35 EP 99 PG 65 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 050UW UT WOS:000238115300002 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Clowers, KG Wortley, M Krusenklaus, JH AF Zhang, Songning Clowers, Kurt G. Wortley, Michael Krusenklaus, John H. TI Efficacy of lumbar and lumbosacral orthoses in restricting spinal ROMs SO JOURNAL OF BACK AND MUSCULOSKELETAL REHABILITATION LA English DT Article DE orthoses; lumbar orthoses; lumbosacral orthoses; range of motion; spine ID MUSCLE-ACTIVITY; SUPPORT; BELT; MOVEMENT; MOBILITY; MOTIONS AB The purpose for this study was to examine efficacy of two spinal ortheses, a lumbar orthosis (LO) and a lumbosacral orthoses (LSO), in limiting spinal range of motion (ROM). Seventeen healthy male participants were instructed to perform three trials for trunk flexion, extension, and lateral bending in two orthoses, ProLign LO and UltraLign LSO (DeRoyal Industries, Inc.), and in an un-braced condition. A digital video camera was used to obtain kinematic data from the right sagittal and posterior views. Retroreflective markers and/or wands were used to monitor the motions of the hip, 1st thoracic vertebra (C7-T1), and 1st (T12-L1) and 5th (L5-S1) lumbar vertebrae during trunk flexion and extension as well as the motions of the C7-T1, T12-L1 and L5-S1 during lateral flexion. Selected variables were evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons (P < 0.05). Both orthoses were effective in restricting intervertebral movements in the three trunk movements. UltraLign LSO provided greater spinal restriction on ROM in all three trunk movements. ProLign LO offered less restriction on the lumbar movements compared to UltraLign LSO, but Was still effective in the reduction of lumbar intervertebral segmental mobility compared to the no-brace trials. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Exercise Sport & Leisure Studies, Biomech Sports Med Lab, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Anthropometry & Biomech Facil, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Tennessee Sports Med Grp, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Zhang, S (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Exercise Sport & Leisure Studies, Biomech Sports Med Lab, 1914 Andy Holt Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM szhang@utk.edu OI Zhang, Songning/0000-0002-3712-9129 NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1053-8127 J9 J BACK MUSCULOSKELET JI J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2-3 BP 49 EP 56 PG 8 WC Orthopedics; Rehabilitation SC Orthopedics; Rehabilitation GA 130DH UT WOS:000243779100002 ER PT J AU Roy, AS Back, LH Banerjee, RK AF Roy, AS Back, LH Banerjee, RK TI Guidewire flow obstruction effect on pressure drop-flow relationship in moderate coronary artery stenosis SO JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE hemodynamics; coronary stenoses; mean pressure drop; guidewire ID BLOOD-FLOW; STEADY FLOW; IN-VITRO; VELOCITY; ANGIOPLASTY; VALIDATION; CATHETER; RESERVE; HUMANS; THERMODILUTION AB To evaluate the local hemodynamic effects of coronary artery balloon angioplasty, computational fluid dynamics was applied to representative stenoses geometry post-angioplasty (minimal lesion diameter d(m) = 1.8 min which produced 64% mean area stenoses) based on a group of patients and measured values of coronary flow reserve (CFR) returning to a normal range (3.6 +/- 0.3). The computations were at mean flow rates (Q) of 50, 100, 150 and 170ml/min. The study indicates changes in the hemodynamic conditions due to insertion of a guidewire, which can be used to determine the mean pressure drop (Delta p) and fall in distal mean coronary pressure (b(r)), and thus give quantitative estimate of uncertainty expected in diagnosis of moderate lesions. The guidewire to minimal lesion diameter ratio is 0.26, causing tighter "artifactual" mean area stenoses of 65.5%. During hyperemia, p(m) dropped to 72 mmHg as compared to 75 mmHg under patho-physiological condition without guidewire. Q(h) (subscript h: hyperemia) decreased from 180 without guidewire to 170 ml/min with the guidewire present. Thus, there was a significant similar to 43% increase in Delta p(h) and a similar to 51% increase in the hyperemic flow resistance (R-h = Delta p(h)/Q(h)) over the patho-physiological condition. This could cause an overestimation of the severity of the moderate stenoses. Transient and steady flow guidewire surface shear stress was 35-50% higher than corresponding values for arterial wall shear stress. The non-dimensional data given in tabular form may be useful in interpretation of clinical guidewire measurements for moderate lesions of similar geometry and size. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biomed Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Banerjee, RK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Ind & Nucl Engn, 688 Rhodes Hall,POB 210072, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM rupak.banerjee@uc.edu NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-9290 EI 1873-2380 J9 J BIOMECH JI J. Biomech. PY 2006 VL 39 IS 5 BP 853 EP 864 DI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.01.020 PG 12 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical SC Biophysics; Engineering GA 022XA UT WOS:000236088200008 ER PT J AU Schmidt, GA Ruedy, R Hansen, JE Aleinov, I Bell, N Bauer, M Bauer, S Cairns, B Canuto, V Cheng, Y Del Genio, A Faluvegi, G Friend, AD Hall, TM Hu, YY Kelley, M Kiang, NY Koch, D Lacis, AA Lerner, J Lo, KK Miller, RL Nazarenko, L Oinas, V Perlwitz, J Perlwitz, J Rind, D Romanou, A Russell, GL Sato, M Shindell, DT Stone, PH Sun, S Tausnev, N Thresher, D Yao, MS AF Schmidt, GA Ruedy, R Hansen, JE Aleinov, I Bell, N Bauer, M Bauer, S Cairns, B Canuto, V Cheng, Y Del Genio, A Faluvegi, G Friend, AD Hall, TM Hu, YY Kelley, M Kiang, NY Koch, D Lacis, AA Lerner, J Lo, KK Miller, RL Nazarenko, L Oinas, V Perlwitz, J Perlwitz, J Rind, D Romanou, A Russell, GL Sato, M Shindell, DT Stone, PH Sun, S Tausnev, N Thresher, D Yao, MS TI Present-day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in situ, satellite, and reanalysis data SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL; GODDARD-INSTITUTE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CLOUD PARAMETERIZATION; AIR-TEMPERATURE; LONGWAVE SCATTERING; VERTICAL TRANSPORT; RADIATIVE FORCINGS AB A full description of the ModelE version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) and results are presented for present-day climate simulations (ca. 1979). This version is a complete rewrite of previous models incorporating numerous improvements in basic physics, the stratospheric circulation, and forcing fields. Notable changes include the following: the model top is now above the stratopause, the number of vertical layers has increased, a new cloud microphysical scheme is used, vegetation biophysics now incorporates a sensitivity to humidity, atmospheric turbulence is calculated over the whole column, and new land snow and lake schemes are introduced. The performance of the model using three configurations with different horizontal and vertical resolutions is compared to quality-controlled in situ data, remotely sensed and reanalysis products. Overall, significant improvements over previous models are seen, particularly in upper-atmosphere temperatures and winds, cloud heights, precipitation, and sea level pressure. Data-model comparisons continue, however, to highlight persistent problems in the marine stratocumulus regions. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. SGT Inc, New York, NY USA. CEA Saclay, LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM gschmidt@giss.nasa.gov RI Perlwitz, Judith/B-7201-2008; Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012; Shindell, Drew/D-4636-2012; Lacis, Andrew/D-4658-2012; Schmidt, Gavin/D-4427-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; Bauer, Susanne/P-3082-2014; Sun, Shan/H-2318-2015; Unger, Nadine/M-9360-2015; Hu, Yongyun /B-6786-2016 OI Perlwitz, Judith/0000-0003-4061-2442; Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359; Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022; Schmidt, Gavin/0000-0002-2258-0486; Hu, Yongyun /0000-0002-4003-4630 NR 154 TC 458 Z9 478 U1 6 U2 51 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 IS 2 BP 153 EP 192 DI 10.1175/JCLI3612.1 PG 40 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 014YH UT WOS:000235516400001 ER PT J AU Wang, ZJ Liu, Y AF Wang, ZJ Liu, Y TI Extension of the spectral volume method to high-order boundary representation SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE high order; finite volume; unstructured grids; spectral volume; boundary condition ID ESSENTIALLY NONOSCILLATORY SCHEMES; CONSERVATION-LAWS; UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS; SYSTEMS; MESHES AB In this paper, the spectral volume method is extended to the two-dimensional Euler equations with curved boundaries. It is well-known that high-order methods can achieve higher accuracy on coarser meshes than low-order methods. In order to realize the advantage of the high-order spectral volume method over the low order finite volume method, it is critical that solid wall boundaries be represented with high-order polynomials compatible with the order of the interpolation for the state variables. Otherwise, numerical errors generated by the low-order boundary representation may overwhelm any potential accuracy gains offered by high-order methods. Therefore, more general types of spectral volumes (or elements) with curved edges are used near solid walls to approximate the boundaries with high fidelity. The importance of this high-order boundary representation is demonstrated with several well-know inviscid flow test cases, and through comparisons with a second-order finite volume method. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Coll Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Iowa State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn, Coll Engn, 2271 Howe Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM zjw@iastate.edu; liu@nas.nasa.gov RI Wang, Z.J./A-9628-2010 OI Wang, Z.J./0000-0002-6203-6303 NR 20 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 EI 1090-2716 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 211 IS 1 BP 154 EP 178 DI 10.1016/j.jcp.2005.05.022 PG 25 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 971MK UT WOS:000232388200009 ER PT J AU Palosz, W AF Palosz, W TI Vapor transport of ZnO in closed ampoules SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE mass transport; thermochemistry; CVT; PVT; ZnO ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; CADMIUM TELLURIDE; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; RESIDUAL-GAS; CVT GROWTH; ZINC-OXIDE; SYSTEMS; AGENTS AB Vapor transport of ZnO by PVT and CVT using carbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen as the transport agents was studied. Theoretical calculations of the mass flux were based on equilibrium thermodynamics and ID diffusional mass transport. Experimental results were found to be consistent with theoretical predictions. No apparent kinetic limitations to sublimation or CVT processes were observed. Slow reaction of carbon with ZnO source was found. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Palosz, W (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, XD42, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM witold.f.palosz@nasa.gov NR 26 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 286 IS 1 BP 42 EP 49 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.09.014 PG 8 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 995WM UT WOS:000234135300009 ER PT J AU Rahman, MA Gedevanishvili, A Birnbaum, Y Sarmiento, L Sattam, W Kulecz, WB Schlegel, TT AF Rahman, MA Gedevanishvili, A Birnbaum, Y Sarmiento, L Sattam, W Kulecz, WB Schlegel, TT TI High-frequency QRS electrocardiogram predicts perfusion defects during myocardial perfusion imaging SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coronary; ischemia; adenosine; nuclear; electrocardiography ID CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; SIGNAL-AVERAGED ECG; ST-SEGMENT; NONINVASIVE DETECTION; AMERICAN-COLLEGE; CLINICAL-USE; TASK-FORCE; POTENTIALS; INFARCTION AB Background: Changes in high-frequency (HF) QRS components of the electrocardiogram (ECG) (150-250 Hz) are more sensitive than changes in conventional ST segments for detecting myocardial ischemia. We investigated the accuracy of 12-lead HF QRS ECG in detecting perfusion defects during adenosine tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Methods and Results: 12-lead HE QRS ECG recordings were obtained from 45 patients before and during adenosine technetium Tc 99m tetrofosmin MPI tests. Before the adenosine infusions, recordings of HF QRS were analyzed according to a morphologic score that incorporated the number, type, and location of reduced amplitude zones (RAZs) present in the 12 leads. During the adenosine infusions, recordings of HF QRS were analyzed according to the maximum percentage changes (in both the positive and negative directions) that Occurred in root mean square voltage amplitudes within the 12 leads. The best set of prospective HF QRS criteria had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 83% for correctly identifying the MPI result. The sensitivity of simultaneous ST-segment changes (18%) was significantly lower than that of any individual HF QRS criterion (P < .001). Conclusions: Analysis of 12-lead HF QRS ECG is highly sensitive and reasonably specific for detecting perfusion defects during adenosine MPI stress tests and significantly more sensitive than analysis of conventional ST segments. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Houston, TX USA. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX USA. RP Rahman, MA (reprint author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM amrahman@mdanderson.org NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE INC MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PI PHILADELPHIA PA CURTIS CENTER, INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0022-0736 J9 J ELECTROCARDIOL JI J. Electrocardiol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 39 IS 1 BP 73 EP 81 DI 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2005.07.003 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 010OC UT WOS:000235203000016 PM 16387056 ER PT J AU Hinderer, J Andersen, O Lemoine, F Crossley, D Boy, JP AF Hinderer, J Andersen, O Lemoine, F Crossley, D Boy, JP TI Seasonal changes in the European gravity field from GRACE: A comparison with superconducting gravimeters and hydrology model predictions SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Earth Tides CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Ottawa, CANADA DE gravity field; GRACE; hydrology; superconducting gravimeters; GGP ID GLOBAL GEODYNAMICS PROJECT; EARTH DYNAMICS; VARIABILITY; REDUCTION; SYSTEM AB This paper is devoted to the investigation of seasonal changes of the Earth's gravity field from GRACE satellites and the comparison with surface gravity measurements in Europe from the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) sub-network, as well as with recent hydrology models for continental soil moisture and snow. We used gravity maps in Europe retrieved from the initial GRACE monthly solutions spanning a 21 -month duration from April 2002 to December 2003 for various truncation levels of the initial spherical harmonic decomposition of the field. The transfer function between satellite-derived and ground gravity changes due to continental hydrology is studied and we also compute the theoretical ratio of gravity versus radial displacement (in mu Gal/mm) involved in the hydrological loading process. The 'mean' value (averaged in time and in space over Europe) from hydrologic forward modeling is found to be close to - 1.0 mu Gal/mm and we show that this value can be explained by a strong low degree (n = 5-6) peak in the hydrology amplitude spectrum. The dominant time-variable signal from GRACE is found to be annual with an amplitude and a phase both of which are in fair agreement with predictions in Europe from recent hydrology models. Initial results suggest that all three data sets (GRACE, hydrology and GGP) respond to annual changes in near-surface water in Europe of a few mu Gal (at length scales of - 1000 km) that show a high value in winter and a summer minimum. Despite the limited time span of our analysis and the uncertainties in separating purely local effects from regional ones in superconducting gravimeter data, the calibration and validation aspects of the GRACE data processing based on the annual hydrology cycle in Europe are in progress. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Strasbourg, CNRS, IPGS, EOST, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. St Louis Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Danish Natl Space Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Univ Strasbourg, CNRS, IPGS, EOST, 5 Rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. EM jacques.hinderer@eost.u-strasbg.fr RI Lemoine, Frank/D-1215-2013; Andersen, Ole /H-7481-2016; Boy, Jean-Paul/E-6677-2017 OI Andersen, Ole /0000-0002-6685-3415; Boy, Jean-Paul/0000-0003-0259-209X NR 30 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD JAN-APR PY 2006 VL 41 IS 1-3 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1016/j.jog.2005.08.037 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 012NT UT WOS:000235346600007 ER PT J AU Boy, JP Llubes, M Ray, R Hinderer, J Florsch, N AF Boy, JP Llubes, M Ray, R Hinderer, J Florsch, N TI Validation of long-period oceanic tidal models with superconducting gravimeters SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Earth Tides CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Ottawa, CANADA DE superconducting gravimeters; long-period ocean tides; ocean tidal loading ID TIDES; EARTH; EQUILIBRIUM AB Long gravity records from 18 superconducting gravimeters (SG) are used to estimate ocean tide loading for the monthly (Mm) and fortnightly (Mf) tidal waves. The estimates are compared with predicted ocean loading computed from various global tidal models. Despite their long-term sensitivity, the SG non-tidal noise continuum in the near-monthly band is large and renders the Mm estimates too imprecise for validating the different models. For most SG we are able to demonstrate that recent Mf tidal hydrodynamical models that assimilate satellite altimeter data are in significantly better agreement with SG tidal records than an equilibrium tidal model or the old Schwiderski [Schwiderski, E.W., 1980. On charting global ocean tides. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 18 (1), 243-2681 model. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, UMR 7516, EOST,IPGS, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. LEGOS, UMR5566, F-31401 Toulouse, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Paris 06, UMR 7619, F-75252 Paris 05, France. RP Boy, JP (reprint author), Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, UMR 7516, EOST,IPGS, 5 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. EM jpboy@eost.u-strasbg.fr RI Boy, Jean-Paul/E-6677-2017 OI Boy, Jean-Paul/0000-0003-0259-209X NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD JAN-APR PY 2006 VL 41 IS 1-3 BP 112 EP 118 DI 10.1016/j.jog.2005.08.026 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 012NT UT WOS:000235346600013 ER PT J AU Zhong, M Yan, HM Wu, XP Duan, JB Zhu, YZ AF Zhong, M Yan, HM Wu, XP Duan, JB Zhu, YZ TI Non-tidal oceanic contribution to polar wobble estimated from two oceanic assimilation data sets SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Earth Tides CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Ottawa, CANADA DE oceanic angular momentum (OAM); polar wobble; Earth rotation ID ATMOSPHERIC ANGULAR-MOMENTUM; EARTHS ANNUAL WOBBLE; CLIMATE MODEL; MOTION; VARIABILITY; EXCITATION; ROTATION; SIGNALS AB Contributions of ocean bottom pressure and oceanic current to polar wobble are evaluated by using two oceanic data assimilation products. One product comes from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (ECCO), and the other is the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) developed at University of Maryland. The results show that seasonal fluctuations in these two assimilated ocean angular momentum (OAM) time series agree better with each other along the Greenwich meridian than along the 90 degrees E meridian. Furthermore, annual OAM change for ECCO is much closer to non-atmospheric residual, than that for SODA. However, annual OAM change for SODA along the Greenwich meridian compares better than that for ECCO to non-atmospheric-hydrologic residual, in which annual and semi-annual signals of land hydrologic angular momentum (LHAM) of a climate model are considered. At the meantime, annual LHAM signals along the 90 degrees E meridian derived from the climate model and from the GRACE data are also compatible with each other. It is likely that ECCO overestimates the annual change along the 90 degrees E meridian according to the angular momentum conservation law in the Earth system. Consequently, the oceanic role in polar wobble should be further examined. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geodesy & Geophys, Key Lab Dynam Geodesy, Wuhan 430077, Peoples R China. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhong, M (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geodesy & Geophys, Key Lab Dynam Geodesy, Wuhan 430077, Peoples R China. EM zmzm@asch.whigg.ac.cn RI Yan, Haoming/I-6446-2012; yu, yan/C-2322-2012 NR 20 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD JAN-APR PY 2006 VL 41 IS 1-3 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1016/j.jog.2005.10.011 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 012NT UT WOS:000235346600018 ER PT J AU Boy, JP Ray, R Hinderer, J AF Boy, JP Ray, R Hinderer, J TI Diurnal atmospheric tide and induced gravity variations SO JOURNAL OF GEODYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Earth Tides CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Ottawa, CANADA DE air tides; atmospheric loading; gravity ID BAROMETRIC-PRESSURE; REDUCTION; EARTH AB The gravity loading effects induced by the diurnal (S-1) air tide are investigated. We compare worldwide superconducting gravimeter records belonging to the GGP (Global Geodynamics Project) network with loading predictions computed from recent air and oceanic tidal models. Although discrepancies between the observations and models are large, the global tidal models allow a significant reduction of gravity residuals compared with the classical and empirical local pressure correction as well as with the loading computed with surface pressure provided by meteorological centers under the assumption of an inverted barometer response of the ocean to pressure forcing. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ULP, UMR CNRS 7516, EOST, IPGS, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Branch, Code 926, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP ULP, UMR CNRS 7516, EOST, IPGS, 5 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. EM jpboy@eost.u-strasbg.fr RI Ray, Richard/D-1034-2012; Boy, Jean-Paul/E-6677-2017 OI Boy, Jean-Paul/0000-0003-0259-209X NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0264-3707 J9 J GEODYN JI J. Geodyn. PD JAN-APR PY 2006 VL 41 IS 1-3 BP 253 EP 258 DI 10.1016/j.jog.2005.10.010 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 012NT UT WOS:000235346600031 ER PT J AU Nazarenko, L Tausnev, N Hansen, J AF Nazarenko, Larissa Tausnev, Nickolai Hansen, James TI Sea-ice and North Atlantic climate response to CO2-induced warming and cooling conditions SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ANOMALIES; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; COUPLED MODEL; ANNULAR MODES; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; TRENDS; CO2 AB Using a global climate model coupled with an ocean and a sea-ice model, we compare the effects of doubling CO2 and halving CO2 on sea-ice cover and connections with the atmosphere and ocean. An overall warming in the 2 x CO2 experiment causes reduction of sea-ice extent by 15%, with maximum decrease in summer and autumn, consistent with observed seasonal sea-ice changes. The intensification of the Northern Hemisphere circulation is reflected in the positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO), associated with higher-than-normal surface pressure south of about 50 degrees N and lower-than-normal surface pressure over the high northern latitudes. Strengthening the polar cell causes enhancement of westerlies around the Arctic perimeter during winter. Cooling, in the 0.5 x CO2 experiment, leads to thicker and more extensive sea ice. In the Southern Hemisphere, the increase in ice-covered area (28%) dominates the ice-thickness increase (5%) due to open ocean to the north. In the Northern Hemisphere, sea-ice cover increases by only 8% due to the enclosed land/sea configuration, but sea ice becomes much thicker (108%). Substantial weakening of the polar cell due to increase in sea-level pressure over polar latitudes leads to a negative trend of the winter AO index. The model reproduces large year-to-year variability under both cooling and warming conditions. C1 Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, NASA, SGT Inc, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Nazarenko, L (reprint author), Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM lnazarenko@giss.nasa.gov NR 60 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2006 VL 52 IS 178 BP 433 EP 439 DI 10.3189/172756506781828566 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 123IC UT WOS:000243288600011 ER PT J AU Menon, PK Sweriduk, GD Lam, T Diaz, GM Bilimoria, KD AF Menon, PK Sweriduk, GD Lam, T Diaz, GM Bilimoria, KD TI Computer-aided eulerian air traffic flow modeling and predictive control SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA Guidance Navigation and Control Conference CY AUG 16-19, 2004 CL Providence, RI SP AIAA AB Eulerian models are used to represent the air traffic environment as traffic flows between interconnected control volumes representing the airspace system. Although these models can be manually derived for simple air traffic patterns, computer-based approaches are essential for modeling realistic airspaces involving multiple traffic streams. Starting from the specification of a few airspace parameters and traffic data, the developed computer-aided modeling technique can automatically construct Eulerian models of the airspace. The synthesis of air traffic flow control algorithms using the model predictive control technique in conjunction with these models is given. It is shown that the flow control logic synthesis can be cast as a linear programming problem. The flow control methodology is illustrated using air traffic data over two regions in U.S. airspace. C1 Optimal Synth Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sweriduk, GD (reprint author), Optimal Synth Inc, 868 San Antonio, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA. EM menon@optisyn.com; sweriduk@optisyn.com; tony.lam@optisyn.com; gerald@optisyn.com; Karl.Bilimoria@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 12 EP 19 DI 10.2514/1.13496 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 004VU UT WOS:000234781400001 ER PT J AU Belanger, GM Ananyev, S Speyer, JL Chichka, DF Carpenter, JR AF Belanger, GM Ananyev, S Speyer, JL Chichka, DF Carpenter, JR TI Decentralized control of satellite clusters under limited communication SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA Guidance Navigation and Control Conference CY AUG 16-19, 2004 CL Providence, RI SP AIAA ID SPACECRAFT FORMATIONS; DECISION-PROBLEMS AB Two decentralized control algorithms, each employing a unique information exchange scheme, are considered. One of these algorithms employs a communication paradigm in which control and local state estimate information is exchanged between members of a formation after any one of the members executes a control. The other algorithm requires only that control information be exchanged between members; this is thought to be the least information exchange that can sustain an affine control law. The performance of these algorithms when applied to a satellite formation control problem is evaluated. To this end, the algorithms are applied in the context of a nonlinear satellite cluster simulation, where Earth oblateness effects and measurement uncertainties are taken into account. The cluster is required to achieve a specified formation at a defined point on an elliptic reference orbit. Simulation results are obtained for several different orbits and compared to a baseline case involving a centralized controller design. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. George Washington Univ, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Mission Engn Syst Anal Div, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Belanger, GM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, 610 S Main St,Suite 531, Los Angeles, CA 90014 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 134 EP 145 DI 10.2514/1.13233 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 004VU UT WOS:000234781400013 ER PT J AU Shuster, MD Markley, FL AF Shuster, MD Markley, FL TI General formula for extracting the Euler angles SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article C1 Acme Spacecraft Co, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Navigat & Control Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shuster, MD (reprint author), Acme Spacecraft Co, Germantown, MD 20874 USA. EM mdshuster@comcast.net; landis.markley@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 215 EP 217 DI 10.2514/1.16622 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 004VU UT WOS:000234781400026 ER PT J AU Wilkie, WK Inman, DJ Lloyd, JM High, JW AF Wilkie, WK Inman, DJ Lloyd, JM High, JW TI Anisotropic laminar piezocomposite actuator incorporating machined PMN-PT single-crystal fibers SO JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE macro fiber composite; single-crystal piezoelectrics; interdigitated electrodes AB The design, fabrication, and testing of a flexible, laminar, anisotropic piezoelectric composite actuator utilizing machined PMN-32%PT single-crystal fibers is presented. The device consists of a layer of rectangular single-crystal piezoelectric fibers in an epoxy matrix, packaged between interdigitated electrode polyimide films. Quasistatic free-strain measurements of the single-crystal device are compared with measurements from geometrically identical specimens incorporating polycrystalline PZT-5A and PZT-5H piezoceramic fibers. Free-strain actuation of the single-crystal actuator at low bipolar electric fields (+/- 250 V/mm) is approximate to 400% greater than that of the baseline PZT-5A piezoceramic device, and 200% greater than that of the PZT-5H device. Free-strain actuation under high unipolar electric fields (0-4 kV/mm) is approximate to 200% of the PZT-5A baseline device, and 150% of the PZT-5H alternate piezoceramic device. Performance increases at low field are qualitatively consistent with predicted increases based on scaling the low-field d(33) piezoelectric constants of the respective piezoelectric materials. High-field increases are much less than scaled d(33) estimates, but appear consistent with high-field free-strain measurements reported for similar bulk single-crystal and piezoceramic compositions. Measurements of single-crystal actuator capacitance and coupling coefficient are also provided. These properties were poorly predicted using scaled bulk material dielectric and coupling coefficient data. Rule-of-mixture calculations of the effective elastic properties of the single-crystal device and estimated actuation work energy densities are also presented. Results indicate longitudinal stiffnesses significantly lower (50% less) than either piezoceramic device. This suggests that single-crystal piezocomposite actuators will be best suited to low induced-stress, high strain, and deflection applications. C1 USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorare, NASA,Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Wilkie, WK (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorare, NASA,Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM william.k.wilkie@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1045-389X J9 J INTEL MAT SYST STR JI J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 17 IS 1 BP 15 EP 28 DI 10.1177/1045389X06055891 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 005DQ UT WOS:000234803200002 ER PT J AU Ilhan, UF Fabrizio, EF McCorkle, L Scheiman, DA Dass, A Palczer, A Meador, MB Johnston, JC Leventis, N AF Ilhan, U. Faysal Fabrizio, Eve F. McCorkle, Linda Scheiman, Daniel A. Dass, Amala Palczer, Anna Meador, MaryAnn B. Johnston, James C. Leventis, Nicholas TI Hydrophobic monolithic aerogels by nanocasting polystyrene on amine-modified silica SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CORE-SHELL PARTICLES; RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; COMPOSITE AEROGELS; CELLULAR SOLIDS; HONEYCOMBS; SURFACE; NANOPARTICLES; MICROSPHERES; MULTILAYERS; SPHERES AB We describe a three-dimensional core-shell structure where the core is the assembly of nanoparticles that comprises the skeletal framework of a typical silica aerogel, and the shell is polystyrene. Specifically, the mesoporous surfaces of silica were first modified with amines by co-gelation of tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Next, styrene moieties were attached to the amines by reaction with p-chloromethylstyrene. Finally, dangling styrene moieties were crosslinked by a free-radical polymerization process initiated by AIBN and styrene, p-chloromethylstyrene or 2,3,4,5-pentafluorostyerene introduced in the mesopores. Polystyrene crosslinked aerogels are mechanically strong, lightweight (0.41-0.77 g cm(-3)), highly porous materials (they consist of ca. 63% empty space, with a BET surface areas in the range of 213-393 m(2) g(-1)). Their thermal conductivity (0.041 W m(-1) K-1) is comparable to that of glass wool. Hydrophobicity, however, is the property that sets the new material apart from analogous polyurea and epoxy crosslinked aerogels. The contact angles of water droplets on disks cut from larger monoliths are >120 degrees. (By comparison, the contact angle with polyurea crosslinked aerogels is only ca. 60 degrees.) Polystyrene crosslinked aerogel monoliths float on water indefinitely, while their polyurea counterparts absorb water and sink within minutes. C1 NASA, Mat & Struct Div, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. RP Leventis, N (reprint author), NASA, Mat & Struct Div, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpark Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM leventis@umr.edu RI Dass, Amala/H-4729-2012; OI Dass, Amala/0000-0001-6942-5451; Meador, Mary Ann/0000-0003-2513-7372 NR 61 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 5 U2 77 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2006 VL 16 IS 29 BP 3046 EP 3054 DI 10.1039/b604323b PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 064MX UT WOS:000239094900012 ER PT J AU Predoi-Cross, A Hambrook, K Brawley-Tremblay, M Bouanich, JP Smith, MAH AF Predoi-Cross, A Hambrook, K Brawley-Tremblay, M Bouanich, JP Smith, MAH TI Measurements and theoretical calculations of N-2-broadening and N-2-shift coefficients in the v(2) band of CH3D SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE monodeuterated methane; CH3D; N-2-broadening; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; spectral lineshape ID DIODE-LASER MEASUREMENTS; MULTISPECTRUM FITTING TECHNIQUE; BROADENING COEFFICIENTS; NU(3) BAND; MONODEUTERATED METHANE; PLANETARY-ATMOSPHERES; 3-NU(2) BAND; HALF-WIDTHS; (CH3D)-C-12; LINES AB In this paper, we report measured Lorentz N-2-broadening and N-2-induced pressure-shift coefficients of CH3D in the upsilon(2) fundamental band using a multispectrum fitting technique. These measurements were made by analyzing I I laboratory absorption spectra recorded at 0.0056 cm(-1) resolution using the McMath-Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer located at the National Solar Observatory on Kitt Peak, Arizona. The spectra were obtained using two absorption cells with path lengths of 10.2 and 25 cm. The total sample pressures ranged from 0.98 to 402.25 Torr with CH3D volume mixing ratios of 0.01 in nitrogen. We have been able to determine the N-2 pressure-broadening coefficients of 368 upsilon(2) transitions with quantum numbers as high as J" = 20 and K = 16, where K" K' equivalent to K (for a parallel band). The measured N-2-broadening coefficients range from 0.0248 to 0.0742 cm(-1) atm(-1) at 296 K. All the measured pressure-shifts are negative. The reported N2-induced pressure-shift coefficients vary from about -0.0003 to -0.0094 cm(-1) atm(-1). We have examined the dependence of the measured broadening and shift parameters on the J", and K quantum numbers and also developed empirical expressions to describe the broadening coefficients in terms of m (m = J",J", and J" + 1 in the P-Q-, (Q)Q-, and R-Q-branch, respectively) and K. On average, the empirical expressions reproduce the measured broadening coefficients to within 4.7%. The N-2-broadening and pressure-shift coefficients were calculated on the basis of a semiclassical model of interacting linear molecules performed by considering in addition to the electrostatic contributions the atom-atom Lennard-Jones potential. The theoretical results of the broadening coefficients are in good overall agreement with the experimental data (8.7%). The N-2-pressure shifts whose vibrational contribution is derived from parameters fitted in the (Q)Q-branch of self-induced shifts of CH3D, are also in reasonable agreement with the scattered experimental data (20% in most cases). (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Lethbridge, Dept Phys, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UPR 3361, Photophys Mol Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Predoi-Cross, A (reprint author), Univ Lethbridge, Dept Phys, 4401 Univ Dr, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. EM Adriana.predoicross@uleth.ca NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 235 IS 1 BP 35 EP 53 DI 10.1016/j.jms.2005.10.003 PG 19 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 017BL UT WOS:000235669000004 ER PT J AU Delleur, AM Kerslake, TW Levy, RK AF Delleur, AM Kerslake, TW Levy, RK TI Managing space station solar-array electrical hazards for sequential shunt unit replacement SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference CY AUG 16-19, 2004 CL Providence, RI SP AIAA AB The U.S. solar-array strings on the International Space Station are connected to a sequential shunt unit. The sequential shunt unit's job is to shunt excess current from the solar array, such that just enough current is provided downstream to maintain the bus voltage while meeting the power load demand. Should a unit fail, its removal and replacement would normally be done with the solar arrays retracted to reduce the voltages and currents at the sequential shunt unit to safe levels. However, an alternate approach was desired to avoid the inherent risks associated with array retraction and redeployment. This approach allowed the replacement to be conducted via astronaut "space walk" or extra vehicular activity with the solar array still deployed. Removing a sequential shunt unit with the solar array in sunlight could result in substantial hardware damage and/or safety risk to the astronaut due to the voltages that may be present. Replacing the sequential shunt unit during eclipse would seem optimal, except that the maximum eclipse period is only 36 min, which is insufficient time. To guide the assessment and ameliorate hazards, the athours analyzed array string current and voltage capability during the various operating conditions using System Power Analysis for Capability Evaluation (SPACE), an electrical power system modeling code. This paper discusses six sequential shunt unit remove and replacement options and the associated analysis to develop a workable sequential shunt unit replacement procedure via extravehicular activity. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Power & Propuls Off, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Boeing Co, Elect Power Syst Team, NASA Syst Div, Houston, TX 77059 USA. RP Delleur, AM (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Power & Propuls Off, MS 500-103,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM ann.m.delleur@nasa.gov; Thomas.W.Kerslake@nasa.gov; robert.k.levy@boeing.com NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 16 EP 23 DI 10.2514/1.13731 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 006QB UT WOS:000234910900001 ER PT J AU Wang, TS AF Wang, TS TI Multidimensional unstructured-grid liquid rocket-engine nozzle performance and heat transfer analysis SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 40th Joint Propulsion Conference CY JUL 11-15, 2004 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, SAE, ASEE AB The objective of this study is to conduct a unified computational analysis for computing design parameters, such as axial thrust and convective and radiative wall heat fluxes for regeneratively cooled liquid rocket-engine nozzles, to develop a strategy to compute those parameters through parametric investigations. The computational methodology is based on a multidimensional, finite-volume, turbulent, chemically reacting, radiating, unstructured-grid, pressure-based formulation with grid-refinement capabilities. Systematic parametric studies on effects of wall boundary conditions, combustion chemistry, radiation coupling, computational-cell shape, and grid refinement were performed and assessed. Under the computational framework of this study, the computed axial-thrust performance, flow features, and wall heat fluxes compared well with those of available data and calculations using a combination of structured-grid-dominated mesh, finite-rate chemistry, and cooled wall boundary conditions. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Thermal & Combust Anal Branch, Prop Struct Thermal & Fluids Anal Div, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Wang, TS (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Thermal & Combust Anal Branch, Prop Struct Thermal & Fluids Anal Div, ER43, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 78 EP 84 DI 10.2514/1.14699 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 006QB UT WOS:000234910900009 ER PT J AU Song, KD Choi, SH Scotti, SJ AF Song, KD Choi, SH Scotti, SJ TI Transpiration cooling experiment for scramjet engine combustion chamber by high heat fluxes SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article AB A transpiration cooling experiment using an optical heating method that provided a heat flux as high as 234 W/cm(2) on the surface of specimen for a scramjet engine was performed. In this experiment, 19-mm-diam sintered, powdered, stainless-steel tubes and a 25-mm square cross-sectional tube of perforated Inconel tube were used to investigate transpiration cooling effectiveness. The cooling effectiveness by transpiration for each specimen was measured and analyzed. As a result, the transpiration cooling mechanism appeared to be a promising approach to remove a large amount of heat from the engine wall. A preliminary analysis of the transpiration cooling mechanism and a scaling conversion study that translates the results from helium tests into the case when a hydrogen medium is used are included. C1 Norfolk State Univ, Dept Engn, Mat Res Ctr, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Song, KD (reprint author), Norfolk State Univ, Dept Engn, Mat Res Ctr, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. EM ksong@nsu.edu NR 8 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 96 EP 102 DI 10.2514/1.11300 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 006QB UT WOS:000234910900011 ER PT J AU Notholt, J Toon, G Jones, N Griffith, D Warneke, T AF Notholt, J Toon, G Jones, N Griffith, D Warneke, T TI Spectral line finding program for atmospheric remote sensing using full radiation transfer SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE FTIR-spectrometry; atmospheric trace gases; radiative transfer ID SPECTROSCOPY; SELECTION; GAS AB We have developed a line-by-line code to simulate atmospheric spectra in the infrared spectral region assuming a remote light source of selectable temperature. Selecting the source temperature allows simulation of, for example, solar absorption spectra, lunar absorption spectra or emission spectra. The code is applicable for different geometries, from the ground, balloon or from satellite, and allows a simple search for the most suitable lines for the retrieval of atmospheric trace gas concentrations for the different geometries. In addition, a first estimate of the optimized microwindow size and the most important interfering gases that need to be considered is calculated automatically. This approach is of importance in cases where it is necessary to analyze numerous lines simultaneously to get sufficient precision in the trace gas concentration retrievals. Examples for H2O and CO are given. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bremen, Dept Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Wollongong, Dept Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. RP Univ Bremen, Dept Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. EM notholt@uni-bremen.de RI Jones, Nicholas/G-5575-2011; Notholt, Justus/P-4520-2016 OI Jones, Nicholas/0000-0002-0111-2368; Notholt, Justus/0000-0002-3324-885X NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 EI 1879-1352 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 97 IS 1 BP 112 EP 125 DI 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.12.025 PG 14 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 995NG UT WOS:000234106400013 ER PT J AU Hou, TH Bai, JM Baughman, JM AF Hou, TH Bai, JM Baughman, JM TI Processing and properties of a phenolic composite system SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE phenolic composite; vacuum-bag process; double-vacuum-bag process; composite cure cycle; composite mechanical properties ID POLYIMIDE COMPOSITES AB Phenolic resin systems generate water as a reaction by-product via condensation reactions during curing at elevated temperatures. In the fabrication of fiber-reinforced phenolic resin matrix composites, volatile management is crucial in producing void-free quality laminates. A commercial vacuum-bag moldable phenolic prepreg system is selected for this study. The traditional single-vacuum-bag (SVB) process is unable to manage the volatiles effectively, resulting in inferior voidy laminates. However, a double-vacuum-bag (DVB) process is shown to afford superior volatile management and consistently yield void-free quality parts. The DVB process cure cycle (temperature/pressure profiles) for the selected composite system is designed, with the vacuum pressure application point carefully selected, to avoid excessive resin squeeze-outs and achieve the net shape and target resin content in the final consolidated laminate parts. Laminate consolidation quality is characterized by optical photomicrography for the cross sections and measurements of mechanical properties. A 40% increase in short beam shear strength, 30% greater flexural strength, 10% higher tensile and 18% higher compression strengths are obtained in composite laminates fabricated by the DVB process. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Cytec Engineered Mat Inc, Anaheim, CA 92806 USA. Lockheed Martin Engn & Serv Co, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Hou, TH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM tan-hung.hou-1@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 2006 VL 25 IS 5 BP 495 EP 502 DI 10.1177/0731684405058271 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 027BG UT WOS:000236388100005 ER PT J AU Zhu, LF Chattopadhyay, A Goldberg, RK AF Zhu, Linfa Chattopadhyay, Aditi Goldberg, Robert K. TI Multiscale analysis including strain rate dependency for transient response of composite laminated shells SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE multiscale numerical simulation; polymer matrix composites; micromechanics model; higher-order laminated theory; transient response ID FINITE-ELEMENT; CYLINDRICAL-SHELLS; PLATES; MODEL; IMPLEMENTATION; CELLS; WAVES AB A multiscale micro-macro numerical procedure has been developed to model the transient responses of polymeric composite shell structures. A micromechanics model which accounts for the transverse shear stress effect, the effect of strain rate dependency, and the effect of inelasticity is used for analyzing the mechanical responses of the fiber and matrix constituents. The accuracy of the micromechanics model under transverse shear loading is verified by comparison with an existing procedure. A higher-order laminated shell theory is extended to capture the inelastic deformations of the composite shell and is implemented using the finite element technique. A detailed parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of geometry, ply stacking sequence, material models, and loading conditions on the transient response of laminated shell structures under impact loadings. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zhu, LF (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM linfa.zhu@asu.edu NR 43 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0731-6844 EI 1530-7964 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 2006 VL 25 IS 17 BP 1795 EP 1831 DI 10.1177/0731684406068448 PG 37 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 107FX UT WOS:000242157200002 ER PT J AU Fang, HF Lou, M Hah, J AF Fang, HF Lou, M Hah, J TI Deployment study of a self-rigidizable inflatable boom SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 4th Gossamer Spacecraft Forum CY APR 10, 2003 CL Norfolk, VA SP AIAA AB Deployment dynamic behavior of an inflatable space structure is analyzed using a combination of gas dynamic analysis and rigid-body kinematics simulations. Modeling technique is presented for deployment of a simple cantilever boom that is rolled up on a cylindrical mandrel. During this deployment process, boom vibration is captured with the analytical models. The deployment process of a 5-m inflatable/self-rigidizable boom has also been tested, and the test results correlated very well with analytical simulations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fang, HF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.2514/1.3283 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 012ZT UT WOS:000235380100002 ER PT J AU Daryabeigi, K Berry, SA Horvath, TJ Nowak, RJ AF Daryabeigi, K Berry, SA Horvath, TJ Nowak, RJ TI Finite volume numerical methods for aeroheating rate calculations from infrared thermographic data SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Thermophysics Conference CY JUN 23, 2003 CL Orlando, FL ID HEAT-TRANSFER AB The use of multidimensional finite volume heat-conduction techniques for calculating aeroheating rates from measured global surface temperatures on hypersonic wind-tunnel models was investigated. Both direct and inverse finite volume techniques were investigated and compared with the standard one-dimensional semi-infinite technique. Global transient surface temperatures were measured using an infrared thermographic technique on a 0.333-scale model of the Hyper-X forebody in the NASA Langley Research Center 20-Inch Mach 6 Air tunnel. In these tests the effectiveness of vortices generated via gas injection for initiating hypersonic transition on the Hyper-X forebody was investigated. An array of streamwise-orientated heating striations was generated and visualized downstream of the gas injection sites. In regions without significant spatial temperature gradients, one-dimensional techniques provided accurate aeroheating rates. In regions with sharp temperature gradients caused by striation patterns, multidimensional heat-transfer techniques were necessary to obtain more accurate heating rates. The use of the one-dimensional technique resulted in differences of +/- 20% in the calculated heating rates compared to two-dimensional analysis because it did not account for lateral heat conduction in the model. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Daryabeigi, K (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 54 EP 62 DI 10.2514/1.14500 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 012ZT UT WOS:000235380100005 ER PT J AU Karlgaard, CD Tartabini, PV Blanchard, RC Kirsch, M Toniolo, MD AF Karlgaard, CD Tartabini, PV Blanchard, RC Kirsch, M Toniolo, MD TI Hyper-X post-flight-trajectory reconstruction SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference CY AUG, 2004 CL Providence, RI SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID EXACT GEODETIC LATITUDE; ATTITUDE ESTIMATION; MARS PATHFINDER; TEST PROGRAM; ENTRY; PREDICTION; REPRESENTATIONS; AERODYNAMICS; CONSTRAINT; ALTITUDE AB The formulation and development of a trajectory reconstruction tool for the NASA X-43A/Hyper-X high-speed research vehicle and its implementation for the reconstruction and analysis of flight-test data are discussed. Extended Kalman filtering techniques are employed to reconstruct the trajectory of the vehicle, based on numerical integration of inertial measurement data along with redundant measurements of the vehicle state provided by global positioning system measurements of position and velocity. The equations of motion are formulated to include the effects of several systematic error sources, the values of which may also be estimated by the filtering routines. Additionally, smoothing algorithms have been implemented in which the final value of the state (or an augmented state that includes other systematic error parameters to be estimated) and covariance are propagated back to the initial time to generate the best-estimated trajectory, based on all available data. The methods are applied to the problem of reconstructing the trajectory of the Hyper-X vehicle from flight data. C1 Analyt Mech Associates Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. George Washington Univ, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. RP Karlgaard, CD (reprint author), Analyt Mech Associates Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 60 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 105 EP 115 DI 10.2514/1.12733 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 012ZT UT WOS:000235380100011 ER PT J AU Green, NW Hoffman, AR Garrett, HB AF Green, NW Hoffman, AR Garrett, HB TI Anomaly trends for long-life robotic spacecraft SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB Three unmanned planetary spacecraft to the outer planets have been controlled and operated successfully in space for an accumulated total of 68 years. The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft each have been in space for more than 27 years. The Galileo spacecraft was in space for 14 years, including eight years in orbit about Jupiter. During the flight operations for these missions, a total of 3300 anomalies for the ground data and the flight systems have been tracked using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's anomaly reporting tool. Methods and results are described for classifying and identifying trends relative to ground system vs flight system, software vs hardware, and corrective actions. Several lessons learned from these assessments can significantly benefit the design and planning for long-life missions of the future. These include the necessity for redundancy to ensure successful operation of the spacecraft, awareness that anomaly reporting is dependent on mission activity not the age of the spacecraft, and the need for having a program to maintain and transfer operation knowledge and tools to replacement flight learn members. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Engn Off, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Green, NW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Reliabil Technol Grp, Mail Stop 185,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 218 EP 224 DI 10.2514/1.14497 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 012ZT UT WOS:000235380100024 ER PT J AU Merceret, FJ Short, DA Ward, JG AF Merceret, FJ Short, DA Ward, JG TI Radar evaluation of optical cloud constraints to space launch operations SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article C1 NASA, Appl Meteorol Unit, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. ENSCO Inc, Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 USA. RP Merceret, FJ (reprint author), NASA, Appl Meteorol Unit, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 248 EP 250 DI 10.2514/1.17519 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 012ZT UT WOS:000235380100032 ER PT J AU Schultz, R Pappalardo, RT Ferrill, DA AF Schultz, Richard Pappalardo, Robert T. Ferrill, David A. TI Introduction to the Special Issue on faulting and fault-related processes on planetary surfaces SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE faulting; planets C1 Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Earth Sci & Engn, Dept Geol Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. SW Res Inst, Dept Earth Mat & Planetary Sci, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. RP Schultz, R (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Mackay Sch Earth Sci & Engn, Dept Geol Sci & Engn, MS 172, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM schultz@mines.unr.edu; robert.pappalardo@jpl.nasa.gov; dferrill@swri.org RI Schultz, Richard/J-4015-2015; OI Schultz, Richard/0000-0003-3198-5263; Ferrill, David/0000-0002-3486-5526 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8141 J9 J STRUCT GEOL JI J. Struct. Geol. PY 2006 VL 28 IS 12 BP 2121 EP 2122 DI 10.1016/j.jsg.2006.09.005 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 119WR UT WOS:000243045600001 ER PT J AU Hirsch, D Beeson, H AF Hirsch, D Beeson, H TI Some issues related to the selection of polymers for aerospace oxygen systems SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE oxygen systems; polymers; safety; ignition; flammability; aerospace materials AB Materials intended for use in aerospace oxygen systems are commonly screened for oxygen compatibility following NASA STD 6001. This standard allows qualification of materials based on results provided by only one test method. Potential issues related to this practice are reviewed and recommendations are proposed that would lead to improved aerospace oxygen systems safety. C1 Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, NASA, Johnson Space Ctr White Sands Test Facil, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Hirsch, D (reprint author), Honeywell Technol Solut Inc, NASA, Johnson Space Ctr White Sands Test Facil, POB 20, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 34 IS 1 BP 76 EP 77 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 030FO UT WOS:000236619900011 ER PT J AU Zuckerwar, AJ Herring, GC Elbing, BR AF Zuckerwar, AJ Herring, GC Elbing, BR TI Calibration of the pressure sensitivity of microphones by a free-field method at frequencies up to 80 kHz SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NOISE AB A free-field (FF) substitution method for calibrating the pressure sensitivity of microphones at frequencies up to 80 kHz is demonstrated with both grazing and normal-incidence geometries. The substitution-based method, as opposed to a simultaneous method, avoids problems associated with the nonuniformity of the sound field and, as applied here uses a 1/4-in. air-condenser pressure microphone as a known reference. Best results were obtained with a centrifugal fan, which is used as a random, broadband sound source. A broadband source minimizes reflection-related interferences that can plague FF measurements. Calibrations were performed on 1/4-in. FF air-condenser, electret, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microphones in an anechoic chamber. The uncertainty of this FF method is estimated by comparing the pressure sensitivity of an air-condenser FF microphone, as derived from the FF measurement, with that of an electrostatic actuator calibration. The root-mean-square difference is found to be +/- 0.3 dB over the range 1-80 kHz, and the combined standard uncertainty of the FF method, including other significant contributions, is 0.41 dB. C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zuckerwar, AJ (reprint author), Analyt Serv & Mat Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM g.c.herring@larc.nasa.gov RI Elbing, Brian/B-9147-2013 OI Elbing, Brian/0000-0002-0818-7768 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 119 IS 1 BP 320 EP 329 DI 10.1121/1.2141360 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 002LJ UT WOS:000234612600029 PM 16454287 ER PT J AU Bansal, NP Hurst, JB Choi, SR AF Bansal, NP Hurst, JB Choi, SR TI Boron nitride nanotubes-reinforced glass composites SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CERAMIC-MATRIX NANOCOMPOSITES; CARBON NANOTUBES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES AB Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) of significant lengths were synthesized by reaction of boron with nitrogen. Barium calcium aluminosilicate glass composites reinforced with similar to 4 wt% of BNNT were fabricated by hot pressing. Ambient-temperature flexure strength and fracture toughness of the glass-BNNT composites were determined. The strength and fracture toughness of the composite were higher by as much as 90% and 35%, respectively, than those of the unreinforced glass. Microscopic examination of the composite fracture surfaces showed pullout of the BNNT. The preliminary results on the processing and improvement in mechanical properties of BNNT-reinforced glass matrix composites are being reported here for the first time. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bansal, NP (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM narottam.p.bansal@nasa.gov NR 20 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 89 IS 1 BP 388 EP 390 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00701.x PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 000SL UT WOS:000234482600067 ER PT J AU Jackson, KE Boitnott, RL Fasanella, EL Jones, LE Lyle, KH AF Jackson, KE Boitnott, RL Fasanella, EL Jones, LE Lyle, KH TI A summary of DOD-sponsored research performed at NASA Langley's Impact Dynamics Research Facility SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 60th Annual Forum of the American-Helicopter-Society CY JUN 07-10, 2004 CL Baltimore, MD SP Amer Helicopter Soc AB The Impact Dynamics Research Facility (IDRF) is a 240 ft high gantry structure located at NASA Langley Research Center. The IDRF was originally built in the early 1960s for use as a Lunar Landing Research Facility. As such, the facility was configured to simulate the reduced gravitational environment of the moon, allowing the Apollo astronauts to practice lunar landings under realistic conditions.' In 1985, the IDRF was designated a National Historic Landmark based on its significant contributions to the Apollo Moon Landing Program. In the early 1970s the facility was converted into its current configuration as a full-scale crash test facility for light aircraft and rotorcraft. Since that time, the IDRF has been used to perform a wide variety of impact tests on full-scale aircraft, airframe components, and space vehicles in support of the General Aviation (GA) aircraft industry, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), the rotorcraft industry, and the NASA Space program. The objectives of this paper are twofold: to describe the IDRF facility and its unique capabilities for conducting structural impact testing, and to summarize the impact tests performed at the IDRF in support of the DOD. These tests cover a time period of roughly 2-1/2 decades, beginning in 1975 with the full-scale crash test of a CH-47 Chinook helicopter, and ending in 1999 with the external fuel system qualification test of a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter. NASA officially closed the IDRF in September 2003; consequently, it is important to document the past contributions made in improved human survivability and impact tolerance through DOD-sponsored research performed at the IDRF. C1 USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, Hampton, VA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Struct Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Jackson, KE (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, Hampton, VA USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 51 IS 1 BP 59 EP 69 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 016CC UT WOS:000235597200005 ER PT J AU Hopkins, AS Ormiston, RA AF Hopkins, AS Ormiston, RA TI An examination of selected problems in rotor blade structural mechanics and dynamics SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Forum of the American-Helicopter-Society CY JUN 01-03, 2005 CL Phoenix, AZ SP Amer Helicopter Soc ID COMPOSITE BEAMS AB Analysts frequently classify the deformation of rotorcraft blades as moderate, exceeding the small deformation limitation of typical beam finite elements. Advances in computer capabilities have made possible an implementation of a nonlinear beam finite element combining rigid body and flexible body kinematics in the Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analysis System (RCAS). Two challenges for new software developers are to verify the correctness of the implementation and to ascertain whether it represents an improvement. This paper presents comparisons to analytical results, to measurements from the Princeton beam and Maryland vacuum chamber experiments, and to UH-60 flight test data. Inspection of these comparisons leads to the conclusion that the results obtained with RCAS correlate well with analytical and experimental results, sometimes representing significant improvements. C1 USA, Aeroflightdynam Directorate AMRDEC, Res Dev & Engn Command, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP USA, Aeroflightdynam Directorate AMRDEC, Res Dev & Engn Command, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. NR 39 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 EI 2161-6027 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 51 IS 1 BP 104 EP 119 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 016CC UT WOS:000235597200009 ER PT J AU Ely, TA Lieb, E AF Ely, Todd A. Lieb, Erica TI Constellations of elliptical inclined lunar orbits providing polar and global coverage SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB Prior results have developed a methodology for selecting a long-lived constellation of three satellites that provide persistent, stable coverage to either the North or South Pole with no requirement for stationkeeping under the influence of only gravitational perturbations. In the present study, the sensitivity of this coverage in the presence of nongravitational forces is determined, and a design strategy is formulated that minimizes any potential sensitivity to these accelerations. The class of orbits and methods are extended to the search for global coverage constellations of six satellites. Two constellations are designed that provide 99.999% global coverage for a ten-year period also without the need for any deterministic orbit maintenance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Control Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. ASRC Aerosp, Off Spectrum Management, Reston, VA 20190 USA. RP Ely, TA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Navigat & Control Sect, MS 301-125L,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Todd.A.Ely@jpl.nasa.gov; Erica.Lieb@akspace.com NR 3 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 BP 53 EP 67 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 114UE UT WOS:000242690300004 ER PT J AU Howell, KC Beckman, M Patterson, C Folta, D AF Howell, K. C. Beckman, M. Patterson, C. Folta, D. TI Representations of invariant manifolds for applications in three-body systems SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID UNSTABLE MANIFOLDS; EARTH-MOON; MAPS AB The lunar L-1 and L-2 libration points have been proposed as gateways granting inexpensive access to interplanetary space. To date, individual transfers between three-body systems have been determined. The methodology to solve the problem for arbitrary three-body systems and entire families of orbits is currently being studied. This paper presents an initial approach to solve the general problem for single and multiple impulse transfers. Two different methods of representing and storing the invariant manifold data are developed. Some particular solutions are presented for two types of transfer problems, though the emphasis is on developing the methodology for solving the general problem. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Howell, KC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 BP 69 EP 93 PG 25 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 114UE UT WOS:000242690300005 ER PT J AU Kakar, R Marks, F McFarquhar, G Hood, R AF Kakar, R Marks, F McFarquhar, G Hood, R TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Kakar, R (reprint author), NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 3 EP 4 DI 10.1175/JAS9012.1 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100001 ER PT J AU Kakar, R Goodman, M Hood, R Guillory, A AF Kakar, R Goodman, M Hood, R Guillory, A TI Overview of the Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX) SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON; TRMM PRECIPITATION RADAR; FIELD CAMPAIGN; WATER-VAPOR; AIRBORNE; RAINFALL; VARIABILITY; VALIDATION; AIRCRAFT; CLOUDS AB This paper presents an overview of the Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX), including the field operations, aircraft platforms and missions, instrumentation, and data acquired during 1998 and 2001 field campaigns. A total of eight tropical storms and hurricanes were investigated during the CAMEX field campaigns including Bonnie, Danielle, Earl, and Georges during 1998 and Chantal, Erin, Gabrielle, and Humberto during 2001. Most of these storms were sampled with aircraft over the open ocean, but Hurricanes Bonnie (1998), Georges (1998), and Gabrielle (2001) also provided opportunities to monitor land-falling impacts. A few of the storms were sampled on multiple occasions during a course of several days. Most notable of these was Hurricane Humberto, which was sampled on three consecutive days during a cycle of both increasing and decreasing intensity change. Information collected for each of the eight CAMEX tropical storms as well as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission validation activities are accessible via the CAMEX Web site and archived at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Planetary Sci Branch, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Goodman, M (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Planetary Sci Branch, Code XD11, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM michael.goodman@nasa.gov NR 26 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 5 EP 18 DI 10.1175/JAS3607.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100002 ER PT J AU Braun, SA Montgomery, MT Pu, ZX AF Braun, SA Montgomery, MT Pu, ZX TI High-resolution simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part I: The organization of eyewall vertical motion SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAPIDLY ROTATING VORTICES; DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME; TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION; VORTEX ROSSBY-WAVES; BETA-DRIFT; INNER-CORE; SCALE CHARACTERISTICS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; BAROCLINIC VORTICES; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE AB The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Hurricane Bonnie at high resolution (2-km spacing) in order to examine how vertical wind shear impacts the distribution of vertical motion in the eyewall on both the storm and cloud scale. As in many previous studies, it is found here that the shear produces a wavenumber-1 asymmetry in the time-averaged vertical motion and rainfall. Several mechanisms for this asymmetry are evaluated. The vertical motion asymmetry is qualitatively consistent with an assumed balance between horizontal vorticity advection by the relative flow and stretching of vorticity, with relative asymmetric inflow (convergence) at low levels and outflow (divergence) at upper levels on the downshear side of the eyewall. The simulation results also show that the upward motion portion of the eyewall asymmetry is located in the direction of vortex tilt, consistent with the vertical motion that required to maintain dynamic balance. Variations in the direction and magnitude of the tilt are consistent with the presence of a vortex Rossby wave quasi mode, which is characterized by a damped precession of the upper vortex relative to the lower vortex. While the time-averaged vertical motion is characterized by ascent in a shear-induced wavenumber-1 asymmetry, the instantaneous vertical motion is typically associated with deep updraft towers that generally form on the downtilt-right side of the eyewall and dissipate on the downtilt- left side. The updrafts towers are typically associated with eyewall mesovortices rotating cyclonically around the eyewall and result from an interaction between the shear-induced relative asymmetric flow and the cyclonic circulations of the mesovortices. The eyewall mesovortices may persist for more than one orbit around the eyewall and, in these cases, can initiate multiple episodes of upward motion. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Braun, SA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Scott.A.Braun@nasa.gov NR 68 TC 99 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 19 EP 42 DI 10.1175/JAS3598.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100003 ER PT J AU Braun, SA AF Braun, SA TI High-resolution simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part II: Water budget SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MIDLATITUDE SQUALL LINE; PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; TROPICAL CYCLONES; INNER-CORE; TRANSITION ZONE; VERTICAL SHEAR; MODEL; EVOLUTION AB The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Hurricane Bonnie at high resolution (2-km spacing) in order to examine budgets of water vapor, cloud condensate, and precipitation. Virtually all budget terms are derived directly from the model (except for the effects of storm motion). The water vapor budget reveals that a majority of the condensation in the eyewall occurs in convective hot towers, while outside of the eyewall most of the condensation occurs in weaker updrafts, indicative of a larger role of stratiform precipitation processes. The ocean source of water vapor in the eyewall region is only a very small fraction of that transported inward in the boundary layer inflow or that condensed in the updrafts. In contrast, in the outer regions, the ocean vapor source is larger owing to the larger area, counters the drying effect of low-level subsidence, and enhances the moisture transported in toward the eyewall. In this mature storm, cloud condensate is consumed as rapidly as it is produced. Cloud water peaks at the top of the boundary layer and within the melting layer, where cooling from melting enhances condensation. Unlike in squall lines, in the hurricane, very little condensate produced in the eyewall convection is transported outward into the surrounding precipitation area. Most of the mass ejected outward is likely in the form of small snow particles that seed the outer regions and enhance in situ stratiform precipitation development through additional growth by vapor deposition and aggregation. This study also examines artificial source terms for cloud and precipitation mass associated with setting to zero negative mixing ratios that arise from numerical advection errors. Although small at any given point and time, the cumulative effect of these terms contributes an amount of mass equivalent to 13% of the total condensation and 15% - 20% of the precipitation. Thus, these terms must be accounted for to balance the model budgets, and the results suggest the need for improved model numerics. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Braun, SA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Scott.A.Braun@nasa.gov NR 46 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 43 EP 64 DI 10.1175/JAS3609.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100004 ER PT J AU Wu, LG Braun, SA Halverson, J Heymsfield, G AF Wu, LG Braun, SA Halverson, J Heymsfield, G TI A numerical study of Hurricane Erin (2001). Part I: Model verification and storm evolution SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE DOPPLER RADAR; VORTEX ROSSBY-WAVES; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; TROPICAL CYCLONES; EXTERNAL INFLUENCES; ANDREW 1992; INTENSITY CHANGES; SPIRAL BANDS; BETA-DRIFT; DIANA 1984 AB The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Hurricane Erin (2001) at high resolution (4-km spacing) from its early development as a tropical depression on 7 September 2001, through a period of rapid intensification into a strong hurricane ( 8 - 9 September), and finally into a stage during which it maintains its intensity on 10 September. These three stages of formation, intensification, and maintenance in the simulation are in good agreement with the observed evolution of Erin. The simulation shows that during the formation and early portions of the intensification stages, intensification is favored because the environmental wind shear is weak and the system moves over a warm tongue of water. As Erin intensifies, the wind shear gradually increases with the approach of an upper-level trough and strengthening of a low-level high pressure system. By 10 September, the wind shear peaks and begins to decrease, the storm moves over slightly cooler waters, and the intensification ends. Important structural changes occur at this time as the outer precipitation shifts from the northeastern and eastern sides to the western side of the eye. A secondary wind maximum and an outer eyewall begin to develop as precipitation begins to surround the entire eye. The simulation is used to investigate the role of vertical wind shear in the changes of the precipitation structure that took place between 9 and 10 September by examining the effects of changes in storm-relative flow and changes in the shear-induced tilt. Qualitative agreement is found between the divergence pattern and advection of vorticity by the relative flow with convergence (divergence) generally associated with asymmetric inflow (outflow) in the eyewall region. The shift in the outer precipitation is consistent with a shift in the low-level relative inflow from the northeastern to the northwestern side of the storm. The changes in the relative flow are associated with changes in the environmental winds as the hurricane moves relative to the upper trough and the low-level high pressure system. Examination of the shear-induced tilt of the vortex shows that the change in the tilt direction is greater than that of the shear direction as the tilt shifts from a northerly orientation to northwesterly. Consistent with theory for adiabatic vortices, the maximum low-level convergence and upper-level divergence (and the maximum upward motion) occurs in the direction of tilt. Consequently, both mechanisms may play roles in the changes in the precipitation pattern. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Wu, LG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM liguang@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 63 TC 35 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 65 EP 86 DI 10.1175/JAS3597.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100005 ER PT J AU McFarquhar, GM Zhang, HN Heymsfield, G Hood, R Dudhia, J Halverson, JB Marks, F AF McFarquhar, GM Zhang, HN Heymsfield, G Hood, R Dudhia, J Halverson, JB Marks, F TI Factors affecting the evolution of Hurricane Erin (2001) and the distributions of hydrometeors: Role of microphysical processes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE MODEL; VERTICAL VELOCITY; ANDREW 1992; PART II; REFLECTIVITY; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATIONS; PHASE; PRECIPITATION; CONVECTION AB Fine-resolution simulations of Hurricane Erin are conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University - NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to investigate roles of thermodynamic, boundary layer, and microphysical processes on Erin's structure and evolution. Choice of boundary layer scheme has the biggest impact on simulations, with the minimum surface pressure ( P-min) averaged over the last 18 h ( when Erin is relatively mature) varying by over 20 hPa. Over the same period, coefficients used to describe graupel fall speeds (V-g) affect Pmin by up to 7 hPa, almost equivalent to the maximum 9-hPa difference between microphysical parameterization schemes; faster Vg and schemes with more hydrometeor categories generally give lower Pmin. Compared to radar reflectivity factor (Z) observed by the NOAA P-3 lower fuselage radar and the NASA ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) in Erin, all simulations overpredict the normalized frequency of occurrence of Z larger than 40 dBZ and underpredict that between 20 and 40 dBZ near the surface; simulations overpredict Z larger than 25 to 30 dBZ and underpredict that between 15 and 25 or 30 dBZ near the melting layer, the upper limit depending on altitude. Brightness temperatures (T-b) computed from modeled fields at 37.1- and 85.5-GHz channels that respond to scattering by graupel-size ice show enhanced scattering, mainly due to graupel, compared to observations. Simulated graupel mixing ratios are about 10 times larger than values observed in other hurricanes. For the control run at 6.5 km averaged over the last 18 simulated hours, Doppler velocities computed from modeled fields (V-dop) greater than 5 m s(-1) make up 12% of Erin's simulated area for the base simulation but less than 2% of the observed area. In the eyewall, 5% of model updrafts above 9 km are stronger than 10 m s(-1), whereas statistics from other hurricanes show that 5% of updrafts are stronger than only 5 m s(-1). Variations in distributions of Z, vertical motion, and graupel mixing ratios between schemes are not sufficient to explain systematic offsets between observations and models. A new iterative condensation scheme, used with the Reisner mixed-phase microphysics scheme, limits unphysical increases of equivalent potential temperature associated with many condensation schemes and reduces the frequency of Z larger than 50 dBZ, but has minimal effect on Z below 50 dBZ, which represent 95% of the modeled hurricane rain area. However, the new scheme changes the Erin simulations in that 95% of the updrafts are weaker than 5 m s(-1) and P-min is up to 12 hPa higher over the last 18 simulated hours. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. RP Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM mcfarq@atmos.uiuc.edu RI Dudhia, Jimy/B-1287-2008; Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; OI Dudhia, Jimy/0000-0002-2394-6232; Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; McFarquhar, Greg/0000-0003-0950-0135 NR 40 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 127 EP 150 DI 10.1175/JAS3590.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100008 ER PT J AU Kamineni, R Krishnamurti, TN Pattnaik, S Browell, EV Ismail, S Ferrare, RA AF Kamineni, R Krishnamurti, TN Pattnaik, S Browell, EV Ismail, S Ferrare, RA TI Impact of CAMEX-4 datasets for hurricane forecasts using a global model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MULTIMODEL SUPERENSEMBLE FORECASTS; AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; WATER-VAPOR; PHYSICAL INITIALIZATION; TRACK FORECASTS; SYSTEM; DROPWINDSONDE; TARFOX; SENSITIVITY AB This study explores the impact on hurricane data assimilation and forecasts from the use of dropsondes and remotely sensed moisture profiles from the airborne Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) system. It is shown here that the use of these additional datasets, more than those from the conventional world weather watch, has a positive impact on hurricane predictions. The forecast tracks and intensity from the experiments show a marked improvement compared to the control experiment in which such datasets were excluded. A study of the moisture budget in these hurricanes showed enhanced evaporation and precipitation over the storm area. This resulted in these datasets making a large impact on the estimate of mass convergence and moisture fluxes, which were much smaller in the control runs. Overall this study points to the importance of high vertical resolution humidity datasets for improved model results. It is noted that the forecast impact from the moisture-profiling datasets for some of the storms is even larger than the impact from the use of dropwindsonde-based winds. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Browell, EV (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM e.v.browell@larc.nasa.gov NR 48 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 151 EP 174 DI 10.1175/JAS3588.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100009 ER PT J AU Anagnostou, EN Grecu, M Anagnostou, MN AF Anagnostou, EN Grecu, M Anagnostou, MN TI X-band polarimetric radar rainfall measurements in keys area microphysics project SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION DIFFERENTIAL PHASE; 5-CM WAVELENGTH; PROFILING ALGORITHM; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SENSITIVITY; PARAMETERS; VARIABLES AB The Keys Area Microphysics Project (KAMP), conducted as part of NASA's Fourth Convective and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4) in the lower Keys area, deployed a number of ground radars and four arrays of rain gauge and disdrometer clusters. Among the various instruments is an X-band dual-polarization Doppler radar on wheels (XPOL), contributed by the University of Connecticut. XPOL was used to retrieve rainfall rate and raindrop size distribution (DSD) parameters to be used in support of KAMP science objectives. This paper presents the XPOL measurements in KAMP and the algorithm developed for attenuation correction and estimation of DSD model parameters. XPOL observations include the horizontal polarization reflectivity Z(H), differential reflectivity Z(DR), and differential phase shift theta(DP). Here, Z(H) and Z(DR) were determined to be positively biased by 3 and 0.3 dB, respectively. A technique was also applied to filter noise and correct for potential phase folding in Phi(DP) profiles. The XPOL attenuation correction uses parameterizations that relate the path-integrated specific (differential) attenuation along a radar ray to the filtered-Phi(DP) (specific attenuation) profile. Attenuation-corrected Z(H) and specific differential phase shift (derived from filtered Phi(DP) profiles) data are then used to derive two parameters of the normalized gamma DSD model, that is, intercept (N-w) and mean drop diameter (D-O). The third parameter (shape parameter mu) is calculated using a constrained mu-Lambda relationship derived from the measured raindrop spectra. The XPOL attenuation correction is evaluated using coincidental nonattenuated reflectivity fields from the Key West Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR- 88D), while the DSD parameter retrievals are statistically assessed using DSD parameters calculated from the measured raindrop spectra. Statistics show that XPOL DSD parameter estimation is consistent with independent observations. XPOL estimates of water content and Nw are also shown to be consistent with corresponding retrievals from matched ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) profiling observations from the 19 September airborne campaign. Results shown in this paper strengthen the applicability of X-band dual-polarization high resolution observations in cloud modeling and precipitation remote sensing studies. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Anagnostou, EN (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 261 Glenbrook Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. EM manos@engr.uconn.edu NR 34 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 187 EP 203 DI 10.1175/JAS3592.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100011 ER PT J AU Haddad, ZS Meagher, JP Durden, SL Smith, EA Im, E AF Haddad, ZS Meagher, JP Durden, SL Smith, EA Im, E TI Drop size ambiguities in the retrieval of precipitation profiles from dual-frequency radar measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RAIN-RATE; ALGORITHM; ATTENUATION; OCEAN AB The threat of flooding from landfalling tropical cyclones is a function of the local variation in rain rate and rain accumulation. To date, these have been inferred from single-frequency radar reflectivity measurements. However, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission experience has confirmed that one of the main difficulties in retrieving rain profiles using a single-frequency radar is the unknown raindrop size distribution (DSD). A dual-frequency radar such as the one planned for the upcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite is expected to help sort out at least part of this DSD-induced ambiguity. However, the signature of precipitation at 14 GHz does not differ greatly from its signature at 35 GHz (the GPM radar frequencies). To determine the extent of the vertical variability of the DSD in tropical systems and to quantify the effectiveness of a dual-frequency radar in resolving this ambiguity, several different models of DSD shape are considered and used to estimate the rain-rate and mean-diameter profiles from the measurements made by Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL's) airborne second generation precipitation radar (PR-2) over Hurricanes Gabrielle and Humberto during the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4) in September 2001. It turns out that the vertical structures of the rain profiles retrieved from the same measurements under different DSD assumptions are similar, but the profiles themselves are quantitatively significantly different. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Haddad, ZS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 300-243 JPL, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM zsh@jpl.nasa.gov RI Measurement, Global/C-4698-2015 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 204 EP 217 DI 10.1175/JAS3589.1 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100012 ER PT J AU Hood, RE Cecil, DJ LaFontaine, FJ Blakeslee, RJ Mach, DM Heymsfield, GM Marks, FD Zipser, EJ Goodman, M AF Hood, RE Cecil, DJ LaFontaine, FJ Blakeslee, RJ Mach, DM Heymsfield, GM Marks, FD Zipser, EJ Goodman, M TI Classification of tropical oceanic precipitation using high-altitude aircraft microwave and electric field measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE-SYSTEMS; ICE-SCATTERING; DOPPLER RADAR; RADIOMETER; RETRIEVAL; PROFILE; RAIN; THUNDERSTORMS; HURRICANES; AIRBORNE AB During the 1998 and 2001 hurricane seasons of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR), the ER-2 Doppler (EDOP) radar, and the Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) were flown aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft as part of the Third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) and the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4). Several hurricanes, tropical storms, and other precipitation systems were sampled during these experiments. An oceanic rainfall screening technique has been developed using AMPR passive microwave observations of these systems collected at frequencies of 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz. This technique combines the information content of the four AMPR frequencies regarding the gross vertical structure of hydrometeors into an intuitive and easily executable precipitation mapping format. The results have been verified using vertical profiles of EDOP reflectivity and lower-altitude horizontal reflectivity scans collected by the NOAA WP-3D Orion radar. Matching the rainfall classification results with coincident electric field information collected by the LIP readily identifies convective rain regions within the precipitation fields. This technique shows promise as a real-time research and analysis tool for monitoring vertical updraft strength and convective intensity from airborne platforms such as remotely operated or uninhabited aerial vehicles. The technique is analyzed and discussed for a wide variety of precipitation types using the 26 August 1998 observations of Hurricane Bonnie near landfall. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Planetary Sci Branch, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Raytheon Tech Serv Co, Huntsville, AL USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Hood, RE (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Earth & Planetary Sci Branch, Code XD11, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM Robbie.Hood@nasa.gov RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514 NR 31 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 218 EP 233 DI 10.1175/JAS3606.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100013 ER PT J AU Jiang, HY Black, PG Zipser, EJ Marks, FD Uhlhorn, EW AF Jiang, HY Black, PG Zipser, EJ Marks, FD Uhlhorn, EW TI Validation of rain-rate estimation in hurricanes from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer: Algorithm correction and error analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TRMM PRECIPITATION RADAR; CONVECTIVE CELLS; LIGHTNING CHARACTERISTICS; MESOSCALE SYSTEMS; VERTICAL PROFILE; ICE SCATTERING; HEAVY RAINFALL; C-BAND; REFLECTIVITY; AIRCRAFT AB Simultaneous observations by the lower fuselage (LF) radar, the tail (TA) radar, and the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft are used to validate the rainfall rate estimates from microwave emission measurements of SFMR in tropical cyclones. Data collected in Hurricane Bonnie (1998) and Hurricane Humberto (2001) with a total of 820 paired samples are used in the comparisons. The SFMR 10-s path-integrated rain rates are found to have an overestimate in light rain and an underestimate in heavy rain relative to radar rainfall estimates. Examination of the existing SFMR algorithm shows that the coefficient should be changed in the attenuation-rain-rate relationship used in the inversion algorithm. After this correction, a linear regression result with a correlation coefficient of 0.8 and a slope close to 1 is obtained. But an overall high bias of 5 mm h(-1) of the SFMR rainfall estimate relative to radar is also found. The error analysis shows that the bias is nearly independent of rain type, a result confirming Jorgensen and Willis's conclusion that the drop size distributions between convective and stratiform rain in hurricanes are similar. It is also shown that the bias is a weak function of wind speed, as well as a weak inverse function of radial distance to the hurricane center. Temperature dependence has been ruled out as the main explanation. After doing sensitivity tests, the authors conclude that the bias results from a combination of two factors: an underestimate of the freezing-level height, and a downward increase of radar reflectivity in the high wind regions. If the true downward increase is 1-2 dBZ km(-1), a 0.5-km underestimate of the freezing-level height could account for up to a 3-5 mm h(-1) bias. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Miami, RSMAS, CIMAS, Miami, FL USA. RP Jiang, HY (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1,Bldg 33,Rm C415, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jiang@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Uhlhorn, Eric/B-1336-2014 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Uhlhorn, Eric/0000-0002-4759-5342 NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 252 EP 267 DI 10.1175/JAS3605.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100015 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, GM Halverson, J Ritchie, E Simpson, J Molinari, J Tian, L AF Heymsfield, GM Halverson, J Ritchie, E Simpson, J Molinari, J Tian, L TI Structure of highly sheared Tropical Storm Chantal during CAMEX-4 SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; DOPPLER RADAR; CONDITIONAL INSTABILITY; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; CYCLONE INTENSITY; HURRICANE-BONNIE; DROPWINDSONDE; SIMULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; ENVIRONMENT AB Tropical Storm Chantal during August 2001 was a storm that failed to intensify over the few days prior to making landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula. An observational study of Tropical Storm Chantal is presented using a diverse dataset including remote and in situ measurements from the NASA ER-2 and DC-8 and the NOAA WP-3D N42RF aircraft and satellite. The authors discuss the storm structure from the larger-scale environment down to the convective scale. Large vertical shear (850-200-hPa shear magnitude range 8-15 m s(-1)) plays a very important role in preventing Chantal from intensifying. The storm had a poorly defined vortex that only extended up to 5-6-km altitude, and an adjacent intense convective region that comprised a mesoscale convective system (MCS). The entire low-level circulation center was in the rain-free western side of the storm, about 80 km to the west-southwest of the MCS. The MCS appears to have been primarily the result of intense convergence between large-scale, low-level easterly flow with embedded downdrafts, and the cyclonic vortex flow. The individual cells in the MCS such as cell 2 during the period of the observations were extremely intense, with reflectivity core diameters of 10 km and peak updrafts exceeding 20 m s(-1). Associated with this MCS were two broad subsidence (warm) regions, both of which had portions over the vortex. The first layer near 700 hPa was directly above the vortex and covered most of it. The second layer near 500 hPa was along the forward and right flanks of cell 2 and undercut the anvil divergence region above. There was not much resemblance of these subsidence layers to typical upper-level warm cores in hurricanes that are necessary to support strong surface winds and a low central pressure. The observations are compared to previous studies of weakly sheared storms and modeling studies of shear effects and intensification. The configuration of the convective updrafts, low-level circulation, and lack of vertical coherence between the upper- and lower-level warming regions likely inhibited intensification of Chantal. This configuration is consistent with modeled vortices in sheared environments, which suggest the strongest convection and rain in the downshear left quadrant of the storm, and subsidence in the upshear right quadrant. The vertical shear profile is, however, different from what was assumed in previous modeling in that the winds are strongest in the lowest levels and the deep tropospheric vertical shear is on the order of 10-12 m s(-1). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY USA. RP Heymsfield, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Gerald.heymsfield@nasa.gov RI Ritchie, Elizabeth/B-4232-2016 OI Ritchie, Elizabeth/0000-0002-3413-5830 NR 50 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 268 EP 287 DI 10.1175/JAS3602.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100016 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, AJ Bansemer, A Durden, SL Herman, RL Bui, TP AF Heymsfield, AJ Bansemer, A Durden, SL Herman, RL Bui, TP TI Ice microphysics observations in Hurricane Humberto: Comparison with non-hurricane-generated ice cloud layers SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CIRRUS; MODEL; PARTICLES; MESOSCALE; EVOLUTION; VAPOR AB Measurements are presented that were acquired from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) DC-8 aircraft during an intensive 3-day study of Tropical Storm/Hurricane Humberto on 22, 23, and 24 September 2001. Particle size distributions, particle image information, vertical velocities, and single- and dual-wavelength Doppler radar observations were obtained during repeated sampling of the eyewall and outer eye regions. Eyewall sampling temperatures ranged from -22 degrees to -57 degrees C and peak updraft velocities from 4 to 15 m s(-1). High concentrations of small ice particles, in the order 50 cm(-3) and above, were observed within and around the updrafts. Aggregates, some larger than 7 mm, dominated the larger sizes. The slope of the fitted exponential size distributions lambda was distinctly different close to the eye than outside of that region. Even at low temperatures, lambda was characteristic of warm temperature growth (lambda < 30 cm(-1)) close to the eye and characteristic of low temperature growth outside of it as well (lambda < 100 cm(-1)). The two modes found for lambda are shown to be consistent with observations from nonhurricane ice cloud layers formed through deep convection, but differ markedly from ice cloud layers generated in situ. It is shown that the median, mass-weighted, terminal velocities derived for the Humberto data and from the other datasets are primarily a function of lambda. Microphysical measurements and dual wavelength radar observations are used together to infer and interpret particle growth processes. Rain in the lower portions of the eyewall extended up to the 6- or 7-km level. In the outer eye regions, aggregation progressed downward from between 8.5 and 11.9 km to the melting layer, with some graupel noted in rainbands. Homogeneous ice nucleation is implicated in the high concentrations of small ice particles observed in the vicinity of the updrafts. C1 NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Heymsfield, AJ (reprint author), NCAR, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM heyms1@ncar.ucar.edu RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011 NR 26 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 288 EP 308 DI 10.1175/JAS3603.1 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100017 ER PT J AU Halverson, JB Simpson, J Heymsfield, G Pierce, H Hock, T Ritchie, L AF Halverson, JB Simpson, J Heymsfield, G Pierce, H Hock, T Ritchie, L TI Warm core structure of Hurricane Erin diagnosed from high altitude dropsondes during CAMEX-4 SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER RADAR; VERTICAL SHEAR; GLORIA 1985; DROPWINDSONDE; INTENSITY; FLOW AB A combination of multiaircraft and several satellite sensors were used to examine the core of Hurricane Erin on 10 September 2001, as part of the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4) program. During the first set of aircraft passes, around 1700 UTC, Erin was still at its maximum intensity with a central pressure of 969 hPa and wind speed of 105 kt (54 m s(-1)). The storm was moving slowly northwestward at 4 m s(-1), over an increasingly colder sea surface. Three instrumented aircraft, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) P3 with radar, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ER-2 at 19 km, newly equipped with GPS dropwindsondes, and the NASA DC-8 with dropwindsondes flew in formation across the eye at about 1700 UTC and again 2.5 h later around 1930 UTC. The storm had weakened by 13 m s(-1) between the first and second eye penetrations. The warm core had a maximum temperature anomaly of only 11 degrees C, located at 500 hPa, much weaker and lower than active hurricanes. The core appeared to slant rearward above 400 hPa. Even on the first penetration, airborne radar showed that the eyewall cloud towers were dying. The tops fell short of reaching 15 km and a melting band was found throughout. The tropopause had a bulge to 15.8-km elevation (environment similar to 14.4 km) above the dying convection. The paper presents a consistent picture of the vortex in shear interaction from a primarily thermodynamic perspective. A feature of Erin at this time was a pronounced wavenumber-1 convective asymmetry with all convective activity being confined to the forward quadrants on the left side of the shear vector as calculated from analyses. This is similar to that predicted by the mesoscale numerical models, which also predict that such small amounts of shear would not affect the storm intensity. In Erin, it is remarkable that relatively small shear produced such a pronounced asymmetry in the convection. From the three-dimensional analysis of dropsonde data, horizontal asymmetries in lower and middle tropospheric warming were identified. The warm anomalies are consistent with the pattern of mesoscale vertical motions inferred from the shear-induced wavenumber-1 asymmetry, dipole in rain intensity, and surface convergence. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Atmospher Technol Div, Boulder, CO USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Halverson, JB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM halverson@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 309 EP 324 DI 10.1175/JAS3596.1 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100018 ER PT J AU Gorokhovsky, VI Gannon, PE Deibert, MC Smith, RJ Kayani, A Kopczyk, M VanVorous, D Yang, ZG Stevenson, JW Visco, S Jacobson, C Kurokawa, H Sofie, SW AF Gorokhovsky, V. I. Gannon, P. E. Deibert, M. C. Smith, R. J. Kayani, A. Kopczyk, M. VanVorous, D. Yang, Zhenguo Stevenson, J. W. Visco, S. Jacobson, C. Kurokawa, H. Sofie, S. W. TI Deposition and evaluation of protective PVD coatings on ferritic stainless steel SOFC interconnects SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE OXIDATION RESISTANCE; OXIDE FUEL-CELLS; LAYERS; CONDUCTIVITY; CR-1-XALXN; MAGNETRON; SPINEL; SCALES; FILMS AB Reduced operating temperatures (600-800 degrees C) of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) may enable the use of inexpensive ferritic steels as interconnects. Due to the demanding SOFC interconnect operating environment, protective coatings are gaining attention to increase long-term stability. In this study, large area filtered arc deposition and hybrid filtered arc deposition-assisted electron beam physical vapor deposition technologies were used to deposit two-segment coatings with Cr-Co-Al-O-N-based bottom segment and Mn-Co-O top segment. The bottom segment serves as a diffusion barrier and bond segment, while the top segment is meant to increase electrical conductivity and inhibit Cr volatility. Coatings were deposited on ferritic steel and subsequently annealed in air for various time intervals. Surface oxidation was investigated using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometry analyses. Cr volatilization was evaluated using a transpiration apparatus and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis of the resultant condensate. Electrical conductivity (area specific resistance, ASR), was studied as a function of time using the four-point technique. Significant improvement in oxidation resistance, Cr volatility, and ASR were observed in the coated versus uncoated samples. Transport mechanisms for various oxidizing species and coating diffusion barrier properties are discussed. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Arcomac Surface Engn LLC, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Gorokhovsky, VI (reprint author), Arcomac Surface Engn LLC, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. NR 23 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 EI 1945-7111 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 10 BP A1886 EP A1893 DI 10.1149/1.2266244 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 081IW UT WOS:000240312000016 ER PT J AU Maranchi, JP Hepp, AF Evans, AG Nuhfer, NT Kumta, PN AF Maranchi, JP Hepp, AF Evans, AG Nuhfer, NT Kumta, PN TI Interfacial properties of the a-Si/Cu : active-inactive thin-film anode system for lithium-ion batteries SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-CAPACITY; ALLOY; LI; ENERGY; MICROBATTERIES; TEMPERATURE; COMPOSITES; DECOHESION; CRACKING; SILICON AB Amorphous silicon thin films deposited on copper foil have been observed to exhibit near theoretical capacity for a limited number of cycles. The films, however, eventually delaminate, leading to failure of the anode. In order to better understand the mechanism of capacity retention and the ultimate failure mode of a model brittle active: elastic/plastic inactive anode system, the films were subjected to in situ adhesion tests while observing the film surface using scanning electron microscopy. Atomic force and transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical cycling were conducted to analyze the emerging morphology of the films during cycling. The adhesion of the as-deposited Si film to the Cu substrate was measured to similar to 7.7 J/m(2), reflecting a weak interface adhesion strength. Plastic deformation of the underlying Cu substrate combined with a ratcheting mechanism is proposed to occur in the Si: Cu system, with delamination failure mode occurring only after the formation of an interface imperfection. From the analysis of slow rate cycling experiments, nucleation of a lithium compound based on the interdiffusion of Si and Cu is identified as the most probable cause of the ultimate delamination failure of the deposited film. (C) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Photovoltaic & Space Environm Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Maranchi, JP (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM kumta@cmu.edu NR 30 TC 147 Z9 153 U1 13 U2 110 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 6 BP A1246 EP A1253 DI 10.1149/1.2184753 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 038NK UT WOS:000237229300045 ER PT J AU Shevade, AV Homer, ML Taylor, CJ Zhou, HY Jewell, AD Manatt, KS Kisor, AK Yen, SPS Ryan, MA AF Shevade, Abhijit V. Homer, Margie L. Taylor, Charles J. Zhou, Hanying Jewell, April D. Manatt, Kenneth S. Kisor, Adam K. Yen, Shiao-Pin S. Ryan, Margaret A. TI Correlating polymer-carbon composite sensor response with molecular descriptors SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WAVE VAPOR SENSORS; ELECTRONIC NOSE; ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS; BIOMATERIALS; SIMULATIONS; DYNAMICS AB We report a quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) study using genetic function approximations to describe the activities of a polymer-carbon composite chemical vapor sensor using a novel approach to selecting a molecular descriptor set. The measured sensor responses are conductivity changes in polymer-carbon composite films upon exposure to target vapors at parts-per-million concentrations. The descriptor set combines the basic analyte descriptor set commonly used in QSAR studies with descriptors for sensing film-analyte interactions. The basic analyte descriptors are obtained using a combination of empirical and semiempirical quantitative structure-property relationships methods. The descriptors for the sensing film-analyte interactions are calculated using molecular modeling and simulation tools. A statistically validated QSAR model was developed for a training data set consisting of 17 analyte molecules. The applicability of this model was also tested by predicting sensor activities for three test analytes not considered in the training set. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shevade, AV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Abhijit.shevade@jpl.nasa.gov NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2006 VL 153 IS 11 BP H209 EP H216 DI 10.1149/1.2337771 PG 8 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 091VS UT WOS:000241057000065 ER PT J AU Ramirez-Rico, J Lopez-Robledo, MJ de Arellano-Lopez, AR Martinez-Fernandez, J Sayir, A AF Ramirez-Rico, J. Lopez-Robledo, M. J. de Arellano-Lopez, A. R. Martinez-Fernandez, J. Sayir, A. TI Fabrication and microstructure of directionally solidified SrCe1-xYxO3-delta (x=0.1, 0.2) high temperature proton conductors SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE laser processing; perovskites; fuel cells; Sr(Ce, Y)O-3; proton conduction ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; IONIC-CONDUCTION; FUEL-CELLS; ELECTROLYTES; DIFFRACTION AB SrCe1-xYxO3-delta (x = 0.1, 0.2) high temperature proton conductors (HTPC) have been fabricated by directional solidification using a laser-heated float zone (LHFZ) method. The resulting microstructures have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The LHFZ method produces a cellular microstructure consisting of crystalline cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, showing a strong biaxial texture. EBSD studies show that all the crystalline cells have their < 001 > axis as described in the cubic Pm3m prototype unit cell parallel to the growth direction. The observed microstructural features are explained in terms of the fabrication process. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sevilla, CSIC, ICMSE, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, E-41080 Seville, Spain. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ramirez-Rico, J (reprint author), Univ Sevilla, CSIC, ICMSE, Dept Fis Mat Condensada, Apdo 1065, E-41080 Seville, Spain. EM jrr@us.es RI Ramirez-Rico, Joaquin/A-7006-2009; MARTINEZ FERNANDEZ, JULIAN/K-1826-2012; OI Ramirez-Rico, Joaquin/0000-0002-1184-0756; MARTINEZ FERNANDEZ, JULIAN/0000-0002-1199-6638; Lopez Robledo, Manuel Jesus/0000-0003-2117-2808; R. de Arellano Lopez, Antonio/0000-0002-7443-0244 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2006 VL 26 IS 16 BP 3705 EP 3710 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.12.003 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 102VL UT WOS:000241841300026 ER PT J AU Goray, LI Kuznetsov, IG Sadov, SY Content, DA AF Goray, LI Kuznetsov, IG Sadov, SY Content, DA TI Multilayer resonant subwavelength gratings: effects of waveguide modes and real groove profiles SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Topical Meeting on Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics CY OCT 10-13, 2004 CL Rochester, NY SP Opt Soc Amer ID BOUNDARY INTEGRAL-EQUATIONS; COATED GRATINGS; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET; OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; COLLOCATION; EFFICIENCY; RESOLUTION; POLYGONS; DOMAINS; DESIGN AB The boundary integral equation code PCGrate-S(X) is used to analyze diffraction on Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph gratings at different boundary shapes and layer thicknesses. An effect of resonance anomalies excited in nonconformal dielectric layers overcoated on the surface of metallic grating on the efficiency is studied for the first time to our knowledge. Refractive indices (RIs) for bulk MgF2 taken from well-known references are found to be not suitable for thin optical layers at wavelengths between 115 and 170 nm. A method based on scale fitting of calculated and measured grating efficiencies is outlined for derivation of thin-film optical constants at hard to measure wavelengths. The calculated efficiency based on real boundary profiles and derived RIs of the G185M subwavelength grating is shown to fit within 9.6% or better to the measured data. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 Int Intellectual Grp Inc, Penfield, NY 14526 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Math & Stat, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. RP Goray, LI (reprint author), Int Intellectual Grp Inc, POB 335, Penfield, NY 14526 USA. EM lig@pcgrate.com RI Goray, Leonid/D-4426-2013 OI Goray, Leonid/0000-0002-0381-9607 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1084-7529 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 23 IS 1 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.23.000155 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 000PK UT WOS:000234474100020 PM 16478072 ER PT J AU Wright, MJ Prabhu, DK Martinez, ER AF Wright, MJ Prabhu, DK Martinez, ER TI Analysis of Apollo command module afterbody heating part I: AS-202 SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 37th Thermophysics Conference CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 2004 CL Portland, OR SP AIAA ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; LINE RELAXATION; AEROCAPTURE; RADIATION; VISCOSITY; FLOWS; WAKE AB Computational -fluid-dynamics simulations are performed to simulate the wake flow and afterbody heating environment of the Apollo AS-202 command module reentry. Fifteen three-dimensional simulations that cover the majority of the high-heating portion of the flight are computed. Computed surface oil flow plots predict that the flow remained attached on the windward side of the afterbody throughout the entry. The computed heat transfer generally agrees well with the flight data and is within the estimated +/- 20% uncertainty for 15 of the 19 functional calorimeters on the conical afterbody over most of the entry. Heat transfer is generally overpredicted in the attached flow region during the low-Reynolds-number portion of the trajectory, possibly because of noncontinuum effects. Predicted heating at two calorimeters located near the separation line clearly shows jumps where the flow separates and reattaches as a function of time. This behavior is also seen in the flight data, indicating that the computational results are accurately predicting not only heating levels but separated flow extent as well. The worst agreement between the computations and the flight data occurs near the rear apex of the command module. The reason for this disagreement is not known at this time, but might be partially caused by geometric differences between the apex as modeled in this work and the flight vehicle. The effects of sideslip are explored and found to be minor at all but four calorimeter locations. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. ELORET Corp, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Thermophys Facil Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wright, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, MS 230-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 44 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 20 IS 1 BP 16 EP 30 DI 10.2514/1.15873 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 006LZ UT WOS:000234900300002 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, WC Wo, CCJ Lu, K Chien, LC Bayard, DS Belzberg, H Demetriades, D Jelliffe, RW AF Shoemaker, WC Wo, CCJ Lu, K Chien, LC Bayard, DS Belzberg, H Demetriades, D Jelliffe, RW TI Outcome prediction by a mathematical model based on noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE LA English DT Article DE stochastic (probability) analysis and control program; outcome prediction; noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring; thoracic bioimpedance cardiac output; pulse oximetry; transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions; tissue perfusion ID CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; RISK SURGICAL PATIENTS; OXYGEN DELIVERY; EMERGENCY PATIENTS; TRIAL; VALUES; TRAUMA; OPTIMIZATION; MORTALITY; SHOCK AB Background: The aims are to apply a mathematical search and display model based on noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring, to predict outcome early in a consecutively monitored series of 661 severely injured patients Methods: A prospective observational study by a previously designed protocol in a Level I trauma service in a university-run inner city public hospital was conducted. The survival probabilities were calculated at the initial resuscitation on admission and at subsequent intervals during their hospitalization beginning shortly after admission to the emergency department. Cardiac function was evaluated by cardiac output (0), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), pulmonary function by pulse oximetry (SapO(2)), and tissue perfusion function by transcutaneous oxygen indexed to FiO(2), (PtcO(2)/FiO(2)), and carbon dioxide (PtcCO(2)) tension. Results: The survival probability (SP) averaged 89 +/- 0.4% for survivors and 75.7 +/- 1.6% (p < 0.001) for nonsurvivors in the first 24-hour period of resuscitation. The CI, MAP, SapO(2), PtcO(2), and PtcO(2)/FiO(2) were significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors in initial resuscitation, whereas HR and PtcCO(2) were higher in nonsurvivors. Conclusions: During the initial resuscitation period, misclassifications were 102 of 661 or 15%. The SP provided early objective criteria to evaluate hospital outcome and to track changes throughout the hospital course based on a large database of patients with similar clinical-hemodynamic states. C1 Univ So Calif, Los Angeles Cty Med Ctr, Keck Sch Med, Dept Surg,Lab Appl Pharmcokinet, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Shoemaker, WC (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Los Angeles Cty Med Ctr, Keck Sch Med, Dept Surg,Lab Appl Pharmcokinet, Room 9900,1200 N State St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. EM wcshoemaker00@hotmail.com FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 11526] NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-6061 J9 J TRAUMA JI J. Trauma-Injury Infect. Crit. Care PD JAN PY 2006 VL 60 IS 1 BP 82 EP 90 DI 10.1097/01.ta.0000203109.71608.64 PG 9 WC Critical Care Medicine; Surgery SC General & Internal Medicine; Surgery GA 008UN UT WOS:000235066300020 PM 16456440 ER PT J AU Kassinos, SC Knaepen, B Wray, A AF Kassinos, SC Knaepen, B Wray, A TI Statistical measures of structural anisotropy in MHD turbulence subjected to mean shear and frame rotation SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article ID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; LINEAR-THEORY; FLOW AB We consider homogeneous turbulence in a conducting fluid that is exposed to a uniform external magnetic field while being sheared in fixed and rotating frames. We take both the frame-rotation axis and the applied magnetic field to be aligned in the direction normal to the plane of the mean shear. We find that a key parameter determining the structural morphology of the flow is the ratio of the time scale of the mean shear to the Joule time, tau(shear)/tau(m). When << tau(shear) << tau(m), we find that the turbulence structures tend to align preferentially with the streamwise direction irrespective of the magnetic Reynolds number, R-m. When tau(shear) >> tau(m), we find that at low R-m the turbulent eddies become elongated and aligned with the magnetic field, but at moderately high Rm, there is partial streamwise alignment of the eddies. When tau(shear) approximate to tau(m), we find that competing mechanisms tend to produce different structural anisotropies, and small variations in dimensionless parameters can have a strong effect on the structure of the evolving flow. For example, at R-m <<1, a preferential alignment of structures in the direction of the magnetic field emerges as the flow evolves, consistent with the predictions of the quasi-static approach. For R-m similar to 1, the structures are found to be equally aligned in the streamwise and spanwise direction at large times. However, when R-m is moderately high (10 less than or similar to R-m less than or similar to 50) this strong spanwise alignment is replaced by a preferential alignment of structures in the streamwise direction. Counter to intuition, we found evidence that strong rotation in combination with a spanwise magnetic field tends to promote a streamwise alignment of the eddies, at least when tau(shear) approximate to tau(m). C1 Univ Cyprus, Dept Mech & Mfg Engn, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. Univ Libre Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Stanford Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Turbulence Res, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Kassinos, SC (reprint author), Univ Cyprus, Dept Mech & Mfg Engn, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. RI Kassinos, Stavros/B-6404-2016 OI Kassinos, Stavros/0000-0002-3501-3851 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2006 VL 7 IS 26 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1080/14685240600635846 PG 14 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 027CF UT WOS:000236390600001 ER PT J AU Zhao, Y Tong, T Delzeit, L Kashani, A Meyyappan, M Majumdar, A AF Zhao, Y Tong, T Delzeit, L Kashani, A Meyyappan, M Majumdar, A TI Interfacial energy and strength of multiwalled-carbon-nanotube-based dry adhesive SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID GECKO FOOT-HAIR; MULTILAYERED METAL-CATALYSTS; MICROSCOPY; LIZARDS; SURFACE; FORCE; SETAE AB Vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) arrays can mimic the hairs on a gecko's foot and act as a dry adhesive. We demonstrate the van der Waals interactions originated dry adhesion between MWCNT array surfaces and various target surfaces over millimeter-sized contact areas. The adhesive strengths were measured over 10 N/cm(2) in the normal direction and about 8 N/cm2 in the shear direction with glass surface: The adhesion strength over repeated cycles is limited by the relatively poor adhesion of MWCNTs to their growth substrate, which was improved significantly by adding molybdenum to the catalyst underlayer. We also measured the interfacial work of adhesion as a fundamental adhesion property at the interface. Our measured values of a few tens of mJ/m, which falls in the range of typical van der Waals interactions energies, provide a direct proof of the van der Waals dry adhesion mechanism. Furthermore, in contrast to other dry adhesives, we show that MWCNT adhesives are electrically and thermally conducting, which makes them a unique interfacial material. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society. C1 Atlas Sci Inc, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94780 USA. RP Atlas Sci Inc, 1367 Camino Robles Way, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. EM yangz@me.berkeley.edu NR 23 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 3 U2 41 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 24 IS 1 BP 331 EP 335 DI 10.1116/1.2163891 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 019OF UT WOS:000235845900061 ER PT J AU Watson, AB AF Watson, Andrew B. TI Parallel publication of special issues SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Watson, AB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2006 VL 6 IS 4 BP I EP II DI 10.1167/6.4.i PG 2 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 127NS UT WOS:000243593800001 ER PT J AU Li, L Sweet, BT Stone, LS AF Li, Li Sweet, Barbara T. Stone, Leland S. TI Humans can perceive heading without visual path information SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE curvilinear motion; eye movements; navigation; temporal integration ID SELF-MOTION; OPTIC FLOW; TEMPORAL INTEGRATION; EYE-MOVEMENTS; PERCEPTION; DIRECTION; NAVIGATION; ROTATIONS; VELOCITY; CORTEX AB It has previously been reported that humans can determine their direction of 3D translation ( heading) from the 2D velocity field of retinal motion experienced during self-motion through a rigid environment, as is done by current computational models of visual heading estimation from optic flow. However, these claims were supported by studies that used stimuli that contained low rotational flow rates and/or additional visual cues beyond the velocity field or a task in which observers were asked to indicate their future trajectory of self-motion ( path). Thus, previous conclusions about heading estimation have been confounded by the presence of other visual factors beyond the velocity field, by the use of a path-estimation task, or both. In particular, path estimation involves an exocentric computation with respect to an environmental reference, whereas heading estimation is an egocentric computation with respect to one's line of sight. Here, we use a heading-adjustment task to demonstrate that humans can precisely estimate their heading from the velocity field, independent of visual information about path, displacement, layout, or acceleration, with accuracy robust to rotation rates at least as high as 20 deg/s. Our findings show that instantaneous velocity-field information about heading is directly available for the visual control of locomotion and steering. C1 NASA, Human Syst Integrat Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. NASA, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Li, L (reprint author), Univ Hong Kong, Dept Psychol, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM lili@hku.hk NR 44 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2006 VL 6 IS 9 BP 874 EP 881 DI 10.1167/6.9.2 PG 8 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 127NU UT WOS:000243594000002 PM 17083281 ER PT J AU Brooks, KR Stone, LS AF Brooks, Kevin R. Stone, Leland S. TI Stereomotion suppression and the perception of speed: Accuracy and precision as a function of 3D trajectory SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Meeting of the Vision-Sciences-Society CY MAY 10-15, 2002 CL SARASOTA, FL SP Vis Sci Soc DE binocular vision; 3D motion; motion in depth; interocular velocity difference; RDS ID MOTION-IN-DEPTH; OCULAR VELOCITY DIFFERENCES; DISCRIMINATION; DIRECTION; STEREOPSIS; DISPARITY; MOVEMENT; SPACE; NOISE AB The precision and accuracy of speed discrimination performance for stereomotion stimuli were assessed for several receding 3D trajectories confined to the horizontal meridian. It has previously been demonstrated in a variety of tasks that detection thresholds are substantially higher when subjects observe a stereomotion stimulus than when simply viewing one of its component monocular half-images-a phenomenon known as stereomotion suppression (C.W. Tyler, 1971). Using monocularly visible motion in depth targets, we found mean speed discrimination thresholds to be higher for stereomotion, compared with monocular lateral speed discrimination thresholds for equivalent stimuli, demonstrating a disadvantage for binocular viewing in the case of speed discrimination as well. Furthermore, speed discrimination thresholds for motion in depth were not systematically affected by trajectory angle; hence, the disadvantage of binocular viewing persists even when there are concurrent changes in binocular visual direction. Lastly, there was a tendency for oblique trajectories of stereomotion to be perceived as faster than equally rapid motion receding directly away from the subject along the midline. Our data, in addition to earlier stereomotion suppression observations, are consistent with a stereomotion system that takes a noisy, weighted difference of the stimulus velocities in the two eyes to compute motion in depth. C1 San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Informat Proc Res Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Brooks, KR (reprint author), Univ Plymouth, Sch Psychol, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. EM krbrooks@plymouth.ac.uk OI Brooks, Kevin/0000-0003-1424-4092 NR 38 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2006 VL 6 IS 11 BP 1214 EP 1223 DI 10.1167/6.11.6 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 117VC UT WOS:000242900400006 PM 17209730 ER PT J AU Brooks, KR Stone, LS AF Brooks, Kevin R. Stone, Leland S. TI Spatial scale of stereomotion speed processing SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE binocular vision; motion in depth; spatial summation; spatial integration ID MOTION-IN-DEPTH; OCULAR VELOCITY DIFFERENCES; CHANGING-DISPARITY; PERCEPTION; DISCRIMINATION; INFORMATION; MECHANISMS; ACCURACY; STIMULI; MACAQUE AB To examine the spatial scale of the mechanisms supporting the perception of motion in depth defined by binocular cues, we measured stereomotion speed discrimination thresholds as a function of stimulus size using a two-interval speed comparison task. Stimuli were either random dot stereogram (RDS) bars featuring both the changing disparity (CD) and the interocular velocity difference (IOVD) cues to motion in depth or dynamic random dot stereogram (DRDS) bars featuring the CD cue alone. Monocular speed discrimination performance was also assessed, using half-images of the RDS stimulus. In addition, subjects' stereoacuity for stationary versions of the binocular stimuli was measured. Stimuli ranged in vertical extent from 1.25 to 40 min. Sensitivity to speed differences was strongly related to stimulus height for DRDS stimuli. Performance decreased rapidly as stimulus size was reduced, becoming nearly random for heights below 5 min. However, for RDS stimuli, speed discrimination performance declined with reductions in stimulus size at a far slower rate, providing superior performance at every stimulus size used. Monocular performance was superior still for the majority of subjects, yet showed a similar rate of decline to binocular RDS stimuli. We conclude that the spatial resolution of the CD mechanism and its static disparity inputs is, on average, nearly nine times more coarse than the IOVD system and its monocular motion inputs. Static stereoacuity controls show that this finding cannot be explained by differences in the disparity signals available in our RDS and DRDS stimuli. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Brooks, KR (reprint author), Univ Plymouth, Sch Psychol, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. EM krbrooks@plymouth.ac.uk OI Brooks, Kevin/0000-0003-1424-4092 NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2006 VL 6 IS 11 BP 1257 EP 1266 DI 10.1167/6.11.9 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 117VC UT WOS:000242900400009 PM 17209733 ER PT J AU Zhang, N Chao, DF AF Zhang, N Chao, DF TI Visualization of capillary flow in sessile drops and detecting spreading stability by laser refracted shadowgraphy SO JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Micrograv Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zhang, N (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM nzhang@grc.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1343-8875 J9 J VISUAL-JAPAN JI J. Vis. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 3 BP 241 EP 241 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 058KE UT WOS:000238663100004 ER PT S AU Davidson, I Wagstaff, KL Basu, S AF Davidson, Ian Wagstaff, Kiri L. Basu, Sugato BE Furnkranz, J Scheffer, T Spiliopoulou, M TI Measuring constraint-set utility for partitional clustering algorithms SO KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY IN DATABASES: PKDD 2006, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Principle and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Google, Humboldt Univ Berlin, KD ubiq, STRATO AG, IBM, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch, PASCAL, Mach Learning, AFOSR, EOARD AB Clustering with constraints is an active area of machine learning and data mining research. Previous empirical work has convincingly shown that adding constraints to clustering improves performance, with respect to the true data labels. However, in most of these experiments, results are averaged over different randomly chosen constraint sets, thereby masking interesting properties of individual sets. We demonstrate that constraint sets vary significantly in how useful they are for constrained clustering; some constraint sets can actually decrease algorithm performance. We create two quantitative measures, informativeness and coherence, that can be used to identify useful constraint sets. We show that these measures can also help explain differences in performance for four particular constrained clustering algorithms. C1 SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Davidson, I (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. EM davidson@cs.albany.edu; kiri.wagstaff@jpl.nasa.gov; basu@ai.sri.com NR 11 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-45374-1 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2006 VL 4213 BP 115 EP 126 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BFD12 UT WOS:000241104900010 ER PT S AU Matsko, AB Savchenkov, AA Strekalov, D Ilchenko, V Maleki, L AF Matsko, AB Savchenkov, AA Strekalov, D Ilchenko, V Maleki, L BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI Photorefractivity in WGM resonators - art. no. 610114 SO Laser Beam Control and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE whispering gallery modes; lithium niobate; lithium tantalate; photorefractivity ID WHISPERING-GALLERY MODES; PHOTONIC MICROWAVE RECEIVER; WAVE RECEIVER; MICROSPHERES; MODULATOR; FILTERS AB We report on observation of photorefractive effects in whispering gallery mode resonators made of as-grown lithium niobate and lithium tantalate in the near as well as far infrared. The effects manifested themselves as dynamic modification of the spectra as well as quality factors of the resonators coupled to the laser radiation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6101 BP 10114 EP 10114 AR 610114 DI 10.1117/12.669586 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200031 ER PT S AU Grudinin, I Ilchenko, V Matsko, A Savchenkov, A Maleki, L AF Grudinin, I Ilchenko, V Matsko, A Savchenkov, A Maleki, L BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI Crystalline micro-resonators: status and applications - art. no. 61010P SO Laser Beam Control and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE whispering gallery modes; nonlinear optics; quality factor; Raman lasing; strong coupling ID RAYLEIGH-SCATTERING; MICROSPHERES; SINGLE AB We report on fabrication of new ultrahigh Q crystalline microcavities. Optical Q factor of (4.4 +/- 1.2) x 10(8) is achieved for Vacuum UV grade CaF2 cavity with 100 pm in diameter. It is shown that if excimer grade crystal is used, Q factor of 5.5 mm cavity can be as high as (5.31 +/- 0.04) x 10(10) at laser wavelength of 1064 nm. We discuss nonlinear properties of these cavities such as Raman lasing with threshold of less than a few microwatts. Possible application in cavity quantum electrodynamics is analyzed. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Grudinin, I (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 298-104B, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6101 BP P1010 EP P1010 AR 61010P DI 10.1117/12.669585 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200020 ER PT S AU Mohageg, M Strekalov, D Savchenkov, A Matsko, A Ilchenko, V Maleki, L AF Mohageg, M Strekalov, D Savchenkov, A Matsko, A Ilchenko, V Maleki, L BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI Calligraphic poling for WGM resonators SO LASER BEAM CONTROL AND APPLICATIONS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE PPLN; Nonlinear optics; WGM; microsphere ID LITHIUM-NIOBATE CRYSTALS; BLUE-LIGHT GENERATION; 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; WAVE-GUIDE; DOMAINS; LINBO3 AB By engineering the geometry of a nonlinear optical crystal, the effective efficiency of all nonlinear optical oscillations can be increased dramatically. Specifically, sphere and disk shaped crystal resonators have been used to demonstrate nonlinear optical oscillations at sub-miliwatt input power when cw light propagates in a Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) of such a resonant cavity. In terms of both device production and experimentation in quantum optics, some nonlinear optical effects with naturally high efficiency can occult the desired nonlinear scattering process. The efficiency of second order nonlinear optical effects in ferroelectric crystals can be increased by engineering a poling structure to the crystal resonator. In this paper, I will discuss a new method for generating poling structures in ferroelectric crystal resonators called calligraphic poling. The details of the poling apparatus, experimental results, and speculation on future applications will be discussed. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mohageg, M (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6101 AR 61010Q DI 10.1117/12.669584 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200021 ER PT S AU Stebbins, R AF Stebbins, Robin BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI LISA mission tutorial SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gravitational radiation; gravitational wave detector AB The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) relies on concepts and instrumentation techniques to observe gravitational waves that are not widely known in astrophysics or engineering for spaceflight. This tutorial explains the basic scientific concepts, the mission concept, the top-level architecture of the flight system and the character of the resulting data for interested astrophysicists and engineers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stebbins, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Stebbins, Robin/G-5009-2013 NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 3 EP 12 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700001 ER PT S AU Centrella, JM AF Centrella, Joan M. BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI The final merger of comparable mass binary black holes SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE black holes; numerical relativity; gravitational waves ID GRAVITATIONAL-RADIATION RECOIL; SINGULARITY EXCISION; NUMERICAL RELATIVITY; CONSTRUCTION; COLLISION; EVOLUTION; GAUGE; WAVES AB A remarkable series of breakthroughs in numerical relativity modeling of black hole binary mergers has occurred over the past few years. This paper provides a general overview of these exciting developments, focusing on recent progress in merger simulations and calculations of the resulting gravitational waveforms. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Gravitat Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Centrella, JM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Gravitat Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 47 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 70 EP 81 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700008 ER PT S AU McWilliams, ST Baker, JG AF McWilliams, Sean T. Baker, John G. BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI The application of numerical relativity to LIGO and LISA data analysis SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE numerical relativity; gravitational waves; black holes; data analysis AB Recent advancements in the field of numerical relativity now make it possible to utilize the previously-unmodeled merger segment of an equal mass binary black hole inspiral, merger, and ringdown in the search for and characterization of gravitational wave signals. The implications for LIGO and LISA include enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio for all equal mass binary black hole events that merge in-band, thus increasing the event rate and improving parameter estimation, and providing a means to test different theories of gravity by comparing measured signals to simulations in the strong field regime of the merger. We present some preliminary expectations of the impact of these results on gravitational wave data analysis. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Gravitat Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McWilliams, ST (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Gravitat Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 110 EP 114 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700014 ER PT S AU Merkowitz, SM AF Merkowitz, Stephen M. BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI Achieving the very low end of the LISA sensitivity band SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gravitational waves; LISA; acceleration noise ID FLUCTUATIONS; DYNAMICS; MODEL AB The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, a space based gravitational wave detector, uses laser metrology to measure distance fluctuations between proof masses aboard three sciencecraft. The total acceleration disturbance to each proof mass is required to be below 3x10(-15) m/s(2)/root Hz at 0.1 mHz. Extending this performance to lower frequencies will enable better distance and angular resolution of several sources including massive black hole mergers. This paper describes the design and technology aspects that contribute to achieving good performance to frequencies down to 0.03 mHz. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Merkowitz, SM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Merkowitz, Stephen/D-6680-2012 OI Merkowitz, Stephen/0000-0002-0412-4209 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 133 EP 142 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700018 ER PT S AU Peabody, H Merkowitz, SM AF Peabody, Hume Merkowitz, Stephen M. BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI Low frequency thermal performance of the LISA sciencecraft SO LASER INTERFEROMETER SPACE ANTENNA SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE LISA; thermal; thermal analysis; gravitational waves AB Thermal fluctuations are a major contributor to the low-frequency performance of LISA. The LISA orbits and sciencecraft are designed to provide as quiet a thermal environment as possible. Since producing such a quiet thermal environment on-ground is very challenging, detailed modeling is necessary to verify that the sciencecraft will meet its on-orbit performance requirements. We developed a thermal Finite Element Model (FEM) of the current LISA design based on the solid model. This thermal model is being used to understand the thermal behavior of the LISA sciencecraft design, in particular for the thermal isolation aspects. We present the latest LISA temperature fluctuation estimates and discuss some techniques developed to reduce the computation time. The FEM was imported into a radiation analysis code, which was used to generate radiation interchange factors and the corresponding FE thermal network. The complete model was then solved for temperature predictions. Various sinusoidal input heat loads were applied and a curve fitting technique was used to extract the fluctuating component of the response signal before the solution had reached quasi-steady state, greatly reducing the necessary solution time. The transfer functions were then derived from the input signal and response fluctuations and are presented herein. C1 [Peabody, Hume] Swales Aerosp, 5050 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Merkowitz, Stephen M.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Peabody, H (reprint author), Swales Aerosp, 5050 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Merkowitz, Stephen/D-6680-2012 OI Merkowitz, Stephen/0000-0002-0412-4209 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 204 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700029 ER PT S AU Klipstein, W Halverson, PG Peters, R Cruz, R Shaddock, D AF Klipstein, William Halverson, Peter G. Peters, Robert Cruz, Rachel Shaddock, Daniel BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI Clock noise removal in LISA SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE LISA; gravity wave; clock noise AB The relative motion of the LISA spacecraft will Doppler shift the laser frequencies by around 15 MHz. These Doppler shifts introduce sensitivity to the phase noise of the measurement's master clock. Using the most stable clocks available this effect would degrade the LISA sensitivity by more than a factor of 100. This clock noise can be removed in post-processing if the clock phase can be transferred between the spacecraft with a fidelity of a few micro cycles/root Hz. In the LISA baseline design, the clock phase is phase modulated onto the science lasers exchanged between spacecraft. Interference between the outgoing sidebands and the incoming sidebands contains the information necessary to remove the clock noise in post-processing. The details of the LISA clock noise removal scheme are described and results of a recent successful demonstration of the clock noise transfer are presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Klipstein, W (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Shaddock, Daniel/A-7534-2011 OI Shaddock, Daniel/0000-0002-6885-3494 NR 4 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 312 EP 318 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700046 ER PT S AU Leonhardt, V Camp, JB AF Leonhardt, Volker Camp, Jordan B. BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI Iodine laser frequency stabilization for LISA SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE laser; frequency stabilization; iodine; LISA ID 532 NM; LINES; ND AB We have stabilized a frequency doubled 1064 nm NPRO laser to molecular iodine for the LISA gravitational wave detector, using a frequency doubling crystal to match the laser frequency to the iodine resonance. The frequency noise of the stabilized laser system meets the LISA requirements of 30 Hz/root Hz at mHz frequencies and shows a very small drift over long timescales. Iodine also provides an absolute reference frequency, which is important for lock acquisition of lasers on separate spacecraft. The system has a low sensitivity to temperature and alignment fluctuations. Simple optical configurations have also been investigated. The doubling crystal for the iodine stabilization was tested for its radiation hardness and no significant decrease in performance was observed. C1 Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 354 EP 358 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700053 ER PT S AU Thompson, DE Thirumalainambi, R AF Thompson, David E. Thirumalainambi, Rajkumar BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI LISA framework for enhancing gravitational wave signal extraction techniques SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE component-based exploration framework; LISA signal and noise identification methods; MLDC; intelligent systems classification techniques; regularization of time-series patterns ID CONFUSION AB This paper describes the development of a Framework for benchmarking and comparing signal-extraction and noise-interference-removal methods that are applicable to interferometric Gravitational Wave detector systems. The primary use is towards comparing signal and noise extraction techniques at LISA frequencies from multiple (possibly confused) gravitational wave sources. The Framework includes extensive hybrid learning/classification algorithms, as well as post-processing regularization methods, and is based on a unique plug-and-play (component) architecture. Published methods for signal extraction and interference removal at LISA frequencies are being encoded, as well as multiple source noise models, so that the stiffness of GW Sensitivity Space can be explored under each combination of methods. Furthermore, synthetic datasets and source models can be created and imported into the Framework, and specific degraded numerical experiments can be run to test the flexibility of the analysis methods. The Framework also supports use of full current LISA Testbeds, Synthetic data systems, and Simulators already in existence through plug-ins and wrappers, thus preserving those legacy codes and systems in tact. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Thompson, DE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 498 EP 503 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700076 ER PT S AU Maghami, PG Hsu, OC O'Donnell, JR AF Maghami, P. G. Hsu, O. C. O'Donnell, J. R., Jr. BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI Control of the ST7 disturbance reduction system flight experiment SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE drag-free; disturbance rejection; colloidal micronewton thruster; drag-free sensor AB The Space Technology 7 (ST7) experiment will perform an on-orbit system-level validation of two specific Disturbance Reduction System technologies: colloidal micronewton thrusters and drag-free control. The ST7 Disturbance Reduction System (DRS) is designed to maintain the spacecraft's position with respect to a free-floating test mass while limiting the residual accelerations of that test mass over the frequency range of 1 to 30 mHz. This paper presents the overall design and analysis of the spacecraft drag-free and attitude controllers, with particular attention given to its primary mission mode. These controllers close the loop between the drag-free sensors and the colloidal micronewton thrusters. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mission Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Maghami, PG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mission Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 529 EP 538 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700080 ER PT S AU Ziemer, JK Randolph, T Hruby, V Spence, D Demmons, N Roy, T Connolly, W Ehrbar, E Zwahlen, J Martin, R AF Ziemer, John K. Randolph, Thomas Hruby, Vlad Spence, Douglas Demmons, Nathaniel Roy, Tom Connolly, William Ehrbar, Eric Zwahlen, Jurg Martin, Roy BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI Colloid microthrust propulsion for the space technology 7 (ST7) and LISA missions SO Laser Interferometer Space Antenna SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE ST7; LISA; micropropulsion; propulsion; colloid; electrospray; ion propulsion AB For future applications to precision formation flying missions, NASA's New Millennium Program is scheduled to test Colloid Micro-Newton Thrusters (CMNTs) on the ST7 technology demonstration mission. These CMNTs are part of a disturbance reduction system (DRS) on the ESA SMART-2 Spacecraft or LISA Pathfinder. The goal of the ST7 DRS is to demonstrate technologies necessary to meet the nanometer precision positioning control requirements of the LISA mission. In order to achieve these goals, the CMNTs are required to demonstrate a thrust resolution of less than 0.1 mu N and a thrust noise of less than 0.1 mu N/root Hz for thrust levels between 5 and 30 mu N. Developed by Busek Co. with support from JPL in testing and design, the CMNT has been developed over the last four years into a flight-ready microthrust system. The development, validation testing, and flight unit production of the CMNTs are described. Development tests and analysis include preliminary wear tests, propellant loading process verification, flow testing, and performance verification. Validation and flight unit verification includes thermal and structural analysis, life testing, thermal and dynamic load testing, and performance verification. Final delivery of the units is planned in 2007 with and planned launch and flight demonstration 2009. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ziemer, JK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 548 EP 555 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700082 ER PT S AU Arnaud, KA Babak, S Baker, JG Benacquista, MJ Cornish, NJ Cutler, C Larson, SL Sathyaprakash, BS Vallisneri, M Vecchio, A Vinet, JY AF Arnaud, Keith A. Babak, Stanislav Baker, John G. Benacquista, Matthew J. Cornish, Neil J. Cutler, Curt Larson, Shane L. Sathyaprakash, B. S. Vallisneri, Michele Vecchio, Alberto Vinet, Jean-Yves CA Mock LISA Data Challenge Task Forc BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI An overview of the mock LISA data challenges SO LASER INTERFEROMETER SPACE ANTENNA SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE gravitational waves; LISA; data analysis; galactic binaries; black holes AB The LISA International Science Team Working Group on Data Analysis (LIST-WG1B) is sponsoring several rounds of mock data challenges, with the purpose of fostering the development of LISA data-analysis capabilities, and of demonstrating technical readiness for the maximum science exploitation of the LISA data. The first round of challenge data sets were released it this Symposium. We describe the objectives, structure, and timeline of this program. C1 [Arnaud, Keith A.; Baker, John G.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Gravitat Astrophys Lab, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Baker, John G.] Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, D-14476 Golm, Germany. [Benacquista, Matthew J.] Univ Texas Brownsville, Ctr Gravitat Wave Astron, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. [Cornish, Neil J.] Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. [Cutler, Curt; Vallisneri, Michele] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Larson, Shane L.] Ctr Gravitat Wave Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Larson, Shane L.] Weber State Univ, Dept Phys, Ogden, UT 84408 USA. [Sathyaprakash, B. S.] Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF243YB, South Glam, Wales. [Vecchio, Alberto] Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, England. [Mock LISA Data Challenge Task Forc] Observ Cote Azur, Dept ARTEMIS, F-06304 Nice, France. RP Arnaud, KA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Gravitat Astrophys Lab, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Vecchio, Alberto/F-8310-2015 OI Vecchio, Alberto/0000-0002-6254-1617 FU LISA Mission Science Office; Human Resources Development at the Jet Propulsion , California Institue of Techology FX M.V.S work was supported by the LISA Mission Science Office and by the Human Resources Development at the Jet Propulsion , California Institue of Techology, Where it was performed contract With the National Aeronautics and Space Adminstration. NR 4 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 619 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700093 ER PT S AU Shaddock, D Ware, B Halverson, PG Spero, RE Klipstein, B AF Shaddock, D. Ware, B. Halverson, P. G. Spero, R. E. Klipstein, B. BE Merkowitz, SM Livas, JC TI Overview of the LISA phasemeter SO LASER INTERFEROMETER SPACE ANTENNA SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Laser Interferometer Space Antenna CY JUN 19-23, 2006 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr DE LISA; phasemeter; gravitational wave AB The LISA phasemeter is required to measure the phase of an electrical signal with an error less than 3 mu cycles/root Hz over times scales from 1 to 1000 seconds. This phase sensitivity must be achieved in the presence of laser phase fluctuations 10(8) times larger than the target sensitivity. Other challenging aspects of the measurement are that the heterodyne frequency varies from 2 to 20 MHz and the signal contains multiple frequency tones that must be measured. The phasemeter architecture uses high-speed analog to digital conversion followed by a digital phase locked loop. An overview of the phasemeter architecture is presented along with results for the breadboard LISA Phasemeter demonstrating that critical requirements are met. C1 [Shaddock, D.; Ware, B.; Halverson, P. G.; Spero, R. E.; Klipstein, B.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Shaddock, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Shaddock, Daniel/A-7534-2011 OI Shaddock, Daniel/0000-0002-6885-3494 NR 0 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 978-0-7354-0372-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 873 BP 654 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFQ66 UT WOS:000243875700098 ER PT S AU Prasad, NS Singh, UN Hovis, F Armstrong, DJ AF Prasad, Narasimha S. Singh, Upendra N. Hovis, Floyd Armstrong, Darrell J. BE Kamerman, GW Turner, MD TI High energy, single-mode, all-solid-state and tunable UV laser transmitter - art. no. 62140T SO Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE solid-state lasers; ozone measurements; Nd : YAG laser; optical parametric oscillator; sum frequency; generation; DIAL AB NASA is developing state-of-the-art, all-solid-state, conductively cooled, diode-pumped, single longitudinal mode, tunable, short-pulsed, and high energy UV transmitters for ozone sensing measurements based on the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) technique. The goal is to demonstrate output pulse energies greater than 200 mJ at pulse repetition frequencies of 10 Hz to 50 Hz, and pulsewidths in the range of 10 ns to 25 ns at UV wavelengths of 308 nm to 320 nm. The proposed scheme is to utilize the robust Nd:YAG pump laser technology in combination with nonlinear optics arrangement comprising of a novel optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and a sum frequency generator (SFG) to generate required UV wavelengths. In this paper, recent results of the development of Nd:YAG pump laser and UV converter module are presented. At 1064 run, an output pulse energy of 1020 mJ at 16 ns pulsewidth and 50 Hz PRF yielding greater than 7% wall plug efficiency has been demonstrated. With improved drive electronics, this pump laser has the potential to generate greater than 1.2 J/pulse. The refined OPO module to aid in the generation of > 200 mJ/pulse of UV radiation is also presented. The UV transmitters are being designed for DIAL operation under strong daylight conditions from space based platforms. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Prasad, NS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 5 N Dryden St,MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6270-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6214 BP T2140 EP T2140 AR 62140T DI 10.1117/12.666879 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BES20 UT WOS:000239256800027 ER PT S AU Claus, RW Lavelle, T Naiman, C Suresh, A Tuner, M AF Claus, Russell W. Lavelle, Thomas Naiman, Cynthia Suresh, Ambady Tuner, Mark BE Ghodous, P DiengKuntz, R Loureiro, G TI Progress Toward and the Promise of Multidiscipline Engine Simulation SO LEADING THE WEB IN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: NEXT GENERATION CONCURRENT ENGINEERING SE Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering CY SEP 18-21, 2006 CL Antibes, FRANCE DE Multidiscipline Analysis; System Simulation; Concurrent Design AB Current engineering systems tools have limitations that restrict the ability to unite conceptual design and detailed analysis. Numerical Propulsion System Simulator (NPSS) is a multidisciplinary systems analysis tool that has been tackling key concurrent design technology barriers for over a decade. This paper will look at some of the successes achieved by NPSS and areas requiring additional development. NPSS is widely used within industry for full engine simulation of gas turbines and (to a lesser extent) rockets. The first version of this tool has focused on providing an object-oriented framework that provides a sound architecture for both low-and high-fidelity systems models. High-fidelity simulations have just recently been achieved on parallel computers. They demonstrate the promise of this new technology and indicate critical areas for future development. C1 [Claus, Russell W.; Lavelle, Thomas; Naiman, Cynthia; Suresh, Ambady] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Claus, RW (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6389 BN 978-1-58603-651-5 J9 FR ART INT PY 2006 VL 143 BP 539 EP 551 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Industrial SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BMP54 UT WOS:000273282200063 ER PT S AU Follen, GJ Claus, RW Townsend, S AF Follen, Gregory J. Claus, Russell W. Townsend, Scott BE Ghodous, P DiengKuntz, R Loureiro, G TI An Object Oriented Extensible Architecture for Multi-Level Systems Analysis SO LEADING THE WEB IN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: NEXT GENERATION CONCURRENT ENGINEERING SE Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering CY SEP 18-21, 2006 CL Antibes, FRANCE DE Software architecture; System Simulation; Concurrent Design AB This paper discuses the salient features of the NPSS Architecture including its interface layer, object layer, implementation for accessing legacy codes. numerical zooming infrastructure and its computing layer. The computing layer focuses on the use and deployment of propulsion simulations on parallel and distributed computing platforms. Features of the NPSS architecture include support for Multi-Disciplinary (MD) Coupling, Computer Aided Design (CAD) access and MD coupling objects. C1 [Follen, Gregory J.; Claus, Russell W.; Townsend, Scott] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Follen, GJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6389 BN 978-1-58603-651-5 J9 FR ART INT PY 2006 VL 143 BP 603 EP 610 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Industrial SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BMP54 UT WOS:000273282200070 ER PT S AU Tumer, K Agogino, A AF Tumer, Kagan Agogino, Adrian BE Tuyls, K Hoen, PJ Verbeeck, K Sen, S TI Efficient reward functions for adaptive multi-rover systems SO LEARNING AND ADAPTION IN MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Workshop on Learning and Adaption in Multi-Agent Systems CY JUL 25, 2005 CL Utrecht, NETHERLANDS ID ROBOTS AB This chapter focuses on deriving reward functions that allow multiple agents to co-evolve efficient control policies that maximize a system level reward in noisy and dynamic environments. The solution we present is based on agent rewards satisfying two crucial properties. First, the agent reward function and global reward function has to be aligned, that is, an agent maximizing its agent-specific reward should also maximize the global reward. Second, the agent has to receive sufficient "signal" from its reward, that is, an agent's action should have a large influence over its agent-specific reward. Agents using rewards with these two properties will evolve the correct policies quickly. This hypothesis is tested in episodic and non-episodic, continuous-space multi-rover environment where rovers evolve to maximize a global reward function over all rovers. The environments are dynamic (i.e. changes over time), noisy and have restriction on communication between agents. We show that a control policy evolved using agent-specific rewards satisfying the above properties outperforms policies evolved using global rewards by up to 400%. More notably, in the presence of a larger number of rovers or rovers with noisy and communication limited sensors, the proposed method outperforms global reward by a higher percentage than in noise-free conditions with a small number of rovers. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, UC Santa Cruz, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tumer, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, UC Santa Cruz, Mail Stop 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ktumer@mail.arc.nasa.gov; adrian@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-33053-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3898 BP 177 EP 191 DI 10.1007/11691839_11 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BEH90 UT WOS:000237286200011 ER PT S AU Winker, D Vaughan, M Hunt, B AF Winker, Dave Vaughan, Mark Hunt, Bill BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Rao, DN TI The CALIPSO mission and initial results from CALIOP SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring VII CY NOV 14-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, ISRO, JAXA, NASA, NOAA, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Natl Inst Oceanog, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Sci & Technol Corp DE atmospheric sensing; lidar; aerosols; clouds ID LIDAR AB Satellite lidars are now beginning to provide new capabilities for global atmospheric sensing from space. Following the Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE), which flew on the Space Shuttle in 1994, and the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), which launched in 2003, the CALIPSO satellite was launched on April 28, 2006. Carrying a two-wavelength polarization lidar along with two passive imagers, CALIPSO is now providing unique measurements to improve our understanding of the role of aerosols and clouds in the Earth's climate system. The primary instrument on CALIPSO is CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lldar with Orthogonal Polarization), a two-wavelength polarization lidar. Using a linearly polarized laser and a polarization-sensitive receiver, the instrument allows the discrimination of cloud ice/water phase and the identification of non-spherical aerosols. First light was achieved in June, 2006 and five months of nearly continuous observations have now been acquired. Initial performance assessments and calibration activities have been performed and instrument performance appears to be excellent. CALIPSO was developed within the framework of a collaboration between NASA and CNES. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Winker, D (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM david.m.winker@nasa.gov NR 6 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6516-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6409 AR 640902 DI 10.1117/12.698003 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFZ51 UT WOS:000245646600001 ER PT S AU Yu, JR Trieu, BC Petros, M Bai, YX Petzar, PJ Koch, GJ Sin, UN Kavaya, MJ AF Yu, Jirong Trieu, Bo C. Petros, Mulugeta Bai, Yingxin Petzar, Paul J. Koch, Grady J. Sin, Upendra N. Kavaya, Michael J. BE Singh, UN Itabe, T Rao, DN TI Advanced 2-mu m solid-state laser for wind and CO2 lidar applications SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING VII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring VII CY NOV 14-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, ISRO, JAXA, NASA, NOAA, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Natl Inst Oceanog, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Sci & Technol Corp DE diode-pumped lasers; solid-state lasers; Rare earth and transition metal solid-state lasers AB Significant advancements in the 2-micron laser development have been made recently. Solid-state 2-micron laser is a key subsystem for a coherent Doppler lidar that measures the horizontal and vertical wind velocities with high precision and resolution. The same laser, after a few modifications, can also be used in a Diffrencial Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system for measuring atmospheric CO2 concentration profiles. The world record 2-micron laser energy is demonstrated with an oscillator and two amplifiers system. It generates more than one joule per pulse energy with excellent beam quality. Based on the successful demonstration of a fully conductive cooled oscillator by using heat pipe technology, an improved fully conductively cooled 2-micron amplifier was designed, manufactured and integrated. It virtually eliminates the running coolant to increase the overall system efficiency and reliability. In addition to technology development and demonstration, a compact and engineering hardened 2-micron laser is under development. It is capable of producing 250 mJ at 10 Hz by an oscillator and one amplifier. This compact laser is expected to be integrated to a lidar system and take field measurements. The recent achievements push forward the readiness of such a laser system for space lidar applications. This paper will review the developments of the state-of-the-art solid-state 2-micron laser. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Yu, JR (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Jirong.yu-1@nasa.aov NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6516-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6409 AR 64091C DI 10.1117/12.696908d PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFZ51 UT WOS:000245646600033 ER PT S AU Aspey, RA McDermid, IS Leblanc, T Walsh, D Howe, J AF Aspey, R. A. McDermid, I. S. Leblanc, T. Walsh, D. Howe, J. BE Singh, UN TI New Raman water vapor and temperature lidar at JPL table mountain facility: Optimization, validations and sonde intercomparison SO Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing II CY SEP 13-14, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE Raman; lidar; water vapor; troposphere AB Jet Propulsion Laboratory currently operates lidar systems at Table Mountain Facility (TMF), California (34.4 degrees N, 117.7 degrees W at 2300m) and Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO), Hawaii (19.5 degrees N, 155.6 degrees W at 3400m) under the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, formerly NDSC). To complement existing NDACC lidars at TMF, which acts as a primary site for inter-comparisons, a new water vapor and temperature lidar has begun routine operation with typically 3-4 nightly profiles per week. As water vapor is a key greenhouse gas, and is highly variable on annual and seasonal cycles, accurate long term measurements are necessary for predictions of climate change and to increase our understanding of the atmospheric processes it contributes to. The new TMF lidar has demonstrated high spatial and temporal resolution, with a high degree of optimization being achieved over the past year, although the authors believe further improvement may yet be possible. The lidar has been designed for accuracies of 5% up to 12km in the free troposphere with the capability to measure to the tropopause and lower stratosphere with accuracies of 1 ppm. It is anticipated that the data sets produced will be used for Aura validation and for incorporation into NDACC archives. Validation results for the optimized system are presented with intercomparisons using Vaisala RS92-K radiosondes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. RP Aspey, RA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Table Mt Facil, POB 367,24490 Table Mt Rd, Wrightwood, CA 92397 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6462-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6367 BP U88 EP U97 DI 10.1117/12.687302 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFQ82 UT WOS:000243895800008 ER PT S AU Omar, AH Winker, DM Vaughan, MA AF Omar, Ali H. Winker, David M. Vaughan, Mark A. BE Singh, UN TI Selection algorithm for the CALIPSO lidar aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio SO Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing II CY SEP 13-14, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE aerosol; lidar; extinction-to-backscatter ratio ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; RAMAN LIDAR; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DUST EVENT; PARTICLES AB The extinction-to-backscatter ratio (S-a) is an important parameter used in the determination of the aerosol extinction and subsequently the optical depth from lidar backscatter measurements. We outline the algorithm used to determine Sa for the Cloud and Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Spaceborne Observations (CALIPSO) lidar. Sa for the CALIPSO lidar will either be selected from a look-up table or calculated using the lidar measurements depending on the characteristics of aerosol layer. Whenever suitable lofted layers are encountered, Sa is computed directly from the integrated backscatter and transmittance. In all other cases, the CALIPSO observables: the depolarization ratio, 6, the layer integrated attenuated backscatter, beta', and the mean layer total attenuated color ratio, gamma, together with the surface type, are used to aid in aerosol typing. Once the type is identified, a look-up-table developed primarily from worldwide observations, is used to determine the S,, value. The CALIPSO aerosol models include desert dust, biomass burning, background, polluted continental, polluted dust, and marine aerosols. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Omar, AH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MailStop 401 A, Hampton, VA USA. RI Omar, Ali/D-7102-2017 OI Omar, Ali/0000-0003-1871-9235 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6462-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6367 BP U185 EP U194 DI 10.1117/12.689868 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFQ82 UT WOS:000243895800018 ER PT J AU Armstrong, JW AF Armstrong, J. W. TI Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Searches Using Spacecraft Doppler Tracking SO LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY LA English DT Review DE Cassini; Doppler stability; Doppler tracking; frequency stability; gravitational wave detectors; radio ID BLACK-HOLE BINARIES; INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT; COALESCING BINARIES; BACKGROUND-RADIATION; PHASE SCINTILLATION; RADIO SCIENCE; UPPER LIMITS; INTERFEROMETRY; STABILITY; BAND AB This paper discusses spacecraft Doppler tracking, the current-generation detector technology used in the low-frequency (similar to millihertz) gravitational wave band. In the Doppler method the earth and a distant spacecraft act as free test masses with a ground-based precision Doppler tracking system continuously monitoring the earth-spacecraft relative dimensionless velocity 2 Delta v/c = Delta v/v(0), where Delta v is the Doppler shift and v(0) is the radio link carrier frequency. A gravitational wave having strain amplitude h incident on the earth-spacecraft system causes perturbations of order h in the time series of Delta v/v(0). Unlike other detectors, the similar to 1-10 AU earth-spacecraft separation makes the detector large compared with millihertz-band gravitational wavelengths, and thus times-of-flight of signals and radio waves through the apparatus are important. A burst signal, for example, is time-resolved into a characteristic signature: three discrete events in the Doppler time series. I discuss here the principles of operation of this detector (emphasizing transfer functions of gravitational wave signals and the principal noises to the Doppler time series), some data analysis techniques, experiments to date, and illustrations of sensitivity and current detector performance. I conclude with a discussion of how gravitational wave sensitivity can be improved in the low-frequency band. C1 [Armstrong, J. W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 238-725,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Armstrong, JW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 238-725,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM John.W.Armstrong@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA/JPL Deep Space Network; National Aeronautics and Space Administration FX The precision Doppler tracking capability described here resulted from work by many dedicated people at NASA, in the Mars Observer/Mars Global Surveyor, Ulysses, Galileo, and Cassini Projects (and the international partners of those Projects), the NASA/JPL Deep Space Network, and the JPL Technical Divisions. I am particularly indebted to B. Bertotti, F.B. Estabrook, L. Iess, R.V. Stachnik, M. Tinto, H.D. Wahlquist, and E.J. Weiler. The research described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NR 131 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG PI CHAM PA GEWERBESTRASSE 11, CHAM, CH-6330, SWITZERLAND SN 1433-8351 J9 LIVING REV RELATIV JI Living Rev. Relativ. PY 2006 VL 9 AR 1 DI 10.12942/lrr-2006-1 PG 59 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA V43AL UT WOS:000209654200001 PM 28179872 ER PT B AU Hostetter, CF AF Hostetter, Carl F. BE Hammond, WG Scull, C TI "Elvish as she is spoke" SO Lord of the Rings 1954-2004: SCHOLARSHIP IN HONOR OF RICHARD E BLACKWELDER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lord of the Rings CY OCT 21-23, 2004 CL Marquette Univ Tolkien, Milwaukee, WI HO Marquette Univ Tolkien C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARQUETTE UNIV PR PI MILWAUKEE PA CUDAHY HALL 1313 W WISCONSIN AVE, MILWAUKEE, WI 53233 USA BN 978-0-87462-018-4 PY 2006 BP 231 EP 255 PG 25 WC Literary Theory & Criticism SC Literature GA BGA03 UT WOS:000245733500014 ER PT S AU Hoskinson, E Sato, Y Penanen, K Packard, RE AF Hoskinson, E. Sato, Y. Penanen, K. Packard, R. E. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI A chemical potential "battery" for superfluid He-4 weak links SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE weak link; chemical potential; superfluid AB Research and development of superfluid weak links has been hindered by the absence of a source of dc chemical potential, similar to a simple battery or voltage source for analogous superconducting devices. We describe here a method for generating a dc chemical potential difference, Delta mu, across a weak link array in superfluid He-4. The presence of a Delta mu forces quantum oscillations at a Josephson frequency, selectable by the adjustment of input power to a beater. We discuss a case in which the frequency locks onto a resonance feature where it exhibits remarkable stability, and amplitude magnification by a factor of 40. C1 [Hoskinson, E.; Sato, Y.; Packard, R. E.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Penanen, K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hoskinson, E (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 117 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400039 ER PT S AU Chatto, AR Lee, RAA Duncan, RV Day, PK Goodstein, DL AF Chatto, A. R. Lee, R. A. A. Duncan, R. V. Day, P. K. Goodstein, D. L. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI Measurement of the SOC state specific heat in He-4 SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE self-organized criticality; specific heat; helium; superfluidity ID SUPERFLUID TRANSITION; LIQUID-HE-4 AB When a heat flux Q is applied downward through a sample of liquid He-4 near the lambda transition, the helium self organizes such that the gradient in temperature matches the gravity induced gradient in T-lambda. All the helium in the sample is then at the same reduced temperature t(SOC) = TSOC-T lambda/T lambda and the helium is said to be in the Self-Organized Critical (SOC) state. We have made preliminary measurements of the He-4 SOC state specific heat, C-del T(T(Q)). Despite having a cell height of 2.54 cm, our results show no difference between C-del T and the zero-gravity He-4 specific heat results of the Lambda Point Experiment (LPE) [J.A. Lipa et al., Phys. Rev. B, 68, 174518 (2003)] over the range 250 to 450 nK below the transition. There is no gravity rounding because the entire sample is at the same reduced temperature t(SOC)(Q). Closer to T-lambda, the SOC specific heat falls slightly below LPE, reaching a maximum at approximately 50 nK below T-lambda, in agreement with theoretical predictions. C1 [Chatto, A. R.; Lee, R. A. A.; Duncan, R. V.; Goodstein, D. L.] CALTECH, Condensed Matter Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Duncan, R. V.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. [Day, P. K.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chatto, AR (reprint author), CALTECH, Condensed Matter Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU Fundamental Physics Discipline of the Microgravity Science Office of NASA FX We would like to thank Dmitri Sergatskov, Steve Boyd, Alex Babkin, Alexander Churilov, and Talso Chui for helpful discussions and assistance with cell construction and cryovalve assembly and operation. This work was supported in part by the Fundamental Physics Discipline of the Microgravity Science Office of NASA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 137 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400049 ER PT S AU Schneiderman, JF Delsing, P Johansson, G D Shaw, M Bozler, HM Echternach, PM AF Schneiderman, J. F. Delsing, P. Johansson, G. D Shaw, M. Bozler, H. M. Echternach, P. M. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI Quasiparticle poisoning in a single Cooper-pair box SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE SCB; quasiparticle; Coulomb blockade AB We investigate the pheonomenon of quasiparticle poisoning in a single Cooper-pair box (SCB). We have designed, fabricated, and tested an SCB that demonstrates a transition between poisoned and unpoisoned Coulomb staircases, depending on the speed with which the gate charge is swept. Poisoning is shown to be suppressed at moderately high sweep rates. Coulomb staircases were measured for a variety of sweep rates, and quasiparticle tunneling rates were extracted from this data. C1 [Delsing, P.; Johansson, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Schneiderman, J. F.; D Shaw, M.; Bozler, H. M.] Univ Southern Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Delsing, P.; Echternach, P. M.] Chalmers, Microtech & Nanosci, MC2, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden. RP Schneiderman, JF (reprint author), Univ Southern Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RI Johansson, Goran/B-1144-2008; Delsing, Per/F-7288-2010; Schneiderman, Justin/D-4508-2013 OI Johansson, Goran/0000-0001-5193-5250; Delsing, Per/0000-0002-1222-3506; Schneiderman, Justin/0000-0002-4441-2360 FU National Security Agency; Advanced Research and Development Activity FX We thank Richard Muller for the electron beam lithography. This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge support from the National Security Agency and the Advanced Research and Development Activity. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 931 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400418 ER PT S AU Schneiderman, JF Delsing, P Shaw, MD Bozler, HM Echternach, PM AF Schneiderman, J. F. Delsing, P. Shaw, M. D. Bozler, H. M. Echternach, P. M. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI Experimental realization of a differential radio-frequency single-electron transistor SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE RF-SET; Coulomb blockade ID SMALL TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS AB We have fabricated and characterized a new type of electrometer that couples two parallel single-electron transistors (SETs) to a radio-frequency tank circuit for use as a differential RF-SET. We demonstrate operation of this device in summing, differential, and single-SET operation modes. In differential mode, the device is sensitive to uncorrelated input signals while screening out correlated ones. C1 [Schneiderman, J. F.; Shaw, M. D.] Univ Southern Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Delsing, P.; Echternach, P. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Delsing, P.] Chalmers, Microtechnol & Nanosci, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Schneiderman, JF (reprint author), Univ Southern Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RI Delsing, Per/F-7288-2010; Schneiderman, Justin/D-4508-2013 OI Delsing, Per/0000-0002-1222-3506; Schneiderman, Justin/0000-0002-4441-2360 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1436 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400650 ER PT S AU Shirron, P Wegel, D DiPirro, M AF Shirron, Peter Wegel, Don DiPirro, Michael BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI A continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for cooling to 10 mK and below SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator; magnetic refrigeration; low temperature; space astronomy AB We have developed a multi-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) that can produce continuous cooling at temperatures as low as 35 mK, and have begun developing stages that will enable operation below 10 mK. The ADR is small and compact, and expandable in terms of operating temperatures and cooling power. Within NASA, this development supports a growing number of x-ray, far-IR and sub-millimeter astronomy missions that use cooled microcalorimeter and bolometer arrays. However, the cooling technology and detectors have application in other fields as diverse as non-destructive evaluation, quantum computing, and biomolecular mass spectrometry. Consequently, we are also designing more generic systems that provide such capabilities as cryogen-free operation, large experimental working space, rapid turnaround, and fully automated operation, making them very attractive for general laboratory use. Details of the design and operation are presented. C1 [Shirron, Peter; Wegel, Don; DiPirro, Michael] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 552, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shirron, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 552, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU NASA's Commercial Technology Development Program FX This work was supported by NASAs Commercial Technology Development Program. The test dewar was made by Janis Research Co., Wilmington, MA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1573 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400715 ER PT S AU Saab, T Bandler, SR Boyce, K Chervenak, JA Figueroa-Feliciano, E Iyomoto, N Kelley, RL Kilbourne, CA Porter, FS Sadleir, JE AF Saab, Tarek Bandler, Simon R. Boyce, Kevin Chervenak, James A. Figueroa-Feliciano, Enectali Iyomoto, Naoko Kelley, Richard L. Kilbourne, Caroline A. Porter, Frederick S. Sadleir, John E. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI Optimizing transition edge sensors for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE X-ray; spectroscopy; microcalorimeter; TES; noise ID IMPEDANCE AB Transition Edge Sensors (TES) have found applications as astronomical detectors ranging from the microwave to the gamma ray energy bands. Each energy band, however, imposes a different set of requirements on the TES such as energy and timing resolution, focal plane coverage, and the mechanisms by which the signal is coupled to the detector. This paper focuses on the development of TESs optimized for the 0.1-10 keV energy range at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Such detectors are suitable candidates for some of the upcoming X-ray observatories such as NeXT and Constellation-X. C1 [Saab, Tarek] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Saab, T (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Bandler, Simon/A-6258-2010; Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012; Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012 OI Bandler, Simon/0000-0002-5112-8106; Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119; NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1605 EP 1608 PN A-B PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400729 ER PT S AU Hahn, I Bumble, B Leduc, HG Weilert, A Day, P AF Hahn, I. Bumble, B. LeDuc, H. G. Weilert, A. Day, P. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI An X-band SQUID multiplexer SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE SQUID; microwave; multiplexer ID ARRAYS; SENSORS AB We are developing a microwave readout multiplexer for arrays of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). A series of microwave resonators with frequencies similar to 10 GHz are each loaded by a dc SQUID to a degree that depends on the flux state of the SQUID. By using resonators with high quality factors and slightly different resonance frequencies, many of these resonator-coupled SQUIDs may be read out with a single excitation line and cryogenic amplifier. Our multiplexer is similar to the one demonstrated by Irwin and Lehnert except for the use of higher-frequency, fully-lithographed transmission line resonators. We discuss a technique for modulating the SQUID array in series that alleviates the need to individually flux-bias the SQUIDs. The multiplexer has applications to the readout of detector arrays for astronomy as well as medical magnetic imaging. C1 [Hahn, I.; Bumble, B.; LeDuc, H. G.; Weilert, A.; Day, P.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hahn, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1613 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400732 ER PT S AU Wang, SW Farley, RP Goebel, JH Keiser, GM Lipa, JA Turneaure, JP AF Wang, Suwen Farley, R. P. Goebel, J. H. Keiser, G. M. Lipa, J. A. Turneaure, J. P. BE Takano, Y Hershfield, SP Hirschfeld, PJ Goldman, AM TI Initial evaluation of the GP-B cryogenic telescope performance in orbit SO LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, PTS A AND B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT24) CY AUG 10-17, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP Univ Florida, Dept Phys, Univ Florida, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Univ Florida, Div Sponsored Res, Natl Sci Fdn, 23rd Int Conf Low Temp Phys, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Natl High Magnet Field Lab DE telescope; cryogenic; windows; star tracker AB The Gravity Probe B spacecraft was launched on April 20, 2004 to measure the geodetic and frame dragging effects predicted by the theory of general relativity. A cryogenic optical telescope is used to establish the inertial reference frame for the measurements by star tracking. With a year of flight data collected, we describe the initial evaluation of the optical performance of the telescope. We find that the pointing noise is sufficiently low to support the mission and in reasonable agreement with extrapolations from ground tests. Our results show that appropriately designed precision optics can be operated over the temperature range from 300 to 3.5 K with little degradation. C1 [Wang, Suwen; Keiser, G. M.; Lipa, J. A.; Turneaure, J. P.] Stanford Univ, Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. [Goebel, J. H.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA USA. [Farley, R. P.] Lockheed Missiles & Space Co, Palo Alto, CA USA. RP Wang, SW (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. FU National Science Foundation [AST-9978911, PHY-9722414]; Department of Energy [DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-FG03-90ER40569, DEFG03-91ER40618]; Universities Research Association, Inc., [DE-AC02-76CH03000]; [ECS-9731293] FX This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-9978911 and No. PHY- 9722414, by the Department of Energy under contracts DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-FG03-90ER40569, DEFG03- 91ER40618, and by Fermilab, operated by the Universities Research Association, Inc., under Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH03000 with the Department of Energy. The ZIP detector fabrication was performed in part at the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility of NNIN supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ECS-9731293. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0347-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 850 BP 1621 EP + PN A-B PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BFO10 UT WOS:000243396400735 ER PT S AU Mazzoni, D Wagstaff, KL Burl, MC AF Mazzoni, Dominic Wagstaff, Kiri L. Burl, Michael C. BE Furnkranz, J Scheffer, T Spiliopoulou, M TI Active learning with irrelevant examples SO MACHINE LEARNING: ECML 2006, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML 2006) CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Google, Humboldt Univ Berlin, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch, KD-Ubiq, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USAF Res Lab, STRATO A G, IBM, PASCAL, Mach Learning AB Active learning algorithms attempt to accelerate the learning process by requesting labels for the most informative items first. In real-world problems, however, there may exist unlabeled items that are irrelevant to the user's classification goals. Queries about these points slow down learning because they provide no information about the problem of interest. We have observed that when irrelevant items are present, active learning can perform worse than random selection, requiring more time (queries) to achieve the same level of accuracy. Therefore, we propose a novel approach, Relevance Bias, in which the active learner combines its default selection heuristic with the output of a simultaneously trained relevance classifier to favor items that are likely to be both informative and relevant. In our experiments on a real-world problem and two benchmark datasets, the Relevance Bias approach significantly improves the learning rate of three different active learning approaches. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mazzoni, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 126-347,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kiri.wagstaff@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-45375-X J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4212 BP 695 EP 702 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFJ25 UT WOS:000242308000064 ER PT S AU Hashemian, HM AF Hashemian, H. M. BA Hashemian, HM BF Hashemian, HM TI Maintenance of Process Instrumentation in Nuclear Power Plants Introduction SO MAINTENANCE OF PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS SE Power Systems LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Hashemian, H. M.] Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Hashemian, H. M.] IAEA, Vienna, Austria. [Hashemian, H. M.] IEC, Barcelona, Spain. [Hashemian, H. M.] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [Hashemian, H. M.] US Nucl Regulatory Commiss, Rockville, MD USA. [Hashemian, H. M.] US DOE, Washington, DC USA. [Hashemian, H. M.] Anal & Measurement Serv Corp, AMS, Knoxville, TN 37923 USA. RP Hashemian, HM (reprint author), Anal & Measurement Serv Corp, AMS, Cross Pk Dr 9111, Knoxville, TN 37923 USA. EM hash@ams-corp.com; hash@ams-corp.com NR 0 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1612-1287 BN 978-3-540-33703-4 J9 POWER SYST PY 2006 BP 1 EP + PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BJQ63 UT WOS:000266996700001 ER PT S AU Markley, FL AF Markley, FL BE Crassidis, JL Markley, FL Junkins, JL Howell, KC TI Attitude filtering on SO(3) SO Malcolm D. Shuster Astronautics Symposium SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AAS Malcolm D Shuster Astronautics Symposium CY JUN 13-15, 2005 CL Grand Isl, NY SP Amer Astronaut Soc ID SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE; VECTOR OBSERVATIONS; QUATERNION ESTIMATION; KALMAN FILTER; REPRESENTATIONS; CONSTRAINT AB A new method is presented for the simultaneous estimation of the attitude of a spacecraft and an N-vector of bias parameters. This method uses a probability distribution function defined on the Cartesian product of SO(3), the group of rotation matrices, and the Euclidean space R-N. The Fokker-Planck equation propagates the probability distribution function between measurements, and Bayes's formula incorporates measurement update information. This approach avoids all the issues of singular attitude representations or singular covariance matrices encountered in extended Kalman filters. In addition, the filter has a consistent initialization for a completely unknown initial attitude, owing to the fact that SO(3) is a compact space. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Navigat & Control Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Markley, FL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Navigat & Control Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 47 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-525-3 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2006 VL 122 BP 149 EP 174 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BEA95 UT WOS:000236528100010 ER PT J AU Manderson, JP Pessutti, J Shaheen, P Juanes, F AF Manderson, John P. Pessutti, Jeffrey Shaheen, Patricia Juanes, Francis TI Dynamics of early juvenile winter flounder predation risk on a North West Atlantic estuarine nursery ground SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE nursery habitat dynamics; predation risk; essential fish habitat ID SHRIMP CRANGON-SEPTEMSPINOSA; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; NEW-YORK BIGHT; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; STRIPED BASS; PRIONOTUS-CAROLINUS; SETTLEMENT-PATTERNS; FISH COMMUNITY; CHESAPEAKE-BAY AB In an effort to determine the characteristics of estuarine habitats suitable for early juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus survivorship, we examined piscivorous fish distributions and diets, and flounder predation risk along estuarine gradients in the Navesink River/Sandy Hook Bay estuarine system, New Jersey, USA. Demersal fish, striped searobin Prionotus evolans and summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, were more important predators of winter flounder than pelagic fish (Pomatomus saltatrix, Cynoscion regalis, Morone saxatilis) based on diet analysis of 4 yr of gill (1998 and 1999) and trammel net (2001 and 2002) fish collections. From April through June newly settled winter flounder < 20 mm standard length (SL) were eaten by striped searobin that were common in habitats with salinities >= 20 parts per thousand. Fish > 20 mm standard length (SL) were consumed by summer flounder in shallow habitats in June and July. In May and June tethering experiments, Age-0 winter flounder predation risk was high in habitats with salinities > 19 parts per thousand. and temperatures > 20 degrees C. In 3 yr, salinities were < 20 parts per thousand in the upstream reach of estuary which probably served as a predator refuge for settling flounder. During 2002, however, historically low freshwater discharge associated with a spring drought produced high salinities >= 20 parts per thousand in upstream habitats where searobins ate large numbers of settling winter flounder and predation risk was high. These results suggest that the volume of estuarine habitat suitable for early juvenile flounder survivorship is determined, in part, by predator and prey responses to spatially dynamic physico-chemical gradients. Because gradient dynamics are controlled by climate forcing, climate variation may cause nursery habitat volumes to contract or expand resulting in variation in the local production of Age-0 recruits. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Wagner Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Staten Isl, NY 10301 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Manderson, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ecosyst Proc Div, Behav Ecol Branch,James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM john.manderson@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 328 BP 249 EP 265 DI 10.3354/meps328249 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 151VR UT WOS:000245319400023 ER PT J AU Lemke, JL Ryer, CH AF Lemke, Jena L. Ryer, Clifford H. TI Relative predation vulnerability of three juvenile (Age-0) North Pacific flatfish species: possible influence of nursery-specific predation pressures SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE anti-predator behavior; predator-prey interactions; juvenile flatfish; estuarine dependence; turbidity ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; TURBIDITY; PREY; HABITAT; ESTUARINE; BEHAVIOR; FISH; STRATEGIES; AVOIDANCE AB Pleuronectid flatfish are generally thought to utilize stereotypical anti-predator behavior to reduce encounters with potential predators. In this study, we tested the relative vulnerability of 3 juvenile (Age-0) flatfish species to predation under controlled laboratory conditions. Predators consumed significantly more English sole Parophrys vetulus than either Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis or northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra in clear water (0 nephelometric turbidity units, NTU), suggesting differing anti-predator strategies and/or capabilities. In contrast to halibut and rock sole, which remained buried and inactive, English sole were often observed actively moving about. As a result, English sole were encountered more frequently by predators than the other 2 species, suggesting that they were more conspicuous to the predators. This was further evidenced by a higher frequency of stalk encounters for English sole, whereby the predators detected and approached them prior to prey flushing. However, as an estuarine-dependent species, English sole are generally exposed to lower densities of predators in an environment that tends to be highly turbid. When similar trials were conducted at higher turbidity (18 NTU), predation rates on English sole decreased to rates comparable to that for halibut and rock sole in clear water (0 NTU). Although English sole appeared more vulnerable to predation, their behavior may have evolved in response to, and be mitigated by, the turbid nature of the estuarine nursery environments to which they recruit, where predation pressure is significantly reduced in comparison to open coastal habitats. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,Hatfield Marine Sci Ct, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Lemke, JL (reprint author), ABR Inc, POB 249, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. EM jlemke@abrinc.com NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 328 BP 267 EP 273 DI 10.3354/meps328267 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 151VR UT WOS:000245319400024 ER PT J AU Womble, JN Sigler, MF AF Womble, Jamie N. Sigler, Michael F. TI Seasonal availability of abundant, energy-rich prey influences the abundance and diet of a marine predator, the Steller sea lion Eumetopias juhatus SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seasonal; prey availability; abundance; diet; energy; Eumetopias jubatus; Clupea pallasii; Theragra chalcogramma ID EULACHON THALEICHTHYS-PACIFICUS; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; LONG-TERM-MEMORY; FECAL SAMPLES; ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; SKELETAL STRUCTURES; JUBATUS; ALASKA; FOOD AB Steller sea lions Eumetopiasjubatus are central-place foragers that forage in the marine environment while using terrestrial sites to rest and care for young. Some terrestrial sites are used seasonally; however, the reasons for doing so are not fully understood. We addressed the hypothesis that seasonal availability of prey influences seasonal abundance and diet of sea lions. We quantified monthly prey availability and sea lion abundance and quarterly diet composition at Benjamin Island in SE Alaska (2001-2004). Large numbers of sea lions occupied Benjamin Island during the nonbreeding season from October to April when Pacific herring Clupea pallasii biomass was highest. Herring was the most common species in sea lion diet (frequency of occurrence [FO] = 90 %) and comprised over 81 % of the available pelagic prey biomass and 96 % of the energy encountered during pelagic surveys. Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma accounted for 19% of the available prey biomass but was only slightly less common in sea lion diet (FO = 88 %) than herring. Herring biomass was correlated with the number of sea lions; in contrast, there was no relationship between pollock biomass and number of sea lions. Several fish species were found in nearshore areas, but were uncommon in sea lion diet. Sea lions consumed the available pelagic prey but little of the available nearshore prey. The FO of herring and pollock in sea lion diet did not differ significantly between seasons; however, the FO of other seasonal prey species differed between seasons. Seasonal occupation of Benjamin Island by sea lions is influenced by seasonally available, densely aggregated, energy-rich prey. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Womble, JN (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jamie_womble@nps.gov NR 60 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 325 BP 281 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps325281 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 116LZ UT WOS:000242805700024 ER PT J AU Swimmer, Y Arauz, R McCracken, M McNaughton, L Ballestero, J Musyl, M Bigelow, K Brill, R AF Swimmer, Yonat Arauz, Randall McCracken, Marti McNaughton, Lianne Ballestero, Jorge Musyl, Mike Bigelow, Keith Brill, Richard TI Diving behavior and delayed mortality of olive ridley seat turtles Lepidochelys olivacea after their release from longline fishing gear SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE marine turtles; pop-off satellite archival tags; PSATs; eastern tropical Pacific Ocean ID CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; CARETTA-CARETTA; CHELONIA-MYDAS; SURVIVAL; FISHERY; ATLANTIC AB We deployed pop-off satellite archival tags (PSATs) on 14 olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea and 1 green turtle Chelonia mydas in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean between November 2001 and June 2003 to determine dive behavior and post-release mortality following interactions with longline fishing gear. Nine olive ridleys and 1 green turtle were captured by longline fishing gear, and 5 free swimming olive ridleys were hand-captured at the surface to serve as controls. Hooks were removed from all longline-caught turtles, with the exception of 1 olive ridley turtle. PSATs remained on control- and longline-caught olive ridleys for an average of 61 and 54 d, respectively (range: 26 to 115) and on the green turtle for 26 d. Olive ridleys spent nearly all of their recorded time within the top 60 m, with very few dives exceeding 100 m. Over 95% of the time was spent between water temperatures of 22 and 28 degrees C and turtles' dive behaviors appeared to be correlated with oceanographic variables (e.g. sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration). There were no clear differences evident either in horizontal movements, depth distributions, or associations with specific water temperatures between longline-caught and control turtles. Our data showed only one mortality event, that of a control turtle that died and sank 66 d after being tagged. We conclude that olive ridley turtles that are lightly hooked and handled properly survive and generally behave normally following interactions with shallow-set longline gear. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. PRETOMA, San Jose, Costa Rica. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Swimmer, Y (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM yonat.swimmer@noaa.gov RI Logger, Satellite/C-1379-2010 NR 30 TC 41 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 323 BP 253 EP 261 DI 10.3354/meps323253 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 103XY UT WOS:000241921700023 ER PT J AU Vandieken, V Nickel, M Jorgensen, BB AF Vandieken, Verona Nickel, Maren Jorgensen, Bo Barker TI Carbon mineralization in Arctic sediments northeast of Svalbard: Mn(IV) and Fe(III) reduction as principal anaerobic respiratory pathways SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE microbial Mn(IV); Fe(III) reduction; carbon mineralization; arctic sediments; Barents Sea; sediment incubations ID CONTINENTAL-MARGIN SEDIMENTS; MICROBIAL IRON REDUCTION; COASTAL MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SULFATE REDUCTION; BARENTS-SEA; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION; ORGANIC-MATTER; YOUNG SOUND; BLACK-SEA AB Carbon oxidation rates and pathways were determined in 3 sediments at latitude 79 degrees to 81 degrees N in the Barents Sea, where the ice cover restricts primary production to a few months of the year. Oxygen uptake (1.5 to 3.5 imnol m(-2) d(-1)) and sulfate reduction (< 0.1 to 0.22 mmol m(-2) d(-1) over 0 to 10 cm depth) rates were measured by whole core incubation. Pathways of anaerobic carbon oxidation were determined by combining results of anoxic sediment bag incubations with pore water and solid phase analyses of the sediments. In accordance with the high contents of solid Mn (>= 60 mu mol cm(-3)) and Fe(III) (>= 108 mu mol cm(-3)), dissimilatory Mn(IV) and Fe(III) reduction contributed between 69 and >= 90% to anaerobic carbon mineralization in the upper 10 cm of the sediments. At 2 of the 3 stations, sulfate reduction rates were below our detection limit of 1 nmol cm(-3) d(-1). Solid Mn and Fe(III) were abundant from the surface to 10 cm sediment depth and were apparently the only important anaerobic electron acceptors. At the third station, vertical zonation of anaerobic mineralization was observed, with Mn(IV) reduction at 0 to 3 cm followed by concurrent Fe(III) and sulfate reduction at 3 to 5 cm and sulfate reduction at 5 to 10 cm. Rates of microbial carbon oxidation were low compared to those in fjords on the west and south coasts of Svalbard. This is in accordance with the limited organic carbon supply by primary and secondary productivity caused by long periods of ice coverage. C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. RP Vandieken, V (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM vvandieken@arc.nasa.gov RI Jorgensen, Bo/C-2214-2013 OI Jorgensen, Bo/0000-0001-9398-8027 NR 57 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 13 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 322 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.3354/meps322015 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 098JD UT WOS:000241515900002 ER PT J AU Vandieken, V Finke, N Jorgensen, BB AF Vandieken, Verona Finke, Niko Jorgensen, Bo Barker TI Pathways of carbon oxidation in an Arctic fjord sediment (Svalbard) and isolation of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant Fe(III)-reducing bacteria SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Fe reduction; sulfate reduction; psychrophiles; Fe(III)-reducing bacteria; isolation; Svalbard; sediment bag incubation ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; CONTINENTAL-MARGIN SEDIMENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SP-NOV; IRON REDUCTION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; SHEWANELLA-FRIGIDIMARINA; DISSIMILATORY FE(III); OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AB The main mineralization pathways were determined in permanently cold fjord sediment on the west coast of Svalbard. In whole core incubations, the total oxygen uptake rate was 4.2 +/- 0.4 mmol m(-2) d(-1) and the sulfate reduction rate 2.6 +/- 0.6 mmol m(-2) d(-1) at 0 to 20 cm depth. Sulfate reduction was the most important anaerobic mineralization process, accounting for 57 % of anaerobic organic carbon oxidation in anoxic bag incubations of the top 5 cm of the sediment. The remaining 43 % oxidation was attributed to microbial Fe(III) reduction. Both processes occurred concurrently in the uppermost 2 cm, and the Fe-reducing community appeared to be limited mainly by the availability of Fe(III). Below 2 cm, sulfate reduction was the dominant electron-accepting process, Calculations for the uppermost 10 cm of the sediment yielded the following contribution of the different respiratory pathways to total carbon oxidation: aerobic respiration 53 %, sulfate reduction 34 %, Fe(III) reduction 13 %. In situ, the importance of Fe(III) reduction may vary through competition for substrate with oxygen- and nitrate-reducing bacteria in the surface sediment. Fe (111)-reducing bacteria belonging to the genera Desulfuromonas, Desulfuromusa, Shewanella and Desulfovibrio were isolated from enrichment cultures of 2 fjord sediments from Svalbard. Strains related to Desulfovibrio reduced Fe(III) without energy generation for growth. All isolates were psychrophilic or psychro-tolerant and grew at -2 degrees C, the freezing point of sea water, indicating adaptation to permanently cold temperatures. Besides Fe(III), the strains reduced other electron acceptors such as oxygen, manganese, elemental sulfur and sulfate. C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. RP Vandieken, V (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM vvandieken@arc.nasa.gov RI Jorgensen, Bo/C-2214-2013 OI Jorgensen, Bo/0000-0001-9398-8027 NR 63 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 17 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 322 BP 29 EP 41 DI 10.3354/meps322029 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 098JD UT WOS:000241515900003 ER PT J AU Ohi, N Mizobuchi, A Taguchi, S AF Ohi, Nobuaki Mizobuchi, Akemi Taguchi, Satoru TI Light absorption of Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyceae) under a day-night cycle with ultraviolet radiation SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE absorption; diel cycle; optical properties; pigmentation; UV ID DUNALIELLA-TERTIOLECTA CHLOROPHYCEAE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; DIEL VARIATIONS; NATURAL-WATERS; QUANTUM YIELD; PHYTOPLANKTON; PIGMENTS; CELL; PHOTOINHIBITION; FLUORESCENCE AB Diel variation in chlorophyll a - specific absorption coefficients, a*(ph)(lambda), m(2) (mg chl a)(-1), was examined to study the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on a*(ph)(lambda) of the prymnesiophycean Isochrysis galbana (Parke). A continuous culture was exposed for 2 wk to a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) supplemented with UVR. Photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments as well as cell density and diameter were also determined every 2 h for 2 d to confirm the periodicity of a*(ph)(lambda). A distinct diel variation was observed, with maxima toward the end of light periods and minima toward the end of dark periods. The magnitude of diel variation in a*(ph)(440) and a*(ph)(676) was 14 and 6.6 %, respectively. To reconstruct the absorption coefficient, the absorption efficiency factors Q(a)(lambda), were determined using intracellular chl a concentration, cell diameter, and chl a-specific absorption coefficients after solubilization on Triton X, a*(TX)(lambda). The main source of diel variation for Q(a)(lambda) appears to be a*(TX)(lambda). Diel variation in the absorption ratio of photoprotective pigments to chl a was observed to be more significant than that for the absorption ratio of other photosynthetic pigments to chl a. The diel variations in a*(ph)(lambda) were primarily caused by changes in pigmentation of photoprotective pigments due to UVR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Soka Univ, Dept Environm Engn Symbiosis, Hachioji, Tokyo 1928577, Japan. RP Ohi, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrospher & Biospher Sci Lab, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM gtoi@hotmail.com NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 316 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.3354/meps316085 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 070HN UT WOS:000239512600007 ER PT J AU Litzow, MA Bailey, KM Prahl, FG Heintz, R AF Litzow, Michael A. Bailey, Kevin M. Prahl, Fredrick G. Heintz, Ron TI Climate regime shifts and reorganization of fish communities: the essential fatty acid limitation hypothesis SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE regime shift; essential fatty acid; climate; community ecology; lipid ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; NORTH-SEA; FOOD-WEB; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SPECIES VARIABILITY; GADOID OUTBURST; ENERGY DENSITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; FORAGE FISH; ALASKA AB Climate regime shifts force fish communities through rapid transitions between alternate species assemblages, but little is known about the role that biochemical ecology plays in these transitions. We document a biochemical effect of climate-induced community transitions in boreal oceans: opposite population trajectories of lipid-rich and lipid-poor fish species. We compared published estimates of fish lipid content and population trajectories following climate shifts in 4 areas (Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Scotian Shelf and North Sea). In all cases, total lipid content differed between species that increased and decreased in abundance, and the resulting relatively lipid-rich or lipid-poor communities persisted for decades. We hypothesize that these changes in fish community lipid content are the result of climate-mediated changes in the availability of essential fatty acids (EFAs), which are required by fish as components of hormones and cell membranes. EFAs are produced only by plants and must be obtained by fish through their diet, and ecosystem EFA availability is sensitive to physical forcing mechanisms. Using original data from 5 species of northeast Pacific fish (total lipid 1.0 to 28.9% wet mass) and published data for 29 species of myctophids (total lipid 0.5 to 46.3% wet mass), we found that the content of 2 important EFAs was positively correlated with total lipid content. This result suggests the possibility of species differences in EFA requirements that are related to total lipid content, and possible differences in susceptibility to changing EFA availability in lipid-rich and lipid-poor fish species. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Litzow, MA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM mike.litzow@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 31 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 315 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.3354/meps315001 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 066PI UT WOS:000239241800001 ER PT J AU Brock, JC Yates, KK Halley, RB Kuffner, IB Wright, CW Hatcher, BG AF Brock, John C. Yates, Kimberly K. Halley, Robert B. Kuffner, Ilsa B. Wright, C. Wayne Hatcher, Bruce G. TI Northern Florida reef tract benthic metabolism scaled by remote sensing SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE coral reefs; benthic metabolism; remote sensing; lidar; northern Florida reef tract ID BISCAYNE-NATIONAL-PARK; CORAL-REEF; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ZOOXANTHELLATE CORAL; MONTASTREA-ANNULARIS; MARINE ENVIRONMENTS; SOUTH FLORIDA; PHASE-SHIFTS; COASTAL ZONE AB Holistic rates of excess organic carbon production (E) and calcification for a 0.5 km(2) segment of the backreef platform of the northern Florida reef tract (NFRT) were estimated by combining biotope mapping using remote sensing with community metabolic rates determined with a benthic incubation system. The use of ASTER multispectral satellite imaging for the spatial scaling of benthic metabolic processes resulted in errors in E and net calcification (G) of 48 and 431% respectively, relative to estimates obtained using AISA hyperspectral airborne scanning. At 19 and 125%, the E and G errors relative to the AISA-based estimates were less pronounced for an analysis that used IKONOS multispectral satellite imagery to spatially extrapolate the chamber process measurements. Our scaling analysis indicates that the holistic calcification rate of the backreef platform of the northern Florida reef tract is negligible at 0.07 g CaCO3 m(-2) d(-1). All of the mapped biotopes in this reef zone are net heterotrophic, resulting in an estimated holistic excess production rate of -0.56 g C m(-2) d(-1), and an overall gross primary production to respiration ratio of 0.85. Based on our finding of ubiquitous heterotrophy, we infer that the backreef platform of the NFRT is a sink for external inputs of suspended particulate organic matter. Further, our results suggest that the inward advection of inorganic nutrients is not a dominant forcing mechanism for benthic biogeochemical function in the NFRT. We suggest that the degradation of the northern Florida reef tract may parallel the community phase shifts documented within other reef systems polluted by organic detritus. C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Univ Coll Cape Breton, Sydney, NSW B1P 6L2, Australia. RP Brock, JC (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal & Watershed Studies, 600 4th St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM john_brock@usgs.gov RI Kuffner, Ilsa/A-6416-2008; OI Kuffner, Ilsa/0000-0001-8804-7847 NR 111 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 312 BP 123 EP 139 DI 10.3354/meps312123 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 047ZX UT WOS:000237918300010 ER PT J AU Jodice, PGR Roby, DD Suryan, RM Irons, DB Turco, KR Brown, ED Thedinga, JF Visser, GH AF Jodice, PGR Roby, DD Suryan, RM Irons, DB Turco, KR Brown, ED Thedinga, JF Visser, GH TI Increased energy expenditure by a seabird in response to higher food abundance SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE daily energy expenditure; DEE; doubly labeled water; food availability; black-legged kittiwake; Pacific herring; Prince William Sound; Alaska ID BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; FIELD METABOLIC-RATES; RISSA-TRIDACTYLA; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BROOD SIZE; BODY WATER; ENERGETICS; AVAILABILITY; ALASKA AB Variability in forage fish abundance strongly affects seabird behavior and reproductive success, although details of this relationship are unclear. During 1997 and 1998, we measured (1) daily energy expenditure (DEE) of 80 parent black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla at 2 colonies in Prince William Sound, Alaska (North Icy Bay and Shoup Bay), (2) abundance of surface-schooling forage fishes within the foraging range of each colony, and (3) diet composition, energy delivery rates to nestlings, and reproductive success of kittiwakes at these same colonies. Female DEE was highest at North Icy Bay in 1998, while male DEE did not differ by colony year. Abundances of Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus were highest near North Icy Bay in 1998 and nearly equal in density, although Age 1+ herring comprised the majority of the diet there. Energy delivery rates to nestlings, nestling growth rates, and productivity were also highest at North Icy Bay in 1998. We suggest that female kittiwakes responded to the increased abundance of Age 1+ herring near North Icy Bay in 1998 by increasing their DEE, which in turn positively affected reproductive success. Given that adult kittiwakes have been shown to suffer decreased survival as a response to increased energy expenditure during brood rearing, the positive correlation we observed between increased abundance of a high quality food source, parental effort, and productivity is consistent with maximizing lifetime reproductive success. The lack of a response in male DEE suggests that brood-rearing roles in kittiwakes differ between genders. C1 Oregon State Univ, USGS Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands. RP Jodice, PGR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, USGS S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, G27 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM pjodice@clemson.edu NR 52 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 5 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2006 VL 306 BP 283 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps306283 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 014YQ UT WOS:000235518100025 ER PT S AU Turyshev, SG Nieto, MM Anderson, JD AF Turyshev, S. G. Nieto, M. M. Anderson, J. D. BE Mamon, GA Combes, F Deffayet, C Fort, B TI The Pioneer anomaly and its implications SO Mass Profiles and Shapes of Cosmological Structures SE EAS PUBLICATIONS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st IAP Colloquium on Mass Profiles and Shapes of Cosmological Structures CY JUL 04-09, 2005 CL Inst Astrophys, Paris, FRANCE SP Observ Paris, CNES, CNRS, Inst Natl Sci Univers, Sci Phys Math, Programme Natl Cosmol, European Space Agcy, Univ Pierre & Marie Curie HO Inst Astrophys ID EXPLANATION AB The Pioneer 10/11 spacecraft yielded the most precise navigation in deep space to date. However, their radio-metric tracking data has consistently indicated the presence of a small, anomalous, Doppler frequency drift. The drift is a blue-shift, uniformly changing with a rate of similar to 6 x 10(-9) Hz/s and can be interpreted as a constant sunward acceleration of each particular spacecraft of a(P) = (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10(-10) m/s(2). The nature of this anomaly remains unexplained. Here we summarize our current knowledge of the discovered effect and review some of the mechanisms proposed for its explanation. Currently we are preparing for the analysis of the entire set of the available Pioneer 10/11 Doppler data which may shed a new light on the origin of the anomaly. We present a preliminary assessment of such an intriguing possibility. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Turyshev, SG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI CEDEX A PA 17 AVE DU HOGGAR PARC D ACTIVITES COUTABOEUF BP 112, F-91944 CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1633-4760 BN 2-86883-917-7 J9 EAS PUBLICATIONS PY 2006 VL 20 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1051/eas:2006078 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BET12 UT WOS:000239405300044 ER PT S AU Su, J Xu, TB Zhang, SJ Shrout, TR Zhang, QM AF Su, Ji Xu, Tian-Bing Zhang, Shujun Shrout, Thomas R. Zhang, Qiming BE Furuya, Y Su, J Takeuchi, I Varadan, VK Ulicny, J TI A hybrid actuation system (HYBAS) and aerospace applications SO Material and Devices for Smart Systems II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials and Devices for Smart Systems II held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 01, 2005 CL Boston, MA DE hybrid; actuation system; electroactive polymer; electroactive ceramics; HYBAS ID PERFORMANCE; COPOLYMER AB An electroactive polymer-ceramic hybrid actuation system (HYBAS) has been developed at NASA Langley Research Center. The system demonstrates significantly-enhanced electromechanical performance by cooperatively utilizing advantages of a combination of electromechanical responses of an electroative polymer (EAP), and an electroactive ceramic single crystal, PZN-PT single crystal. The electroactive elements are driven by a single power source. Recently, a modification of HYBAS has been made to increase the capability of air driving for synthetic jet devices (SJ) used in aerodynamic control technologies. The dependence of the air driving capability of the modified HYBAS on the configuration of the actuating device has been investigated. For this particular application, the modified HYBAS demonstrated a 50% increase in the volume change in the synthetic jet air chamber, as compared with that of the HYBAS without the modification. The theoretical modeling of the performances of the HYBAS is in good agreement with experimental observation. The consistence between the theoretical modeling and experimental test make the design concept an effective route for the development of high performance actuating devices for many applications. The theoretical modeling, fabrication of the HYBAS and the initial experimental results will be presented and discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Su, J (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-842-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 888 BP 27 EP 34 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEG73 UT WOS:000237236600004 ER PT S AU Jewell, AD Paik, JA Caillat, T AF Jewell, April D. Paik, Jong-Ah Caillat, Thierry BE Yang, J Hogan, TP Funahashi, R Nolas, GS TI Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of CeyRuxIr4-xSb12 filled skutterudite compounds SO Materials and Technologies for Direct Thermal-to-Electric Energy Conversion SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials and Technologies for Direct Thermal-to-Electric Energy Conversion held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 2005 CL Boston, MA AB Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) have proved to be reliable, long-lived sources of electrical power that have enabled the conduct of a number of important NASA deep space missions since 1961. Past RTGs have used two types of thermoelectric materials: PbTe/TAGS and SiGe. In an effort to further improve both the thermoelectric efficiency and specific power of the next generation of RTGs, JPL is investigating a number of potential high-efficiency, high-temperature thermoelectric materials that could operate at a hot-side temperature of up to 1275 K. Among the materials being studied are the refractory CeyRu4-xIrxSb12 filled skutterudite compounds. We have synthesized polycrystalline samples for x <= 1.5 by a powder metallurgy technique. Dense samples have been hot-pressed from the pre-reacted powders and characterized by a variety of techniques including electron probe microanalysis, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetic analysis. Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, and thermal conductivity measurements have been conducted on the samples from room temperature to 1275 K. Results show that the samples are phase stable up to 1275 K. The results of the transport property measurements are presented and discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jewell, AD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-840-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 886 BP 369 EP 374 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BEG70 UT WOS:000237235300047 ER PT J AU Abdul-Aziz, A AF Abdul-Aziz, A TI Nondestructive testing of ceramic materials SO MATERIALS EVALUATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Opt Instrumentat & NDE Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Opt Instrumentat & NDE Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 6-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM smaziz@grc.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST PI COLUMBUS PA 1711 ARLINGATE LANE PO BOX 28518, COLUMBUS, OH 43228-0518 USA SN 0025-5327 J9 MATER EVAL JI Mater. Eval. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 64 IS 1 BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 007RG UT WOS:000234986500002 ER PT J AU Abdul-Aziz, A AF Abdul-Aziz, A TI NDT of ceramics: An introduction to the technical focus issue SO MATERIALS EVALUATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Opt Instrumentat & NDE Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Opt Instrumentat & NDE Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 6-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM smaziz@grc.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST PI COLUMBUS PA 1711 ARLINGATE LANE PO BOX 28518, COLUMBUS, OH 43228-0518 USA SN 0025-5327 J9 MATER EVAL JI Mater. Eval. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 64 IS 1 BP 43 EP 44 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 007RG UT WOS:000234986500006 ER PT J AU Roth, DJ Martin, RE Hertert, L Chelmins, DT Mandlik, A Cosgriff, LA Sandhu, J AF Roth, DJ Martin, RE Hertert, L Chelmins, DT Mandlik, A Cosgriff, LA Sandhu, J TI Quantitative ultrasonic imaging using liquid crystal display technology for ceramics and other composites SO MATERIALS EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE nondestructive testing; ultrasonics; acoustography; image processing; liquid crystal display; composites; ceramics ID ACOUSTOGRAPHY AB Acoustography is a full-field ultrasonic imaging process in which a high resolution, two dimensional acousto-optic sensor based on liquid crystal technology is employed to directly convert the ultrasound into a visual image in near real time. A series of images develops as a function of time in the acoustography process. Information seen in early frames is sometimes lost in later frames once steady state has been achieved, making quantitative determination of discontinuity size and relative attenuation differences between regions ambiguous. In this study, novel processing techniques are demonstrated that allow the reduction an acoustographic image sequence to a single, easily interpreted image that improves discontinuity detection (effectively increasing the dynamic range of the acoustographic technique). Reduction to a single image allows a simpler determination of relative attenuation and discontinuity size. These approaches are tested on polymer and ceramic matrix composite samples. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio No Univ, Ada, OH 45810 USA. Santec Syst Inc, Wheeling, IL 60090 USA. RP Roth, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM donald.j.roth@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST PI COLUMBUS PA 1711 ARLINGATE LANE PO BOX 28518, COLUMBUS, OH 43228-0518 USA SN 0025-5327 J9 MATER EVAL JI Mater. Eval. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 64 IS 1 BP 61 EP 65 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 007RG UT WOS:000234986500009 ER PT S AU de Groh, KK Dever, JA Snyder, A Kaminski, S McCarthy, CE Rapoport, AL Rucker, RN AF de Groh, Kim K. Dever, Joyce A. Snyder, Aaron Kaminski, Sharon McCarthy, Catherine E. Rapoport, Allison L. Rucker, Rochelle N. BE Ila, D Mailhiot, C Saganti, PB TI Solar effects on tensile and optical properties of Hubble Space Telescope silver-Teflon insulation SO Materials in Extreme Environments SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials in Extreme Environments held at the 2006 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID DEGRADATION; FEP AB A section of the retrieved Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array drive arm (SADA) multilayer insulation (MLI), which experienced 8.25 years of space exposure, was analyzed for environmental durability of the top layer of silver-Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene (Ag-FEP). Because the SADA MLI had solar and anti-solar facing surfaces and was exposed to the space environment for a long duration, it provided a unique opportunity to study solar effects on the environmental degradation of Ag-FEP, a commonly used spacecraft thermal control material. Data obtained included tensile properties, solar absorptance, surface morphology and chemistry. The solar facing surface was found to be extremely embrittled and contained numerous through-thickness cracks. Tensile testing indicated that the solar facing surface lost 60% of its mechanical strength and 90% of its elasticity while the anti-solar facing surface had ductility similar to pristine FEP. The solar absorptance of both the solar facing surface (0.155 +/- 0.032) and the anti-solar facing surface (0.208 +/- 0.012) were found to be greater than pristine Ag-FEP (0.074). Solar facing and anti-solar facing surfaces were microscopically textured, and locations of isolated contamination were present on the anti-solar surface resulting in increased localized texturing. Yet, the overall texture was significantly more pronounced on the solar facing surface indicating a synergistic effect of combined solar exposure and increased heating with atomic oxygen erosion. The results indicate a very strong dependence of degradation, particularly embrittlement, upon solar exposure with orbital thermal cycling having a significant effect. C1 NASA, Electrophys Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP de Groh, KK (reprint author), NASA, Electrophys Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Borrkpk Rd,MS 309-2, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-886-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 929 BP 171 EP 184 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BFG34 UT WOS:000241699200023 ER PT J AU Asthana, R Kumar, A Dahotre, NB AF Asthana, Rajiv Kumar, Ashok Dahotre, Narendra B. BA Asthana, R Kumar, A Dahotre, NB BF Asthana, R Kumar, A Dahotre, NB TI Materials Processing and Manufacturing Science Preface SO MATERIALS PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Asthana, Rajiv] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. [Asthana, Rajiv] Univ Wisconsin Stout, Stout, WI USA. [Kumar, Ashok] Univ S Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Kumar, Ashok] Univ S Florida, Ctr Nanomat & Microelect Res, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Kumar, Ashok] Univ S Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. [Kumar, Ashok] N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [Kumar, Ashok] NASA EPSCoR Program, Adv Mat Program State Alabama, Washington, DC USA. [Dahotre, Narendra B.] Univ Tennessee Knoxville, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Knoxville, TN USA. [Dahotre, Narendra B.] Univ Tennessee Knoxville, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Knoxville, TN USA. [Dahotre, Narendra B.] Univ Tennessee, Ctr Excellence Laser Applicat, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Dahotre, Narendra B.] Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI USA. RP Asthana, R (reprint author), Foundry Res Inst, Krakow, Poland. NR 0 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA BN 978-0-08-046488-6 PY 2006 BP XVIII EP XX DI 10.1016/B978-075067716-5/50001-7 D2 10.1016/B978-075067716-5/50003-0 PG 3 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCT19 UT WOS:000311337200001 ER PT J AU Goodrich, J Hagstrom, T Lorenz, J AF Goodrich, J Hagstrom, T Lorenz, J TI Hermite methods for hyperbolic initial-boundary value problems SO MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE high-order methods; hyperbolic problems; stability ID EQUATIONS; INTERPOLATION; SCHEMES; CIP AB We study arbitrary-order Hermite difference methods for the numerical solution of initial-boundary value problems for symmetric hyperbolic systems. These differ from standard difference methods in that derivative data (or equivalently local polynomial expansions) are carried at each grid point. Time-stepping is achieved using staggered grids and Taylor series. We prove that methods using derivatives of order m in each coordinate direction are stable under m-independent CFL constraints and converge at order 2m+1. The stability proof relies on the fact that the Hermite interpolation process generally decreases a seminorm of the solution. We present numerical experiments demonstrating the resolution of the methods for large m as well as illustrating the basic theoretical results. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Acoust Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Math & Stat, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Goodrich, J (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Acoust Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM John.Goodrich@grc.nasa.gov; hagstrom@math.unm.edu; lorenz@math.unm.edu NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MATHEMATICAL SOC PI PROVIDENCE PA 201 CHARLES ST, PROVIDENCE, RI 02940-2213 USA SN 0025-5718 J9 MATH COMPUT JI Math. Comput. PY 2006 VL 75 IS 254 BP 595 EP 630 PG 36 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 031SC UT WOS:000236723300004 ER PT B AU Trigwell, S Selvaduray, G AF Trigwell, Steve Selvaduray, Guna BE Venugopalan, R Wu, M TI Effect of surface treatment on the surface characteristics of AISI 316L stainless steel SO Medical Device Materials III: Proceedings from the Materials & Processes for Medical Devices Conference 2005 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Materials and Processes for Medical Devices Conference CY NOV 14-16, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP ASM Int ID ADHESION AB The ability of 316L stainless steel to maintain biocompatibility, which is dependent upon the surface characteristics, is critical to its effectiveness as an implant material. The surfaces of mechanically polished (MP), electropolished (EP) and plasma treated 316L stainless steel coupons were characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) for chemical composition, Atomic Force Microscopy for surface roughness, and contact angle measurements for critical surface tension. All surfaces had a Ni concentration that was significantly lower than the bulk concentration of similar to 13%. The Cr content of the surface was increased significantly by electropolishing. The surface roughness was also improved significantly by electropolishing. Plasma treatment had the reverse effect - the surface Cr content was decreased. It was also found that the Cr and Fe in the surface exist in both the oxide and hydroxide states, with the ratios varying according to surface treatment. C1 NASA, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32889 USA. RP Trigwell, S (reprint author), NASA, Electrostat & Surface Phys Lab, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32889 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA 9503 KINSMAN RD, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073 USA BN 978-0-87170-845-8 PY 2006 BP 208 EP 213 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BFY24 UT WOS:000245427500034 ER PT S AU Luterbacher, J Xoplaki, E Casty, C Wanner, H Pauling, A Kuttel, M Rutishauser, T Bronnimann, S Fischer, E Fleitmann, D Gonzalez-Rouco, FJ Garcia-Herrera, R Barriendos, M Rodrigo, F Gonzalez-Hidalgo, JC Saz, MA Gimeno, L Ribera, P Brunet, M Paeth, H Rimbu, N Felis, T Jacobeit, J Dunkeloh, A Zorita, E Guiot, J Turkes, M Alcoforado, MJ Trigo, R Wheeler, D Tett, S Mann, ME Touchan, R Shindell, DT Silenzi, S Montagna, P Camuffo, D Mariotti, A Nanni, T Brunetti, M Maugeri, M Zerefos, C De Zolt, S Lionello, P Nunes, MF Rath, V Beltrami, H Garnier, E Ladurie, EL AF Luterbacher, Juerg Xoplaki, Elena Casty, Carlo Wanner, Heinz Pauling, Andreas Kuettel, Marcel Rutishauser, This Broennimann, Stefan Fischer, Erich Fleitmann, Dominik Gonzalez-Rouco, Fidel J. Garcia-Herrera, Ricardo Barriendos, Mariano Rodrigo, Fernando Carlos Gonzalez-Hidalgo, Jose Angel Saz, Miguel Gimeno, Luis Ribera, Pedro Brunet, Manola Paeth, Heiko Rimbu, Norel Felis, Thomas Jacobeit, Jucundus Duenkeloh, Armin Zorita, Eduardo Guiot, Joel Tuerkes, Murat Alcoforado, Maria Joao Trigo, Ricardo Wheeler, Dennis Tett, Simon Mann, Michael E. Touchan, Ramzi Shindell, Drew T. Silenzi, Sergio Montagna, Paolo Camuffo, Dario Mariotti, Annarita Nanni, Teresa Brunetti, Michele Maugeri, Maurizio Zerefos, Christos De Zolt, Simona Lionello, Piero Fatima Nunes, M. Rath, Volker Beltrami, Hugo Garnier, Emmanuel Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy BE Lionello, P MalanotteRizzoli, P Boscolo, R TI Mediterranean Climate Variability over the Last Centuries: A Review SO MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE VARIABILITY SE Developments in Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; DEEP-SEA CORALS; LATE MAUNDER MINIMUM; TREE-RING WIDTHS; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTIONS; SCALE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; 1000-YR CONTROL SIMULATION; PRESSURE SERIES 1763-1998; DAILY MILAN TEMPERATURE; GRAPE HARVEST DATES C1 [Luterbacher, Juerg; Xoplaki, Elena; Casty, Carlo; Wanner, Heinz] Univ Bern, NCCR Climate, Bern, Switzerland. [Luterbacher, Juerg; Xoplaki, Elena; Casty, Carlo; Wanner, Heinz; Pauling, Andreas; Kuettel, Marcel; Rutishauser, This] Univ Bern, Inst Geog, Bern, Switzerland. [Broennimann, Stefan; Fischer, Erich] ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. [Fleitmann, Dominik] Univ Bern, Inst Geol Sci, Bern, Switzerland. [Gonzalez-Rouco, Fidel J.; Garcia-Herrera, Ricardo] Univ Complutense, Dept Phys, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. [Barriendos, Mariano] Univ Barcelona, Dept Modern Hist, Barcelona, Spain. [Rodrigo, Fernando] Univ Almeria, Dept Appl Phys, Almeria, Spain. [Carlos Gonzalez-Hidalgo, Jose; Angel Saz, Miguel] Univ Zaragoza, Dept Geog, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. [Gimeno, Luis] Univ Vigo, Fac Ciencias Ourense, Orense, Spain. [Ribera, Pedro] Univ Pablo de Olavide, Depto CC Ambient, Seville, Spain. [Brunet, Manola] Univ Rovira & Virgili, Climate Change Res Grp, Tarragona, Spain. [Paeth, Heiko] Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, Bonn, Germany. [Rimbu, Norel] Univ Bucharest, Dept Geosci, Bucharest, Romania. [Rimbu, Norel] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Felis, Thomas] Univ Bremen, DFG Res Ctr Ocean Margins, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. [Jacobeit, Jucundus] Univ Augsburg, Inst Geog, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany. [Duenkeloh, Armin] Univ Wurzburg, Inst Geog, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany. [Zorita, Eduardo] GKSS, Inst Coastal Res, Dept Paleoclimate, Geesthacht, Germany. [Tuerkes, Murat] Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Dept Geog, Canakkale, Turkey. [Guiot, Joel] CEREGE CNRS UMR 6635, Aix En Provence 4, France. [Alcoforado, Maria Joao] Univ Lisbon, FLUL, Ctr Estudos Geog, P-1600214 Lisbon, Portugal. [Trigo, Ricardo] Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, CGUL, Lisbon, Portugal. [Wheeler, Dennis] Univ Sunderland, Sunderland SR2 7EE, Durham, England. [Tett, Simon] Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England. [Mann, Michael E.] Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Mann, Michael E.] Penn State Univ, Earth & Environm Syst Inst ISSI, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Touchan, Ramzi] Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Shindell, Drew T.] NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. [Shindell, Drew T.] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. [Silenzi, Sergio; Montagna, Paolo] ICRAM Cent Inst Marine Res, Rome, Italy. [Camuffo, Dario] CNR, Inst Atmospher Sci & Climate, Padua, Italy. [Nanni, Teresa; Brunetti, Michele] Inst Atmospher Sci & Climate, Bologna, Italy. [Maugeri, Maurizio] Univ Milan, Ist Fis Gen Applicata, Milan, Italy. [Zerefos, Christos] Univ Athens, Fac Geol, Lab Climatol & Atmospher Environm, Athens, Greece. [De Zolt, Simona; Lionello, Piero] Univ Padua, Dept Phys, Padua, Italy. [Fatima Nunes, M.] Univ Evora Portugal, Dept Hist, Evora, Portugal. [Rath, Volker] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. [Beltrami, Hugo] St Francis Xavier Univ, Environm Sci Res Ctr, Antigonish, NS B2G 1C0, Canada. [Garnier, Emmanuel] Univ Caen, CNRS UMR 6583, Lab Climat & Environm Sci CEA CNRS, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy] Coll France, F-75231 Paris, France. RP Luterbacher, J (reprint author), Univ Bern, NCCR Climate, Bern, Switzerland. EM juerg@giub.unibe.ch; xoplaki@giub.unibe.ch; casty@giub.unibe.ch; wanner@giub.unibe.ch; pauling@giub.unibe.ch; kuettel@giub.unibe.ch; rutis@giub.unibe.ch; stefan.broennimann@env.ethz.ch; erich.fischer@env.ethz.ch; fleitman@geo.unibe.ch; fidelgr@fis.ucm.es; rgarciah@fis.ucm.es; barriendos@eresmas.net; frodrigo@ual.es; jcgh@posta.unizar.es; masaz@posta.unizar.es; l.gimeno@uvigo.es; pribrod@upo.es; manola.brunet@urv.net; hpaeth@uni-bonn.de; nrimbu@awi-bremerhaven.de; tfelis@uni-bremen.de; jucundus.jacobeit@geo.uni-augsburg.de; armin.duenkeloh@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de; zorita@gkss.de; guiot@cerege.fr; murat.turkes@comu.edu.tr; mjalcoforado@mail.telepac.pt; rmtrigo@fc.ul.pt; denniswheeler@beeb.net; simon.tett@metoffice.gov.uk; mann@psu.edu; rtouchan@ltrr.arizona.edu; dshindell@giss.nasa.gov; s.silenzi@icram.org; p.montagna@icram.org; d.camuffo@isac.cnr.it; annarita.mariotti@casaccia.enea.it; t.nanni@isac.cnr.it; m.brunetti@isac.cnr.it; maurizio.maugeri@unimi.it; zerefos@geol.uoa.gr; simona.dezolt@pd.infn.it; piero.lionello@pd.infn.it; mfn@uevora.pt; v.rath@geophysik.rwth-aachen.de; hugo@stfx.ca; Famgarnier14@wanadoo.fr; e.le-roy-ladurie@college-de-France.fr RI Trigo, Ricardo/B-7044-2008; Tett, Simon/B-1504-2013; Montagna, Paolo/H-9632-2015; brunetti, michele/A-2447-2011; Fischer, Erich/B-6067-2011; Mann, Michael/B-8472-2017 OI Trigo, Ricardo/0000-0002-4183-9852; Tett, Simon/0000-0001-7526-560X; Montagna, Paolo/0000-0001-5598-2214; brunetti, michele/0000-0003-3487-2221; Fischer, Erich/0000-0003-1931-6737; Mann, Michael/0000-0003-3067-296X NR 392 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1571-9197 BN 978-0-08-046079-6; 978-0-44-452170-5 J9 DEV EARTH ENV SCI PY 2006 VL 4 BP 27 EP 148 PG 122 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA BCN65 UT WOS:000310790100003 ER PT S AU Meyyappan, M Li, J Li, J Cassell, A AF Meyyappan, M Li, J Li, J Cassell, A GP IEEE TI Nanotechnology: An overview and integration with MEMS SO MEMS 2006: 19TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, TECHNICAL DIGEST SE Proceedings IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2006) CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP IEEE, Robot & Automat Soc AB There are strong research programs in nanotechnology related to chemical sensors, electromechanical devices, actuators, biosensors, etc. in leading laboratories across the world. In many cases, practical systems demand seamless integration of the nanodevice with higher order structures, for example, MEMS. Examples of this using carbon nanotube based chemical and biosensors are presented. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1084-6999 BN 0-7803-9475-5 J9 PROC IEEE MICR ELECT PY 2006 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BEE74 UT WOS:000236994500001 ER PT S AU Toda, R Yang, EH AF Toda, R Yang, EH GP IEEE TI Zero-power latching, large-stroke, high-precision linear microactuator for lightweight structures in space SO MEMS 2006: 19TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, TECHNICAL DIGEST SE Proceedings IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2006) CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL Istanbul, TURKEY SP IEEE, Robot & Automat Soc ID ACTUATOR AB This paper presents the successful demonstration of a latching-type, large-stroke, high-precision linear microactuator. The microactuator is capable of zero-power latching, or forcibly maintaining its position by using pre-stressed spring load. The actuator is driven by a combination of PZT actuator for slider thrust and electrostatic comb drive for slider grip. Incremental step size is precisely adjustable to tens of nanometer level by controlling PZT actuator voltage. Large stroke is obtained by repeating the operation sequence numerous times. Large stroke exceeding 600 pin has been demonstrated. There is no conceivable limit to the stroke except for the length of the slider and external load. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Risaku.Toda@jpl.nasa.gov OI Yang, Eui-Hyeok/0000-0003-4893-1691 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1084-6999 BN 0-7803-9475-5 J9 PROC IEEE MICR ELECT PY 2006 BP 726 EP 729 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BEE74 UT WOS:000236994500182 ER PT S AU Lakew, B Aslam, S Jones, H Moeckly, B AF Lakew, B. Aslam, S. Jones, H. Moeckly, B. BE Urey, H ElFatatry, A TI Noise in MgB(2) thin film - a candidate material for space-borne infrared detector development SO MEMS, MOEMS, AND MICROMACHINING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on MEMS, MOEMS and Micromachining II CY APR 03-04, 2005 CL Strasbourg, FRANCE SP SPIE, Conseil Gen Bas Rhin, Communaute Urbaine Strasbourg, Reg Alsace, Alsace Dev Agcy ID REACTIVE EVAPORATION; BOLOMETER AB An MgB(2) thin film was grown on a SiN-Si substrate, with a superconducting transition temperature, T(c), near 39K. At the mid-point of the transition (T = 38.24K) and at 10Hz a noise spectral density S(z) = 0.34nV/root Hz was measured. The temperature noise, K(n), of the MgB(2) film at different frequencies is compared to that of cuprate high temperature superconducting (HTS) thin films (with T(c) - 90 K) used currently in transition-edge bolometers. K(n) values predict that high performance far-IR thermal detectors (i.e bolometers) can be developed using MgB(2) as a thermistor. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lakew, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Aslam, Shahid/D-1099-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6242-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6186 AR 61860A DI 10.1117/12.663668 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEQ19 UT WOS:000238881100015 ER PT S AU Potter, AE Plymate, C Keller, C Killen, RM Morgan, TH AF Potter, A. E. Plymate, C. Keller, C. Killen, R. M. Morgan, T. H. BE Grard, R Masson, P Khurana, K TI Mapping sodium distribution in the exosphere of Mercury with tip-tilt image stabilization SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE Mercury; sodium; exosphere; tip-tilt; image stabilizer; atmospheric models; exospheric models ID SOLAR-WIND; ATMOSPHERE; POTASSIUM; MAGNETOSPHERE; DISCOVERY; IONS; NA AB Mapping the sodium emission about Mercury is a difficult observational problem, since Mercury is seen either against the bright daytime sky, or against a dark sky at very high air masses. The distribution of sodium emission over the surface of Mercury is non-uniform, and changes over time. These effects give clues to the processes that produce the sodium and control its distribution, so that improved mapping of sodium emissions over the Mercury surface will help clarify their relative importance. We have adapted an image stabilizer utilizing a piezoelectric driven tip-tilt correction mirror for daytime spectral imaging of Mercury. The image stabilizer, which was originally developed for solar observations at the McMath-Pierce solar telescope, results in a noticeable improvement in spatial resolution of our Mercury sodium images. In this paper we give initial results from use of the tip-tilt image stabilizer for observations of Mercury's sodium exosphere. Further systematic observations and improvements are planned for the image stabilizer system, as well as experimental observations with a low-order adaptive optics system incorporating a commercially available 37-actuator deformable mirror. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Solar Observ, Tucson Div, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC USA. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Townsville, Qld, Australia. RP Potter, AE (reprint author), Natl Solar Observ, Tucson Div, POB 26732,950 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. EM apotter@noao.edu RI Killen, Rosemary/E-7127-2012; Morgan, Thomas/I-5943-2013 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 599 EP 603 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.062 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFV95 UT WOS:000245033700007 ER PT S AU Baumjohann, W Matsuoka, A Glassmeier, KH Russell, CT Nagai, T Hoshino, M Nakagawa, T Balogh, A Slavin, JA Nakamura, R Magnes, W AF Baumjohann, W. Matsuoka, A. Glassmeier, K. H. Russell, C. T. Nagai, T. Hoshino, M. Nakagawa, T. Balogh, A. Slavin, J. A. Nakamura, R. Magnes, W. BE Grard, R Masson, P Khurana, K TI The magnetosphere of Mercury and its solar wind environment: Open issues and scientific questions SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE Mercury; magnetosphere; shocks; reconnection; Alfven waves; solar wind ID LION ROARS; ULF WAVES; ACCELERATION; SHOCKS; SPEED; SUBSTORMS; ELECTRONS; EXOSPHERE; CURRENTS; SURFACE AB The scant data from the historic Mariner-10 flybys indicate that the Hermean and terrestrial magnetospheres have many similarities. However, Mercury's differences, e.g., the absence of an ionosphere, high sodium content, small dimension, and the stronger forcing by the solar wind, make it likely that processes of lesser importance at Earth play a more major role at Mercury. In addition, the proximity of Mercury in time and space to the onset of solar events, places the magnetosphere in a heretofore unexplored environment. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Baumjohann, W.; Nakamura, R.; Magnes, W.] Osterr Akad Wissensch, Inst Weltraumforsch, Schmiedlstr 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria. [Matsuoka, A.] Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. [Glassmeier, K. H.] Inst Geophys & Extraterrestrische Phys, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany. [Russell, C. T.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. [Nagai, T.] Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. [Hoshino, M.] Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan. [Nakagawa, T.] Tohoku Inst Technol, Informat & Commun Engn, Sendai, Miyagi 9828577, Japan. [Balogh, A.] Imperial Coll, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2AZ, England. [Slavin, J. A.] Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Baumjohann, W (reprint author), Osterr Akad Wissensch, Inst Weltraumforsch, Schmiedlstr 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria. EM baumjohann@oeaw.ac.at RI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/A-1012-2010; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Nakamura, Rumi/I-7712-2013 OI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/0000-0001-6271-0110; Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Nakamura, Rumi/0000-0002-2620-9211 NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 604 EP + DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.117 PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFV95 UT WOS:000245033700008 ER PT S AU Taylor, FW Calcutt, SB Read, PL Lewis, SR McCleese, DJ Schofield, JT Zurek, RW AF Taylor, F. W. Calcutt, S. B. Read, P. L. Lewis, S. R. McCleese, D. J. Schofield, J. T. Zurek, R. W. BE Grard, R Masson, P Khurana, K TI Atmospheric temperature sounding on Mars, and the climate sounder on the 2005 reconnaissance orbiter SO MERCURY, MARS AND SATURN SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE Mars; atmosphere; climate AB Detailed measurements of the vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, water vapour, dust and condensates in the Martian atmosphere are needed to characterize the present-day Martian climate and to understand the intricately related processes upon which it depends. Among the most important of these are accurate and extensive temperature measurements. Progress to date, key problems still to be addressed and upcoming new approaches to the measurement task are briefly reviewed, and expectations for the Mars Climate Sounder experiment on the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter are described. Some even more advanced methods for temperature, humidity and condensate sounding in the decade beyond MCS/MRO, and promising approaches to achieving these are also considered. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 [Taylor, F. W.; Calcutt, S. B.; Read, P. L.; Lewis, S. R.] Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Planetary Phys, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. [McCleese, D. J.; Schofield, J. T.; Zurek, R. W.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Taylor, FW (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Planetary Phys, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. EM f.taylor@physics.ox.ac.uk NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 4 BP 713 EP + DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.072 PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFV95 UT WOS:000245033700023 ER PT J AU Amitai, E Llort, X Sempere-Torres, D AF Amitai, Eyal Llort, Xavier Sempere-Torres, Daniel TI Opportunities and challenges for evaluating precipitation estimates during GPM mission SO METEOROLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VOLTAIRE Final Conference 2005 CY SEP, 2005 CL Utrecht, NETHERLANDS SP VOLTAIRE ID RAINFALL MEASUREMENTS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; TRMM AB Data assimilation in conjunction with numerical weather prediction and a variety of hydrologic applications now depend on satellite observations of precipitation. However, providing values of precipitation is not sufficient unless they are accompanied by the associated uncertainty estimates. The main approach of quantifying satellite precipitation uncertainties generally requires establishment of reliable uncertainty estimates for the ground validation rainfall products. This paper discusses several of the relevant validation concepts evolving from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) era to the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) era in the context of determining and reducing uncertainties of ground and space-based radar rainfall estimates. From comparisons of probability distribution functions of rain rates derived from TRMM precipitation radar and co-located ground based radar data - using the new NASA TRMM radar rainfall products (version 6) - this paper provides 1) a brief review of the importance of comparing pdfs of rain rate for statistical and physical verification of space-borne radar estimates of precipitation; 2) a brief review of how well the ground validation estimates compare to the TRMM radar retrieved estimates; and 3) discussion on opportunities and challenges to determine and reduce the uncertainties in space-based and ground-based radar estimates of rain rate distributions. C1 George Mason Univ, Greenbelt, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Politecn Catalunya, GRAHI, Barcelona, Spain. RP Amitai, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr 613 1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM eyal@radar.gsfc.nasa.gov OI Sempere-Torres, Daniel/0000-0002-6378-0337 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-2948 J9 METEOROL Z JI Meteorol. Z. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 5 BP 551 EP 557 DI 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0157 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 111TW UT WOS:000242478800009 ER PT J AU Satheesh, SK Moorthy, KK Kaufman, YJ Takemura, T AF Satheesh, SK Moorthy, KK Kaufman, YJ Takemura, T TI Aerosol optical depth, physical properties and radiative forcing over the Arabian Sea SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL INDIAN-OCEAN; OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIMENT TARFOX; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; SULFATE AEROSOLS; UNITED-STATES; ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; ATLANTIC COAST AB The Arabian Sea region (4 degrees N-20 degrees N to 50 degrees E-78 degrees E) has a unique weather pattern on account of the Indian monsoon and the associated winds that reverse direction seasonally. The aerosol data, collected using ship-borne and island platforms (for 8 years from 1995 to 2002) along with MODIS (onboard TERRA satellite) data (from 2000 to 2003) have been used to evolve a comprehensive characterisation of the spatial and temporal variation in the physical, chemical, and radiative properties of aerosols over the Arabian Sea. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) was found to increase with latitude between the equator and 12 degrees N. Over the northern Arabian Sea (regions lying north of 12 degrees N), AODs do not show significant latitudinal variations; the average aerosol optical depth for this region was 0.29 +/- 0.12 during winter monsoon season (WMS; November to March) and 0.47 +/- 0.14 during summer monsoon season (SMS; April/May to September). The corresponding Angstrom exponents were 0.7 +/- 0.12 and 0.3 +/- 0.08, respectively. The low values of the exponent during SMS indicate the dominance of large aerosols (mainly dust particles >1 mu m). The latitudinal gradient in AOD in the southern Arabian Sea is larger during SMS compared to WMS. The size distribution of aerosols shows two well-defined modes, one in the accumulation size regime and the other in the coarse size regime. During WMS, a third mode (nucleation) also appears in the sub micron range below similar to 0.1 mu m. The single scattering albedo does not show significant seasonal variations (remains within similar to 0.93 to 0.98 through out the year). During WMS (SMS), top of the atmosphere diurnally averaged aerosol forcing remains around -6.1 (-14.3) W m(-2) over the northern Arabian Sea up to around 12 degrees N and decreases southwards till it attains a value of -3.8 (-3.4) W m(-2) at the equator. The surface forcing remains around -16.2 (-15.2) W m(-2) over the northern Arabian Sea up to 12 degrees N and decreases southwards to a value of -5.5 (-3.5) W m(-2) at the equator. Over the north Arabian Sea, instantaneous forcing (flux change) at the surface can be as high as -50 W m(-2). The instantaneous forcing decreases with latitude in the southern Arabian Sea at a rate of similar to 3 W m(-2) deg(-1). C1 Indian Inst Sci, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. Vikram Sarabhai Space Ctr, Space Phys Lab, Trivandrum 695022, Kerala, India. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. RP Satheesh, SK (reprint author), Indian Inst Sci, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. EM satheesh@caos.iisc.ernet.in RI Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; OI Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Moorthy, K. Krishna/0000-0002-7234-3868 NR 71 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 91 IS 1-4 BP 45 EP 62 DI 10.1007/s00703-004-0097-4 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 000RQ UT WOS:000234480500005 ER PT S AU Lee, C Butler, MC Elgammal, RA George, T Hunt, B Weitekamp, DP AF Lee, Choonsup Butler, Mark C. Elgammal, Ramez A. George, Thomas Hunt, Brian Weitekamp, Daniel P. BE George, T Cheng, ZY TI MEMS-based force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance (FDNMR) spectrometer - art. no. 622302 SO Micro (MEMS) and Nanotechnologies for Space Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micro (MEMS) and Nanotechnologies for Space Applications CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE NMR; FDNMR; MEMS; spectrometer; BOOMERANG AB The motivation for the work reported is portable NMR spectroscopy of liquids and solids with higher sensitivity than inductive detection and without the need for tuned elements specific to the frequency of each isotope observed. The fabrication and assembly of a BOOMERANG force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer is reported. The design is optimal for samples of similar to 50 micron diameter and realizes tolerances of similar to 1 micron in the Si and ferromagnetic parts. Optical lithography, electrodeposition, reactive ion etching, and release of the moving part by solution etching are key methods used. Resistance to delamination of the ferromagnetic material was achieved by Cr/Au deposition prior to electrodeposition of 85/15 Co:Ni. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Butler, Mark/L-6906-2013 OI Butler, Mark/0000-0002-1273-5771 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6279-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6223 BP 22302 EP 22302 AR 622302 DI 10.1117/12.665692 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BES61 UT WOS:000239303900001 ER PT J AU Cavanagh, JM Torvi, DA Gabriel, KS Ruff, GA AF Cavanagh, Jane M. Torvi, David A. Gabriel, Kamiel S. Ruff, Gary. A. TI Test method for evaluating fabric flammability and predicted skin burn injury in microgravity SO MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB To address fire safety concerns associated with the use of flammable fabrics during space travel, an apparatus was designed to be flown on low-gravity parabolic aircraft flights in order to assess the flammability of cotton and 50% cotton/50% polyester fabrics, and the resulting skin burn injury that would occur if these fabrics were to ignite. The apparatus, modelled after a standard fabric flammability test, was also used on the ground for experiments under earth's gravity. Variables examined in the tests include gravity level, fabric type, air gap size, and orientation of the fabric. Flame spread rates, heat fluxes, and skin burn predictions determined from test results were compared under the two gravity levels. The orientation of the fabric had a large effect on flame spread rates, heat fluxes and predicted skin burn times for tests conducted under earth's gravity. Flame spread rates and heat fluxes were highest when the fabric was held in the vertical orientation, which resulted in the lowest predicted times to produce skin burns. Flame spread rates and heat fluxes were considerably lower in microgravity than under earth's gravity, which resulted in longer predicted times to produce skin burns. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Mech Engn, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada. Univ Ontario, Inst Technol, Oshawa, ON L1H 7L7, Canada. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Torvi, DA (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Mech Engn, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada. EM David.Torvi@usask.ca NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU Z A R M TECHNIK PUBLISHING DIV PI BREMEN PA AM FALLTURM, 28359 BREMEN, GERMANY SN 0938-0108 J9 MICROGRAVITY SCI TEC JI Microgravity Sci. Technol. PY 2006 VL 18 IS 2 BP 14 EP 26 DI 10.1007/BF02870979 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 084LO UT WOS:000240534600003 ER PT J AU Ward, NE Pellis, NR Risin, SA Liu, WB Risin, D AF Ward, Nancy E. Pellis, Neal R. Risin, Semyon A. Liu, Wenbin Risin, Diana TI Changes in expression of genes involved in apoptosis in activated human T-cells in response to modeled microgravity SO MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biannual Symposium and General Assembly of the European-Low-Gravity-Research-Association (ELGRA) CY SEP 21-23, 2005 CL Santorini Isl, GREECE ID RECEPTOR-DEFICIENT MICE; HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES; STAT PROTEINS; GRANZYME-B; INTERLEUKIN-7; PATHWAYS; GRAVITY; SYSTEM; LIGAND AB Space flights result in remarkable effects on various physiological systems, including a decline in cellular immune functions. Previous studies have shown that exposure to microgravity, both true and modeled, can cause significant changes in numerous lymphocyte functions. The purpose of this study was to search for microgravity-sensitive genes, and specifically for apoptotic genes influenced by the microgravity environment and other genes related to immune response. The experiments were performed on anti-CD3 and IL-2 activated human T cells. To model microgravity conditions we have utilized the NASA rotating wall vessel bioreactor Control lymphocytes were cultured in static 1g conditions. To assess gene expression we used DNA microarray chip technology We had shown that multiple genes (approximately 3-8% of tested genes) respond to microgravity conditions by 1.5 and more fold change in expression. There is a significant variability in the response. However a certain reproducible pattern in gene response could be identified. Among the genes showing reproducible changes in expression in modeled microgravity, several genes involved in apoptosis as well as in immune response were identified. These are IL-7 receptor, Granzyme B, Beta-3-endonexin, Apo2 ligand and STAT1. Possible junctional consequences of these changes are discussed. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, HACO, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Texas, Houstom Med Sch, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Houston, TX USA. Baylor Coll Med, Microarray Core Facil, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Risin, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, HACO, 2101 NASA Pkwy,Mail Code SK, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM diana.risin-1@nasa.gov NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0938-0108 J9 MICROGRAVITY SCI TEC JI Microgravity Sci. Technol. PY 2006 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 246 DI 10.1007/BF02870419 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 141VJ UT WOS:000244606700051 ER PT J AU Lalita, AS Kulkarni, AD Yamauchi, K Pellis, NR AF (Lalita), Alamelu Sundaresan Kulkarni, Anil D. Yamauchi, Keiko Pellis, Neal R. TI The role of nucleotides in augmentation of lymphocyte locomotion: Adaptional countermeasure development in microgravity analog environments SO MICROGRAVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biannual Symposium and General Assembly of the European-Low-Gravity-Research-Association (ELGRA) CY SEP 21-23, 2005 CL Santorini, GREECE ID SUPPLEMENTATION AB Space travel and long-term space residence such as envisaged in the exploration era implicates burdens on the immune system. An optimal immune response is required to counteract and withstand exposure to pathogens. Countermeasure development is an important avenue in space research especially for long-term space exploration. Microgravity exposure causes detrimental effects in lymphocyte functions which may impair immune response. Impaired lymphocyte function can be remedied by bypassing cell membrane events. This is done by using compounds such as Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA). Since activation in mouse splenocytes was augmented using nucleotides, it was essential to observe their effects on human lymphocyte locomotion. A nucleotide/nucleoside (NT/NT) mixture from Otsuka Pharmaceuticals (Naruto, Japan) was used at recommended doses. In lymphocytes cultured in modeled microgravity, the NT/NT mixture used orchestrated locomotion recovery by more than 87%, similar to the response documented with PMA in lymphocytes. Both 12 mu M and 120 mu M doses worked similarly These are preliminary results leading to the possible use of the NT/NT mixture to mitigate immune suppression in microgravity. More studies in this direction are required to delineate the role of NT/NT on the immune response in microgravity. C1 Texas So Univ, Dept Biol, Houston, TX 77004 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Houston, TX USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Adv Programs, Space Life Sci Directorate, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Lalita, AS (reprint author), Texas So Univ, Dept Biol, 3100 Cleburne St, Houston, TX 77004 USA. EM sundaresana@TSU.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU Z A R M TECHNIK PUBLISHING DIV PI BREMEN PA AM FALLTURM, 28359 BREMEN, GERMANY SN 0938-0108 J9 MICROGRAVITY SCI TEC JI Microgravity Sci. Technol. PY 2006 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 249 DI 10.1007/BF02870420 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA 141VJ UT WOS:000244606700052 ER PT J AU Faircloth, DL Baginski, ME Rao, SM Deshpande, MD AF Faircloth, DL Baginski, ME Rao, SM Deshpande, MD TI Investigation of reflection and transmission properties of dielectric slabs randomly doped with conducting objects SO MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE finite-element method (FEM); S-parameters; random media AB Using a finite-element method, the likelihood of producing useful frequency-dependent reflection/transmission characteristics of randomly doped dielectric slobs is investigated. The responses of short conducting wires randomly embedded throughout the slab and conducting triangular patches and wires limited to the dielectric surface are investigated using a computationally efficient algorithm. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Electromagnet Res Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Faircloth, DL (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0895-2477 J9 MICROW OPT TECHN LET JI Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 48 IS 1 BP 83 EP 86 DI 10.1002/mop.21268 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA 994ZU UT WOS:000234070500023 ER PT S AU Deshpande, M Van Steenberg, M Hilliard, L AF Deshpande, Manohar Van Steenberg, Michael Hilliard, Lawrence BE Valinia, A Uratsuka, S Misra, T TI Multi-wavelength dielectrometer (MWD) sensor for planetary subsurface exploration - art. no. 641018 SO Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V CY NOV 15-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA ID LOSSES; LUNAR; ICE AB A light weight, low power instrument called Multi Wavelength Dielectrometer (MWD) to measure subsurface properties of planetary surfaces is described. The MWD instrument consists of essential electronics and metallic plates acting as electrodes attached to the body of space crafts. An electric signal applied to one of the electrodes acting as a cathode sets up electric field pattern (in the soil medium) between the cathode and other electrodes acting as anodes. The electrodes are swept through multiple wavelengths (1 Hz- 1 MHz) and the electric current drawn by the electrodes or mutual capacitances between electrodes is measured at each frequency. The measured capacitances whose values depend upon electrode spacing, dielectric constant of the subsurface soil, and the frequency are then used to estimate electrical properties of the soil. In this paper a numerical method based on the Finite Element approach is developed to analyze and design the MWD sensor. A procedure to process the MWD measured data for extracting the soil properties is also described. Assuming the subsurface soil structure as multilayer strata having varying electric properties, an electric equivalent circuit (mutual capacitances) of the multiple electrodes configuration placed on a multi-layer soil sample is obtained. By minimizing the difference between the model's estimated capacitances and measured MWD data the electric properties of soil samples are extracted. Simulated results are presented to validate the proposed procedure for extracting soil properties. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Deshpande, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6517-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6410 BP 41018 EP 41018 AR 641018 DI 10.1117/12.693499 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFZ52 UT WOS:000245648200030 ER PT S AU Hildebrand, P Rincon, R Hilliard, L AF Hildebrand, Peter Rincon, Rafael Hilliard, Larry BE Valinia, A Uratsuka, S Misra, T TI NASA's L-band imaging scatterometer - art. no. 64100E SO Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V CY NOV 15-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA DE soil moisture; sea salinity; scatterometer; STAR radiometer AB The NASA RADSTAR instrument is a compact scatterometer-radiometer system designed for airborne and space remote sensing of Earth Surface properties such as soil moisture and sea surface salinity. In this paper we describe the active portion of RADSTAR, the L-band Imaging Scatterometer (LIS). The system employs electronic steering and digital beamforming techniques to generate multiple, low-sidelobe beams over a scan range of +/-50 degrees below an aircraft. We discuss the design and testing of LIS, and the planned merging of the scatterometer with the radiometric components of the final instrument. In its final configuration, RadSTAR will employ a single broadband antenna to efficiently support simultaneous scatterometer (LIS) and radiometer measurements in airborne and spaceborne applications. LIS is currently being flown along with the ESTAR synthetic aperture radiometer aboard the NASA P-3 aircraft in order to prove the concept of coregistered data, setting the path for future spaceborne, single aperture, electronically scanned, radar/radiometer systems. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hildebrand, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6517-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6410 BP E4100 EP E4100 AR 64100E DI 10.1117/12.693991 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFZ52 UT WOS:000245648200013 ER PT S AU Gaier, T Kangaslahti, P Tanner, A Lambrigtsen, B Brown, S Seiffert, M Dawson, D Weinreb, S Wilson, WJ Lim, B Ruf, C Piepmeier, J AF Gaier, Todd Kangaslahti, Pekka Tanner, Alan Lambrigtsen, Bjorn Brown, Shannon Seiffert, Michael Dawson, Douglas Weinreb, Sander Wilson, William J. Lim, Boon Ruf, Christofer Piepmeier, Jeffrey BE Valinia, A Uratsuka, S Misra, T TI Millimeter-wave array receivers for remote sensing - art. no. 64100G SO Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment V CY NOV 15-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA DE microwave radiometry; monolithic microwave integrated circuits AB Recent developments in millimeter-wave receiver have enabled new remote sensing capabilities. MMIC circuits operating at frequencies as high as 200 GHz have enabled low-cost mass producible integrated receivers suitable for array applications. We will describe several ground-based demonstrations of this technology including development of integrated spectral line receivers for atmospheric remote sensing, a synthetic thinned aperture radiometer for atmospheric sounding and imaging and polarimetric array radiometers for astrophysics applications. C1 Univ Michigan, Jet Prop Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Gaier, T (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Jet Prop Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6517-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6410 BP G4100 EP G4100 AR 64100G DI 10.1117/12.697830 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFZ52 UT WOS:000245648200015 ER PT S AU Jiang, JH Eckermann, SD Wu, DL Wang, DY AF Jiang, Jonathan H. Eckermann, Stephen D. Wu, Dong L. Wang, Ding Yi BE Shea, MA Blix, TA Rees, D TI Inter-annual variation of gravity waves in the Arctic and Antarctic winter middle atmosphere SO MIDDLE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERES, ACTIVE EXPERIMENTS, AND DUSTY PLASMAS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE Arctic; Antarctic; middle atmosphere; gravity wave; UARS MLS; satellite observation ID LIMB SOUNDER OBSERVATIONS; MOUNTAIN WAVES; STRATOSPHERE; MLS; CLIMATOLOGY; SPECTRA; CLOUDS AB High latitude, middle atmospheric (28-80 km) gravity wave observations from the Microwave Limb sounder (MLS) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) are available during five Arctic and Antarctic winters between 1991 and 1997. Newer data from NOAA Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) instruments have been introduced recently, in order to extend the gravity wave measurements from 1998 to present. Analyses of MLS and AMSU data show substantial inter-annual variability in both magnitude and spatial patterns of gravity wave activity at both Arctic and Antarctic latitudes. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Jiang, Jonathan H.; Wu, Dong L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 183-701, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Eckermann, Stephen D.] Naval Res Lab, Middle Atmosphere Dynam Sect, Washington, DC USA. [Wang, Ding Yi] Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Meteor & Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany. RP Jiang, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 183-701, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jonathan@mls.jpl.nasa.gov RI Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 FU Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; NASA; Office of Naval Research through the Naval Research Laboratorys; NASA Office of Space Sciences Geospace Sciences Program; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH und Universitat Karlsruhe; Institut fur Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruhe, Germany FX This study was supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Office of Naval Research through the Naval Research Laboratorys 6.1 research program, NASA Office of Space Sciences Geospace Sciences Program, and the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH und Universitat Karlsruhe, Institut fur Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruhe, Germany. Jonathan Jiang thanks Prof. Herbert Fischer, Dr. Gabriele Stiller and the IMK science team for helpful comments and suggestions on this manuscript. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 11 BP 2418 EP + DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.036 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFX11 UT WOS:000245237100018 ER PT S AU Justus, CG Duvall, A Keller, VW AF Justus, C. G. Duvall, Aleta Keller, Vernon W. BE Shea, MA Blix, TA Rees, D TI Trace constituent updates in the Marshall engineering thermosphere and global reference atmospheric model SO MIDDLE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERES, ACTIVE EXPERIMENTS, AND DUSTY PLASMAS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE air density model; GRAM-99; atmospheric models AB Global reference atmospheric model (GRAM-99) is an engineering-level model of Earth's atmosphere. It provides both mean values and perturbations for density, temperature, pressure, and winds, as well as monthly and geographically varying trace constituent concentrations. From 0 to 27 km, GRAM thermodynamics and winds are based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Upper Air Climatic Atlas (GUACA) climatology. Above 120 km, GRAM is based on the NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere (MET) model. In the intervening altitude region, GRAM is based on middle atmosphere program (MAP) climatology that also forms the basis of the 1986 COSPAR International reference atmosphere (CIRA). Atmospheric composition is represented in GRAM by concentrations of both major and minor species. Above 120 km, MET provides concentration values for N-2, O-2, Ar, O, He, and H. Below 120 km, represented species also include H2O, O-3, N2O, CO, CH4, and CO2. At 34th COSPAR a comparison was made between GRAM constituents below 120 km and those provided by Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) climatology. No current need to update GRAM constituent climatology in that height range was identified. This report examines GRAM/MET constituents between 100 and 1000 km altitudes. Internal discrepancies are noted between GRAM/MET constituent number densities and mass density or molecular weight. Near 110 km altitude, there is up to about 25% discrepancy between MET number density and mass density (with mass density being valid and number densities requiring adjustment). Near 700 km altitude there is also up to about 25% discrepancy between MET number density and mean molecular weight (with molecular weight requiring adjustment). In neither case are MET mass density estimates invalidated. The discrepancies have been traced to MET subroutines SLV (which affects 90-170 km height range) and SLVH (which affects helium above 440 km altitude). With these discrepancies corrected, results are presented to illustrate GRAM/MET constituent mole fractions in terms of height-latitude cross-sections from 100 to 1000 km altitude, and latitude-longitude "maps" at 450 km. Plans are discussed for an update of MET and GRAM to correct these constituent inconsistencies, and to incorporate several new thermospheric model features. (c) 2006 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Morgan Res Corp, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Justus, CG (reprint author), Morgan Res Corp, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ED44 Morgan, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM jere.justus@msfc.nasa.gov; aleta.duvall@msfc.nasa.gov; vernon.keller@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 11 BP 2429 EP 2432 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.05.028 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFX11 UT WOS:000245237100020 ER PT S AU Justus, CG Duvall, A Keller, VW AF Justus, C. G. Duvall, Aleta Keller, Vernon W. BE Shea, MA Blix, TA Rees, D TI Validation of Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model (Mars-GRAM 2001) and planned new features SO MIDDLE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERES, ACTIVE EXPERIMENTS, AND DUSTY PLASMAS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model; Mars-GRAM 2001; Mars International Reference Atmosphere; MIRA ID SURVEYOR AB For altitudes below 80 km, Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model (Mars-GRAM 2001) is based on output climatology from NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model (MGCM). At COSPAR 2002, results were presented of validation tests of Mars-GRAM versus data from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Radio Science (RS) experiment. Further validation tests are presented comparing Mars-GRAM densities with those from the European Mars Climate Database (MCD), and comparing densities from both Mars-GRAM and MCD against TES observations. Throughout most of the height and latitude range of TES data (0-40 km and 70S to 70N), good agreement is found between atmospheric densities from Mars-GRAM and MCD. However, at the season and latitude zone for Mars Phoenix arrival and landing (L-s = 65 degrees-80 degrees and latitude 65N to 75N), Mars-GRAM densities are about 30%-45% higher than MCD densities near 40 km altitude. Further evaluation is warranted concerning potential impact of these model differences on planning for Phoenix entry and descent. Three planned features for Mars-GRAM update are also discussed: (1) new MGCM and Thermospheric General Circulation Model data sets to be used as a revised basis for Mars-GRAM mean atmosphere, (2) a new feature to represent planetary-scale traveling waves for upper altitude density variations (such as found during Mars Odyssey aerobraking), and (3) a new model for effects of high resolution topographic slope on winds near the surface (0-4.5 km above Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter topography level). Mars-GRAM slope winds will be computed from a diagnostic (algebraic) relationship based on Ye et al. [Ye, Z.J., Segal, M., Pielke, R.A., A comparative study of daytime thermally induced upslope flow on Mars and Earth, J. Atmos. Sci. 47(5), 612-628, 1990]. This approach differs from mesoscale models (such as Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Mars Mesoscale Model Version 5), which use prognostic, full-physics solutions of the time- and space-dependent differential equations of motion. As such, slope winds in Mars-GRAM will be consistent with its "engineering-level" approach, and will be extremely fast and easy to evaluate, compared with mesoscale model solutions. Mars-GRAM slope winds are not being suggested as a replacement for sophisticated, full-physics Mars mesoscale models, but may have value, particularly for preliminary screening of large numbers of candidate landing sites for future Mars missions, such as Phoenix and Mars Science Laboratory. Test output is presented from Mars-GRAM slope winds in the area of Gusev Crater and Valles Marineris. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 Morgan Res Corp, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ED44 Morgan, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Justus, CG (reprint author), Morgan Res Corp, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ED44 Morgan, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM jere.justus@msfc.nasa.gov; aleta.duvall@msfc.nasa.gov; vernon.keller@nasa.gov FU NASA Office of Space Sciences FX The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the NASA Office of Space Sciences Mars Data Analysis Program (MDAP). Mars-GRAM user feedback and suggestions from the following are also greatly appreciated: Dick Powell, Brett Starr, and David Way (NASA LaRC), and Claude Graves and Jim Masciarelli (NASA JSC). Mars Climate Database Version 3.1 was provided on CD-ROM by Dr. Francois Forget of the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, Paris. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 11 BP 2633 EP + DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.007 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFX11 UT WOS:000245237100052 ER PT B AU Satorius, E Wu, YW Kosinski, J AF Satorius, Edgar Wu, Ying-Wah Kosinski, John GP IEEE TI Application of time-frequency analysis to finite duration communication signals SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE ID DESIGN AB In this paper, an evaluation of time-frequency analysis techniques is presented as applied to the detection of finite duration communication signals. This class of signals includes both phase and amplitude modulated, pulsed signals. Time-frequency analysis based on quadratic distributions are of particular importance in analyzing these signals since this class covers the most common types of time-frequency analysis techniques. Typical performance criteria used in the design of time-frequency distributions include high frequency resolution as well as suppression of cross modulation products that are present in a multi-component signal environment. In addition to these criteria, we are also interested in the time resolution properties of these algorithms. The ultimate goal of this work is to determine the best time-frequency algorithms for a given application based on both performance and computational considerations. C1 [Satorius, Edgar] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Wu, Ying-Wah; Kosinski, John] US Army, I2WD, Ft Monmouth, NJ 07703 USA. RP Satorius, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM satorius@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 891 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601001054 ER PT B AU Quirk, KJ Gin, JW AF Quirk, Kevin J. Gin, Jonathan W. GP IEEE TI Optical PPM combining loss for photon counting receivers SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB The performance of an equal gain combining architecture for an array of photon counting receivers used in an optical PPM communication system operating in low-flux conditions is analyzed in the presence of synchronization errors. Comparisons are made to an equal gain combiner with perfect synchronization as well as to the performance of a system with tinting synchronization error associated with a single large aperture. These comparisons allow one to ascertain the absolute loss due to synchronization as well as the relative loss due to independent synchronization of the elements in this optical array receiver. C1 [Quirk, Kevin J.; Gin, Jonathan W.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Quirk, KJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 2258 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601004018 ER PT B AU Divsalar, D Dolinar, S Jones, C AF Divsalar, Dariush Dolinar, Sam Jones, Christopher GP IEEE TI Protograph LDPC codes over burst erasure channels SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE ID PARITY-CHECK CODES; DISTANCE DISTRIBUTIONS; ENSEMBLES; CAPACITY; COMPLEXITY; GRAPHS AB In this paper we design high rate protograph based LDPC codes suitable for binary erasure channels. To simplify the encoder and decoder implementation for high data rate transmission, the structure of codes are based on protographs and circulants. These LDPC codes can improve data link and network layer protocols in support of communication networks. Two classes of codes were designed. One class is designed for large block sizes with an iterative decoding threshold that approaches capacity of binary erasure channels. The other class is designed for short block sizes based on maximizing minimum stopping set size. For high code rates and short blocks the second class outperforms the first class. A scheme is proposed to use these LDPC codes over burst erasure channels. The proposed encoding method is also applicable to cases when packets are frequency hopped over channels with partial band jamming or frequency selective fading. Various LDPC codes are compared and simulation results are provided. C1 [Divsalar, Dariush; Dolinar, Sam; Jones, Christopher] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Divsalar, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Dariush.Divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov; sam@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; christop@jpl.nasa.gov NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 3333 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601006020 ER PT B AU Jones, KH Lodding, KN Olariu, S Wilson, L Xin, CS AF Jones, Kennie H. Lodding, Kenneth N. Olariu, Stephan Wilson, Larry Xin, Chunsheng GP IEEE TI Biology-inspired architecture for Situation Management SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE DE autonomous; intelligent; distributed systems; sensor networks; situation management ID SENSOR NETWORKS AB Situation Management is a rapidly developing science combining new techniques for data collection with advanced methods of data fusion to facilitate the process leading to correct decisions prescribing action. Current research focuses on reducing increasing amounts of diverse data to knowledge used by decision makers and on reducing time between observations, decisions and actions. No new technology is more promising for increasing the diversity and fidelity of observations than sensor networks. However, current research on sensor networks concentrates on a centralized network architecture. We believe this trend will not realize the full potential of situation management. We propose a new architecture modeled after biological ecosystems where motes are autonomous and intelligent, yet cooperate with local neighborhoods. Providing a layered approach, they sense and act independently when possible, and cooperate with neighborhoods when necessary. The combination of their local actions results in global effects. While situation management research is currently dominated by military applications, advances envisioned for industrial and business applications have similar requirements. NASA has requirements for intelligent and autonomous systems in future missions that can benefit from advances in situation management We describe requirements for the Integrated Vehicle Health Management program where our biology-inspired architecture provides a layered approach and decisions can be made at the proper level to improve safety, reduce costs, and improve efficiency in making diagnostic and prognostic assessments of the structural integrity, aerodynamic characteristics, and operation of aircraft. C1 [Jones, Kennie H.; Lodding, Kenneth N.] NASA, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Olariu, Stephan; Wilson, Larry] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. [Xin, Chunsheng] Norfolk State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. RP Jones, KH (reprint author), NASA, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM k.h.jones@nasa.gov; kennethnlodding@nasa.gov; olariu@cs.odu.edu; wilson@cs.odu.edu; cxin@nsu.edu NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 3650 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601006067 ER PT S AU Traub, WA Kaltenegger, L Jucks, KW Turnbull, MC AF Traub, Wesley A. Kaltenegger, Lisa Jucks, Kenneth W. Turnbull, Margaret C. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI Direct imaging of Earth-like planets from space (TPF-C) - art. no. 626502 SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph; TPF; TPF-C; TPF-I; extrasolar planets ID SPECTRUM AB The "big question" that the average person will ask an astronomer today is, "Are there Earth-like planets?" followed immediately by "Is there life on those planets?" We live in an age when we are privileged to be able to ask such a question, and have a reasonable expectation of receiving an answer, at least within the coming decade. As astronomers and physicists we are even more privileged to be the people who can provide those answers. This paper discusses the roles of four space missions that are planned by NASA to search for and characterize extrasolar planets: Kepler, Space Interferometer Mission (SIM-PlanetQuest), Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph (TPF-C), and Terrestrial Planet finder Interferometer (TPF-1). The Kepler and SIM-PlanetQuest missions will search for and discover planets down to the few-Earth size and mass, around distant and nearby stars respectively. In favorable cases they will even be able to find Earth-size or mass planets. But to answer the questions "is a given planet habitable?" and "does it show signs of life?" we will need the TPF-C and TPF-1 missions. Only these missions can isolate the light of the planet from the confusion of otherwise blinding starlight, and only these missions can perform spectroscopy on the planets. Visible and thermal infrared spectroscopy together will tell us if a planet is habitable and shows signs of life. TPF-C and TPF-1 will build on the legacy of Kepler and SIM-PlanetQuest, and together these four missions will provide complete and unambiguous answers to our "big questions." This paper concentrates on the TPF-C mission. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Traub, WA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 301-451, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP XXVII EP XXXIII AR 626502 DI 10.1117/12.676257 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600002 ER PT S AU Kenyon, M Day, PK Bradford, CM Bock, JJ Leduc, HG AF Kenyon, M. Day, P. K. Bradford, C. M. Bock, J. J. Leduc, H. G. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI Progress on background-limited membrane-isolated TES bolometers for far-IR/submillimeter spectroscopy - art. no. 627508 SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE transition-edge sensor; far-IR spectrometer; submillimeter spectrometer; Si3N4 thermal transport AB To determine the lowest attainable phonon noise equivalent power (NEP) for membrane-isolation bolometers, we fabricated and measured the thermal conductance of suspended Si3N4 beams with different geometries via a noise thermometry technique. We measured beam cross-sectional areas ranging from 0.35 x 0.5 mu m(2) to 135 x 1.0 mu m(2) and beam lengths ranging from 700 mu m to 8300 mu m. The measurements directly imply that membrane-isolation bolometers are capable of reaching a phonon noise equivalent power (NEP) of 4 x 10(-20) W/Hz(1/2). This NEP is adequate for the Background-Limited Infrared-Submillimeter Spectrograph (BLISS) proposed for the Japanese SPICA observatory, and adequate for NASA's SAFIR observatory, a 10-meter, 4 K telescope to be deployed at L2. Further, we measured the heat capacity of a suspended Si3N4 membrane and show how this result implies that one can make membrane-isolation bolometers with a response time which is fast enough for BLISS. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kenyon, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP 27508 EP 27508 AR 627508 DI 10.1117/12.672036 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600009 ER PT S AU Nguyen, HT Ringold, P Ade, PAR Battle, J Beeman, JW Bock, JJ Elliott, SC Hargrave, PC Schulz, B Turner, AD Hristov, VV Weilert, M Zhang, L AF Nguyen, H. T. Ringold, P. Ade, P. A. R. Battle, J. Beeman, J. W. Bock, J. J. Elliott, S. C. Hargrave, P. C. Schulz, B. Turner, A. D. Hristov, V. V. Weilert, M. Zhang, L. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI A report on laboratory performance of the bolometric detector arrays for SPIRE/MSO (Paper II) - art. no. 627518 SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE bolometer; spectrometer; photometer; galaxy; detector AB There are five bolometric detector arrays for the SPIRE instrument on board of the Herschel Space Observatory. Our first report (Nguyen et al., 2004) presented the measurement of the two spectroscopic detector arrays. In this paper, we report the performance of the remaining three units for the Photometer, including the photometric long, medium and short wavelength (PLW, PMW and PSW). We note that all five SPIRE detector arrays meet the requirement. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nguyen, HT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP 27518 EP 27518 AR 627518 DI 10.1117/12.672310 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600042 ER PT S AU Allen, CA Abrahams, J Benford, DJ Chervenak, JA Chuss, DT Staguhn, JG Miller, TM Moseley, SH Wollack, EJ AF Allen, Christine A. Abrahams, John Benford, Dominic J. Chervenak, James A. Chuss, David T. Staguhn, Johannes G. Miller, Timothy M. Moseley, S. Harvey Wollack, Edward J. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI Far infrared through millimeter Backshort-Under-Grid arrays - art. no. 62750B SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE bolometer; backshort under grid; transition edge sensor; single-sided indium bump bonding; detector array ID ASTRONOMY AB We are developing a large-format, versatile, bolometer array for a wide range of infrared through millimeter astronomical applications. The array design consists of three key components - superconducting transition edge sensor bolometer arrays, quarter-wave reflective backshort grids, and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) multiplexer readouts. The detector array is a filled, square grid of bolometers with superconducting sensors. The backshort arrays are fabricated separately and are positioned in the etch cavities behind the detector grid. The grids have unique three-dimensional interlocking features micromachined into the walls for positioning and mechanical stability. The ultimate goal of the program is to produce large-format arrays with background-limited sensitivity, suitable for a wide range of wavelengths and applications. Large-format (kilopixel) arrays will be directly indium bump bonded to a SQUID multiplexer circuit. We have produced and tested 8x8 arrays of I mm detectors to demonstrate proof of concept. 8X16 arrays of 2 mm detectors are being produced for a new Goddard Space Flight Center instrument. We have also produced models of a kilopixel detector grid and dummy multiplexer chip for bump bonding development. We present detector design overview, several unique fabrication highlights, and assembly technologies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Detecotr Syst Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Allen, CA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Detecotr Syst Branch, Code 553, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Chuss, David/D-8281-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP B2750 EP B2750 AR 62750B DI 10.1117/12.672125 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600011 ER PT S AU Benford, DJ Staguhn, JG Ames, TJ Allen, CA Chervenak, JA Kennedy, CR Lefranc, S Maher, SF Moseley, SH Pajot, F Rioux, C Shafer, RA Voellmer, GM AF Benford, Dominic J. Staguhn, Johannes G. Ames, Troy J. Allen, Christine A. Chervenak, James A. Kennedy, Catherine R. Lefranc, Sebastien Maher, Stephen F. Moseley, S. Harvey Pajot, Francois Rioux, Cyrille Shafer, Richard A. Voellmer, George M. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI First astronomical images with a multiplexed superconducting bolometer array - art. no. 62751C SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE superconducting bolometer array; transition edge sensor; SQUID multiplexer; Fabry-Perot spectrometer; submillimeter astronomy ID TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS; LONG-WAVELENGTH SPECTROMETER; SHARC-II; NOISE; READOUT; DESIGN AB We present images taken with the first deployed astronomical instrument to use multiplexed superconducting bolometers. The Fabry-Perot Interferometer Bolometer Research Experiment (FIBRE), a broadband submillimeter spectrometer, took these images as a detector investigation at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). FIBRE's detectors are superconducting bilayer transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers read out by a SQUID multiplexer. An order-sorted Fabry-Perot provides illumination of a 16-element linear bolometer array, resulting in five orders at a spectral resolution of around 1200 covering the 350 micron atmospheric band. We present multiwavelength images of Jupiter, Venus and the high-mass star-forming region G34.3+0.2 taken with this instrument at several wavelengths in the 350 micron band, separated by approximately 8 microns. These images have validated the use of multiplexed superconducting bolometers in an astronomical application and have helped inform the design of our future instruments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Benford, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206 NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP C2751 EP C2751 AR 62751C DI 10.1117/12.672365 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600045 ER PT S AU Staguhn, JG Benford, DJ Allen, CA Moseley, SH Sharp, EH Ames, TJ Brunswig, W Chuss, DT Dwek, E Maher, SF Marx, CT Miller, TM Navarro, S Wollack, EJ AF Staguhn, Johannes G. Benford, Dominic J. Allen, Christine A. Moseley, S. Harvey Sharp, Elmer H. Ames, Troy J. Brunswig, Walter Chuss, David T. Dwek, Eli Maher, Stephen F. Marx, Catherine T. Miller, Timothy M. Navarro, Santiago Wollack, Edward J. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI GISMO: A 2-millimeter bolometer camera for the IRAM 30 m telescope - art. no. 62751D SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE superconducting bolometers; bolometer cameras; high redshift universe ID MULTIPLEXER; ASTRONOMY; ARRAYS AB We are building a bolometer camera (the Goddard-Iram. Superconducting 2-Millimeter Observer, GISMO) for operation in the 2 mm atmospheric window to be used at the IRAM 30 m telescope. The instrument uses a 8x16 planar array of multiplexed TES bolometers which incorporates our newly designed Backshort Under Grid (BUG) architecture. Due to the size and sensitivity of the detector array (the NEP of the detectors is 4 x 10(-17) W/root Hz), this instrument will be unique in that it will be capable of providing significantly greater imaging sensitivity and mapping speed at this wavelength than has previously been possible. The major scientific driver for this instrument is to provide the IRAM 30 m telescope with the capability to rapidly observe galactic and extragalactic dust emission, in particular from high-z ULIRGs and quasars, even in the summer season. The 2 mm spectral range provides a unique window to observe the earliest active dusty galaxies in the universe and is well suited to better confine the star formation rate in these objects. The instrument will fill in the SEDs of high redshift galaxies at the Rayleigh-Jeans part of the dust emission spectrum, even at the highest redshifts. The observational efficiency of a 2 mm camera with respect to bolometer cameras operating at shorter wavelengths increases for objects at redshifts beyond z similar to 1 and is most efficient at the highest redshifts, at the time when the first stars were re-ionizing the universe. Our models predict that at this wavelength one out of four serendipitously detected galaxies will be at a redshift of z > 6.5. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Staguhn, JG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Benford, Dominic/D-4760-2012; Chuss, David/D-8281-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Benford, Dominic/0000-0002-9884-4206; Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP D2751 EP D2751 AR 62751D DI 10.1117/12.671970 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600046 ER PT S AU DiPirro, M Tuttle, J Mattern, A Ollendorf, S Leisawitz, D Jackson, M Francis, J Bichell, J Hait, T AF DiPirro, M. Tuttle, J. Mattern, A. Ollendorf, S. Leisawitz, D. Jackson, M. Francis, J. Bichell, J. Hait, T. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI Subscale cryo-thermal tests of a large 4 K space telescope - art. no. 62750F SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE subscale thermal testing; cryogenic space telescopes; modeling cryogenic systems AB Thermal performance testing of a large cryogenic system of an open geometry (not contained within a dewar) is problematic due to the proximity of room temperature and very low temperature components. These tests require careful attention to the closeouts between temperature zones to prevent unwanted radiation transfer and to avoid perturbing the system under test. We are demonstrating the possibility of performing these sensitive tests on a small scale which makes the tests faster and cheaper. It also offers the possibility of refining these close-outs, which may not be practical on a full size system. This paper describes a test item modeled on a larger passive and actively cooled future space telescope, and the apparatus used to test it down to 4 K. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP DiPirro, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP F2750 EP F2750 AR 62750F DI 10.1117/12.672831 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600015 ER PT S AU Chuss, DT Kogut, A Fixsen, D Hinshaw, GF Limon, M Moseley, SH Phillips, N Sharp, E Wollack, EJ U-Yen, K Cao, N Stevenson, T Hsieh, W Devlin, M Dicker, S Semisch, C Barker, S Irwin, K AF Chuss, D. T. Kogut, A. Fixsen, D. Hinshaw, G. F. Limon, M. Moseley, S. H. Phillips, N. Sharp, E. Wollack, E. J. U-Yen, K. Cao, N. Stevenson, T. Hsieh, W. Devlin, M. Dicker, S. Semisch, C. Barker, S. Irwin, K. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI The Primordial Anisotropy Polarization Pathfinder Array (PAPPA): Instrument overview and status - art. no. 62751J SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE CMB polarization; polarization modulation; MEMS ID MICROWAVE BACKGROUND SPECTRUM AB PAPPA is a balloon-based experiment designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background using candidate technology for an eventual Einstein Inflation Probe mission. It will survey a 20 degrees x 20 degrees patch of sky with 0.5 degrees angular resolution covering 3 passbands centered at 89, 212 and 302 GHz. Detection will be accomplished via antenna-coupled transition edge sensors (TESs) with SQUID-based readouts. In the eventual flight package, band defining filters and MEMS-based polarization modulators will be incorporated into the superconducting microstrip transmission lines that terminate in resistors that are thermally coupled to the TESs. The MEMS switches will allow on-chip polarization modulation that is faster than significant detector gain variations. The initial configuration will incorporate a simplified focal plane augmented by quasioptical polarization modulation. We describe the overall instrument design and present a summary of the current progress. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chuss, DT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Chuss, David/D-8281-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012; OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451; Limon, Michele/0000-0002-5900-2698 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP J2751 EP J2751 AR 62751J DI 10.1117/12.671940 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600052 ER PT S AU Day, PK Leduc, HG Lee, RAM Dowell, CD Zmuidzinas, J AF Day, Peter K. LeDuc, Henry G. Lee, Richard A. M. Dowell, C. Darren Zmuidzinas, Jonas BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI Distributed antenna-coupled transition edge sensors - art. no. 62751R SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE bolometer; TES; detector array; slot antenna AB We describe progress toward realizing a new architecture for focal plane arrays for the Submillimeter and Far-Infrared (FIR) bands. This architecture is based on a detector design utilizing distributed hot-electron transition edge sensors (TES) coupled to slot antenna elements. Arrays utilizing this type of detector can be considerably easier to manufacture than membrane-isolated TES arrays, because the need for micro-machining is eliminated. We present background and rationale for this new array architecture and details of a new antenna design for an imaging polarimeter, which yields greater bandwidth than past designs. In addition. we describe a cryogenic facility for testing these arrays. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Day, PK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP R2751 EP R2751 AR 62751R DI 10.1117/12.672690 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600059 ER PT S AU Serabyn, E AF Serabyn, E. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI Fundamental limits to wavefront sensing in the submillimeter - art. no. 62750Z SO Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon DE submillimeter wavefront sensing AB With the advent of large-format submillimeter wavelength detector arrays, and a new 25 in diameter submillimeter telescope under consideration, the question of optimal wavefront sensing methods is timely. Indeed, not only should bolometric array detectors allow the use of a variety of wavefront sensing techniques already in use in the optical/infrared, but in some cases it should actually be easier to apply these techniques because of the more benign temporal properties of the atmosphere at long wavelengths. This paper thus addresses the fundamental limits to wavefront sensing at submillimeter wavelengths, in order to determine how well a telescope surface can be measured in the submillimeter band. First several potential measurement approaches are discussed and compared. Next the theoretical accuracy of a fringe phase measurement in the submillimeter is discussed. It is concluded that with Mars as the source, wavefront sensing at the micron level should be achievable at submillimeter wavelengths in quite reasonable integration times. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Serabyn, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6275 BP Z2750 EP Z2750 AR 62750Z DI 10.1117/12.672636 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600033 ER PT S AU Wollack, EJ Chuss, DT Moseley, SH AF Wollack, E. J. Chuss, D. T. Moseley, S. H. BE Zmuidzinas, J Holland, WS Withington, S Duncan, WD TI Electromagnetic considerations for pixellated planar bolometer arrays in the single-mode limit SO MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER DETECTORS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR ASTRONOMY III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III CY MAY 29-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Amer Astron Soc, Assoc Univ Res Astronomy Inc, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, European SE Observ, Opt Infrared Coordinat Network, Particle Phys & Astronomy Res Council, UK Astronomy Technol Ctr, Univ Florida, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon ID ANTENNA AB Filled arrays of planar bolometers are finding astronomical applications at wavelengths as long as several millimeters. In order to minimize detector size while maintaining element number and performance it is common to push these arrays to scales approaching the single-mode limit. Doing so introduces several new challenges that are not experienced with multi-mode far-infrared detectors having similar pixel size. First, diffractive effects by the pixels themselves are no longer insignificant and will ultimately limit the resolution and polarization response of the optical system. Second, it is necessary to re-examine the coupling between the incident radiation and the individual bolometer absorbing elements. The relatively low f-numbers often employed with millimeter wavelength focal planes can make ideal backshort performance and construction problematic. In addition, typical methods for stray light control that rely on multiple reflections in a lossy medium can fail due to physical size constraints. For these applications, we find resonant absorbers and anti-reflection coatings as effective strategies which can be implemented in the available focal plane area to control stray light. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wollack, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Chuss, David/D-8281-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6340-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6275 AR 62750V DI 10.1117/12.672600 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFB05 UT WOS:000240593600029 ER PT B AU Andrews, R Mah, R Papasin, R Guerrero, M DaSilva, L AF Andrews, R Mah, R Papasin, R Guerrero, M DaSilva, L BE Kanno, T Kato, Y TI The NASA smart probe for real-time tissue identification: Potential applications in neurosurgery SO MINIMALLY INVASIVE NEUROSURGERY AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY NEUROTRAUMATOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Congress of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery/3rd World Congress of the Academy-for-Multidisciplinary-Neurotraumatology CY MAR, 2005 CL Nagoya, JAPAN SP Acad Multidisciplinary Neurotraumatol DE microsensors; neural networks; optical biopsy; robotics; spectroscopy ID SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY; RECOGNITION; PROJECT AB Minimally-invasive neurosurgery depends on accurate identification of tissues, frequently under conditions of impaired visualization (e.g. endoscopic images). The NASA Smart Probe employs neural networks to integrate data from multiple microsensors in real-time to create a unique tissue "signature" for each tissue. The Smart Probe concept is reviewed and clinical data from women with suspected breast cancer (by the NASA licensee, BioLuminate Inc.) are summarized. The breast cancer Smart Probe utilizes electrical impedance and optical spectroscopy (both broadband or white light, and laser light (infrared and blue/fluorescence)) microsensors in a 1 turn diameter probe. Data are acquired 100 times per second, with a typical 15s a breast "biopsy" typically generating several hundred megabytes (MB) of data. The multiparameter "Smart Probe" can readily differentiate both normal tissues and carcinoma. C1 NASA, Ames Smart Syst, Moffett Field,244 Mistletoe Rd, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA. BioLuminate, Dublin, CA USA. RP NASA, Ames Smart Syst, Moffett Field,244 Mistletoe Rd, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 37-3, HONGO 3-CHOME BONKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN BN 4-431-28551-2 PY 2006 BP 3 EP + DI 10.1007/4-431-28576-8_1 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Surgery SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Surgery GA BDT56 UT WOS:000235235000001 ER PT B AU Andrews, R Li, J Cassell, A Koehne, J Meyyappan, M Nguyen-Vu, B Huang, N Chen, L AF Andrews, R Li, J Cassell, A Koehne, J Meyyappan, M Nguyen-Vu, B Huang, N Chen, L BE Kanno, T Kato, Y TI The NASA nanoelectrode array for deep brain stimulation: Monitoring neurotransmitters and electrical activity plus precise stimulation SO MINIMALLY INVASIVE NEUROSURGERY AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY NEUROTRAUMATOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Congress of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery/3rd World Congress of the Academy-for-Multidisciplinary-Neurotraumatology CY MAR, 2005 CL Nagoya, JAPAN SP Acad Multidisciplinary Neurotraumatol DE deep brain stimulation; carbon nanotubule; nanoelectrode; neuromodulation; Parkinson's disease AB Deep brain stimulation (DBS), often referred to as neuromodulation, is a recently-established treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. However, current techniques utilize large macroelectrodes (> 1 mm diameter) under open-loop conditions (i.e. no internal feedback to guide the stimulation). The use of multi-walled carbon nanotubule nanoelectrode arrays can both improve the resolution of brain electrical activity monitoring, and add monitoring of neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine)-in addition to precise focal electrical stimulation under closed-loop conditions. An overview of the characteristics and potential of nanoelectrode arrays for DBS/neuromodulation is presented. C1 NASA, Ames Nanotechnol, Moffett Field,244 Mistletoe Rd, Los Gastos, CA 95032 USA. Parkinsons Inst, Sunnyvale, CA USA. RP NASA, Ames Nanotechnol, Moffett Field,244 Mistletoe Rd, Los Gastos, CA 95032 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 37-3, HONGO 3-CHOME BONKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN BN 4-431-28551-2 PY 2006 BP 212 EP + DI 10.1007/4-431-28576-8_33 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Surgery SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Surgery GA BDT56 UT WOS:000235235000033 ER PT S AU Anand, S Pasareanu, CS Visser, W AF Anand, S Pasareanu, CS Visser, W BE Valmari, A TI Symbolic execution with abstract subsumption checking SO MODEL CHECKING SOFTWARE, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking Software CY MAR 30-APR 01, 2006 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA AB We address the problem of error detection for programs that take recursive data structures and arrays as input. Previously we proposed a combination of symbolic execution and model checking for the analysis of such programs: we put a bound on the size of the program inputs and/or the search depth of the model checker to limit the search state space. Here we look beyond bounded model checking and consider state matching techniques to limit the state space. We describe a method for examining whether a symbolic state that arises during symbolic execution is subsumed by another symbolic state. Since subsumption is in general not enough to ensure termination, as the number of symbolic states may be infinite, we also consider abstraction techniques for computing and storing abstract states during symbolic execution. Subsumption checking determines whether an abstract state is being revisited, in which case the model checker backtracks - this enables analysis of an under-approximation of the program behaviors. We illustrate the technique with abstractions for lists and arrays. The abstractions encode both the shape of the program heap and the constraints on numeric data. We have implemented the techniques in the Java Pathfinder tool and we show their effectiveness on Java programs. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Coll Comp, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Anand, S (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Coll Comp, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM saswat@cc.gatech.edu; pcorina@email.arc.nasa.gov; wvisser@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-33102-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3925 BP 163 EP 181 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEE52 UT WOS:000236941300010 ER PT S AU Pasareanu, CS Giannakopoulou, D AF Pasareanu, CS Giannakopoulou, D BE Valmari, A TI Towards a compositional SPIN SO MODEL CHECKING SOFTWARE, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking Software CY MAR 30-APR 01, 2006 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA DE assume-guarantee reasoning; model checking; learning AB This paper discusses our initial experience with introducing automated assume-guarantee verification based on learning in the SPIN tool. We believe that compositional verification techniques such as assume-guarantee reasoning could complement the state-reduction techniques that SPIN already supports, thus increasing the size of systems that SPIN can handle. We present a "light-weight" approach to evaluating the benefits of learning-based assume-guarantee reasoning in the context of SPIN: we turn our previous implementation of learning into a main program that externally invokes SPIN to provide the model checking-related answers. Despite its performance overheads (which mandate a future implementation within SPIN itself), this approach provides accurate information about the savings in memory. We have experimented with several versions of learning-based assume guarantee reasoning, including a novel heuristic introduced here for generating component assumptions when their environment is unavailable. We illustrate the benefits of learning-based assume-guarantee reasoning in SPIN through the example of a resource arbiter for a spacecraft. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pcorina@email.arc.nasa.gov; dimitra@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-33102-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3925 BP 234 EP 251 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEE52 UT WOS:000236941300014 ER PT S AU Adams, DS Wu, SC AF Adams, Douglas S. Wu, Shih-Chin BE Motaghedi, P TI Verification of numerical solutions for the deployment of the highly nonlinear MARSIS antenna boom lenticular joints - art. no. 622105 SO Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III CY APR 17, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE MARSIS; antenna; deployment; dynamic; modeling; lenticular; hinge; ADAMS; DADS; Mars AB The MARSIS antenna booms are constructed using lenticular hinges between straight boom segments in a novel design which allows the booms to be extremely lightweight while retaining a high stiffness and well defined structural properties once they are deployed. Lenticular hinges are elegant in form but are complicated to model as they deploy dynamically and require highly specialized nonlinear techniques founded on carefully measured mechanical properties. Results from component level testing were incorporated into a highly specialized ADAMS model which employed an automated damping algorithm to account for the discontinuous boom lengths formed during the deployment. Additional models with more limited capabilities were also developed in both DADS and ABAQUS to verify the ADAMS model computations and to help better define the numerical behavior of the models at the component and system levels. A careful comparison is made between the ADAMS and DADS models in a series of progressive steps in order to verify their numerical results. Different trade studies considered in the model development are outlined to demonstrate a suitable level of model fidelity. Some model sensitivities to various parameters are explored using subscale and full system models. Finally, some full system DADS models are exercised to illustrate the limitations of traditional modeling techniques for variable geometry systems which were overcome in the ADAMS model. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Adams, DS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6277-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6221 BP 22105 EP 22105 AR 622105 DI 10.1117/12.668404 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BES59 UT WOS:000239301800005 ER PT S AU Williamson, M Johnston, N Howard, RT Hall, DP Gaines, J Chavis, K AF Williamson, Marlin Johnston, Nick Howard, Richard T. Hall, Drew P. Gaines, Joseph Chavis, Katherine BE Motaghedi, P TI Automated rendezvous and docking operations evaluations - art. no. 62210C SO Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III CY APR 17, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE automated rendezvous and docking; sensor; test bed; operator interfaces; graphical user interface (GUI) AB Automated rendezvous and docking (AR&D) is an activity that is vital to NASA's future endeavors. A team of NASA engineers has created a test bed that allows sensor systems to be tested but also incorporates operator interfaces in order to evaluate the information required by an operator to oversee automated systems. Several sensors have been run through the test bed and more are scheduled in the future. The test bed will be described along with the operator interfaces and results of sensor testing. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Adv Vehicles Sensors Team, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Williamson, M (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Adv Vehicles Sensors Team, EV21, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6277-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6221 BP C2210 EP C2210 AR 62210C DI 10.1117/12.668352 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BES59 UT WOS:000239301800010 ER PT S AU Hall, DP Slone, BM Tobbe, PA AF Hall, Drew P. Slone, B. Mark Tobbe, Patrick A. BE Motaghedi, P TI Modeling and testing of docking and berthing mechanisms - art. no. 62210D SO Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III CY APR 17, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE docking; berthing; contact dynamics AB The Contact Dynamics Simulation Laboratory (CDSL) of the Marshall Space Flight Center provides for refined hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation of docking and berthing mechanisms and associated control systems. This facility is employed to verify the performance of docking/berthing mechanisms during Earth-orbit operations, determine the capture envelope of docking/berthing devices, measure contact loads at vehicle interfaces, and evaluate visual cues for man-in-the-loop operations. The CDSL has developed test verified analytical models of such systems as the International Space Station (ISS) Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Three Point Docking Mechanism. This paper will describe the modeling and test techniques employed at the CDSL and present results from recent programs. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Hall, DP (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6277-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6221 BP D2210 EP D2210 AR 62210D DI 10.1117/12.667832 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BES59 UT WOS:000239301800011 ER PT S AU Crooke, JA Gunderson, JA Hagopian, JG Levine, M AF Crooke, Julie A. Gunderson, Johanna A. Hagopian, John G. Levine, Manie BE Cullum, MJ Angeli, GZ TI Developing a NASA strategy for the verification of Large Space Telescope observatories - art. no. 627108 SO Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Systems Engineering and Project Management for Astronomy II CY MAY 30-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE astronomical observatories; thermal vacuum facilities; performance verification; facility strategies; strategic decision support AB In July 2005, the Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation (PA&E) at NASA Headquarters was directed to develop a strategy for verification of the performance of large space telescope observatories, which occurs predominantly in a thermal vacuum test facility. A mission model of the expected astronomical observatory missions over the next 20 years was identified along with performance, facility and resource requirements. Ground testing versus alternatives was analyzed to determine the pros, cons and break points in the verification process. Existing facilities and their capabilities were examined across NASA, industry and other government agencies as well as the future demand for these facilities across NASA's Mission Directorates. Options were developed to meet the full suite of mission verification requirements, and performance, cost, risk and other analyses were performed. Findings and recommendations from the study were presented to the NASA Administrator and the NASA Strategic Management Council (SMC) in February 2006. This paper details the analysis, results, and findings from this study. C1 NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Crooke, JA (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6336-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6271 BP 27108 EP 27108 AR 627108 DI 10.1117/12.670209 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB35 UT WOS:000240718700010 ER PT S AU Zang, T Lieber, M Norton, C Fucik, K AF Zang, Thomas Lieber, Mike Norton, Charles Fucik, Karen BE Cullum, MJ Angeli, GZ TI The Advanced Modeling, Simulation and Analysis Capability Roadmap vision for engineering - art. no. 627109 SO Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Systems Engineering and Project Management for Astronomy II CY MAY 30-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE modeling and simulation; analysis and design; integrated modeling; technology roadmap AB This paper summarizes a subset of the Advanced Modeling Simulation and Analysis (AMSA) Capability Roadmap that was developed for NASA in 2005. The AMSA Capability Roadmap Team was chartered to "To identify what is needed to enhance NASA's capabilities to produce leading-edge exploration and science missions by improving engineering system development, operations, and science understanding through broad application of advanced modeling, simulation and analysis techniques." The AMSA roadmap stressed the need for integration, not just within the science, engineering and operations domains themselves, but also across these domains. Here we discuss the roadmap element pertaining to integration within the engineering domain, with a particular focus on implications for future observatory missions. The AMSA products supporting the system engineering function are mission information, bounds on information quality, and system validation guidance. The Engineering roadmap element contains 5 sub-elements: (1) Large-Scale Systems Models, (2) Anomalous Behavior Models, (3) advanced Uncertainty Models, (4) Virtual Testing Models, and (5) space-based Robotics Manufacture and Servicing Models. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Zang, T (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6336-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6271 BP 27109 EP 27109 AR 627109 DI 10.1117/12.671328 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB35 UT WOS:000240718700011 ER PT S AU Fabinsky, B AF Fabinsky, Beth BE Cullum, MJ Angeli, GZ TI A survey of ground operations tools developed to plan and validate the pointing of space telescopes and the design for WISE - art. no. 627111 SO Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Systems Engineering and Project Management for Astronomy II CY MAY 30-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE AB WISE, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer, is scheduled for launch in June 2009. The mission operations system for WISE requires a software modeling tool to help plan, integrate and simulate all spacecraft pointing and verify that no attitude constraints are violated. In the course of developing the requirements for this tool, an investigation was conducted into the design of similar tools for other space-based telescopes. This paper summarizes the ground software and processes used to plan and validate pointing for a selection of space telescopes; with this information as background, the design for WISE is presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fabinsky, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6336-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6271 BP 27111 EP 27111 AR 627111 DI 10.1117/12.669730 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB35 UT WOS:000240718700038 ER PT S AU O'Dell, SL Weisskopf, MC AF O'Dell, Stephen L. Weisskopf, Martin C. BE Cullum, MJ Angeli, GZ TI The role of project science in the Chandra X-ray Observatory SO MODELING, SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR ASTRONOMY II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Systems Engineering and Project Management for Astronomy II CY MAY 30-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE modeling and simulation; project management; project science; space observatories; x-ray astronomy ID ASTROPHYSICS FACILITY AXAF; FLIGHT CONTAMINATION MONITOR; HIGH-RESOLUTION CAMERA; TRANSMISSION GRATING SPECTROMETER; IN-FLIGHT; RADIATION ENVIRONMENT; ACIS INSTRUMENT; PERFORMANCE; CALIBRATION; ALIGNMENT AB The Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of NASA's Great Observatories, has an outstanding record of scientific and technical success. This success results from the efforts of a team comprising NASA, its contractors, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the instrument groups, and other elements of the scientific community-including the thousands of scientists who utilize this powerful facility for astrophysical research. We discuss the role of NASA Project Science in the formulation, development, calibration, and operation of the Chandra X-ray Observatory. In addition to serving as an interface between the scientific community and the Project, Project Science performed what we term "science systems engineering". This activity encompasses translation of science requirements into technical requirements and assessment of the scientific impact of programmatic and technical trades. We briefly describe several examples of science systems engineering conducted by Chandra Project Science. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP O'Dell, SL (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC-VP62,320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM Steve.O'Dell@nasa.gov OI O'Dell, Stephen/0000-0002-1868-8056 NR 50 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6336-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6271 AR 627107 DI 10.1117/12.671789 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB35 UT WOS:000240718700009 ER PT J AU Marshall, KL Adelsberger, K Myhre, G Griffin, DW AF Marshall, KL Adelsberger, K Myhre, G Griffin, DW TI The LCPDI: A compact and robust phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer based on dye-doped LC technology SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE interferometry; liquid crystal; phase-shifting; photoresist; point diffraction ID TRANSITION-METAL COMPLEXES; LIQUID-CRYSTALS; DICHROISM AB Point-diffraction interferometers, by design, are much less sensitive to environmental disturbances than dual-path interferometers, but, until very recently, have not been capable of phase shifting. The liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer (LCPDI) utilizes a dye-doped, liquid crystal (LC), electro-optical device that functions as both the point-diffraction source and the phase-shifting element, yielding a phase-shifting diagnostic device that is significantly more compact and robust while also using fewer optical elements than conventional dual-path interferometers. These attributes make the LCPDI of special interest for diagnostic applications in the scientific, commercial, military, and industrial sectors, where vibration insensitivity, power requirements, size, weight, and cost are critical issues. Until very recently, LCPDI devices have used a plastic microsphere embedded in the LC fluid layer as the point-diffraction source. The process for fabricating microsphere-based LCPDI devices is low-yield, labor-intensive, very "hands-on, and great care and skill are required to produce devices with adequate interference fringe contrast for diagnostic measurements. With the goal in mind of evolving the LCPDI beyond the level of a laboratory prototype, we have developed "second-generation" LCPDI devices in which the reference diffracting elements are an integral part of the substrates by depositing a suitable optical material (vapor-deposited thin films or photoresist) directly on the substrate surface. These "structured substrates eliminate many of the assembly difficulties and performance limitations of previous LCPDI devices as well as open the possibility of mass-producing LCPDI devices at low cost by the same processes used to manufacture commercial LC displays. C1 Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Micrograv Fluid Phys Branch, Brookpark, OH USA. RP Marshall, KL (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, 250 E River Rd, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. EM kmar@lle.rochester.edu NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1542-1406 J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2006 VL 454 BP 23 EP 45 DI 10.1080/15421400600654116 PG 23 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 056ZW UT WOS:000238565000003 ER PT J AU Stothers, RB AF Stothers, RB TI The period dichotomy in terrestrial impact crater ages SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE methods : numerical; comets : general; Earth; Solar system : general; Galaxy : kinematics and dynamics ID HYPOTHESIS; RECORDS; MATTER; HIPPARCOS; DENSITY; EARTH AB Impact cratering on the Earth during the past 250 Myr has occurred with either of two apparent periodicities, similar to 30 or similar to 35 Myr, depending on the set of impact crater ages that is adopted. When the craters are segregated by size and the possible age errors are explicitly taken into account in the analysis, only the longer periodicity survives, and does so only in the case of the largest craters (diameters >= 35 km). Smaller craters exhibit no robust periodicity. Despite their relative abundance, the inclusion of data points for the small craters merely degrades, without shifting or destroying, the periodic signal of the largest craters when all of the craters are analysed together. The possible consequences for quasi-periodic Galactic perturbations of the Oort comet cloud are briefly discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Stothers, RB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM rstothers@giss.nasa.gov NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 365 IS 1 BP 178 EP 180 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09720.x PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 005VT UT WOS:000234853400021 ER PT J AU Goad, MR Roberts, TP Reeves, JN Uttley, P AF Goad, MR Roberts, TP Reeves, JN Uttley, P TI A deep XMM-Newton observation of the ultraluminous X-ray source Holmberg II X-1: the case against a 1000-M-circle dot black hole SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE black hole physics; X-rays : binaries; X-rays : galaxies ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; NEARBY SPIRAL GALAXIES; EPIC OBSERVATIONS; ACCRETION DISKS; MASS; VARIABILITY; SPECTRA; X-1; ROSAT; LONG AB We present results from a 112-ks long look by XMM-Newton at the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) Holmberg II X-1 (Ho II X-1), long thought to be the one of best candidates for the missing class of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). Our data comprises the first high-quality XMM-Newton/RGS (reflection grating spectrometer) spectrum of an ULX, and an XMM-Newton/EPIC (European Photo Imaging Camera) spectrum with unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio. A detailed timing analysis shows that any variability on time-scales of minutes to hours is very weak (less than a few per cent fractional rms), though larger amplitude variations on much shorter time-scales could be hidden by photon counting statistics. This result suggests that if Ho II X-1 harbours an IMBH, then we are observing this source in a highly unusual and atypical state when compared with the known variability behaviour of other accreting systems of large mass. Moreover, unlike galactic X-ray binaries, our spectral analysis indicates the possible presence of an optically thick low-temperature corona. Taken together our timing and spectral analysis suggests that the compact companion is most likely a high-luminosity analogue of black hole binary systems similar to GRS 1915+105, the galactic microquasar, harbouring a compact object of mass no greater than 100 M-.. C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Xray & Observat Astron Grp, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Goad, MR (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Xray & Observat Astron Grp, Univ Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM mrg@star.le.ac.uk NR 54 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 365 IS 1 BP 191 EP 198 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09702.x PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 005VT UT WOS:000234853400023 ER PT J AU Wulfmeyer, V Bauer, HS Grzeschik, M Behrendt, A Vandenberghe, F Browell, EV Ismail, S Ferrare, RA AF Wulfmeyer, V Bauer, HS Grzeschik, M Behrendt, A Vandenberghe, F Browell, EV Ismail, S Ferrare, RA TI Four-dimensional variational assimilation of water vapor differential absorption lidar data: The first case study within IHOP_2002 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; FUTURE PERFORMANCE; MODEL; SIMULATION; RESOLUTION; AIRBORNE; SYSTEM; SENSITIVITY; TROPOSPHERE AB Four-dimensional variational assimilation of water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) data has been applied for investigating their impact on the initial water field for mesoscale weather forecasting. A case that was observed during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) has been selected. During 24 May 2002, data from the NASA Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment were available upstream of a convective system that formed later along the dryline and a cold front. Tools were developed for routinely assimilating water vapor DIAL data into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The results demonstrate a large impact on the initial water vapor field. This is due to the high resolution and accuracy of DIAL data making the observation of the high spatial variability of humidity in the region of the dryline and of the cold front possible. The water vapor field is mainly adjusted by a modification of the atmospheric wind field changing the moisture transport. A positive impact of the improved initial fields on the spatial/temporal prediction of convective initiation is visible. The results demonstrate the high value of accurate, vertically resolved mesoscale water vapor observations and advanced data assimilation systems for short-range weather forecasting. C1 Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phys & Meteorol, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Res Applicat Program, Boulder, CO USA. NASA Langley Res Ctr, Atmospher Sci Div, Hampton, VA USA. RP Univ Hohenheim, Inst Phys & Meteorol, Garbenstr 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. EM wulfmeye@uni-hohenheim.de OI Behrendt, Andreas/0000-0003-2719-4354 NR 47 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 134 IS 1 BP 209 EP 230 DI 10.1175/MWR3070.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008TO UT WOS:000235063800012 ER PT J AU Wakimoto, RM Murphey, HV Browell, EV Ismail, S AF Wakimoto, RM Murphey, HV Browell, EV Ismail, S TI The " triple point" on 24 May 2002 during IHOP. Part I: Airborne Doppler and LASE analyses of the frontal boundaries and convection initiation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SYNOPTICALLY ACTIVE ENVIRONMENT; SEVERE STORM DEVELOPMENT; FINESCALE STRUCTURE; MESOSCALE STRUCTURE; WEATHER RADAR; COLD-FRONT; DRYLINE; LAYER; COPS-91; SYSTEMS AB An analysis of the initiation of deep convection near the triple point between a cold front and dryline is presented. High-spatial-resolution Doppler wind syntheses combined with vertical cross sections of mixing ratio (q) and aerosol scattering ratio retrieved from a lidar flying over the triple point provide an unprecedented view of the initiation process. The Doppler wind synthesis revealed variability along the dryline similar to the precipitation core/gap structure documented for oceanic cold fronts. Vertical cross sections through the dryline suggest a density current-like structure with the hot and dry air being forced up and over the moist air. Double thin lines associated with moisture gradients were also resolved. The vertical profile of retrieved q, approximately perpendicular to the dryline, showed a pronounced jump in the depth of the moisture layer across the triple point. Analyses of dropsonde data show the existence of virtual potential temperature (theta(V)) gradients across the cold front and the dryline. Although the vertical velocity was strong at the triple point, deep convection initiated similar to 50 km to the east. The location where convection first developed was characterized by a prominent aerosol and moisture plume, reduced static stability, and the largest potential instability. An internal gravity wave may have provided the lift to initiate convection. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA. NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA. RP Wakimoto, RM (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, EOL, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM wakimoto@ucar.edu NR 51 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 134 IS 1 BP 231 EP 250 DI 10.1175/MWR3066.1 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008TO UT WOS:000235063800013 ER PT J AU Demoz, B Flamant, C Weckwerth, T Whiteman, D Evans, K Fabry, F Di Girolamo, P Miller, D Geerts, B Brown, W Schwemmer, G Gentry, B Feltz, W Wang, ZE AF Demoz, B Flamant, C Weckwerth, T Whiteman, D Evans, K Fabry, F Di Girolamo, P Miller, D Geerts, B Brown, W Schwemmer, G Gentry, B Feltz, W Wang, ZE TI The dryline on 22 May 2002 during IHOP_2002: Convective-scale measurements at the profiling site SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID RAMAN LIDAR TECHNIQUE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MOIST CONVECTION; WATER-VAPOR; INITIATION; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; RADAR; VELOCITIES; SYSTEM AB A detailed analysis of the structure of a double dryline observed over the Oklahoma panhandle during the first International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) convective initiation (CI) mission on 22 May 2002 is presented. A unique and unprecedented set of high temporal and spatial resolution measurements of water vapor mixing ratio, wind, and boundary layer structure parameters were acquired using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA) scanning Raman lidar (SRL), the Goddard Lidar Observatory for Winds ( GLOW), and the Holographic Airborne Rotating Lidar Instrument Experiment (HARLIE), respectively. These measurements are combined with the vertical velocity measurements derived from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Multiple Antenna Profiler Radar (MAPR) and radar structure function from the high-resolution University of Massachusetts frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar to reveal the evolution and structure of the late afternoon double-dryline boundary layer. The eastern dryline advanced and then retreated over the Homestead profiling site in the Oklahoma panhandle, providing conditions ripe for a detailed observation of the small-scale variability within the boundary layer and the dryline. In situ aircraft data, dropsonde and radiosonde data, along with NCAR S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol) measurements, are also used to provide the larger-scale picture of the double-dryline environment. Moisture and temperature jumps of about 3 g kg(-1) and 1-2 K, respectively, were observed across the eastern radar fine line ( dryline), more than the moisture jumps (1-2 g kg(-1)) observed across the western radar fine line ( secondary dryline). Most updraft plumes observed were located on the moist side of the eastern dryline with vertical velocities exceeding 3 m s(-1) and variable horizontal widths of 2-5 km, although some were as wide as 7-8 km. These updrafts were up to 1.5 g kg(-1) moister than the surrounding environment. Although models suggested deep convection over the Oklahoma panhandle and several cloud lines were observed near the dryline, the dryline itself did not initiate any storms over the intensive observation region (IOR). Possible reasons for this lack of convection are discussed. Strong capping inversion and moisture detrainment between the lifting condensation level and the level of free convection related to an overriding drier air, together with the relatively small near-surface moisture values ( less than 10 g kg(-1)), were detrimental to CI in this case. C1 NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeronomie, Paris, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Univ Basilicata, Potenza, Italy. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wisconsin, SSEC, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA. RP Demoz, B (reprint author), NASA GSFC, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Belay.B.Demoz@nasa.gov RI Y, wang/A-8866-2010; Wang, Zhien/F-4857-2011; Demoz, Belay/N-4130-2014 NR 35 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 134 IS 1 BP 294 EP 310 DI 10.1175/MWR3054.1 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008TO UT WOS:000235063800016 ER PT S AU Stubbs, TJ Vondrak, RR Farrell, WM AF Stubbs, TJ Vondrak, RR Farrell, WM BE Ehrenfreund, P Foing, B Cellino, A TI A dynamic fountain model for lunar dust SO MOON AND NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE lunar regolith; dust grains; lunar horizon glow; lunar surface charging; dust dynamic fountain model ID SOLAR-SYSTEM; SIMULATION; WAKE AB There is much evidence to show that lunar "horizon glow" and "streamers" observed at the terminator are caused by sunlight scattered by dust grains originating from the surface. The dust grains and lunar surface are electrostatically charged by the Moon's interaction with the local plasma environment and the photoemission of electrons due to solar UV and X-rays. This effect causes the like-charged surface and dust particles to repel each other, and creates a near-surface electric field. Previous models have explained micron-sized dust observed at similar to 10 cm above the surface, by suggesting that charged grains "levitate" in the local electric field; however this cannot account for observations of 0.1 mu m-scale grains at similar to 100 km altitude. In order to explain the high-altitude dust observations, we propose a dynamic "fountain" model in which charged dust grains follow ballistic trajectories, subsequent to being accelerated upward through a narrow sheath region by the surface electric field. These dust grains could affect the optical quality of the lunar environment for astronomical observations and interfere with exploration activities. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stubbs, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Timothy.J.Stubbs.1@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Stubbs, Timothy/I-5139-2013; Farrell, William/I-4865-2013 OI Stubbs, Timothy/0000-0002-5524-645X; NR 22 TC 125 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 1 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.048 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEE19 UT WOS:000236910000009 ER PT S AU Williams, JG Turyshev, SG Boggs, DH Ratcliff, JT AF Williams, JG Turyshev, SG Boggs, DH Ratcliff, JT BE Ehrenfreund, P Foing, B Cellino, A TI Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy SO MOON AND NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE Moon; lunar core; lunar interior; lunar geodesy; relativity; gravitational physics; lunar laser ranging ID GENERAL-RELATIVITY; PROSPECTOR; MODELS; MOON AB Laser pulses fired at retroreflectors on the Moon provide very accurate ranges. Analysis yields information oil Earth, Moon, and orbit. The highly accurate retroreflector positions have uncertainties less than a meter. Tides on the Moon show strong dissipation, with Q = 33 +/- 4 at a month and a weak dependence on period. Lunar rotation depends on interior properties; a fluid core is indicated with radius similar to 20% that of the Moon. Tests of relativistic gravity verify the equivalence principle to +/- 1.4 x 10(-13), limit deviations from Einstein's general relativity, and show no rate for the gravitational constant G/G with uncertainty 9 x 10(-13)/year. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 238-600, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM James.G.Williams@jpl.nasa.gov; Slava.G.Turyshev@jpl.nasa.gov; Dale.H.Boggs@jpl.nasa.gov; J.Todd.Ratcliff@jpl.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 1 BP 67 EP 71 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEE19 UT WOS:000236910000010 ER PT S AU Ipatov, SI Mather, JC AF Ipatov, SI Mather, JC BE Ehrenfreund, P Foing, B Cellino, A TI Migration of small bodies and dust to near-Earth space SO MOON AND NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE migration; comets; interplanetary dust; collisions with the Earth ID KUIPER-BELT DUST; JUPITER-FAMILY COMETS; INTERPLANETARY DUST; SOLAR-SYSTEM; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS; ZODIACAL CLOUD; PARTICLES; OBJECTS; DYNAMICS AB The orbital evolution of Jupiter-family cornets (JFCs) and asteroidal, trans-Neptunian, and cometary dust particles under the gravitational influence of planets was integrated. For dust particles, we also considered the Poynting-Robertson drag, radiation pressure, and solar wind drag. Results of our runs were compared with the spacecraft observations of the spatial density of dust particles and with the WHAM observations of velocities of zodiacal particles. This comparison shows that the fraction of cometary dust particles of the overall dust population inside Saturn's orbit is significant and can be dominant. Our studies of migration of small bodies indicate that some former JFCs could move for millions of years inside Jupiter's orbit and so they could produce a lot of dust. The probability of a collision of an asteroidal or cometary dust particle with the Earth during its lifetime was maximum at diameter d similar to 100 mu m. At d < 10 mu m, the probability of a collision of a trans-Neptunian particle with the Earth during a lifetime of the particle was less than that for an asteroidal particle by only a factor of several. (C) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ipatov, SI (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD USA. EM siipatov@mail333.com; John.C.Mather@nasa.gov RI Ipatov, Sergei/O-2302-2014 OI Ipatov, Sergei/0000-0002-1413-9180 NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 1 BP 126 EP 137 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.076 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEE19 UT WOS:000236910000018 ER PT S AU Zhou, DK Larar, AM Smith, WL Liu, X AF Zhou, Daniel K. Larar, Allen M. Smith, William L. Liu, Xu BE Smith, WL Larar, AM Aoki, T Rattan, R TI Surface emissivity effects on thermodynamic retrieval of IR spectral radiance - art. no. 64051H SO Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, ISRO, JAXA, NASA, NOAA, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Natl Inst Oceanog, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Sci & Technol Corp DE remote sensing; hyperspectrum; inversion; surface skin temperature and emissivity; TBL moisture ID TESTBED INTERFEROMETER; TEMPERATURES; VALIDATION AB The surface emissivity effect on the thermodynamic parameters (e.g., the surface skin temperature, atmospheric temperature, and moisture) retrieved from satellite infrared (IR) spectral radiance is studied. Simulation analysis demonstrates that surface emissivity plays an important role in retrieval of surface skin temperature and terrestrial boundary layer (TBL) moisture. NAST-I ultraspectral data collected during the CLAMS field campaign are used to retrieve thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere and surface. The retrievals are then validated by coincident in-situ measurements, such as sea surface temperature, radiosonde temperature and moisture profiles. Retrieved surface emissivity is also validated by that computed from the observed radiance and calculated emissions based on the retrievals of surface temperature and atmospheric profiles. In addition, retrieved surface skin temperature and emissivity are validated together by radiance comparison between the observation and retrieval-based calculation in the "window" region where atmospheric contribution is minimized. Both simulation and validation results have lead to the conclusion that variable surface emissivity in the inversion process is needed to obtain accurate retrievals from satellite IR spectral radiance measurements. Retrieval examples are presented to reveal that surface emissivity plays a significant role In retrieving accurate surface skin temperature and TBL thermodynamic parameters. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Zhou, DK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6512-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6405 BP H4051 EP H4051 AR 64051H DI 10.1117/12.694283 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFZ50 UT WOS:000245645300035 ER PT S AU Liu, X Zhou, DK Larar, A Smith, WL Schluessel, P AF Liu, Xu Zhou, Daniel K. Larar, Allen Smith, William L. Schluessel, Peter BE Smith, WL Larar, AM Aoki, T Rattan, R TI A physical retrieval algorithm for IASI using PCRTM - art. no. 64050L SO Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, ISRO, JAXA, NASA, NOAA, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Natl Inst Oceanog, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Sci & Technol Corp DE atmospheric inversion; retrieval methodology; radiative transfer model; remote sensing ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; ACCURATE TRANSMITTANCE MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; CHANNEL SELECTION; ABSORBING GAS; INHOMOGENEOUS ATMOSPHERES; COMPUTATIONALLY FAST; MIXING RATIOS; RADIANCES AB A physical retrieval algorithm was developed for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI), which was launched on board of the METOP A satellite. The retrieval algorithm uses a Principal Component-based Radiative transfer model (PCRTM) and performs retrieval in Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) domain. The PCRTM fast radiative transfer model provides the principal component (PC) scores of an IASI radiance spectrum and the derivatives of the PC scores with respect to atmospheric parameters. Since the principal components are orthogonal to each other, relatively small number of PC scores are needed to capture the information content of the radiance spectrum. By performing radiative transfer modeling and retrieval in EOF domain directly; the algorithm deals with much smaller dimension as compared to original radiance domain. The retrieval is very efficient and fast. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Liu, X (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6512-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6405 BP L4050 EP L4050 AR 64050L DI 10.1117/12.694175 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFZ50 UT WOS:000245645300013 ER PT S AU Larar, AM Cook, WB Mills, CS Flood, MA Burcher, EE Boyer, CM Puschell, JJ AF Larar, Allen M. Cook, William B. Mills, Carl S. Flood, Michael A. Burcher, Ernest E. Boyer, Charles M. Puschell, Jeffery J. BE Smith, WL Larar, AM Aoki, T Rattan, R TI Testing and characterization of a multispectral imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer for tropospheric trace species detection - art. no. 64050R SO Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, ISRO, JAXA, NASA, NOAA, Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Natl Inst Oceanog, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Sci & Technol Corp DE Fabry-Perot interferometry; geostationary observations; tropospheric chemistry; tropospheric ozone ID OZONE AB The Tropospheric Trace Species Sensing Fabry-Perot Interferometer (TTSS-FPI) was a NASA Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) project for risk mitigation of enabling concepts and technology applicable to future NASA Science Mission Directorate atmospheric chemistry measurements. Within IIP an airborne sensor was developed and laboratory-tested to demonstrate the instrument concept and enabling technologies that are also applicable to the desired geostationary-based implementation. The concept is centered about an imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) observing a narrow spectral interval within the strong 9.6 micron ozone infrared band with a spectral resolution similar to 0.07 cm(-1), and also has applicability to and could simplify designs associated with sensors targeting measurement of other trace species. Results of testing and characterization of enabling subsystems and the overall instrument system are reported; emphasis is placed on recent laboratory testing performed to evaluate system-level radiometric, spatial, and spectral measurement fidelity. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Larar, AM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6512-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6405 BP R4050 EP R4050 AR 64050R DI 10.1117/12.694143 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFZ50 UT WOS:000245645300017 ER PT B AU Rahnamai, K Gorman, K Gray, A AF Rahnamai, Kourosh Gorman, Kevin Gray, Andrew GP IEEE TI Model predictive neural control of TCP flow in AQM network SO NAFIPS 2006 - 2006 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FUZZY INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the North-American-Fuzzy-Information-Processing-Society CY JUN 03-06, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP N Amer Fuzzy Informat Proc Soc AB Many research papers have been published on RED (Random Early Detection) and variants of RED [1-12]. Recently many articles have been presented on modeling a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) flow in an Active Queue Management (AQM) of a bottlenecked network link [1-3]. Classical control theories have also been applied to achieve or improve stability of the network flow [4]. In this paper we present a Neural Network (NN) Model Predictive Control (MPC) of TCP flows. We show the robust adaptive behavior of the MPC optimal controller under modeling errors and system dynamic changes. We also show the superior transient and steady state behavior as well as general stability of MPC as compared to the Classical PI controller. C1 [Rahnamai, Kourosh; Gorman, Kevin] West New England Coll, Dept Elect Engn, Springfield, MA 01119 USA. [Gray, Andrew] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rahnamai, K (reprint author), West New England Coll, Dept Elect Engn, Springfield, MA 01119 USA. EM krahnama@wnec.edu; gray@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0362-2 PY 2006 BP 441 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGG92 UT WOS:000246736200080 ER PT J AU Li, L Wang, XF Stolc, V Li, XY Zhang, DF Su, N Tongprasit, W Li, SG Cheng, ZK Wang, J Deng, XW AF Li, L Wang, XF Stolc, V Li, XY Zhang, DF Su, N Tongprasit, W Li, SG Cheng, ZK Wang, J Deng, XW TI Genome-wide transcription analyses in rice using tiling microarrays SO NATURE GENETICS LA English DT Article ID ORYZA-SATIVA L.; EXPRESSION ANALYSIS; DRAFT SEQUENCE; CHROMOSOME-4; GENES; ARRAYS AB Sequencing and computational annotation revealed several features, including high gene numbers(1-6), unusual composition of the predicted genes(1,7) and a large number of genes lacking homology to known genes(8,9), that distinguish the rice ( Oryza sativa) genome from that of other fully sequenced model species. We report here a full-genome transcription analysis of the indica rice subspecies using high-density oligonucleotide tiling microarrays. Our results provided expression data support for the existence of 35,970 (81.9%) annotated gene models and identified 5,464 unique transcribed intergenic regions that share similar compositional properties with the annotated exons and have significant homology to other plant proteins. Elucidating and mapping of all transcribed regions revealed an association between global transcription and cytological chromosome features, and an overall similarity of transcriptional activity between duplicated segments of the genome. Collectively, our results provide the first whole-genome transcription map useful for further understanding the rice genome. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Natl Inst Biol Sci, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China. Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Peking Yale Joint Res Ctr Plant Mol Genet & Agrob, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Inst Genom, Beijing 101300, Peoples R China. NASA, Genome Res Facil, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. China Bioway Biotech Grp Co Ltd, Natl Ctr Crop Design, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. Eloret Corp, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 USA. RP Deng, XW (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM xingwang.deng@yale.edu RI Wang, Jun/C-8434-2016; Wang, Jun/B-9503-2016 OI Wang, Jun/0000-0002-8540-8931; Wang, Jun/0000-0002-2113-5874 NR 30 TC 100 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 15 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1061-4036 J9 NAT GENET JI Nature Genet. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 38 IS 1 BP 124 EP 129 DI 10.1038/ng1704 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 997EG UT WOS:000234227200028 PM 16369532 ER PT J AU Hoskinson, E Sato, Y Hahn, I Packard, RE AF Hoskinson, E Sato, Y Hahn, I Packard, RE TI Transition from phase slips to the Josephson effect in a superfluid He-4 weak link SO NATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BRIDGES AB The rich dynamics of flow between two weakly coupled macroscopic quantum reservoirs has led to a range of important technologies. Practical development has so far been limited to superconducting systems, for which the basic building block is the so-called superconducting Josephson weak link(1). With the observation of quantum oscillations' in superfluid He-4 near 2 K, we can now envision analogous practical superfluid helium devices. The characteristic function that determines the dynamics of such systems is the current-phase relation I-s(phi), which gives the relationship between the superfluid current I-s flowing through a weak link and the quantum phase difference phi across it. Here we report the measurement of the current-phase relation of a superfluid He-4 weak link formed by an array of nano-apertures separating two reservoirs of superfluid He-4. As we vary the coupling strength between the two reservoirs, we observe a transition from a strongly coupled regime in which I-s(phi) is linear and flow is limited by 2 pi phase slips, to a weak-coupling regime where I-s(phi) becomes the sinusoidal signature of a Josephson weak link. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Packard, RE (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM rpackard@berkeley.edu NR 14 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1745-2473 J9 NAT PHYS JI Nat. Phys. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 2 IS 1 BP 23 EP 26 DI 10.1038/nphys190 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 007HF UT WOS:000234958900016 ER PT S AU Soares, F Burken, J Marwala, T AF Soares, Fola Burken, John Marwala, Tshilidzi BE King, I Wang, J Chan, L Wang, DL TI Neural network applications in advanced aircraft flight control system, a hybrid system, a flight test demonstration SO NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING, PT 3, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Neural Informational Processing CY OCT 03-06, 2006 CL Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Asia Pacific Neural Network Assembly, K C Wong Educ Fdn AB Modern exploration missions require modern control systems that can handle catastrophic changes in behavior, compensate for slow deterioration in sustained operations, and support fast system identification. The dynamics and control of new vehicles remains a significant technical challenge. Neural network based adaptive controllers have these capabilities, but they can only be used safely if proper Verification and Validation can be done. Due to the nonlinear and dynamic nature of an adaptive control system, traditional Verification and Validation (V&V) and certification techniques are not sufficient for adaptive controllers, which is a big barrier in their deployment in the safety-critical applications. Moreover, traditional methods of V&V involve testing under various conditions which is costly to run and requires scheduling a long time in advance. We have developed specific techniques, tools, and processes to perform design time analysis, verification and validation, and dynamic monitoring of such controllers. Combined with advanced modelling tools, an integrated development or deployment methodology for addressing complex control needs in a safety- and reliability-critical mission environment can be provided. C1 Contek Res, El Segundo, CA USA. NASA Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA USA. Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Soares, F (reprint author), Contek Res, El Segundo, CA USA. EM fola@contekresearch.com; john.burken@mai1.dfrc.nasa.gov; t.marwala@ee.wits.ac.za NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-46484-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4234 BP 684 EP 691 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFG63 UT WOS:000241759000075 ER PT S AU Wieczorek, MA Jolliff, BL Khan, A Pritchard, ME Weiss, BP Williams, JG Hood, LL Righter, K Neal, CR Shearer, CK McCallum, IS Tompkins, S Hawke, BR Peterson, C Gillis, JJ Bussey, B AF Wieczorek, Mark A. Jolliff, Bradley L. Khan, Amir Pritchard, Matthew E. Weiss, Benjamin P. Williams, James G. Hood, Lon L. Righter, Kevin Neal, Clive R. Shearer, Charles K. McCallum, I. Stewart Tompkins, Stephanie Hawke, B. Ray Peterson, Chris Gillis, Jeffrey J. Bussey, Ben BE Jolliff, BL Wieczorek, MA TI The constitution and structure of the lunar interior SO NEW VIEWS OF THE MOON SE Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry LA English DT Review ID SOUTH-POLE-AITKEN; PROSPECTOR MAGNETOMETER DATA; IMPACT-MELT BRECCIAS; PRISTINE MOON ROCKS; EFFECTIVE ELASTIC THICKNESS; CRUSTAL MAGNETIC-ANOMALIES; LIQUID DENSITY INVERSIONS; PROCELLARUM KREEP TERRANE; GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETER; ALEXANDRA RANGE 94281 C1 Inst Phys Globe Paris, St Maur, France. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Astromat Branch, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Chantilly, VA USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. RP Wieczorek, MA (reprint author), Inst Phys Globe Paris, St Maur, France. EM wieczor@ipgp.jussieu.fr RI Wieczorek, Mark/G-6427-2010; Pritchard, Matthew/L-5892-2015 OI Wieczorek, Mark/0000-0001-7007-4222; Pritchard, Matthew/0000-0003-3616-3373 NR 658 TC 218 Z9 236 U1 9 U2 59 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 1529-6466 BN 0-939950-72-3 J9 REV MINERAL GEOCHEM JI Rev. Mineral. Geochem. PY 2006 VL 60 BP 221 EP + DI 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 PG 149 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA BEY45 UT WOS:000240126800004 ER PT S AU Stoffler, D Ryder, G Ivanov, BA Artemieva, NA Cintala, MJ Grieve, RAF AF Stoeffler, Dieter Ryder, Graham Ivanov, Boris A. Artemieva, Natalia A. Cintala, Mark J. Grieve, Richard A. F. BE Jolliff, BL Wieczorek, MA TI Cratering history and lunar chronology SO NEW VIEWS OF THE MOON SE Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry LA English DT Review ID MULTIRING IMPACT BASIN; APOLLO 17 SITE; SHOCK METAMORPHISM; TERRESTRIAL IMPACT; OBLIQUE IMPACTS; MELT ROCKS; COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY-9; HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT; HEAVY BOMBARDMENT; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE C1 Humboldt Univ, Inst Mineral, Museum Naturkunde, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Inst Dynam Geospheres, Moscow 119334, Russia. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y7, Canada. RP Stoffler, D (reprint author), Humboldt Univ, Inst Mineral, Museum Naturkunde, Invalidenstr 43, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. EM Dieter.Stoeffler@MUSEUM.HU-Berlin.de RI Ivanov, Boris/E-1413-2016 OI Ivanov, Boris/0000-0002-9938-9428 NR 360 TC 133 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 16 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 1529-6466 BN 0-939950-72-3 J9 REV MINERAL GEOCHEM JI Rev. Mineral. Geochem. PY 2006 VL 60 BP 519 EP 596 DI 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.05 PG 78 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA BEY45 UT WOS:000240126800006 ER PT S AU Gregory, DD AF Gregory, D. D. BE Agrawal, PC TI Implementing new strategic plans for NASA long duration scientific balloons SO NEXT GENERATION OF SCIENTIFIC BALLOON MISSIONS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE LDB; NASA Balloon; ULDB; scientific balloon; balloon AB Over that past twelve years, global long duration balloon (LDB) missions have provided scientists an observation platform that offers tremendous opportunity for accomplishing monumental science. The precedence of several years of highly successful LDB missions and the capability to recover and re-fly such instruments within a relatively short period of time has created even greater demands for serving science missions in 2004 and beyond. To address NASA's strategic plans for more missions and longer durations, new concepts are being explored and some are currently being developed, in order to enhance the current LDB mission concept. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Balloon Program Off, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Gregory, DD (reprint author), NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Balloon Program Off, Code 820, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM David.D.Gregory@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2021 EP 2025 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.04.016 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEY18 UT WOS:000240087500003 ER PT S AU Said, MA Dingwall, B Gupta, A Seyam, AM Mock, G Theyson, T AF Said, M. A. Dingwall, Brenda Gupta, A. Seyam, A. M. Mock, G. Theyson, T. BE Agrawal, PC TI Investigation of ultra violet (UV) resistance for high strength fibers SO NEXT GENERATION OF SCIENTIFIC BALLOON MISSIONS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE scientific balloons; pumpkin design; high strength fibers; UV degradation AB Ultra long duration balloons (ULDB), currently under development by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), requires the use of high strength fibers in the selected super-pressure pumpkin design. The pumpkin shape balloon concept allows clear separation of the load transferring functions of the major structural elements of the pneumatic envelope, the tendons and the film. Essentially, the film provides the gas barrier and transfers only local pressure load to the tendons. The tendons, in the mean time, provide the global pressure containing strength. In that manner, the strength requirement for the film only depends on local parameters. The tendon is made of p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole (PBO) fibers, which is selected due to its high strength to weight ratio when compared to other high performance, commercially available, fibers. High strength fibers, however, are known to degrade upon exposure to light, particularly at short wavelengths. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the resistance of four commercial high strength fibers to ultra violet (UV) exposure. The results indicate that exposing high strength fibers in continuous yarn form to UV led to serious loss in strength of the fibers except for Spectra (R) fibers. The adverse changes in mechanical behavior occurred over short duration of exposure compared to the 100 day duration targeted for these missions. UV blocking finishes to improve the UV resistance of these fibers are being investigated. The application of these specially formulated coatings is expected to lead to significant improvement of the UV resistance of these high performance fibers. In this publication, we report on the mechanical behavior of the fibers pre- and post-exposure to UV, but without application of the blocking finishes. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Said, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, E-107 Walloops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM magdi.a.said@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 23 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2052 EP 2058 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.098 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEY18 UT WOS:000240087500008 ER PT S AU Hall, JL Kerzhanovich, VV Yavrouian, AH Jones, JA White, CV Dudik, BA Plett, GA Mennella, J Elfes, A AF Hall, J. L. Kerzhanovich, V. V. Yavrouian, A. H. Jones, J. A. White, C. V. Dudik, B. A. Plett, G. A. Mennella, J. Elfes, A. BE Agrawal, PC TI An aerobot for global in situ exploration of Titan SO NEXT GENERATION OF SCIENTIFIC BALLOON MISSIONS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE aerobot; Titan; planetary mobility; balloon; in situ exploration AB This paper describes the design and component testing of an acrobot that would be capable of global in situ exploration of Saturn's moon, Titan, over a 6-12 month mission lifetime. The proposed aerobot is a propeller-driven, buoyant vehicle that resembles terrestrial airships. However, the extremely cold Titan environment requires the use of cryogenic materials of construction and careful thermal design for protection of temperature-sensitive payload elements. Multiple candidate balloon materials have been identified based on extensive laboratory testing at 77 K. The most promising materials to date are laminates comprised of polyester fabrics and/or films with areal densities in the range of 40-100 g/m(2).The aerobot hull is a streamlined ellipsoid 14 m in length with a maximum diameter of 3 m. The enclosed volume of 60 m 3 is sufficient to float a mass of 234 kg at a maximum altitude of 8 kin at Titan. Forward and aft ballonets are located inside the hull to enable the aerobot to descend to the surface while preserving a fully inflated streamlined shape. Altitude changes are effected primarily through thrust vectoring of the twin main propellers, with pressure modulated buoyancy change via the ballonets available as a slower backup option. A total of 100 W of electrical power is provided to the vehicle by a radioisotope power supply. Up to half of this power is available to the propulsion system to generate a top flight speed in the range of 1-2 m/s. This speed is expected to be greater than the near surface winds at Titan, enabling the aerobot to fly to and hover over targets of interest. A preliminary science payload has been devised for the aerobot to give it the capability for aerial imaging of the surface, atmospheric observations and sampling, and surface sample acquisition and analysis. Targeting, hovering, surface sample acquisition and vehicle health monitoring and automatic safing actions will all require significant on-board autonomy due to the over 2 h round trip light time between Titan and Earth. An autonomy architecture and a core set of perception, reasoning and control technologies is under development using a free-flying airship testbed of approximately the same size as the proposed Titan aerobot. Data volume from the Titan science mission is expected to be on the order of 100-300 Mbit per day transmitted either direct to Earth through an 0.8 in high gain antenna or via an orbiter relay using an omni-directional antenna on the aerobot. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hall, JL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 82-105, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jlhall@pop.jpl.nasa.gov RI Elfes, Alberto/E-2463-2011 OI Elfes, Alberto/0000-0003-2433-995X NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2108 EP 2119 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.11.033 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BEY18 UT WOS:000240087500015 ER PT S AU Aziz, AA Saury, C Xuan, VB Young, P AF Aziz, A. Abdul Saury, C. Xuan, V. Bui Young, P. BE Mufti, AA Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI On the material characterization of a composite using micro CT image based finite element modeling - art. no. 617605 SO Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE finite element analysis; Computed Tomography; Ceramic Matrix Composites; stress analysis; non destructive evaluation; tensile testing. AB Novel techniques for generating robust and accurate meshes based on 3-D imaging data have recently been developed which make the prediction of macro-structural properties of composite structures based on micro-structural composition straightforward. The accuracy of reconstructions is a particular strong point of these new techniques with geometric accuracy only contingent on image quality. Algorithms developed and used are topology preserving, volume preserving and multi-part geometric models can be handled straightforwardly. In addition to modeling different constituent materials as separate mesh domains, material properties can be assigned based on signal strength in the parent image thereby providing a way of modeling continuous variations in properties for an inhomogeneous medium. These new techniques have been applied to the analysis of a ceramic matrix composite which was micro-CT scanned and the influence of imaging parameters on both predicted bulk properties and localized stresses has been explored. This paper utilizes the Computed Tomography (CT) as the NDE technique to characterize the initial matrix porosity's locations and sizes in a Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) test specimen. Further, the Finite Element (FE) method is applied to calculate the localized stress field around these pores based on the geometric modeling of the specimen's CT results, using image analysis, geometric modeling and meshing software, ScanIP/ScanFE [1]. The analyses will simulate experimental loading conditions where scanned specimens are then tensile tested to a 0.07 % total strain to identify the matrix cracking locations in relation to the original pores. Additional work is carried out combining the image processing and finite element to investigate the applicability of some novel meshing techniques. Finally, the calculated Finite Element [2-4] localized stress risers are compared with the observed matrix cracking locations. This work is expected to show that an FE model based on an accurate 3-D rendered model from a series of CT slices is an essential tool to quantify the effects of internal macroscopic defects of complex material systems such as CMCs. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Aziz, AA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6229-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6176 BP 17605 EP 17605 AR 617605 DI 10.1117/12.667766 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEO64 UT WOS:000238482400004 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Krause, D AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Krause, David BE Mufti, AA Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI Cruciform specimen design for testing advanced aeropropulsion materials under cyclic in-plane biaxial loading - art. no. 617609 SO Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA AB Investigating material behavior under complex stress states is often done using in-plane biaxial loading approach. Utilizing such techniques requires using cruciform type specimens fabricated from plate material tested by gripping the specimen at four locations and loaded along two orthogonal axes. Servohydraulic systems are generally used in this application which is similar to those used for uniaxial testing. These kind of testing capabilities are currently being conducted at NASA Glenn Research Center via a new in-house testing facility. This is in support of the development of major components for the Stirling Radioisotope Generator (SRG). It is also used to assist in the generation of an analytical life prediction methodology [1] and to experimentally verify the flight-design component's life. Further, this work is intended to carry the immediate goal of developing a specimen design that is fully compatible with the in-plane biaxial testing systems installed at NASA Glenn Research Center [2]. Thus, details of the specimen design and its applicability to the ongoing experimental activities are being reported and discussed. Finite element analyses were carried out to optimize the geometry of specimen and to evaluate the stress response under biaxial loading conditions [3, 4]. The material of interest used in this research is nickel based superalloy. The data presented concluded that the specimen can be used to investigate the deformation behavior under general forms of biaxial loading. The provided measurement and observation are limited to 1-in [2.54 cm] diameter circular region at the specimen center. C1 Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd MS 6-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6229-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6176 BP 17609 EP 17609 AR 617609 DI 10.1117/12.649804 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEO64 UT WOS:000238482400007 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Trudell, JJ Baakilini, GY AF Abdul-Aziz, Ali Trudell, Jeffrey J. Baakilini, George Y. BE Mufti, AA Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI Finite element design study of a bladed, flat rotating disk to simulate cracking in a typical turbine disk; Part II - art. no. 61760J SO Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE health monitoring; finite element; Crack initiation; flat disk; NDE; Aviation Safety; Center of mass; rotor damage; unbalances AB Health management development for advanced propulsion systems and ultrasafe engine technologies continues to be among the NASA's aviation safety program goals. Health management attempts to predict, detect, and prevent safety-significant propulsion malfunctions. The primary goal is to minimize the number of propulsion system faults that leads or contribute to civil aircraft accidents. Health monitoring of essential and key components in aircraft engines such as rotors continues to interest engine makers and aviation safety government institutions to improve safety and to lower maintenance costs. Having reliable diagnostic tools for damage detection and health monitoring of rotating components is important to maintain engine safety and reliability. This paper presents finite element analyses as a means to study the durability issues of a propulsion component such as a rotor disk. The analyses are carried out under representative engine loading conditions to further investigate the application, the performance, and the functionality of a crack detection system. Rotational speeds in the range of 2000 to 10000 rpm are used. Several key design parameters such as center of mass shift, induced cracks that ranged in length from a minimum of 0.508 cm (0.2 inches) to a maximum of 5.08 cm (2.0 inches), attachment blades and typical holes within the disk are all being explored to study their influence on the crack detection system performance. Results showing relevant influence of these parameters on the performance of the disk and the crack detection systems are presented. C1 Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd MS 6-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6229-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6176 BP J1760 EP J1760 AR 61760J DI 10.1117/12.649802 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEO64 UT WOS:000238482400013 ER PT S AU Abdul-Aziz, A Krause, D AF Abdul-Aziz, All Krause, David BE Mufti, AA Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI Combined experimental and analytical study using cruciform specimen for testing advanced aeropropulsion materials under in-plane biaxial loading - art. no. 61761K SO Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA ID INCONEL-718 AB A new in-house test capability has been developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center to conduct highly critical tests in support of major and significant components of the Stirling Radioisotope Generator (SRG). It is to aid the development of analytical life prediction methodology and to experimentally assist in verifying the flight-design component's life. Components within the SRG such as the heater head pressure vessel endure a very high temperature environment for a long period of time. Such conditions impose life-limiting failure by means of material creep, a slow gradual increase in strain which leads to an eventual failure of the pressure vessel. To properly evaluate the performance and assist in the design of this component, testing under multiaxial loading setting is essential, since the heater head is subjected to a biaxial state of stress. Thus, the current work undertakes conducting analytical studies under equibiaxial and non-equi-biaxial loadings situations at various temperatures emulating creep environment. These analytical activities will utilize the finite element method to analyze cruciform type specimens both, under linear elastic and creep conditions. And further to calibrate the in-plane biaxial-test system. The specimen finite element model is generated with MSC/Patran [1] and analytical calculations are conducted with MARC and ANSYS finite element codes [2-3]. Complementing these calculations will undertake conducting experimental tests. However, only results pertaining to the analytical studies are reported and their impact on estimating the life of the component is evaluated. C1 Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Abdul-Aziz, A (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd MS 6-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6229-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6176 BP K1761 EP K1761 AR 61761K DI 10.1117/12.649810 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEO64 UT WOS:000238482400036 ER PT S AU Anastasi, RF Madaras, EI AF Anastasi, Robert F. Madaras, Eric I. BE Mufti, AA Gyekenyesi, AL Shull, PJ TI Terahertz NDE for metallic surface roughness evaluation SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND HEALTH MONITORING OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS, COMPOSITES, AND CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE V SE Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Aerospace Materials, Composites, and Civil Infrastructure V CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE terahertz; nondestructive evaluation; surface roughness AB Metallic surface roughness in a nominally smooth surface is a potential indication of material degradation or damage. When the surface is coated or covered with an opaque dielectric material, such as paint or insulation, then inspecting for surface changes becomes almost impossible. Terahertz NDE is a method capable of penetrating the coating and inspecting the metallic surface. The terahertz frequency regime is between 100 GHz and 10 THz and has a free space wavelength of 300 micrometers at 1 THz. Pulsed terahertz radiation, can be generated and detected using optical excitation of biased semiconductors with femtosecond laser pulses. The resulting time domain signal is 320 picoseconds in duration. In this application, samples are inspected with a commercial terahertz NDE system that scans the sample and generates a set of time-domain signals that are a function of the signal reflected from the metallic surface. Post processing is then performed in the time and frequency domains to generate C-scan type images that show scattering effects due to surface non-uniformity. C1 USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, AMSRD,ARL,VT,SM,Nondestruct Sci Branch,NASA,Langl, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Anastasi, RF (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, AMSRD,ARL,VT,SM,Nondestruct Sci Branch,NASA,Langl, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM robert.f.anastasi@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6229-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6176 AR 61760O DI 10.1117/12.659463 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEO64 UT WOS:000238482400018 ER PT S AU Martinez, A Barker, JR Svizhenko, A Bescond, M Anantram, MP Brown, AR Asenov, A AF Martinez, A. Barker, J. R. Svizhenko, A. Bescond, M. Anantram, M. P. Brown, A. R. Asenov, A. BE Saraniti, M Ravaioli, U TI A 2D-NEGF quantum transport study of unintentional charges in a double gate nanotransistor SO NONEQUILIBRIUM CARRIER DYNAMICS IN SEMICONDUCTORS PROCEEDINGS SE Springer Proceedings in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Chicago, IL SP DARPA, IBM, Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Illinois Inst Technol Chicago AB The aim of this paper is to study the effect on a Double Gate (DG) MOSFET of unintentional dopants located in the channel region using a ballistic 2D self-consistent Non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach. The effect of mass anisotropy and the particular configuration of the unintentional dopant atoms on the I-D-V-G characteristic have been studied. C1 [Martinez, A.; Barker, J. R.; Bescond, M.; Brown, A. R.; Asenov, A.] Univ Glasgow, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. [Svizhenko, A.; Anantram, M. P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Martinez, A (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. RI Bescond, Marc/D-5134-2012 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0930-8989 BN 3-540-36587-7 J9 SPRINGER PROC PHYS PY 2006 VL 110 BP 125 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA BFK57 UT WOS:000242486900027 ER PT J AU Glowinski, R Shiau, L Kuo, YM Nasser, G AF Glowinski, R Shiau, L Kuo, YM Nasser, G TI On the numerical simulation of friction constrained motions SO NONLINEARITY LA English DT Article AB In a previous article, the authors discussed the time-discretization of those relations which model some elasto-dynamical systems with friction. The main goal of this paper is to address similar problems using more sophisticated friction models and novel computational techniques. The new models give a better description of the system behaviour when the velocities are close to zero. These investigations are motivated by the need for more accurate friction models in the software simulating the motion of mechanical systems, such as the remote manipulators of the Space Shuttle or of the International Space Station. The content can be summarized as follows: we first discuss several models of the constrained motion under consideration, including a rigorous formulation involving a kind of dynamical multiplier. Next, in order to treat friction, we introduce an implicit-explicit numerical scheme which is unconditionally stable and easy to implement. Finally, the above scheme is coupled, via operator-splitting, to schemes classically used to solve differential equations from frictionless elasto-dynamics. The above schemes are validated through a series of numerical experiments. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Math, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Houston Clear Lake, Dept Math, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Nasser Engn, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Shiau, L (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Math, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM shiau@cl.uh.edu NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0951-7715 EI 1361-6544 J9 NONLINEARITY JI Nonlinearity PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 IS 1 BP 195 EP 216 DI 10.1088/0951-7715/19/1/010 PG 22 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 007PC UT WOS:000234980600011 ER PT J AU Jamtveit, B Hammer, O Andersson, C Dysthe, DK Heldmann, J Vogel, ML AF Jamtveit, B. Hammer, O. Andersson, C. Dysthe, D. K. Heldmann, J. Vogel, M. L. TI Travertines from the Troll thermal springs, Svalbard SO NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAPOLANO-TERME; DEPOSITS; NORWAY; TUFA AB The Troll and Jotun hot springs are located along the Bockfjorden fault zone at 79 degrees 23'N on Svalbard and represent the northernmost thermal springs documented on land. They are recharged through subpermafrost aquifers supplied mainly by glacial meltwater and derive their Ca and CO2 contents from Proterozoic marbles. Gases exsolved from the 25 degrees 28'C hot spring waters are N-2 and CO2-dominated with high contents of He (reaching 1.5% in the Jotun springs) and Ar. The temperature distribution and temporal variation in the main Troll spring have been constrained by IR-photography and by temperature loggers embedded in the springs and associated, water-filled travertine pools over a period of one year. High-resolution micro-drilling techniques have allowed detailed stable isotope profiles to be obtained from selected travertine cross-sections. The data reflect seasonal fluctuations in temperatures during travertine growth and constrain the travertine growth rate. Most of the travertine growth occurs during the summer season as most of the flooded travertine pools were probably frozen for about 6 months per year. Oxygen isotope variations among the travertine terraces partly reflect fluctuations in the spring source composition. These fluctuations have been used to constrain the temporal evolution of the terrace system. C1 Univ Oslo, PGP, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA. RP Jamtveit, B (reprint author), Univ Oslo, PGP, POB 1047, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM bjorn.jamtveit@geo.uio.no RI Dysthe, Dag Kristian/F-2247-2011; Hammer, Oyvind/A-6319-2017; OI Dysthe, Dag Kristian/0000-0001-8336-5061; Jamtveit, Bjorn/0000-0001-5700-1803; Andersson, Carin/0000-0002-7113-6066 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NORWAY PI TRONDHEIM PA C/O NGU, 7491 TRONDHEIM, NORWAY SN 0029-196X J9 NORW J GEOL JI Norw. J. Geol. PY 2006 VL 86 IS 4 BP 387 EP 395 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 135GQ UT WOS:000244142500002 ER PT B AU Cochran, DJ Kniffin, SD Buchner, SP Label, KA O'Bryan, MV Ladbury, RL Sanders, AB Hawkins, DK Cox, SR Poivey, CF Oldham, TR Kim, H Irwin, TL Friendlich, MR Dung-Phan, AM Carts, MA Berg, MD Seidleck, CM Forney, JD AF Cochran, Donna J. Kniffin, Scott D. Buchner, Stephen P. LaBel, Kenneth A. O'Bryan, Martha V. Ladbury, Raymond L. Sanders, Anthony B. Hawkins, Donald K. Cox, Stephen R. Poivey, Christian F. Oldham, Timothy R. Kim, Hak Irwin, Tim L. Friendlich, Mark R. Dung-Phan, Anthony M. Carts, Martin A. Berg, Melanie D. Seidleck, Christina M. Forney, James D. GP IEEE TI Compendium of total ionizing dose results and displacement damage results for candidate spacecraft electronics for NASA SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE displacement damage; optoelectronics; proton damage; total ionizing dose; and single event effects AB Vulnerability of a variety of candidate spacecraft electronics to total ionizing dose and displacement damage is studied. Devices tested include optoelectronics, digital, analog, linear bipolar devices, and hybrid devices. C1 [Cochran, Donna J.; Kniffin, Scott D.; O'Bryan, Martha V.; Poivey, Christian F.; Kim, Hak; Irwin, Tim L.; Friendlich, Mark R.; Dung-Phan, Anthony M.; Carts, Martin A.; Berg, Melanie D.; Seidleck, Christina M.; Forney, James D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [LaBel, Kenneth A.; Ladbury, Raymond L.; Sanders, Anthony B.; Hawkins, Donald K.; Cox, Stephen R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cochran, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dcochran@pop700.gsfc.nasa.gov; Scott.D.Kniffin.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; sbuchner@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; Kenneth.A.Label@nasa.gov; vobryan@pop700.gsfc.nasa.gov; Raymond.L.Ladbury@nasa.gov; Anthony.B.Sanders@nasa.gov; Donald.K.Hawkins@nasa.gov; Stephen.R.Cox@nasa.gov; cpoivey@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; timothy.r.oldham@gsfc.nasa.gov; hkim@pop700.gsfc.nasa.gov; tirwin@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; Mark.R.Friendlich.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; Anthony.M.Dung-Phan.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; mcarts@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; Melanie.D.Berg.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; cseidlec@pop700.gsfc.nasa.gov; jforney@pop700.gsfc.nasa.gov FU NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) program; NASA Flight Projects FX The authors would like to acknowledge the sponsors of this effort: a portion of the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) program and NASA Flight Projects NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 6 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500002 ER PT B AU O'Bryan, MV Poivey, C Kniffin, SD Buchner, SP Ladbury, RL Oldham, TR Howard, JW Label, KA Sanders, AB Berg, M Marshall, CJ Marshall, PW Kim, HS Dung-Phan, AM Hawkins, DK Carts, MA Forney, JD Irwin, T Seidleck, CM Cox, SR Friendlich, M Flanigan, RJ Petrick, D Powell, W Karsh, J Baze, MP AF O'Bryan, Martha V. Poivey, Christian Kniffin, Scott D. Buchner, Stephen P. Ladbury, Ray L. Oldham, Timothy R. Howard, James W., Jr. LaBel, Kenneth A. Sanders, Anthony B. Berg, Melanie Marshall, Cheryl J. Marshall, Paul W. Kim, Hak S. Dung-Phan, Anthony M. Hawkins, Donald K. Carts, Martin A. Forney, James D. Irwin, Tim Seidleck, Christina M. Cox, Stephen R. Friendlich, Mark Flanigan, Ryan J. Petrick, Dave Powell, Wes Karsh, Jeremy Baze, Mark P. GP IEEE TI Compendium of single event effects results for candidate spacecraft electronics for NASA SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE Single Event Effects; spacecraft electronics; digital; linear bipolar; and hybrid devices ID PULSED-LASER AB Susceptibility of a variety of candidate spacecraft electronics to proton and heavy ion induced single event effects is studied. Devices tested include digital, linear bipolar, and hybrid devices. C1 [O'Bryan, Martha V.; Poivey, Christian; Kniffin, Scott D.; Howard, James W., Jr.; Berg, Melanie; Kim, Hak S.; Dung-Phan, Anthony M.; Carts, Martin A.; Forney, James D.; Irwin, Tim; Seidleck, Christina M.; Friendlich, Mark] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ladbury, Ray L.; LaBel, Kenneth A.; Sanders, Anthony B.; Marshall, Cheryl J.; Hawkins, Donald K.; Cox, Stephen R.; Flanigan, Ryan J.; Petrick, Dave; Powell, Wes; Karsh, Jeremy] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Buchner, Stephen P.; Oldham, Timothy R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, QSS Grp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Baze, Mark P.] Boeing Co, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP O'Bryan, MV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MEI Technol Inc, Code 561-4,Bldg 22,Rm 062A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM martha.obryan@gsfc.nasa.gov; epoivey@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; Scott.D.Kniffin.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; sbuchner@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; Raymond.L.Ladbury@nasa.gov; timothy.r.oldham@gsfc.nasa.gov; jihoward@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; Kenneth.A.Label@nasa.gov; Anthony.B.Sanders@nasa.gov; Melanie.D.Berg.1@gsfe.nasa.gov; cmarshall2@aol.com; PWMarshall@aol.com; hak.kim@gsfc.nasa.gov; Anthony.M.Dung-Phan.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; Donald.K.Hawkins@nasa.gov; mcarts@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; jforney@pop700.gsfc.nasa.gov; tirwin@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; cseidlec@pop700.gsfc.nasa.gov; Stephen.R.Cox@nasa.gov; Mark.R.Friendlich.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; rflaniga@pop200.gsfc.nasa.gov; David.J.Petrick@nasa.gov; Wesley.A.Powell@nasa.gov; Jeremy.Karsh-1@nasa.gov; mark.p.baze@boeing.com FU NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP); Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under IACRO [06-40121] FX The Authors would like to acknowledge the sponsors of this effort: NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP), NASA Flight Projects, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under IACRO# 06-40121. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 19 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500004 ER PT B AU Kouba, CK Nguyen, K O'Neill, P Bailey, C AF Kouba, Coy K. Nguyen, Kyson O'Neill, Patrick Bailey, Charles GP IEEE TI Proton radiation test results on COTS-based electronic devices for NASA-Johnson Space Center spaceflight projects SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE board-level; COTS; LEO; MTBF; proton; SEE; SEU; latchup AB This paper reports the results of recent Single Event Effect (SEE) testing on a variety of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) based microelectronic hardware after exposure to 200 Mega-electron-volt (MeV) protons. This hardware was being evaluated for use in both Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) applications. Our approach, test protocol and analysis methodology are discussed. C1 [Kouba, Coy K.; O'Neill, Patrick] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Avion Syst Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Nguyen, Kyson] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Jacobs Sverdrup Engn, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Bailey, Charles] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Safety & Mission Assurance, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Kouba, CK (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Avion Syst Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM coy.kouba-1@nasa.gov; kyson.v.nguyen1@jsc.nasa.gov; patrick.m.oneill@nasa.gov; charles.r.bailey@nasa.gov FU NASA Electronics Parts & Packaging Program; JSC Engineering Directorate & Avionic Systems Division; Space Shuttle and International Space Station Program Offices; Indiana University Cyclotron Facility FX The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the NASA Electronics Parts & Packaging Program, the JSC Engineering Directorate & Avionic Systems Division, the Space Shuttle and International Space Station Program Offices, and the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility for their continued support of this work. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 26 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500005 ER PT B AU Irom, F Miyahira, TF AF Irom, Farokh Miyahira, Tetsuo F. GP IEEE TI Results of single-event effects measurements conducted by the jet propulsion laboratory SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE cyclotron; heavy ion; SEE; latchup AB This paper reports recent single-event effects results for a variety of microelectronic devices that include an ADC, DAC, supervisory circuit, FIFO and a Viterbi decoder. The data was collected to evaluate these devices for possible use in NASA spacecraft. C1 [Irom, Farokh; Miyahira, Tetsuo F.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Irom, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM farokh.irom@jpl.nasa.gov; tetsuo.f.miyahira@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 37 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500006 ER PT B AU Chavez, RM Rax, BG Johnston, AH AF Chavez, R. M. Rax, B. G. Johnston, A. H. GP IEEE TI Total ionizing dose effects and bias dependence in selected bipolar devices SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE total dose damage; ELDRS; bipolar devices; radiation effects ID CIRCUITS AB Total dose test results are presented for two high-voltage transistors and three bipolar integrated circuits. Circuit tests were done at a dose rate of 0.005 rad(Si)/s because the devices are sensitive to enhanced damage at low dose rate (ELDRS). An unusual response was observed for one operational amplifier where the sign of the input bias current reversed after it was exposed to approximately 10 krad(Si) at low dose rate. C1 [Chavez, R. M.; Rax, B. G.; Johnston, A. H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chavez, RM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM rosa.m.chavez@jpl.nasa.gov; bernard.g.rax@jpl.nasa.gov; allan.h.johnston@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 50 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500008 ER PT B AU Selva, L Becker, H Chavez, R Scheick, L AF Selva, Luis Becker, Heidi Chavez, Rosa Scheick, Leif GP IEEE TI Effects of radiation on commercial power devices SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE IGBT; BJT; switch; transistor; radiation; protons; heavy ions ID IGBT AB The effect of various commercial power devices are presented. The devices have proved to be very fragile to single event effects, with some of the devices actually succumbing to catastrophic SEE with protons. C1 [Selva, Luis; Becker, Heidi; Chavez, Rosa; Scheick, Leif] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Selva, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Luis.Selva@jpl.nasa.gov; Heidi.Becker@jpl.nasa.gov; Rosa.Chavez@jpl.nasa.gov; Leif.Scheick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 57 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500009 ER PT B AU Appaswamy, A Jun, BG Diestelhorst, RM Espinel, G Prakash, APG Cressler, JD Marshall, PW Marshall, CJ Liang, QQ Freeman, G Isaacs-Smith, T Williams, JR AF Appaswamy, Aravind Jun, Bongim Diestelhorst, Ryan M. Espinel, Gustavo Prakash, A. P. Gnana Cressler, John D. Marshall, Paul W. Marshall, Cheryl J. Liang, Qingqing Freeman, Greg Isaacs-Smith, Tamara Williams, John R. GP IEEE TI The effects of proton irradiation on 90 nm strained SiCMOS on SOI devices SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE strained silicon CMOS; SOI; radiation tolerance; total dose effects ID TECHNOLOGY AB The effects of 63 MeV proton irradiation on 90 nm strained silicon CMOS on insulator is examined for the first time. The devices show no observable degradation in DC performance up to an equivalent total dose of 600 krad(Si). The performance of the strained pFETs is identical to unstrained pFETs and demonstrates the immunity of strain to displacement damage. There is no significant enhancement observed in back channel leakage for the maximum dose. Passive exposure to 2 Mrad(Si) using 4 MeV protons doesn't induce any significant performance degradation. C1 [Appaswamy, Aravind; Jun, Bongim; Diestelhorst, Ryan M.; Espinel, Gustavo; Prakash, A. P. Gnana; Cressler, John D.] Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Marshall, Paul W.; Marshall, Cheryl J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Liang, Qingqing; Freeman, Greg] IBM Microelect, Fishkill, NY 12533 USA. [Isaacs-Smith, Tamara] Auburn Univ, Space Res Inst, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Williams, John R.] Auburn Univ, Dept Phys, 206 Allison Lab, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Appaswamy, A (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM aravinda@ece.gatech.edu; pwmarshall@aol.com; cmarshall2@aol.com; freemang@us.ibm.com; isaactf@auburn.edu; williams@physics.auburn.edu FU Defense Threat Reduction Agency' s Radiation Hardened Microelectronics Program; AFOSR MURI program; NASA-GSFC under the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program; NAVSEA Crane; IBM; Georgia Electronic Design Center at Georgia Tech. FX This work was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency' s Radiation Hardened Microelectronics Program, an AFOSR MURI program, NASA-GSFC under the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program, NAVSEA Crane, IBM, and the Georgia Electronic Design Center at Georgia Tech. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 62 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500010 ER PT B AU Miyahira, TF Irom, F Johnston, AH AF Miyahira, Tetsuo F. Irom, Farokh Johnston, Allan H. GP IEEE TI Measurements of radiation effects on optoelectronics conducted by the jet propulsion laboratory SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE lED; proton; damage; radiation ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; PROTON DAMAGE; ENERGY-DEPENDENCE; CONSTANTS AB This paper reports radiation test results for variety of optoelectronic devices that includes LEDs, Optocouplers, and Phototransistors. The data was collected to evaluate these devices for possible use in NASA spacecrafts. C1 [Miyahira, Tetsuo F.; Irom, Farokh; Johnston, Allan H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Miyahira, TF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tetsuo.f.miyahira@jpl.nasa.gov; farokh.irom@jpl.nasa.gov; allan.h.johnston@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 72 EP + PG 3 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500012 ER PT B AU George, J Koga, R Swift, G Allen, G Carmichael, C Tseng, CW AF George, J. Koga, R. Swift, G. Allen, G. Carmichael, C. Tseng, C. W. GP IEEE TI Single event upsets in Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA devices SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE field programmable gate arrays; radiation effects; single event effects AB We present single event upset sensitivities for three Xilinx Virtex4 field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) devices in protons and heavy ions. Upsets are identified in each functional block and results compared with previous device generations. C1 [George, J.; Koga, R.] Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. [Swift, G.; Allen, G.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. [Carmichael, C.; Tseng, C. W.] Xilinx Inc, San Jose, CA USA. RP George, J (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. EM Jeffrey.S.George@aero.org NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 109 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500018 ER PT B AU Allen, GR Swift, GM AF Allen, Gregory R. Swift, Gary M. GP IEEE TI Single event effects test results for advanced field programmable gate arrays SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE Field Programmable Gate Arrays; ASICs; single event latchup; single event upset AB Reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) from Altera and Actel and an FPGA-based quick-turn Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) from Altera were subjected to single-event testing using heavy ions. Both Altera devices (Stratix II and HardCopy II) exhibited a low latchup threshold (below an LET of 3 MeV-cm(2)/mg) and thus are not recommended for applications in the space radiation environment. The flash-based Actel ProASIC Plus device did not exhibit latchup to an effective LET of 75 MeV-cm(2)/mg at room temperature. In addition, these tests did not show flash cell charge loss (upset) or retention damage. Upset characterization of the design-level flip-flops yielded an LET threshold below 10 MeV-cm(2)/mg and a high LET cross section of about 1x10(-6) cm(2)/bit for storing ones and about 1x10(-7) cm(2)/bit for storing zeros. Thus, the ProASIC device may be suitable for critical flight applications with appropriate triple modular redundancy mitigation techniques. C1 [Allen, Gregory R.; Swift, Gary M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Allen, GR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Gregory.R.Allen@jpl.nasa.gov; Gary.M.Swift@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 115 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500019 ER PT B AU Nguyen, DN Guertin, SM Patterson, JD AF Nguyen, D. N. Guertin, S. M. Patterson, J. D. GP IEEE TI Radiation tests on 2Gb NAND flash memories SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE flash; in-situ; SEE; TID AB We report on SEE and TID tests of highly scaled Samsung 2Gbits flash memories. Both in-situ and biased interval irradiations were used to characterize the response of the total accumulated dose failures. The radiation-induced failures can be categorized as followings: single event upset (SEU) read errors in biased and unbiased modes, write errors, and single-event-functional-interrupt (SEFI) failures. C1 [Nguyen, D. N.; Guertin, S. M.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Patterson, J. D.] FHCRC, Seattle, WA USA. RP Nguyen, DN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM duc.n.nguyen@jpl.nasa.gov; steven.m.guertin@jpl.nasa.gov; jpatters@fhcrc.org NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 121 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500020 ER PT B AU Ladbury, R Berg, MD Kim, H Label, K Friendlich, M Koga, R George, J Crain, S Yu, P Reed, RA AF Ladbury, R. Berg, M. D. Kim, H. LaBel, K. Friendlich, M. Koga, R. George, J. Crain, S. Yu, P. Reed, R. A. GP IEEE TI Radiation performance of 1 Gbit DDR SDRAMs fabricated in the 90 nm CMOS technology node SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE radiation effects; reliability estimation; quality assurance AB We present Single Event Effect (SEE) and Total Ionizing Dose (TID) data for 1 Gbit DDR SDRAMs (90 nm CMOS technology) as well as comparing this data with earlier technology nodes from the same manufacturer. C1 [Ladbury, R.; LaBel, K.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Berg, M. D.; Kim, H.; Friendlich, M.] MEI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Koga, R.; George, J.; Crain, S.] Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA USA. [Reed, R. A.] Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RP Ladbury, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Raymond.L.Ladbury.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; mdberg@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; mdberg@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov; kenneth.a.label@nasa.gov; Mark.R.Friendlich.1@gsfc.nasa.gov; robert.reed@vanderbilt.edu FU NASA's Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP); Defense Threat Reduction Agency [IACRO 06-40121] FX The authors would like to thank NASA's Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) program and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency IACRO 06-40121 for support of this research. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 126 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500021 ER PT B AU Chavez, RM Scheick, LZ Miyahira, TF Johnston, AH AF Chavez, Rosa M. Scheick, Leif Z. Miyahira, Tetsuo F. Johnston, Allan H. GP IEEE TI Single Event Transients (SETs) in the RH108 operational amplifier in analog circuits SO NSREC: 2006 IEEE RADIATION EFFECTS DATA WORKSHOP, WORKSHOP RECORD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop CY JUL 17-21, 2006 CL Ponte Vedra Beach, FL SP IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc DE IGBT; BJT; switch; transistor; radiation, protons, heavy ions AB The effect of various commercial power devices are presented. The devices have proved to be very fragile to single event effects, with some of the devices actually succumbing to catastrophic SEE with protons. C1 [Chavez, Rosa M.; Scheick, Leif Z.; Miyahira, Tetsuo F.; Johnston, Allan H.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chavez, RM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Rosa.Chavez@jpl.nasa.gov; Leif.Scheick@jpl.nasa.gov; tetsuo.miyahira@jpl.nasa.gov; Allan.johston@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0638-8 PY 2006 BP 154 EP + PG 2 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA BFX09 UT WOS:000245236500026 ER PT J AU Le Novere, N Bornstein, B Broicher, A Courtot, M Donizelli, M Dharuri, H Li, L Sauro, H Schilstra, M Shapiro, B Snoep, JL Hucka, M AF Le Novere, Nicolas Bornstein, Benjamin Broicher, Alexander Courtot, Melanie Donizelli, Marco Dharuri, Harish Li, Lu Sauro, Herbert Schilstra, Maria Shapiro, Bruce Snoep, Jacky L. Hucka, Michael TI BioModels Database: a free, centralized database of curated, published, quantitative kinetic models of biochemical and cellular systems SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGY MARKUP LANGUAGE AB BioModels Database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biomodels/), part of the international initiative BioModels. net, provides access to published, peer-reviewed, quantitative models of biochemical and cellular systems. Each model is carefully curated to verify that it corresponds to the reference publication and gives the proper numerical results. Curators also annotate the components of the models with terms from controlled vocabularies and links to other relevant data resources. This allows the users to search accurately for the models they need. The models can currently be retrieved in the SBML format, and import/export facilities are being developed to extend the spectrum of formats supported by the resource. C1 European Bioinformat Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SD, England. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Keck Grad Inst, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. Univ Hertfordshire, STRI, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Biochem, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Le Novere, N (reprint author), European Bioinformat Inst, EMBL Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, England. EM lenov@ebi.ac.uk RI Le Novere, Nicolas/F-9973-2010; Hucka, Michael/B-1896-2012; OI Le Novere, Nicolas/0000-0002-6309-7327; Li, Lu/0000-0002-6199-522X; Snoep, Jacky/0000-0002-0405-8854; Courtot, Melanie/0000-0002-9551-6370 NR 10 TC 320 Z9 330 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 34 SI SI BP D689 EP D691 DI 10.1093/nar/gkj092 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 067MR UT WOS:000239307700145 PM 16381960 ER PT B AU Yee, HC Sjogreen, B AF Yee, H. C. Sjogreen, B. BE Pogorelov, N Zank, GP TI Development of low dissipative high order filter schemes for multiscale Navier-Stokes/MHD systems SO Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows: Astronum-2006 SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows CY MAR 27-30, 2006 CL Palm Springs, CA SP Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Calif Space Inst ID SUPERSONIC REACTIVE FLOWS; SIMULATION AB Recent progress in the development of a class of low dissipative high order filter schemes for multiscale Navier-Stokes, and ideal and non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) systems is described. The four main features of this schemes are: (a) multiresolution wavelet decomposition of the computed flow data as sensors for adaptive numerical dissipative control, (b) multistep filter to accommodate efficient application of different numerical dissipation models and different spatial high order base schemes, (c) solving the ideal conservative MHD system without having to deal with an incomplete eigensystern set while at the same time ensuring that correct shock speeds and locations are computed, and (d) minimization of the divergence of the magnetic field (del(.) B) numerical error. By design, the flow sensors, different choice of high order base schemes and numerical dissipation models are stand-alone modules. A whole class of low dissipative high order schemes can be derived at ease, making the resulting computer software very flexible with widely applicable. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. KTH, NADA, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Yee, HC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-583812-27-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2006 VL 359 BP 47 EP 61 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGA22 UT WOS:000245761800006 ER PT B AU Omelchenko, Y Karimabadi, H Goldstein, ML Usmanov, AV AF Omelchenko, Y. Karimabadi, H. Goldstein, M. L. Usmanov, A. V. BE Pogorelov, N Zank, GP TI Self-adaptive event-driven simulations of multi-scale plasma systems SO Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows: Astronum-2006 SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows CY MAR 27-30, 2006 CL Palm Springs, CA SP Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Calif Space Inst AB Multi-scale systems pose a formidable computational challenge. Explicit time stepping suffers from the global CFL restriction. Efficient application of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to systems with irregular dynamics (e.g. turbulence, reactive systems, particle acceleration etc.) may be problematic. To address these issues, we developed an alternative approach (Karimabadi et al. 2005; Omelchenko & Karimabadi 2006a,b) to time-stepped integration of physics-based systems: Discrete-Event Simulation (DES). We combine finite-difference and particle-in-cell techniques with this new methodology by assuming two caveats: (1) a local time increment, Delta f for a discrete quantity f can be expressed in terms of a physically meaningful increment, Delta f; (2) f is considered to be modified only when its change exceeds Delta f. Event-driven asynchronous time advance makes use of local causality rules. This technique enables flux-conserving integration of the solution, removes the curse of global CFL condition, and eliminates unnecessary computation in inactive regions. It can be naturally combined with various mesh refinement techniques. DES results in robust and fast simulation codes, which can be efficiently parallelized when implemented via a Preemptive Event Processing (PEP) technique (Omelchenko & Karimabadi 2006c). We discuss this novel technology in the context of diffusion-reaction and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications, as well as general model-model (flux) coupling. C1 SciberQuest Inc, Solana Beach, CA 92075 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Omelchenko, Y (reprint author), SciberQuest Inc, Solana Beach, CA 92075 USA. RI Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008; Usmanov, Arcadi/A-9860-2013 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-583812-27-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2006 VL 359 BP 171 EP 177 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGA22 UT WOS:000245761800022 ER PT B AU Roberts, DA AF Roberts, D. Aaron BE Pogorelov, N Zank, GP TI Virtual observatories for space physics observations and simulations: New routes to efficient access SO Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows: Astronum-2006 SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows CY MAR 27-30, 2006 CL Palm Springs, CA SP Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Calif Space Inst AB New tools for data access and visualization promise to make the analysis of solar and space physics data both more efficient and more powerful, especially for answering questions about the global structure and dynamics of the Sun-Earth system. We will show how new, currently-functioning tools, particularly the Virtual Space Physics Observatory (VSPO) and the Visual System for Browsing, Analysis and Retrieval of Data (ViSBARD; look for the acronyms in Google) already provide rapid access to such information as spacecraft orbits, browse plots, and detailed data, as well as visualizations that can quickly unite our view of multispacecraft observations. Examples of VSPO access and ViSBARD visualization are shown here, and the Web sites provide both more examples and the tools themselves. An important issue remaining to be solved is how best to integrate simulation data and services into the Virtual Observatory environment, and this paper will hopefully stimulate further discussion along these lines. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Roberts, DA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-583812-27-3 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2006 VL 359 BP 302 EP 309 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BGA22 UT WOS:000245761800040 ER PT J AU Shindell, DT AF Shindell, DT TI Decadal-scale modulation of the NAO/AO by external forcing: Current state of understanding SO NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA C-GEOPHYSICS AND SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Historical Reconstruction of Climate Variability and Change in Mediterranean Regions CY OCT 05-06, 2004 CL Bologna, ITALY ID NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE WINTER; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; SOLAR; RECONSTRUCTION; TEMPERATURES; TROPOSPHERE; MILLENNIUM; SIMULATION AB Analyses of observations show correlations between the mean state of indices representing either the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or the Arctic Oscillation (AO, also called Northern Annular Mode) with various external forcings. These include Volcanic eruptions, solar variability, greenhouse gas levels and stratospheric ozone depletion. Climate model simulations have been able to reproduce many aspects of these correlations over a variety of time scales ranging from interannual to century scale. This has allowed some insight to be gained into how external forcings modulate these intrinsic variability patterns. I review current understanding derived from comparisons of a range of models with observations to highlight areas of commonality as well as remaining uncertainties. Contrasts between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres suggest that much of the response to external forcing Occurs via wave-driven processes. Comparison of the response to forcings at; different levels in the atmosphere indicate a sizeable role for both stratospheric and surface-level perturbations. Implications for forcing of changes in Mediterranean climate are presented for pre-industrial times during the last millennium, for the twentieth century; and for the potential future. C1 Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY USA. RP Shindell, DT (reprint author), Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, Morningside Heights, New York, NY 10027 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA SARAGOZZA, 12, I-40123 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1124-1896 J9 NUOVO CIMENTO C JI Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. C-Geophys. Space Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1393/ncc/i2005-10229-7 PG 9 GA 040JT UT WOS:000237375500016 ER PT S AU Traub, WA Kaltenegger, L Jucks, KW Turnbull, MC AF Traub, Wesley A. Kaltenegger, Lisa Jucks, Kenneth W. Turnbull, Margaret C. BE Silva, DR Doxsey, RE TI Direct imaging of Earth-like planets from space (TPF-C) SO OBSERVATORY OPERATIONS: STRATEGIES, PROCESSES, AND SYSTEMS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Observatory Operations CY MAY 25-27, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph; TPF; TPF-C; TPF-I; extrasolar planets ID SPECTRUM AB The "big question" that the average person will ask an astronomer today is, "Are there Earth-like planets?" followed immediately by "Is there life on those planets?" We live in an age when we are privileged to be able to ask such a question, and have a reasonable expectation of receiving an answer, at least within the coming decade. As astronomers and physicists we are even more privileged to be the people who can provide those answers. This paper discusses the roles of four space missions that are planned by NASA to search for and characterize extrasolar planets: Kepler, Space Interferometer Mission (SIM-PlanetQuest), Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph (TPF-C), and Terrestrial Planet finder Interferometer (TPF-I). The Kepler and SIM-PlanetQuest missions will search for and discover planets down to the few-Earth size and mass, around distant and nearby stars respectively. In favorable cases they will even be able to find Earth-size or mass planets. But to answer the questions "is a given planet habitable?" and "does it show signs of life?" we will need the TPF-C and TPF-I missions. Only these missions can isolate the light of the planet from the confusion of otherwise blinding starlight, and only these missions can perform spectroscopy on the planets. Visible and thermal infrared spectroscopy together will tell us if a planet is habitable and shows signs of life. TPF-C and TPF-I will build on the legacy of Kepler and SIM-PlanetQuest, and together these four missions will provide complete and unambiguous answers to our "big questions." This paper concentrates on the TPF-C mission. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Traub, WA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 301-451, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6335-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6270 BP XXV EP XXXI AR 626502 DI 10.1117/12.676257 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB34 UT WOS:000240717200002 ER PT S AU Wilson, RK Scott, CP AF Wilson, Robert K. Scott, Charles P. BE Silva, DR Doxsey, RE TI NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope's operational mission experience - art. no. 627001 SO Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Observatory Operations CY MAY 25-27, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE SIRTF; Spitzer; infrared observatory; space telescope; infrared astronomy AB Spitzer Space Telescope, the fourth and final of NASA's Great Observatories, and the cornerstone to NASA's Origins Program, launched on 25 August 2003 into an Earth-trailing solar orbit to acquire infrared observations from space. Spitzer has an 85cm diameter beryllium telescope, which operates near absolute zero utilizing a liquid helium cryostat for cooling the telescope. The helium cryostat though designed for a 2.5 year lifetime, through creative usage now has an expected lifetime of 5.5 years. Spitzer has completed its in-orbit checkout/science verification phases and the first two years of nominal operations becoming the first mission to execute astronomical observations from a solar orbit. Spitzer was designed to probe and explore the universe in the infrared utilizing three state of the art detector arrays providing imaging, photometry, and spectroscopy over the 3-160 micron wavelength range. Spitzer is achieving major advances in the study of astrophysical phenomena across the expanses of our universe. Many technology areas critical to future infrared missions have been successfully demonstrated by Spitzer. These demonstrated technologies include lightweight cryogenic optics, sensitive detector arrays, and a high performance thermal system, combining radiation both passive and active cryogenic cooling of the telescope in space following its warm launch. This paper provides an overview of the Spitzer mission, telescope, cryostat, instruments, spacecraft, its orbit, operations and project management approach and related lessons learned. Prior to being renamed in honor of Dr. Lyman Spitzer, the re-known Princeton Astrophysicist who was widely viewed as the father of telescopes in space, it was known as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilson, RK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6335-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6270 BP 27001 EP 27001 AR 627001 DI 10.1117/12.670104 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB34 UT WOS:000240717200003 ER PT S AU Kwong-Fu, H Wilson, RK AF Kwong-Fu, Helenann Wilson, Robert K. BE Silva, DR Doxsey, RE TI Quality interaction between mission assurance and project team members - (Practice for Mission Assurance and other Operations Projects) - art. no. 627003 SO Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Observatory Operations CY MAY 25-27, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE Mission Assurance; quality; Root Cause; risks; metric AB Mission Assurance's independent assessments started during the SPITZER development cycle and continued through post-launch operations. During the operations phase, the health and safety of the observatory is of utmost importance. Therefore, Mission Assurance must ensure requirements compliance and focus on the process improvements required across the operational systems, including new/modified products, tools, and procedures. To avoid problem reoccurrences, an interactive model involving three areas was deployed: Team Member Interaction, Root Cause Analysis Practices, and Risk Assessment. In applying this model, a metric-based measurement process was found to have the most significant benefit. Considering a combination of root cause analysis and risk approaches allows project engineers to the ability to prioritize and quantify their corrective actions based on a well-defined set of root cause definitions (i.e., closure criteria for problem reports), success criteria, and risk rating definitions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kwong-Fu, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 264-764, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6335-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6270 BP 27003 EP 27003 AR 627003 DI 10.1117/12.672121 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB34 UT WOS:000240717200005 ER PT S AU Scott, CP Wilson, RK AF Scott, Charles P. Wilson, Robert K. BE Silva, DR Doxsey, RE TI Spitzer pre launch mission operations system - the road to launch - art. no. 627013 SO Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Observatory Operations CY MAY 25-27, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE observatory; spitzer; mission operations; development AB Spitzer Space Telescope was launched on 25 August 2003 into an Earth-trailing solar orbit to acquire infrared observations from space. Development of the Mission Operations System (MOS) portion prior to launch was very different from planetary missions from the stand point that the MOS teams and Ground Data System had to be ready to support all aspects of the mission at launch (i.e., no cruise period for finalizing the implementation). For Spitzer, all mission-critical events post launch happen in hours or days rather than months or years, as is traditional with deep space missions. At the end of 2000 the Project was dealt a major blow when the MOS had an unsuccessful Critical Design Review (CDR). The project made major changes at the beginning of 2001 in an effort to get the MOS (and Project) back on track. The result for the Spitzer Space Telescope was a successful launch of the observatory followed by an extremely successful In Orbit Checkout (IOC) and operations phase. This paper describes how the project was able to recover the MOS to a successful Delta (CDR) by mid 2001, and what changes in philosophies, experiences, and lessons learned followed. It describes how projects must invest early or else invest heavily later in the development phase to achieve a successful operations phase. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Scott, CP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6335-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6270 BP 27013 EP 27013 AR 627013 DI 10.1117/12.672180 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB34 UT WOS:000240717200038 ER PT S AU Scott, CP Kahr, BE Sarrel, MA AF Scott, Charles P. Kahr, Bolinda E. Sarrel, Marc A. BE Silva, DR Doxsey, RE TI Spitzer observatory operations - increasing efficiency in mission operations - art. no. 62701B SO Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Observatory Operations CY MAY 25-27, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE operational efficiency; observatory; Spitzer; mission operations AB This paper explores the how's and why's of the Spitzer Mission Operations System's (MOS) success, efficiency, and affordability in comparison to other observatory-class missions. MOS exploits today's flight, ground, and operations capabilities, embraces automation, and balances both risk and cost. With operational efficiency as the primary goal, MOS maintains a strong control process by translating lessons learned into efficiency improvements, thereby enabling the MOS processes, teams, and procedures to rapidly evolve from concept (through thorough validation) into in-flight implementation. Operational teaming, planning, and execution are designed to enable re-use. Mission changes, unforeseen events, and continuous improvement have often times forced us to learn to fly anew. Collaborative spacecraft operations and remote science and instrument teams have become well integrated, and worked together to improve and optimize each human, machine, and software-system element. Adaptation to tighter spacecraft margins has facilitated continuous operational improvements via automated and autonomous software coupled with improved human analysis. Based upon what we now know and what we need to improve, adapt, or fix, the projected mission lifetime continues to grow-as does the opportunity for numerous scientific discoveries. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Scott, CP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6335-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6270 BP B2701 EP B2701 AR 62701B DI 10.1117/12.672228 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB34 UT WOS:000240717200045 ER PT S AU Heinrichsen, I Wright, EL AF Heinrichsen, Ingolf Wright, Edward L. BE Silva, DR Doxsey, RE TI The mission operations system for Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) - art. no. 62701C SO Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Observatory Operations CY MAY 25-27, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE infrared astronomy; mission operations systems; science data processing; all-sky survey AB The goal of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission is to perform a highly sensitive all-sky survey in 4 wavebands from 3 to 25 mu m. Launched on a Delta II rocket into a 500 km Sun-synchronous orbit in June 2009, during its 7 months of operations, WISE will acquire about 50 GBytes of raw science data every day, which will be down-linked via the TDRSS relay satellite system and processed into an astronomical catalogue and image atlas. The WISE mission operations system is being implemented in collaboration between UCLA, JPL and IPAC (Caltech). In this paper we describe the challenges to manage a high data rate, cryogenic, low earth-orbit mission; maintaining safe on-orbit operations, fast anomaly recoveries (mandated by the desire to provide complete sky coverage in a limited lifetime), production and dissemination of high quality science products, given the constraints imposed by funding profiles for small space missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Heinrichsen, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6335-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6270 BP C2701 EP C2701 AR 62701C DI 10.1117/12.672162 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFB34 UT WOS:000240717200046 ER PT J AU Sun, S Bleck, R AF Sun, Shan Bleck, Rainer TI Geographic distribution of the diapycnal component of thermohaline circulations in coupled climate models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TRANSPORT; SIMULATION; CCSM3; TEMPERATURE; FLUXES AB Data archives from four global coupled ocean-atmosphere models are used to construct maps of diapycnal mass flux through selected isopycnal surfaces in the model oceans. The maps illustrate location and strength of the up and downwelling limbs of thermohaline-forced overturning loops whose stability in the face of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is of major concern in century-scale climate prediction. The up and downwelling limbs simulated by the four models for present-day greenhouse gas concentrations are compared with observational estimates. Predicted changes in the overturning brought about by gradually rising atmospheric CO2 content are compared model-to-model. While all four models predict some decline in the rate of Atlantic overturning during CO2-induced global warming, the geographic layout of the overturning circulations in each model is found to be insensitive to the changing climate. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Sun, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM ssun@giss.nasa.gov; rbleck@giss.nasa.gov RI Sun, Shan/H-2318-2015 NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 15 IS 3-4 BP 177 EP 199 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.05.002 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 115NK UT WOS:000242740800004 ER PT J AU Uotila, P Holland, DM Maqueda, MAM Hakkinen, S Holloway, G Karcher, M Kauker, F Steele, M Yakovlev, N Zhang, JL Proshutinsky, A AF Uotila, P Holland, DM Maqueda, MAM Hakkinen, S Holloway, G Karcher, M Kauker, F Steele, M Yakovlev, N Zhang, JL Proshutinsky, A TI An energy-diagnostics intercomparison of coupled ice-ocean Arctic models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE arctic zone; polar oceanography; modeling; intercomparison; energy balance ID AVAILABLE POTENTIAL-ENERGY; SEA-ICE; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; EDDY; DYNAMICS; SIMULATION AB Monthly energetics of the Arctic Ocean are estimated based on results from six different coupled ice-ocean models. The components of the kinetic, potential and available potential energies, energy conversion and forcing rates are studied. The energy balances derived from the models differ significantly in the abyss, notably regarding the conversion of potential and kinetic energies. The models produce arctic boundary undercurrents controlled by the non-geostrophic components of the momentum equation, like advection and friction. Discrepancies exist where the modeled boundary currents are located and how completely the flow circulates around the Arctic Ocean. Two models produce cyclonic circulation, which is strongest at-the depths of 300-800 m. The initial stratification, based on observations, contains a marked gradient of the available potential energy between the Eurasian and Canadian Basins with two corresponding circulation cells. The stratification is modified by the modeled circulation systematically so that this gradient vanishes. The models aim to produce a closer match toward the expected circulation, but result in a deviation from the observed, initial stratification. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, Ctr Atmosphere Ocean Sci, New York, NY 10038 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA USA. RP Uotila, P (reprint author), Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. EM uotila@cims.nyu.edu RI Hakkinen, Sirpa/E-1461-2012; Uotila, Petteri/A-1703-2012 OI Uotila, Petteri/0000-0002-2939-7561 NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 11 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 27 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.11.003 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 977EZ UT WOS:000232786700001 ER PT J AU Canuto, VM Dubovikov, MS AF Canuto, VM Dubovikov, MS TI Dynamical model of mesoscales in z-coordinates SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE mesoscale modeling; isopycnal and level coordinates; bolus and eddy-induced velocity; Sigma-term; potential and relative vorticity fluxes ID OCEAN CIRCULATION MODELS; EDDY KINETIC-ENERGY; RESIDUAL-MEAN VELOCITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; TRACER TRANSPORTS; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; INDUCED ADVECTION; STOCHASTIC-THEORY; BOLUS VELOCITY AB Using the equations of the dynamical mesoscale model developed previously [Ocean Modell. (2004) 8, 130], we derive a mesoscale model in z-coordinates to be used in coarse resolution OGCMs. We present a model for the eddy-induced velocities, mesoscale diffusivity, eddy kinetic energy, eddy potential energy, residual diapycnal flux, velocity across mean isopycnals, Reynolds stresses, E-P, PV and RV fluxes. Specifically, in the mean buoyancy equation, mesoscales give rise to two terms: an eddy-induced velocity u(M) = (u(+), w(+)) and a residual diapycnal flux X. While u(M) has received much attention, Sigma has always been taken to be zero. Physical and numerical arguments are presented to show that 2: is not zero. We present the model results for both u(M) and 2;. The new expression for u+ contains four terms, the first of which has the structure of the GM model while the remaining three terms are new. Several interpretations of the new terms are given. The boundary conditions at z = -H, 0 are satisfied by u(M) and Sigma, thus avoiding the need for "tapering schemes" employed thus far to amend the failure of models for u(M) to satisfy the proper boundary conditions. We also present the model results for the mesoscale diffusivity and show that the predicted magnitude and z-dependence are in accord with recent numerical models. The residual flux Sigma gives rise to a mesoscale-induced diapycnal diffusivity which in the ACC is larger than the diabatic one. The resulting,"velocity across mean isopycnals" may thus significantly affect the dynamics of the thermocline (e.g., the Munk-Wunsch advective-diffusive model). The predicted magnitude of this velocity is in an accord with recent results from eddy-resolving codes. The presence of a non-zero residual flux Sigma in the mean buoyancy equation implies that the effect of mesoscales in the T-S equations is not fully accounted for with only the eddy-induced velocity, as generally done. Additional Sigma-like diapycnal fluxes must be added to the T-S equations. Mean momentum equations. Since the down-gradient model used in most OGCMs does not represent mesoscales, the latter have, not yet been accounted for. A model for the divergence of the Reynolds stresses, the Eliassen-Palm fluxes, the PV (potential vorticity) and RV (relative vorticity) fluxes is presented. We show that the Sverdrup vorticity balance is modified by mesoscales. In particular, while the standard Sverdrup relation does not allow meridional currents to cross the equator, the presence of mesoscales allows such a possibility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Math, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM veanuto@giss.nasa.gov NR 93 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 EI 1463-5011 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 11 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 166 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.12.002 PG 44 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 977EZ UT WOS:000232786700006 ER PT J AU Song, YT Hou, TY AF Song, YT Hou, TY TI Parametric vertical coordinate formulation for multiscale, Boussinesq, and non-Boussinesq ocean modeling SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE generalized vertical coordinate system; non-Boussinesq; multiscale applications ID PRESSURE-GRADIENT FORMULATION; FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEME; CIRCULATION MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; WEATHER PREDICTION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; TOPOGRAPHY; EQUATIONS; APPROXIMATION; DIFFUSION AB Two physical parameters are introduced into the basic ocean equations to generalize numerical ocean models for various vertical coordinate systems and their hybrid features. The two parameters are formulated by combining three techniques: the arbitrary vertical coordinate system of Kasahara [Kasahara, A., 1974. Various vertical coordinate systems used for numerical weather prediction. Mon. Weather Rev. 102, 509-522], the Jacobian pressure gradient formulation of Song [Song, Y.T., 1998. A general pressure gradient formation for ocean models. Part I: Scheme design and diagnostic analysis. Mon. Weather Rev. 126 (12), 3213-3230], and a newly introduced parametric function that permits both Boussinesq (volume-conserving) and non-Boussinesq (mass-conserving) conditions. Based on this new formulation, a generalized modeling approach is proposed. Several representative oceanographic problems with different scales and characteristics-coastal canyon, seamount topography, non-Boussinesq Pacific Ocean with nested eastern Tropics, and a global ocean model-have been used to demonstrate the model's capabilities for multiscale applications. The inclusion of non-Boussinesq physics in the topography-following ocean model does not incur computational expense, but more faithfully represents satellite-observed ocean-bottom-pressure data. Such a generalized modeling approach is expected to benefit oceanographers in solving multiscale ocean-related problems by using various coordinate systems on the same numerical platform. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth & Space Sci Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Song, YT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Earth & Space Sci Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM song@pacific.jpl.nasa.gov NR 67 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2006 VL 11 IS 3-4 BP 298 EP 332 DI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.01.001 PG 35 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 987EM UT WOS:000233501200002 ER PT B AU Fukumori, I AF Fukumori, Ichiro BE Chassignet, EP Verron, J TI What is data assimilation really solving, and how is the calculation actually done? SO Ocean Weather Forecasting: An Integrated View of Oceanography LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Summer School of Oceanography CY SEP 20-OCT 01, 2004 CL Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures, Agelonde, FRANCE HO Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures DE data assimilation; Kalman filter; smoother; consistency; ECCO ID OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL; KALMAN FILTER; SEA-LEVEL; SMOOTHER; PACIFIC AB Data assimilation is reviewed in the context of an inverse problem. The mathematical nature of the problem is examined and some of its common solutions are described, clarifying some of the implicit assumptions that underlie both problem and solution. For instance, Kalman filtering and Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoothing can be identified as recursive least-squares inveresions of the assimilation problem but of different parts of the problem. The temporal evolution of a filtered solution is not physically consistent, but that of a smoothed solution is. Understanding these characteristics is essential in effectively assimilating observations as well as in utilizing and further improving the assimilated observations as well as in utilizing and further improving the assimilated solution. Practical steps in implementing a filtering and smoothing algorithm are illustrated by examples from the Consortium for "Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean" (ECCO). C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Fukumori, I (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3981-6 PY 2006 BP 317 EP 342 DI 10.1007/1-4020-4028-8_11 PG 26 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BEE87 UT WOS:000237012000011 ER PT B AU Chassignet, EP Huriburt, HE Smedstad, OM Halliwell, GR Hogan, PJ Wallcraft, AJ Bleck, R AF Chassignet, Eric P. Huriburt, Harley E. Smedstad, Ole Martin Halliwell, George R. Hogan, Patrick J. Wallcraft, Alan J. Bleck, Rainer BE Chassignet, EP Verron, J TI Ocean prediction with the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM) SO OCEAN WEATHER FORECASTING: AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Summer School of Oceanography CY SEP 20-OCT 01, 2004 CL Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures, Agelonde, FRANCE HO Agelonde in Lalonde-Les Maures DE HYCOM; GODAE; LAS; data assimilation; metrics ID VERTICAL COORDINATE; DATA ASSIMILATION; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CLOSURE-MODEL; TURBULENCE; DIFFUSIVITIES; SIMULATIONS; MOMENTUM; FILTER; HEAT AB This chapter provides an overview of the effort centered oil the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) to develop an eddy-resolving, real-time global and basin-scale Ocean prediction system ill the context of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE). C1 [Chassignet, Eric P.; Halliwell, George R.] Univ Miami, RSMAS, MPO, Miami, FL 33152 USA. [Huriburt, Harley E.; Hogan, Patrick J.; Wallcraft, Alan J.] Stennis Space Ctr, Naval Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS USA. [Smedstad, Ole Martin] Stennis Space Ctr, Planning Syst Inc, Mississippi State, MS USA. [Bleck, Rainer] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Chassignet, EP (reprint author), Univ Miami, RSMAS, MPO, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RI Halliwell, George/B-3046-2011 OI Halliwell, George/0000-0003-4216-070X FU National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP); Office of Naval Research (ONR); Operational Effects Programs (OEP) Program Office; PMW 150 FX This work was sponsored by the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and the Operational Effects Programs (OEP) Program Office, PMW 150 through the following projects: NOPP HYCOM Consortium for Data-Assimilative Ocean Modeling, NOPP U.S. GODAE: Global Ocean Prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), 6.1 Global Remote Littoral Forcing via Deep Water Pathways (ONR), 6.4 Large Scale Ocean Models, and 6.4 Ocean Data assimilation (all the 6.4 projects sponsored by PMW-150). NR 30 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3981-6 PY 2006 BP 413 EP + DI 10.1007/1-4020-4028-8_16 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BEE87 UT WOS:000237012000016 ER PT S AU Walsh, EJ Wright, W AF Walsh, Edward J. Wright, Wayne GP IEEE TI Sea surface backscatter distortions of scanning radar altimeter ocean wave measurements SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID SPECTRUM SPATIAL VARIATION AB This paper examines the distortions in the measured wave topography caused by sea surface backscatter variation within the 25 to 50 m antenna footprint of the 10 antenna beam of the NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter at its typical 1.5 to 3 km operating altitude and possible corrections to the directional wave spectra computed from the wave topography. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Walsh, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1028 EP 1031 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100187 ER PT S AU Li, PG Chao, Y Vu, Q Li, ZJ Farrara, J Zhang, HC Wang, XC AF Li, Peggy Chao, Yi Vu, Quoc Li, Zhijin Farrara, John Zhang, Hongchun Wang, Xiaochun GP IEEE TI OurOcean - An integrated solution to ocean monitoring and forecasting SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA ID SYSTEM AB OurOcean (http:/ourocean,jpl.nasa.gov) is a web portal developed in JPL to enable users to easily access ocean science data, run data assimilation models, and visualize both data and models. Currently, OurOcean provides both real-time and retrospective analysis of observation data and ocean model simulations in the Pacific Ocean. We are particularly interested in the U.S. West Coastal Ocean with focused areas around Southern California, Central and Northern California, and Prince William Sound in Alaska. OurOcean serves four primary functions: 1) Retrieve, process, and archive real-time in-situ and satellite observation data and model outputs from distributed sources. 2) Produce value-added products by combining multiple data sources. 3) Supply various methods to access and visualize the data and model output. 4) Provide on-demand modeling capability for user to configure his/her own ocean model, submit and monitor the job status, and finally retrieve and visualize the model output. In this paper, we will present the infrastructure of the OurOcean portal, the architecture of the four servers and its underlined technologies. We will also discuss some state-of-the-art web technologies and computing technologies to be incorporated in OurOcean for interactive visualization and on-demand modeling. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Li, PG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1032 EP 1037 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100188 ER PT S AU Tweedie, MS AF Tweedie, M. Sara GP IEEE TI Ocean surface currents in the classroom SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The Ocean Motion web site (http://oceanmotion.org) provides classroom ready materials for high school teachers and students to investigate ocean surface currents. The story of humankind's interest in surface currents has an adventuresome background in early seafaring and exploration and their patterns of movement impacts the weather, climate, commerce natural disasters and sea lift. Lesson one encourages students to learn why Columbus landed in the Caribbean and not New York City and how Captain Bligh survived the mutiny on the Bounty. Satellites that monitor the sea surface environment are emphasized. Investigate a multi-year record of global data for sea surface temperature, height, winds, and ocean color. These global data are made available to teachers and students through an easy-to-use interface. The range of topics covered by the Teacher and Student Guides, their stand-alone style and focus on traditional science concepts will promote their use in traditional science and mathematics classrooms. C1 NASA, Kensington, MD USA. RP Tweedie, MS (reprint author), NASA, 4005 Cleveland St, Kensington, MD USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1271 EP 1274 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100232 ER PT S AU Godin, MA Bellingham, JG Rajan, K Leonard, N Chao, Y AF Godin, Michael A. Bellingham, James G. Rajan, Kanna Leonard, Naomi Chao, Yi GP IEEE TI A collaborative portal for ocean observatories SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB A Collaborative Ocean Observatory Portal (COOP) has been developed to enable distributed investigators to collaboraltively operate ocean observatory systems. COOP is being created within the Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network program to support the Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) field experiment that occurred in Monterey Bay in the summer of 2006. ASAP involved the day-to-day participation of a large group of researchers with ties to geographically diverse institutions throughout North America. These investigators had to interact on a continual basis to optimize data collection and analysis. White some investigators needed to be physically present to launch and retrieve their assets, the long duration of the observatory made sustained co-location of researchers difficult. Likewise., future ocean observatories and observing systems (such as moored arrays and cabled observatories) will operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week over many years or even decades. Since sustained co-location of researchers for situational awareness and decision-making will be impractical, there is a need for collaborative data distribution and situational awareness tools appropriate for the ASAP experiment, and eventually, for all ocean observatories. As implemented for the ASAP team, the COOP tool set consists of several components, starting with a publicly viewable, web-based tool fer reviewing the day's progress and proposed actions. Registered scientists are able to discuss the day's progress (and attach illustrative data), propose actions (and back-up those proposed actions with supporting data), and discuss and vote upon proposed actions. The tool provides links to other system components, such as a database of data collections in both original and common formats, interactive data access and manipulation tools, and pages of automatically generated graphical summaries of observational results and model forecasts. C1 [Godin, Michael A.; Bellingham, James G.; Rajan, Kanna] Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. [Leonard, Naomi] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Chao, Yi] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Godin, MA (reprint author), Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. FU Office of Naval Research (ONR) [N00014-02-1-0856]; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; National Science Foundation (NSF) Laboratory; Ocean Observatory Knowledge Integration Grid FX The authors would like to thank Dr. Russ Davis at Scripps Institute of Oceanography and Dr. Pierre Lermusiaux at Harvard University for helpful discussions.This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grant No. N00014-02-1-0856, by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and through the National Science Foundation (NSF) Laboratory for the Ocean Observatory Knowledge Integration Grid (LOOKING). NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1365 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100249 ER PT S AU Weissman, DE Hristova-Veleva, S Callahan, P AF Weissman, David. E. Hristova-Veleva, Svetla Callahan, Philip GP IEEE TI SeaWinds scatterometer wind vector retrievals for hurricane claudette using AIWSR and NEXRAD to perform corrections for precipitation effects: Comparison of AMSR and NEXRAD retrievals of rain SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The estimation of sea surface winds near and within hurricanes, with the spatial coverage of a satellite radar (scatterometer), is an important objective for public safety. It is also a significant technical challenge when intense rain is present in the scatterometer Field-Of-View (FOV). The presence of rain affects the measured Ku-band normalized radar cross section (NRCS or SIGMA_0) in three ways: rain, cloud and vapor in the atmosphere attenuate the scatterometer signal; rain backscatter augments the signal that comes from the ocean surface; finally, rain hitting the ocean surface induces surface roughening ("splash") that also augments the wind-related signal from the ocean surface. Scatterometer wind retrievals assume that variations in the the rneasured. SIGMA_0 are solely caused by variations in the wind- induced ocean surface roughening. Hence, any rain-related effects have to be accounted for before the scatterometer measurements hi rain can be used to estimate the near-surface wind velocity. The MIDORI-II mission, during 2003, carried five earth-observing sensors including the SeaWinds scatterometer and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR). The latter's six frequency brightness temperatures are collected to derive atmospheric water-related parameters and to measure the sea surface temperature. Since its coverage was closely coincident and collocated with the scatterometer, it provided the opportunity to obtain the precipitation measurements necessary to estimate the attenuation, volume backscatter and surface roughening by the raindrops within the scatterometer beam. Corrections to the scatterometer measurements of ocean surface winds can be pursued with either empirical or physical modeling. While both methods rely on. the AMSR-based geophysical retrievals, they differ in how the information is used. The empirical method compares the observed sigma0 to the NCEP-model-wind-inferred SIGMA_0 to estimate the rain corrections (attenuation and backscatter that combines the rain backscatter and the "splash") as function of the AMSR-derived geophysical parameters. The physical method estimates the three rain effects separately using parametrized relationships between total liquid water, rain rate, surface roughening, volume attenuation and rain backscatter. As such, the physical method does not take into account the NCEP model winds and the produced corrections are more directly related to the AMSR-derived geophysical parameters. The AMSR was designed to measure atmospheric water-related parameters on a spatial scale comparable to the SeaWinds scatterometer (similar to 25km). Optimal estimates of the volume backscatter and attenuation require a knowledge of the three dimensional distribution of reflectivity on a smaller scale comparable to that of the precipitation. Studies selected near the US coastline enable the much higher resolution NEXRAD reflectivity measurements to help evaluate, understand, and improve the AMSR estimates and to conduct research into the effects of different beam geometries and nonuniform beamfilling of precipitation within the field-of-view of the AMSR and the scatterometer. C1 [Weissman, David. E.] Hofstra Univ, Northport, NY 11768 USA. [Hristova-Veleva, Svetla; Callahan, Philip] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Weissman, DE (reprint author), Hofstra Univ, Northport, NY 11768 USA. EM eggdew@hofstra.edu NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1721 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100315 ER PT S AU Lever, JA Gritton, B AF Lever, John A. Gritton, Bruce GP IEEE TI Enterprice architecture as a tool of navy METOC transformation SO OCEANS 2006, VOLS 1-4 SE OCEANS-IEEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Oceans 2006 Conference CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Boston, MA AB The Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (NAVMETOCCOM) is transforming its business model and processes to better align with the Naval warfighter. Information Technology (IT) is an enabler for this transformation. This paper will discuss how the transformational IT strategy based on the tenets of Net-Centric Operations and Warfare (NCOW) and Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) are being managed and applied in the NAVMETOCCOM Enterprise Architecture. C1 [Lever, John A.; Gritton, Bruce] US Navy, Meteorol & Oceanog Command, Stennis Space Ctr, Code N61, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Lever, JA (reprint author), US Navy, Meteorol & Oceanog Command, Stennis Space Ctr, Code N61, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-7385 BN 978-1-4244-0114-7 J9 OCEANS-IEEE PY 2006 BP 1878 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA BGC33 UT WOS:000246002100344 ER PT S AU Katz, DS Jacob, JC Li, PP Chao, Y Allen, G AF Katz, Daniel S. Jacob, Joseph C. Li, Peggy P. Chao, Yi Allen, Gabrielle BE Meersman, R Tari, Z TI Data-oriented distributed computing for science: Reality and possibilities SO ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS 2006: COOPIS, DOA, GADA, AND ODBASE PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT On the Move Confederated International Conference on CoopIS/DOA/GADA, and ODBASE CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 2006 CL Montpellier, FRANCE SP Ctr Natl Res Sci, City Montpellier, Ecole Polytech Univ Montepellier, Univ Montpellier II, Lab Informat Robot Microelect Montpllier, RMIT Univ, Sch Comp Sci & Informat Technol, Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Comp Sci AB As is becoming commonly known, there is an explosion happening in the amount of scientific data that is publicly available. One challenge is how to make productive use of this data. This talk will discuss some parallel and distributed computing projects, centered around virtual astronomy, but also including other scientific data-oriented realms. It will look at some specific projects from the past, including Montage(1), Grist(2), OurOcean(3), and SCOOP4, and will discuss the distributed computing, Grid, and Web-service technologies that have successfully been used in these projects. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Computat & Technol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Katz, DS (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Computat & Technol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM d.katz@ieee.org OI Katz, Daniel S./0000-0001-5934-7525 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-48274-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4276 BP 1119 EP 1124 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFN44 UT WOS:000243318600002 ER PT S AU Chao, TH Lu, T Zhou, HY AF Chao, Tien-Hsin Lu, Thomas Zhou, Hanying BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Recent progress on grayscale optical correlator for automatic target recognition - art. no. 624503 SO Optical Pattern Recogniton XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XVII CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE Grayscale Optical Correlator; automatic target recognition; Spatial Light Modulator AB Recent progress on developing a Grayscale Optical Correlator (GOC) is described [1-7]. The development efforts have been simultaneously focused on the adoption of a composite correlation filter algorithm and the development and integration of high-resolution, high-speed, miniature GOC hardware system. We have selected the Optimum Trade-off Maximum Average Correlation Height (OT-MACH) filter synthesis algorithm due to its great target recognition performance and its suitability for optical implementation in a real-valued Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). We have, to date, participated in the development of the high speed (1000 frames/sec) and high resolution (1024 pixel x 1024 pixel), small form factor (5 micron pixel pitch) Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal SLM. We have also developed a portable 512 x 512 GOC system and used it to various ATR applications such as target detection from surveillance data, sonar mine detection, etc. The status of our GOC hardware system and correlation filter synthesis status will be reported. Potential applications and system issues will also be discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6301-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6245 BP 24503 EP 24503 AR 624503 DI 10.1117/12.673441 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES08 UT WOS:000239230800003 ER PT S AU Lu, TT Chao, TH AF Lu, Thomas T. Chao, Tien-Hsin BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI A high-resolution and high-speed 3D imaging system and its application on ATR SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITON XVII SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XVII CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE stereo vision; color grating projection; 3D imaging; modeling; ATR AB The paper presents an advanced 3D imaging system based on a combination of stereo vision and light projection methods. A single digital camera is used to take only one shot of the object and reconstruct the 3D model of an object. The stereo vision is achieved by employing a prism and mirror setup to split the views and combine them side by side in the camera. The advantage of this setup is its simple system architecture, easy synchronization, fast 3D imaging speed and high accuracy. The 3D imaging algorithms and potential applications are discussed. For ATR applications, it is critically important to extract maximum information for the potential targets and to separate the targets from the background and clutter noise. The added dimension of a 3D model provides additional features of surface profile, range information of the target. It is capable of removing the false shadow from camouflage and reveal the 3D profile of the object. It also provides arbitrary viewing angles and distances for training the filter bank for invariant ATR. The system architecture can be scaled to take large objects and to perform area 3D modeling onboard a UAV. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lu, TT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr MS 303-300, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Thomas.T.Lu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6301-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6245 AR 62450L DI 10.1117/12.673442 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES08 UT WOS:000239230800021 ER PT S AU Wu, MC DeHaven, SL AF Wu, Meng-Chou DeHaven, Stanton L. BE Culshaw, B Mignani, AG Bartelt, H Jaroszewicz, LR TI High-sensitivity cryogenic temperature sensors using pressurized fiber Bragg gratings - art. no. 61890O SO Optical Sensing II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Sensing II CY APR 03-06, 2006 CL Strasbourg, FRANCE SP SPIE Europe, Conseil Gen Bas Rhin, Communaute Urbaine Strasbourg, Reg Alsace, Alsace Dev Agcy DE fiber Bragg gratings; temperature sensors; cryogenic temperatures; pressurized fiber Bragg gratings ID OPTICAL-FIBER; STRAIN; FABRICATION AB Cryogenic temperature sensing was studied using a pressurized fiber Bragg grating (PFBG). The PFBG was obtained by simply applying a small diametric load to a regular fiber Bragg grating (FBG), which was coated with polyimide of a thickness of 11 micrometers. The Bragg wavelength of the PFBG was measured at temperatures from 295 K to 4.2 K. A pressure-induced transition occurred at 200 K during the cooling cycle. As a result, the temperature sensitivity of the PFBG was found to be nonlinear and reach 24 pm/K below 200 K, more than three times the regular FBG. For the temperature change from 80 K to 10 K, the PFBG has a total Bragg wavelength shift of about 470 pm, 10 times more than the regular FBG. From room temperature to liquid helium temperature the PFBG gives a total wavelength shift of 3.78 nm, compared to the FBG of 1.51 nm. The effect of the coating thickness on the temperature sensitivity of the gratings is also discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Wu, MC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6245-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6189 BP O1890 EP O1890 AR 61890O DI 10.1117/12.673851 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BER03 UT WOS:000238999700024 ER PT S AU Chen, P Hedgeland, R Ramsey, L Rivera, R Houston, K AF Chen, Philip Hedgeland, Randy Ramsey, Larry Rivera, Rachel Houston, Karrie BE Uy, OM Straka, SA Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Contamination control of space based laser instruments - art. no. 629104 SO Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light: Effects, Measurements, Control II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light - Effects, Measurements, and Control II CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB Space based laser missions have gained their popularity in areas such as: communication, power beaming, ranging, altimetry, and Light Detection and Ranging. The capabilities of 1.0 micron lasers offer a host of improvements in the knowledge gaps that exist and help promote our understanding of our Earth and lunar environments as well as planetary and space science applications. Some past and present National Aeronautics and Space Administration missions that have been developed for increasing our universal knowledge of such environments and applications include: The Shuttle Laser Altimeter, Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter, Geoscience Laser Altimeter System, Mercury Laser Altimeter, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation, and Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter. The effort of contamination control depends on the specific performance goals, instrument designs, and planned operating scenarios of such missions. Trace amounts of contamination have been shown to greatly reduce the performance of 1.0 micron space based laser systems. In addition, the type of contamination plays an important role in the degree of degradation and helps to define the "contamination sensitivity" of the mission. A space based laser mission is considered highly contamination sensitive and therefore requires an unprecedented contamination control effort. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Contaminat & Coatings Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chen, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Contaminat & Coatings Engn Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6370-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6291 BP 29104 EP 29104 AR 629104 DI 10.1117/12.681175 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI11 UT WOS:000241969100004 ER PT S AU Albyn, K Burns, HD AF Albyn, K. Burns, H. D. BE Uy, OM Straka, SA Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Quartz crystal microbalance operation and in situ calibration (NASA TM-2004-213550) - art. no. 629106 SO Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light: Effects, Measurements, Control II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light - Effects, Measurements, and Control II CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB Computer models that predict the rate at which molecular contamination will deposit on optical surfaces typically use outgassing source terms, measured with quartz crystal microbalances, as a basis for the prediction. The American Society of Testing and Materials, Standard Test Method for Contamination Outgassing Characteristics of Spacecraft Materials (Method E- 559), is probably the best know technique used by the aerospace community to measure the outgassing rates or source terms of materials. A simple method for the insitu calibration of quartz crystal microbalances, based on the heat of enthalphy of Adipic Acid, has been developed and demonstrated by the Marshall Space Flight Center, Environmental Effects Branch. The calibration has been demonstrated over a sample temperature range of 25 to 66 degrees Celsius and deposition rates of 2 x 10(-11) grams/cm2-s and greater, for several measurement system configurations. This calibration technique is fully compatible with the American Society for Testing and Materials, Method E-1559, as well as other methodology. The calibration requires no modification of outgassing facilities employing an effusion cell and does not degrade the performance or function of typical vacuum systems. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Environm Effects Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Albyn, K (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Environm Effects Grp, EM50,Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6370-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6291 BP 29106 EP 29106 AR 629106 DI 10.1117/12.677657 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI11 UT WOS:000241969100006 ER PT S AU Houston, KD AF Houston, Karrie D. BE Uy, OM Straka, SA Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Comparative mirror cleaning study: A study on removing particulate contamination - art. no. 629107 SO Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light: Effects, Measurements, Control II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light - Effects, Measurements, and Control II CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE particulate contamination; optical cleaning; mirror cleaning; image analysis; detergent bath; solvent rinse; CO2 snow cleaning; silicon wafers; gold coated silicon wafers; gold coated silicon wafers with silicon oxide AB A mirror cleaning study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of three cleaning methods in their ability to remove particulate contamination from reflective mirror surfaces. Presently, the detergent bath, solvent rinse, and CO2 snow cleaning methods are the most commonly used optical cleaning techniques within the optics industry. These techniques are also commonly used by the Optics Branch/Code 551 at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to remove particulate contamination from optical surfaces. In this experimental study, the above-mentioned cleaning methods were used to clean twelve uncoated silicon wafers, twelve gold coated silicon wafers, and twelve gold coated silicon wafers with a silicon oxide protective coating. CO2 snow cleaning had an average removal percentage of 84%, followed by the solvent rinse at 74%, and the detergent bath at 61 %. In addition to the average removal percentage, this comparative study was designed to: Determine the cleaning ability of each method based on the number and size of removed particles; Assess the risk of surface damage for each cleaning procedure; Evaluate each cleaning method as a function of its initial "qualitative" contamination level ("fairly clean", "dirty", and "very dirty"). The particulate cleanliness of all wafers was characterized using Image Analysis and Image-Pro Plus 5.0 software. In addition, the experimental design and experimental results were analyzed using JMP/Statistical Analytical Software Version 6.0. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Contaminat & Coatings Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20708 USA. RP Houston, KD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Contaminat & Coatings Engn Branch, Code 546,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20708 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6370-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6291 BP 29107 EP 29107 AR 629107 DI 10.1117/12.683231 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI11 UT WOS:000241969100007 ER PT S AU Rivera, R AF Rivera, Rachel BE Uy, OM Straka, SA Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Comparison of particulate verification techniques study - art. no. 629108 SO Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light: Effects, Measurements, Control II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light - Effects, Measurements, and Control II CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE particulate verification techniques; image analysis; tapelift; solvent rinse; GelPak; vacuum probe; Infinity Focusing Microscope; silicon wafer AB The efficacy of five particulate verification techniques on four types of materials was studied. Statistical Analysis Software/JMP 6.0 was used to create a statistically valid design of experiments. In doing so, 35 witness coupons consisting of the four types of materials being studied, were intentionally contaminated with particulate fallout. Image Analysis was used to characterize the extent of particulate fallout on the coupons and was used to establish a baseline, or basis of comparison, against the five techniques that were studied. The five particulate verification techniques were the Tapelift, the Particulate Solvent Rinse, the GelPak lift, an in-line vacuum filtration probe, and the Infinity Focusing Microscope (IFM). The four types of materials consisted of magnesium flouride (MgF2) coated mirrors, composite coated silver aluminum (CCAg), Z93 and NS43G coated aluminum, and silicon (si) wafers. The vacuum probe was determined to be most effective for Z93, the tapelift or vacuum probe for MgF2, and the GelPak Lift for CCAg and si substrates. A margin of error for each technique, based on experimental data from two experiments, for si wafer substrates, yielded the following: Tapelift - 67%, Solvent Rinse - 58%, GelPak- 26%, Vacuum Probe - 93%, IFM-to be determined. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Contaminat & Coatings Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rivera, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Contaminat & Coatings Engn Branch, Code 546,8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6370-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6291 BP 29108 EP 29108 AR 629108 DI 10.1117/12.681122 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI11 UT WOS:000241969100008 ER PT S AU Albyn, K Burns, HD AF Albyn, K. Burns, H. D. BE Uy, OM Straka, SA Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Interaction of vacuum ultraviolet radiation with molecular deposits - art. no. 62910H SO Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light: Effects, Measurements, Control II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light - Effects, Measurements, and Control II CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE AB Recent quartz crystal microbalance measurements made in the Marshall Space Flight Center, Photo-deposition Facility, for several materials, recorded a significant loss of deposited contaminants when the deposition surface of the microbalance was illuminated by a deuterium lamp. Theses measurements differ from observations made by other investigators in which the rate of deposition increased significantly when the deposition surface was illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet radiation, generated by a variety of sources. These observations suggest that the accelerated deposition of molecular contaminants on optically sensitive surfaces is dependant upon the contaminant being deposited and the VUV source and that both must be addressed during the materials screening process. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Environm Effects Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Albyn, K (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Environm Effects Grp, EM50,Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6370-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6291 BP H2910 EP H2910 AR 62910H DI 10.1117/12.677654 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI11 UT WOS:000241969100013 ER PT S AU Connelly, JA Hadjimichael, TJ Boucarut, RA Tveekrem, JL Mott, DB AF Connelly, Joseph A. Hadjimichael, Theo J. Boucarut, Rene A. Tveekrem, June L. Mott, D. Brent BE Uy, OM Straka, SA Fleming, JC Dittman, MG TI Stray light reduction in testing of NIRSpec subsystems: the focal plane array and micro-shutter assembly - art. no. 62910V SO Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light: Effects, Measurements, Control II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Systems Degradation, Contamination, and Stray Light - Effects, Measurements, and Control II CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared; detector; micro-shutter array; stray light; JWST; NIRSpec; MEMS ID NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an infrared, space-based telescope scheduled for launch in 2013. JWST will hold four scientific instruments, including the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). NIRSpec operates in the wavelength range from 0.6 to 5 microns, and will be assembled by the European Space Agency. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for two NIRSpec subsystems: the detector subsystem, with the focal plane array (FPA), and the micro-shutter subsystem, with the micro-shutter assembly (MSA). The FPA consists of two side-by-side Rockwell Scientific HgCdTe 2Kx2K detectors, with the detectors and readout electronics optimized for low noise. The MSA is a GSFC developed micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) that serves as a programmable slit mask, allowing NIRSpec to obtain simultaneous spectra of > 100 objects in a single field of view. We present the optical characterization test plan of the FPA. The test plan is driven by many requirements: cryogenic operating temperature, a flight-like beam shape, and multi-wavelength flux from 1 to 10,000 photons per second, thus low stray light is critical. We use commercial optical modeling software to predict stray light effects at the FPA. We also present the optical contrast test plan of the MSA. Each individual shutter element operates in an on/off state, and the most important optical metric is contrast. The MSA is designed to minimize stray and scattered light, and the test setup reduces stray light such that the optical contrast is measurable. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Connelly, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6370-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6291 BP V2910 EP V2910 AR 62910V DI 10.1117/12.678513 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI11 UT WOS:000241969100027 ER PT J AU Savchenkov, AA Matsko, AB Maleki, L AF Savchenkov, AA Matsko, AB Maleki, L TI White-light whispering gallery mode resonators SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE RECEIVER; MICROCAVITY; MICROSPHERES; SPECTROSCOPY; MODULATOR; CAVITIES AB We propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally white-light whispering gallery mode resonators. These resonators have essentially a continuous modal spectrum accompanied by ultrahigh-Q frequency-independent quality factors. Applications of the resonators for ringdown spectroscopy and light modulation are discussed. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Savchenkov, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Andrey.Matsko@jpl.nasa.gov RI Matsko, Andrey/A-1272-2007 NR 13 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 1 BP 92 EP 94 DI 10.1364/OL.31.000092 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 996NU UT WOS:000234181600030 PM 16419888 ER PT S AU Gawronski, W Baher, F Gama, E AF Gawronski, Wodek Baher, Farrokh Gama, Eric BE AtadEttedgul, E Antebi, J Lemke, D TI Track level compensation look-up table improves antenna pointing precision - art. no. 627316 SO Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Technologies for Astronony CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE microwave antennas; pointing precision AB The pointing accuracy of the NASA Deep Space Network antennas is significantly impacted by the unevenness of the antenna azimuth track. The track unevenness causes repeatable antenna rotations, and repeatable pointing errors. The paper presents the improvement of the pointing accuracy of the antennas by implementing the track-level-compensation look-up table. The table consists of three axis rotations of the alidade as a function of the azimuth position. The paper presents the development of the table, based on the measurements of the inclinometer tilts, processing the measurement data, and determination of the three-axis alidade rotations from the tilt data. It also presents the determination of the elevation and cross-elevation errors of the antenna as a function of the alidade rotations. The pointing accuracy of the antenna with and without a table was measured using various radio beam pointing techniques. The pointing error decreased when the table was used, from 7.5 mdeg to 1.2 mdeg in elevation, and from 20.4 mdeg to 2.2 mdeg in crosselevation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gawronski, W (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6338-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6273 BP 27316 EP 27316 AR 627316 DI 10.1117/12.661259 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX62 UT WOS:000240017700037 ER PT S AU Korzun, AM Toland, RW Ohl, RG Holmes, V Worrel, LR AF Korzun, Ashley M. Toland, Ronald W. Ohl, Raymond G. Holmes, Vincent Worrel, Louis R. BE AtadEttedgul, E Antebi, J Lemke, D TI Theoferometer for the construction of precision optomechanical assemblies - art. no. 627326 SO Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Technologies for Astronony CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE AB The increasing difficulty of metrology requirements on projects involving optics and the alignment of instrumentation on spacecraft has reached a turning point. Requirements as low as 0.1 arcseconds for the static, rotational alignment of components within a coordinate system cannot be met with a theodolite, the alignment tool currently in use. The (1)"theoferometer" is an interferometer mounted on a rotation stage with degrees of freedom in azimuth and elevation for metrology and alignment applications. The success of a prototype theoferometer in approaching these metrology requirements led to a redesign stressing mechanical, optical, and software changes to increase the sensitivity and portability of the unit. This paper covers the characteristic testing of the first prototype, improvements made to design a second prototype, and planned demonstration of the redesigned theoferometer's capabilities as a "theodolite replacement" and low-uncertainty metrology tool. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Korzun, AM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6338-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6273 BP 27326 EP 27326 AR 627326 DI 10.1117/12.671326 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX62 UT WOS:000240017700069 ER PT S AU Feria, VA Lam, J Van Buren, D AF Feria, V. Alfonso Lam, Jonathan Van Buren, Dave BE AtadEttedgul, E Antebi, J Lemke, D TI M1 mirror print-thru investigation and performance on the thermo-opto-mechanical testbed for the space interferometry mission - art. no. 62731C SO Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Technologies for Astronony CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE mirror; bonding; surface deformation AB SIM PlanetQuest (SIM) is a large (9-meter baseline) space-borne optical interferometer that will determine the position and distance of stars to high accuracy. With microarcsecond measurements SIM will probe nearby stars for Earth-sized planets. To achieve this precision, SIM requires very tight manufacturing tolerances and high stability of optical components. To reduce technical risks, the SIM project developed an integrated thermal, mechanical and optical test-bed (TOM3) to allow predictions of the system performance at the required high precision. The TOM3 testbed used full-scale brassboard optical components and picometer-class metrology to reach the SIM target performance levels. During the testbed integration and after one of the testbed mirrors, M1, was bonded into its mount, some surface distortion dimples that exceeded the optical specification were discovered. A detailed finite element model was used to analyze different load cases to try to determine the source of the M1 surface deformations. The same model was also used to compare with actual deformations due to varied thermal conditions on the TOM3 testbed. This paper presents the studies carried out to determine the source of the surface distortions on the M1 mirror as well as comparison and model validation during testing. This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Feria, VA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6338-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6273 BP C2731 EP C2731 AR 62731C DI 10.1117/12.671612 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX62 UT WOS:000240017700043 ER PT S AU Frey, BJ Leviton, DB Madison, TJ AF Frey, Bradley J. Leviton, Douglas B. Madison, Timothy J. BE AtadEttedgul, E Antebi, J Lemke, D TI Temperature-dependent refractive index of silicon and germanium - art. no. 62732J SO Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Technologies for Astronony CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE refractive index; silicon; germanium; cryogenic; infrared; refractometer; thermo-optic coefficient; CHARMS ID ULTRAVIOLET OPTICAL-MATERIALS; ABSOLUTE PRISM REFRACTOMETER; HIGH-ACCURACY AB Silicon and germanium are perhaps the two most well-understood semiconductor materials in the context of solid state device technologies and more recently micromachining and nanotechnology. Meanwhile, these two materials are also important in the field of infrared lens design. Optical instruments designed for the wavelength range where these two materials are transmissive achieve best performance when cooled to cryogenic temperatures to enhance signal from the scene over instrument background radiation. In order to enable high quality lens designs using silicon and germanium at cryogenic temperatures, we have measured the absolute refractive index of multiple prisms of these two materials using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, as a function of both wavelength and temperature. For silicon, we report absolute refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) at temperatures ranging from 20 to 300 K at wavelengths from 1.1 to 5.6 mu m, while for germanium, we cover temperatures ranging from 20 to 300 K and wavelengths from 1.9 to 5.5 mu m. We compare our measurements with others in the literature and provide temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients based on our data to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures. Citing the wide variety of values for the refractive indices of these two materials found in the literature, we reiterate the importance of measuring the refractive index of a sample from the same batch of raw material from which final optical components are cut when absolute accuracy greater than +/- 5 x 10(-3) is desired. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Frey, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6338-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6273 BP J2732 EP J2732 AR 62732J DI 10.1117/12.672850 PN 1&2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX62 UT WOS:000240017700079 ER PT S AU Leviton, DB Frey, BJ AF Leviton, Douglas B. Frey, Bradley J. BE AtadEttedgul, E Antebi, J Lemke, D TI Temperature-dependent absolute refractive index measurements of synthetic fused silica - art. no. 62732K SO Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Technologies for Astronony CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE cryogenic; refractive index; fused silica; CHARMS; infrared; Sellmeier; Kepler Photometer; James Webb Space Telescope; NIRCam AB Using the Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, we have measured the absolute refractive index of five specimens taken from a very large boule of Coming 7980 fused silica from temperatures ranging from 30 to 310 K at wavelengths from 0.4 to 2.6 microns with an absolute uncertainty of +/- 1 x 10(-5). Statistical variations in derived values of the thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) are at the 2 x 10(-8)/K level. Graphical and tabulated data for absolute refractive index, dispersion, and thermo-optic coefficient are presented for selected wavelengths and temperatures along with estimates of uncertainty in index. Coefficients for temperature-dependent Sellmeier fits of measured refractive index are also presented to allow accurate interpolation of index to other wavelengths and temperatures. We compare our results to those from an independent investigation (which used an interferometric technique for measuring index changes as a function of temperature) whose samples were prepared from the same slugs of material from which our prisms were prepared in support of the Kepler mission. We also compare our results with sparse cryogenic index data from measurements of this material from the literature. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leviton, DB (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6338-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6273 BP K2732 EP K2732 AR 62732K DI 10.1117/12.672853 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX62 UT WOS:000240017700080 ER PT S AU Voellmer, GM Chuss, DT Jackson, M Krejny, M Moseley, SH Novak, G Wollack, EJ AF Voellmer, G. M. Chuss, D. T. Jackson, M. Krejny, M. Moseley, S. H. Novak, G. Wollack, E. J. BE AtadEttedgul, E Antebi, J Lemke, D TI A kinematic, flexure-based mechanism for precise, parallel motion for the Hertz Variable-delay Polarization Modulator (VPM) - art. no. 62733P SO Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Technologies for Astronony CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE flexure; double blade flexure; kinematic; cryogenic; linear motion ID SUBMILLIMETER; POLARIMETRY AB We describe the design and construction of a Variable-delay Polarization Modulator (VPM) that has been built and integrated into the Hertz ground-based, submillimeter polarimeter at the SMTO on Mt. Graham in Arizona. VPMs allow polarization modulation by controlling the phase difference between two linear, orthogonal polarizations. This is accomplished by utilizing a grid-mirror pair with a controlled separation. The size of the gap between the mirror and the polarizing grid determines the amount of the phase difference. This gap must be parallel to better than 1% of the wavelength. The necessity of controlling the phase of the radiation across this device drives the two novel features of the VPM. First, a novel, kinematic, flexure is employed that passively maintains the parallelism of the mirror and the grid to 1.5 mu m over a 150 mm diameter, with a 400 pm throw. A single piezoceramic actuator is used to modulate the gap, and a capacitive sensor provides position feedback for closed-loop control. Second, the VPM uses a grid flattener that highly constrains the planarity of the polarizing grid. In doing so, the phase error across the device is minimized. Engineering results from the deployment of this device in the Hertz instrument April 2006 at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory (SMTO) in Arizona are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Voellmer, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Chuss, David/D-8281-2012; Wollack, Edward/D-4467-2012 OI Wollack, Edward/0000-0002-7567-4451 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6338-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6273 BP P2733 EP P2733 AR 62733P DI 10.1117/12.671979 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX62 UT WOS:000240017700116 ER PT J AU Eglinton, LB Lim, D Slater, G Osinski, GR Whelan, JK DouglaS, M AF Eglinton, Lorraine B. Lim, Darlene Slater, Greg Osinski, Gordon R. Whelan, Jean K. DouglaS, Marianne TI Organic geochemical characterization of a Miocene core sample from Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRUDE OILS; PROKARYOTIC TRITERPENOIDS; METHYLOBACTERIUM-ORGANOPHILUM; METHYLOCOCCUS-CAPSULATUS; MOLECULAR INDICATORS; AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; THERMAL MATURITY; SOURCE ROCKS; BIOMARKERS; PETROLEUM AB Extremely well preserved sedimentary deposits in the Haughton impact structure (HIS) provide a unique record of the post-impact Miocene lacustrine depositional environment. Detailed organic geochemical characterization of a hydrocarbon-impregnated band found in a core from the crater-lake sedimentary infill reveals a complex source history for the hydrocarbons. These include contributions from eroded pre- and post-impact formations together with inputs from contemporaneous flora and fauna, a deep, possibly lower Paleozoic petroleum as well as a contribution from hydrothermally altered organic biopolymers. Geochemical data coupled with paleolimnology and geology proves to be a valuable tool for studying the provenance of hydrocarbons associated with the HIS and can give insights, not only into the post-impact geology, but also into processes that may contribute to the generation of petroleum fluids at other impact sites. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. McMaster Univ, Sch Geog & Geol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Canadian Space Agcy, St Hubert, PQ J3Y 8Y9, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada. RP Eglinton, LB (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM leglinton@whoi.edu RI Slater, Greg/B-5163-2013 OI Slater, Greg/0000-0001-7418-7566 NR 80 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2006 VL 37 IS 6 BP 688 EP 710 DI 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.01.006 PG 23 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 058CA UT WOS:000238640700004 ER PT S AU Tsurutani, BT Mannucci, AJ Lijima, B Guarnieri, FL Gonzalez, WD Judge, DL Gangopadhyay, P Pap, J AF Tsurutani, B. T. Mannucci, A. J. Iijima, B. Guarnieri, F. L. Gonzalez, W. D. Judge, D. L. Gangopadhyay, P. Pap, J. BE Zurbuchen, TH Smart, DF BlancoCano, X Lastovicka, J TI The extreme Halloween 2003 solar flares (and Bastille Day, 2000 Flare), ICMEs, and resultant extreme ionospheric effects: A review SO PARTICLE ACCELERATION, SPACE PLASMA PHYSICS, SOLAR RADIATION AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE solar flares; ionospheric effects; Halloween events ID GREAT MAGNETIC STORM; TRANSMISSION; EQUATOR; FIELD AB Extreme solar flares can cause extreme ionospheric effects. The Oct 28, 2003 flare caused a similar to 25 TECU (a total electron content unit is 10(16) electron/m(2) column density), or a similar to 30%, increase in the local noon equatorial ionospheric column density. This enhancement occurred within similar to 5 min. This TEC increase was similar to 5 times the TEC increases detected for the Oct 29, 2003, Nov 4, 2003, and the July 14, 2000 (Bastille Day) flares. In the 260-340 angstrom EUV wavelength range, the Oct 28 flare peak count rate was more than twice as large as for the other three flares. Another strong ionospheric effect is the delayed influence (due to solar wind propagation) of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) electric fields on the ionosphere. For the Oct 28 and 29 flares, the associated ICMEs propagated from the sun to the Earth at particularly high speeds. The prompt penetration of the interplanetary electric field caused the dayside equatorial ionospheric to be strongly convected upward. This led to enhanced TEC to values > 300% nominal values in similar to 2 h. Proposed mechanisms for this TEC enhancement will be discussed. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 169-506,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bruce.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov RI Mannucci, Anthony/A-1349-2007 OI Mannucci, Anthony/0000-0003-2391-8490 NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 8 BP 1583 EP 1588 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.114 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BES65 UT WOS:000239306300023 ER PT B AU Kohli, R AF Kohli, Rajiv BE Mittal, KL TI Recent developments in imaging and analysis of micro- and nanosize particles and surface features SO PARTICLES ON SURFACES 9: DETECTION, ADHESION AND REMOVAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Particles on Surfaces CY JUN 17-18, 2004 CL Philadelphia, PA DE nanosize particles; imaging; analysis; transmission electron microscopy; neutron holography; tomography; scanning probe microscopy; scanning thermal microscopy; scanning acoustic microscopy; surface plasmon microscopy; crystallography; ultrafast processes; single electron spin ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; NANOMETER-SCALE RESOLUTION; NEGATIVE REFRACTION; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; PERFECT-LENS; AIRBORNE CHEMISTRY; PHASE RETRIEVAL AB Imaging and analysis of sub-micrometer- to sub-nanometer-sized particles and surface features are essential to understanding their interactions and to developing micro- and nanostructures. Because of this importance, many advances and new developments have been made in characterization techniques for particles in this size range. For example, aberration-free imaging with sub-angstrom resolution has been successfully demonstrated in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Other developments include combining techniques such as transmission electron microscopy with scanning probe microscopy and other chemically sensitive sensors, in situ wet transmission electron microscopy, neutron holography, electron and X-ray tomography, ultrafast microscopy, magnetic resonance force microscopy for imaging a single electron spin, sub-micrometer resolution scanning thermal microscopy and high-resolution X-ray crystallography of non-crystalline structures. It is now possible to completely characterize very small particles and surface features from 0.1 nm to 100 nm size. Some of these recent developments are described. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Washington Grp Int, Houston, TX 77258 USA. RP Kohli, R (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Washington Grp Int, POB 58128, Houston, TX 77258 USA. EM rajiv.kohli@jsc.nasa.gov NR 185 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU VSP BV-C/O BRILL ACAD PUBL PI LEIDEN PA PO BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-6764-435-8 PY 2006 BP 3 EP 61 PG 59 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BFK12 UT WOS:000242454400001 ER PT S AU Owe, M de Jeu, RAM Holmes, TRH AF Owe, Manfred de Jeu, Richard A. M. Holmes, Thomas R. H. BE Appleby, R Wikner, DA TI Passive microwave retrieval of land surface properties - art. no. 621108 SO Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology IX CY APR 19, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE microwave radiometry; soil moisture; land surface temperature; satellite remote sensing ID VEGETATION OPTICAL DEPTH; METHODOLOGY; MOISTURE AB A methodology for retrieving land surface properties from passive microwave observations is presented. Dual polarization microwave brightness temperature data, together with a simple radiative transfer model are used to derive surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth simultaneously, in a non linear optimization procedure using a forward modeling approach. Soil temperature is derived off-line with a common heat flow model, driven by high frequency vertical polarization microwave data and remotely sensed observations of net radiation. The methodology does,not require any field observations of soil moisture or canopy biophysical properties for calibration purposes and is independent of wavelength. Remote sensing provides an excellent opportunity to monitor and gather environmental data in regions that have little or no instrumentation. Moreover, microwave technology provides a more all-weather capability than is typically afforded with visible and near infrared wavelengths. The model was developed for regional- to global-scale monitoring and related environmental applications such as surface energy balance. modelling, numerical weather prediction, flood and drought forecasting, and climate change studies. However, at higher spatial resolutions, which would be possible with aircraft, especially unmanned vehicles, tactical applications may be realized as well. Retrieval results compare well with field observations of soil moisture and satellite-derived vegetation index data from optical sensors. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Owe, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Proc, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Holmes, Thomas/F-4512-2010 OI Holmes, Thomas/0000-0002-4651-0079 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6267-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6211 BP 21108 EP 21108 AR 621108 DI 10.1117/12.665013 PG 9 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES17 UT WOS:000239242400006 ER PT J AU Ahumada, AJ Scharff, LFV Watson, AB AF Ahumada, A. J. Scharff, L. F. V. Watson, A. B. TI What pattern does the visual system detect best? SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, Dept Psychol, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. EM al.ahumada@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2006 VL 35 SU S BP 59 EP 60 PG 2 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 127PR UT WOS:000243599300191 ER PT J AU Ludwig, CJH Eckstein, MP Beutter, BR AF Ludwig, C. J. H. Eckstein, M. P. Beutter, B. R. TI Limited flexibility in the filter underlying saccade target selection: Effects of spatial scale and eccentricity SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Expt Psychol, Bristol BS8 1TU, Avon, England. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Psychol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM c.ludwig@bristol.ac.uk NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2006 VL 35 SU S BP 60 EP 60 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 127PR UT WOS:000243599300193 ER PT J AU Reschke, MF T Somers, J Ford, G Krnavek, JM Hwang, EY Kornilova, LN Leigh, RJ AF Reschke, M. F. T Somers, J. Ford, G. Krnavek, J. M. Hwang, E. Y. Kornilova, L. N. Leigh, R. J. TI Stroboscopic vision as a treatment for motion sickness SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Neurosci Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. State Res Ctr, Inst Biomed Problems, Moscow 123007, Russia. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Neurol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM millard.f.reschke@nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2006 VL 35 SU S BP 222 EP 222 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Ophthalmology; Psychology GA 127PR UT WOS:000243599300702 ER PT S AU Huang, EM Mynatt, ED Trimble, JP AF Huang, EM Mynatt, ED Trimble, JP BE Fishkin, KP Schiele, B Nixon, P Quigley, A TI Displays in the wild: Understanding the dynamics and evolution of a display ecology SO PERVASIVE COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Pervasive Computing CY MAY 07-10, 2006 CL Dublin, IRELAND SP Sci Fdn Ireland, Intel Ireland, Intel Res, Univ Coll Dublin, Irish Software Engn Res Ctr, Mitsubishi Elect Res Lab, Ubisense, Smart Space Co, WIT, Telecommun Softwave & Syst Grp, Microsoft, Failte Ireland, Irish Com Soc, Adapt Informat Cluster AB Large interactive display systems are becoming increasingly pervasive, but most have been studied in isolation, rather than in the context of other technologies in the environment. We present an in-depth field evaluation of large interactive displays within a multi-display work environment used in the NASA Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions, a complex and authentic use setting. We uncover how the role of such displays evolves in the context of other displays as tasks and collaboration practices change, as well as how tasks migrate among different displays over time. Finally, we present suggestions for how to evaluate the success of large interactive displays and multi-display environments in collaborative work environments based on our findings. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Coll Comp, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, GVU Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Huang, EM (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Coll Comp, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM elaine@cc.gatech.edu; mynatt@cc.gatech.edu; jay.p.trimble@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-33894-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3968 BP 321 EP 336 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEK03 UT WOS:000237503800020 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM AF Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM BE Tomanek, P Hrabovsky, M Miler, M Senderakova, D TI Large format narrow-band, multi-band, and broad-band quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane arrays for remote sensing - art. no. 618003 SO Photonics, Devices, and Systems III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Photonics, Devices and System CY JUN 08-11, 2005 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Czech & Slovak Soc Photon, Action M Agcy, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, AF Res Lab, European Opt Soc, SPIE Czech/Slovak Chapter, Int Commiss Opt, Opt Soc Amer, Czech Tech Univ Prague, Acad Sci Czech Republ, Slovak Acad Sci DE long-wavelength infrared; mid-wavelength infrared; narrow-band; multi-band; broad-band; infrared camera; focal plane array; quantum well infrared photodetectors AB A 640x512 pixel, long-wavelength cutoff. narrow-band (Delta lambda/lambda similar to 10%) quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA), a four-band QWIP FPA in the 4-15 mu m spectral region. and a broad-band (Delta lambda/lambda similar to 42%) QWIP FPA having a 15.4 mu m cutoff have been demonstrated. In this paper, we discuss the electrical and optical characterization of these FPAs. and their performance. In addition. we discuss the development of a very sensitive (NEDT similar to 10.6 mK) 640x512 pixel thermal imaging camera having a 9 mu m cutoff. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6236-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6180 BP 18003 EP 18003 AR 618003 DI 10.1117/12.675636 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEB14 UT WOS:000236543600003 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Hill, CJ Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM Trinh, JT Tidrow, MZ Levan, PD AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Liu, J. K. Hill, C. J. Rafol, S. B. Mumolo, J. M. Trinh, J. T. Tidrow, M. Z. Levan, P. D. BE Taylor, EW TI Multicolor megapixel QWIP focal plane arrays for remote sensing instruments SO Photonics for Space Environments XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonics for Space Environments XI CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared detectors; quantum wells; QWIP; dualband; two-color; multi-band; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays ID WELL INFRARED DETECTORS; NARROW-BAND; BROAD-BAND; CAMERA AB Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) 1024x1024 pixel quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal planes have been demonstrated with excellent imaging performance. The MWIR QWIP detector array has demonstrated a noise equivalent differential temperature (NE Delta T) of 17 mK at a 95K operating temperature with f/2.5 optics at 300K background and the LWIR detector array has demonstrated a NE Delta T of 13 mK at a 70K operating temperature with the same optical and background conditions as the MWIR detector array after the subtraction of system noise. Both MWIR and LWIR focal planes have shown background limited performance (BLIP) at 90K and 70K operating temperatures respectively, with similar optical and background conditions. In addition, we have demonstrated MWIR and LWIR pixel co-registered simultaneously readable dualband QWIP focal plane arrays. In this paper, we will discuss the performance in terms of quantum efficiency, NE Delta T, uniformity, operability, and modulation transfer functions of the 1024x1024 pixel arrays and the progress of dualband QWIP focal plane array development work. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6387-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6308 BP U202 EP U212 DI 10.1117/12.677557 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BFM15 UT WOS:000243026500021 ER PT S AU Ott, MN Jin, XDL Chuska, RF LaRocca, FV Macmurphy, SL Matuszeski, AJ Zellar, RS Friedberg, PR Malenab, MC AF Ott, Melanie N. Jin, Xiaodan Linda Chuska, Richard F. LaRocca, Frank V. Macmurphy, Shawn L. Matuszeski, Adam J. Zellar, Ronald S. Friedberg, Patricia R. Malenab, Mary C. BE Taylor, EW TI Photonic component qualification and implementation activities at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center SO Photonics for Space Environments XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonics for Space Environments XI CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE fiber; optic; array; bundle; thermal; radiation; failure; physics; LRO; spaceflight; photonic AB The photonics group in Code 562 at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center supports a variety of space flight programs at NASA including the: International Space Station (ISS), Shuttle Return to Right Mission, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), Express Logistics Carrier (ELC), and the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP). Through research, development, and testing of the photonic systems to support these missions much information has been gathered on practical implementations for space environments. Presented here are the highlights and lessons learned as a result of striving to satisfy the project requirements for high performance and reliable commercial optical fiber components for space flight systems. The approach of how to qualify optical fiber components for harsh environmental conditions, the physics of failure and development lessons learned will be discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ott, MN (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6387-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6308 BP U234 EP U246 DI 10.1117/12.682259 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BFM15 UT WOS:000243026500024 ER PT S AU Jamison, TL Wang, ACL Lai, ZX Flattery, J Kornreich, P AF Jamison, Tracee L. Wang, Allen Chi-Luen Lai, Zheng-Xuan Flattery, James Kornreich, Philipp BE Mathieu, P TI Lithium Niobate Cylinder Fiber - art. no. 63430U SO Photonics North 2006, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology (Photonics North 2006) CY JUN 05-08, 2006 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP TeraXion, Dev Econ Canada, Quebec Dev Econ, Innovat & Exportat, Soc General Financement, ROBIC, Canadian Assoc Physicists, SPIE, IEEE, Canadian Photon Constortium, Quebec Photon Network AB We have developed optical fibers with a very thin Lithium Niobate Layer at the glass core glass cladding boundary it is observed that the Lithium Niobate Cylinder Fibers have a large strain induced light loss of about 2.12784 x 10(-5) per kg per m. These fiber can be used as strain sensors operating in an amplitude mode rather than in the phase detection mode as is the case for strain sensors using standard Single Mode Fibers. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jamison, TL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6428-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6343 BP U3430 EP U3430 AR 63430U DI 10.1117/12.707705 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFB78 UT WOS:000240901600030 ER PT J AU Bhatia, AK AF Bhatia, AK TI Electron-He+ P-wave elastic scattering and photoabsorption in two-electron systems SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID PHASE-SHIFTS; SLOW-ELECTRONS; HYDROGEN; HELIUM; PHOTOIONIZATION; RESONANCES; PHOTODETACHMENT; THRESHOLD; ATOM AB In a previous paper [A. K. Bhatia, Phys. Rev. A 69, 032714 (2004)], electron-hydrogen P-wave scattering phase shifts were calculated using the optical potential approach based on the Feshbach projection operator formalism. This method is now extended to the singlet and triplet electron-He+ P-wave scattering in the elastic region. Phase shifts are calculated using Hylleraas-type correlation functions with up to 220 terms. Results are rigorous lower bounds to the exact phase shifts, and they are compared to phase shifts obtained from the method of polarized orbitals and close-coupling calculations. The continuum functions calculated here are used to calculate photoabsorption cross sections. Photoionization cross sections of He and photodetachment cross sections of H- are calculated in the elastic region-i.e., leaving He+ and H in their respective ground states-and compared with previous calculations. Radiative attachment rates are also calculated. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bhatia, AK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 012705 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.012705 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900093 ER PT J AU Di Rienzi, J Drachman, RJ AF Di Rienzi, J Drachman, RJ TI Radiative attachment of a positron to atomic helium in the triplet state SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB In this study we evaluate the cross section for forming the nonrelativistically bound state of a positron with the helium triplet atom by radiative attachment. Although this cross-section was expected to be small compared with a competing rearrangement process involving positronium and ground-state helium, this calculation is a first step which should be useful for experimental production of this interesting system. C1 Coll Notre Dame Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Di Rienzi, J (reprint author), Coll Notre Dame Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 012703 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.012703 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900091 ER PT J AU Spedalieri, FM Lee, H Dowling, JP AF Spedalieri, FM Lee, H Dowling, JP TI High-fidelity linear optical quantum computing with polarization encoding SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID COMPUTATION AB We show that the KLM scheme [Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn, Nature 409, 46 (2001)] can be implemented using polarization encoding, thus reducing the number of path modes required by half. One of the main advantages of this new implementation is that it naturally incorporates a loss detection mechanism that makes the probability of a gate introducing a non-detected error, when non-ideal detectors are considered, dependent only on the detector dark-count rate and independent of its efficiency. Since very low dark-count rate detectors are currently available, a high-fidelity gate (probability of error of order 10(-6) conditional on the gate being successful) can be implemented using polarization encoding. The detector efficiency determines the overall success probability of the gate but does not affect its fidelity. This can be applied to the efficient construction of optical cluster states with very high fidelity for quantum computing. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hearne Inst Theoret Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Inst Quantum Studies, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 126-347,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Federico.Spedalieri@jpl.nasa.gov RI DOWLING, JONATHAN/L-2749-2013 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 012334 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.012334 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900063 ER PT J AU Florescu, M Hawrylak, P AF Florescu, M Hawrylak, P TI Spin relaxation in lateral quantum dots: Effects of spin-orbit interaction SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; ELECTRON GASES; WELLS; GATE; HETEROSTRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY; COMPUTATION; PRECESSION; SCATTERING; TRANSPORT AB We report results of calculations of the effect of spin-orbit interaction on electron spin relaxation in a lateral quantum dot. Our study is motivated by puzzling results of high source-drain transport measurements of singlet-triplet transitions of two electrons in lateral and vertical devices that show a strong asymmetry as a function of the applied magnetic field. Using exact diagonalization techniques, we investigate the influence of the spin-orbit interaction on the energy levels of a two-electron droplet and we show that the spin-orbit interaction strongly affects the expectation values of the total and z-projection spins of the two-electron system. We then evaluate the energy relaxation rates for the two-electron droplet through the emission of longitudinal acoustic phonons and show that they are strongly dependent on the spin energy levels involved in the process. Our study shows that the spin-orbit interaction provides an effective coupling between the spin-polarized triplet states and the singlet state. However, the transition involving the spin singlet and the unpolarized triplet component is very weak even in the presence of spin-orbit interaction. The calculated scattering rates from the excited states to the ground state of the two-electron system clearly confirm this picture and reveal a microsecond time scale for the single-triplet relaxation through spin-orbit-mediated acoustic phonon emission and the relaxation mechanism presents a built-in magnetic field asymmetry, in qualitative agreement with experimental findings. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Microstruct Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quatum Comp Technol Grp, Mail Stop 126-347, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM marian.florescu@jpl.nasa.gov RI Florescu, Marian/E-9009-2010 NR 55 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 045304 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.045304 PG 17 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 007ZJ UT WOS:000235009700065 ER PT J AU Dodelson, S Shapiro, C White, M AF Dodelson, S Shapiro, C White, M TI Reduced shear power spectrum SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE; COSMIC SHEAR; COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; NONLINEAR EVOLUTION; SIMULATIONS; FLUCTUATIONS; STATISTICS; BISPECTRUM; REDSHIFT; GALAXIES AB Measurements of ellipticities of background galaxies are sensitive to the reduced shear, the cosmic shear divided by (1-kappa) where kappa is the projected density field. We compute the difference between shear and reduced shear both analytically and with simulations. The difference becomes more important on smaller scales, and will impact cosmological parameter estimation from upcoming experiments. A simple recipe is presented to carry out the required correction. C1 Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, NASA, Fermilab, Ctr Astrophys, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dodelson, S (reprint author), Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, NASA, Fermilab, Ctr Astrophys, POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RI White, Martin/I-3880-2015 OI White, Martin/0000-0001-9912-5070 NR 40 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1550-7998 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 023009 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.023009 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 007ZM UT WOS:000235010000015 ER PT J AU Drasco, S Hughes, SA AF Drasco, S Hughes, SA TI Gravitational wave snapshots of generic extreme mass ratio inspirals SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID ROTATING BLACK-HOLES; LATE-TIME BEHAVIOR; RADIATION REACTION; TEUKOLSKY EQUATION; MULTIPOLE MOMENTS; STELLAR COLLAPSE; GALACTIC-CENTER; KERR SPACETIME; PERTURBATIONS; EXPLOSIONS AB Using black hole perturbation theory, we calculate the gravitational waves produced by test particles moving on bound geodesic orbits about rotating black holes. The orbits we consider are generic-simultaneously eccentric and inclined. The waves can be described as having radial, polar, and azimuthal "voices," each of which can be made to dominate by varying eccentricity and inclination. Although each voice is generally apparent in the waveform, the radial voice is prone to overpowering the others. We also compute the radiative fluxes of energy and axial angular momentum at infinity and through the event horizon. These fluxes, coupled to a prescription for the radiative evolution of the Carter constant, will be used in future work to adiabatically evolve through a sequence of generic orbits. This will enable the calculation of inspiral waveforms that, while lacking certain important features, will approximate those expected from astrophysical extreme mass ratio captures sufficiently well to aid development of measurement algorithms on a relatively short time scale. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, MIT Kavli Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 74 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0010 EI 2470-0029 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 024027 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.024027 PG 26 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 007ZM UT WOS:000235010000067 ER PT J AU Smith, S Challinor, A Rocha, G AF Smith, S Challinor, A Rocha, G TI What can be learned from the lensed cosmic microwave background B-mode polarization power spectrum? SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS; GRAVITY-WAVES; ANISOTROPIES; CONSTRAINTS AB The effect of weak gravitational lensing on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies and polarization will provide access to cosmological information that cannot be obtained from the primary anisotropies alone. We compare the information content of the lensed B-mode polarization power spectrum, properly accounting for the non-Gaussian correlations between the power on different scales, with that of the unlensed CMB fields and the lensing potential. The latter represent the products of an (idealized) optimal analysis that exploits the lens-induced non-Gaussianity to reconstruct the fields. Compressing the non-Gaussian lensed CMB into power spectra is wasteful and leaves a tight degeneracy between the equation of state of dark energy and neutrino mass that is much stronger than in the more optimal analysis. Despite this, a power-spectrum analysis will be a useful first step in analyzing future B-mode polarization data. For this reason, we also consider how to extract accurate parameter constraints from the lensed B-mode power spectrum. We show with simulations that for cosmic-variance-limited measurements of the lensed B-mode power, including the non-Gaussian correlations in existing likelihood approximations gives biased parameter results. We develop a more refined likelihood approximation that performs significantly better. This new approximation should also be of more general interest in the wider context of parameter estimation from Gaussian CMB data. C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. CALTECH, Observ Cosmol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0010 EI 2470-0029 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 AR 023517 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.023517 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 007ZM UT WOS:000235010000032 ER PT J AU Pulinets, SA Ouzounov, D Karelin, AV Boyarchuk, KA Pokhmelnykh, LA AF Pulinets, S. A. Ouzounov, D. Karelin, A. V. Boyarchuk, K. A. Pokhmelnykh, L. A. TI The physical nature of thermal anomalies observed before strong earthquakes SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article DE air ionization; radon; latent heat; thermal anomaly; earthquake AB The paper examines the effect of air ionization on the thermal balance of the boundary layer of atmosphere. In seismically active areas the increased radon emanation from active faults and cracks before earthquakes is the primary source of air ionization. The problem is analyzed both on microscopic and macroscopic levels and in both cases the significant changes of the air relative humidity and air temperature are obtained. This happens due to the water molecules attachment to the newly formed ions (or in other words, condensation) which leads to the excretion of the latent heat. Obtained results permit us to explain the changes of the surface temperature and the surface latent heat flux increase before earthquakes observed by remote sensing satellites, as well as ground based measurements of the air temperature and relative humidity variations before the Colima earthquake (M7.6) of 2003 in Mexico, Hector Mine earthquake (M7.1) of 1999 in USA and Parkfield earthquake (M6) of 2004 in USA. These findings are also supported by the results of active experiments where the installation of artificial ionization of atmosphere is used. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geophys, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Russian Acad Sci, IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Russia. ELAT Co, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Pulinets, SA (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geophys, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. EM pulse@geofisica.unam.mx RI Pulinets, Sergey/F-7462-2011 OI Pulinets, Sergey/0000-0003-3944-6686 NR 24 TC 63 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2006 VL 31 IS 4-9 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.042 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 062AY UT WOS:000238917900004 ER PT J AU Ouzounov, D Bryant, N Logan, T Pulinets, S Taylor, P AF Ouzounov, Dimitar Bryant, Nevin Logan, Thomas Pulinets, Sergey Taylor, Patrick TI Satellite thermal IR phenomena associated with some of the major earthquakes in 1999-2003 SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article DE remote sensing and electromagnetic phenomena; satellite thermal image; earthquake dynamics and mechanism; creep and deformation ID SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS; LAND; TEMPERATURE; ANOMALIES; KAMCHATKA AB Satellite thermal infrared (TIR) imaging data have recorded short-lived anomalies prior to major earthquakes and associations with fault systems. Others have proposed that these signals originate from electromagnetic phenomena associated with pre-seismic processes, causing enhanced IR emissions, that we are calling TIR anomalies. The purpose of this exploratory study is to verify if TIR anomalies can be found in association with known earthquakes by systematically applying satellite data analysis techniques to imagery recorded prior-to and immediately after large earthquakes. Our approach utilizes both a mapping of surface TIR transient fields from polar orbiting satellites and co-registering geosynchronous weather satellites images. The significance of these observations was explored using data sets of recent worldwide strong earthquakes (1999-2003) and the techniques used to capture the trace of TIR anomalies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, JPL, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geophys, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MS 698, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ouzounov, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, MS 698, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ouzounov@core2.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Pulinets, Sergey/F-7462-2011 OI Pulinets, Sergey/0000-0003-3944-6686 NR 24 TC 53 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2006 VL 31 IS 4-9 BP 154 EP 163 DI 10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.036 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 062AY UT WOS:000238917900005 ER PT J AU St-Laurent, F Derr, JS Freund, FT AF St-Laurent, France Derr, John S. Freund, Friedemann T. TI Earthquake lights and the stress-activation of positive hole charge carriers in rocks SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article DE earthquake lights; seismo-electromagnetic phenomena; positive hole (p-hole); p-type semiconductor; solid state plasma ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; EMISSION; QUEBEC AB Earthquake-related luminous phenomena (also known as earthquake lights) may arise from (1) the stress-activation of positive hole (p-hole) charge carriers in igneous rocks and (2) the accumulation of high charge carrier concentrations at asperities in the crust where the stress rates increase very rapidly as an earthquake approaches. It is proposed that, when a critical charge carrier concentration is reached, the p-holes form a degenerated solid state plasma that can break out of the confined rock volume and propagate as a rapidly expanding charge cloud. Upon reaching the surface the charge cloud causes dielectric breakdown at the air-rock interface, i.e. corona discharges, accompanied by the emission of light and high frequency electromagnetic radiation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Phys, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. US Geol Survey, Albuquerque Seismol Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87198 USA. RP Freund, FT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM france.st-laurent@csmb.qc.ca; derr@usgs.gov; ffreund@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2006 VL 31 IS 4-9 BP 305 EP 312 DI 10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.003 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 062AY UT WOS:000238917900024 ER PT J AU Freund, FT Takeuchi, A Lau, BWS AF Freund, Friedemann T. Takeuchi, Akihiro Lau, Bobby W. S. TI Electric currents streaming out of stressed igneous rocks - A step towards understanding pre-earthquake low frequency EM emissions SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article DE seismo-electromagnetic phenomena; uniaxial loading; igneous rock; positive hole (p-hole); p-type semiconductor; battery current ID ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS; MAGNESIUM-OXIDE; FRACTURE; GROUNDWATER; DILATANCY; LIGHT; RADON; WELLS; WATER AB Transient electric currents that flow in the Earth's crust are necessary to account for many non-seismic pre-earthquake signals, in particular for low frequency electromagnetic (EM) emissions. We show that, when we apply stresses to one end of a block of igneous rocks, two currents flow out of the stressed rock volume. One current is carried by electrons and it flows out through a Cu electrode directly attached to the stressed rock volume. The other current is carried by p-holes, i.e., defect electrons on the oxygen anion sublattice, and it flows out through at least I m of unstressed rock to meet the electrons that arrive through the outer electric circuit. The two outflow currents are part of a battery current. They are coupled via their respective electric fields and fluctuate. Applying the insight gained from these laboratory experiments to the field, where large volume of rocks must be subjected to ever increasing stress, leads us to suggest transient, fluctuating currents of considerable magnitude that would build up in the Earth's crust prior to major earthquakes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Phys, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. Niigata Univ, Dept Chem, Niigata 95021, Japan. RP Freund, FT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Code 698,Room F321B, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ffreund@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Takeuchi, Akihiro/E-8960-2011 NR 47 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2006 VL 31 IS 4-9 BP 389 EP 396 DI 10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.027 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 062AY UT WOS:000238917900035 ER PT J AU Younis, BA Zhou, Y AF Younis, BA Zhou, Y TI Accounting for mean-flow periodicity in turbulence closures SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article AB Measurements of the turbulence energy spectrum in the unsteady wakes of bodies in uniform incident streams clearly show the presence of a distinct peak in energy supply that occurs at the Strouhal frequency and whose presence implies a strong and direct interaction between the organized mean-flow unsteadiness and the random turbulence motions. It is argued here that the well-documented failure of conventional turbulence closures in capturing the main features of unsteady flows is largely due to their inability to properly account for the modifications in the energy spectrum wrought by these interactions. We derive a simple modification to the turbulence length-scale determining equation based on analysis of a distorted energy spectrum, and verify the result by computations of vortex shedding behind a square cylinder. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Inst Comp Applicat Sci & Engn, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Younis, BA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM bayounis@ucdavis.edu NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD JAN PY 2006 VL 18 IS 1 AR 018102 DI 10.1063/1.2166458 PG 4 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 008BM UT WOS:000235015200032 ER PT S AU Opher, M Stone, EC Liewer, PC Gombosi, T AF Opher, Merav Stone, Edward C. Liewer, Paulett C. Gombosi, Tamas BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Global asymmetry of the heliosphere SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP ID INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC-FIELD; TERMINATION SHOCK; SOLAR-SYSTEM; PERSPECTIVE; VOYAGER-1; DIRECTION; EDGE; WIND; JET AB Opher et al.[1] showed that an interstellar magnetic field parallel to the plane defined by the deflection of interstellar hydrogen atoms can produce a north/south asymmetry in the distortion of the solar wind termination shock. This distortion is consistent with Voyager I and Voyager 2 observations of the direction of field-aligned streaming of the termination shock particles upstream the shock. The model also indicates that such a distortion will result in a significant north/south asymmetry in the distance to the shock and the thickness of heliosheath. The two Voyager spacecraft should reveal the nature and degree of the asymmetry in the termination shock and heliosheath. C1 [Opher, Merav] George Mason Univ, 4400 Univ Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Stone, Edward C.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Liewer, Paulett C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Gombosi, Tamas] Univ Michigan, Ctr Space Environm Modeling, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Opher, M (reprint author), George Mason Univ, 4400 Univ Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RI Gombosi, Tamas/G-4238-2011 OI Gombosi, Tamas/0000-0001-9360-4951 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 45 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200007 ER PT S AU McDonald, FB Webber, WR Stone, EC Cummings, AC Heikkila, BC Lal, N AF McDonald, F. B. Webber, W. R. Stone, E. C. Cummings, A. C. Heikkila, B. C. Lal, N. BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Voyager observations of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the helioshealth SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP DE galactic cosmic rays; anomalous cosmic rays; termination shock; heliosheath; voyager ID TERMINATION SHOCK; SOLAR-WIND; HELIOSPHERE; IONS AB Anomalous cosmic rays display large temporal variations at the time and location where Voyager 1 (V1) crossed the heliospheric termination shock (2004.86) (94AU, 34 degrees N). On a short time scale (3 months) there was a large decrease produced by a series of merged interaction regions (MIR), the first of which was associated with the intense Oct./Nov. 2003 solar events. On a longer time scale there is a remarkable correlation between changes in the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity and those of 10-56 MeV/n ACR He and 30-56 MeV H extending over a 4.3 year period with the GCRs exhibiting their expected behavior over this part of the 11 and 22 year solar activity and heliomagnetic cycle. The relative changes in the ACR and GCR are the same for both the short term and long term variations. The comparative V1/V2 ACR and GCR spectra in the foreshock and heliosheath indicate that at this time most of the higher energy ACRs are not being accelerated near V I but must have their source region elsewhere - possibly near the equatorial region of the TS as was suggested in our first paper on the TS crossing (1). C1 [McDonald, F. B.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Webber, W. R.] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Las Cruces, NM USA. [Stone, E. C.; Cummings, A. C.] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Heikkila, B. C.; Lal, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP McDonald, FB (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 79 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200012 ER PT S AU Cummings, AC Stone, EC McDonald, FB Heikkila, BC Lal, N Webber, WR AF Cummings, A. C. Stone, E. C. McDonald, F. B. Heikkila, B. C. Lal, N. Webber, W. R. BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Termination shock particle spectral features SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP DE anomalous cosmic rays; solar wind termination shock; Voyager; shock acceleration ID SOLAR-WIND; VOYAGER; HELIOSHEATH AB Spectral features of energetic H ions accelerated at the termination shock may be evidence of two components. At low energies the energy spectrum is similar to E-1.55, with break at similar to 0.4 MeV to E-2.2. A second component appears above similar to 1 MeV with a spectrum of E-1.27 with a break at similar to 3.2 MeV. Even though the intensities upstream are highly variable, the same spectral break energies are observed, suggesting that these are durable features of the source spectrum. The acceleration processes for the two components may differ, with the lower energy component serving as the injection source for diffusive shock acceleration of the higher energy component. Alternatively, the spectral features may result from the energy dependence of the diffusion tensor that affects the threshold for diffusive shock acceleration. C1 [Cummings, A. C.; Stone, E. C.] CALTECH, Mail Code 220-47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [McDonald, F. B.] Univ Maryland, Inst Physi Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Heikkila, B. C.; Lal, N.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Webber, W. R.] New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Cummings, AC (reprint author), CALTECH, Mail Code 220-47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. FU NASA [NAS7-03001] FX This work was supported by NASA under contract NAS7-03001. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 86 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200013 ER PT S AU Smith, EJ AF Smith, Edward J. BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI The heliospheric current sheet and galactic cosmic rays SO Physics of the Inner Heliosheath: Voyager Observations, Theory, and Future Prospects SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP DE heliospheric magnetic field; solar cycle modulation; galactic cosmic rays ID MODULATION; TRANSPORT; CYCLE; EARTH; DRIFT AB The correlation between galactic cosmic ray intensity (j) and the inclination or tilt angle (alpha) of the heliospheric current sheet is used to test the cosmic ray drift model that predicts cosmic ray intensity varies more with tilt angle for negative than positive polarity of the heliospheric magnetic field (P). Three solar cycles with three changes in polarity are examined. Plots of j vs. alpha lead to open contours with a clockwise rotation for both +/- and -/+ cycles contrary to expectation. A major influence is the different dependence of j on a for the asymmetric onset or descending (D) phase and the recovery or ascending (A) phase. Thus, j is a function of alpha, P and A or D. A hierarchy of dependences is apparent in the j-alpha contours that reveals the greater influence of alpha for P < 0 than for P > 0 in agreement with drift models, However, the models can be improved by including the dependence on modulation phase (A/D) that may result from a time-dependent alpha that gradually increases (decreases) during the descending (ascending) phase from the outer heliosphere to the Sun. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smith, EJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 104 EP 109 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200016 ER PT S AU Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Acuna, MH AF Burlaga, L. F. Ness, N. F. Acuna, M. H. BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Magnetic fields in the heliosheath SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP DE magnetic fields; heliosheath ID MULTIFRACTAL STRUCTURE; SOLAR-WIND; VOYAGER-1; SHEET; HOLES; AU AB We review observations of the magnetic field made by Voyager 1 in the heliosheath from DOY 351, 2004 to 125, 2005, and we discuss their significance in regard to the structure and dynamics of the heliosheath. The probability distribution of hourly averages of B in the heliosheath is a Gaussian distribution. The largest structure observed to date was a unipolar magnetic sector, which VI entered on DOY 360, 2004 and exited on DOY 110, 2005. In the sector, the distribution function of each of the three components of hour averages of B relative to their mean values was Gaussian; the widths of these distributions were all comparable, indicating that the fluctuations in B were nearly isotropic. The turbulence on this scale is compressible and isotropic relative to the mean B. This sample of the turbulence contains ordered features, including magnetic holes. Preliminary results concerning the multiscale and multifractal structure of the magnetic field in the heliosheath are described briefly. C1 [Burlaga, L. F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Code 612-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ness, N. F.] Catholic Univ Amer, Inst Astrophys & Computat Sci, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Acuna, M. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planet Magnetospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Burlaga, LF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Code 612-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FU Catholic University of America [NNG04GB71G]; Roberto Fernandez-Borda [NNG05GK31G] FX N. F. Ness was partially supported by Grant # NNG04GB71G to the Catholic University of America. T. McClanahan and S. Kramer processed the data used in this paper. Roberto Fernandez-Borda, supported by Grant # NNG05GK31G, computed the zero level corrections for the instrument for the data in this paper. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 122 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200019 ER PT S AU Moraal, H Caballero-Lopez, RA McCracken, KG McDonald, FB Mewaldt, RA Ptuskin, V Wiedenbeck, ME AF Moraal, H. Caballero-Lopez, R. A. McCracken, K. G. McDonald, F. B. Mewaldt, R. A. Ptuskin, V. Wiedenbeck, M. E. BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Cosmic ray energy changes at the termination shock and in the heliosheath SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP DE cosmic ray spectra; cosmic ray composition; termination shock; heliosheath ID HELIOSPHERE; VOYAGER-1 AB Voyager 1 crossed the termination shock of the solar wind in December 2004 at 94 AU and currently measures the cosmic ray intensity in the heliosheath. To better understand this modulation region beyond the shock, where adiabatic energy changes should be small, we review the net effect of energy changes during the modulation process, including adiabatic deceleration in the solar wind, acceleration at the termination shock, and the possibility that stochastic acceleration in the heliosheath may also make a contribution. C1 [Moraal, H.] North West Univ, Sch Phys, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa. [Caballero-Lopez, R. A.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. [McCracken, K. G.; McDonald, F. B.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Mewaldt, R. A.] CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Ptuskin, V.] IZMIRAN, Moscow 142190, Russia. [Wiedenbeck, M. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moraal, H (reprint author), North West Univ, Sch Phys, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa. OI Caballero, Rogelio/0000-0001-8954-1927 FU UNAM-DGAPA in Mexico [IN106105]; NSF in Maryland [ATM 0107181]; NASA at Caltech [NAG5-12929]; JPL; South African National Research Foundation FX This work was supported by UNAM-DGAPA grant IN106105 in Mexico, NSF grant ATM 0107181 in Maryland, NASA grant NAG5-12929 at Caltech and JPL, and the South African National Research Foundation NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 219 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200034 ER PT S AU McNutt, RL Gold, RE Krimigis, T Roelof, EC Gruntman, M Gloeckler, G Koehn, PL Kurth, WS Oleson, SR Fiehler, DI Horanyi, M Mewaldt, RA Leary, JC Anderson, BJ AF McNutt, Ralph L., Jr. Gold, Robert E. Krimigis, Tom Roelof, Edmond C. Gruntman, Mike Gloeckler, George Koehn, Patrick L. Kurth, William S. Oleson, Steven R. Fiehler, Douglas I. Horanyi, Mihaly Mewaldt, Richard A. Leary, James C. Anderson, Brian J. BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Innovative Interstellar Explorer SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP ID TERMINATION SHOCK; MISSION; HELIOSHEATH; VOYAGER-1; SPACE AB An interstellar "precursor" mission has been under discussion in the scientific community for at least 30 years. Fundamental scientific questions about the interaction of the Sun with the interstellar medium can only be answered with in situ measurements that such a mission can provide. The Innovative Interstellar Explorer (IIE) and its use of Radioisotope Electric Propulsion (REP) is being studied under a NASA "Vision Mission" grant. Speed is provided by a combination of a high-energy launch, using current launch vehicle technology, a Jupiter gravity assist, and long-term, low-thrust, continuous acceleration provided by an ion thruster running off electricity provided by advanced radioisotope electric generators. A payload of ten instruments with an aggregate mass of similar to 35 kg and requiring similar to 30 W has been carefully chosen to address the compelling science questions. The nominal 20-day launch window opens on 22 October 2014 followed by a Jupiter gravity assist on 5 February 2016. The REP system accelerates the spacecraft to a "burnout" speed of 7.8 AU per year at 104 AU on 13 October 2032 (Voyager 1's current speed is similar to 3.6 AU/yr). The spacecraft will return at least 500 bits per second from at least 200 AU similar to 30 years after launch. Additional (backup) launch opportunities occur every 13 months to early 2018. In addition to addressing basic heliospheric science, the mission will ensure continued information on the far-heliospheric galactic cosmic ray population after the Voyagers have fallen silent and as the era of human Mars exploration begins. C1 [McNutt, Ralph L., Jr.; Gold, Robert E.; Krimigis, Tom; Roelof, Edmond C.; Leary, James C.; Anderson, Brian J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. [Gruntman, Mike] Univ Southern California, Astronaut & Space Technol Div, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Gloeckler, George; Koehn, Patrick L.] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Kurth, William S.] Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. [Oleson, Steven R.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Fiehler, Douglas I.] NASA, QSS Grp Inc, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Horanyi, Mihaly] Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Mewaldt, Richard A.] CALTECH, Downs Lab, Pasadena, CA 91126 USA. RP McNutt, RL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RI McNutt, Ralph/E-8006-2010; Gruntman, Mike/A-5426-2008; OI McNutt, Ralph/0000-0002-4722-9166; Gruntman, Mike/0000-0002-0830-010X; Horanyi, Mihaly/0000-0002-5920-9226; Kurth, William/0000-0002-5471-6202 FU NASA Vision Mission [NNG04GJ60G] FX This work was supported by NASA Vision Mission grant NNG04GJ60G. We acknowledge contributions of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratorys Team-X. The views expressed herein are not necessarily endorsed by the sponsor. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 341 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200051 ER PT S AU Cooper, JF Hill, ME Richardson, JD Sturner, SJ AF Cooper, John F. Hill, Matthew E. Richardson, John D. Sturner, Steven J. BE Heerikhuisen, J Florinski, V Zank, GP Pogorelov, NV TI Proton irradiation environment of solar system objects in the heliospheric boundary regions SO PHYSICS OF THE INNER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER OBSERVATIONS, THEORY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IGPP International Astrophysics Conference CY MAR 03-09, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP UC Riverside IGPP, Los Alamos Space Ctr, Los Alamos IGPP, Systemwide UC-IGPP DE Kuiper Belt; local interstellar medium; outer heliosphere; heliosheath; proton ID TERMINATION SHOCK; KUIPER-BELT; VOYAGER-1; CLOUD; WIND; HELIOSHEATH; DISCOVERY; HORIZONS; HELIUM; ENERGY AB Two classes of outer solar system objects, Scattered Disk Objects and comets, include many known members that are natural counterparts of the Voyager 1 spacecraft now traversing the heliosheath enroute to the hetiopause. Thirty-two Scattered Disk Objects and about ten times more comets, as cataloged by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Minor Planets Center, have orbits passing partly or wholly through the heliosheath. Objects passing from the supersonic heliosphere, upstream of the solar wind termination shock, through the heliosheath and out into the local interstellar medium may undergo increasing surface irradiation intensities as suggested by Voyager 1 measurements and limits on interstellar proton flux spectra. Correspondingly, volume dosage rates for chemically significant surface irradiation at micron to meter depths could also increase with potential cumulative effects on surface composition, albedo, and atmospheric evolution of these objects. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Phys Data Facil, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cooper, JF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Phys Data Facil, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Code 612-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Cooper, John/D-4709-2012; Hill, Matthew/H-4312-2016 OI Hill, Matthew/0000-0002-5674-4936 NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0355-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 858 BP 372 EP 379 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BFK80 UT WOS:000242532200056 ER PT S AU Levin, J Young, M Dubovitsky, S Dorsky, L AF Levin, Jason Young, Martin Dubovitsky, Serge Dorsky, Leonard BE Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB TI Polarization effects aboard the space interferometry mission - art. no. 62400N SO Polarization: Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization - Measure, Analysis and Remote Sensing VII CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE fiber distribution; temperature sensitivity; polarization maintaining fiber; PM; polarization extinction ratio; PER; intensity fluctuation; misalignment. ID TEMPERATURE AB For precision displacement measurements, laser metrology is currently one of the most accurate measurements. Often, the measurement is located some distance away from the laser source, and as a result, stringent requirements are placed on the laser delivery system with respect to the state of polarization. Such is the case with the fiber distribution assembly (FDA) that is slated to fly aboard the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) next decade. This system utilizes a concatenated array of couplers, polarizers and lengthy runs of polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber to distribute linearly-polarized light from a single laser to fourteen different optical metrology measurement points throughout the spacecraft. Optical power fluctuations at the point of measurement can be traced back to the polarization extinction ratio (PER) of the concatenated components, in conjunction with the rate of change in phase difference of the light along the slow and fast axes of the PM fiber. Thermal variations are one of the major contributors to this change and can lead to tight spacecraft design requirements. In this presentation, we will discuss our experimentally-validated model which predicts the polarization behavior for various distribution designs, as well as present the thermal performance of various PM components and how this levies thermal control requirements on the spacecraft. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Levin, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6296-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6240 BP N2400 EP N2400 AR 62400N DI 10.1117/12.670036 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES03 UT WOS:000239205400020 ER PT J AU Banerjee, SS Goldberg, S Myasoedov, Y Rappaport, M Zeldov, E Soibel, A de la Cruz, F van der Beek, CJ Konczykowski, M Tamegai, T Vinokur, V AF Banerjee, SS Goldberg, S Myasoedov, Y Rappaport, M Zeldov, E Soibel, A de la Cruz, F van der Beek, CJ Konczykowski, M Tamegai, T Vinokur, V TI Melting of heterogeneous vortex matter: The vortex 'nanoliquid' SO PRAMANA-JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Vortex Workshop CY JAN 09-14, 2005 CL Bombay, INDIA DE inhomogeneous vortex solid; BSCCO; melting; columnar defects; magneto-optical imaging; vortex liquid ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; BOSE-GLASS PHASE; BI2SR2CACU2O8 CRYSTALS; FLAT SUPERCONDUCTORS; COLUMNAR DEFECTS; CURRENT PATTERNS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; FLUX LINES; LATTICE; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA AB Disorder and porosity are parameters that strongly influence the physical behavior of materials, including their mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties. Vortices in superconductors can provide important insight into the effects of disorder because their size is comparable to characteristic sizes of nanofabricated structures. Here we present experimental evidence for a novel form of vortex matter that consists of interconnected nanodroplets of vortex liquid caged in the pores of a solid vortex structure, like a liquid permeated into a nanoporous solid skeleton. Our nanoporous skeleton is formed by vortices pinned by correlated disorder created by high-energy heavy ion irradiation. By sweeping the applied magnetic field, the number of vortices in the nanodroplets is varied continuously from a few to several hundred. Upon cooling, the caged nanodroplets freeze into ordered nanocrystals through either a first-order or a continuous transition, whereas at high temperatures a uniform liquid phase is formed upon delocalization-induced melting of the solid skeleton. This new vortex nanoliquid displays unique properties and symmetries that are distinct from both solid and liquid phases. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Inst Balseiro, RA-8400 San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Ctr Atom Bariloche, RA-8400 San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. Ecole Polytech, Solides Irradies Lab, CNRS, UMR 7642, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. Ecole Polytech, CEA, DMS, DRECAM, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Banerjee, SS (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. EM satyajit@iitk.ac.in RI Tamegai, Tsuyoshi /C-6656-2011; Soibel, Alexander/A-1313-2007; Zeldov, Eli/K-1546-2012 OI Zeldov, Eli/0000-0002-8200-4974 NR 57 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INDIAN ACADEMY SCIENCES PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B #8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0304-4289 J9 PRAMANA-J PHYS JI Pramana-J. Phys. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 66 IS 1 SI SI BP 43 EP 54 DI 10.1007/BF02704936 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 008LN UT WOS:000235042300004 ER PT J AU Waliser, DE AF Waliser, Duane E. BE Palmer, T Hagedorn, R TI Predictability of tropical intraseasonal variability SO PREDICTABILITY OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; EXTENDED-RANGE PREDICTION; EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; 1997-98 EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL WAVES; TIME SCALES C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Waliser, DE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 183-505,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 127 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-84882-4 PY 2006 BP 275 EP 305 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511617652.012 D2 10.2277/ 0521848822 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BXR27 UT WOS:000296789200012 ER PT S AU Morris, P AF Morris, Paul BE Benhamou, F TI A structural characterization of temporal dynamic controllability SO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING - CP 2006 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2006) CY SEP 25-29, 2006 CL Nantes, FRANCE SP Assoc Francaise Programmat Contraintes, Conseil Gen Loire Atlant, Cork Constraint Computat Ctr, Ecole Mines Nantes, Ilog, Cornell Univ, Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, Lab Informat Nantes Atlant, Nantes Metropole, Reg Pays Loire, Univ Nantes ID CONSTRAINT NETWORKS AB An important issue for temporal planners is the ability to handle temporal uncertainty. Recent papers have addressed the question of how to tell whether a temporal network is Dynamically Controllable, i.e., whether the temporal requirements are feasible in the light of uncertain durations of some processes. Previous work has presented an O(N-5) algorithm for testing this property. Here, we introduce a new analysis of temporal cycles that leads to an O(N-5) algorithm. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Morris, P (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pmorris@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-46267-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4204 BP 375 EP 389 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFF33 UT WOS:000241582400027 ER PT B AU Im, E Durden, SL Tanelli, S AF Im, Eastwood Durden, Stephen L. Tanelli, Simone BE Wu, SJ TI CloudSat: The Cloud Profiling Radar mission SO PROCEEDINGS OF 2006 CIE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RADAR, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT CIE International Conference on Radar CY OCT 16-19, 2006 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Inst Elect, IEEE AESS, IEE Elect Div, SEE, Engineers Australia, CIE Radar Soc DE cloud; radar; backscatter; reffectivity; calibration ID OCEAN AB The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), the primary science instrument of the CloudSat Nfission, is a 94-GRz nadirlooking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. This instrument will acquire a global time series of vertical cloud structure at 500-m vertical resolution and 1.4-km horizontal resolution. CPR will operate in a short-pulse mode and will yield measurements at a minimum detectable sensitivity of -28 dBZ. C1 [Im, Eastwood; Durden, Stephen L.; Tanelli, Simone] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM eastwood.im@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9582-4 PY 2006 BP 1302 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFU37 UT WOS:000244659500324 ER PT B AU Burken, JJ Williams-Hayes, P Kaneshige, JT Stachowiak, SJ AF Burken, John J. Williams-Hayes, Peggy Kaneshige, John T. Stachowiak, Susan J. GP IEEE TI Adaptive control using neural network augmentation for a modified F-15 aircraft SO PROCEEDINGS OF 2006 MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation CY JUN 28-30, 2006 CL Ancona, ITALY AB Description of the performance of a simplified dynamic inversion controller with neural network augmentation follows. Simulation studies focus on the results with and without neural network adaptation through the use of an F-15 aircraft simulator that has been modified to include canards. Simulated control law performance with a surface failure, in addition to an aerodynamic failure, is presented. The aircraft, with adaptation, attempts to minimize the inertial cross-coupling effect of the failure (a control derivative anomaly associated with a jammed control surface). The dynamic inversion controller calculates necessary surface commands to achieve desired rates. The dynamic inversion controller uses approximate short period and roll axis dynamics. The yaw axis controller is a sideslip rate command system. Methods are described to reduce the cross-coupling effect and maintain adequate tracking errors for control surface failures. The aerodynamic failure destabilizes the pitching moment due to angle of attack. The results show that control of the aircraft with the neural networks is easier (more damped) than without the neural networks. Simulation results show neural network augmentation of-the controller improves performance with aerodynamic and control surface failures in terms of tracking error and cross-coupling reduction. C1 [Burken, John J.; Williams-Hayes, Peggy] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. [Kaneshige, John T.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Stachowiak, Susan J.] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Burken, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. EM john.burken@mail.dfrc.nasa.gov; peggy.williams@mail.dfrc.nasa.gov; j.kaneshige@mail.arc.nasa.gov; susanj.stachowiak@mail.jsc.nasa.gov RI Burken, Joel /C-2099-2016 OI Burken, Joel /0000-0002-7774-5364 NR 10 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9786720-1-0 PY 2006 BP 1 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BFP78 UT WOS:000243663000001 ER PT B AU Perhinschi, MG Burken, J Campa, G AF Perhinschi, Mario G. Burken, John Campa, Giampiero GP IEEE TI Comparison of different neural augmentations for the fault tolerant control laws of the WVUYF-22 model aircraft SO PROCEEDINGS OF 2006 MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation CY JUN 28-30, 2006 CL Ancona, ITALY AB A fault tolerant neurally augmented control scheme based on non-linear dynamic inversion is designed for the WVU YF-22 aircraft model. The parameters of the model following adaptive flight controller are determined at a single flight condition and a neural network is used to compensate for inversion errors and changes in aircraft dynamics, including actuator failures. Three different neural networks are used: the Extended Minimal Resource Allocating Network, the Single Hidden Layer Network, and the Sigma Pi. Numerical simulations are performed at nominal flight conditions and failure conditions affecting the stabilator or the aileron. Performance assessment parameters are defined based on the angular rate tracking errors. The performance of the three neural networks is compared in terms of these parameters. C1 [Perhinschi, Mario G.; Campa, Giampiero] West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26508 USA. [Burken, John] NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Perhinschi, MG (reprint author), West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26508 USA. EM Mario.Perhinschi@mail.wvu.edu; john.burken@dfrc.nasa.gov; Giampiero.Campa@mail.wvu.edu FU NASA Dryden flight Research Center [NND04GR11 A] FX This work was supported in part by NASA Dryden flight Research Center under Grant NND04GR11 A. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9786720-1-0 PY 2006 BP 21 EP + PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BFP78 UT WOS:000243663000004 ER PT J AU Bauer, FH Moreau, MC Dahle-Melsaether, ME Petrofski, WP Stanton, BJ Thomason, S Harris, GA Sena, RP Temple, LP AF Bauer, F. H. Moreau, M. C. Dahle-Melsaether, M. E. Petrofski, W. P. Stanton, B. J. Thomason, S. Harris, G. A. Sena, R. P. Temple, L. Parker, III GP NAVSTAR TI The GPS Space Service Volume SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 19TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE SATELLITE DIVISION OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION (ION GNSS 2006) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute-of-Navigation CY SEP 26-29, 2006 CL Ft Worth, TX SP Inst Navigat, Satellite Div AB Prior to the advent of artificial satellites, the concept of navigating in space and the desire to understand and validate the laws of planetary and satellite motion dates back centuries. At the initiation of orbital flight in 1957, space navigation was dominated by inertial and ground-based tracking methods, underpinned by the laws of planetary motion. It was early in the 1980s that GPS was first explored as a system useful for refining the position, velocity, and timing (PVT) of other spacecraft equipped with GPS receivers. As a result, an entirely new GPS utility was developed beyond its original purpose of providing PVT services for land, maritime, and air applications. Spacecraft both above and below the GPS constellation now receive the GPS signals, including the signals that spill over the limb of the Earth. The use of radionavigation satellite services for space navigation in High Earth Orbits is in fact a capability unique to GPS. Support to GPS space applications is being studied and planned as an important improvement to GPS. This paper discusses the formalization of PVT services in space as part of an overall GPS improvement effort. It describes the GPS Space Service Volume (SSV) and compares it to the Terrestrial Service Volume (TSV). It also discusses SSV coverage with the current GPS constellation, coverage characteristics as a function of altitude, expected power levels, and coverage figures of merit. C1 [Bauer, F. H.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mission Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Bauer, FH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mission Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2006 BP 2503 EP 2514 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Physics; Telecommunications GA BPK07 UT WOS:000279025903011 ER PT J AU Wu, SC Bar-Sever, YE AF Wu, Sien-Chong Bar-Sever, Yoaz E. GP NAVSTAR TI Real-Time Sub-cm Differential Orbit Determination of Two Low-Earth Orbiters with GPS Bias Fixing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 19TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE SATELLITE DIVISION OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION (ION GNSS 2006) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute-of-Navigation CY SEP 26-29, 2006 CL Ft Worth, TX SP Inst Navigat, Satellite Div AB An effective technique for real-time differential orbit determination of two low Earth orbiters with GPS bias fixing is formulated. With this technique, only moderate-quality GPS orbit and clock states (e. g., as available in real-time from the NASA Global Differential GPS System with 10-20 cm accuracy) are needed to seed the process. The onboard, real-time orbital states of user satellites (few meters in accuracy) are used for orbit initialization and integration. An extended Kalman filter is constructed for the estimation of the differential orbit between the two satellites as well as a reference orbit, together with their associating dynamics parameters. The technique assumes that the two satellites are separated by a moderately long baseline (hundreds of km or less), and that they are of roughly similar shape. The differential dynamics, therefore, can be tightly constrained, strengthening the orbit determination. Without explicit differencing of GPS data, double-differenced phase biases are formed by a special transformation matrix. Integer-valued fixing of these biases is then performed, greatly improving the orbit estimation. A 9-day demonstration with the two GRACE spacecraft (with baselines of similar to 200 km) indicates that similar to 80% of the double-differenced phase biases can be successfully fixed, and the differential orbit can be determined to similar to 7 mm 1D RMS as compared to direct measurements of the micron-precision, onboard K-band ranging sub-system. C1 [Wu, Sien-Chong; Bar-Sever, Yoaz E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wu, SC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2006 BP 2515 EP 2522 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Physics; Telecommunications GA BPK07 UT WOS:000279025903012 ER PT S AU Guo, ZH Malakooti, B Bhasin, K Holtz, A AF Guo, Zhihao Malakooti, Behnam Bhasin, Kul Holtz, Allen GP IEEE TI Design of accurate and efficient network emulation systems with application to inter-planetary networks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORKING, SENSING AND CONTROL SE IEEE International Conference on Networking Sensing and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control CY APR 23-25, 2006 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc ID TOOL AB Many network emulators have been developed for performance evaluation of network protocols and distributed applications. While most of them specialize on some features targeted for certain applications, few of them address the overall accuracy and efficiency of a general-purpose network emulator. In this paper, we present the key elements of constructing an accurate and efficient general-purpose network emulator. We focus on the architecture of an emulator and the packet capture methods. We analyze the typical approaches a network emulator takes with emphasis on two outstanding distributed network emulators: NETShaper and EMPOWER. We present the functions we have added to NETShaper, namely zero bandwidth emulation and bit error rate emulation. Application of distributed network emulation to protocol design for inter-planetary networks is also discussed. C1 [Guo, Zhihao; Malakooti, Behnam] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept EECS, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [Bhasin, Kul; Holtz, Allen] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Guo, ZH (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept EECS, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. FU NASA [NCC04AA12A]; Ohio Board of Regency [SPN00623] FX This work was supported in part by NASA Grant, Award No. NCC04AA12A, and Ohio Board of Regency, Award No. SPN00623 NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1810-7869 BN 1-4244-0065-1 J9 IEEE INT C NETW SENS PY 2006 BP 895 EP 900 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BER46 UT WOS:000239057000159 ER PT S AU Gao, J Okino, C Walsh, W Clare, L AF Gao, Jay Okino, Clayton Walsh, William Clare, Loren GP IEEE TI Protocol stacks for manned exploration missions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORKING, SENSING AND CONTROL SE IEEE International Conference on Networking Sensing and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control CY APR 23-25, 2006 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc AB NASA is planning manned exploration missions back to the Moon and on to Mars. Space-based applications, which are required to be energy efficient for these missions may have to operate in environments with intermittent connectivity, long latencies, and possibly with relay nodes. This paper overviews protocol stacks from IEEE, IETF, and CCSDS appropriate for these missions. C1 [Gao, Jay; Okino, Clayton; Clare, Loren] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Walsh, William] LinQuest Corp, Lexington, MA USA. RP Gao, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1810-7869 BN 1-4244-0065-1 J9 IEEE INT C NETW SENS PY 2006 BP 901 EP 906 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BER46 UT WOS:000239057000160 ER PT B AU Dick, GJ Yu, N AF Dick, G. John Yu, Nan GP IEEE TI A new OEO design using optical phase modulation and modulation suppression SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB We present the design for a phase-modulated Opto-Electronic Oscillator (OEO) that incorportes asymmetric Mach-Zelmder (AMZ) interferometers as phase demodulators together with PM modulation suppression. The new design promises to obtain in the electro-optical domain the low-noise advantages previously achieved in RF and microwave oscillators by the use of carrier suppression but which have been achieved only to a limited extent in OEO's. C1 [Dick, G. John; Yu, Nan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dick, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM john.dick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 507 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700095 ER PT B AU Huang, SH Calhoun, M Tjoelker, R AF Huang, Shouhua Calhoun, Malcolm Tjoelker, Robert GP IEEE TI Optical links and RF distribution for antenna arrays SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB An array of three antennas has recently been developed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory capable of detecting signals at X and Ka band. The array requires a common frequency reference and high precision phase alignment to correlate received signals. Frequency and timing references are presently provided from a remotely located hydrogen maser and clock through a combination of commercially and custom developed optical links. The selected laser, photo-detector, and fiber components have been tested under anticipated thermal and simulated antenna rotation conditions. The resulting stability limitations due to thermal perturbations or induced stress on the optical fiber have been characterized. Distribution of the X-band local oscillator includes a loop back and precision phase monitor to enable correlation of signals received from each antenna. C1 [Huang, Shouhua; Calhoun, Malcolm; Tjoelker, Robert] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Huang, SH (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM shouhua.huang@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 637 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700119 ER PT B AU Klemenz, CF Sayir, A AF Klemenz, C. F. Sayir, A. GP IEEE TI In-situ Al : Ti-co-doped La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 films for high-Q resonators SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE ID LANGASITE AB High-quality single-crystalline La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 (LGT) films, in-situ co-doped with Al and Ti, have been grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) on LGT substrates. The chemical composition of the films and substrates was analyzed by Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS). The abrupt change of dopant concentration at the substrate-film interface allow a precise measurement of film thickness, typically 0.5 to 2 mu m, for given growth conditions. Quantitative SIMS was performed by using Al/Ti ion-(co)-implanted LGT substrates as standards. The Al and Ti dopants are extremely homogeneously distributed, and their concentration is constant within the film thickness. The concentration of the constituent ions (La, Ga, Ta) in the LGT substrates and in the doped LGT films are slightly different. In-situ doping of LGT LPE films by selected ions can potentially be used to adjust the materials properties to specific bulk and surface acoustic wave applications requirements. C1 [Klemenz, C. F.] Univ Cent Florida, Adv Mat Proc & Anal Ctr, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. [Sayir, A.] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Klemenz, CF (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Adv Mat Proc & Anal Ctr, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM cklemenz@mail.ucf.edu FU Army Research Laboratory; AFOSR FX This work was partially supported under a contract from the Army Research Laboratory, POC: Dr. Chris Fazi, and through a grant from AFOSR. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 676 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700125 ER PT B AU Wang, RT Dick, GJ Tjoelker, RL AF Wang, R. T. Dick, G. J. Tjoelker, R. L. GP IEEE TI Progress report for a new cryogenic sapphire oscillator SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB We present design progress and subsystem test results for a new short-term frequency standard, the Voltage Controlled Sapphire Oscillator (VCSO). Included are sapphire resonator and coupling design, cryocooler environmental sensitivity tests, Q measurement results, and turnover temperature results. A previous report presented history of the design related to resonator frequency and frequency compensation [1]. Performance goals are a frequency stability of 1 x 10(-14) (1 second <= tau <= 100 seconds) and two years or more continuous operation. Long-term operation and small size are facilitated by use of a small Stirling cryo-cooler (160W wall power) with an expected 5 year life. C1 [Wang, R. T.; Dick, G. J.; Tjoelker, R. L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wang, RT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Rabi.T.Wang@JPL.NASA.GOV FU internal DSMS development, operation, and services office FX This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and funded through the internal DSMS development, operation, and services office. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 691 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700128 ER PT B AU Prestage, JD Chung, S Le, T Lim, L Maleki, L AF Prestage, J. D. Chung, S. Le, T. Lim, L. Maleki, L. GP IEEE TI Progress toward a 10(-15) stable ion clock for deep space applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY JUN 04-07, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP IEEE AB We have recently completed a breadboard ion-clock physics package based on Hg ions shuttled between a quadrupole and a 16-pole rf trap. With this architecture we have demonstrated short-term stability similar to 2-3x10(-13) at I second, averaging to 10(-15) at 1 day. This development shows that H-maser quality stabilities can be produced in a small clock package, comparable in size to an ultra-stable quartz oscillator required for holding 1-2x10(-13) at I second. This performance was obtained in a sealed vacuum configuration where only a getter pump was used to maintain vacuum. The vacuum tube containing the traps has now been under sealed vacuum conditions for nearly a year with no measurable degradation of ion trapping lifetimes or clock short-term performance. We have fabricated the vacuum tube, ion trap and UV windows from materials that will allow a similar to 400 C tube bake-out to prepare for tube seal-off. This approach to the vacuum follows the methods used in flight vacuum tube electronics, such as flight TWTA's where tube operation lifetime and shelf life of up to 15 years is achieved. We use neon as a buffer gas with 2-3 times less pressure induced frequency pulling than helium and, being heavier, negligible diffusion losses will occur over the operation lifetime. C1 [Prestage, J. D.; Chung, S.; Le, T.; Lim, L.; Maleki, L.] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Prestage, JD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM John.D.Prestage@jpl.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0073-7 PY 2006 BP 702 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFP95 UT WOS:000243684700131 ER PT S AU Lincoln, JD Ogunseitan, OA Shapiro, AA AF Lincoln, John D. Ogunseitan, Oladele A. Shapiro, Andrew A. GP IEEE Computer Society TI Meta-analysis of hazard criteria designation for electronic waste SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRONICS & THE ENVIRONMENT, CONFERENCE RECORD SE IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment-ISEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (ISEE)/7th Electronics Recycling Summit CY MAY 08-11, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc, TCEE, Int Assoc Elect Recyclers DE Consumer Electronics (CE); leaching test; e-waste ID CATHODE-RAY TUBES; BOARDS; LEAD AB A variety of leaching test protocols are used domestically and internationally to assess the environmental hazard potential of solid wastes. We surveyed and compared leaching test procedures and their application to electronic waste. We describe the limitations of these protocols and define circumstances under which they may contribute to the classification of electronic waste. We find that the diversity of testing procedures under various regulatory guidelines at the domestic and international levels create an impediment to environmentally-benign product design and the effective management of hazardous electronic waste. C1 [Lincoln, John D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Ogunseitan, Oladele A.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Environm Hlth Sci & Policy, Program Ind Ecol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. [Shapiro, Andrew A.] California Inst Technol, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Lincoln, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM johnny@aoscientific.com OI Ogunseitan, Oladele/0000-0003-1317-6219 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-2020 BN 1-4244-0351-0 J9 IEEE INT SYMP ELECTR PY 2006 BP 89 EP + DI 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650040 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEV84 UT WOS:000239657400019 ER PT S AU Nixon, H Saphores, JDM Ogunseitan, OA Lincoln, JD Shapiro, AA AF Nixon, Hilary Saphores, Jean-Daniel M. Ogunseitan, Oladele A. Lincoln, John D. Shapiro, Andrew A. GP IEEE Computer Society TI Californian households' willingness to pay for green is PCs SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRONICS & THE ENVIRONMENT, CONFERENCE RECORD SE IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment-ISEE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (ISEE)/7th Electronics Recycling Summit CY MAY 08-11, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc, TCEE, Int Assoc Elect Recyclers DE "green" consumerism; consumer electronics; principal components analysis; ordered logit ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN; ORGANIC FOOD; CONSUMERS; PREFERENCES; ELECTRICITY; BEHAVIOR; PARTICIPATION; PRODUCTS; PROGRAM; DEMAND AB Consumer electronic devices (CEDs) contain toxic materials including heavy metals and brominated flame retardants that can pose a threat to public and environmental health if improperly disposed. Recent legislation enacted in the European Union and introduced in California bans the sale of CEDs containing these toxics. As a result, manufacturers need to change the design of their products to reduce the environmental impact, yet little is known about consumer willingness to pay for these "green" products. We estimate willingness to pay higher prices for environmentally friendly desktop computers by California households and find that most are willing to pay only 1% higher retail prices for "green" PCs. Other key demographic characteristics include age, income, and education. Environmental attitudes and beliefs are also important. C1 [Nixon, Hilary; Saphores, Jean-Daniel M.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Planning Policy & Design, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Ogunseitan, Oladele A.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Environm Hlth, Program Ind Ecol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Lincoln, John D.] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. [Shapiro, Andrew A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Nixon, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Planning Policy & Design, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. EM hnixon@uci.edu FU University of California Toxics Substances Research and Training Program; National Science Foundation FX Research supported by the University of California Toxics Substances Research and Training Program and the National Science Foundation. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-2020 BN 1-4244-0351-0 J9 IEEE INT SYMP ELECTR PY 2006 BP 150 EP + DI 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650052 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEV84 UT WOS:000239657400031 ER PT B AU Sauvageon, J Agogino, AM Mehr, AF Tumer, IY AF Sauvageon, Julien Agogino, Alice M. Mehr, Ali Farhang Tumer, Irem Y. GP IEEE TI Comparison of event detection methods for centralized sensor networks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE SENSORS APPLICATIONS SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium CY FEB 07-09, 2006 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE centralized sensor networks; event detection; IVHM; data fusion AB Event detection using centralized sensor networks is often regarded as one of the most promising health management technologies in aerospace applications where timely detection of local anomalies has a great impact on the safety of the mission. In this paper, we propose to conduct a qualitative comparison of several local event detection algorithms for centralized redundant sensor networks. The algorithms are compared with respect to their ability to locate and evaluate an event in the presence of noise and sensor failures for various node geometries and densities. C1 [Sauvageon, Julien; Agogino, Alice M.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [Mehr, Ali Farhang; Tumer, Irem Y.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Complex Syst Design Grp, Mountain View, CA USA. RP Sauvageon, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jsauvageon@berkeley.edu; agogino@berkeley.edu; amehr@email.arc.nasa.gov; itumer@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9580-0 PY 2006 BP 95 EP 100 DI 10.1109/SAS.2006.1634245 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFW20 UT WOS:000245039200017 ER PT B AU Moran, ME AF Moran, Matthew E. GP IEEE TI Liquid hydrogen sensor considerations for space exploration SO Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium CY FEB 07-09, 2006 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc DE sensor; hydrogen; cryogenic; cryogen; propellant; propulsion; space exploration; low gravity AB The on-orbit management of liquid hydrogen planned for the return to the moon will introduce new considerations not encountered in previous missions. This paper identifies critical liquid hydrogen sensing needs from the perspective of reliable on-orbit cryogenic fluid management, and contrasts the fundamental differences in fluid and thermodynamic behavior for ground-based versus on-orbit conditions. Opportunities for advanced sensor development and implementation are explored in the context of critical Exploration Architecture operations such as on-orbit storage, docking, and trans-lunar injection burn. Key sensing needs relative to these operations are also examined, including: liquid/vapor detection, thermodynamic condition monitoring, mass guaging, and leak detection. Finally, operational aspects of an integrated system health management approach are discussed to highlight the potential impact on mission success. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Moran, ME (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 309-2, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9580-0 PY 2006 BP 171 EP 175 DI 10.1109/SAS.2006.1634265 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFW20 UT WOS:000245039200032 ER PT B AU Figueroa, F Holland, R Schmalzel, J Duncavage, D AF Figueroa, Fernando Holland, Randy Schmalzel, John Duncavage, Dan GP IEEE TI Integrated System Health Management (ISHM): Systematic capability implementation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE SENSORS APPLICATIONS SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium CY FEB 07-09, 2006 CL Houston, TX SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc AB This paper provides a credible approach for implementation of ISHM capability in any system. The requirements and processes to implement ISHM capability are unique in that a credible capability is initially implemented at a low level, and it evolves to achieve higher levels by incremental augmentation. In contrast, typical capabilities, such as thrust of an engine, are implemented once at full Functional Capability Level (FCL), which is not designed to change during the life of the product. The approach will describe core ingredients (e.g. technologies, architectures, etc.) and when and how ISHM capabilities may be implemented. A specific architecture/taxonomy/ontology will be described, as well as a prototype software environment that supports development of ISHM capability. This paper will address implementation of system-wide ISHM as a core capability, and ISHM for specific subsystems as expansions and evolution, but always focusing on achieving an integrated capability. C1 [Figueroa, Fernando; Holland, Randy] NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39529 USA. [Schmalzel, John] Rowan Univ, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. [Duncavage, Dan] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Figueroa, F (reprint author), NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39529 USA. FU NASA, Exploration Systems Mission Directorate; Space Operations Mission Directorate FX The authors wish to thank NASA, Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, and Space Operations Mission Directorate, for their support. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9580-0 PY 2006 BP 202 EP 206 DI 10.1109/SAS.2006.1634273 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFW20 UT WOS:000245039200038 ER PT B AU Chen, CLP Kim, JW Guo, TH AF Chen, C. L. Philip Kim, Jinwoo Guo, Ten-Huei GP IEEE TI Monte Carlo simulation for system damage prediction: An example from thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) damage for a turbine engine SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE/SMC INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering CY APR 24-26, 2006 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, SMC DE neural networks; Monte Carlo simulation; thermo-mechanical fatigue damage AB For high performance/high cost systems like aircraft systems, there is a need to achieve real-time, and continual assessment of engine condition, and possibly, to extend the life of operation. A turbine engine component life is varied depending on its operating environments. It is almost impossible to predict a damage of component correctly since operating conditions might be different. The challenge of life management is to find a reasonable compromise between "safe life" and maximum usage of engine parts to reduce costs. This paper describes prediction problem of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) damage of a cooled turbine stator. Prediction of TMF damage allows us to manage components of a turbine engine with satisfying "safe life" and costs reduction of management since we can predict the next TMF damages according to expected or randomly selected operating conditions. Neural networks with Monte Carlo simulation are used for predicting TMF damages in different ambient temperatures and airport elevation as our operating conditions for the study of damage prediction. The TMF damage model is provided by a NASA Glenn Research Center engine simulator. A neural network that represents an engine simulator is studied to the accuracy of the prediction. The neural network engine model is combined with Monte Carlo simulation for the study of the performance of damage prediction. C1 [Chen, C. L. Philip; Kim, Jinwoo] Univ Texas, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA. [Guo, Ten-Huei] NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Chen, CLP (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA. EM pchen@utsa.edu FU AFOSR [FA9550-04-1-0254]; NASA Glenn Research Center [NNC04GB35G] FX The authors thank the support from AFOSR Grant FA9550-04-1-0254 and NASA Glenn Research Center NNC04GB35G NR 4 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0187-1 PY 2006 BP 30 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFZ13 UT WOS:000245541700006 ER PT B AU Weisbin, CR Lincoln, W Mrozinski, J Hua, H Merida, S Shelton, K Adumitroaie, V Derleth, J Silberg, R AF Weisbin, Charles R. Lincoln, William Mrozinski, Joe Hua, Hook Merida, Sofia Shelton, Kacie Adumitroaie, Virgil Derleth, Jason Silberg, Robert GP IEEE TI Technology assessment in support of the presidential vision for space exploration SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE/SMC INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering CY APR 24-26, 2006 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, SMC DE space exploration; technology assessment; NASA vision; moon/Mars AB This paper discusses the process and results of technology assessment in support of the United States Vision for Space Exploration of the Moon, Mars and Beyond. The paper begins by reviewing the Presidential Vision: a major endeavor in building systems of systems. It discusses why we wish to return to the Moon, and the exploration architecture for getting there safely, sustaining a presence, and safely returning. Next, a methodology for optimal technology investment is proposed with discussion of inputs including a capability hierarchy, mission importance weightings, available resource profiles as a function of time, likelihoods of development success, and an objective function. A temporal optimization formulation is offered, and the investment recommendations presented along with sensitivity analyses. Key questions addressed are sensitivity of budget allocations to cost uncertainties, reduction in available budget levels, and shifting funding within constraints imposed by mission timeline. C1 [Weisbin, Charles R.; Lincoln, William; Mrozinski, Joe; Hua, Hook; Merida, Sofia; Shelton, Kacie; Adumitroaie, Virgil; Derleth, Jason; Silberg, Robert] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Weisbin, CR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Charles.R.Weisbin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0187-1 PY 2006 BP 130 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFZ13 UT WOS:000245541700023 ER PT B AU Nickels, N Kennedy, B Aghazarian, H Collins, C Garrett, M Okon, A Townsend, J AF Nickels, Kevin Kennedy, Brett Aghazarian, Hrand Collins, Curtis Garrett, Mike Okon, Avi Townsend, Julie GP IEEE TI Vision-guided self-alignment and manipulation in a walking robot SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE/SMC INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering CY APR 24-26, 2006 CL Los Angeles, CA SP IEEE, SMC AB One of the robots under development at the NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is the Limbed Excursion Mechanical Utility Robot, or LEMUR. Several of the tasks slated for this robot require computer vision, as a system, to interface with the other systems in the robot, such as walking, body pose adjustment, and manipulation. This paper describes the vision algorithms used in several tasks, as well as the vision-guided manipulation algorithms developed to mitigate mismatches between the vision system and the limbs used for manipulation. Two system-level tasks will be described, one involving a two meter walk culminating in a bolt-fastening task and one involving a vision-guided alignment ending with the robot mating with a docking station. C1 [Nickels, Kevin] Trinity Univ, CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Dept Engn Sci, San Antonio, TX 78212 USA. [Kennedy, Brett; Aghazarian, Hrand; Collins, Curtis; Garrett, Mike; Okon, Avi; Townsend, Julie] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nickels, N (reprint author), Trinity Univ, CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Dept Engn Sci, San Antonio, TX 78212 USA. EM knickels@engr.trinity.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0187-1 PY 2006 BP 137 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFZ13 UT WOS:000245541700024 ER PT B AU Sands, OS Connolly, JW Welch, BW Carpenter, JR Ely, TA Berry, K AF Sands, Obed S. Connolly, Joseph W. Welch, Bryan W. Carpenter, James R. Ely, Todd A. Berry, Kevin GP Institute of Navigation TI Dilution of Precision-Based Lunar Navigation Assessment for Dynamic Position Fixing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 NATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION - NTM 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 National Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation CY JAN 18-20, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP Inst Nav, Geoide, Geomat Engn, Intermap, Sander Geophys, Geomat Canada, Nat Res Canada AB The NASA Vision for Space Exploration is focused on the return of astronauts to the Moon [1]. While navigation systems have already been proven in the Apollo missions to the moon, the current exploration campaign will involve more extensive and extended missions requiring new concepts for lunar navigation. In contrast to Apollo missions, which were limited to the near-side equatorial region of the moon, missions under the Exploration Systems Initiative will require navigation on the moon's limb and far-side. As these regions have poor Earth visibility, a navigation system comprised solely of Earth-based tracking stations will not provide adequate navigation solutions in these areas. In this paper, a Dilution of Precision (DoP) based analysis of the performance of a network of Moon orbiting satellites is provided. The analysis extends previous analysis of a Lunar Network (LN) of navigation satellites by providing an assessment of the capability associated with a variety of assumptions. These assumptions are with regard to the navigation receiver and satellite visibility. The assessment is accomplished by making appropriately formed estimates of DoP. Different adaptations of DoP (i.e. GDoP, PDoP, etc.) are associated with a different set of assumptions regarding augmentations to the navigation receiver or transceiver. A significant innovation described in this paper is the "Generalized" Dilution of Precision. In the same sense that the various versions of DoP can be represented as a functional of the observability grammian, Generalized DoP is defined as a functional of the sum of information matrices to obtain an observability grammian associated with a batch of radiometric measurements. Generalized DoP extends the DoP concept to cases in which radiometric range and range-rate measurements are integrated over time to develop an estimate of user position (referred to here as a 'dynamic' solution.) Generalized DoP allows for the inclusion of cases in which the receiver location is underdetermined when assessed in the usual 'kinematic' sense. The Generalized DoP concept is thereby a method to assess the navigation capability associated with constellations with sparse coverage. This alleviates the burden of performing a full "covariance analysis" for each point on the surface of the Moon. C1 [Sands, Obed S.; Connolly, Joseph W.; Welch, Bryan W.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Commun Technol Div, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Sands, OS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Commun Technol Div, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2006 BP 260 EP 268 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BPS32 UT WOS:000279767800022 ER PT J AU Muellerschoen, RJ Hensley, S AF Muellerschoen, Ronald J. Hensley, Scott GP Institute of Navigation TI An Evaluation of INU and DGPS Measurement Fusion for Single Pass and Repeat Pass Interferometric Mapping Radars SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 NATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION - NTM 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 National Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation CY JAN 18-20, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP Inst Nav, Geoide, Geomat Engn, Intermap, Sander Geophys, Geomat Canada, Nat Res Canada AB The rapid advance of GPS and INU systems that provide highly accurate position, velocity and attitude data has enabled a number of radar mapping systems to produce high quality commercial and scientific mapping products. The GeoSAR interferometric mapping radar developed at JPL, now owned and operated by Earthdata International and a new system, UAVSAR, currently under development at JPL for making robust repeat pass airborne radar interferometric deformation mapping, both rely heavily on DGPS and INU systems. Blending of INU and DGPS measurements is required to achieve desired position accuracy at the time scales of the inter pulse intervals (millisecond), of the length of the synthetic aperture, (several seconds), and of the length of the radar data take (several minutes). In this paper we evaluate INU and DGPS measurement fusion techniques to optimize performance for single pass and repeat pass interferometric mapping radars. C1 [Muellerschoen, Ronald J.; Hensley, Scott] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Muellerschoen, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2006 BP 1094 EP 1104 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BPS32 UT WOS:000279767800108 ER PT B AU Marin, M Zhu, Y Meade, PT Sargent, M Warren, J AF Marin, Mario Zhu, Yanshen Meade, Phillip T. Sargent, Melissa Warren, Julie GP IEEE TI System dynamics and agent-based simulations for workforce climate SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB Many factors currently influence the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) workforce, including the drive for return to flight, a stated Shuttle Program end date of 2010, and the Vision for Space Exploration which calls for the development of a new launch vehicle. Additionally, external factors such as cost of living in Central Florida, availability of skilled technical hires, and unemployment rate affect the overall workforce climate. Managing human capital in a manner consistent with safety and mission success, and to strategically position the center to execute its future mission, it is necessary to understand how these different influencing factors work together to produce an overall workforce climate. We have been using System Dynamics models to capture some of these factors. These models are also the starting point of agent-based models which can capture particular features not possible with the original system dynamics models. This paper introduces our simulation modeling efforts. C1 [Marin, Mario; Zhu, Yanshen] Amer Technol LLC, 37 N Orange Ave,Suite 500, Orlando, FL 32801 USA. [Meade, Phillip T.; Sargent, Melissa; Warren, Julie] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, KSC Org Dev, Orlando, FL USA. RP Marin, M (reprint author), Amer Technol LLC, 37 N Orange Ave,Suite 500, Orlando, FL 32801 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 667 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323144 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261201029 ER PT B AU Cates, GR Cirillo, WM Stromgren, C AF Cates, Grant R. Cirillo, William M. Stromgren, Chel GP IEEE TI Low earth orbit rendezvous strategy for lunar missions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB On January 14, 2004 President George W. Bush announced a new Vision for Space Exploration calling for NASA to return humans to the moon. In 2005 NASA decided to use a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) rendezvous strategy for the lunar missions. A Discrete Event Simulation (DES) based model of this strategy was constructed. Results of the model were then used for subsequent analysis to explore the ramifications of the LEO rendezvous strategy. C1 [Cates, Grant R.] Shuttle Proc Directorate Kennedy Space Ctr, Operat Integrat Div, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Cirillo, William M.] Langley Res Ctr, Syst Anal & Concepts Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. [Stromgren, Chel] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RP Cates, GR (reprint author), Shuttle Proc Directorate Kennedy Space Ctr, Operat Integrat Div, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 1248 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323220 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261202045 ER PT B AU Fayez, M Cope, D Kaylani, A Callinan, M Zapata, E Mollaghasemi, M AF Fayez, Mohamed Cope, Dayana Kaylani, Assem Callinan, Mike Zapata, Edgar Mollaghasemi, Mansooreh GP IEEE TI Earth to orbit logistics and supply chain modeling and simulation for nasa exploration systems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB As exploration operations expand further into space, NASA must enhance its understanding and capability of the increasingly complex "supply chain" management of materials, people, information, and knowledge from sources (somewhere on Earth) to destinations (somewhere in space, e.g. LEO, GEO, Moon, Mars, etc.) and vice versa. Without the ability to understand, define, model, and simulate the supply chain to estimate, project, and affect decision making relevant to the supply chain performance, NASA will find it increasingly difficult to effectively manage this complex supply chain and to work as an informed collaborator with its supply chain partners in the planning, execution, and management of a successful space exploration mission. This paper describes an ongoing project on "the first ever application of 21st century space exploration supply chain modeling, simulation and analysis". C1 [Fayez, Mohamed; Cope, Dayana; Kaylani, Assem; Callinan, Mike] Prod Apex Inc, 12689 Challenger Pkwy,Suite 130A, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. [Zapata, Edgar] NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. [Mollaghasemi, Mansooreh] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Ind Engn & Management Syst, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. RP Fayez, M (reprint author), Prod Apex Inc, 12689 Challenger Pkwy,Suite 130A, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 1462 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.322914 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261203012 ER PT B AU Fedele, F Tayfun, MA AF Fedele, Francesco Tayfun, M. Aziz GP ASME TI Extreme waves and stochastic wave SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OFFSHORE MECHANICS AND ARCTIC ENGINEERING, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2006) CY JUN 04-09, 2006 CL Hamburg, GERMANY SP ASME, Ocean, Offshore & Arct Engn Div, ASME, Int Petr Technol Inst ID SURFACE GRAVITY-WAVES; EXPECTED STRUCTURE; GAUSSIAN SEA; FREAK WAVES; DEEP-WATER; DISTRIBUTIONS AB We introduce the concept of stochastic wave groups to explain the occurrence of extreme waves in nonlinear random seas, according to the dynamics imposed by the Zakharov equation (Zakharov, 1999). As a corollary, a new probability of exceedance of the crest-to-trough height which takes in to account the quasi-resonance interaction is derived. Furthermore, a generalization of the Tayfun distribution (Tayfun, 1986) for the wave crest height is also proposed. The new analytical distributions explain qualitatively well the experimental results of Onorato et al. (2004,2005) and the numerical results of Juglard et al. (2005). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GEST & GMAO, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Fedele, F (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, GEST & GMAO, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Fedele, Francesco/J-7651-2012 OI Fedele, Francesco/0000-0001-6403-4224 NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4748-0 PY 2006 BP 265 EP 277 PG 13 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Petroleum; Engineering, Mechanical; Engineering, Geological SC Engineering GA BGP28 UT WOS:000249368100033 ER PT S AU Minnis, P Nguyen, L Smith, WL Palikonda, R Doelling, DR Ayers, JK Trepte, QZ Chang, FL AF Minnis, Patrick Nguyen, Louis Smith, William L. Palikonda, Rabindra Doelling, David R. Ayers, J. Kirk Trepte, Qing Z. Chang, Fu-Lung BE Danesy, D TI MSG SEVIRI applications for weather and climate: Cloud properties and calibrations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD MSG RAO WORKSHOP SE ESA Special Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd MSG RAO Workshop CY JUN 15, 2006 CL Helsinki, FINLAND SP European Space Agcy ID METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE IMAGERS; RAPID CALIBRATION; WATER CLOUDS; REFLECTANCE; CHANNELS AB SEVIRI data are cross-calibrated against the corresponding Aqua and Terra MODIS channels. Compared to Terra MODIS, no significant trends are evident in the 0.65, 0.86, and 1.6 mu m channel gains between May 2004 and May 2006, indicating excellent stability in the solar-channel sensors. On average, the corresponding Terra reflectances are 12, 14, and 1% greater than the their SEVIRI counterparts. The Terra 3.8-mu m channel brightness temperatures T are 7 and 4 K greater than their SEVIRI counterparts during day and night, respectively. The average differences between T for MODIS and SEVIRI 8.6, 10.8, 12.0, and 13.3-mu m channels are between 0.5 and 2 K. The cloud properties are being derived hourly over Europe and, in initial comparisons, agree well with surface observations. Errors caused by residual calibration uncertainties, terminator conditions, and inaccurate temperature and humidity profiles are still problematic. Future versions will address those errors and the effects of multilayerd clouds. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Minnis, P (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM p.minnis@nasa.gov; d.r.doelling@larc.nasa.gov; q.z.trepte@larc.nasa.gov; fchang@nianet.org NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-930-8 J9 ESA SPEC PUBL PY 2006 VL 619 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BFG41 UT WOS:000241724100005 ER PT S AU Aldrich, JB Skelton, RE AF Aldrich, J. B. Skelton, R. E. GP IEEE TI Backlash-free motion control of robotic manipulators driven by tensegrity motor networks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE AB Tensegrity robots with backlash free motion control functionality are considered. Without introducing any link-to-link motors, the proposed system achieves controllability by a motorized-pulley tendon actuation network. Due to the mechanical coupling between two motorized-tendons and two robotic manipulators, the proposed actuation system maintains a surjective mapping from the space of admissible tendon forces to the space of singularity free maneuvers of the individual serial-chain manipulators (provided the links remain non-contacting). For this new class of snakelike robots, a position feedback motion control law is developed that minimizes the maximum motor torque while ensuring that the tendons do not go slack at any point along a given robot trajectory. Numerical simulations illustrate the method and demonstrate tensegrity's superior maneuvering and backlash avoidance capabilities. C1 [Aldrich, J. B.; Skelton, R. E.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aldrich, JB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jaldrich@jpl.nasa.gov; bobskelton@ucsd.edu NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 2301 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251606086 ER PT B AU Himansu, A Freeh, JE Steffen, CJ AF Himansu, Ananda Freeh, Joshua E. Steffen, Christopher J., Jr. GP ASME TI Hybrid solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine system design for high altitude long endurance aerospace missions SO Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering, and Technology, Pts A and B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology CY JUN 19-21, 2006 CL Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Nanotechnol Inst, Univ Calif Irvine, Natl Fuel Cell Res Ctr HO Univ Calif Irvine AB A system level analysis, inclusive of mass, is carried out for a cryogenic hydrogen fueled hybrid solid oxide fuel cell and bottoming gas turbine (SOFC/GT) power system. The system is designed to provide primary or secondary electrical power for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) over a high altitude, long endurance mission. The net power level and altitude are paratnetrically varied to examine their effect on total system mass. Some of the more important technology parameters, including turbomachinery efficiencies and the SOFC area specific resistance, are also studied for their effect on total system mass. Finally, two different solid oxide cell designs are compared to show the importance of the individual solid oxide cell design on the overall system. We show that for long mission durations of 10 days or more, the fuel mass savings resulting from the high efficiency of an SOFC/GT system more than offset the larger powerplant mass resulting from the low specific power of the SOFC/GT system. These missions therefore favor high efficiency, low power density systems, characteristics typical of fuel cell systems in general. C1 NASA, Taitech Inc, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Himansu, A (reprint author), NASA, Taitech Inc, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4247-8 PY 2006 BP 573 EP 583 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BGQ93 UT WOS:000249884000066 ER PT B AU Dorney, DJ Rothermel, J Griffin, LW Thornton, RJ Forbes, JC Skelley, SE Huber, FW AF Dorney, Daniel J. Rothermel, Jeffry Griffin, Lisa W. Thornton, Randall J. Forbes, John C. Skelley, Stephen E. Huber, Frank W. GP ASME TI DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A TURBOPUMP FOR A CONCEPTUAL EXPANDER CYCLE UPPER-STAGE ENGINE SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME FLUIDS ENGINEERING DIVISION SUMMER CONFERENCE, VOL 1, PTS A AND B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting CY JUL 17-20, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP ASME, Fluids Engn Div AB As part of the development of technologies for rocket engines that will power spacecraft to the Moon and Mars, a program was initiated to develop a conceptual upper stage engine with wide flow range capability. The resulting expander cycle engine design employs a radial turbine to allow higher pump speeds and efficiencies. In this paper, the design and analysis of the pump section of the engine are discussed. One-dimensional meanline analyses and three-dimensional unsteady computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for the pump stage. Configurations with both vaneless and vaned diffusers were investigated. Both the meanline analysis and computational predictions show that the pump will meet the performance objectives. Additional details describing the development of a water flow facility test are also presented. C1 [Dorney, Daniel J.; Rothermel, Jeffry; Griffin, Lisa W.; Skelley, Stephen E.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ER42, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Dorney, DJ (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ER42, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4750-3 PY 2006 BP 727 EP 736 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BLH19 UT WOS:000270164100086 ER PT B AU Tacina, R Hicks, YR Anderson, R Locke, RJ Robinson, HN Yen, CH AF Tacina, Robert Hicks, Yolanda R. Anderson, Robert Locke, Randy J. Robinson, Heidi N. Yen, Chia H. GP ASME TI Experimental performance of a Swirl-Venturi fuel mixer for a fuel cell reformer SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst ID LASER AB The objective of this work is to develop a liquid fuel injector-mixer to provide a uniform mixture of vaporized fuel, steam and air to a fuel cell reformer. This effort supports the NASA fuel cell program, which has the goal of cleaner aerospace power plants. The demonstration project is sized for a 10 kW fuel cell. The Swirl Venturi Mixer (SVM) is the fuel injector-mixer concept explored in the present study. The SVM consists of. a capillary tube to inject the fuel; a venturi tube to maximize the effective air-assist atomization of fuel injected at the throat; and a controlled expansion of radial mixing at the diffuser portion of the venturi. A swirler upstream of the venturi tube enhances turbulent mixing and improves the diffuser performance by suppressing flow separation. Variables evaluated are: swirl angle, throat diameter, throat length and diffuser length. The test section has a 76 mm diameter and includes a quartz cylinder to allow laser-based flow measurements downstream of the injector. Raman spectroscopy is used to measure chemical species distribution across the flow field while particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to determine the field velocity profile. Test conditions consisted of an inlet air temperature of 700K, inlet steam temperature of 480K, atmospheric pressure, Jet A fuel, and mixture velocities of 1 to 3 m/s. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Tacina, R (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4236-3 PY 2006 BP 617 EP 627 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BFN89 UT WOS:000243377500062 ER PT B AU Davoudzadeh, F Liu, NS Moder, JP AF Davoudzadeh, Farhad Liu, Nan-Suey Moder, Jeffrey P. GP ASME TI Investigation of swirling air flows generated by axial swirlers in a flame tube SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB An unstructured and massively parallel Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) code is used to simulate 3-D, turbulent, non-reacting, and confined swirling flow field associated with a single-element and a nine-element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) combustor. In addition, the computed results are compared with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) results and are also validated against the experimental data. The LDI combustors are a new generation of liquid fuel combustors developed to reduce aircraft NOx emission to 70% below the 1996 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards and to maintain carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons at their current low levels at low power conditions. The concern in the stratosphere is that NOx would react with the ozone and deplete the ozone layer. This paper investigates the non-reacting aerodynamics characteristics of the flow associated with these new combustors using a RANS computational method. For the single-element LDI combustor, the experimental model consists of a cylindrical air passage with air swirlers and a converging-diverging venturi section, extending to a confined 50.8-mm square flame tube. The air swirlers have helical, axial vanes with vane angles of 60 degree. The air is highly swirled as it passes through the 60 degree swirlers and enters the flame tube. The nine-element LDI combustor is comprised of 9 elements that are designed to fit within a 76 mm 76 mm flame-tube combustor. In the experimental work, the jet-A liquid fuel is supplied through a small diameter fuel injector tube and is atomized as it exits the tip and enters the flame tube. The swirling and mixing of the fuel and air induces recirculation zone that anchors the combustion process, which is maintained as long as a flammable mixture of fuel and air is supplied. It should be noted that in the numerical simulation reported in this paper, only the non-reacting flow is considered. The numerical model encompasses the whole experimental flow passage, including the flow development sections for the air swirlers, and the flame tube. A low Reynolds number K-e turbulence model is used to model turbulence. Several RANS calculations are performed to determine the effects of the grid resolution on the flow field. The grid is refined several times until no noticeable change in the computed flow field occurred; the final refined grid is used for the detailed computations. The results presented are for the final refined grid. The final grids are all hexahedron grids containing approximately 861,823 cells for the single-element and 1,567,296 cells for the nine-element configuration. Fine details of the complex flow structure such as helical-ring vortices, re-circulation zones and vortex cores are well captured by the simulation. Consistent with the non-reacting experimental results, the computation model predicts a major re-circulation zone in the central region, immediately downstream of the fuel nozzle, and a second, recirculation zone in the upstream corner of the combustion chamber. Further, the computed results predict the experimental data with reasonable accuracy. C1 Univ Toledo, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Davoudzadeh, F (reprint author), Univ Toledo, NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4236-3 PY 2006 BP 891 EP 902 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BFN89 UT WOS:000243377500090 ER PT B AU Pachlhofer, PM Panek, JW Dicki, DJ Piendl, BR Lizanich, PJ Klann, GA AF Pachlhofer, Peter M. Panek, Joseph W. Dicki, Dennis J. Piendl, Barry R. Lizanich, Paul J. Klann, Gary A. GP ASME TI Advances in engine test capabilities at the NASA Glenn Research Center's Propulsion Systems Laboratory SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst DE propulsion systems laboratory; PSL; NASA Glenn Research Center; high-Mach-number testing; high-altitude testing; turbine engine testing; jet propulsion AB The Propulsion Systems Laboratory at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center is one of the premier U.S. facilities for research on advanced aeropropulsion systems. The facility can simulate a wide range of altitude and Mach number conditions while supplying the aeropropulsion system with all the support services necessary to operate at those conditions. Test data are recorded on a combination of steady-state and high-speed data-acquisition systems. Recently a number of upgrades were made to the facility to meet demanding new requirements for the latest acropropulsion concepts and to improve operational efficiency. Improvements were made to data-acquisition systems, facility and engine-control systems, test-condition simulation systems, video capture and display capabilities, and personnel training procedures. This paper discusses the facility's capabilities, recent upgrades, and planned future improvements. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Pachlhofer, PM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4237-1 PY 2006 BP 101 EP 108 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFN90 UT WOS:000243377700009 ER PT B AU Tong, MT AF Tong, Michael T. GP ASME TI A probabilistic risk-based approach to assess NASA aeronautics technologies SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst DE NASA; aeronautics; probahilistic risk; propulvion svstem analysis; fuel burn; CO2; LTO NOx AB NASA's aeronautics research program invests in air-transportation technologies to protect the environment, makes air travel more accessible and affordable for Americans, enables exploration through new aerospace missions, and augments national security. The program will address critical public needs related to reduction of aircraft noise and emissions, and enable new science missions. In this paper, a probabilistic risk-based approach is presented to provide guidance for developing a robust technology portfolio, and to prioritize the most promising technologies required to achieve aeronautics program goals. An assessment of subsonic aircraft emission-reduction technologies is performed to demonstrate how the approach can be used to guide technology investment in the context of limited NASA funding for aeronautics technology research. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Tong, MT (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4237-1 PY 2006 BP 183 EP 189 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFN90 UT WOS:000243377700018 ER PT B AU DiCarlo, JA van Roode, M AF DiCarlo, James A. van Roode, Mark GP ASME TI Ceramic composite development for gas turbine engine hot section components SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst DE gas turbine; hot-section components; monolithic ceramics; ceramic matrix composites; SiC/SiC; oxide/oxide AB The development of ceramic materials for incorporation into the hot section of gas turbine engines has been ongoing for about fifty years. Researchers have designed, developed, and tested ceramic gas turbine components in rigs and engines for automotive, aero-propulsion, industrial, and utility power applications. Today, primarily because of materials limitations and/or economic factors, major challenges still remain for the implementation of ceramic components in gas turbines. For example, because of low fracture toughness, monolithic ceramics continue to suffer from the risk of failure due to unknown extrinsic damage events during engine service. On the other hand, ceramic matrix composites (CMC) with their ability to display much higher damage tolerance appear to be the materials of choice for current and future engine components. The objective of this paper is to briefly review the design and property status of CMC materials for implementation within the combustor and turbine sections for gas turbine engine applications. It is shown that although CMC systems have advanced significantly in thermostructural performance within recent years, certain challenges still exist in terms of producibility, design, and affordability for commercial CMC turbine components. Nevertheless, there exist some recent successful efforts for prototype CMC components within different engine types. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP DiCarlo, JA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4237-1 PY 2006 BP 221 EP 231 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFN90 UT WOS:000243377700022 ER PT B AU Boyle, RJ AF Boyle, R. J. GP ASME TI Effects of Thermal Barrier Coatings on approaches to turbine blade cooling SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 3, Pts A and B: HEAT TRANSFER: GENERAL INTEREST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst ID HEAT-TRANSFER; TURBULENCE; VANE AB Reliance on Thermal Barrier Coatings(TBC) to reduce the amount of air used for turbine vane cooling is beneficial both from the standpoint of reduced NOx production, and as a means of improving cycle efficiency through improved component efficiency. It is shown that reducing vane cooling from 10% to 5% of mainstream air can lead to NOx reductions of nearly 25% while maintaining the same rotor inlet temperature. An analysis is given which shows that, when a TBC is relied upon in the vane thermal design process, significantly less coolant is required using internal cooling alone compared to film cooling. This is especially true for small turbines where internal cooling without film cooling permits the surface boundary layer to remain laminar over a significant fraction of the vane surface. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Boyle, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4238-X PY 2006 BP 969 EP 981 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BFJ47 UT WOS:000242366800086 ER PT B AU Kopasakis, G Brinson, T Credle, S Xu, M AF Kopasakis, George Brinson, Thomas Credle, Sydni Xu, Ming GP ASME TI A theoretical solid oxide fuel cell model for system controls and stability design SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB As the aviation industry moves towards higher efficiency electrical power generation, all electric aircraft, or zero emissions and more quiet aircraft, fuel cells are sought as the technology that can deliver on these high expectations. The Hybrid Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system combines the fuel cell with a microturbine to obtain up to 70% cycle efficiency, and then distributes the electrical power to the loads via a power distribution system. The challenge is to understand the dynamics of this complex multi-discipline system, and design distributed controls that take the system through its operating conditions in a stable and safe manner while maintaining the system performance. This particular system is a power generation and distribution system and the fuel cell and microturbine model fidelity should be compatible with the dynamics of the power distribution system in order to allow proper stability and distributed controls design. A novel modeling approach is proposed for the fuel cell that will allow the fuel cell and the power system to be integrated and designed for stability, distributed controls, and other interface specifications. This investigation shows that for the fuel cell, the voltage characteristic should be modeled, but in addition, conservation equation dynamics, ion diffusion, charge transfer kinetics, and the electron flow inherent impedance should also be included. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kopasakis, G (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4239-8 PY 2006 BP 565 EP 575 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BFN93 UT WOS:000243378600058 ER PT B AU Hah, C Bergner, J Schiffer, HP AF Hah, Chunill Bergner, Joerg Schiffer, Heinz-Peter GP ASME TI Short length-scale rotating stall inception in a transonic axial compressor - Criteria and mechanisms SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 6, Pts A and B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB The current paper reports on investigations aimed at advancing, the understanding of the flow mechanism that leads to the onset of short-length scale rotating stall in a transonic axial compressor. Experimental data show large oscillation of the tip clearance vortex as the rotor operates near the stall condition. Inception of spike-type rotating stall is also measured in the current transonic compressor with high response pressure transducers. Computational studies of a single passage and the full annulus were carried out to identify flow mechanisms behind the spike-type stall inception in the current transonic compressor rotor. Steady and unsteady single passage flow simulations, were performed, first to get insight into the interaction between the tip clearance vortex and the passage shock. The conventional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method with a standard turbulence closure scheme does not accurately reproduce tip clearance vortex oscillation and the measured unsteady pressure field. Consequently, a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was carried out to capture more relevant physics in the computational simulation of the rotating stall inception. The unsteady random behavior of the tip clearance vortex and it's interaction with the passage shock seem to be critical ingredients in the development of spike-type rotating stall in a transonic compressor. The Large Eddy Simulation was further extended to the full annulus to identify flow mechanisms behind the measured spike-type rotating stall inception. The current study shows that the spike-type rotating stall develops after the passage shock is fully detached from the blade passages. Interaction between the tip clearance vortex and the passage shock creates a low momentum area near the pressure side of the blade. As the mass flow rate decreases, this low momentum area moves further upstream and reversed tip clearance flow is initiated at the trailing edge plane. Eventually, the low momentum area near the pressure side reaches the leading edge and forward spillage of the tip clearance flow occurs. The flows in the affected blade passage or passages then stall. As the stalled blade passages are formed behind the passage shock, the stalled area rotates counter to the blade rotation just like the classical Emmon's type rotating stall. Both the measurements and the computations show that the rotating stall cell covers one to two blade passage lengths and rotates at roughly 50% of the rotor speed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Hah, C (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 5-11, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4241-X PY 2006 BP 61 EP 70 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFK60 UT WOS:000242494000007 ER PT B AU Tang, GL Simpson, RL Tian, Q AF Tang, Genglin Simpson, Roger L. Tian, Qing GP ASME TI Experimental study of tip-gap turbulent flow structure SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 6, Pts A and B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst ID COMPRESSOR CASCADE; WAKE AB Experimental results are presented from a study of the tip-gap turbulent flow structure in a low-speed linear compressor cascade wind tunnel at Virginia Tech by utilizing surface oil flow visualization, endwall pressure measurements, and instantaneous velocity measurements with a custom-made 3-orthogonal-velocity-component fiber-optic laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system. Tip gap flows are pressure-driven and highly skewed three-dimensional turbulent flows. The crossflow velocity normal to the blade chord is nearly uniform in the mid tip gap and changes substantially from the pressure to suction side due to the local tip pressure loading while the TKE does not vary much across the mid tip gap. The tip gap flow correlations of streamwise and wall normal velocity fluctuations decrease significantly from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the blade due to flow skewing. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Sci Branch, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Tang, GL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Ocean Sci Branch, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4241-X PY 2006 BP 175 EP 183 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFK60 UT WOS:000242494000018 ER PT B AU Chima, RV AF Chima, R. V. GP ASME TI A three-dimensional unsteady CFD model of compressor stability SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 6, Pts A and B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB A three-dimensional unsteady CFD code called CSTALL has been developed and used to investigate compressor stability. The code solved the Euler equations through the entire annulus and all blade rows. Blade row turning, losses, and deviation were modeled using body force terms which required input data at stations between blade rows. The input data was calculated using a separate Navier-Stokes turbomachinery analysis code run at one operating point near stall, and was scaled to other operating points using overall characteristic maps. No information about the stalled characteristic was used. CSTALL was run in a 2-D throughflow mode for very fast calculations of operating maps and estimation of stall points. Calculated pressure ratio characteristics for NASA stage 35 agreed well with experimental data, and results with inlet radial distortion showed the expected loss of range. CSTALL was also run in a 3-D mode to investigate inlet circumferential distortion. Calculated operating maps for stage 35 with 120 degree distortion screens showed a loss in range and pressure rise. Unsteady calculations showed rotating stall with two part-span stall cells. The paper describes the body force formulation. in detail, examines the computed results, and concludes with observations about the code. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chima, RV (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4241-X PY 2006 BP 1157 EP 1168 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFK60 UT WOS:000242494000111 ER PT B AU Lim, J Potsdam, M Strawn, R Sim, B Nygaard, T AF Lim, Joon Potsdam, Mark Strawn, Roger Sim, Ben Nygaard, Tor TI Blade-vortex interaction airloads prediction using multidisciplinary coupling SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp ID NOISE AB Predictions of blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise, using blade airloads obtained from a coupled aerodynamic, structural, and acoustics methodology, are presented This methodology uses an iterative, loosely-coupled trim strategy for exchanging information between the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code OVERFLOW-2 and the computational structural dynamics (CSD) and rotorcraft comprehensive code CAMRAD-II. Results are compared to the HART-II rotor baseline conditions. It is shown that this state-of-the-art CFD/CSD approach is able to capture BVI induced blade airloads and noise radiation characteristics. Predicted BVI airloads on the advancing and retreating sides agree well with the measured data. Although the BVI airloads and noise amplitudes are generally under-predicted, the CFD/CSD coupled methodology provides an overall noteworthy improvement over the lifting line aerodynamics with free-wake models typically used for CSD comprehensive analysis. C1 [Lim, Joon; Potsdam, Mark; Strawn, Roger] US Army Aeroflightdynam Directorate, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Sim, Ben] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. [Nygaard, Tor] Eloret Corp, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Lim, J (reprint author), US Army Aeroflightdynam Directorate, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jwlim@mail.arc.nasa.gov; mpotsdam@mail.arc.nasa.gov; rstrawn@mail.arc.nasa.gov; bsim@mail.arc.nasa.gov; tnygaard@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 59 EP 65 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100009 ER PT B AU Metzger, EJ Hurlburt, HE Wallcraft, AJ Chassignet, EP Cummings, JA Smedstad, OM AF Metzger, E. Joseph Hurlburt, Harley E. Wallcraft, Alan J. Chassignet, Eric P. Cummings, James A. Smedstad, Ole Martin TI Global ocean prediction using HYCOM SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp C1 [Metzger, E. Joseph; Hurlburt, Harley E.; Wallcraft, Alan J.; Cummings, James A.] US NRL, SSC, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. [Chassignet, Eric P.] Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Smedstad, Ole Martin] Planning Syst Inc, Slidell, LA USA. RP Metzger, EJ (reprint author), US NRL, SSC, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. EM metzger@nrlssc.navy.mil; hurlburt@nrlssc.navy.mil; wallcraft@nrlssc.navy.mil; echassignet@coaps.fsu.edu; james.cummings@nrlmry.navy.mil; smedstad@nrlssc.navy.mil FU DoD; National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP); Office of Naval Research (ONR) FX This work was supported in part by a grant of computer time from the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program at the NAVOCEANO MSRC. It was sponsored by the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) through the following projects: NOPP US GODAE: Global Ocean Prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), 6.1 NRL (ONR): Global Remote Littoral Forcing via Deep Water Pathways, and 6.1 Univ. of Miami (ONR): Further Developments of HYCOM. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 271 EP 274 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100040 ER PT B AU Burl, MC DeCoste, D Enke, BL Mazzoni, D Merline, WJ Scharenbroich, L AF Burl, M. C. DeCoste, D. Enke, B. L. Mazzoni, D. Merline, W. J. Scharenbroich, L. BE Ghosh, J Lambert, D Skillicorn, D Srivastava, J TI Automated Knowledge Discovery from Simulators SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH SIAM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DATA MINING SE SIAM Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th SIAM International Conference on Data Mining CY APR 20-22, 2006 CL Bethesda, MD SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Appl Sci Comp, Amer Stat Assoc DE simulator; knowledge discovery; landscape characterization; active learning; asteroid collisions; SVM AB In this paper, we explore one aspect of knowledge discovery from simulators, the landscape characterization problem, where the aim is to identify regions in the input/parameter/model space that lead to a particular output behavior. Large-scale numerical simulators are in widespread use by scientists and engineers across a range of government agencies, academia, and industry; in many cases, simulators provide the only means to examine processes that are infeasible or impossible to study otherwise. However, the cost of simulation studies can be quite high, both in terms of the time and computational resources required to conduct the trials and the manpower needed to sift through the resulting output. Thus, there is strong motivation to develop automated methods that enable more efficient knowledge extraction. Unlike traditional data mining, knowledge discovery from simulators is not limited to a static, pre-determined dataset; instead, the simulator itself can be used as an oracle to generate new data of our own choosing. We exploit this opportunity by employing active learning and support vector machines (SVMs) to choose which are the most valuable simulation trials to run next. On two real-world scientific simulators, one for asteroid collisions and one for magnetospheric modeling, we demonstrate twofold and sixfold reductions, respectively, in the number of simulator trials required to achieve a particular level of fidelity in landscape characterization as compared with a standard grid-based sampling approach. C1 [Burl, M. C.; DeCoste, D.; Mazzoni, D.; Scharenbroich, L.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Burl, MC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SIAM PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA BN 978-0-89871-611-5 J9 SIAM PROC S PY 2006 BP 82 EP 93 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BUJ09 UT WOS:000289491100008 ER PT S AU Kim, HH Wheeler, RM Sager, JC Goins, GD Norikane, JH AF Kim, Hyeon-Hye Wheeler, Raymond M. Sager, John C. Goins, Gregory D. Norikane, Joey H. BE Moe, R Gislerod, HR TI Evaluation of lettuce growth using supplemental green light with red and blue light-emitting diodes in a controlled environment - A review of research at Kennedy Space Center SO Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Artificial Lighting in Horticulture SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Artificial Lighting in Horticulture CY JUN 21, 2005-JUN 24, 2006 CL Lillehammer, NORWAY SP WebMaster, Bama, Hortilux Schreder, Res Council Norway, Jeffy, Gavita, NGF DE controlled environment; photosynthetic rate (Pn); stomatal conductance (gs); electric light source; lettuce (Lactuca sativa); light quality; light-emitting diode (LED) ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC MEMBRANES; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PLANTS; CAROTENOIDS; RADIATION; REVERSAL; WHEAT; YIELD; LEDS; CO2 AB National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Biological Sciences research group at Kennedy Space Center performed several experiments with lettuce, one of the Advanced Life Support candidate crops, to evaluate the effects of green light in a controlled environment. Lettuce showed similar growth and photosynthetic rates with the addition of 5% supplemental green light compared to the red and blue LEDs only grown plants. The addition of green light provided an aesthetic appeal of a green appearance. However, light sources with a higher fraction of green photons (> 50% of total PPF) resulted in the reduced plant growth. Among the levels of green photons tested, the addition of 24% green light (500-600) to red and blue LEDs enhanced plant growth. Spectral quality during growth affected the leaf photosynthetic rates (Pn) and the pattern of diurnal stomatal conductance (gs). The studies provided new information showing that leaf Pn and gs are responsive to spectral quality during growth and in the short-term, but are not directly coupled to dry mass accumulation. C1 NASA, Biol Sci Off, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Kim, HH (reprint author), NASA, Biol Sci Off, Mail Code YA-E4-B, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 19 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-539-1 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2006 IS 711 BP 111 EP 119 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BFC22 UT WOS:000240982000011 ER PT S AU Hamaguchi, K Corcoran, MR Petre, R White, NE Stelzer, B Nedachi, K Kobayashi, N Tokunaga, AT AF Hamaguchi, K Corcoran, MR Petre, R White, NE Stelzer, B Nedachi, K Kobayashi, N Tokunaga, AT BE Wilson, A TI The first definite detection of X-rays from an extremely young protostar SO Proceedings of the X-ray Universe 2005, Vols 1 and 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the X-ray Universe 2005 CY SEP 26-30, 2005 CL El Escorial, SPAIN SP European Space Agcy DE young stars; magnetic field; X-rays ID R-CORONAE-AUSTRALIS; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; CHANDRA OBSERVATION; RADIO-EMISSION; CLOUD CORE; DISCOVERY; STELLAR; FLARES; OUTFLOW; DIAGRAM AB Class I protostars exhibit powerful X-ray emission. Their X-ray activity can exceed those of older stars such as T-Tauri and main-sequence stars. Without surface convection to drive a solar-type dynamo mechanism, X-ray activity is suspected to be driven by magnetic activity linked to the mass accretion process. Mass accretion is thought to be more intense in the earliest Class 0 protostar phase, but X-ray emission from them has not been conclusively detected so far. This could be due to stronger X-ray absorption to their protostellar cores, or a certain transition in high energy activity between the Class 0 and Class I phases. With two XMM-Newton observations on March 2003, we detected for the first time strong X-ray emission from an extremely embedded source in the R Corona Australis star forming core, IRS 7 region (Hamaguchi et al., 2005). The source has the radio counterpart 10E (IRS7B) but no near-IR counterpart. These facts plus the strong Xray absorption of N-H similar to 3 x 10(23) cm(-2) (equivalent to A(V) similar to 180(m)) indicate that the source is a Class 0 or perhaps a Class 0/I protostar. The X-ray spectrum showed thermal emission with kT=3-4 keV with the luminosity up to 10(31.2) ergs s(-1). The light curve showed gradual flux increase by a factor of two during 30 ksec, unlike solar-type magnetically driven X-ray flares which have smaller variation timescales. The source was 10-100 times fainter during Chandra observations which occurred before and after the XMM-Newton observations. The flux enhancement on month timescales might be driven by sporadic mass accretion episode, while the short-term variation during the XMM-Newton observation could be related to the proto-stellar core rotation. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Univ Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hamaguchi, K (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Univ Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI White, Nicholas/B-6428-2012 OI White, Nicholas/0000-0003-3853-3462 NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-915-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2006 VL 604 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BED92 UT WOS:000236905300005 ER PT S AU Mukai, K AF Mukai, K BE Wilson, A TI The extended soft X-ray emission regions in the LMXB EXO 0748-676 and and the CVUX UMa: Geometric constraints SO Proceedings of the X-ray Universe 2005, Vols 1 and 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the X-ray Universe 2005 CY SEP 26-30, 2005 CL El Escorial, SPAIN SP European Space Agcy DE eclipse; accretion disk corona ID UX URSAE-MAJORIS; BINARY EXO-0748-676; ACCRETION DISK; XMM-NEWTON; ECLIPSES; DIPS AB XMM-Newton observations have established the simultaneous presence of deeply eclipsed hard X-ray emissions and uneclipsed soft X-rays in the LMXB EXO 0748-676 and in the CV UX UMa. The eclipses in hard X-rays, as well as those in the optical and the UV, constrain the system geometry. This, in turn, can constrain the location and the size of the soft X-ray emitting region. We have explored spherical and cylindrical emission regions and identify two possible solutions for the geometry. In one, the soft X-ray region is larger than the binary, and hence does not suffer a signifcant eclipse. In the other solution, the emission region is relatively compact. In this solution, a large part of the soft X-ray emission region, the part which would suffer an eclipse, is permanently hidden from our view by the vertically extended structure of the accretion disk. Only the emission from the far side of the disk, which is not subject to an eclipse, reaches the observers above the disk rim. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mukai, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-915-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2006 VL 604 BP 213 EP 216 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BED92 UT WOS:000236905300054 ER PT S AU Beckmann, V Kennea, JA Markwardt, C Paizis, A Soldi, S Rodriguez, J Barthelmy, SD Burrows, DN Chester, M Gehrels, N Mowlavi, N Nousek, J AF Beckmann, V Kennea, JA Markwardt, C Paizis, A Soldi, S Rodriguez, J Barthelmy, SD Burrows, DN Chester, M Gehrels, N Mowlavi, N Nousek, J BE Wilson, A TI Swift, INTEGRAL, RXTE, and Spitzer reveal IGR J16283-438 SO Proceedings of the X-ray Universe 2005, Vols 1 and 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the X-ray Universe 2005 CY SEP 26-30, 2005 CL El Escorial, SPAIN SP European Space Agcy DE gamma rays : observations; X-rays : binaries; X-rays : individual (IGR J16283-4838); stars : neutron ID RAY BINARIES AB We present the first combined study of the recently discovered source IGR J16283-4838 with Swift, INTE- GRAL, and RXTE. The source, discovered by INTEGRAL on April 7, 2005, shows a highly absorbed (variable N-H = 0.4 - 1.7 x 10(23) cm(-2)) and flat (Gamma similar to 1) spectrum in the Swift/XRT and RXTE/PCA data. No optical counterpart is detectable (V > 20 mag), but a possible infrared counterpart within the Swift/XRT error radius is detected in the 2MASS and Spitzer/GLIMPSE survey. The observations suggest that IGR J16283-4838 is a high mass X-ray binary containing a neutron star embedded in Compton thick material. This makes IGR J16283-4838 a member of the class of highly absorbed HMXBs, discovered by INTEGRAL. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Beckmann, V (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Barthelmy, Scott/D-2943-2012 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-915-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2006 VL 604 BP 241 EP 242 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BED92 UT WOS:000236905300060 ER PT S AU Harrus, I Smith, R Slane, P Hughes, J AF Harrus, I Smith, R Slane, P Hughes, J BE Wilson, A TI XMM-Newton analysis of the Supernova Remnant W44 SO Proceedings of the X-ray Universe 2005, Vols 1 and 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the X-ray Universe 2005 CY SEP 26-30, 2005 CL El Escorial, SPAIN SP European Space Agcy DE supernova remnants; W44; X-rays ID X-RAY; PULSAR AB We present here our analysis of XMM-Newton observation of the Supernova Remnant (SNR) W44 and its associated pulsar PSR 1853+01. The remnant was observed with XMM-Newton in two separate observations for a total of 36 ks. We have also added to our analysis a short observation (7ks) centered on the pulsar position. Our observation was conducted with the MOS 1 in timing mode and the MOS2 and PN in full window mode. We present here the spectral analysis of all the full window mode data available. There is no trace of pulsed X-ray emission from PSR 1853+01 in the available data. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, NASA, GSFC, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Harrus, I (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, NASA, GSFC, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-915-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2006 VL 604 BP 369 EP 370 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BED92 UT WOS:000236905300108 ER PT S AU Beckmann, V Soldi, S Shrader, CR Gehrels, N AF Beckmann, V Soldi, S Shrader, CR Gehrels, N BE Wilson, A TI Results from the first integral AGN catalogue SO Proceedings of the X-ray Universe 2005, Vols 1 and 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the X-ray Universe 2005 CY SEP 26-30, 2005 CL El Escorial, SPAIN SP European Space Agcy DE galaxies : active; catalogues; gamma rays : observations; X-rays : galaxies; galaxies : Seyfert ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; RAY; ORIGIN AB We present results based on the first INTEGRAL AGN catalogue. The catalogue includes 42 AGN, of which 10 are Seyfert 1, 17 are Seyfert 2, and 9 are intermediate Seyfert 1.5. The fraction of blazars is rather small with 5 detected objects, and only one galaxy cluster and no starburst galaxies have been detected so far. The sample consists of bright (f(X) > 5 x 10(-12) erg cm(-2) s(-1)), low luminosity ((L) over bar (X) = 2 x 10(43) erg s(-1)), local ((z) over bar = 0.020) AGN. Although the sample is not flux limited, we find a ratio of obscured to unobscured AGN of 1.5-2.0, consistent with luminosity dependent unified models for AGN. Only four Compton-thick AGN are found in the sample. This implies that the missing Compton-thick AGN needed to explain the cosmic hard X-ray background would have to have lower fluxes than discovered by INTEGRAL so far. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Beckmann, V (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Universe Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-915-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2006 VL 604 BP 777 EP 782 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BED92 UT WOS:000236905300224 ER PT S AU Gehrels, N AF Gehrels, N CA Swift Team BE Wilson, A TI The Swift gamma-ray burst mssion: First results SO Proceedings of the X-ray Universe 2005, Vols 1 and 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the X-ray Universe 2005 CY SEP 26-30, 2005 CL El Escorial, SPAIN SP European Space Agcy ID 28 FEBRUARY 1997; AFTERGLOW; EMISSION AB The Swift mission is designed to discover 100 new gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) each year, and immediately (within tens of seconds) start simultaneous X-ray, optical and ultraviolet observations of the GRB afterglow. Since its launch on 20 November 2004, it has already collected an impressive database of bursts (reaching more sensitive limits than BATSE); uniform X-ray/UV/optical monitoring of afterglows; and rapid follow up by other observatories (utilizing a continuous ground link with burst alerts and data posted immediately to the GCN). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gehrels, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-915-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2006 VL 604 BP 853 EP 857 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BED92 UT WOS:000236905300243 ER PT S AU Barrett, A AF Barrett, A BE Bordini, RH Dastani, M Dix, J Seghrouchni, AEF TI A model-based executive for commanding robot teams SO PROGRAMMING MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Programming Mult-Agent Systems CY JUL 26, 2005 CL Utrecht, NETHERLANDS AB The paper presents a way to robustly command a system of systems as a single entity. Instead of modeling each component system in isolation and then manually crafting interaction protocols, this approach starts with a model of the collective population as a single system. By compiling the model into separate elements for each component system and utilizing a teamwork model for coordination, it circumvents the complexities of manually crafting robust interaction protocols. The resulting systems are both globally responsive by virtue of a team oriented interaction model and locally responsive by virtue of a distributed approach to model-based fault detection, isolation, and recovery. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Barrett, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, M-S 126-347,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM anthony.barrett@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-32616-2 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2006 VL 3862 BP 156 EP 167 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BED77 UT WOS:000236893200010 ER PT S AU Barker, JR Martinez, A Svizhenko, A Anantram, A Asenov, A AF Barker, J. R. Martinez, A. Svizhenko, A. Anantram, A. Asenov, A. BE Bonitz, M Filinov, A TI Green function study of quantum transport in ultra-small devices with embedded atomistic clusters SO PROGRESS IN NONEQUILIBRIUM GREEN'S FUNCTIONS III SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Progress in Nonequilibrium Greens Functions III CY AUG, 2005 CL Univ Kiel, Kiel, GERMANY HO Univ Kiel ID SUB-100 NM MOSFETS; SEMICONDUCTOR-DEVICES; NANOTRANSISTORS; FLUCTUATIONS AB Transport in limiting scale MOSFET transistors will be strongly influenced by quantum effects and the presence of atomistic scattering centres either intentionally or un-intentionally present in the channel and the device environs. The scattering in such systems is non-asymptotic and the self-averaging conditions of the Kohn-Luttinger theorem fail so that a self-energy for impurity scattering does not exist. Atomistic scattering must therefore be treated non-perturbatively. Previously it has been shown that quantized micro-vortices may occur at definite energies in the current flow contributing to both the blocking effect and to effective mobility. The present study uses the Glasgow and NASA NEGF simulators to study vortex formation and tunnelling through small clusters of atomistic impurities arranged with various configurations within the 5 nm wide by 12 nm long channel of a Double Gate MOSFET. The I-V characteristics and the threshold voltage are severely affected by the distribution of the charges in the channel. A variety of different geometry atomistic clusters have been studied. Examination of the energy dependent current density allows an evaluation of the admixture of strong quantum flows such as micro-vortices to the net current. It is found that the threshold voltage and conductance are strongly dependent on the impurity configuration. The I-V characteristics are monotonic in most cases due to the strong thermal smoothing that prevents resolution of the mode structure. C1 [Barker, J. R.; Martinez, A.] Univ Glasgow, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. [Svizhenko, A.; Anantram, A.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Barker, JR (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. FU EPSRC; SiNano network of excellence FX This work is supported under an EPSRC platform grant and the SiNano network of excellence. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 35 BP 233 EP + DI 10.1088/1742-6596/35/1/021 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Optics; Physics GA BEQ86 UT WOS:000238978100021 ER PT S AU Martinez, A Svizhenkoz, A Anantram, MP Barker, JR Asenov, A AF Martinez, A. Svizhenkoz, A. Anantram, M. P. Barker, J. R. Asenov, A. BE Bonitz, M Filinov, A TI A NEGF study of the effect of surface roughness on CMOS nanotransistors SO PROGRESS IN NONEQUILIBRIUM GREEN'S FUNCTIONS III SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Progress in Nonequilibrium Greens Functions III CY AUG, 2005 CL Univ Kiel, Kiel, GERMANY HO Univ Kiel AB Start The effect of surface roughness on the electron transport of a double gate nanotransistor has been studied. The study has been carried out using a two-dimensional nonequilibrium Green's function formalism coupled self-consistently with Poisson's equation. A novel discretisation scheme for Poisson and the Green's function equations has been implemented in order to describe properly the surface roughness. The two-dimensional electron and current density landscape for the device with surface roughness exhibit strong inhomogeneity as compare with the smooth case (non-surface roughness). The effects of the specific profile of the surface roughness do not self-average. The total macroscopic current pattern follows the microscopic detail of the roughness. C1 [Martinez, A.; Barker, J. R.; Asenov, A.] Univ Glasgow, Device Modelling Grp, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. [Svizhenkoz, A.; Anantram, M. P.] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Martinez, A (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, Device Modelling Grp, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. EM antonio@elec.gla.ac.uk NR 3 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 35 BP 269 EP + DI 10.1088/1742-6596/35/1/024 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Optics; Physics GA BEQ86 UT WOS:000238978100024 ER PT S AU Yang, RQ Hill, CJ Qiu, YM AF Yang, Rui Q. Hill, Cory J. Qiu, Yueming BE Olafsen, LJ Biefeld, RM Wanke, MC Saxler, AW TI Mid-IR interband cascade lasers SO Progress in Semiconductor Materials V-Novel Materials and Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Progress in Semiconductor Materials V held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 28-DEC 01, 2005 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc, AIXTRON Inc, Epichem Inc, NREL, Veeco TurboDisc ID CONTINUOUS-WAVE OPERATION; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; HEAT-SINKING; MU-M AB Efficient mid-IR interband cascade (IC) lasers have been developed based on Ill-V semiconductor materials with lasing emission covering a wavelength range from 2.7 to 5.6 mu m. These IC lasers reuse, injected electrons in cascade stages for photon generation with high quantum efficiency to achieve high output powers. Also, IC lasers have a low threshold current density with a very efficient use of applied voltage, resulting in reduced power consumption. Single-mode distributed feedback lasers have been made, and integrated into aircraft and balloon instruments which made atmospheric measurements of CH4 and HCl. In this work, the characteristics of IC lasers and their recent developments are reviewed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Yang, RQ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-845-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 891 BP 27 EP 35 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BEU31 UT WOS:000239521000004 ER PT B AU Ferguson, DC Vayner, BV Galofaro, JT AF Ferguson, D. C. Vayner, B. V. Galofaro, J. T. BE Kleiman, JI TI Solar array arcing in LEO SO Protection of Materials and Structures from The Space Environment SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 10-13, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA DE solar arrays; low Earth orbit; arcing; plasma interactions; arc plumes; mitigation AB It is often said that only the solar array or spacecraft surfaces that can be reached by an arc plume are discharged in a solar array arc in LEO (low Earth orbit). We present definitive results from ground test experiments done in the National Plasma Interactions (N-PI) facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center that this idea is mistaken. All structure surfaces in contact with the surrounding plasma and connected to spacecraft ground are discharged, whether the arc plasma can reach them or not. Implications for the strength and damaging effects of arcs on LEO spacecraft are discussed, and mitigation techniques are proposed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ferguson, DC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KINOKUNIYA CO LTD PI TOKYO PA 13-11 HIGASHI 3-CHOME SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, 150-8513, JAPAN BN 1-4020-4281-7 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2006 VL 6 BP 9 EP 19 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BFN64 UT WOS:000243334500002 ER PT B AU Dever, JA Banks, BA Yan, L AF Dever, Joyce A. Banks, Bruce A. Yan, Li BE Kleiman, JI TI Vacuum ultraviolet radiation effects on DC93-500 silicone film SO Protection of Materials and Structures from The Space Environment SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 10-13, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA DE silicone; vacuum ultraviolet radiation; mechanical properties; transmittance AB A space-qualified silicone polymer, Dow Corning (DC) 93-500, has been used as a spacecraft solar cell adhesive and has been proposed for use in a Fresnel lens solar concentrator for space power applications. Future applications of DC93-500 for exterior spacecraft surfaces require an understanding of its overall space environment durability. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation is among the space environment elements that can be hazardous to the properties of DC93-500. This paper describes investigations into the effects of VUV radiation on DC93-500 silicone film. Vacuum ultraviolet ellipsometric optical measurements were made on DC93-500 silicone to determine the depth of absorption of vacuum ultraviolet light as a function of wavelength. These data indicate the depth within which VUV radiation can cause material degradation. Laboratory VUV exposures were used to examine effects of various VUV exposure wavelength ranges and various VUV exposure intensities to determine whether there exist wavelength or intensity dependencies of degradation. In one set of experiments, transmittance degradation of DC93-500 was examined as a function of exposure to narrow wavelength bands (similar to 20 nm bandwidth) of VUV in the 140 to 200 nm wavelength range. In another set of experiments, broad spectrum VUV exposures (to wavelengths greater than 115 nm) were used to examine effects of VUV intensity on rates of optical and mechanical properties degradation. Correlations between observed degradation and the measured depth of VUV penetration will be discussed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Dever, JA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU KINOKUNIYA CO LTD PI TOKYO PA 13-11 HIGASHI 3-CHOME SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, 150-8513, JAPAN BN 1-4020-4281-7 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2006 VL 6 BP 123 EP 140 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BFN64 UT WOS:000243334500013 ER PT B AU Hyde, JL Bernhard, RP Christinsen, EL AF Hyde, James L. Bernhard, Ronald P. Christinsen, Eric L. BE Kleiman, JI TI M/OD impacts on the multipurpose logistics module - Post flight inspection results SO Protection of Materials and Structures from The Space Environment SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 10-13, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA DE orbital debris; meteoroids; hypervelocity impact; international space station AB The International Space Station (ISS) program has manifested a Multipurpose Logistics Module (MPLM) on five launch packages since 2001, with the next flight scheduled for the STS-114 mission. The MPLM has been deployed each time on the nadir docking port of node I by the space shuttle for a period of 5-6 days, and then returned to Earth for refurbishment prior to the next resupply mission. MPLM flight module I (Leonardo) and flight module 2 (Raffaello) have accumulated about 700 h of low Earth orbit (LEO) exposure time on the ISS. Through five missions, there have been two perforations of the aluminum outer wall of the MPLM shielding and 24 craters due to meteoroid/orbital debris impact. This paper will document the results of an ongoing postflight inspection campaign that identifies hypervelocity impact (HVI) damage to the meteoroid and debris protection system (MDPS) of the MPLM through observations, data collection and analysis. Residual projectile materials are collected at each impact site and subjected to scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometric analysis to identify the elemental composition of the impactor and presumed source (meteoroid or orbital debris) of the impact damage. The observed impact damage exhibits a marked directionality on the module, with the majority of damages occurring to the forward half of the MPLM. Postflight predictions of damage to MPLM from the BUMPER code, which is utilized by the aerospace community in meteoroid/orbital debris risk assessments, are compared to the observed damages. Results from BUMPER very clearly show the directionality of the expected impact damage as was observed in the postflight MPLM inspections. Observations and analytical data from MPLM demonstrate the meteoroid/orbital debris impact hazards that the ISS, shuttle, and other spacecraft face in low Earth orbit environment. Implications of this work on the design of adequate meteoroid/orbital debris protection for future vehicles will be provided. C1 Johnson Space Ctr, Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Houston, TX 77258 USA. RP Hyde, JL (reprint author), Johnson Space Ctr, Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Houston, TX 77258 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KINOKUNIYA CO LTD PI TOKYO PA 13-11 HIGASHI 3-CHOME SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, 150-8513, JAPAN BN 1-4020-4281-7 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2006 VL 6 BP 175 EP 191 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BFN64 UT WOS:000243334500017 ER PT B AU Edwards, DL Semmel, C Hovater, M Nehls, M Gray, P Hubbs, W Wertz, G AF Edwards, David L. Semmel, Charles Hovater, Mary Nehls, Mary Gray, Perry Hubbs, Whitney Wertz, George BE Kleiman, JI TI Status of solar sail material characterization at NASA'S Marshall Space Flight Center SO Protection of Materials and Structures from The Space Environment SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 10-13, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA DE solar sail; space environment; mylar; polyimide AB Near term solar sail propelled science missions are targeting the Lagrange point I (L 1) as well as locations sunward of L I as destinations. These near term missions include the Solar Polar Imager [1] and the L1 Diamond [2]. The Environmental Effects Group at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) continues to actively characterize solar sail materials in preparation for these near term solar sail missions. Previous investigations indicated that space environmental effects on sail material thermo-optical properties were minimal and would not significantly affect the propulsion efficiency of the sail [3-5]. These investigations also indicated that the sail material mechanical stability degrades with increasing radiation exposure. This paper will further quantify the effects of space environmental exposure on the mechanical and thermo-optical properties of candidate sail materials. Candidate sail materials for these missions include Aluminum coated Mylar (TM), Teonex (TM) and CP1 (Colorless Polyimide). Experimental data will be presented on the response of sail material to charged particle radiation that indicates change in the mechanical and thermo-optical properties. Thermo-optical property data will also be presented indicating the effects of long-term Near Ultraviolet (NU-V) exposure. Charged particle radiation with subsequent Hypervelocity Impact (HVI) results will be presented, indicating that sail material damage is primarily limited to the diameter of the incident projectile. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Edwards, DL (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, ED31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU KINOKUNIYA CO LTD PI TOKYO PA 13-11 HIGASHI 3-CHOME SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, 150-8513, JAPAN BN 1-4020-4281-7 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2006 VL 6 BP 233 EP 246 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BFN64 UT WOS:000243334500022 ER PT B AU Banks, BA Karniotis, CA Dworak, D Soucek, M AF Banks, Bruce A. Karniotis, Christina A. Dworak, David Soucek, Mark BE Kleiman, JI TI Atomic oxygen durability evaluation of a UV curable ceramer protective coating SO Protection of Materials and Structures from The Space Environment SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 10-13, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA DE atomic oxygen; silicones AB The exposure of most silicones to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit (LEO) results in the oxidative loss of methyl groups with a gradual conversion to oxides of silicon. Typically, there is surface shrinkage of the oxidized silicone protective coatings which leads to cracking of the partially oxidized brittle surface. Such cracks widen, branch and can propagate with continued atomic oxygen exposure ultimately allowing atomic oxygen to reach any hydrocarbon polymers under the silicone coating. A need exists for a paintable silicone coating that is free from such surface cracking and can be effectively used for protection of polymers and composites in LEO. A new type of silicone-based protective coating holding such potential was evaluated for atomic oxygen durability in an RE atomic oxygen plasma exposure facility. The coating consisted of a UV curable inorganic/organic hybrid coating, known as a ceramer, which was fabricated using a methyl substituted polysiloxane binder and nanophase silicon-oxo-clusters derived from sol-gel precursors. The polysiloxane was functionalized with a cycloaliphatic epoxide in order to be cured at ambient temperature via a cationic UV induced curing mechanism. Alkoxy silane groups were also grafted onto the polysiloxane chain, through hydrosilation, in order to form a network with the incorporated silicon-oxo-clusters. The prepared polymer was characterized by 1 H and Si-29 NMR, FT-IR, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The paper will present the results of atomic oxygen protection ability of thin ceramer coatings on Kapton H as evaluated over a range of atomic oxygen fluence levels. C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Banks, BA (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 309-2, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU KINOKUNIYA CO LTD PI TOKYO PA 13-11 HIGASHI 3-CHOME SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, 150-8513, JAPAN BN 1-4020-4281-7 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2006 VL 6 BP 247 EP 263 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BFN64 UT WOS:000243334500023 ER PT B AU De Groh, KK Banks, BA Ma, D AF De Groh, Kim K. Banks, Bruce A. Ma, David BE Kleiman, JI TI Determination of ground-laboratory to in-space effective atomic oxygen fluence for DC 93-500 silicone SO Protection of Materials and Structures from The Space Environment SE SPACE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from Space Environment CY MAY 10-13, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA DE space environinent; environmental durability; low Earth orbit; atomic oxygen; oxidation; silicones; nanomechanical hardness; ground testing; space flight experiment; calibration AB The objective of this research was to calibrate the ground-to-space effective atomic oxygen fluence for DC 93-500 silicone in a thermal energy electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) oxygen plasma facility. Silicones, a commonly used spacecraft material, do not chemically erode with atomic oxygen attack like other organic materials. Silicones react with atomic oxygen and form an oxidized hardened silicate surface layer. Therefore, the effective atomic oxygen fluence in a ground-test facility should not be determined based on mass loss measurements, as they are with organic polymers, such as Kapton, a polyimide. A technique has been developed at the Glenn Research Center to determine the equivalent amount of atomic oxygen exposure in an ECR ground-test facility to produce the same degree of atomic oxygen damage as in space. The approach used was to compare changes in the surface hardness of ground-test (ECR) exposed DC 93-500 silicone with DC 93-500 exposed to low Earth orbit (LEO) atomic oxygen as part of a shuttle flight experiment. The ground to in-space effective atomic oxygen fluence correlation was determined based on the fluence in the ECR source that produced the same hardness for the fluence in-space. Because microhardness measurements need to be obtained on the very surface layer of a rubber substrate (with primarily elastic defortnation) traditional techniques for microhardness that apply large forces and indentations based on plastic deformation, could not be used. Therefore, a nanomechanical measurement system operated in conjunction with an atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to determine the surface hardness of the silicones. The nanomechanical system can provide ultralight load indentations and can continuously measure force and displacement as an indent is made. Hardness versus contact depth measurements were obtained for five ECR exposed DC 93-500 samples (ECR exposed for 18-40 h, corresponding to Kapton effective fluences of (4.2-9.4) X 10(20) atoms(.)cm(-2), respectively) and for a space exposed DC 93-500 from the evaluation of oxygen interactions with materials III (EOIM 111) shuttle flight experiment, exposed to LEO atomic oxygen for 2.3 x 10(20) atoms(.)cm(-2). Pristine controls for the ECR tests and for the EOIM III flight sample were also evaluated. A ground-to-space correlation value was determined based on correlation values for four contact depths (150, 200, 250, and 300 nm), which represent the near surface depth data. The results indicate that the Kapton effective atomic oxygen fluence in the ECR facility needs to be 2.64 times higher than in LEO to replicate equivalent exposure damage in the ground-test silicone as occurred in the space exposed silicone. C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP De Groh, KK (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, 21000 Brookport Rd,MS 309-2, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU KINOKUNIYA CO LTD PI TOKYO PA 13-11 HIGASHI 3-CHOME SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, 150-8513, JAPAN BN 1-4020-4281-7 J9 SPACE TECHNOL PROC PY 2006 VL 6 BP 401 EP 416 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BFN64 UT WOS:000243334500037 ER PT J AU Chamberlain, SA Bailey, JA Crisp, D AF Chamberlain, Sarah A. Bailey, Jeremy A. Crisp, David TI Mapping martian atmospheric pressure with ground-based near infrared spectroscopy SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA LA English DT Article DE planets and satellites : individual (Mars); techniques : spectroscopic; infrared : solar system ID MARS; TOPOGRAPHY; SURFACE; TELESCOPE; DATABASE; CO2 AB We present images of Mars obtained in the 2.0 mu m CO2 band with the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT). The images reveal topographic features of the Martian surface that are usually invisible in direct albedo images at visible or IR wavelengths, but agree remarkably well with the topography of the planet as mapped by the MOLA instrument on Mars Global Surveyor. The CO2 band depth is a measure of the absorbing column of CO2 and hence determined primarily by the surface atmospheric pressure. The surface pressure variations are detected with a sensitivity of 4-5 Pa. We compare our data with radiative transfer models and find that the measured CO2 variation with pressure is consistent with the models. We discuss the possibility that similar observations might be used to observe atmospheric pressure changes due to Martian weather systems. C1 Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chamberlain, SA (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. EM schamber@els.mq.edu.au NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-3580 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC AUST JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. PY 2006 VL 23 IS 3 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1071/AS05028 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 108CR UT WOS:000242218400002 ER PT S AU Rhiger, DR Kvaas, RE Liguori, M Gritz, MA Crawford, G Hill, CJ AF Rhiger, David R. Kvaas, Robert E. Liguori, Michael Gritz, Michael A. Crawford, Gina Hill, Cory J. BE Razeghi, M Brown, GJ TI Development of device fabrication process for strained layer superlattice IR detectors SO QUANTUM SENSING AND NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices III CY JAN 23-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE strained layer superlattice; InAs/GaSb; fabrication process; etching; ellipsometry ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY-ELECTRON DIFFRACTION; PASSIVATION; SURFACE; PHOTODIODES; GAAS; ELLIPSOMETRY; GASB AB We report on progress in the development of a device fabrication process for type-II strained layer superlattice IR detectors, composed of InAs/GaSb or InAs/GaInSb. Steps of the process include etching the mesas, cleaning up the surface, and applying a surface passivation treatment. Certain etchants have been evaluated and calibrated. The surface has been studied with single wavelength ellipsometry and results have been compared with modeled ellipsometry values, revealing effects of surface residues and surface roughness. An initial investigation of ammonium sulfide treatment for surface passivation has been made. Initial measurements of the IR transmission of the GaSb substrate have also been made to determine how much thinning is needed for back side illuminated operation of the IR detectors. C1 [Rhiger, David R.; Kvaas, Robert E.; Liguori, Michael; Gritz, Michael A.; Crawford, Gina] Raytheon Vis Syst, 75 Coromar Dr, Goleta, CA 93111 USA. [Hill, Cory J.] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rhiger, DR (reprint author), Raytheon Vis Syst, 75 Coromar Dr, Goleta, CA 93111 USA. FU Missile Defense Agency through Jet Propulsion Laboratory; MDA; JPL FX This work was funded by Missile Defense Agency through Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We thank M.Z. Tidrow of MDA and R.H. Liang of JPL for guidance and support. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6169-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6127 AR UNSP 61270Z DI 10.1117/12.640084 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEH60 UT WOS:000237277500025 ER PT J AU Grabowski, WW Bechtold, P Cheng, A Forbes, R Halliwell, C Khairoutdinov, M Lang, S Nasuno, T Petch, J Tao, WK Wong, R Wu, X Xu, KM AF Grabowski, WW Bechtold, P Cheng, A Forbes, R Halliwell, C Khairoutdinov, M Lang, S Nasuno, T Petch, J Tao, WK Wong, R Wu, X Xu, KM TI Daytime convective development over land: A model intercomparison based on LBA observations SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE boundary layer; diurnal cycle; moist convection ID BOUNDARY-LAYER; PARAMETERIZATION CRCP; SURFACE PROCESSES; DEEP CONVECTION; DIURNAL CYCLE; CLOUD; SENSITIVITY; SCHEME; SIMULATIONS; PARAMETRIZATIONS AB This paper investigates daytime convective development over land and its representation in single-column models (SCMs) and cloud-resolving models (CRMs). A model intercomparison case is developed based on observations of the diurnal cycle and convection during the rainy season in Amazonia. The focus is on the 6 h period between sunrise and early afternoon which was identified in previous studies as critical for the diurnal cycle over summertime continents in numerical weather prediction and climate models. This period is characterized by the formation and growth of a well-mixed convective boundary layer from the early morning temperature and moisture profiles as the surface sensible- and latent-heat fluxes increase after sunrise. It proceeds with the formation of shallow convective clouds as the convective boundary layer deepens, and leads to the eventual transition from shallow to deep precipitating convection around local noon. To provide a benchmark for other models, a custom-designed set of simulations, applying increasing in time computational domain and decreasing spatial resolution, was executed. The SCMs reproduced the previously identified problem with premature development of deep convection, less than two hours after sunrise. The benchmark simulations suggest a possible route to improve SCMs by considering a time-evolving cumulus entrainment rate as convection evolves from shallow to deep and the cloud width increases up to an order of magnitude. The CRMs featuring horizontal and length around 500 m are capable of capturing the qualitative aspects of the benchmark simulations, but there are significant differences among the models. Two-dimensional CRMs tend to simulate too rapid a transition from shallow to deep convection and too high a cloud cover. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. ECMWF, Reading, Berks, England. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Met Off JCMM, Reading, Berks, England. CSU, Ft Collins, CO USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. JAMSTEC, FRCGC, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. ISU, Ames, IA USA. RP Grabowski, WW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM grabow@ncar.ucar.edu RI Xu, Kuan-Man/B-7557-2013 OI Xu, Kuan-Man/0000-0001-7851-2629 NR 40 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 132 IS 615 BP 317 EP 344 DI 10.1256/qj.04.147 PN B PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031IL UT WOS:000236697900004 ER PT J AU Cheng, A Xu, KM AF Cheng, A Xu, KM TI Simulation of shallow cumuli and their transition to deep convective clouds by cloud-resolving models with different third-order turbulence closures SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE deep convective clouds; shallow cumulus; third-order turbulence closure ID PROBABILITY DENSITY-FUNCTIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS; PDF-BASED MODEL; UNIFIED PARAMETERIZATION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; INHOMOGENEOUS FLOWS; MOIST CONVECTION; LIQUID WATER; PART I; APPROXIMATION AB The abilities of a cloud-resolving model (CRM) with double-Gaussian based and quasi-Gaussian based third-order closures (TOCs) to Simulate shallow cumuli and their transition to deep convective clouds are compared in this study. The quasi-Gaussian based TOC is fully prognostic (FP), while the double-Gaussian based TOC is intermediately prognostic (IP). The latter only predicts three important third-order moments while the former predicts all the third-order moments. A shallow cumulus case is simulated by single-column versions of the FP and IP TOC models and a large-eddy simulation (LES). The IP TOC improves the simulation of shallow cumulus greatly over the FP TOC by producing more realistic cloud structures, when both are compared to LES. Large differences of the second- and third-order moments between the FP and IP TOC Simulations appear in the cloud layer, because the cloud top height is underestimated by the FP TOC simulation. Sensitivity experiments and analysis of probability density functions (pdfs) used in the TOCs show that both the turbulence-scale condensation and higher-order moments are important to realistic simulations of the boundary-layer shallow cumuli. A shallow to deep convective cloud transition case is also simulated by the two-dimensional (2-D) version of the CRM with FP and IP TOCs. Both simulations can capture the transition from the shallow cumuli to deep convective clouds. The IP simulations produce more and deeper shallow cumuli than the FP simulations, but the FP simulations produce larger and wider convective clouds than the IP simulations. The temporal evolutions of cloud and precipitation are closely related to the turbulent transport, the cold pool and the cloud-scale circulation. The large amount of turbulent mixing associated with the shallow cumuli slows down the increase of the convective available potential energy and inhibits the early transition to deep convective clouds in the IP simulation. When the deep convective clouds fully develop and the precipitation is produced, the cold pools produced by the evaporation of the precipitation are not favourable to the formation of shallow cumuli. As a whole, the IP simulations are able to more realistically capture the transition processes than the FP simulations, when both are compared to an LES-resolution 3-D simulation of the same case. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Clim Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Cheng, A (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Clim Sci Branch, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM a.cheng@larc.nasa.gov RI Xu, Kuan-Man/B-7557-2013 OI Xu, Kuan-Man/0000-0001-7851-2629 NR 27 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 132 IS 615 BP 359 EP 382 DI 10.1256/qj.05.29 PN B PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 031IL UT WOS:000236697900006 ER PT J AU Durante, M George, K Cucinotta, EA AF Durante, M George, K Cucinotta, EA TI Chromosomes lacking telomeres are present in the progeny of human lymphocytes exposed to heavy ions SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN FIBROBLASTS; HIGH-LET; BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS; ABERRATIONS; INSTABILITY; RADIATION; EXCHANGES; DYSFUNCTION; PARTICLES; GENOME AB High-charge and energy (HZE) nuclei represent one of the main health risks for human space exploration, yet little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the high biological effectiveness of these particles. We have used in situ hybridization probes for cross-species multicolor banding (RxFISH) in combination with telomere detection to compare yields of different types of chromosomal aberrations in the progeny of human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to either high-energy iron ions or gamma rays. Terminal deletions showed the greatest relative variation, with many more of these types of aberrations induced after exposure to accelerated iron ions (energy 1 GeV/nucleon) compared with the same dose of gamma rays. We found that truncated chromosomes without telomeres could be transmitted for at least three cell cycles after exposure and represented about 10% of all aberrations observed in the progeny of cells exposed to iron ions. On the other hand, the fraction of cells carrying stable, transmissible chromosomal aberrations was similar in the progeny of cells exposed to the same dose of densely or sparsely ionizing radiation. The results demonstrate that unrejoined chromosome breaks are an important component of aberration spectra produced by the exposure to HZE nuclei. This finding may well be related to the ability of such energetic particles to produce untoward late effects in irradiated organisms. (c) 2006 by Radiation Research Society. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Phys, I-80126 Naples, Italy. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Cucinotta, EA (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Francis.A.Cucinotta@nasa.gov RI Durante, Marco/K-1315-2014; OI Durante, Marco/0000-0002-4615-553X NR 40 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 820 JORIE BOULEVARD, OAK BROOK, IL 60523 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 165 IS 1 BP 51 EP 58 DI 10.1667/RR3477.1 PG 8 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 997QV UT WOS:000234262700007 PM 16392962 ER PT B AU Cornford, SL Feather, MS Heron, VA Jenkins, JS AF Cornford, Steven L. Feather, Martin S. Heron, Vance A. Jenkins, J. Steven BE Glinz, M Lutz, R TI Fusing quantitative requirements analysis with model-based systems engineering SO RE'06: 14TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference CY SEP 11-15, 2006 CL Minneapolis, MN SP IEEE Comp Soc, SIGSOFT, IFIP WG 2 9, INCOSE, Univ Zurich, Iowa State Univ, SIEMENS, Boston Sci, DaimlerChrysler, IBM AB A vision is presented for fusing quantitative requirements analysis with model-based systems engineering. This vision draws upon and combines emergent themes in the engineering milieu. "Requirements engineering" provides means to explicitly represent requirements (bothfunctional and non-functional) as constraints and preferences on acceptable solutions, and emphasizes early-lifecycle review, analysis and verification of design and development plans. "Design by shopping" emphasizes revealing the space of options available from which to choose (1,vithout presuming that all selection criteria have previously been elicited), and provides means to make understandable the range of choices and their ramifications. "Model-based engineering " emphasizes the goal of utilizing a formal representation of all aspects of system design, from development through operations, and provides powerful tool suites that support the practical application of these principles. A first step prototype towards this vision is described, embodying the key capabilities. Illustrations, implications, further challenges and opportunities are outlined. C1 [Cornford, Steven L.; Feather, Martin S.; Heron, Vance A.; Jenkins, J. Steven] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Cornford, SL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Steven.L.Cornford@jpl.nasa.gov; Martin.S.Feather@jpl.nasa.gov; Vance.A.Heron@jpl.nasa.gov; J.S.Jenkins@jpl.nasa.gov FU National Aeronautics and Space Administration and funded through NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate FX The research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and funded through NASAs Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2555-5 PY 2006 BP 279 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BFI78 UT WOS:000242104000036 ER PT S AU Katsiyannis, AC Williams, DR Murtagh, F McAteer, RTJ Keenan, FP AF Katsiyannis, A. C. Williams, D. R. Murtagh, F. McAteer, R. T. J. Keenan, F. P. BE Solomos, NH TI First results from SECIS observations of the 2001 total Solar eclipse SO RECENT ADVANCES IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference of the Hellenic-Astronomical-Society CY SEP 08-11, 2006 CL Lixourion, GREECE SP Municipal Lixourion Pallis, Alexander S Onassis Fdn, Hellen Minist Tourism, Hellen Astron Soc, EUDOXOS Natl Observ Educ, Prefecture Kefallinia & Ithaki, Hellen Natl Comm Astron, Hellen Naval Acad DE MHD; waves; eclipses; sun : activity; sun : corona; sun : oscillations ID PERIOD CORONAL OSCILLATIONS; HIGH-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS; WAVES; HEAT AB SECIS observations of the June 2001 total solar eclipse were taken using an Fe XIV 5303 angstrom filter. Existing software was modified and new code was developed for the reduction and analysis of these data. The observations, data reduction, study of the atmospheric and instrumental effects, together with some preliminary results are discussed. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for the automated alignment of the 8000 images, the software developed for the automated detection of intensity oscillations using wavelet analysis and the application of the Monte Carlo randomisation test as a means of checking the reliability of those detections. In line with findings from the 1999 SECIS total eclipse observations, intensity oscillations with periods in the range of 7-8 s, lying outside coronal loops were also detected. C1 [Katsiyannis, A. C.] Observ Royal Belgique, Dept Solar Phys, Ave Circulaire,3,Ringlaan, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. [Williams, D. R.; McAteer, R. T. J.; Keenan, F. P.] Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Pure & Appl Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. [Williams, D. R.] Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. [Murtagh, F.] Univ London, Royal Holloway, Dept Comp Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England. [Murtagh, F.] Observatoire Astronomique Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France. [McAteer, R. T. J.; Keenan, F. P.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council Res Associate, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Katsiyannis, AC (reprint author), Observ Royal Belgique, Dept Solar Phys, Ave Circulaire,3,Ringlaan, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. EM T.Katsiyannis@oma.be FU Leverhume Trust [F00203/A]; PPARC; DEL; QUB; AWE FX ACK acknowledges the Leverhume Trust for funding via grant F00203/A. PPARC has funded part of this work. DRW and JMA thank DEL and QUB for studentships. FPK is grateful to AWE Aldermaston for the award of the William Penney fellowship. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0343-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 848 BP 95 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFE04 UT WOS:000241381900008 ER PT S AU Mastichiadis, A Kazanas, D AF Mastichiadis, A. Kazanas, D. BE Solomos, NH TI The Supercritical Pile model for GRBs SO RECENT ADVANCES IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference of the Hellenic-Astronomical-Society CY SEP 08-11, 2006 CL Lixourion, GREECE SP Municipal Lixourion Pallis, Alexander S Onassis Fdn, Hellen Minist Tourism, Hellen Astron Soc, EUDOXOS Natl Observ Educ, Prefecture Kefallinia & Ithaki, Hellen Natl Comm Astron, Hellen Naval Acad DE gamma ray bursts : radiation mechanisms; plasmas : relativistic ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; 28 FEBRUARY 1997; F-NU PEAK; PAIR PRODUCTION; FLARES AB We present the spectral and temporal radiative signatures expected within the "Supercritical Pile" model of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). This model is motivated by the need for a process that provides the dissipation necessary in GRBs and presents a well defined scheme for converting the energy stored in the relativistic protons of the Relativistic Blast Waves (RBW) associated with GRB into radiation; at the same time it leads to spectra which exhibit a peak in the burst vF(v) distribution at an energy E-p similar or equal to 1 MeV in the observer's frame, in agreement with observation and largely independent of the Lorentz factor Gamma of the associated relativistic outflow. Futhermore, this scheme does not require acceleration of particles at the shock other than that provided by the isotropization of the flow bulk kinetic energy on the RBW frame. C1 [Mastichiadis, A.] Univ Athens, Dept Phys, GR-15783 Zografos, Greece. [Kazanas, D.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mastichiadis, A (reprint author), Univ Athens, Dept Phys, GR-15783 Zografos, Greece. FU Special Funds for Research of the University of Athen; Greek-EU "Pythagoras" FX AM would like to acknowledge partial support from the Special Funds for Research of the University of Athens and from the joint Greek-EU Pythagoras research grants. DK would like to acknowledge support by an INTEGRAL GO grant. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0343-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 848 BP 550 EP + PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFE04 UT WOS:000241381900073 ER PT S AU Kazanas, D Mbonye, MR AF Kazanas, Demosthenes Mbonye, Manasse R. BE Solomos, NH TI A non-singular black hole model as a possible end-product of gravitational collapse SO RECENT ADVANCES IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference of the Hellenic-Astronomical-Society CY SEP 08-11, 2006 CL Lixourion, GREECE SP Municipal Lixourion Pallis, Alexander S Onassis Fdn, Hellen Minist Tourism, Hellen Astron Soc, EUDOXOS Natl Observ Educ, Prefecture Kefallinia & Ithaki, Hellen Natl Comm Astron, Hellen Naval Acad ID SPACE-TIME; SINGULARITIES; UNIVERSE AB We present a non-singular black hole model as a possible end-product of gravitational collapse and whose metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations. In this model, the matter fields of the final equilibrium configuration are concentrated in the vicinity of the origin of the radial coordinate r. This configuration comprises a core with an equation of state that approaches p = -rho as r -> 0, surrounded by matter fields with sound speed bounded by c. In the direction of decreasing r, the pressure p(p) is a point-wise well-behaved functional of a monotonically increasing density function p (r) and obeys an equation of state that smoothly matches the vacuum-like behavior near r = 0 to a polytrope at larger r (lower p) values. The space outside the matter fields is that of the Schwarzschild vacuum, while it becomes de Sitter as r -> 0. In the intervening space matter transits smoothly between normal matter (i.e with P(r) > 0) and a "quintessence-like" fluid state (i.e one with -1 < w(r) = P(r)/rho(r) < 0). We estimate the fraction of matter with a conventional equation of state to be similar or equal to 0.34. C1 [Kazanas, Demosthenes] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Mbonye, Manasse R.] Rochester Inst Technol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Kazanas, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0343-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 848 BP 713 EP + PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFE04 UT WOS:000241381900092 ER PT S AU Radziszewski, K Rudawy, P Phillips, KJH Dennis, BR AF Radziszewski, K. Rudawy, P. Phillips, K. J. H. Dennis, B. R. BE Buchner, J Deng, X TI High time resolution observations of the solar flare H alpha emission SO RECONNECTION AT SUN AND IN MAGNETOSPHERES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Reconnection at Sun and in Magnetospheres held at the 35th COSPAR General Assembly CY JUL 19-20, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE sun : high cadence observation; solar flare; H alpha emission ID IMPULSIVE PHASE; RHESSI AB We present here first results of a search for fast changes of the Hot emission arriving from individual kernels of the solar flares and correlated in time with X-ray flux variations recorded by the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). During the 2003 observational season we collected four high time resolution Hot spectra-imaging data sets of flares with the Large Coronagraph, the Multi-channel Subtractive Double Pass Spectrograph and the Solar Eclipse Coronal Imaging System (SECIS) at Bialkow Observatory. The time resolution of the Hot data is 0.05 s, the spatial resolution is about I s of arc; each set of data consists of 10,000 images. We have found some instances of non-periodic, few-second-long variations of the Hot emission for the solar flare on July 16, 2003, which shows some time correlation with 12-25 keV X-ray fluxes as recorded by the RHESSI spacecraft. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wroclaw, Inst Astron, PL-51622 Wroclaw, Poland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Astron & Solar Phys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Radziszewski, K (reprint author), Univ Wroclaw, Inst Astron, Ul Kopernika 11, PL-51622 Wroclaw, Poland. EM radziszewski@astro.uni.wroc.pl RI Dennis, Brian/C-9511-2012 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 7 BP 1317 EP 1322 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.065 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BES64 UT WOS:000239306100009 ER PT S AU Rappazzo, AF Dahlburg, RB Einaudi, G Velli, M AF Rappazzo, A. F. Dahlburg, R. B. Einaudi, G. Velli, M. BE Buchner, J Deng, X TI Nonlinear interactions in coronal heating SO RECONNECTION AT SUN AND IN MAGNETOSPHERES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Reconnection at Sun and in Magnetospheres held at the 35th COSPAR General Assembly CY JUL 19-20, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE coronal heating; magnetohydrodynamics; secondary instability; numerical simulations ID QUIET SOLAR CORONA; TURBULENCE; FIELDS AB The dynamics of the solar corona as well as its very existence are due to the dynamics of plasmas and magnetic fields which, at the global scales of coronal loops, prominences and helmet streamers may be described by magnetohydrodynamics. Here, we discuss the importance and role of nonlinear interactions in the heating of the solar corona, which relies on the transfer, storage and dissipation of the mechanical energy present in photospheric motion [Einaudi, G., Velli, M., Phys. Plasmas 6, 4146, 1999]. Nonlinear interactions including the coupling of coronal fields to the motions and emerging flux through the photosphere determine both the rate of heating and the topology of coronal magnetic fields. We present the first results of a 3D reduced MHD simulation that models the small-scale magnetic activity of coronal flux tubes. The equations are solved inside a box of dimensions l x l x L (axial direction), with an aspect ratio L/l of the order of 10. The box is initially threaded by a constant sinusoidal velocity field at one base (corresponding to one photospheric foot-point of the loop), of amplitude 1 km/s, (the axial Alfven speed is about 1000 km/s), whereas the other footpoint is anchored, i.e., no photospheric motions are present. In the transverse directions, periodicity is assumed. Our numerical calculations show that the magnetic field lines change their topology continuously and often reconnect at small scales, forming typical coronal loop-like structures. Energy release events which provide a steady supply of energy are associated with the reconnection. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USN, Res Lab, Lab Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartmento Fis, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Astron & Sci Spazio, I-50125 Florence, Italy. Berkeley Res Associates Inc, Springfield, VA 22150 USA. George Mason Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dahlburg, RB (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Lab Computat Phys & Fluid Dynam, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM rdahlbur@lcp.nrl.navy.mil RI Buechner, Joerg/B-1213-2009 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 7 BP 1335 EP 1341 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.015 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BES64 UT WOS:000239306100011 ER PT S AU Tsurutani, BT McPherron, RL Gonzalez, WD Lu, G Gopalswamy, N Guarnieri, FL AF Tsurutani, Bruce T. McPherron, Robert L. Gonzalez, Walter D. Lu, Gang Gopalswamy, Nat Guarnieri, Fernando L. BE Tsurutani, B McPherron, R Gonzalez, W Lu, G Sobral, JHA Gopalswamy, N TI Magnetic storms caused by corotating solar wind streams SO RECURRENT MAGNETIC STORMS: COROTATING SOLAR WIND STREAMS SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT America-Geophysical-Union-Chapman Conference CY FEB 06-12, 2005 CL Manaus, BRAZIL SP Amer Geophys Union Chapman ID ALFVEN WAVES; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; INTERPLANETARY SPACE; GEOMAGNETIC-ACTIVITY; SEMIANNUAL VARIATION; SECTOR STRUCTURE; HILDCAA EVENTS; CORONAL HOLES; FIELD; MAGNETOSPHERE AB Geomagnetic activity at Earth due to corotating high speed solar wind streams are reviewed. High density plasma regions in the vicinity of the heliospheric current sheet in the slow solar wind impinge upon the magnetosphere and create magnetic storm intial phases. Dst increases can be higher than those associated with shocks in front of interplanetary coronal mass ejections. High speed streams following the high density interplanetary plasma interact with the upstream slow speed streams and create magnetic field compression regions called corotating interaction regions (CIRs). The southward components of the typically rapid Bz fluctuations within the CIRs, through sporadic magnetic reconnection with the Earth's magnetic fields, lead to weak to moderate intensity magnetic storm main phases, typically Dst >-100 nT. Some CIRs (without southward component Bz fields) cause no perceptible Dst changes at all. The "recovery" phases of CIR-induced magnetic storms can last for a few days up to 27 days. The cause of these particularly long duration storm "recoveries" is near-continuous shallow plasma injections into the magnetosphere. Magnetic reconnection associated with the southward component of the Alfven waves within the high speed streams with magnetopause fields is the cause of these injections. The auroras during these intervals are continuous and global auroral zone features. The AE/AL maxima are not substorms or convection bays. Relativistic electrons are accelerated/observed during these high speed stream intervals. The electrons first appear in the beginning of the lengthy storm "recovery" phases. Geomagnetic quiet is due to weak interplanetary magnetic fields with a lack of Alfvenic fluctuations. These interplanetary regions generally occur in the decay portion of high speed streams. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 99 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-432-0 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2006 VL 167 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1029/167GM03 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BFX14 UT WOS:000245238200001 ER PT S AU Richardson, IG AF Richardson, I. G. BE Tsurutani, B McPherron, R Gonzalez, W Lu, G Sobral, JHA Gopalswamy, N TI The formation of CIRs at stream-stream interfaces and resultant geomagnetic activity SO Recurrent Magnetic Storms: Corotating Solar Wind Streams SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT America-Geophysical-Union-Chapman Conference CY FEB 06-12, 2005 CL Manaus, BRAZIL SP Amer Geophys Union Chapman ID COROTATING INTERACTION REGIONS; SOLAR-WIND STREAM; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; LARGE HELIOCENTRIC DISTANCES; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; ALFVEN WAVES; SEMIANNUAL VARIATION; ENERGETIC PARTICLES; EVOLUTION; CYCLE AB Corotating interaction regions (CIRs) are regions of compressed plasma formed at the leading edges of corotating high-speed solar wind streams originating in coronal holes as they interact with the preceding slow solar wind. Although particularly prominent features of the solar wind during the declining and minimum phases of the 11-year solar cycle, they may also be present at times of higher solar activity. We describe how CIRs are formed, and their geomagnetic effects, which principally result from brief, southward interplanetary magnetic field excursions associated with Alfven waves. Seasonal and long-term variations in these effects are briefly discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Richardson, IG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012; OI Richardson, Ian/0000-0002-3855-3634 NR 88 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-432-0 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2006 VL 167 BP 45 EP 58 DI 10.1029/167GM06 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BFX14 UT WOS:000245238200004 ER PT S AU Tsurutani, BT Mannucci, AJ Iijima, BA Komjathy, A Saito, A Tsuda, T Verkhoglyadova, OP Gonzalez, WD Guamieri, FL AF Tsurutani, B. T. Mannucci, A. J. Iijima, B. A. Komjathy, A. Saito, A. Tsuda, T. Verkhoglyadova, O. P. Gonzalez, W. D. Guamieri, F. L. BE Tsurutani, B McPherron, R Gonzalez, W Lu, G Sobral, JHA Gopalswamy, N TI Dayside ionospheric (GPS) response to corotating solar wind streams SO Recurrent Magnetic Storms: Corotating Solar Wind Streams SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT America-Geophysical-Union-Chapman Conference CY FEB 06-12, 2005 CL Manaus, BRAZIL SP Amer Geophys Union Chapman ID DISTURBANCE DYNAMO; MAGNETIC STORMS; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; HILDCAA EVENTS; RAM PRESSURE; INTERPLANETARY; SUBSTORMS; AURORAS; SECTOR; SHOCKS AB The dayside ionospheric modifications associated with the three phases of corotating stream-generated magnetic storms (initial, main and recovery) are investigated. The high density heliospheric current sheet plasmasheet (HCSPS) pressure pulse impingements onto the magnetosphere, the collision of high magnetic field intensity corotating interaction regions (CIRs) onto the magnetosphere, and high speed stream Alfvenic interval ionospheric effects are all investigated using both GPS ground and satellite receiver data. The above results are compared with results associated with magnetic storms caused by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). The main effect found is that southward GSM Bz magnetic fields within CIRs cause an uplift of the dayside ionosphere with the consequence of enhanced ionospheric total electron content (TEC). This limited dayside effect is believed to be due to the variable magnetic field z-components within CIRs. Global dayside and nightside auroral zone ionospheric TEC enhancements are noted associated with the high solar wind Alfvenic intervals. Interpretation of our findings will be given, plus directions for future research in this new and emerging area of space weather. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-432-0 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2006 VL 167 BP 245 EP 270 DI 10.1029/167GM20 PG 26 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BFX14 UT WOS:000245238200018 ER PT S AU Ott, MN Jin, XL Chuska, R Friedberg, P Malenab, M Matuszeski, A AF Ott, Melanie N. Jin, Xiaodan Linda Chuska, Richard Friedberg, Patricia Malenab, Mary Matuszeski, Adam BE Limberger, HG Mattewson, MJ TI Space flight requirements for fiber optic components; Qualification testing and lessons learned - art. no. 619309 SO Reliability of Optical Fiber Components, Devices, Systems, and Networks III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Reliability of Optical Fiber Components, Devices, Systems, and Networks III CY APR 03-04, 2006 CL Strasbourg, FRANCE SP SPIE Europe, Conseil Gen Bas Rhin, Commun Urbaine Strasbourg, Reg Alsace, Alsace Dev Agcy, Comite Natl Opt Photon, COST, EU FrameworkProgramme, European Sci Fdn, Deutsch Gesell Angew Opt, European Opt Soc, ePIXnet, FlexiDis, ISIS, OLLA, NEMO, OPERA 2015, PHOREMOST, Photon Cluster, RhenaPhoton Alsace, Soc Italiana Ott Foton DE components; environmental; space; flight; qualification; photonic; fiber; optic; radiation AB "Qualification" of fiber optic components holds a very different meaning than it did ten years ago. In the past, qualification meant extensive prolonged testing and screening that led to a programmatic method of reliability assurance. For space flight programs today, the combination of using higher performance commercial technology, with shorter development schedules and fighter mission budgets makes long term testing and reliability characterization unfeasible. In many cases space flight missions will be using technology within years of its development and an example of this is fiber laser technology. Although the technology itself is not a new product the components that comprise a fiber laser system chance frequently as processes and packaging changes occur. Once a process or the materials for manufacturing a component change, even the data that existed on its predecessor can no longer provide assurance on the newer version. In order to assure reliability during a space flight mission, the component engineer must understand the requirements of the space flight environment as well as the physics of failure of the components themselves. This can be incorporated into an efficient and effective testing plan that "qualifies" a component to specific criteria defined by the program given the mission requirements and the component limitations. This requires interaction at the very initial stages of design between the system design engineer, mechanical engineer, subsystem engineer and the component hardware engineer. Although this is the desired interaction what typically occurs is that the subsystem engineer asks the components or development engineers to meet difficult requirements without knowledge of the current industry situation or the lack of qualification data. This is then passed on to the vendor who can provide little help with such a harsh set of requirements due to high cost of testing for space flight environments. This presentation is designed to guide the engineers of design, development and components, and vendors of commercial components with how to make an efficient and effective qualification test plan with some basic generic information about many space flight requirements. Issues related to the physics of failure, acceptance criteria and lessons learned will also be discussed to assist with understanding how to approach a space flight mission in an ever changing commercial photonics industry. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ott, MN (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 562, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6249-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6193 BP 19309 EP 19309 AR 619309 DI 10.1117/12.669880 PG 15 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BER15 UT WOS:000239004500012 ER PT S AU Haddad, Z AF Haddad, Ziad BE Krishnamurti, TN Goswami, BN Iwasaki, T TI A split-step IR-advection/model-convection approach to fill temporal gaps in the microwave remote sensing of precipitation - art. no. 64040H SO Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Interactions SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Interactions CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, ISRO, JAXA, NASA, NOAA, NICT, Natl Inst Oceanog, NPOESS, Sci & Technol Corp DE rain convection AB One of the most important problems in non-convection-resolving atmospheric circulation models is cumulus parametrization, i.e. the problem of determining, from the model's coarse-scale state variables, the triggering, vertical distribution and time scale of convective kinetic energy dissipation. One way to derive an empirically-verified parametrization scheme is to use intensive four-dimensional observations of tropical precipitation to compile the statistics of the joint behavior of the convective available potential energy (CAPE) on one hand and the resulting four-dimensional latent heating on the other hand. While tracking CAPE requires frequent soundings, tracking the latent heating is much harder because it requires frequent estimates of the vertical structure of precipitation: the latter can only be estimated from microwave remote sensing, which is only available in the form of infrequent (at best six-hourly) snapshots from low-Earth-orbiting satellites. The approach proposed in this paper seeks to remedy this problem by combining geo-stationary IR observations with a simplified vertical evolution model to fill-in the vast gaps in the microwave observations. The results will help in developing empirically verified convective parametrization schemes for use in large-scale atmospheric models, and in producing fine temporal-scale precipitation estimates which can be directly assimilated. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Haddad, Z (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6511-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6404 BP H4040 EP H4040 AR 64040H DI 10.1117/12.695133 PG 11 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFS77 UT WOS:000244386600011 ER PT S AU Yang, S Smith, EA Kuo, KS AF Yang, Song Smith, Eric A. Kuo, Kwo-Sen BE Krishnamurti, TN Goswami, BN Iwasaki, T TI Diurnal variability of precipitation from TRMM measurements SO REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING OF THE ATMOSPHERE, OCEANS, AND INTERACTIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Interactions CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, ISRO, JAXA, NASA, NOAA, NICT, Natl Inst Oceanog, NPOESS, Sci & Technol Corp DE TRMM; rainfall; precipitation; diurnal variability ID CYCLE; MODEL AB This investigation focuses on developing a better understanding of the assorted mechanisms controlling the global distribution of diurnal rainfall variability. The horizontal distributions of precipitation's diurnal cycle, based on eight years of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) measurements involving three TRMM standard algorithms, are analyzed in detail at various spatiotemporal scales. Results demonstrate the prominence of the late-evening to early-morning precipitation maxima over oceans and the mid- to late-afternoon maxima over continents, but also reveal a widespread distribution of secondary -maxima occurring over both oceans and continents, maxima which generally mirror their counterpart regime's behavior. That is, many ocean regions exhibit clear-cut secondary afternoon precipitation maxima while many continental areas exhibit just as evident secondary morning maxima. Notably, this investigation represents the first comprehensive study of these secondary maxima and their widespread nature when analyzed using a global precipitation dataset. The characteristics of the secondary maxima are thoroughly mapped and described on a global grid. In addition, a Fourier harmonic decomposition scheme is used to examine detailed amplitude and phase properties of the primary and secondary maxima -- as well as tertiary and quartern modes. Accordingly, the advantages, ambiguities, and pitfalls resulting from using harmonic analysis are also examined. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ysong@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6511-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6404 AR 64040I DI 10.1117/12.696275 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFS77 UT WOS:000244386600012 ER PT S AU Foster, JL Robinson, DA Hall, DK Estilow, T AF Foster, J. L. Robinson, D. A. Hall, D. K. Estilow, Tom BE Owe, M DUrso, G Neale, CMU Gouweleeuw, BT TI Satellite observations of the date of snowmelt at 60(circle) and 70(circle) north latitude - art. no. 635904 SO Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE DE snow cover; microwave; Arctic; north America; Eurasia ID ARCTIC TUNDRA; EXTENT; DISAPPEARANCE; VARIABILITY; TRENDS AB In this paper we show changes in the dates of snow disappearance in the Arctic between the late 1960s and the early 2000s, from arbitrary but consistent boundaries, using National Oceanic Atmospheric and Administration (NOAA) satellite observations. The date the snowline retreats during the spring (when it first moves north of the 60 degrees and 70 degrees parallels) has occurred approximately a week earlier in recent decades compared to the late 1960s, for many Arctic locations. During this same period, substantial portions of the Arctic have been experiencing higher temperatures and a conspicuous diminution of sea ice, especially in the past 10 years. Our results generally agree with these observations -- tendency toward earlier snowmelt was sustained until about 1990. Since that time, however, the date of snow disappearance has not been occurring noticeably earlier, and snow cover has actually been forming earlier in the autumn. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Proc, Washington, DC USA. RP Foster, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Proc, Washington, DC USA. RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6454-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6359 BP 35904 EP 35904 AR 635904 DI 10.1117/12.685126 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFO74 UT WOS:000243500100002 ER PT S AU Gouweleeuw, B Owe, M Holmes, T AF Gouweleeuw, B. Owe, M. Holmes, T. BE Owe, M DUrso, G Neale, CMU Gouweleeuw, BT TI Land surface modeling and satellite passive microwave imagery: a comparison of top soil moisture and surface temperature estimates SO Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE DE satellite passive microwave monitoring; land surface model; surface soil moisture; surface temperature; numerical weather prediction ID OPTICAL DEPTH RETRIEVAL; METHODOLOGY AB Improved accuracy in defining initial conditions for fully-coupled numerical weather prediction models (NWP) along with continuous internal bias corrections for baseline data generated by uncoupled Land Surface Models (LSM), is expected to lead to improved short-term to long-range weather forecasting capability. Because land surface parameters are highly integrated states, errors in land surface forcing, model physics and parameterization tend to accumulate in the land surface stores of these models, such as soil moisture and surface temperature. This has a direct effect on the model's water and energy balance calculations, and will eventually result in inaccurate weather predictions. Surface soil moisture and surface temperature estimates obtained with a recently improved retrieval algorithm from the Advanced Microwave Scanner Radiometer (AMSR) aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite are evaluated against model output of the Community Noah Land Surface Model operated within the Land Information System (LIS) forced with atmospheric data of the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS). The surface temperature retrievals and Noah LSM output are further evaluated against local measurements from the Mesonet observational grid in Oklahoma. Preliminary analysis presented here shows a potential to improve simulated surface temperature estimates of the Noah model by assimilating satellite derived surface temperature fields. The potential for updating (top) soil moisture seems to be more restricted, mainly as a result of the relatively thick top soil layer of the model as compared to the passive microwave emanation depth. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gouweleeuw, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gouweleeuw, Ben/A-8200-2012; Holmes, Thomas/F-4512-2010 OI Holmes, Thomas/0000-0002-4651-0079 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6454-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6359 BP U40 EP U47 DI 10.1117/12.690898 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFO74 UT WOS:000243500100005 ER PT S AU Luvall, JC Rickman, DL Gonzalez, J Schiller, S AF Luvall, Jeffrey C. Rickman, Douglas L. Gonzalez, Jorge Schiller, Steve BE Owe, M DUrso, G Neale, CMU Gouweleeuw, BT TI The use of atlas data to quantify surface radiative budget alteration through urbanization for San Juan, Puerto Rico SO Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE DE ATLAS; urban heat island; thermal infrared; urbanization; albedo; surface temperature AB The additional heating of the air over the city is the result of the replacement of naturally vegetated surfaces with those composed of asphalt, concrete, rooftops and other man-made materials. The temperatures of these artificial surfaces can be 20 to 40 degrees C higher than vegetated surfaces. This produces a dome of elevated air temperatures 5 to 8 degrees C greater over the city, compared to the air temperatures over adjacent rural areas. This effect is called the "urban heat island". Urban landscapes are a complex mixture of vegetated and non-vegetated surfaces. It is difficult to take enough temperature measurements over a large city area to. The use of remotely sensed data from airborne scanners is ideal to characterize the complexity of urban albedo and radiant surface temperatures. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Airborne Thermal and Land Applications Sensor (ATLAS) operates in the visual and IR bands was used in February 2004 to collect data from San Juan, Puerto Rico with the main objective of investigating the Urban Heat Island (UHI) in tropical cities. In this presentation we will examine the techniques of analyzing remotely sensed data for measuring the effect of various urban surfaces on their contribution to the urban heat island effect. C1 NASA, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Luvall, JC (reprint author), NASA, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. OI Rickman, Doug/0000-0003-3409-2882 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6454-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6359 BP U57 EP U66 DI 10.1117/12.689124 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFO74 UT WOS:000243500100007 ER PT S AU Owe, M de Jeu, R Holmes, T AF Owe, Manfred de Jeu, Richard Holmes, Thomas BE Owe, M DUrso, G Neale, CMU Gouweleeuw, BT TI Historical data set of satellite-derived global soil moisture and land surface temperature SO Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE DE microwave remote sensing; global soil moisture; land surface temperature; satellite retrievals; land surface modeling ID VEGETATION OPTICAL DEPTH; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; RETRIEVAL; METHODOLOGY AB A historical data set of continuous satellite derived global land surface moisture and land surface temperature is being developed Jointly by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The data will consist of surface soil moisture retrievals from observations of both historical and currently active satellite microwave sensors, including Nimbus-7 SMMR, DMSP SSM/I, TRMM TMI, and AQUA AMSR-E. The data sets will span the period from November 1978 through December 2005. The soil moisture retrievals are made with the Land Parameter Retrieval Model, which was developed jointly by researchers from the above institutions. The various sensors have some different technical specifications, including primary wavelength, radiometric resolution, and frequency of coverage. Consequently, the soil moisture sensing depth also varies between the different sensors. It is expected that the data will be made available for download by the general science community within about six months. Specifications and capabilities of different sensors and how they affect soil moisture retrievals are discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Owe, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Holmes, Thomas/F-4512-2010 OI Holmes, Thomas/0000-0002-4651-0079 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6454-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6359 BP U67 EP U74 DI 10.1117/12.695435 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFO74 UT WOS:000243500100008 ER PT S AU Chu, DA AF Chu, D. Allen BE CHu, A Szykman, J Kondragunta, S TI Analysis of the relationship between MODIS aerosol optical depth and PM(2.5) in the summertime US SO REMOTE SENSING OF AEROSOL AND CHEMICAL GASES, MODEL SIMULATION / ASSIMILATION, AND APPLICATIONS TO AIR QUALITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of Aerosol and Chemical Gases, Model Simulation/Assimilation, and Applications to Air Quality CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE satellite remote sensing; aerosol optical depth; surface PM(2.5) measurements; air quality ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; QUALITY; VALIDATION; AIRBORNE; MODEL; LAND AB MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) product provides a quantitative measure of columnar aerosol abundance over both land and ocean. The satellite-derived AOD has shown to correlate with surfaced-measured PM(2.5) (particulate matter particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 mu m) concentration. The timely MODIS AOD product from direct broadcasting facilitates near real-time (1-2 hours after satellite overpass) monitoring of PM distribution and movement over the continental US-the Infusing Satellite into Environmental Application (IDEA) (http://idea.ssec.wisc.edu). Many questions, however, are raised in regard to correlation between AOD and PM(2.5). In this paper, we characterize the correlation between MODIS AOD and surface-measured PM2.5 in different conditions and introduce mean absolute error as a second measure to help assess satellite derived AOD for air quality application. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Chu, DA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, 5523 Res Pk Dr,Suite 320, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RI Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010 OI Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6378-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6299 AR 629903 DI 10.1117/12.678841 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI36 UT WOS:000241988200002 ER PT S AU De Young, R Szykman, J Severance, K Chu, DA Rosen, R Al-Saadi, J AF De Young, Russell Szykman, James Severance, Kurt Chu, D. Allen Rosen, Rebecca Al-Saadi, Jassim BE CHu, A Szykman, J Kondragunta, S TI Aerosol lidar and MODIS satellite comparisons for future aerosol loading forecast SO REMOTE SENSING OF AEROSOL AND CHEMICAL GASES, MODEL SIMULATION / ASSIMILATION, AND APPLICATIONS TO AIR QUALITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of Aerosol and Chemical Gases, Model Simulation/Assimilation, and Applications to Air Quality CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE aerosols; lidar; MODIS satellite; aerosol forecast ID AIR-QUALITY AB Knowledge of the concentration and distribution of atmospheric aerosols using both airborne lidar and satellite instruments is a field of active research. An aircraft based aerosol lidar has been used to study the distribution of atmospheric aerosols in the California Central Valley and eastern US coast. Concurrently, satellite aerosol retrievals, from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, were take over the Central Valley. The MODIS Level 2 aerosol data product provides retrieved ambient aerosol optical properties (e.g., optical depth (AOD) and size distribution) globally over ocean and land at a spatial resolution of 10 km. The Central Valley topography was overlaid with MODIS AOD (5 x 5 km(2) resolution) and the aerosol scattering vertical profiles from a lidar flight. Backward air parcel trajectories for the lidar data show that air from the Pacific and northern part of the Central Valley converge confining the aerosols to the lower valley region and below the mixed layer. Below an altitude of 1 km, the lidar aerosol and MODIS AOD exhibit good agreement. Both data sets indicate a high presence of aerosols near Bakersfield and the Tehachapi Mountains. These and other results to be presented indicate that the majority of the aerosols are below the mixed layer such that the MODIS AOD should correspond well with surface measurements. Lidar measurements will help interpret satellite AOD retrievals so that one day they can be used on a routine basis for prediction of boundary layer aerosol pollution events. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP De Young, R (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, MS401A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM russell.j.deyoung@nasa.gov RI Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010 OI Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6378-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6299 AR 629905 DI 10.1117/12.680587 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BFI36 UT WOS:000241988200004 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Chahine, MT Aumann, HH Tian, BJ Lee, SY Olsen, ET Lambrigtsen, B Fetzer, E Irion, FW Fu, X McMillan, W Strow, L Barnet, C Goldberg, M Susskind, J Blaisdell, J AF Pagano, Thomas S. Chahine, Moustafa T. Aumann, Hartmut H. Tian, Baijun Lee, Sung-Yung Olsen, Edward T. Lambrigtsen, Bjorn Fetzer, Eric Irion, F. W. Fu, Xiouhua McMillan, Wallace Strow, Larrabee Barnet, Chris Goldberg, Mitch Susskind, Joel Blaisdell, John BE Slusser, JR Schafer, K Comeron, A TI Climate research with the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder SO REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUDS AND THE ATMOSPHERE XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XI CY SEP 11-14, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE atmosphere; infrared; remote sounding; weather forecasting; climate models; minor gases AB The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) sounding suite, launched in 2002, is the most advanced atmospheric sounding system to date, with measurement accuracies far surpassing those of current operational weather satellites. From its sun-synchronous polar orbit, the AIRS system provides more than 300,000 all-weather soundings covering more than 90% of the globe every 24 hours. Usage of AIRS data products - available to all through the archive system operated by NASA - is spreading throughout the atmospheric and climate research community. An ongoing validation effort has confirmed that the system is very accurate and stable and is close to meeting the goal of providing global temperature soundings with an accuracy of 1 K per 1-km layer and water vapor soundings with an accuracy of 20% throughout the troposphere - surpassing the accuracy of radiosondes. This unprecedented data set is currently used for operational weather prediction in a number of countries, yielding significant positive impact on forecast accuracy and range. It is also enabling more detailed investigations of current issues in atmospheric and climate research. In addition to the basic soundings related to the hydrologic cycle, AIRS also measures a number of trace gases - the latest such product being the global distribution of carbon dioxide. We discuss some examples of recent research with AIRS data.. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010; Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6457-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6362 DI 10.1117/12.689148 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BFQ80 UT WOS:000243894900040 ER PT S AU Zhou, DK Smith, WL Cuomo, V Taylor, JP Barnet, CD Di Girolamo, P Pappalardo, G Larar, AM Liu, X Newman, SM Lee, C Mango, SA AF Zhou, Daniel K. Smith, William L. Cuomo, Vincenzo Taylor, Jonathan P. Barnet, Christopher D. Di Girolamo, Paolo Pappalardo, Gelsomina Larar, Allen M. Liu, Xu Newman, Stuart M. Lee, Clare Mango, Stephen A. BE Slusser, JR Schafer, K Comeron, A TI AIRS retrieval validation during the EAQUATE SO REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUDS AND THE ATMOSPHERE XI SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XI CY SEP 11-14, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE remote sensing; retrieval; validation; AIRS; NAST-I; ARIES; LIDAR ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EMISSIVITY; AIRS/AMSU/HSB; EXTINCTION; PRODUCTS; LIDAR AB Atmospheric and surface thermodynamic parameters retrieved with advanced hyperspectral remote sensors of Earth observing satellites are critical for weather prediction and scientific research. The retrieval algorithms and retrieved parameters from satellite sounders must be validated to demonstrate the capability and accuracy of both observation and data processing systems. The European AQUA Thermodynamic Experiment (EAQUATE) was conducted mainly for validation of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) on the AQUA satellite, but also for assessment of validation systems of both ground-based and aircraft-based instruments which will be used for other satellite systems such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the European MetOp satellite, the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) from the NPOESS Preparatory Project and the following NPOESS series of satellites. Detailed inter-comparisons were conducted and presented using different retrieval methodologies: measurements from airborne ultraspectral Fourier transform spectrometers, aircraft in-situ instruments, dedicated dropsondes and radiosondes, and ground based Raman Lidar, as well as from the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) modeled thermal structures. The results of this study not only illustrate the quality of the measurements and retrieval products but also demonstrate the capability of these validation systems which are put in place to validate current and future hyperspectral sounding instruments and their scientific products. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Zhou, DK (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM Daniel.K.Zhou@NASA.G0V RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010; Taylor, Jonathan/B-3786-2013 NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6457-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6362 DI 10.1117/12.689024 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BFQ80 UT WOS:000243894900050 ER PT S AU Diner, DJ Davies, R Kahn, R Martonchik, J Gaitley, B Davis, A AF Diner, David J. Davies, Roger Kahn, Ralph Martonchik, John Gaitley, Barbara Davis, Ab BE Tsay, SC Nakajima, T Singh, RP Sridharan, R TI Current and future advances in optical multiangle remote sensing of aerosols and clouds based on Terra/MISR experience - art. no. 640801 SO Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, Indian Space Res Org, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, NASA, NOAA, NICT, Natl Inst Oceanog, NPOESS, Sci & Technol Corp DE MISR; Terra; aerosols; clouds; multiangle; remote sensing ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MISR; RETRIEVAL; OCEAN; SENSITIVITY; AERONET; DEPTH; NETWORK; HEIGHT; LAND AB Through acquisition of well-calibrated near-nadir and oblique-angle imagery (0 degrees-70 degrees zenith angles) at moderately high spatial resolution (275 m-1.1 km), the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) experiment aboard NASA's Terra satellite has taken atmospheric remote sensing in new directions. Retrieval algorithms that were largely conceptual prior to Terra launch in 1999 have led to publicly available aerosol and cloud products with direct application to global climate and particulate air quality research. Automated algorithms making use of stereoscopic parallax, time lapse among the nine angular views, and the variation in radiance with view angle, scattering angle, and wavelength (446-866 nm) make possible unique data sets including geometric cloud and aerosol plume heights derived independently of emissivity or temperature assumptions; height-resolved cloud-tracked winds; and aerosol optical depth and particle type over a wide variety of surfaces including bright desert source regions. To illustrate these capabilities, examples of regional and global MISR data products, quantitative evaluations of product accuracies based on comparisons with independent data sources, and time series showing seasonal and interannual variations are presented here. Future sensor improvements aimed at building upon MISR heritage, including expanding the spectral coverage to ultraviolet and shortwave infrared wavelengths, adding polarization channels, and widening the sensor swath, are also discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Diner, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Davies, Roger/D-4296-2009; Kahn, Ralph/D-5371-2012 OI Davies, Roger/0000-0002-2991-0409; Kahn, Ralph/0000-0002-5234-6359 NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6515-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6408 BP 40801 EP 40801 AR 640801 DI 10.1117/12.698008 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BFS84 UT WOS:000244436900001 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Aumann, HH Chahine, MT Manning, E Friedman, S Broberg, SE Licata, SJ Elliott, DA Irion, FW Kahn, BH Fishbein, E Olsen, E Granger, S Susskind, J Keita, F Blaisdell, J Strow, L DeSouza-Machado, S Barnet, C AF Pagano, Thomas S. Aumann, Hartmut H. Chahine, Moustafa T. Manning, Evan Friedman, Steve Broberg, Steven E. Licata, Stephen J. Elliott, Denis A. Irion, Fredrick W. Kahn, Brian H. Fishbein, Evan Olsen, Edward Granger, Stephanie Susskind, Joel Keita, Fricky Blaisdell, John Strow, Larrabee DeSouza-Machado, Sergio Barnet, Chris BE Tsay, SC Nakajima, T Singh, RP Sridharan, R TI Version 5 product improvements from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) - art. no. 640808 SO Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, Indian Space Res Org, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, NASA, NOAA, NICT, Natl Inst Oceanog, NPOESS, Sci & Technol Corp DE AIRS; AMSU; EOS; atmosphere; NASA AB The AIRS instrument was launched in May 2002 into a polar sun-synchronous orbit onboard the EOS Aqua Spacecraft. Since then we have released three versions of the AIRS data product to the scientific community. AIRS, in conjunction with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), produces temperature profiles with 1K/km accuracy on a global scale, as well as water vapor profiles and trace gas amounts. The first version of software, Version 2.0 was available to scientists shortly after launch with Version 3.0 released to the public in June 2003. Like all AIRS product releases, all products are accessible to the public in order to have the best user feedback on issues that appear in the data. Fortunately the products have had exceptional accuracy and stability. This paper presents the improvement between AIRS Version 4.0 and Version 5.0 products and shows examples of the new products available in Version 5.0. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RI Barnet, Christopher/F-5573-2010 NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6515-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6408 BP 40808 EP 40808 AR 640808 DI 10.1117/12.696561 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BFS84 UT WOS:000244436900006 ER PT S AU Holben, BN Eck, TF Slutsker, I Smirnov, A Sinyuk, A Schafer, J Giles, D Dubovik, O AF Holben, B. N. Eck, T. F. Slutsker, I. Smirnov, A. Sinyuk, A. Schafer, J. Giles, D. Dubovik, O. BE Tsay, SC Nakajima, T Singh, RP Sridharan, R TI AERONET's Version 2.0 quality assurance criteria - art. no. 64080Q SO Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, Indian Space Res Org, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, NASA, NOAA, NICT, Natl Inst Oceanog, NPOESS, Sci & Technol Corp DE AERONET; aerosol retrievals; quality assurance; criteria; remote sensing ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; DEPTH; SUN AB The AERONET inversion products provide powerful information for understanding column integrated aerosol properties particularly given the wide global distribution of sites and the 13 year record for some sites. Significant evolution of the instrument, data quality, ancillary input data and inversion algorithm has necessitated release of Version 2.0 and establishment of criteria for quality assured products. This paper documents version 1.0 quality assurance criteria and the analysis of the entire retrieval record available for the Version 2.0 to revise the quality assured criteria. The result is an improvement in the number and quality of aerosol inversion parameters for most sites through the entire AERONET data record. C1 GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Holben, BN (reprint author), GSFC, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009; ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304; NR 10 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6515-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6408 BP Q4080 EP Q4080 AR 64080Q DI 10.1117/12.706524 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BFS84 UT WOS:000244436900016 ER PT S AU Bhartia, PK Levelt, PF Tamminen, J Torres, O AF Bhartia, Pawan K. Levelt, Pieternel F. Tamminen, Johanna Torres, Omar CA OMI Science Team BE Tsay, SC Nakajima, T Singh, RP Sridharan, R TI Recent results from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on EOS Aura - art. no. 64080Y SO Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds CY NOV 13-16, 2006 CL Goa, INDIA SP SPIE, Indian Space Res Org, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, NASA, NOAA, NICT, Natl Inst Oceanog, NPOESS, Sci & Technol Corp DE ultraviolet remote sensing; OMI; pollution; air quality; ozone; aerosols; nitrogen dioxide; smoke; dust ID SURFACE UV IRRADIANCE; SATELLITE ESTIMATION; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; OBJECTIVES; GOME AB The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is first-of-its-kind hyperspectral instrument that employs two dimensional UV-enhanced CCD's to measure radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere from 270-500 nm at high spectral resolution (0.45-0.63 nm), and with higher spatial resolution compared to the predecessor instruments (TOMS, SBUV, GOME, and SCIAMACHY). OMI is a Dutch-Finnish contribution to the NASA EOS Aura satellite, which was launched on 15 July 2004. The hyperspectral capability of OMI allows one to measure several trace gases in the boundary layer (NO2, SO2, HCHO, BrO) at urban scale resolution. In addition, OMI continues the 28-year record of data collected by the TOMS-series of instruments since Nov 1978, and SBUV-series of instruments since April 1970. These products include ozone profile, total column ozone, tropospheric column ozone, volcanic SO2, and daily global maps of UV-absorbing aerosols. In this paper we discuss recent results from OMI, focusing on OMI products related to air quality over the Asian-Pacific region. OMI has the unique capability of seeing transport of dust and smoke above clouds. Recent refinements to the algorithm are providing estimate of aerosol absorption, important for estimating the solar radiation reaching the ground. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bhartia, PK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, MC613-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; Bhartia, Pawan/A-4209-2016 OI Bhartia, Pawan/0000-0001-8307-9137 NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6515-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6408 BP Y4080 EP Y4080 AR 64080Y DI 10.1117/12.706521 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BFS84 UT WOS:000244436900022 ER PT S AU Smith, MAH AF Smith, Mary Ann H. BE Perrin, A SariZizi, NB Demaison, J TI Recent results on infrared molecular line broadening and shift parameters SO REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE FOR ENVRIONMENTAL SECURITY SE NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C-Environmental Security LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere for Environmental Security CY NOV 16-19, 2005 CL Rabat, MOROCCO SP NATO DE infrared spectroscopy; remote sensing; line parameters; databases ID NU(3) ROVIBRATIONAL TRANSITIONS; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; MULTISPECTRUM ANALYSIS; SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE; FITTING TECHNIQUE; ABSORPTION-LINES; SPECTRAL REGION; NU(2) BAND; O-3 LINES; NU-3 BAND AB Infrared instruments designed to monitor atmospheric pollutants from space use observed radiances in specific spectral regions for retrievals of global distributions and atmospheric concentration profiles of the gases of interest, including CO, CH4, O-3, HCN, NO2 and H2O. However, particularly for the troposphere, errors in the spectral line broadening and shift parameters and in the line shape models used in the "forward calculation" can contribute significantly to the total errors in retrievals of atmospheric gas concentration profiles. Line parameters in the HITRAN database for many of the gases mentioned above were significantly updated in the 2000 and 2004 editions. Nevertheless, uncertainties remain in some spectral regions, particularly in the understanding of line shapes, line mixing, and the temperature dependences of line broadening and shift parameters. The recent updates of broadening and shift parameters in the spectroscopic databases are reviewed, and new laboratory results are discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Smith, MAH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM Mary.Ann.H.Smith@nasa.gov NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-4668 BN 1-4020-5088-7 J9 NATO SCI PEACE SECUR JI NATO Sci. Peace Secur. Ser. C- Environ. Secur. PY 2006 BP 185 EP 201 DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-5090-9_12 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BFO66 UT WOS:000243470300012 ER PT S AU Drouin, BJ AF Drouin, Brian J. BE Perrin, A SariZizi, NB Demaison, J TI Rotational spectroscopy at the jet propulsion laboratory SO Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere for Envrionmental Security SE Nato Science for Peace and Security Series C - Environmental Security LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere for Environmental Security CY NOV 16-19, 2005 CL Rabat, MOROCCO SP NATO DE remote sensing; rotational spectroscopy; catalog; lineshape; linewidth; frequency multiplication ID PRESSURE-INDUCED LINESHAPE; LINE POSITIONS; GROUND-STATE; SUBMILLIMETER; MILLIMETER; WATER; TRANSITIONS; SPECTRUM; CM(-1); OZONE AB Environmental monitoring, atmospheric remote sensing and astrophysical studies promoted by NASA require a strong basis of spectroscopic information. The rotational spectroscopy capabilities at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are currently maintained for the measurement of key mission priorities that enable modeling and retrieval of geophysical data from the atmosphere as well as validation of the space-borne instruments in the Earth Observing System, particularly the Microwave Limb Sounder. Rotational spectra are measured using a variety of spectroscopic techniques including pulsed-beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy (at CalTech); millimeter wavelength Stark spectroscopy; millimeter, submillimeter and THz FM spectroscopy; laser sideband spectroscopy and Fourier Transform far-infrared spectroscopy. Remote measurements of atmospheric rotational spectra are made using two limb-sounder instruments in the submillimeter and THz. Recent advances in the direct synthesis of THz radiation enables efficient laboratory science. Software for comprehensive and systematic study of different molecular systems is maintained at JPL, the software is freely available via http://spec.jpl.nasa.gov and is used by our group to create and sustain the JPL spectral line catalog also available online. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91016 USA. RP Drouin, BJ (reprint author), MS 183-301,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91016 USA. NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-4668 BN 1-4020-5088-7 J9 NATO SCI PEACE SECUR PY 2006 BP 257 EP 269 DI 10.1007/978-1-4020-5090-9_16 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BFO66 UT WOS:000243470300016 ER PT S AU Huddleston, LH Bostater, CR AF Huddleston, Lisa H. Bostater, Charles R., Jr. BE Bostater, CR Neyt, X Mettikas, SP VelezReyes, M TI A sensitivity analysis of irradiance reflectance calculated from the modified two-flow equations with shape factors to various model inputs SO Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, and Large Water Regions 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, and Large Water Regions 2006 CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe, NASA, European Opt Soc DE hyperspectral remote sensing; shape factors; modeling; simulation; water surface reflectance; absorption; backscatter; bottom types; bottom reflectance; water quality; hydrologic optics AB A sensitivity analysis of the irradiance reflectance calculated from the modified two-flow equations (Bostater, et al., and Bostater et al, 2002) to various model inputs is addressed. The modified two-flow equation approximate of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) with a collimated or specular component is used to calculate the sensitivity of the calculated irradiance reflectance on the inclusion of solar zenith angle, wind speed, shape factors, chlorophyll-a concentration, water depth, and bottom type. C1 NASA, Dept PHHI, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Huddleston, LH (reprint author), Florida Inst Technol, Marine & Environm Opt Lab, Ctr Remote Sensing, 150 W Univ Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6455-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6360 BP U154 EP U172 DI 10.1117/12.690087 PG 19 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BFO61 UT WOS:000243465000015 ER PT S AU Chu, CW Baskin, WE Pao, JZ Nelson, ML AF Chu, Churngwei Baskin, Walter E. Pao, Juliet Z. Nelson, Michael L. BE Gonzalo, J Thanos, C Verdejo, MF Carrasco, RC TI OAI-PMH architecture for the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center SO RESEARCH AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR DIGITAL LIBRARIES SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries CY SEP 17-22, 2006 CL Alicante, SPAIN SP DELOS Network Excellence Digital Libraries, Grp Santander, Minist Educ & Ciencia, Patronato Municipal Turismo Alicante, Red Investigac Bibliotecas Digitales, Fdn Biblioteca Miguel Cervantes, Univ Alciante, Dept Lenguajes & Sistemas Informat, UNED AB We present the architectural decisions involved in adding an Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) interface to the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC). We review four possible implementation strategies and discuss the implications of our choice. The ASDC differs from most OAI-PMH implementations because of its complex data model, large size (1.3 petabytes) of its Earth Science data holdings and its rate of data acquisition (> 20 terabytes/month). C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Chu, CW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM c.chu@larc.nasa.gov; w.e.baskin@larc.nasa.gov; j.z.pao@larc.nasa.gov; mln@cs.odu.edu NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-44636-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4172 BP 524 EP 527 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA BFD07 UT WOS:000241101500059 ER PT B AU Kuiper, TBH Hofstadter, MD Levin, SM MacLaren, D AF Kuiper, T. B. H. Hofstadter, M. D. Levin, S. M. MacLaren, D. BE Backer, DC Turner, JL Moran, JM TI Interstellar molecules in K-12 education SO Revealing the Molecular Universe: One Antenna is Never Enough: IN HONOR OF THE ACADEMIC RETIREMENT OF JACK WELCH SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Revealing the Molecular Universe - One Antenna is Never Enough CY SEP 09-10, 2005 CL Univ Berkeley, Berkeley, CA HO Univ Berkeley AB The Lewis Center for Educational Research (LCER) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) collaborate in a K-12 educational project in which students conduct observations for several research programs led by radio astronomers. The Goldstone-Apple Valley Radio Telescope (CAVRT) program provides participating teachers with curriculum elements, based on the students' observing experiences, which support national and state academic standards. The current program is based on 2.2-GHz and 8.4-GHz radiometric observa'tions of variable sources. The research programs monitor Jupiter, Uranus, and a selected set of quasars. The telescope is a decommissioned NASA Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, California. In the next three years, a second telescope will be added. This telescope will at least operate at the above frequencies as well as 6 GHz and 12 GHz. Possibly, it will operate in a continuous band from 1.2 GHz to 14 GHz. In either case, the telescope will be able to observe at least the 6.6-GHz and 12.2-GHz methanol maser lines. The success of the GAVRT program depends critically on the participation of scientists committed to the research who have the ability and enthusiasm for interacting with K-12 students, typically through teleconferences. The scientists will initially work with the LCER. staff to create curriculum elements around their observing program. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Lewis Ctr Educat Res, Apple Valley, CA USA. RP Kuiper, TBH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 978-1-583812-24-2 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2006 VL 356 BP 261 EP 265 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGA64 UT WOS:000245811400028 ER PT S AU Generazio, ER AF Generazio, ER BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI The national aeronautics and space administration nondestructive evaluation program for safe and reliable operations SO Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vols 25A and 25B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive testing; nondestructive inspection; on-orbit; space shuttle; space station; quality assurance; warrant AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Program is presented. As a result of the loss of seven astronauts and the Space Shuttle Columbia on February 1, 2003, NASA has undergone many changes in its organization. NDE is one of the key areas that are recognized by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) that needed to be strengthened by warranting NDE as a discipline with Independent Technical Authority (iTA). The current NASA NDE system and activities are presented including the latest developments in inspection technologies being applied to the Space Transportation System (STS). The unfolding trends and directions in NDE for the future are discussed as they apply to assuring safe and reliable operations. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Generazio, ER (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 3 EP 21 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600001 ER PT S AU Zoughi, R Kharkovsky, S Hepburn, FL AF Zoughi, R Kharkovsky, S Hepburn, FL BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI y Microwave and millimeter wave testing for the inspection of the space shuttle spray on foam insulation (SOFI) and the acreage heat tiles SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 25A AND 25B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE SOFI; heat tiles; millimeter waves AB The utility of microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) methods, for testing the Space Shuttle's external fuel tank spray on foam insulation (SOFI) and the acreage heat tiles has been investigated during the past two years. Millimeter wave NDE techniques are capable of producing internal images of SOFI. This paper presents the results of testing several diverse panels with embedded voids and debonds at millimeter wave frequencies. Additionally, the results of testing a set of heat tiles are also presented. Finally, the attributes of these methods as well as the advantageous features associated with these systems are also provided. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Appl Microwave Nondestruct Testing Lab, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Appl Microwave Nondestruct Testing Lab, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM zoughi@ece.umr.edu FU NASA George C.Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL FX This work was supported through a cooperative agreement from NASA George C.Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL. The authors are also grateful to Mr. James L. Walker (NASA MSFC) for providing the panels and many insightful discussions. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 439 EP 446 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600055 ER PT S AU Melapudi, VR Udpa, L Udpa, SS Winfree, WP AF Melapudi, VR Udpa, L Udpa, SS Winfree, WP BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Ray-tracing model for Terahertz imaging of SOFI inspection SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 25A AND 25B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE Terahertz Imaging; Ray tracing model; SOR inspection; iterative inversion ID PROPAGATION; DOMAIN; TIME AB Significant advances made in the field of Terahertz Imaging have captured the attention of many applications including industrial NDE, biomedical imaging and homeland security. The NASA spray on foam insulation (SOFI) inspection is one such critical application were Terahertz imaging is used to detect disbonds and delamination between SOR and the substrate metal (external tank). This paper discusses modeling aspects of the high frequency inspection system. The feasibility of using a simple ray-tracing model is studied. The efficiency of the model is demonstrated by comparing the model prediction with experimental measurements and further using it in an iterative inverse problem scheme for defect reconstruction. C1 Michigan State Univ, NDEL, ECE, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Michigan State Univ, NDEL, ECE, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM vikramr@msu.edu; william.p.vvinfree@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 477 EP 483 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600060 ER PT S AU Nair, NV Melapudi, VR Vemulapalli, P Ramakrishnan, S Udpa, SS Winfree, WP AF Nair, NV Melapudi, VR Vemulapalli, P Ramakrishnan, S Udpa, SS Winfree, WP BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI A wavelet based signal processing technique for image enhancement in terahertz imaging data SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 25A AND 25B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE terahertz imaging; signal processing; wavelets; SOFI (Spray on Foam Insulation) inspection AB Terahertz imaging is a relatively new technique for sub-surface imaging using radiations in the spectral range between 0.1 to 10 THz. The technique has been used to image artificially induced inserts simulating disbonds in metal-foam interfaces and has shown significant promise as a possible non destructive evaluation technique for evaluating the bonding quality of foam. The data in these cases is obtained by scanning across a surface on top of the foam coated on metal structures and collecting the time signal in a window of interest at each point in the scan plane. Proper data processing and visualization techniques become critical in being able to detect the disbonds and delaminations that, additionally, become convoluted due to the wide variety of artifacts and support structures that occur on the metal substrates. In this work we discuss a wavelet based signal enhancement algorithm that provides an effective scheme for visualizing the imaging data and provides a very high contrast between disbonded areas and normal substrate. The technique also shows promise as a first step towards automatic detection and classification of the disbonds. Some preliminary results, obtained on data collected using simulated disbonds that demonstrate the usefulness of the algorithm will be presented C1 Michigan State Univ, NDEL, ECE, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. CNDE, Indian Inst Technol, Dept Mech Engn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Michigan State Univ, NDEL, ECE, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 492 EP 499 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600062 ER PT S AU Anastasi, RF Madaras, EI AF Anastasi, RF Madaras, EI BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Terahertz NDE for under paint corrosion detection and evaluation SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 25A AND 25B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE terahertz NDE; corrosion; paint; surface roughness AB Corrosion under paint is not visible until it has caused paint to blister, crack, or chip. If corrosion is allowed to continue then structural problems may develop. Identifying corrosion before it becomes visible would minimize repairs and costs and potential structural problems. Terahertz NDE imaging under paint for corrosion is being examined as a method to inspect for corrosion by examining the terahertz response to paint thickness and to surface roughness. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, USA, Res Lab,Veh Technol Directorate,AMSRD ARL VT SM, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestructive Evaluat Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, USA, Res Lab,Veh Technol Directorate,AMSRD ARL VT SM, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 515 EP 522 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600065 ER PT S AU Wincheski, B Simpson, J AF Wincheski, B Simpson, J BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Application of eddy current techniques for orbiter reinforced carbon-carbon structural health monitoring SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 25A AND 25B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE eddy current; reinforced carbon-carbon; space shuttle AB The development and application of advanced nondestructive evaluation techniques for the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) components of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Leading Edge Structural Subsystem (LESS) were identified as a crucial step toward returning the shuttle fleet to service. In order to help meet this requirement, eddy current techniques have been developed for application to RCC components. Eddy current technology has been found to be particularly useful for measuring the protective coating thickness over the reinforced carbon-carbon and for the identification of near surface cracking and voids in the RCC matrix. Testing has been performed on as manufactured and flown RCC components with both actual and fabricated defects representing impact and oxidation damage. Encouraging initial results have led to the development of two separate eddy current systems for in-situ RCC inspections in the orbiter processing facility. Each of these systems has undergone blind validation testing on a full scale leading edge panel, and recently transitioned to Kennedy Space Center to be applied as a part of a comprehensive RCC inspection strategy to be performed in the orbiter processing facility after each shuttle flight. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 1082 EP 1089 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600139 ER PT S AU Case, JT Robbins, J Kharkovsky, S Hepburn, F Zoughi, R AF Case, JT Robbins, J Kharkovsky, S Hepburn, F Zoughi, R BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Microwave and millimeter wave imaging of the space shuttle external fuel tank spray on foam insulation (SOFI) using synthetic aperture focusing techniques (SAFT) SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 25A AND 25B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE microwave holography; SAFT; SOFI AB The Space Shuttle Columbia's catastrophic failure is thought to have been caused by a dislodged piece of external tank spray on foam insulation (SOFI) striking the left wing of the orbiter causing significant damage to some of the reinforced carbon/carbon leading edge wing panels. Microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive evaluation methods have shown great potential for inspecting SOFI for the purpose of detecting anomalies such as small air voids that may cause separation of the SOFI from the external tank during a launch. These methods are capable of producing relatively high-resolution images of the interior of SOFI particularly when advanced imaging algorithms are incorporated into the overall system. To this end, synthetic aperture focusing techniques (SAFT) are being developed. This paper presents some of the preliminary results of this investigation using SAFT-based methods and microwave holography at relatively low frequencies illustrating their potential capabilities for operation at millimeter wave frequencies. C1 Univ Missouri, Appl Microwave Nondestruct Testing Lab, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Univ Missouri, Appl Microwave Nondestruct Testing Lab, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM jtc8rd@umr.edu; zoughi@ece.umr.edu FU NASA Marshall Space Flight Center FX Funding for this work was provided by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center through a Cooperative Agreement. The authors are also grateful to Mr. James. L. Walker for many insightful discussions on the nature of SOFI. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 1546 EP 1553 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600200 ER PT S AU Madaras, EI Prosser, WH Studor, G Gorman, MR Ziola, SM AF Madaras, EI Prosser, WH Studor, G Gorman, MR Ziola, SM BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Structural health monitoring of the space shuttle's wing leading edge SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 25A AND 25B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Review of Process in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 31-AUG 05, 2005 CL Brunswick, ME DE integrated health monitoring; impact detection; acoustic detection AB In a response to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board's recommendations following the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003, NASA developed methods to monitor the orbiters while in flight so that on-orbit repairs could be made before reentry if required. One method that NASA investigated was an acoustic based impact detection system. A large array of ground tests successfully demonstrated the capability to detect and localize impact events on the Shuttle's wing structure. Subsequently, a first generation impact sensing system was developed and deployed on the Shuttle Discovery, the first Shuttle scheduled for return to flight. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Code ES2, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Digital Wave Corp, Centennial, CO 80111 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 231, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0312-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 820 BP 1756 EP 1763 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDY94 UT WOS:000236275600227 ER PT J AU Rovey, JL Walker, MLR Gallimore, AD Peterson, PY AF Rovey, JL Walker, MLR Gallimore, AD Peterson, PY TI Magnetically filtered Faraday probe for measuring the ion current density profile of a Hall thruster SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID PLUMES AB The ability of a magnetically filtered Faraday probe (MFFP) to obtain the ion current density profile of a Hall thruster is investigated. The MFFP is designed to eliminate the collection of low-energy, charge-exchange (CEX) ions by using a variable magnetic field as an ion filter. In this study, a MFFP, Faraday probe with a reduced acceptance angle (BFP), and nude Faraday probe are used to measure the ion current density profile of a 5 kW Hall thruster operating over the range of 300-500 V and 5-10 mg/s. The probes are evaluated on a xenon propellant Hall thruster in the University of Michigan Large Vacuum Test Facility at operating pressures within the range of 4.4x10(-4) Pa Xe (3.3x10(-6) Torr Xe) to 1.1x10(-3) Pa Xe (8.4x10(-6) Torr Xe) in order to study the ability of the Faraday probe designs to filter out CEX ions. Detailed examination of the results shows that the nude probe measures a greater ion current density profile than both the MFFP and BFP over the range of angular positions investigated for each operating condition. The differences between the current density profiles obtained by each probe are attributed to the ion filtering systems employed. Analysis of the results shows that the MFFP, operating at a +5 A solenoid current, provides the best agreement with flight-test data and across operating pressures. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Michigan, Plasmadynam & Elect Propuls Lab, Dept Aerosp Engn, Coll Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Rovey, JL (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Plasmadynam & Elect Propuls Lab, Dept Aerosp Engn, Coll Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM jrovey@umich.edu NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 77 IS 1 AR 013503 DI 10.1063/1.2149006 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 007OQ UT WOS:000234979400010 ER PT J AU Urgiles, E Toda, R Wilcox, JZ AF Urgiles, E Toda, R Wilcox, JZ TI Surface elemental analysis in ambient atmosphere using electron-induced x-ray fluorescence SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article AB The progress in the development of the atmospheric electron x-ray spectrometer (AEXS) is described. The AEXS is a surface analysis tool based on excitation of characteristic x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra from samples in ambient atmospheres using a focused electron beam. Operation in ambient atmospheres with moderate-to-high spatial resolution in comparison to similar instruments is obtained through the use of a thin electron-transmissive membrane to isolate the vacuum of the electron probe, obviating the need for the samples to be drawn into the probe vacuum. Our initial setup that was used for the demonstration of the ability of the transmitted electrons to excite the XRF spectra in the external atmosphere consisted of an actively pumped chamber from within which the electrons were transmitted-not a portable instrument. The AEXS instrument that has been assembled in our laboratory during the past year consists of a miniature 20 keV electron microprobe that is vacuum sealed with a thin SiN membrane and requires no active pumping-a big step towards the development of a stand-alone instrument. The microprobe has been in operation for over one year and is used for performing rapid elemental analysis of NIST and USGS traceable metal and mineral standards, with good agreement with the certified composition for samples in up to about 90 Torr cm thick external atmospheres. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilcox, JZ (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM jaroslava.z.wilcox@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 77 IS 1 AR 013703 DI 10.1063/1.2151851 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 007OQ UT WOS:000234979400015 ER PT S AU Munoz, C Carreno, V Dowek, G AF Munoz, Cesar Carreno, Victor Dowek, Gilles BE Butler, M Jones, C Romanovsky, A Troubitsyna, E TI Formal analysis of the operational concept for the Small Aircraft Transportation System SO RIGOROUS DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX FAULT-TOLERANT SYSTEMS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Rigorous Open Development Environment for Complex Systems CY 2005 CL Newcastle Univ, Newcastle upon Tyne, ENGLAND HO Newcastle Univ AB The Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) is a NASA project aimed at increasing access to small non-towered non-radar airports in the US. SATS is a radical new approach to air traffic management where pilots flying instrument flight rules are responsible for separation without air traffic control services. In this paper, the SATS project serves as a case study of an operational air traffic concept that has been designed and analyzed primarily using formal techniques. The SATS concept of operations is modeled using non-deterministic, asynchronous transition systems, which are then formally analyzed using state exploration techniques. The objective of the analysis is to show, in a mathematical framework, that the concept of operation complies with a set of safety requirements such as absence of dead-locks, maintaining aircraft separation, and robustness with respect to the occurrence of off-nominal events. The models also serve as design tools. Indeed, they were used to configure the nominal flight procedures and the geometry of the SATS airspace. C1 [Munoz, Cesar] Natl Inst Aerosp, 100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Carreno, Victor] NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Dowek, Gilles] Ecole Polytech, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. RP Munoz, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Aerosp, 100 Explorat Way, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM munoz@nianet.org; victor.a.carreno@nasa.gov; Gilles.Dowek@polytechnique.fr NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 978-3-540-48265-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4157 BP 306 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFU38 UT WOS:000244663400016 ER PT S AU Klimesh, M AF Klimesh, Matthew BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI Low-complexity adaptive lossless compression of hyperspectral imagery SO SATELLITE DATA COMPRESSION, COMMUNICATIONS AND ARCHIVING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE multispectral; hyperspectral; lossless data compression; sign algorithm; adaptive filtering ID LINEAR PREDICTION; ALGORITHM; PRINCIPLES; CODES AB A low-complexity, adaptive predictive technique for lossless compression of hyperspectral imagery is described. This technique is designed to be suitable for implementation in hardware such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA); such an implementation could be used for high-speed compression of hyperspectral imagery onboard a spacecraft. The predictive step of the technique makes use of the sign algorithm, which is a relative of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm from the field of low-complexity adaptive filtering. The compressed data stream consists of prediction residuals encoded using a method similar to that of the JPEG-LS lossless image compression standard. Compression results are presented for several datasets including some raw Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) datasets and raw Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) datasets. The compression effectiveness obtained with the technique is competitive with that of the best of previously described techniques with similar complexity. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Klimesh, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM matthew.a.klimesh@jpl.nasa.gov RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6300 AR 63000N DI 10.1117/12.682624 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700021 ER PT S AU Susskind, J Keita, F AF Susskind, Joel Keita, Fricky BE Heymann, RW Wang, CC Schmit, TJ TI Improved AIRS soundings and error estimates with AIRS only cloud clearing SO SATELLITE DATA COMPRESSION, COMMUNICATIONS AND ARCHIVING II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Archiving II CY AUG 13-14, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infra-red; microwave; remote sensing; temperature; moisture; high spectral resolution ID ATMOSPHERES AB AIRS was launched on EOS Aqua on May 4, 2002, together with AMSU-A and HSB, to form a next generation polar orbiting infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system. The primary products of AIRS/AMSU-A are twice daily global fields of atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles, ozone profiles, sea/land surface skin temperature, and cloud related parameters including OLR. The sounding goals of AIRS are to produce I km tropospheric layer mean temperatures with an rms error of IK, and layer precipitable water with an rms error of 20 percent, in cases with up to 80 percent effective cloud cover. The basic theory used to analyze AIRS/AMSU/HSB data in the presence of clouds, called the at-launch algorithm, and a post-launch algorithm which differed only in the minor details from the at-launch algorithm, have been described previously. The post-launch algorithm, referred to as AIRS Version 4, has been used by the Goddard DAAC to analyze and distribute AIRS retrieval products. In this paper we show two candidates for the AIRS Version 5 algorithm which will be used by the Goddard DAAC starting late in 2006. The methodology used in each is otherwise identical, but one version uses only AIRS observations in the generation of cloud cleared radiances, while the other uses both AIRS and AMSU-A observations as done previously. Improvements made to the retrieval algorithm since Version 4 are described as well as results comparing retrieval accuracy and spatial coverage of each candidate for Version 5 with each other and with those obtained using Version 4. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6379-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6300 AR 630007 DI 10.1117/12.679559 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BFG66 UT WOS:000241765700007 ER PT S AU Rauscher, BJ Ressler, ME AF Rauscher, Bernard J. Ressler, Michael E. BE Beletic, JE Beletic, JW Amico, P TI The James Webb Space Telescope and its infrared detectors SO SCIENTIFIC DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY 2005: EXPLORERS OF THE PHOTON ODYSSEY SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Scientific Detectors for Astronomy CY JUN 19-25, 2005 CL Taormina, ITALY SP e2v technologies, GL Sci, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Raytheon Vis Syst, Rockwell Sci Co, ST Microelect, Fairchild Imaging, Hitec2000, Medianet Comunicazioni, Reg Siciliana, SciMeasure Analyt Syst, Univ Catania DE James Webb Space Telescope; infrared; detector AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was conceived as the scientific successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Spitzer Space Telescope. The instrument suite provides broad wavelength coverage and capabilities aimed at four key science themes: 1) The end of the dark ages: first light and reionization, 2) The assembly of galaxies, 3) The birth of stars and protoplanetary systems, and 4) Planetary systems and the origins of life. To accomplish these ambitious goals, JWST's detectors provide state-of-the-art performance spanning the lambda = 0.6-28 mu m wavelength range. In this paper, we describe JWST with an emphasis on its infrared detectors. C1 [Rauscher, Bernard J.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ressler, Michael E.] Jet Prop Lab, La Canada Flintridge, CA USA. RP Rauscher, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM bernard.j.rauscher@nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0067-0057 BN 1-4020-4329-5 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2006 VL 336 BP 425 EP + DI 10.1007/1-4020-4330-9_46 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEK77 UT WOS:000237613100046 ER PT S AU Clampin, M Lumb, D Sirianni, M Smith, E AF Clampin, Mark Lumb, David Sirianni, Marco Smith, Edward BE Beletic, JE Beletic, JW Amico, P TI DETECTORS FOR SPACE SCIENCE - Future requirements and considerations for flight detectors SO SCIENTIFIC DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMY 2005: EXPLORERS OF THE PHOTON ODYSSEY SE Astrophysics and Space Science Library LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Scientific Detectors for Astronomy CY JUN 19-25, 2005 CL Taormina, ITALY SP e2v technologies, GL Sci, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Raytheon Vis Syst, Rockwell Sci Co, ST Microelect, Fairchild Imaging, Hitec2000, Medianet Comunicazioni, Reg Siciliana, SciMeasure Analyt Syst, Univ Catania DE detectors; space science ID CHARGE-COUPLED-DEVICES; ARRAY CAMERA; MISSION; TELESCOPE; SPECTROMETER; SPECTROGRAPH; PERFORMANCE; XEUS; INSTRUMENTATION; DESIGN AB The design of detector systems for flight applications requires the consideration of a number of issues unique to space instrumentation. Flight detectors must endure hostile radiation environments and thermal extremes. Paramount importance is given to reliability since inflight replacement is at best difficult and usually impossible. Flight detectors are also significant cost and design drivers since they often determine key requirements for flight instruments such as volume, mass, power consumption, heat dissipation and communications budgets. In this paper we describe the primary concerns in developing flight detector systems, and review the challenges posed by future NASA and ESA space science missions for detector development. C1 NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Clampin, M (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM mark.clampin@nasa.gov RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012 NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0067-0057 BN 1-4020-4329-5 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2006 VL 336 BP 747 EP 771 PG 25 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEK77 UT WOS:000237613100088 ER PT B AU Womble, JN Sigler, MF AF Womble, Jamie N. Sigler, Michael F. BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Temporal variation in Steller sea lion diet at a seasonal haul-out in Southeast Alaska SO SEA LIONS OF THE WORLD SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; FECAL SAMPLES; PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR-SEALS; MORAY-FIRTH; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; SKELETAL STRUCTURES; PREY CONSUMPTION; PINNIPED DIETS AB Pinniped diet may vary spatially and temporally and can be influenced by prey availability. Several prey species of Steller sea lions are densely aggregated during the nonbreeding season of sea lions and may be seasonally important because sea lion energetic requirements increase during winter and spring. To assess temporal variation in Steller sea lion diet at Benjamin Island in Lynn Canal, Southeast Alaska, we collected scat samples (n = 787) each February, April, October, and December from 2001 to 2004. Scat samples were not collected during summer because few sea lions were present at Benjamin Island during that season. Pacific herring (frequency of occurrence [FO] = 90.0%) and walleye pollock (FO = 87.5%) were the two most common prey species in sea lion scat samples, followed by skate, Pacific salmon, Pacific cod, capelin, cephalopods, northern lampfish, sculpins, arrowtooth flounder, eulachon, and Pacific hake. The FO of herring, pollock, skates, Pacific cod, and cephalopods did not differ significantly between seasons; however, the FO of capelin, Pacific salmon, northern lampfish, sculpins, arrowtooth flounder, eulachon, and Pacific hake differed between seasons. Sea lion diet diversity increased in spring and corresponded to the spawning season of several forage fish species. Exploiting salmon in fall, herring during winter, and eulachon, capelin, and northern lampfish in spring likely helps sea lions meet the increased energetic demands that occur during winter and spring. C1 [Womble, Jamie N.; Sigler, Michael F.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. [Womble, Jamie N.] Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Womble, JN (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 141 EP 154 PG 14 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700011 ER PT B AU Thedinga, JF Johnson, SW Csepp, DJ AF Thedinga, John F. Johnson, Scott W. Csepp, David J. BE Trites, AW Atkinson, SK DeMaster, DP Fritz, LW Gelatt, TS Rea, LD Wynne, KM TI Nearshore fish assemblages in the vicinity of two steller sea lion haul-outs in Southeastern Alaska SO SEA LIONS OF THE WORLD SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium on Sea Lions of the World CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 2004 CL Anchorage, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Dept Fish & Game, NOAA Fisheries, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, Wakefield Endowment, Alaska Fdn ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHAKOGRAMMA; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; BEHAVIOR; SEBASTES; HABITAT; WATERS; SIZES; STOCK AB To better understand Steller sea lion foraging ecology, information is needed on the species composition, abundance, and seasonality of prey species, especially in nearshore waters adjacent to rookeries and haul-outs. From 2001 to 2004, we examined nearshore fish assemblages in summer and winter in the vicinity of two Steller sea lion haul-outs, Benjamin Island and The Brothers Islands, in southeastern Alaska. Fish were captured in nearshore waters (< 115 m deep, < 350 m from shore) by beach seining and hand-jigging; we also observed fish assemblages with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Total catch by seining and jigging for all sampling periods was 201,331 fish and 559 fish; 58 species were identified in summer and 44 species in winter. Seine catches were dominated by young-of-the-year walleye pollock, Pacific herring, and Pacific sand lance in summer, and salmon fry, armorhead sculpin, and rock sole in winter. Jig catches were dominated by armorhead sculpin, Pacific cod, and two rockfish species in summer and winter. Twenty-seven. species were observed with the ROV; seven of these species were not captured by seining or jigging. Catch and number of fish species were greater in summer than in winter and greater at The Brothers Islands than at Benjamin Island. Most fish captured by seining were too small (median fork length [FL] < 81 mm) to be consumed by Steller sea lions, whereas most fish captured by jigging or observed with the ROV were large enough (median FL > 248 mm) to be consumed by Steller sea lions. Inclusive of all sampling methods, 34 of the species inventoried have been identified in Steller sea lion scat collected at either haul-out. Although the extent of Steller sea lion foraging in nearshore waters surrounding Benjamin Island and The Brothers Islands is unclear, a diverse fish assemblage is present at both locations and may be an important prey field for Steller sea lions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. RP Thedinga, JF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. RI Bizzarro, Joseph/A-2988-2012 NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-105-1 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 2006 BP 269 EP 284 PG 16 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BES72 UT WOS:000239346700019 ER PT B AU Frosch, RA AF Frosch, Robert A. BE Auerswald, PE Branscomb, LM LaPorte, TM MichelKerjan, EO TI NOTES TOWARD A THEORY OF THE MANAGEMENT OF VULNERABILITY SO SEEDS OF DISASTER, ROOTS OF RESPONSE: HOW PRIVATE ACTION CAN REDUCE PUBLIC VULNERABILITY LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Frosch, Robert A.] Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. [Frosch, Robert A.] USN, Res & Dev, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. [Frosch, Robert A.] Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA. [Frosch, Robert A.] NASA, Washington, DC USA. RP Frosch, RA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-0-521-68572-6 PY 2006 BP 77 EP 98 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511509735.009 D2 10.2277/ 0521685729 PG 22 WC Management; Public Administration SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA BYD26 UT WOS:000298092400009 ER PT J AU Zhou, HY Homer, ML Shevade, AV Ryan, MA AF Zhou, HY Homer, ML Shevade, AV Ryan, MA TI Nonlinear least-squares based method for identifying and quantifying single and mixed contaminants in air with an electronic nose SO SENSORS LA English DT Article DE electronic nose; sensor array data analysis; nonlinear least squares. ID GAS-SENSOR ARRAY; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; NEURAL-NETWORKS; MIXTURES; REGRESSION; COMPONENTS; ALGORITHMS AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has recently developed and built an electronic nose (ENose) using a polymer-carbon composite sensing array. This ENose is designed to be used for air quality monitoring in an enclosed space, and is designed to detect, identify and quantify common contaminants at concentrations in the parts-per-million range. Its capabilities were demonstrated in an experiment aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Space Shuttle Flight STS-95. This paper describes a modified nonlinear least-squares based algorithm developed to analyze data taken by the ENose, and its performance for the identification and quantification of single gases and binary mixtures of twelve target analytes in clean air. Results from laboratory-controlled events demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm to identify and quantify a gas event if concentration exceeds the ENose detection threshold. Results from the flight test demonstrate that the algorithm correctly identifies and quantifies all registered events (planned or unplanned, as singles or mixtures) with no false positives and no inconsistencies with the logged events and the independent analysis of air samples. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhou, HY (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM hanying.zhou@jpl.nasa.gov NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INTERNATIONAL PI BASEL PA MATTHAEUSSTRASSE 11, CH-4057 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1424-8220 J9 SENSORS-BASEL JI Sensors PD JAN PY 2006 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 019LH UT WOS:000235836800001 ER PT S AU Pedone, R Korman, V Wiley, JT AF Pedone, Richard Korman, Valentin Wiley, John T. BE Korman, V TI Comparative analysis of volumetric flow meters used for mass flow estimation in multiphase and multidensity environments - art. no. 622207 SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE turbine flow meter; K factor; multi-phase flow; cryogenic fluids; density; measurement error AB Accurate and reliable multiphase flow measurements are needed for liquid propulsion systems. Existing volumetric flow meters are adequate for flow measurements with well-characterized, clean liquids and gases. However, these technologies are inadequate for multiphase environments, such as cryogenic fluids. Although, properly calibrated turbine flow meters can provide highly accurate and repeatable data, problems are still prevalent with multiphase flows. Limitations are thus placed on the applicability of intrusive turbine flow meters. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Pedone, R (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP 22207 EP 22207 AR 622207 DI 10.1117/12.665927 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800007 ER PT S AU Hunter, GW Wrbanek, JD Okojie, RS Neudeck, PG Fralick, GC Chen, LY Xu, J Beheim, GM AF Hunter, Gary W. Wrbanek, John D. Okojie, Robert S. Neudeck, Philip G. Fralick, Gustave C. Chen, Liangyu Xu, Jennifer Beheim, Glenn M. BE Korman, V TI Development and application of high temperature sensors and electronics for propulsion applications - art. no. 622209 SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE high temperature; electronics; sensors; pressure; wireless; physical; chemical; propulsion; intelligent engine AB High temperature sensors and electronics are necessary for a number of aerospace propulsion applications. The Sensors and Electronics Branch at NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA GRC) has been involved in the design, fabrication, and application of a range of sensors and electronics that have use in high temperature, harsh environment propulsion environments. The emphasis is on developing advanced capabilities for measurement and control of aeropropulsion systems as well as monitoring the safety of those systems using Micro/Nano technologies. Specific areas of work include SiC based electronic devices and sensors; thin film thermocouples, strain gauges, and heat flux gauges; chemical sensors; as well as integrated and multifunctional sensor systems. Each sensor type has its own technical challenges related to integration and reliability in a given application. These activities have a common goal of improving the awareness of the state of the propulsion system and moving towards the realization of intelligent engines. This paper will give an overview of the broad range of sensor-related development activities on-going in the NASA GRC Sensors and Electronics Branch as well as their current and potential use in propulsion systems. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Hunter, GW (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP 22209 EP 22209 AR 622209 DI 10.1117/12.668458 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800009 ER PT S AU Whitten, MC Captain, JE Peterson, BV Trigwell, S Berger, CM Mohajeri, N Bokerman, G Muradov, N T-Raissi, A McPherson, J AF Whitten, Mary C. Captain, Janine E. Peterson, Barbara V. Trigwell, Steve Berger, Cristina M. Mohajeri, Nahid Bokerman, Gary Muradov, Nazim T-Raissi, Ali McPherson, Jessica BE Korman, V TI Chemochromic hydrogen detection - art. no. 62220C SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE chemochromic hydrogen detection; color-changing tape ID TIO2 THIN-FILMS; PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY; ANATASE AB Hydrogen is becoming an increasingly important fuel source as fossil fuel supplies decline. The low explosive limit of hydrogen makes leak detection a priority when dealing with this fuel. In an effort to support the use of hydrogen, a chemochromic sensor has been developed which is robust, simple to use, and does not require active operation. It can be made into a thin film or tape which can be conveniently used for leak detection at unions, valves, or outlets. There are two forms of the sensor, a reversible and an irreversible, allowing a variety of applications based on individual situations. The irreversible sensor is useful during hazardous operations when personnel cannot be present, while the reversible is ideal for monitoring the status of a leak in person or via a camera. Testing the irreversible sensor against environmental effects has been completed and results indicate this material is suitable for outdoor use in the harsh beachside environment of Kennedy Space Center. The environmental testing has led to increased sensitivity of the irreversible chemochromic sensor. In an effort to advance this technology further, this chemochromic sensor will be integrated into a sensor system using an electrical or optical signal. C1 NASA, Biomed Operat & Res Off, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Captain, JE (reprint author), NASA, Biomed Operat & Res Off, Mailstop KT-D-2, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP C2220 EP C2220 AR 62220C DI 10.1117/12.663534 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800011 ER PT S AU Jensen, SL Drouant, GJ AF Jensen, Scott L. Drouant, George J. BE Korman, V TI Valve health monitoring system utilizing smart instrumentation - art. no. 62220F SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE health monitoring; valve monitoring; data tracking; data logger; instrumentation; sensors; wireless; hydrogen environment AB The valve monitoring system is a stand alone unit with network capabilities for integration into a higher level health management system. The system is designed for aiding in failure predictions of high-geared ball valves and linearly actuated valves. It performs data tracking and archiving for identifying degraded performance. The data collection types are: cryogenic cycles, total cycles, inlet temperature, outlet temperature, body temperature, torsional strain, linear bonnet strain, preload position, total travel, and total directional changes. Events are recorded and time stamped in accordance with the IRIG B True Time. The monitoring system is designed for use in a Class 1 Division II explosive environment. The basic configuration consists of several instrumentation sensor units and a base station. The sensor units are self contained microprocessor controlled and remotely mountable in three by three by two inches. Each unit is potted in a fire retardant substance without any cavities and limited to low operating power for maintaining safe operation in a hydrogen environment. The units are temperature monitored to safeguard against operation outside temperature limitations. Each contains 902-928 MHz band digital transmitters which meet Federal Communication Commissions requirements and are limited to a 35 foot transmission radius for preserving data security. The basestation controller correlates related data from the sensor units and generates data event logs on a compact flash memory module for database uploading. The entries are also broadcast over an Ethernet network. Nitrogen purged National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA) Class 4 Enclosures are used to house the base-station. C1 NASA, Engn & Sci Directorate, EA 31, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Jensen, SL (reprint author), NASA, Engn & Sci Directorate, EA 31, Bldg 3225, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP F2220 EP F2220 AR 62220F DI 10.1117/12.668497 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800014 ER PT S AU Perotti, JM Lucena, AR Mullenix, PA Mata, CT AF Perotti, Jose M. Lucena, Angel R. Mullenix, Pamela A. Mata, Carlos T. BE Korman, V TI Wireless Sensor Network - art. no. 62220H SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE wireless; sensor network; smart transducer; smart sensor AB Current and future requirements of aerospace sensors and transducers demand the design and development of a new family of sensing devices, with emphasis on reduced weight, power consumption, and physical size. This new generation of sensors and transducers will possess a certain degree of intelligence in order to provide the end user with critical data in a more efficient manner. Communication between networks of traditional or next-generation sensors can be accomplished by a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) developed by NASA's Instrumentation Branch and ASRC Aerospace Corporation at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), consisting of at least one central station and several remote stations and their associated software. The central station is application-dependent and can be implemented on different computer hardware, including industrial, handheld, or PC-104 single-board computers, on a variety of operating systems: embedded Windows, Linux, VxWorks, etc. The central stations and remote stations share a similar radio frequency (RF) core module hardware that is modular in design. The main components of the remote stations are an RF core module, a sensor interface module, batteries, and a power management module. These modules are stackable, and a common bus provides the flexibility to stack other modules for additional memory, increased processing, etc. WSN can automatically reconfigure to an alternate frequency if interference is encountered during operation. In addition, the base station will autonomously search for a remote station that was perceived to be lost, using relay stations and alternate frequencies. Several wireless remote-station types were developed and tested in the laboratory to support different sensing technologies, such as resistive temperature devices, silicon diodes, strain gauges, pressure transducers, and hydrogen leak detectors. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Perotti, JM (reprint author), NASA, M-S DX-E3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP H2220 EP H2220 AR 62220H DI 10.1117/12.669702 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800016 ER PT S AU Stanley, SS AF Smeltzer, Stanley S., III BE Korman, V TI Development of bonded joint technology for a rigidizable-inflatable deployable truss - art. no. 62220I SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE rigidizable-inflatable; deployable; linear truss; adhesively bonded joints; composite; radar antenna systems ID SINGLE-LAP JOINTS; LOAD AB Microwave and Synthetic Aperture Radar antenna systems have been developed as instrument systems using truss structures as their primary support and deployment mechanism for over a decade. NASA Langley Research Center has been investigating fabrication, modular assembly, and deployment methods of lightweight rigidizable/inflatable linear truss structures during that time for large spacecraft systems. The primary goal of the research at Langley Research Center is to advance these existing state-of-the-art joining and deployment concepts to achieve prototype system performance in a relevant space environment. During 2005, the development, fabrication, and testing of a 6.7 meter multi-bay, deployable linear truss was conducted at Langley Research Center to demonstrate functional and precision metrics of a rigidizable/inflatable truss structure. The present paper is intended to summarize aspects of bonded joint technology developed for the 6.7 meter deployable linear truss structure while providing a brief overview of the entire truss fabrication, assembly, and deployment methodology. A description of the basic joint design, surface preparation investigations, and experimental joint testing of component joint test articles will be described. Specifically, the performance of two room temperature adhesives were investigated to obtain qualitative data related to tube folding testing and quantitative data related to tensile shear strength testing. It was determined from the testing that a polyurethane-based adhesive best met the rigidizable/inflatable truss project requirements. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Stanley, SS (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 190,8 W Taylor St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP I2220 EP I2220 AR 62220I DI 10.1117/12.664984 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800017 ER PT S AU Perotti, J Lucena, A Mackey, P Mata, C Immer, C AF Perotti, Jose Lucena, Angel Mackey, Paul Mata, Carlos Immer, Christopher BE Korman, V TI Highly reliable multisensor array (MSA) smart transducers - art. no. 62220J SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE multisensor array; highly reliable pressure transducer; smart transducer AB Many developments in the field of multisensor array (MSA) transducers have taken place in the last few years. Advancements in fabrication technology, such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology, have made implementation of MSA devices a reality. NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has been developing this type of technology because of the increases in safety, reliability, and performance and the reduction in operational and maintenance costs that can be achieved with these devices. To demonstrate the MSA technology benefits, KSC quantified the relationship between the number of sensors (N) and the associated improvement in sensor life and reliability. A software algorithm was developed to monitor and assess the health of each element and the overall MSA. Furthermore, the software algorithm implemented criteria on how these elements would contribute to the MSA-calculated output to ensure required performance. The hypothesis was that a greater number of statistically independent sensor elements would provide a measurable increase in measurement reliability. A computer simulation was created to answer this question. An array of N sensors underwent random failures in the simulation and a life extension factor (LEF equals the percentage of the life of a single sensor) was calculated by the program. When LEF was plotted as a function of N, a quasiexponential behavior was detected with marginal improvement above N = 30. The hypothesis and follow-on simulation results were then corroborated experimentally. An array composed of eight independent pressure sensors was fabricated. To accelerate sensor life cycle and failure and to simulate degradation over time, the MSA was exposed to an environmental temperature of 125 degrees C. Every 24 hours, the experiment's environmental temperature was returned to ambient temperature (27 degrees C), and the outputs of all the MSA sensor elements were measured. Once per week, the MSA calibration was verified at five different pressure points. Results from the experiment correlated with the results obtained in the computer simulation, in which the overall LEF of the MSA transducer was extended. Furthermore, it was concluded that the MSA approach was capable of extending calibration cycle times at least three times when compared to single-element transducers. These characteristics provided not only an increase in sensor reliability but also a reduction in operational and maintenance costs. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Perotti, J (reprint author), NASA, M-S DX-E3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP J2220 EP J2220 AR 62220J DI 10.1117/12.669697 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800018 ER PT S AU Figueroa, F Holland, R Coote, D AF Figueroa, Fernando Holland, Randy Coote, David BE Korman, V TI NASA Stennis Space Center integrated system health management test bed and development capabilities - art. no. 62220K SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE AB Integrated System Health Management (ISHM) capability for rocket propulsion testing is rapidly evolving and promises substantial reduction in time and cost of propulsion systems development, with substantially reduced operational costs and evolutionary improvements in launch system operational robustness. NASA Stennis Space Center (SSC), along with partners that includes NASA, contractor, and academia; is investigating and developing technologies to enable ISHM capability in SSC's rocket engine test stands (RETS). This will enable validation and experience capture over a broad range of rocket propulsion systems of varying complexity. This paper describes key components that constitute necessary ingredients to make possible implementation of credible ISHM capability in RETS, other NASA ground test and operations facilities, and ultimately spacecraft and space platforms and systems: (1) core technologies for ISHM, (2) RETS as ISHM testbeds, and (3) RETS systems models. C1 NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. RP Figueroa, F (reprint author), NASA, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP K2220 EP K2220 AR 62220K DI 10.1117/12.669184 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800019 ER PT S AU Perotti, J Lucena, A Burns, B AF Perotti, Jose Lucena, Angel Burns, Bradley BE Korman, V TI Smart actuators - Valve Health Monitor (VHM) System - art. no. 62220M SO Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors for Propulsion Measurement Applications CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE intelligent actuators; embedded intelligence; health determination; smart valves AB The health of electromechanical systems (actuators) and specifically of solenoid valves is a primary concern at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). These systems control the storage and transfer of such commodities as liquid hydrogen. The potential for the failure of electromechanical systems to delay a scheduled launch or to cause personnel injury requires continual maintenance and testing of the systems to ensure their readiness. Monitoring devices need to be incorporated into these systems to verify the health and performance of the valves during real operating conditions. It is very advantageous to detect degradation and/or potential problems before they happen. This feature will not only provide safer operation but save the cost of unnecessary maintenance and inspections. Solenoid valve status indicators are often based upon microswitches that work by physically contacting a valve's poppet assembly. All of the physical contact and movement tends to be very unreliable and is subject to wear and tear of the assemblies, friction, breakage of the switch, and even leakage of the fluid (gas or liquid) in the valve. The NASA Instrumentation Branch, together with its contractor, ASRC Aerospace, has developed a solenoid valve smart current signature sensor that monitors valves in a noninvasive mode. The smart system monitors specific electrical parameters of the solenoid valves and detects and predicts the performance and health of the device. The information obtained from the electrical signatures of these valves points to not only electrical components failures in the valves but also mechanical failures and/or degradations. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP Perotti, J (reprint author), NASA, M-S DX-E3, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6278-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6222 BP M2220 EP M2220 AR 62220M DI 10.1117/12.669701 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BES60 UT WOS:000239302800021 ER PT S AU Basilio, RR Im, E Rokey, MJ Vane, DG AF Basilio, Ralph R. Im, Eastwood Rokey, Mark J. Vane, Deborah G. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI A spaceborne microwave radar system for looking inside clouds SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE radar; microwave; instrument; clouds AB CloudSat is a NASA ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder Mission) that provides from a space the first global survey of cloud profiles and cloud physical properties, with seasonal and geographical variations. The data obtained will allow for clouds and cloud processes to be more accurately represented in global atmospheric models leading to improved climate change predictions, and eventually, weather forecasting. To achieve this ambitious goal, JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) in collaboration with CSA (Canadian Space Agency) designed, developed, and tested a 94.05 GHz, W-band, microwave cloud profiling radar system derived from current ground-based and airborne systems. The CloudSat Project team is witnessing how well the instrument performs during in-flight operations with the recent successful launch. Although Level I (i.e. radiometric-corrected and geo-located) and Level 2 (i.e. retrieved geophysical parameters) science data products will not be released until the January 2007 timeframe, the yet uncalibrated and unvalidated "quick look" products, available to the general public on the CloudSat Data Processing Center website, provide every indication that the mission objectives will be met. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Basilio, RR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U97 EP U108 DI 10.1117/12.693479 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100012 ER PT S AU Bidwell, SW AF Bidwell, Steven W. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE microwave radiometer; conical scanning; precipitation; passive remote sensing AB The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical-scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. As a part of its contribution to GPM, NASA will provide a GMI instrument and a spacecraft for the Core observatory and is considering the acquisition of a second GMI instrument for placement aboard a constellation spacecraft with a payload and orbit to be defined. In March 2005, NASA chose Ball Aerospace & Technology Corporation to provide the GMI instrument(s). This paper describes the GMI instrument, the technical performance requirements, its role within the combined passive and active microwave measurements on the Core observatory, and the timeline for GMI development and acquisition. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bidwell, SW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U176 EP U183 DI 10.1117/12.692339 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100020 ER PT S AU Bundas, DJ O'Neill, D Rhee, M Feild, T Meadows, G Patterson, P AF Bundas, David J. O'Neill, Deborah Rhee, Michael Feild, Thomas Meadows, Gary Patterson, Peter BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission core spacecraft systems engineering challenges SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE spacecraft systems engineering; precipitation AB The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission is a collaboration between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and other US and international partners, with the goal of monitoring the diurnal and seasonal variations in precipitation over the surface of the earth. These measurements will be used to improve current climate models and weather forecasting, and enable improved storm and flood warnings. This paper gives an overview of the mission architecture and addresses the status of some key trade studies, including the geolocation budgeting, design considerations for spacecraft charging, and design issues related to the mitigation of orbital debris. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Miss Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bundas, DJ (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Miss Engn & Syst Anal Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U184 EP U191 DI 10.1117/12.692340 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100021 ER PT S AU Fu, LL Rodriguez, E AF Fu, Lee-Lueng Rodriguez, Ernesto BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Mapping ocean surface topography with a synthetic-aperture interferometry radar SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe AB We propose to apply the technique of synthetic aperture radar interferometry to the measurement of ocean surface topography at spatial resolution approaching I km. The measurement will have wide ranging applications in oceanography, hydrology, and marine geophysics. The oceanographic and related societal applications are briefly discussed in the paper. To meet the requirements for oceanographic applications, the instrument must be flown in an orbit with proper sampling of ocean tides. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fu, LL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U139 EP U147 DI 10.1117/12.688476 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100016 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Hill, CJ Ting, DZ Liu, JK Rafol, SB Blazejewski, ER Mumolo, JM Keo, SA Krishna, S Chang, YC Shott, CA AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Hill, C. J. Ting, D. Z. Liu, J. K. Rafol, S. B. Blazejewski, E. R. Mumolo, J. M. Keo, S. A. Krishna, S. Chang, Y. -C. Shott, C. A. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI 640x512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE infrared detectors; quantum wells; quantum dots; QWIP; QDIP; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays; nanotechnology ID TEMPERATURE; RESPONSIVITY; DETECTIVITY AB We have exploited the artificial atom-like properties of epitaxially grown self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) for the development of high operating temperature long wavelength infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs). QD infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) are expected to outperform quantum well infrared detectors (QWIPs) and are expected to offer significant advantages over II-VI material based FPAs. We have used molecular beam epitaxy (NME) technology to grow multi-layer LWIR Dot-in-a-Well (DWELL) structures based on the InAs/InGaAs/GaAs material system. This hybrid quantum dot/quantum well device offers additional control in wavelength tuning via control of dot-size and/or quantum well sizes. DWELL QDlPs were also experimentally shown to absorb both 45o and normally incident light. Thus we have employed a reflection grating structure to further enhance the quantum efficiency. The most recent devices exhibit peak responsivity out to 8.1 microns. Peak detectivity of the 8.1 mu m devices has reached similar to 1 x 1010 Jones at 77 K. Furthermore, we have fabricated the first long-wavelength 640 x 512 pixels QDIP imaging FPA. This QDIP FPA has produced excellent infrared imagery with noise equivalent temperature difference of 40 mK at 60K operating temperature. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U310 EP U317 DI 10.1117/12.683772 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100034 ER PT S AU Larnbrigtsen, BH Brown, ST Dinardo, SJ Gaier, TC Kangaslahti, PP Tanner, AB Piepmeier, JR Ruf, CS Gross, SM Musko, S Rogacki, S AF Larnbrigtsen, B. H. Brown, S. T. Dinardo, S. J. Gaier, T. C. Kangaslahti, P. P. Tanner, A. B. Piepmeier, J. R. Ruf, C. S. Gross, S. M. Musko, S. Rogacki, S. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI GeoSTAR - A microwave sounder for geostationary applications SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE atmospheric sounding; microwave; GOES; Geostationary; aperture synthesis; STAR AB The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer, GeoSTAR, is a new concept for a microwave atmospheric sounder intended for geostationary satellites such as the GOES weather satellites operated by NOAA. A small but fully functional prototype has recently been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to demonstrate the feasibility of using aperture synthesis in lieu of the large solid parabolic dish antenna that is required with the conventional approach. Spatial resolution requirements dictate such a large aperture in GEO that the conventional approach has not been feasible, and it is only now - with the GeoSTAR approach - that a GEO microwave sounder can be contemplated. Others have proposed GEO microwave radiometers that would operate at sub-millimeter wavelengths to circumvent the large-aperture problem, but GeoSTAR is the only viable approach that can provide full sounding capabilities equal to or exceeding those of the AMSU systems now operating on LEO weather satellites and which have had tremendous impact on numerical weather forecasting. GeoSTAR will satisfy a number of important measurement objectives, many of them identified by NOAA as unmet needs in their GOES-R pre-planned product improvements (P3I) lists and others by NASA in their research roadmaps and as discussed in a white paper submitted to the NRC Decadal Survey. The performance of the prototype has been outstanding, and this proof of concept represents a major breakthrough in remote sensing capabilities. The GeoSTAR concept is now at a stage of development where an infusion into space systems can be initiated - either on a NASA sponsored research mission or on a NOAA sponsored operational mission. GeoSTAR is an ideal candidate for a joint "research to operations" mission, and that may be the most likely scenario. Additional GeoSTAR related technology development and other risk reduction activities are under way, and a GeoSTAR mission is feasible in the GOES-R/S time frame, 2012-2014. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Larnbrigtsen, BH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA USA. RI Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U148 EP U155 DI 10.1117/12.689121 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100017 ER PT S AU Markham, BL Ong, L Barsi, JA Mendenhall, JA Lencioni, DE Helder, DL Hollaren, DM Morfitt, R AF Markham, Brian L. Ong, Lawrence Barsi, Julia A. Mendenhall, Jeffrey A. Lencioni, Donald E. Helder, Dennis L. Hollaren, Douglas M. Morfitt, Ron BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Radiometric calibration stability of the EO-1 Advanced Land Imager: 5 years on-orbit SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE Advanced Land Imager; ALI; radiometry; calibration AB The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) was developed as a prototype sensor for follow on missions to Landsat-7. It was launched in November 2000 on the Earth Observing One (EO-I) satellite as a nominal one-year technology demonstration mission. As of this writing, the sensor has continued to operate in excess of 5 years. Six of the ALI's nine multi-spectral (MS) bands and the panchromatic band have similar spectral coverage as those on the Landsat-7 ETM+. In addition to on-board lamps, which have been significantly more stable than the lamps on ETM+, the ALI has a solar diffuser and has imaged the moon monthly since launch. This combined calibration dataset allows understanding of the radiometric stability of the ALI system, its calibrators and some differentiation of the sources of the changes with time. The solar dataset is limited as the mechanism controlling the aperture to the solar diffuser failed approximately 18 months after launch. Results over 5 years indicate that: the shortest wavelength band (443 nm) has degraded in response about 2%; the 482 nm and 565 nm bands decreased in response about 1%; the 660 nm, 790 nm and 868 nin bands each degraded about 5%; the 1250 nm and 1650 nm bands did not change significantly and the 2215 nm band increased in response about 2%. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Markham, BL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U220 EP U231 DI 10.1117/12.690058 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100025 ER PT S AU Neeck, SP Kakar, RK Azarbarzin, AA Hou, AY AF Neeck, Steven P. Kakar, Ramesh K. Azarbarzin, Ardeshir A. Hou, Arthur Y. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) development SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe AB Understanding the Earth's climate and how it responds to climate perturbations relies on knowledge of how atmospheric moisture, clouds, latent heating, and the large-scale circulation vary with changing climate conditions. The physical process that links these key climate elements is precipitation. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will be key to answering the following related research questions: How are global precipitation, evaporation, and the cycling of water changing? How are variations in local weather, precipitation, and water resources related to global climate variation? How can weather forecast duration and reliability be improved by new space-based observations, data assimilation and modeling? GPM is a joint initiative with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and other international partners that integrates previously planned and dedicated missions in a scalable and evolving constellation C, of multiple spacecraft and data processing and validation ground systems. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; to provide more frequent and complete sampling of the Earth's precipitation. It is a potential component of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) as envisioned by the intergovernmental Group on Earth Observations (GEO). GPM will consist of a core spacecraft to measure precipitation structure and to provide a calibration standard for the constellation spacecraft, an international constellation of NASA and contributed spacecraft to provide frequent precipitation measurements on a global basis, calibration/validation sites distributed globally with a broad array of precipitation-measuring instrumentation, and a global precipitation data system to produce and distribute global rain maps and climate research products. GPM is now in formulation phase. GPM launches are targeted to begin in 2013. C1 NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Neeck, SP (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RI Hou, Arthur/D-8578-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U156 EP U165 DI 10.1117/12.690720 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100018 ER PT S AU Neeck, SP Hammer, TF AF Neeck, Steven P. Hammer, Theodore F. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI NASA's Earth observation programs SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe AB The purpose of NASA's Science Mission Directorate's Earth Science Division (ESD) is to develop a scientific understanding of Earth's system and its response to natural or human-induced changes, and to improve prediction of climate, weather, and natural hazards. ESD conducts and sponsors research, collects new observations from space, develops technologies and extends science and technology education to learners of all ages. We work closely with our global partners in government, industry, and the public to enhance economic security, and environmental stewardship, benefiting society in many tangible ways. We conduct and sponsor research to answer fundamental science questions about the changes we see in climate, weather, and natural hazards, and deliver sound science that helps decision-makers make informed decisions. Using, the view from space to study the Earth, researchers can better predict critical changes to Earth and its space environment. ESD has a critical role in implementing three major national directives: Climate Change Research through the Climate Change Science Program Global Earth Observation System of Systems through the Interagency Working Group on Earth Observations (IWGEO) US Ocean Action Plan NASA's ESD currently has a system of spacecraft collecting observations of the Earth system and in the months and years ahead will deploy new satellites and constellations with advanced measurement capabilities. C1 NASA Headquarters, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Neeck, SP (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U87 EP U96 DI 10.1117/12.690721 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100011 ER PT S AU Rincon, R Hildebrand, P Hilliard, L Bradley, D Krnan, L Sheikh, S Lucey, J AF Rincon, Rafael Hildebrand, Peter Hilliard, Lawrence Bradley, Damon Krnan, Luko Sheikh, Salman Lucey, Jared BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Real-time beamforming synthetic aperture radar SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE SAR; beamforming; radar; earth science; planetary exploration ID RADIOMETER AB This paper discusses the concept and design of a real-time Digital Beamforming Synthetic Aperture Radar (DBSAR) for airborne applications which can achieve fine spatial resolutions and wide swaths. The development of the DBSAR enhances important scientific measurements in Earth science, and serves as a prove-of-concept for planetary exploration missions. A unique aspect of DBSAR is that it achieves fine resolutions over large swaths by synthesizing multiple cross-track beams simultaneously using digital beamforming techniques. Each beam is processed using SAR algorithms to obtain the fine ground resolution without compromising fine range and azimuth resolutions. The processor uses an FPGA-based architecture to implement digital in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) demodulation, bearnforming, and range and azimuth compression. The DBSAR concept will be implemented using the airborne L-Band Imaging Scatterometer (LIS) on board the NASA P3 aircraft. The system will achieve ground resolutions of less than 30 m and swaths of 10 10 km from an altitude of 8 km. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rincon, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U424 EP U430 DI 10.1117/12.690274 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100046 ER PT S AU Sen, A Kim, Y Caruso, D Lagerloef, G Colomb, R Yueh, S Le Vine, D AF Sen, Amit Kim, Yunjin Caruso, Daniel Lagerloef, Gary Colomb, Raul Yueh, Simon Le Vine, David BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Aquarius/SAC-D mission overview SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE Aquarius; SAC-D; remote sensing; NASA; CONAE; ESSP; sea surface salinity; ocean circulation and climate interaction; global water cycle; hydrology AB Aquarius/SAC-D is a cooperative international mission developed between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of United States of America (USA) and the Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE) of Argentina. The overall mission objective is to contribute to the understanding of the total Earth system and the consequences of the natural and man-made changes in the environment of the planet. Major themes are: ocean surface salinity, water cycle, climate, natural hazards and cryosphere. C1 CIT, JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Sen, A (reprint author), CIT, JPL, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U129 EP U138 DI 10.1117/12.691981 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100015 ER PT S AU Xiong, XJ Che, N Xie, Y Moyer, D Barnes, W Guenther, B Salornonson, V AF Xiong, X. (Jack) Che, N. Xie, Y. Moyer, D. Barnes, W. Guenther, B. Salornonson, V. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Four-years on-orbit spectral characterization results for Aqua MODIS reflective solar bands SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE MODIS; relative spectral response; center wavelength; bandwidth AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flight model 1 (FM-1) was launched on-board NASA's EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 04, 2002. MODIS has 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) with wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.2 mu m and 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB) with wavelengths from 3.7 to 14.4 mu m. Typical sensor spectral characterization includes measurements of in-band (113) and out-of-band (OOB) relative spectral responses (RSR) or spectral response functions (SRF), center wavelengths (CW) and bandwidths (BW). During MODIS instrument prelaunch calibration and characterization, these parameters were measured using a spectral measurement assembly (SpMA) by the instrument vendor. In addition to its on-orbit radiometric calibration capability, MODIS has a unique on-board calibrator - spectro-radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA) that can be used to monitor RSB on-orbit spectral performance. This paper presents an over-view of MODIS spectral characterization methodologies, from pre-launch to on-orbit. It describes Aqua MODIS SRCA operational activities in spectral mode, summarizes the results from its four-years of on-orbit spectral measurements, and discusses lessons learned for future sensor design and development. The results show that on-orbit changes of Aqua MODIS RSB center wavelengths and bandwidths have been very small, typically less than 0.5nm for the CW and less than 1nm for the BW. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, XJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U202 EP U210 DI 10.1117/12.687163 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100023 ER PT S AU Xiong, XX Che, NZ Barnes, W Xie, Y Wang, LL Qu, J AF Xiong, Xiaoxiong Che, Nianzeng Barnes, William Xie, Yong Wang, Lingli Qu, John BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Status of Aqua MODIS spatial characterization and performance SO Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe ID CALIBRATION ASSEMBLY SRCA; TERRA MODIS AB NASA's EOS Aqua spacecraft was launched on May 04, 2002. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the six Earth-observing sensors aboard the EOS Aqua spacecraft. MODIS is the highest spatial resolution instrument on the Aqua platform with data products generated in 250m, 500m, and 1000m resolutions (nadir). It has 36 spectral bands, a total of 490 detectors, located on four focal plane assemblies (FPAs) with two of them controlled during operation at 83K by a passive radiative cooler. In addition to radiometric calibration and spectral characterization, MODIS spatial performance was extensively characterized pre-launch, including measurements of band-to-band registration (BBR), FPA to FPA registration (FFR), line spread function (LSF), modulation transfer function (MTF), and instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The sensor's spatial characterization is monitored by an onboard calibrator, the spectro-radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA). In this paper, we will briefly describe MODIS SRCA spatial characterization methodologies and operational activities. We will focus on the sensor's spatial performance using four years of on-orbit observations and, consequently, evaluate the SRCA's performance. On-orbit results of key spatial characterization parameters (BBR, FFR, and MTF) will be examined and compared to pre-launch measurements and design requirements. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, XX (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 BP U211 EP U219 DI 10.1117/12.687162 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100024 ER PT S AU Basilio, RR Abid, MM Brown, ST Dorsey, AR Kitiyakara, A AF Basilio, Ralph R. Abid, Mohamed M. Brown, Shannon T. Dorsey, Angela R. Kitiyakara, Amarit BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Helping to accurately measure sea surface height: the NASA instrument suite on OSTM (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE radiometer; GPS; retroreflector; ocean; sea ID ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS AB OSTM (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) will provide continuity of ocean topography measurements that began with TOPEX/Poseidon and are currently being carried out by Jason. Measurements made by the three missions will allow scientists to better understand ocean circulation, climate change processes, and sea level rise on a multi-decadal scale. While CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) will provide the primary satellite instrument, a nadir-pointed altimeter, and a precision orbit determination system, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) will provide an instrument suite to provide the necessary measurement accuracy. The AMR (Advanced Microwave Radiometer) will measure atmospheric water vapor content to determine how it affects the accuracy of the altimeter readings. The GPSP (Global Positioning System Payload) will be used to accurately pinpoint the position of the satellite above the ocean surface. Finally, there is the LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array), a passive, supporting instrument that will allow ground-based laser ranging stations to also pinpoint the position of the satellite. Both the GPSP and LRA will be used to enhance the precision orbit determination system performance. The instruments are now undergoing ground test. In conjunction with in-flight calibration and validation activities these efforts will help to ensure mission success. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Basilio, RR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Ralph.R.Basilio@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6361 DI 10.1117/12.691979 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100013 ER PT S AU Crisp, D Miller, CE DeCola, PL AF Crisp, David Miller, Charles E. DeCola, Philip L. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory: Measuring the column-averaged AatmosphericCO(2) mole fraction from space SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE carbon dioxide; Orbiting Carbon Observatory; NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder Program ID CO2 AB The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) will make space-based measurements of atmospheric CO, with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to characterize CO(2) sources and sinks on regional scales and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle. This Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) mission will be launched in late 2008 and will fly in a 705 km altitude, 1:26 PM sun-synchronous polar orbit that provides near-global coverage of the sunlit hemisphere with a 16-day ground track repeat cycle. OCO carries a single instrument that incorporates 3 high resolution grating spectrometers that will make boresighted. measurements of reflected sunlight in near-infrared CO(2) and molecular oxygen (O(2)) bands. These measurements will be combined to provide spatially resolved estimates of the columnaveraged CO(2) dry air mole fraction, X(CO2). The instrument collects 12 to 24 X(CO2) soundings/second over the sunlit portion of the orbit, yielding 200 to 400 soundings per degree of latitude, or 7 to 14 million soundings every 16 days. Thick clouds and aerosols will reduce the number of soundings available for X(CO2) retrievals by 80-90%, but the remaining data is expected to yield X(CO2) estimates with accuracies of similar to 0.3 to 0.5% (1 to 2 ppm) on regional scales every month. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Crisp, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6361 DI 10.1117/12.689570 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100014 ER PT S AU Markham, BL Barsi, JA Helder, DL Thome, KJ Barker, JL AF Markham, Brian L. Barsi, Julia A. Helder, Dennis L. Thome, Kurtis J. Barker, John L. BE Meynart, R Neeck, SP Shimoda, H TI Evaluation of the Landsat-5 TM radiometric calibration history using desert test sites SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems and Next-Generation Satellites X CY SEP 11-13, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE Landsat-5; Thematic Mapper; radiometry; calibration ID SENSORS AB The U.S. radiometric calibration procedure for the reflective bands of the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper was updated in May 2003. This update was based on a model of the performance of the instrument developed from its response to the best-behaved internal calibration lamp and from a cross calibration with Landsat-7 ETM+ that occurred in June 1999. Since this update was performed, there have been continued attempts to validate the model. These validations have relied primarily upon data acquired over deserts of the world. These studies have been limited by the amount of data available over any one site for the 22-year life of the mission. Initial attempts over the desert Southwest of the United States were inconclusive, though they were suggestive of additional degradation occurring in the shorter wavelength channels. More recently, significant holdings from European Space Agency of data over North Africa have been made available for analysis. The North Africa test area results to date for one site in Libya are considerably less noisy than the North American datasets. They indicate an exponential-like decay of about 19%, 16%, 8% and 4% for TM bands 1, 2, 3 and 4, with the degradation, at least in bands I and 2 occurring throughout the mission. The current model shows changes of roughly the same magnitude, but with the change occurring more rapidly so that nearly all the change is completed in 4 years. These results are generally consistent with independent work going on outside of this effort. Additional sites are being analyzed as data become available. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Markham, BL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Brian.L.Markham@nasa.gov RI Thome, Kurtis/D-7251-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6456-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6361 DI 10.1117/12.690065 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN52 UT WOS:000243328100026 ER PT S AU Seo, JT Ma, SM Yang, QG Creekmore, L Battle, R Tabibi, M Brown, H Jackson, A Skyles, T Tabibi, BH Jung, SS Namkung, M AF Seo, JaeTae Ma, SeongMin Yang, Qiguang Creekmore, Linwood Battle, Russell Tabibi, Makaye Brown, Herbert Jackson, Ashley Skyles, Tifney Tabibi, Bagher Jung, SungSoo Namkung, Min BE Bird, JP TI Third-order optical nonlinearities of singlewall carbon nanotubes for nonlinear transmission limiting application SO Seventh International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures and Fifth International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices, 2005 SE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures/5th International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2005 CL Maui, HI SP Off Naval Res, Army Res Off, Arizona State Univ, Japan Soc Promot Sci AB Third-order nonlinear susceptibility of single wall carbon nanotubes thin film was measured to be similar to 1.4 x 10(-16) m(2)/V-2. The nonlinear transmission limiting threshold of carbon SWNT was similar to 20 MW/cm(2) with visible and nanosecond laser excitation. C1 Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Korea Res Inst Standards & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Seo, JT (reprint author), Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012 NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 38 BP 37 EP 40 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/38/l/004 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BFZ32 UT WOS:000245589400010 ER PT S AU Seo, J Yang, QG Ma, SM Creekmore, L Battle, R Jackson, A Skyles, T Brown, H Tabibi, B Sun, SS Zhang, C Jung, SS Namkung, M AF Seo, JaeTae Yang, Qiguang Ma, SeongMin Creekmore, Linwood Battle, Russell Jackson, Ashley Skyles, Tifney Brown, Herbert Tabibi, Bagher Sun, Sarn-Shajing Zhang, Cheng Jung, SungSoo Namkung, Min BE Bird, JP TI Nonlinear optical properties of nanostructured supramolecular organic semiconductor SO Seventh International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures and Fifth International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices, 2005 SE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures/5th International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2005 CL Maui, HI SP Off Naval Res, Army Res Off, Arizona State Univ, Japan Soc Promot Sci AB Resonant third-order optical susceptibility and hyperpolarizability of donor polymer in chloroform were revealed to be similar to 2.5 - 9.1 x 10(-20) m(2)/V-2 and similar to 8.6 x 10(-42) m(5)/V-2 by degenerate four-wave mixing in nanosecond scale at 532 nm, which was attributed to the resonant enhancement. C1 Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Norfolk State Univ, Dept Chem, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. Korea Res Inst Standards & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Seo, JT (reprint author), Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012; OI Zhang, Cheng/0000-0001-8206-5171 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 38 BP 53 EP 56 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/38/l/004 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BFZ32 UT WOS:000245589400014 ER PT S AU Im, Y Vasquez, RP Lee, C Myung, N Penner, R Yun, M AF Im, Yeonho Vasquez, Richard P. Lee, Choonsup Myung, Nosang Penner, Reginald Yun, Minhee BE Bird, JP TI Single metal and conducting polymer nanowire sensors for chemical and DNA detections SO Seventh International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures and Fifth International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices, 2005 SE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures/5th International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2005 CL Maui, HI SP Off Naval Res, Army Res Off, Arizona State Univ, Japan Soc Promot Sci ID CARBON NANOTUBE; TRANSISTOR; ARRAYS AB Due to the small size, sensitivity, real time detection, and ultra-low power demands, nanowire sensors are being investigated for detection of a wide range of chemical and biochemical species. However, techniques used to fabricate these nanowire sensors have drawbacks of limited controllability and manufacturability. Reliable and controllable nanowire fabrication remains a significant challenge. In this work, we have developed a fabrication technique that is potentially capable of producing arrays of individually addressable nanowire sensors with controlled dimensions, positions, alignments, and chemical compositions and are in the process of fabricating sensor arrays to detect gases, and biochemicals. Fabrication of single Pd nanowires with diameters from 70 nm to 300 rim and up to 7 mu m in length will be presented. These nanowires are used to sense hydrogen gas at concentrations as low as 0.02% and show a response time of 300 msec with an operating power of 350 nW. We also recently demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating single polypyrrole and polyaniline nanowires and their application as DNA sensor (1 nM). Currently, we are investigating single nanowire field effect transistors (SNWFET) for possible applications which include label-free DNA detection, early detection of disease signatures, and environmental monitoring. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Chonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Chonju, South Korea. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Riverside, CA 90025 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Im, Y (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 38 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/38/l/004 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BFZ32 UT WOS:000245589400016 ER PT S AU Korkusinski, M Klimeck, G AF Korkusinski, Marek Klimeck, Gerhard BE Bird, JP TI Atomistic simulations of long-range strain and spatial asymmetry molecular states of seven quantum dots SO Seventh International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures and Fifth International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices, 2005 SE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures/5th International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2005 CL Maui, HI SP Off Naval Res, Army Res Off, Arizona State Univ, Japan Soc Promot Sci ID SINGLE; LASER AB Coherent coupling and formation of molecular orbitals in vertically coupled quantum-dot molecules is studied for a seven-dot InAs/GaAs system. The electron states are computed using a nanoelectronic modelling tool NEMO-3D. The tool optimizes atomic positions in the sample with up to 64 million atoms in the frame of the atomistic VFF model. The resulting optimal interatomic distances are then used to formulate the 20-band sp3d5s* tight-binding Hamiltonian defined on a subdomain large enough to guarantee a correct treatment of confined orbitals. It is found that in the absence of strain (VFF optimization turned off), a clear and highly symmetric miniband structure of the seven-dot orbitals is formed. It maintains a high degree of symmetry even if the dots are taken to be realistically non-identical, where the dot size increases in the growth direction. However, the inclusion of strain breaks this symmetry completely. The simulations demonstrate the important interplay of strain engineering and size engineering in the design of quantum dot stacks. C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Klimeck, G (reprint author), Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 38 BP 75 EP 78 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/38/l/004 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BFZ32 UT WOS:000245589400019 ER PT S AU Seo, JT Ma, SM Yang, QG Creekmore, L Battle, R Brown, H Jackson, A Skyles, T Tabibi, B Yu, W Jung, SS Namkung, M AF Seo, JaeTae Ma, SeongMin Yang, Qiguang Creekmore, Linwood Battle, Russell Brown, Herbert Jackson, Ashley Skyles, Tifney Tabibi, Bagher Yu, William Jung, SungSoo Namkung, Min BE Bird, JP TI Large resonant third-order optical nonlinearity of CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots SO Seventh International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures and Fifth International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices, 2005 SE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures/5th International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2005 CL Maui, HI SP Off Naval Res, Army Res Off, Arizona State Univ, Japan Soc Promot Sci AB Resonant third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility and hyperpolarizability of CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots were revealed to be similar to 2.6 x 10(-20) - 2.7 x 10(-19) m(2)/V-2 and similar to 2.2 x 10(-40) m(5)/V-2 by using nanosecond degenerate four-wave mixing at 532 nm. The large nonlinearity of the CdSe nanocrystals is attributed to the resonant excitation and multiple nonlinear optical processes. C1 Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Korea Res Inst Standards & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Seo, JT (reprint author), Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012 NR 6 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 38 BP 91 EP 94 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/38/l/004 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BFZ32 UT WOS:000245589400023 ER PT S AU Yang, Q Seo, J Creekmore, S Tan, G Brown, H Ma, SM Creekmore, L Jackson, A Skyles, T Tabibi, B Wang, H Jung, S Namkung, M AF Yang, Qiguang Seo, JaeTae Creekmore, Santiel Tan, Guolong Brown, Herbert Ma, Seong Min Creekmore, Linwood Jackson, Ashley Skyles, Tifney Tabibi, Bagher Wang, Huitian Jung, SungSoo Namkung, Min BE Bird, JP TI Z-scan and four-wave mixing characterization of semiconductor cadmium chalcogenide nanomaterials SO Seventh International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures and Fifth International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices, 2005 SE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures/5th International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2005 CL Maui, HI SP Off Naval Res, Army Res Off, Arizona State Univ, Japan Soc Promot Sci AB The possible physical origin of third-order nonlinearity of cadmium chalcogenide (Te, Se, and S) semiconductor nanocrystals were discussed based on the results of both Z-scan and degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopies at 532, 775, 800, and 1064 nm in nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond time scale for nonlinear photonic applications. C1 Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Nanjing Univ, Dept Phys, Natl Lab Solid State Microstruc, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrochem Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yang, QG (reprint author), Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012; Tan, Guolong/A-1098-2013 OI Tan, Guolong/0000-0003-0961-5506 NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 38 BP 144 EP 147 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/38/1/035 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BFZ32 UT WOS:000245589400035 ER PT S AU Martinez, A Barker, JR Svizhenko, A Anantram, MP Brown, AR Biege, B Asenov, A AF Martinez, A. Barker, J. R. Svizhenko, A. Anantram, M. P. Brown, A. R. Biege, B. Asenov, A. BE Bird, JP TI The impact of unintentional discrete charges in a nominally undoped channel of a thin body double gate MOSFET: classical to full quantum simulation SO Seventh International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures and Fifth International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices, 2005 SE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on New Phenomena in Mesoscopic Structures/5th International Conference on Surfaces and Interfaces of Mesoscopic Devices CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2005 CL Maui, HI SP Off Naval Res, Army Res Off, Arizona State Univ, Japan Soc Promot Sci ID SEMICONDUCTOR-DEVICES AB A comparison of full quantum device simulation with semi-classical methods is made for an unintended single atomistic dopant at various locations in a 10 nm double gate MOSFET transistor. The density gradient method comes closest to the non-equilibrium Green function results for fails seriously when the unwanted charge is located well-within the channel. C1 Univ Glasgow, Nanoelect Res Ctr, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Martinez, A (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, Nanoelect Res Ctr, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 38 BP 192 EP 195 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/38/1/046 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BFZ32 UT WOS:000245589400046 ER PT S AU Neudeck, PG Trunek, AJ Spry, DJ Powell, JA Du, H Skowronski, M Bassim, ND Mastro, MA Twigg, ME Holm, RT Henry, RL Eddy, CR AF Neudeck, Philip G. Trunek, Andrew J. Spry, David J. Powell, J. Anthony Du, Hui Skowronski, Marek Bassim, Nabil D. Mastro, Michael A. Twigg, Mark E. Holm, Ronald T. Henry, Richard L. Eddy, Charles R., Jr. BE Dudley, M Capano, MA Kimoto, T Powell, AR Wang, S TI Recent results from epitaxial growth on step free 4H-SiC mesas SO Silicon Carbide 2006 - Materials, Processing and Devices SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Silicon Carbide-Materials, Processing and Devices held at the 2006 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 18-20, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID FREE-SURFACE HETEROEPITAXY; CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; 6H-SIC(0001) FACES; CANTILEVERS; ADATOMS; LAYERS AB This paper updates recent progress made in growth, characterization, and understanding of high quality homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial films grown on step-free 4H-SiC mesas. First, we report initial achievement of step-free 4H-SiC surfaces with carbon-face surface polarity. Next, we will describe further observations of how step-free 4H-SiC thin lateral cantilever evolution is significantly impacted by crystal faceting behavior that imposes non-uniform film thickness on cantilever undersides. Finally, recent investigations of in-plane lattice constant mismatch strain relief mechanisms observed for heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC as well as 2H-AlN/GaN heterofilms on step-free 4H-SiC mesas will be reviewed. In both cases, the complete elimination of atomic heterointerface steps on the mesa structure enables uniquely well-ordered misfit dislocation arrays to form near the heterointerfaces with remarkable lack of dislocations threading vertically into the heteroepilayers. In the case of 3C-SiC heterofilms, it has been proposed that dislocation half-loops nucleate at mesa edges and glide laterally along the step-free 3C/4H interfaces. In contrast, 3C-SiC and 2H-AlN/GaN heterofilms grown on 4H-SiC mesas with steps exhibit highly disordered interface misfit dislocation structure coupled with 100X greater density of dislocations threading through the thickness of the heteroepilayers. These results indicate that the presence of steps at the heteroepitaxial interface (i.e., on the initial heteroepitaxial nucleation surface) plays a highly important role in the defect structure, quality, and relaxation mechanisms of single-crystal heteroepitaxial films. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Sensors & Elect Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Neudeck, PG (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Sensors & Elect Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 77-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI Skowronski, Marek/A-8934-2011 OI Skowronski, Marek/0000-0002-2087-0068 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-867-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 911 BP 85 EP 94 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFJ13 UT WOS:000242213500010 ER PT S AU Okojie, RS Huang, XR Dudley, M Zhang, M Pirouz, P AF Okojie, Robert S. Huang, Xianrong Dudley, Michael Zhang, Ming Pirouz, Pirouz BE Dudley, M Capano, MA Kimoto, T Powell, AR Wang, S TI Process-induced deformations and stacking faults in 4H-SiC SO Silicon Carbide 2006 - Materials, Processing and Devices SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Silicon Carbide-Materials, Processing and Devices held at the 2006 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 18-20, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB We used Film Stress Measurement (FSM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction (HRXRD) techniques to obtain further knowledge with respect to the deformation, warpage, and stacking faults (SF's) that are induced in n-type 4H-SiC wafers and epilayers when subjected to mechanical polishing and high temperature (1150 degrees C) processing. C1 NASA, Sensors & Elect Branch, Strongsville, OH 44136 USA. RP Okojie, RS (reprint author), NASA, Sensors & Elect Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd,M-S 77-1, Strongsville, OH 44136 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-867-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 911 BP 145 EP 150 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFJ13 UT WOS:000242213500019 ER PT S AU Beheim, GM Evans, LJ AF Beheim, Glenn M. Evans, Laura J. BE Dudley, M Capano, MA Kimoto, T Powell, AR Wang, S TI Control of trenching and surface roughness in deep reactive ion etched 4H and 6H SiC SO Silicon Carbide 2006 - Materials, Processing and Devices SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Silicon Carbide-Materials, Processing and Devices held at the 2006 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 18-20, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB An optimized deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process for the fabrication of SiC microstructures has been developed. The optimized process enables the etching of 4H and 6H SiC to depths > 100 mu m with the required characteristics of (1) high rate (> 0.5 mu m/min), (2) vertical sidewalls, (3) minimal microtrenching at the sidewall base, and (4) smooth etched surfaces. The optimized process was determined based on the results of an experiment (full factorial design) which determined how the etch characteristics are affected by four important process parameters: temperature of the wafer chuck, pressure within the chamber, and concentrations of O-2 and Ar in a gas flow comprised of O-2, Ar and SF6. This study is believed to be the first systematic investigation of the effect of temperature on SiC DRIE characteristics; substrate heating was found to be a key in producing the desired etch properties. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Beheim, GM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-867-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 911 BP 329 EP 334 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BFJ13 UT WOS:000242213500046 ER PT S AU Trunek, AJ Neudeck, PG Spry, DJ AF Trunek, Andrew J. Neudeck, Philip G. Spry, David J. BE Devaty, RP TI Experimental observations of extended growth of 4H-SiC webbed cantilevers SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS 2005, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Materials Science Forum LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ICSCRM 2005) CY SEP 18-23, 2005 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Aixtron, Cree Inc, Dow Corning, GE Global Res Ctr, II VI, Inc, Intrins Semicond, KLA Tencor, SiCED, SiCrystal AG DE homoepitaxial growth; cantilever; web growth; dislocations; homoepitaxy; KOH etching; 4H-SiC; spiral growth; AFM AB We report on further observations of homoepitaxially grown 4H silicon carbide (SiC) cantilevers oil commercial on-axis mesa patterned substrates. Mesa shapes with hollow interiors were designed to significantly increase the ratio of dislocation-free cantilever area to pregrowth mesa area. Mesas that did not contain axial screw dislocations (SD's) continued to expand laterally until uncontrolled growth in the trench regions rises Lip to interfere/merge with the laterally expanding cantilevers. Molten KOH etching revealed high defect density in regions where trench growth merged with the laterally expanding cantilevers. The remaining portions of the cantilevers, except for central coalescence points. remained free of dislocations. C1 [Trunek, Andrew J.; Spry, David J.] NASA, OAI, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS77-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Neudeck, Philip G.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Trunek, AJ (reprint author), NASA, OAI, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS77-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Andrew.J.Trunek@grc.nasa.gov; Neudeck@nasa.gov; David.J.Spry@grc.nasa.gov FU NASA Glenn Research Center Internal Research and Development Project FX This work was funded and carried out under the NASA Glenn Research Center Internal Research and Development Project. The authors would like thank Gary Hunter, Lawrence Matus, Beth Osborn-CVD, Michelle Mrdenovich-AFM, Emye Benavage-AFM and, Drago Androjna-SEM for their support. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2006 VL 527-529 BP 247 EP + PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BFS29 UT WOS:000244227200057 ER PT S AU Du, H Skowronski, M Neudeck, PG Trunek, AJ Spry, DJ Powell, JA AF Du, H. Skowronski, M. Neudeck, P. G. Trunek, A. J. Spry, D. J. Powell, J. A. BE Devaty, RP TI Relaxation mechanism of the defect-free 3C-SiC epitaxial films grown on step-free 4H SiC mesas SO Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2005, Pts 1 and 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ICSCRM 2005) CY SEP 18-23, 2005 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Aixtron, Cree Inc, Dow Corning, GE Global Res Ctr, II VI, Inc, Intrins Semicond, KLA Tencor, SiCED, SiCrystal AG DE 3C-SiC; cubic-SiC; heteroepitaxy; step-free surface; mesa; relaxation mechanism; defect-free ID FREE-SURFACE HETEROEPITAXY AB Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate the extended defects in 3C-SiC films deposited on atomically flat 4H-SiC mesas. The nominal layer thickness was 10 mu m and was considerably larger than the critical thickness determined by either the Matthews and Blakeslee or People and Bean models. Threading dislocation densities determined by KOH etching are far below densities typical of relaxed heteroepitaxial layers, down to as low as 10(4)cm(-2) densities found in 4H-SiC. Misfit dislocations with Burgers vectors of <11<(2)over bar>0> were observed in planes parallel to the 3C/4H SiC interface. These defects were interpreted as due to nucleation of dislocation half loops at mesa edges and glide along the 3C/4H interface. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, OAI, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Sest Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Du, H (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Skowronski, Marek/A-8934-2011 OI Skowronski, Marek/0000-0002-2087-0068 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2006 VL 527-529 BP 279 EP 282 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BFS29 UT WOS:000244227200065 ER PT S AU Yan, F Devaty, RP Choyke, WJ Gali, A Bhat, IB Larkin, DJ AF Yan, F. Devaty, R. P. Choyke, W. J. Gali, A. Bhat, I. B. Larkin, D. J. BE Devaty, RP TI Evidence for phosphorus on carbon and silicon sites in 6H and 4H SiC SO Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2005, Pts 1 and 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ICSCRM 2005) CY SEP 18-23, 2005 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Aixtron, Cree Inc, Dow Corning, GE Global Res Ctr, II VI, Inc, Intrins Semicond, KLA Tencor, SiCED, SiCrystal AG DE phosphorus; photoluminescence; carbon sites; silicon sites ID EPITAXIAL-GROWTH AB New lines are observed in the photoluminescence of 6H and 4H SiC epitaxial layers grown in cold wall CVD reactors and doped with phosphorus. These lines are associated with neutral phosphorus donor four particle bound exciton complexes with the phosphorus substituting on both the carbon and silicon sublattices. Assignments are made for the (h) hexagonal and (k) cubic sites of the phosphorus donor substituting on the two SiC sublattices. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Dept Atom Phys, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Sensors & Elect Technol, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Yan, F (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. OI Gali, Adam/0000-0002-3339-5470 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2006 VL 527-529 BP 585 EP 588 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BFS29 UT WOS:000244227200138 ER PT S AU Evans, LJ Beheim, GM AF Evans, Laura J. Beheim, Glenn M. BE Devaty, RP TI Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of high aspect ratio SiC microstructures using a time-multiplexed etch-passivate process SO SILICON CARBIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS 2005, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Materials Science Forum LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ICSCRM 2005) CY SEP 18-23, 2005 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Aixtron, Cree Inc, Dow Corning, GE Global Res Ctr, II VI, Inc, Intrins Semicond, KLA Tencor, SiCED, SiCrystal AG DE deep reactive ion etching (DRIE); MEMS; bulk micromachining; aspect ratio AB High aspect ratio silicon carbide (SiC) microstructures are needed for microengines and other harsh environment micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Previously, deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of low aspect ratio (AR <= 1) deep (> 100 mu m) trenches in SiC has been reported. However, existing DRIE processes for SiC are not well-suited for definition of high aspect ratio features because such simple etch-only processes provide insufficient control over sidewall roughness and slope. Therefore, we have investigated the use of a time-multiplexed etch-passivate (TMEP) process, which alternates etching with polymer passivation of the etch sidewalls. An optimized TMEP process was used to etch high aspect ratio (AR up to 13) deep (> 100 mu m) trenches in 6H-SiC. Power MEMS structures (micro turbine blades) in 6H-SiC were also fabricated. C1 [Evans, Laura J.; Beheim, Glenn M.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 77-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Evans, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, MS 77-1,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Laura.J.Evans@nasa.gov; Glenn.M.Beheim@nasa.gov FU Alternate Energy Foundation Technologies Subproject of the Low Emissions Alternative Power Project at the NASA Glenn Research Center FX This work was sponsored by the Alternate Energy Foundation Technologies Subproject of the Low Emissions Alternative Power Project at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Thanks to Luc Frechette and the Columbia University Microturbine Group for the turbine rotor mask. Thanks also to Drago Androjna, Beth Osborn, Michelle Mrdenovich, Jose Gonzales, Charles Blaha, James Mazor and David Spry for technical support. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2006 VL 527-529 BP 1115 EP + PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BFS29 UT WOS:000244227200263 ER PT S AU Zhao, JH Alexandrov, P Li, YZ Li, L Sheng, K Lebron-Velilla, R AF Zhao, Jian H. Alexandrov, Petre Li, Yuzhu Li, Larry Sheng, Kuang Lebron-Velilla, Ramon BE Devaty, RP TI Design, fabrication and application of 4H-SiC trenched-and-implanted vertical JFETs SO Silicon Carbide and Related Materials 2005, Pts 1 and 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ICSCRM 2005) CY SEP 18-23, 2005 CL Pittsburgh, PA SP Aixtron, Cree Inc, Dow Corning, GE Global Res Ctr, II VI, Inc, Intrins Semicond, KLA Tencor, SiCED, SiCrystal AG DE JFETs; high temperature; high efficiency; low resistance AB This paper reports recent progress in the development of a vertical MET, the purely vertical JFET based on trenched-and-implanted vertical JFET (TI-VJFET) approach that eliminates the need of epitaxial regrowth at middle of device fabrication and the need of a merged lateral MET to control the vertical MET. Different structures have been designed to target breakdown voltages ranging from 600V to 1.2kV. Vertical channel width uniformity has been studied, showing the feasibility of achieving below 0.1um variation for reasonably flat wafers of good thickness uniformity. Pitch size of the designs has been reduced compared to early report. Gate trench width has been reduced from 3.8um to 2.3um, aimed at increasing the device current capability. Fabricated device cells have been tested and packaged into multi-cell 30A TI-VJFETs which have been characterized of DC and switching characteristics at room and elevated temperatures. Very fast current rise/fall times of < 1ns were observed from RT to 200 degrees C. PSpice model for TI-VJFET has been developed and applied to the performance prediction of 3-phase SiC power inverter, suggesting a high efficiency 97.7% at 200 degrees C junction temperature without using soft-switching scheme. Preliminary experimental demonstration of a PWM-controlled three-phase inverter based on SiC TI-VJFET power board is reported. C1 Rutgers State Univ, SiCLAB, ECE Dept, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. United Silicon Carbide Inc, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zhao, JH (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, SiCLAB, ECE Dept, 94 Brett Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2006 VL 527-529 BP 1191 EP 1194 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BFS29 UT WOS:000244227200280 ER EF